text:
\section{INTRODUCTION}

Layered ferromagnets such as Cr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$, CrI$_3$, and Fe$_3$GeTe$_2$ have recently attracted considerable attention since long-range ferromagnetism (FM) persists in atomically thin devices.\cite{McGuire0, McGuire, Huang, Gong, Seyler, Huang1} Intrinsic magnetic order is not allowed at finite temperature in the two-dimensional (2D) isotropic Heisenberg model by the Mermin-Wagner theorem \cite{Mermin}, however large magnetocrystalline anisotropy in van der Waals (vdW) magnets would lift this restriction.

Bulk Cr$_2$X$_2$Te$_6$ (X = Si and Ge) exhibit FM below the Curie temperature ($T_c$) of 32 K for Cr$_2$Si$_2$Te$_6$ and 61 K for Cr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$, respectively, and show large magnetocrystalline anisotropy as a result of strong spin-orbit coupling (SOC).\cite{Ouvrard, Carteaux1, Carteaux2, Casto, Zhang} Neutron scattering measurements showed that bulk Cr$_2$Si$_2$Te$_6$ is a strongly anisotropic 2D Ising-like ferromagnet with a critical exponent $\beta = 0.17$ and a spin gap of $\sim$ 6 meV.\cite{Carteaux3} On the other hand, recently observed $\beta = 0.151$ and a much smaller spin gap of $\sim$ 0.075 meV argue that the spins in Cr$_2$Si$_2$Te$_6$ are Heisenberg-like.\cite{Williams} Cr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$ is proposed to be a 2D Heisenberg ferromagnet based on spin wave theory,\cite{Gong} but was also found to follow the tricritical mean-field model,\cite{LinGT} calling for further studies. The magnetocaloric effect (MCE) in the FM vdW materials is also of interest since it can give insight into the magnetic properties. Fe$_{3-x}$GeTe$_2$ with $T_c$ = 225 K shows the maximum value of magnetic entropy change $-\Delta S_M^{max}$ about 1.1 J kg$^{-1}$ K$^{-1}$ at 5 T.\cite{Verchenko} CrI$_3$ exhibits anisotropic $-\Delta S_M^{max}$ with values of 4.24 and 2.68 J kg$^{-1}$ K$^{-1}$ at 5 T for $\mathbf{H//c}$ and $\mathbf{H//ab}$, respectively.\cite{YuLIU}

In this work we studied the anisotropic magnetocaloric effect associated with the critical behavior of Cr$_2$X$_2$Te$_6$ (X = Si and Ge) single crystals. The magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant $K_u$ is temperature-dependent, and is evidently larger for Cr$_2$Si$_2$Te$_6$ when compared to Cr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$. The maximum magnetic entropy change in out-of-plane field up to 5 T $-\Delta S_M^{max} \sim$ 5.05 J kg$^{-1}$ K$^{-1}$ for Cr$_2$Si$_2$Te$_6$ is nearly double of $-\Delta S_M^{max} \sim$ 2.64 J kg$^{-1}$ K$^{-1}$ for Cr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$. Critical exponents $\beta$, $\gamma$, and $\delta$ and critical isotherm analysis suggest 2D Ising-like spins. This is further confirmed by the scaling analysis of magnetic entropy change $-\Delta S_M(T,H)$, in which the rescaled $-\Delta S_M(T,H)$ collapse on a universal curve. Our work provides evidence for magnetocrystalline anisotropy that drives the 2D Ising ferromagnetic state in few layers of Cr$_{2}$X$_{2}$Te$_{6}$ (X = Si and Ge).

\section{EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS}

Single crystals of Cr$_2$X$_2$Te$_6$ (X = Si and Ge) were fabricated by the self-flux technique starting from an intimate mixture of pure elements Cr (3N, Alfa Aesar) powder, Si or Ge (5N, Alfa Aesar) pieces and Te (5N, Alfa Aesar) pieces with a molar ratio of 1 : 2 : 6. The starting materials were vacuum-sealed in a quartz tube, heated to 1100 $^\circ$C over 20 h, held at 1100 $^\circ$C for 3 h, and then cooled to 680 $^\circ$C at a rate of 1 $^\circ$C/h. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) data were taken with Cu $K_{\alpha}$ ($\lambda=0.15418$ nm) radiation of a Rigaku Miniflex powder diffractometer. The dc magnetization was collected in Quantum Design MPMS-XL5 system. The magnetic entropy change $-\Delta S_M(T,H)$ from the dc magnetization data was estimated using the Maxwell relation.

\section{RESULTS AND DISCUSSION}

\subsection{Structural and basic magnetization data}

\begin{figure}
\centerline{\includegraphics[scale=1]{Fig1.eps}}
\caption{(Color online) Crystal structure of Cr$_2$X$_2$Te$_6$ (X = Si and Ge) from (a) side and (b) top views. (c) Single crystal x-ray diffraction (XRD) and (d) powder XRD patterns of Cr$_2$X$_2$Te$_6$ (X = Si and Ge). The vertical tick marks represent Bragg reflections of the $R\bar{3}h$ space group.}
\label{XRD}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centerline{\includegraphics[scale=1]{Fig2.eps}}
\caption{(Color online) (a) Temperature dependence of zero field cooling (ZFC) magnetic susceptibility $\chi$ (left axis) and corresponding $1/\chi$ (right axis) for Cr$_2$X$_2$Te$_6$ (X = Si and Ge) measured in in-plane and out-of-plane field of $H$ = 10 kOe. (b) Field dependence of magnetization measured at $T$ = 2 K.}
\label{MTH}
\end{figure}

\begin{table}
\caption{\label{tab1}The parameters obtained from fits of the $1/M$ vs $T$ data for Cr$_2$X$_2$Te$_6$ (X = Si and Ge) single crystals.}
\begin{ruledtabular}
\begin{tabular}{lllll}
   & Fit $T$ range & $C$ & $\theta_p$ & $\mu_{eff}$\\
   & (K) & (emu K/mol) & (K) & ($\mu_B$/Cr)\\
   \hline
   X = Si & & & &\\
   $\mathbf{H//c}$ & 130 $\leq T \leq$ 300 & 1.70(1) & 63(1) & 3.68(2) \\
   $\mathbf{H//ab}$ & 130 $\leq T \leq$ 300 & 1.60(1) & 63(1) & 3.57(1) \\
   \hline
   X = Ge & & & & \\
   $\mathbf{H//c}$ & 150 $\leq T \leq$ 300 & 1.22(1) & 114(2) & 3.12(1) \\
   $\mathbf{H//ab}$ & 150 $\leq T \leq$ 300 & 1.54(2) & 101(1) & 3.51(2) \\
\end{tabular}
\end{ruledtabular}
\end{table}

Bulk Cr$_2$X$_2$Te$_6$ (X = Si and Ge) were first synthesized by Carteaux \emph{et al.}.\cite{Carteaux1,Carteaux2} They crystalize in a layered structure [Fig. 1(a)]. The Cr ions are located at the centers of slightly distorted octahedra of Te atoms. The short X-X bonds result in X-X dimers forming an ethane-like X$_2$Te$_6$ groups, similar to P-P dimers in CdPS$_3$.\cite{Zhukov} Figure 1(c) presents the single crystal x-ray diffraction (XRD) data. The observed (00l) peaks distinctly shift to higher angles in Cr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$ when compared to Cr$_2$Si$_2$Te$_6$ indicating a smaller vdW gap in Cr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$. The powder XRD data can be indexed in the $R\bar{3}h$ space group [Fig. 1(d)]. The determined lattice parameters are $a = 6.772(2)$ {\AA} and $c = 20.671(2)$ {\AA} for Cr$_2$Si$_2$Te$_6$ [$a = 6.826(2)$ {\AA} and $c = 20.531(2)$ {\AA} for Cr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$], in agreement with the reported values.\cite{Carteaux1,Carteaux2}

Figure 2(a) presents the temperature dependence of the zero field cooling (ZFC) magnetization $M(T)$ measured in $H$ = 10 kOe applied in the $ab$ plane and parallel to the $c$ axis, respectively. The FM transition stems from the near-90$^\circ$ Cr-Te-Cr superexchange interaction and is observed in both materials. An apparent bifurcation at low temperature is observed in Cr$_2$Si$_2$Te$_6$. The absence of bifurction in Cr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$ indicates smaller magnetic anisotropy. The smaller vdW gap and larger in-plane Cr-Cr distance in Cr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$ contribute to the enhancement of the $T_c$ from 32 K for Cr$_2$Si$_2$Te$_6$ to 63 K for Cr$_2$Si$_2$Te$_6$. The $1/M$ vs $T$ curves at high temperature follow the Curie-Weiss law, $\chi(T) = M/H = C/(T-\theta_p)$, where $\chi$ is magnetic susceptibility, $M$ is magnetization, $C$ is the Curie constant, and $\theta_p$ is the Weiss temperature. The obtained parameters $C$ and $\theta_p$ are listed in Table I. The positive Weiss temperatures $\theta_p$, nearly twice the values of $T_c$, for both directions suggest strong short-range FM correlation in Cr$_2$X$_2$Te$_6$ (X = Si and Ge) above $T_c$. The effective magnetic moment $\mu_{eff} \approx \sqrt{8C}$ is also listed in Table I. The values are close to the theoretical value expected for Cr$^{3+}$ of 3.87$\mu_B$. The isothermal magnetization at $T$ = 2 K  is shown in Fig. 2(b). We estimate the saturation magnetization $M_s$ from the intercept of a linear fit of $M(H)$ at high field and the saturation field $H_s$ as the point of deviation from the linear behavior. The derived $M_s \approx$ 2.86(1) $\mu_B$/Cr with out-of-plane field for Cr$_2$Si$_2$Te$_6$ is larger than that of 2.40(2) $\mu_B$/Cr for Cr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$. The saturation field $H_s \approx 3$ kOe with out-of-plane field is smaller than $H_s \approx 5$ kOe with in-plane field and is much smaller than that of 25 kOe for Cr$_2$Si$_2$Te$_6$. These results confirm the easy $c$-axis and smaller magnetic anisotropy in Cr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$, in agreement with previous reports.\cite{Carteaux1,Carteaux2,Casto,Zhang}

\begin{figure}
\centerline{\includegraphics[scale=1]{Fig3.eps}}
\caption{(Color online) Typical initial isothermal magnetization curves measured in (a,c) $\mathbf{H} // \mathbf{ab}$ and (b,d) $\mathbf{H} // \mathbf{c}$ around $T_c$ for Cr$_2$X$_2$Te$_6$ (X = Si and Ge).}
\label{Arrot}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Magnetocrystalline anisotropy}

Figure 3 shows the magnetization isotherms with field up to 50 kOe applied for both $\mathbf{H//ab}$ and $\mathbf{H//c}$ around $T_c$ for Cr$_2$X$_2$Te$_6$ (X = Si and Ge). When $\mathbf{H//ab}$, the saturation field $H_{s}$ is associated with the uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy parameter $K_u$ and the saturation magnetization $M_s$, i.e., $2K_u/M_s = \mu_0H_{s}$, where $\mu_0$ is the vacuum permeability.\cite{Cullity} The temperature dependence of $K_u$ as well as $M_s$ and $H_s$ for Cr$_2$X$_2$Te$_6$ (X = Si and Ge) are depicted in Fig. 4. The calculated $K_u$ for Cr$_2$Si$_2$Te$_6$ is about 61 kJ/m$^3$ at 5 K. It gradually decreases to 38 kJ/m$^3$ at $T_c$ = 32 K, comparable with the $K_u$ values in CrBr$_3$.\cite{Dillon} The anisotropy parameter $K_u$ is much lower for Cr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$: about 12 kJ/m$^3$ at 44 K and 5.6 kJ/m$^3$ at $T_c$ = 63 K. For clarity, only the $K_u$ values from $T_c$ to 44 K are presented for Cr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$. The $K_u$ of 20 kJ/m$^3$ at 2 K for Cr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$ estimated from Fig. 2(b) is much smaller than that of 65 kJ/m$^3$ for Cr$_2$Si$_2$Te$_6$, in line with the magnetization data. The observed decrease of $K_u$ with increasing temperature arises solely from a large number of local spin clusters fluctuating randomly around the macroscopic magnetization vector and activated by a nonzero thermal energy, whereas the anisotropy constants are temperature-independent.\cite{Zener,Carr} This provides insight into the understanding of FM in few-layers of Cr$_2$X$_2$Te$_6$ (X = Si and Ge). While in pure 2D system no long-range magnetic order is expected,\cite{Mermin} mechanical corrugations and magnetic anisotropy are possible pathways to establish magnetism in few-layers samples.

\begin{figure}
\centerline{\includegraphics[scale=1]{Fig4.eps}}
\caption{(Color online) Temperature dependence of the calculated anisotropy constant $K_u$, the estimated saturation field $H_s$ and the saturation magnetization $M_s$ (insets) below $T_c$ for Cr$_2$X$_2$Te$_6$ (X = Si and Ge).}
\label{renomalized}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}o
\centerline{\includegraphics[scale=1]{Fig5.eps}}
\caption{(Color online) Temperature dependence of isothermal magnetic entropy change $-\Delta S_M$ obtained from magnetization at various magnetic fields change (a) in the $ab$ plane and (b) along the $c$ axis, respectively, for Cr$_2$X$_2$Te$_6$ (X = Si and Ge). (c) Temperature dependence of $-\Delta S_M^R$ obtained by rotating from the $ab$ plane to the $c$ axis in various fields.}
\label{KF}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centerline{\includegraphics[scale=1]{Fig6.eps}}
\caption{(Color online) (a) Temperature dependence of the spontaneous magnetization $M_{sp}$ (left axis) and the inverse initial susceptibility $\chi_0^{-1}$ (right axis) in out-of-plane field with solid fitting curves for Cr$_2$X$_2$Te$_6$ (X = Si and Ge). Inset shows log$M$ vs log$H$ collected at $T_c$ with linear fitting curves. (b) Kouvel-Fisher plots of $M_{sp}(dM_{sp}/dT)^{-1}$ (left axis) and $\chi_0^{-1}(d\chi_0^{-1}/dT)^{-1}$ (right axis) with solid fitting curves.}
\label{renomalized}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Magnetic entropy change}

We estimate the magnetic entropy change
\begin{equation}
\Delta S_M(T,H) = \int_0^H \left(\frac{\partial S}{\partial H}\right)_TdH = \int_0^H \left(\frac{\partial M}{\partial T}\right)_HdH,
\end{equation}
where $\left(\frac{\partial S}{\partial H}\right)_T$ = $\left(\frac{\partial M}{\partial T}\right)_H$ is based on Maxwell's relation. In the case of magnetization measured at small discrete field and temperature intervals [Fig. 3], $\Delta S_M$ can be approximated:
\begin{equation}
\Delta S_M(T_i,H) = \frac{\int_0^HM(T_i,H)dH-\int_0^HM(T_{i+1},H)dH}{T_i-T_{i+1}}.
\end{equation}
Figures 5(a) and 5(b) present the calculated $-\Delta S_M(T,H)$ as a function of temperature with in-plane and out-of-plane fields. All the $-\Delta S_M(T,H)$ curves show a pronounced peak at $T_c$, and the peak broads asymmetrically on both sides with increasing field. The maximum value of $-\Delta S_M$ is 4.9 J kg$^{-1}$ K$^{-1}$ for Cr$_2$Si$_2$Te$_6$ and 2.6 J kg$^{-1}$ K$^{-1}$ for Cr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$ with in-plane field change of 5 T. These slightly increase to 5.05 and 2.64 J kg$^{-1}$ K$^{-1}$, respectively, with out-of-plane field change of 5 T. The obtained $-\Delta S_M$ values are comparable and larger than that of Fe$_3$GeTe$_2$ and CrI$_3$.\cite{Verchenko,YuLIU}
The rotational magnetic entropy change $\Delta S_M^R$ is calculated as $\Delta S_M^R(T,H) = \Delta S_M(T,H_c)-\Delta S_M(T,H_{ab})$. As shown in Fig. 5(c), the value of $\Delta S_M^R$ for Cr$_2$Si$_2$Te$_6$ is larger than that for Cr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$, in line with the calculated $K_u$ [Fig. 4]. The anisotropy is gradually suppressed in higher field, and interestingly, it splits into two peaks on both sides of $T_c$ with field above 3 T for Cr$_2$Si$_2$Te$_6$.

\subsection{Critical behavior}

According to the scaling hypothesis, the second-order phase transition around $T_c$ can be characterized by a set of interrelated critical exponents and magnetic equation of state.\cite{Stanley} The exponents $\beta$ and $\gamma$ can be obtained from spontaneous magnetization $M_{sp}$ and inverse initial susceptibility $\chi_0^{-1}$, below and above $T_c$, respectively, while $\delta$ is a critical isotherm exponent at $T_c$. The mathematical definitions of the exponents from magnetization measurement are given below:
\begin{equation}
M_{sp} (T) = M_0(-\varepsilon)^\beta, \varepsilon < 0, T < T_c,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\chi_0^{-1} (T) = (h_0/m_0)\varepsilon^\gamma, \varepsilon > 0, T > T_c,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
M = DH^{1/\delta}, T = T_c,
\end{equation}
where $\varepsilon = (T-T_c)/T_c$ is the reduced temperature, and $M_0$, $h_0/m_0$ and $D$ are the critical amplitudes.\cite{Fisher}

The critical exponents $\beta$, $\gamma$, and $\delta$, as well as the precise $T_c$ can be obtained by the modified Arrott plot of $M^{1/\beta}$ vs $(H/M)^{1/\gamma}$ in the vicinity of $T_c$ with a self-consistent method.\cite{Kellner, Pramanik} This gives $\chi_0^{-1}(T)$ and $M_{sp}(T)$ as the intercepts on the $H/M$ axis and the positive $M^2$ axis, respectively. Figure 6(a) presents the final $M_{sp}(T)$ and $\chi_0^{-1}(T)$ as a function of temperature. According to Eqs. (3) and (4), the critical exponents $\beta = 0.169(4)$ with $T_c = 31.8(1)$ K [$\beta = 0.196(3)$ with $T_c = 62.6(1)$ K], and $\gamma = 1.33(8)$ with $T_c = 32.2(3)$ K [$\gamma = 1.32(5)$ with $T_c = 62.7(1)$ K], are obtained for Cr$_2$Si$_2$Te$_6$ [Cr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$].

Based on the Kouvel-Fisher (KF) relation:\cite{Kouvel}
\begin{equation}
M_{sp}(T)[dM_{sp}(T)/dT]^{-1} = (T-T_c)/\beta,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\chi_0^{-1}(T)[d\chi_0^{-1}(T)/dT]^{-1} = (T-T_c)/\gamma.
\end{equation}
Linear fitting to the plots of $M_{sp}(T)[dM_{sp}(T)/dT]^{-1}$ vs $T$ and $\chi_0^{-1}(T)[d\chi_0^{-1}(T)/dT]^{-1}$ vs $T$, as shown in Fig. 6(b), yield $\beta = 0.178(9)$ with $T_c = 32.2(4)$ K [$\beta = 0.200(3)$ with $T_c = 62.7(1)$ K], and $\gamma = 1.32(4)$ with $T_c = 32.1(2)$ K [$\gamma = 1.28(3)$ with $T_c = 62.8(1)$ K]. The third exponent $\delta$ can be calculated from the Widom scaling relation $\delta = 1+\gamma/\beta$. From $\beta$ and $\gamma$ obtained with the modified Arrott plot and the Kouvel-Fisher plot, $\delta$ = 8.9(3) and 8.4(2) [7.7(2) and 7.4(1)] for Cr$_2$Si$_2$Te$_6$ [Cr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$], which are close to the direct fits of $\delta$ taking into account that $M = DH^{1/\delta}$ at $T_c$ [$\delta$ = 9.28(3) at 32 K and 7.73(2) at 63 K, inset in Fig. 6(a)]. The critical exponents of Cr$_2$X$_2$Te$_6$ (X = Si and Ge) are summarized in Table II. They are close to but not identical to values expected for the 2D-Ising model ($\beta$ = 0.125, $\gamma$ = 1.75 and $\delta$ = 15). This deviation is most likely associated with non-negligible interlayer coupling and spin-lattice coupling in this system.\cite{Casto, Carteaux3}

\begin{figure}
\centerline{\includegraphics[scale=1]{Fig7.eps}}
\caption{(Color online) (a) Field dependence of the maximum magnetic entropy change $-\Delta S^{max}_M$ and the relative cooling
power $RCP$ with power law fitting in red solid lines for Cr$_2$X$_2$Te$_6$ (X = Si and Ge). (b) Temperature dependence of $n$ in various fields.}
\label{renomalized}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Scaling analysis of the $\Delta S_M$ data}

\begin{table}
\caption{\label{tab}Critical exponents of Cr$_2$X$_2$Te$_6$ (X = Si and Ge). The MAP, KFP and CI represent the modified Arrott plot, the Kouvel-Fisher plot and the critical isotherm, respectively.}
\begin{ruledtabular}
\begin{tabular}{lllllll}
   & & $\beta$ & $\gamma$ & $\delta$ & $n$ & $m$\\
   \hline
   X = Si & & & & & & \\
   & $-\Delta S_M^{max}$  &   &   &   & 0.52(2) & \\
   & RCP  &   &   &   &   & 1.09(1)\\
   & MAP & 0.169(4) & 1.33(8) & 8.9(3) & 0.45(3) & 1.112(4) \\
   & KFP & 0.178(9) & 1.32(4) & 8.4(2) & 0.45(3) & 1.119(3) \\
   & CI  &   &   & 9.28(3) & & 1.108(1) \\
   \hline
   X = Ge & & & & & & \\
   & $-\Delta S_M^{max}$  &   &   &   & 0.51(1) & \\
   & RCP  &   &   &   &   & 1.13(1)\\
   & MAP & 0.196(3) & 1.32(5) & 7.7(2) & 0.47(2) & 1.130(3) \\
   & KFP & 0.200(3) & 1.28(3) & 7.4(1) & 0.46(1) & 1.135(2) \\
   & CI  &   &   & 7.73(2) & & 1.129(1) \\
\end{tabular}
\end{ruledtabular}
\end{table}

\begin{figure}
\centerline{\includegraphics[scale=1]{Fig8.eps}}
\caption{(Color online) The normalized $\Delta S_M$ as a function of the reduced temperature $\theta$ with (a) out-of-plane and (b) in-plane field for Cr$_2$X$_2$Te$_6$ (X = Si and Ge). Scaling plot for (c) Cr$_2$Si$_2$Te$_6$ and (d) Cr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$ based on the critical exponents $\beta$ and $\gamma$ obtained in out-of-plane field.}
\label{renomalized}
\end{figure}

For a material displaying a second-order transition,\cite{Oes} the field dependence of the maximum magnetic entropy change shows a power law $-\Delta S_M^{max} = aH^n$,\cite{VFranco} where $a$ is a constant and the exponent $n$ at $T_c$ is related to the critical exponents as $n(T_c) = 1+(\beta-1)/(\beta+\gamma)$. Another important parameter is the relative cooling power (RCP): $RCP = -\Delta S_M^{max} \times \delta T_{FWHM}$  where $-\Delta S_M^{max}$ is the maximum entropy change near $T_c$ and $\delta T_{FWHM}$ is the full-width at half maximum.\cite{Gschneidner} The RCP also depends on the magnetic field with $RCP = bH^m$, where $b$ is a constant and $m$ is associated with the critical exponent $\delta$, $m = 1+1/\delta$.

Figure 7(a) presents the summary of the out-of-plane field dependence of $-\Delta S_M^{max}$ and RCP. The calculated values of RCP are about 114 and 87 J kg$^{-1}$ for Cr$_2$Si$_2$Te$_6$ and Cr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$, respectively, with out-of-plane field change of 5 T. Fitting of the $-\Delta S_M^{max}$ gives that $n = 0.52(2)$ and 0.51(1) for Cr$_2$Si$_2$Te$_6$ and Cr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$, respectively [Fig. 7(a)], which is quite close to that of $n = 0.53$ for the 2D-Ising model ($\beta = 0.125$, $\gamma = 1.75$). Fitting of the RCP generates $m = 1.09(1)$ and 1.13(1) [Fig. 7(a)], which is also close to the expected value of 1.07 for 2D-Ising model ($\delta$ = 15). Figure 7(b) displays the temperature dependence of $n(T)$ in various fields. All $n(T)$ curves follow an universal behavior.\cite{FrancoV} At low temperatures, well below $T_c$, $n$ has a value around 1. On the other side, well above $T_c$, $n$ is close to 2 as a consequence of the Curie-Weiss law. At $T = T_c$, $n(T)$ has a minimum.

Scaling analysis of $-\Delta S_M$ can be built by normalizing all the $-\Delta S_M$ curves against the respective maximum $-\Delta S_M^{max}$, namely, $\Delta S_M/\Delta S_M^{max}$ by rescaling the reduced temperature $\theta_\pm$ as defined in the following equations,\cite{Franco}
\begin{equation}
\theta_- = (T_{peak}-T)/(T_{r1}-T_{peak}), T<T_{peak},
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\theta_+ = (T-T_{peak})/(T_{r2}-T_{peak}), T>T_{peak},
\end{equation}
where $T_{r1}$ and $T_{r2}$ are the temperatures of two reference points that corresponds to $\Delta S_M(T_{r1},T_{r2}) = \frac{1}{2}\Delta S_M^{max}$. Following this method, all the $-\Delta S_M(T,H)$ curves in various fields collapse into a single curve in the vicinity of $T_c$ for Cr$_2$X$_2$Te$_6$ (X = Si and Ge), as shown in Figs. 8(a) and 8(b). The values of $T_{r1}$ and $T_{r2}$ depend on $H^{1/\Delta}$ with $\Delta = \beta + \gamma$ [inset in Fig. 8(a)].

In the phase transition region, the scaling analysis of $-\Delta S_M$ can also be expressed as
\begin{equation}
\frac{-\Delta S_M}{a_M} = H^nf(\frac{\varepsilon}{H^{1/\Delta}}),
\end{equation}
where $a_M = T_c^{-1}A^{\delta+1}B$ with A and B representing the critical amplitudes as in $M_{sp}(T) = A(-\varepsilon)^\beta$ and $H = BM^\delta$, respectively, and $f(x)$ is the scaling function.\cite{Su} If the critical exponents are appropriately chosen, the $-\Delta S_M$ vs $T$ curves should be rescaled into a single curve, consistent with normalizing the $-\Delta S_M$ curves with two reference temperatures ($T_{r1}$ and $T_{r2}$). As shown in Figs. 8(c) and 8(d), the rescaled $-\Delta S_M$ for Cr$_2$X$_2$Te$_6$ (X = Si and Ge) with out-of-plane field collapse onto a single curve, confirming the reliable critical exponents and 2D Ising behavior for Cr$_2$X$_2$Te$_6$ (X = Si and Ge).

\section{CONCLUSIONS}

In summary, we have studied the critical behavior and magnetocaloric effect around the FM-PM transition in Cr$_2$X$_2$Te$_6$ (X = Si and Ge) single crystals. The critical exponents $\beta$, $\gamma$, and $\delta$ estimated from various techniques match reasonably well and the scaling analysis of magnetic entropy change confirms that they are 2D Ising ferromagnents with non-negligible interlayer coupling. The uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy confirmed here could be the possible origin of existence of long-range FM in few-layers of Cr$_2$X$_2$Te$_6$ (X = Si and Ge).

\section*{Acknowledgements}
We thank Mark Dean for useful discussions. Work at Brookhaven is supported by the Research supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences as part of the Computation Material Science Program (Y. L. and C. P.) and by the US DOE under Contract No. DE-SC0012704 (C. P.).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Urbanization in The Developing World
The trend of rural populations moving toward cities has created huge problems in the urban societies of developing countries. In the year 2005, half of the world's population was living in urban areas. In 1994, there were fourteen mega-cities (the cities that had at least ten million inhabitants). This number increased to thirty-seven in 2017.
Due to this influx of population, cities are unable to provide amenities to all their residents and as a result, the growing slums have become centers of crime in the cities. A report by the United Nations Human Settlements Program (UN-HABITAT) says that some 96,150 housings units per day are required to avoid the urban crisis in the near future. Under the title "Financing Urban Shelter," the same report says that more than two billion people would be added as city dwellers by 2030. To provide housing to these additional people, more than 35 million units would have to be built every year. If adequate financial resources are not provided, billions of people will be trapped in poverty, slums, poor health and low productivity.
Photo by Leonardo Mazo on Unsplash
Population increase has multiplied the problem. There are many more births in the poor strata of the population than in the middle and higher income groups. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, "The world population increased from 3 billion in 1959 to 6 billion by 1999, doubling that occurred over 40 years." The Census Bureau's latest projections imply that population growth will continue, although at a slower rate.
Photo by Roland Denes on Unsplash
The Population growth rate was 1.5 percent in 1950-51, and accelerated to 2 percent in the 1960's due to reductions in mortality. Growth after the 1960's started to decline due to the decline of the tradition of early marriages and the availability of effective contraceptives. But the declining growth rate did not affect population growth in any considerable manner, since the total number of reproducing couples was much more than before. Though there was a decline in the rate, the rate itself was based on the population pool that was much larger than before.
CLASS DIFFERENCES
There is a considerable increase in the poverty-stricken population due to an increase in the overall population of the world. This increase in the population has considerably increased the gap between rich and poor as the number of people living below and just above the poverty line has increased considerably. Ignacio Ramonet writes in The Politics of Hunger, "In 1960 the income of the 20 % of the world's population living in the richest countries was 30 times greater than that of the 20 % in the poorest countries… in 1995 it was 82 times greater … In over 70 countries, per capita income is lower today than it was 20 years ago. Almost three billion people – half the world's population – live on less than two dollars a day."
Though food resources of the world have increased considerably and the number of goods for daily use has increased, there is also a considerable increase in the number of those people who are starving and have no shelter. Is it possible to salvage this situation and help an exhausted humanity? According to the United Nations, it requires only 13 billion dollars. This is less than the cost of cosmetics used by the people of the developed world in one year. It is also much less than the aimless wars that humanity has engaged in over the last 50 years.
In megacities like Mumbai, Karachi and Mexico City, a small portion of the population has all the facilities that elites of the developed world have. In fact, they have much more than that, as they can afford to have an army of domestic workers due to cheap labor. On the other hand, a large population is starving and has no shelter. A large percentage of these people live on the streets and under bridges. Though the middle class is rising in the developing countries of Asia and Latin America, the income gap between rich and poor is also rising and most of the benefits of today's technological world are concentrated at the top 2% of the world population. The hope to eliminate poverty that humanity aspired in industrial revolution has been lost in today's technological world as a large population of the world is still living below poverty. It is a pity that all the technological advances of our space age have not been able to provide the relief to the poor. Greed and apathy are the hallmark of our age.
The countries that have large populations that live in poverty feel that they have been robbed of the world wealth and have become hostile to the notions of 'free world' and 'open markets.' They feel that the rich nations are only interested in exploiting their resources and the notions of 'free market' and 'open market,' of the developed world are only to get raw materials from the third world countries and sell the finished goods back to these countries. This creates a lot of uncertainty and mistrust in their governments. This is either because the people feel that their governments have no control over the economic issues of their countries or they are powerless in the face of the strong market forces created by the rich countries.
GANGS AND DRUG CARTELS
It is easy to figure out what happens to the youngsters who are uneducated and live on the streets: all too often they become criminals and are recruited into gangs. After all, to be in a gang is better than living alone on the streets. Most of these gangs are involved in illegal drug trafficking and work for drug cartels. Our insatiable appetite for drugs invites these cartels bring them into US, and they use a considerable amount of their profits to buy sophisticated military grade weapons from a market that is eager to serve anybody who wants to buy a gun. These guns, back at home, make the cartels more powerful than the law enforcement agencies in their own countries. Mexico is the current example, and Columbia is one from the recent past.
Photo by Tim Marshall on Unsplash
These cartels are getting more and more powerful as the third world governments are becoming more and more vulnerable due to weak economies and a decline in resources. In some countries these cartels actively participate in the politics of that country and favor candidates that can broaden their control. They finance these candidates and use their terror on the population that is in their control to vote for these candidates. Their control of a part of the government of a nation gives them the opportunity to expand their activities beyond the borders of their countries. According to the summary created in the seminar Gangs in the Global City, held by The University of Illinois, "In the Third World, gangs changed in two directions. Some, like in Jamaica, moved from politics to the world of international drug sales…. other gangs became politicized, like those in New Guinea and emphasized ethnic and national traditions as a way to resist globalization."
The irresponsible attitude of the human race has created immense problems for the environment. It's not only greenhouse gas emissions but also the growing population that is participating in ruining the environment for future generations. The United Nation maintains that the world population for the year 2050 could range from 7.9 billion to 10.9 billion, depending on the actions we take today. One can imagine what sort of environment future generations will have when we can clearly see deteriorating environment all around us today.
Photo by Kouji Tsuru on Unsplash
All these problems are interconnected. Economics makes people migrate to cities, migration results in slums, the bad living conditions in slums and lack of opportunities give birth to crime and gangs, and crime highlights the class differences. Class differences in turn increase social strife and unrest and so on. In the 21st century, when we are trying to make contact with intelligent beings in space, looking for new galaxies with our powerful telescopes, and debating whether Pluto is a planet or not, the conditions of our own planet are deteriorating and a large number of humans are trapped in deprived conditions. The number of young people is decreasing in Europe and the States, whereas the number of individuals over 60 is increasing. But in Asia and Latin America, there are more young people that are staved and uneducated or involved in criminal activities.
The world has contracted due to the technological advances and now we call it a global village. Something that happens in one part of the world affects the other part sooner or later. Covid-19 occurs in China but we ended up losing thousands of lives and billions of dollars. It reached here through an airplane within a few hours. Narcotics made in Mexico, Columbia, and Afghanistan end up in the U.S. American elections affect its enemies, allies and its wars, and the enemies orchestrate the world forums to achieve their means. The world is becoming more and more complex, and in this complex world who should take the responsibility for saving it? If the developed nations continue to hesitate to save the rest of drowning humanity in the developing world, then this human dilemma may extend to their borders. It is high time that we take heed, and take practical measures to tackle the problems humanity is facing.
University of Illinois. Gangs in the global city. Retrieved November 20, 2006, from http://gangresearch.net/Globalization/global%20era/glconfcall.html
Ramonet, I. (1998). The politics of hunger. Le monde diplomatique. Paris
http://www.imranomer.com
http://www.imranomer.com/blog
Posted in Developing World, Drug Cartels, Education, Environment, Gangs, Population, Urbanization, YouthTagged Entangled Lives
Author: Imran Omer
I am an author and educator, who loves fiction and art. My blog will be on topics related to Literature, Art and Education. View all posts by Imran Omer
Prev Benefits of the Pandemic
Next New Voices

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Is Amgen worth $61B to Pfizer?
Yesterday, Deutsche Bank analyst Barbara Ryan proposed a Pfizer-Amgen combo, becoming the third industry watcher to float that particular trial balloon. Today, BNet's Jim Edwards asks, "why not?" If you're an aficionado of the worst-case scenario--and a fan of deal speculation--these are the things you should know.
Does Pfizer look ready to do a deal? Well, the company announced it will be not increasing its dividend, fueling talk that it's hoarding cash to be ready to make the right offer. Is Amgen ready for a buyout? It looked ripe in March, when its stock traded around $40 and Credit Suisse's Catherine Arnold tagged it as a possible Pfizer target. Now, however, the stock has made gains, trading at above $55. So its price tag is lots bigger these days.
Not to mention the fact that, as Edwards points out, Pfizer would inherit a few Amgen problems ... er, challenges. Its anemia drug sales have dropped on safety concerns. Arthritis-and-psoriasis therapy Enbrel just got a new warning on its label, and it will face a competitor next year. Pfizer would be more interested in its late-stage pipeline, which contains five candidates, but carries uncertainty with it, as all drug candidates do. And Amgen has a profit-sharing deal with Wyeth that accounts for a big chunk of its sales-and-marketing-and-administrative expenses.
So is Amgen worth the some $61 billion it would cost now? To Pfizer, which keeps denying that it wants to make a mega-merger deal? You be the judge.
- read the post at BNet


text:
C2 Creative Services
Building Kentucky
Louisville's largest public relations firm continues to expand with addition of senior strategist Dominic Manecke
C2 News
C2 Strategic Communications is excited to announce the latest addition to its all-star team of public relations professionals. Dominic Manecke, an award-winning communications expert with extensive experience working alongside a multitude of corporate leaders and government officials, joins C2 Strategic as senior strategist in its Louisville headquarters.
Dominic comes to C2 Strategic after more than 12 years working in and around Capitol Hill, where he most recently guided all communications and outreach efforts for U.S. Congresswoman Joyce Beatty (Ohio) and the Congressional Black Caucus, as well as assisting with the House Financial Services Committee.
Prior to serving as communications director and senior advisor to Chairwoman Beatty, Dominic was a communications specialist for National Disability Institute, empowering Americans with and without disabilities to build brighter futures for their families and themselves. During his tenure, he spearheaded the $4+ million nationwide MyFreeTaxes campaign and conceptualized the $5 million federally funded R.O.A.D.S. to Financial Independence initiative.
A native Kentuckian, Dominic is ready to continue making a difference and cement positive change for the people and projects that make Kentucky and Indiana strong.
C2 Strategic Communications is a full-service public relations and marketing agency headquartered in Louisville with offices in Lexington, Kentucky and Indianapolis, Indiana. C2 Strategic works with clients from business, government and non-profit organizations to help them strategically craft their messages and deliver transformational change.
Indiana Secretary of State Holli Sullivan to Join Regional PR Firm C2 Strategic Communications
C2 Strategic Communications, a leading regional public relations firm, announced that departing Indiana Secretary of State Holli Sullivan will join the company next month. Sullivan will lead the team's Indiana business operations, which includes large scale transportation, infrastructure and energy clients from Indianapolis to Evansville. Sullivan's experience as an industrial engineer, Indiana legislator and the
Creative capacity, capabilities grow with the addition of three C2 Strategic new hires
C2 Strategic Communications continues to grow its Louisville-based team with the addition of Cory McCauley, Brooke Griffiths and Alyssa De Jesus. Cory McCauley joins C2 Strategic as a staff strategist. McCauley is a trusted journalist, whose career led him to the mountains of Eastern Kentucky as a reporter for WYMT-TV, and later to South Central
C2 Strategic wins multiple PRSA "Landmarks of Excellence" Awards
Multiple public relations and marketing communications projects by C2 Strategic Communications earned praise at the 2021 Landmarks of Excellence Awards by the Public Relations Society of America Bluegrass Chapter. Members of the C2 Strategic team attended the Oct. 14 event at the Kentucky Derby Museum to network, celebrate a successful year and receive their awards.
Lexington-based senior strategist Brenna Angel joins C2 Strategic with focus on transportation projects
C2 Strategic Communications is growing its team of seasoned public relations professionals and expanding into Central Kentucky. Brenna Angel, an award-winning communicator with experience in local government and journalism, joins C2 Strategic as a senior strategist based in a new Lexington office. Brenna will strengthen C2 Strategic's transportation segment, working closely with engineering firms and
At C2 Strategic Communications, we do more than deliver your message. We provide the communications strategy, advice and services you need to succeed.
Louisville Headquarters
911 Blankenbaker Pkwy
Indianapolis Office
55 Monument Circle, Suite 1200D
Lexington Office
800 East High Street, Suite 224
Copyright © 2023 C2 Strategic Communications. All Rights Reserved.
Web Design by Matthews Design


text:
Another Mennonite School Leaves the CCCU Over Sexuality
Inside Higher Ed reports that Bluffton University has become the latest Christian college to allow for the hiring of gay and lesbian employees, after it added sexual orientation to its anti-bias policy. At the same time, Bluffton announced that it was leaving the Council for Christian Colleges & Universities (CCCU), which currently has a task force reviewing its membership categories after Goshen College and Eastern Mennonite University — whose own policy changes sparked a heated debate within the CCCU — withdrew in late September.
Bluffton University – Council of Independent Colleges
A small university in Ohio (about a thousand students), Bluffton is, like Goshen and EMU, affiliated with the educational wing of the Mennonite Church USA. When the other schools simultaneously announced their policy changes in July, Mennonite World Review asked a Bluffton official for a comment:
Bluffton director of public relations Robin Bowlus said there is nothing in Bluffton's hiring policies that prevents Bluffton from hiring based on sexual orientation.
"As we have always done, and rooted in our Community of Respect, Bluffton strives to hire the most qualified candidate who embraces the mission of the university," she said. "Bluffton's board of trustees will meet again in October, and I can imagine they will thoughtfully consider actions and outcomes from the MC USA convention."
Bowlus was alluding to the denomination's meeting earlier this summer, at which delegates approved two resolutions: one affirmed traditional Mennonite teachings on marriage and barred pastors from performing same-sex marriages; the other called for "grace, love and forbearance toward conferences, congregations and pastors in our body who, in different ways, seek to be faithful to our Lord Jesus Christ on matters related to same-sex covenanted unions."
While the "forbearance" resolution was intended to preserve denominational unity, intra-Mennonite divisions persist. In early November the Western District Conference voted to allow pastors, with their congregations' consent, to officiate at same-sex marriages. (The WDC met at Bethel College in Kansas, which had added sexual orientation and gender identity to its nondiscrimination policy last April. Bethel was not a member of the CCCU.) But on the other side of the debate, at least three other conferences — North Central, Franklin, and Lancaster — are at various stages of considering withdrawal from the MC USA.
(For more on the theological context of these debates, I strongly recommend Jared Burkholder's guest post from early October.)
"In a sense, it's surprising that Bluffton is the fourth Mennonite college to make this decision," said Devin Manzullo-Thomas, director of the Sider Institute for Anabaptist, Pietist, and Wesleyan Studies, "because Bluffton has always had a reputation as being the more 'progressive' of the Mennonite schools." He noted that Bluffton didn't join the CCCU until 1991 — EMU was a founding member; Goshen joined in the Eighties — in part because of deep-seated ambivalence on a faculty that had resisted then-president Ben Sprunger's attempt to "evangelicalize" Bluffton in the face of declining enrollment in the 1970s.
Having gone on record in August as very much hoping that Goshen and EMU would remain in the CCCU, I'm dismayed to see that consortium lose yet another Anabaptist institution. Here's the CCCU response, quoted by Inside Higher Ed:
The CCCU and Bluffton have been in collegial conversations during the fall. The CCCU is a voluntary association. Bluffton knew that clarifications in their nondiscrimination statement would result in a change of membership status while the CCCU task force on membership finished their work. Bluffton preferred not to accept a change of membership status in the interim and so withdrew. We wish Bluffton the best as they offer their excellent educational opportunities to the world.
The Lohrenz Building, Tabor College – Wikimedia
The CCCU retains in membership Fresno Pacific University and Tabor College, both affiliated with the U.S. Conference of Mennonite Brethren (MB) Churches, whose Confession of Faith states that "Disciples maintain sexual purity and marital faithfulness and reject immoral premarital and extramarital relationships and all homosexual practices." Tabor was in the news last month when an openly gay student decided to transfer to nearby Bethel, after losing his MB church membership and being removed from an athletic broadcasting position at Tabor.
When faculty at the college received their annual contracts this past April, the cover letter stressed that "by signing this notice, you are also affirming the Mennonite Brethren Confession of Faith." Tabor president Jules Glanzer told Mennonite World Review that the change came on advice of the CCCU. But biblical studies professor Del Gray (the faculty representatives on Tabor's board) warned that "some of our faculty are nervous. . . . There are members of our community who have very significant variance on some of these issues." In reply to a letter of protest from alumni and faculty, the Tabor board stated that it "affirms the administration's implementation of these policies in a fair and compassionate manner. At the same time, the Board recognizes that continued conversation on these issues is essential…"
Stay tuned. The CCCU task force is due to make a progress report in January, and I continue to suspect that we're just seeing the first of several CCCU members to change policy with regard to human sexuality and same-sex marriage.
Posted in Christianity, EducationTagged Anabaptists, Bluffton University, Christian Colleges, Evangelicalism, Marriage, Sexuality, Tabor College
The Shadow of Death: A Response to Jerry Falwell, Jr.
From One Christian College President in Virginia to Another…
One thought on "Another Mennonite School Leaves the CCCU Over Sexuality"
Pingback: 2015: That Was The Year That Was | The Pietist Schoolman
Scot McKnight
Michael F. Bird
U.S. Intellectual History Blog
Michael Gerson
Roger Olson


We all have the occasional bout of fatigue, and symptoms usually go away after a few days off from work and a little extra sleep. But if you wake up every morning feeling like you can barely drag yourself out of bed, you may be suffering from chronic fatigue, a condition that, if left untreated, can lead to serious health problems.
Chronic fatigue comes on slowly over time, and it can take months before you realize that feeling tired has become a new normal for you. Fatigue may be accompanied by other symptoms, including stress, aches and pains, poor sleep, mental fogginess and even depression.
Sleep apnea, a form of snoring that cuts off your airway, causing you to wake up frequently and preventing restful deep sleep, a condition common in obese people.
Anemia, caused by low levels of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to your brain and body. Pre-menopausal females are especially vulnerable to anemia due to monthly blood loss.
Dehydration, which can make your blood sluggish, interfering with oxygen delivery. Dehydration can also cause muscle weakness and cognitive dysfunction. Low electrolyte levels go hand-in-hand with dehydration, making you feel even more tired, and putting you at risk for heart problems.
Lack of adequate calories from energy-forming foods, including carbohydrates that are quickly converted to energy, and red meats containing B vitamins that support energy production.
Hypothyroidism, that slows your metabolic rate and makes you feel sluggish and lethargic.
Malnutrition, with inadequate intake of B vitamins, iron, magnesium, potassium, and antioxidants like selenium and Vitamins A, C, and E.
While some sources of fatigue like apnea and hypothyroidism are not easily resolved, most cases of chronic fatigue are linked to common nutritional deficiencies that can be easily corrected.
Increasing your intake of certain essential nutrients may be key to resolving your chronic fatigue. Along with seven B vitamins that play a direct role in energy production, people with chronic fatigue are also often deficient in dietary iron, magnesium and copper. Antioxidants like vitamins A, C and E, selenium and glutathione are also essential to boost energy.
Increasing your consumption of foods like meats, fruits and vegetables can help elevate essential nutrient levels, but most people do not get enough physical activity to offset the extra calories. Even people who exercise may become deficient due to additional energy demands coupled with restricted calorie diets. Oral supplements often fail to do the trick, because they often lose their potency during the digestive process.
One sure way to replenish depleted nutrients is IV micronutrient therapy. During a therapy session, potent vitamins, minerals, amino acids and fluids are dripped directly into your bloodstream, where they are quickly carried to cells in your brain and body. After a single session, many people notice a remarkable decrease in fatigue symptoms. Regular IV therapy sessions can help you sustain optimal nutrient levels to maintain energy and combat fatigue.
If you have been feeling run down for as long as you remember, it is time to take action. Contact Advanced Cryo NYC today to schedule your IV micronutrient therapy session, aimed at replenishing the depleted nutrients you need to charge up your energy reserves.


How to Eat Right for Your Kidneys?
When you're focusing on a healthier diet, you've likely thought about your heart, liver, brain, and even waistline. What we don't often think about is one of the most important organs in our body: the kidneys. We have two of them, but they're still technically one organ because they do the same job—and we can live with only one of them.
Our kidneys are there to remove toxins and fluid from the body. It's because of them that we need to urinate to get rid of the bad and keep in the good.
But there's so much that can affect them. When both kidneys fail, we need dialysis and transplants because our bodies just can't survive without them. We can deal with just one, though. It's important to keep them working properly and avoid problems like kidney stones.
That all means following the best diet for your kidney health. Here's everything that you can eat to protect the organ.
It's easy to overlook the water, but please don't. While you need plenty of great food, you also need to make sure that you get the fluids in there. Dehydration means that the kidneys don't get the right messages for releasing water. You end up holding onto it, and this can lead to the formation of kidney stones—and trust me when I say they are extremely painful to pass.
Hydration is good for the overall health, so you should make it your number one priority. When your kidneys seem sluggish, help to remove the toxins by getting more water into your body and flush the toxins out.
If you think you're hungry, grab a glass of water first. Dehydration can lead to the same feelings as hunger. You get the same messages to your brain, and will likely reach for the food first. Reach for the glass of water and see how you are after 30 minutes. If you still get the same messages, there are chances that you were hungry, but you're not going to do too much harm if you drink enough.
You should get around eight glasses of water a day. This is around two liters. If it is hot outside, you're ill, or you've been exercising, you will likely need more than that. Do watch out for drinking too much. You could take in far too much for your system, causing other issues for your kidneys. Eight to 10 glasses of water will be good for the average person in the average temperatures.
Water on its own is usually better. If you do want some flavouring, opt for a natural flavouring like lemon water.
Now it's time for the food that will help your kidney health. Red bell peppers are the first ingredients on the list. You only need half a cup a day, and you'll get plenty of potassium to help support your body. The big benefit of red bell peppers is the lack of sodium. There's the only 1mg of sodium, which means it isn't going to dehydrate your system and cause problems for the kidney function.
Let's not forget about all the other nutrients that you can get from red bell peppers. They're full of antioxidants, vitamins A, B6, B12, and C. There's also plenty of fibre to keep your digestive system working as it should.You'll find that the nutrients absorb better, so your organs benefit better. Your body is better protected against the likes of cancer and digestive tract problems, which means your kidneys aren't affected negatively.
You can chop up peppers and throw them into almost any meal, and they can be eaten raw in a salad. They're also great for snacks, chopped up with a bit of hummus or salsa as a dip.
Cabbage tends to be forgotten about. It's one of those winter vegetables that isn't the most popular with people. We've all got bad memories of the vegetable being forced on us as kids, right? Usually by grandparents or older parents?
Well, it's time to get over your negative thoughts, because cabbage is one of the best ingredients for your kidneys. It is extremely high in phytochemicals, which help with the breakdown of the free radicals that are more commonly linked to the causing of cancer and dementia. The phytochemicals can also help to protect the cardiovascular health.
On top of that, there is plenty of vitamin K in the vegetable. This is necessary to help the blood clot when there's an injury, without clotting too much within the body to cause obstructions and health risks. You'll also get plenty of folic acids to help support the nervous system, while there's vitamin C to support the immune system.
If you're going to make a coleslaw at home, shred some green cabbage and mix it in with the onion and carrots. You can also create a fish taco topping with the vegetable and eat it far. Of course, many people will steam or boil it and use it as one of the vegetables for their Sunday roast. If you want to make it a little more exciting, add some cream cheese and pepper.
You'll see it in the shops, but how often do you reach for it and pop it in your trolley? Well, it could be time to do that because cauliflower is a great option for kidney health. It's full of vitamin C and folate, which are essential for supporting the immune system and nervous system. When the rest of your body is working effectively, your kidneys don't have to do as much work.
There are also some thiocyanates, indoles, and glucosinolates. Okay, the words mean nothing to you—they didn't mean anything to me as well. All three are compounds that help neutralise toxins in the body. They support the liver, so not as many toxins are passed into the kidneys to get rid of. You'll also find that the toxins aren't given a chance to damage your DNA or any cell membranes, so you're at a lower risk of numerous diseases and ailments that can not only put extra pressure on your kidneys but stop them working properly.
Like many other vegetables, it is very easy to include cauliflower into your diet. One of my favourites is eating it raw with hummus or another dip on the side. I tend to have it with raw broccoli, peppers, and carrots. Eating raw has also been linked with getting more of the nutrients into your body, as there is no cooking method to damage them.
However, if you prefer your cauliflower cooked, you can grate it up and microwave for a minute or so to soften. This replaces your rice when you have curries or Thai dishes. You can also make a cauliflower bake or mix it in with some pasta or mash and replace your potatoes with it for fewer carbs.
We can't forget about how garlic and onions are excellent for the kidneys. They're great overall because of some antioxidants in them, without too much sodium.
Let's look at the garlic first. This has been known to remove plaque in the mouth and reduces the number of bacteria, which both help with the reduction of tooth decay and gum disease. There are also anti-inflammatory properties, which mean your whole body will benefit with better blood flow and better absorption of nutrients.
As for onions, the benefit comes from the reason we cry when cutting them and the pungent smell. They are full of quercetin, an antioxidant that reduces cancers and heart disease. They also help food groups metabolise in the bodies, so the rest of the system doesn't have to do as much work.
Both of these foods tend to be used for flavouring disease. You can also eat onions raw with cheese or opt even fry them into onion rings! They're great for all types of dishes, including curries, pasta meals, and stews.
There are so many berries out there, and they're all excellent for your kidney function. Cranberries, blueberries, strawberries, and even raspberries will all help you get better function and keep them as healthy as possible.
When it comes to cranberries, you can get the benefits in juice form, as a sauce, or even when dried. Other berries tend to work better when fresh or frozen since you'll get more of the nutrients straight from them.
Let's start with the benefits of cranberries. You've likely heard that if you have a bladder infection, then you need to reach for the cranberry juice. This is certainly true, and one of the reasons why these types of berries are perfect for kidney health. The cranberries help to protect against bacteria sticking to the wall of your bladder, so you have to deal with fewer infections.
But it's not just your bladder that is protected. Your stomach wall is also protected with a lining, helping to keep the bacteria moving out of the system, through the kidneys, and out of the body.
It's not just the juice that will offer this. It's actually the cranberries, so you can get them in other forms that still have all the fibre. This will help to reduce the amount of sugar hitting your system.
So many other berries are full of antioxidants, which help with the fighting of cancer. They're also excellent sources of vitamin C while being naturally sweet to help curb your sugar cravings.
Blueberries, in particular, are full of anthocyanidins. While they give the berries the blue colour, they are also important for reducing inflammation in the body. When the blood can pump properly, the kidneys get all the oxygenated blood they need to work effectively.
Raspberries have ellagic acid, which neutralises the free radicals in the body. Your cells in your kidneys are less likely to change and be susceptible to cancerous cells taking over. You'll also get all the fibre, folate, and vitamin C your body needs to keep your kidneys working properly.
Strawberries, meanwhile, have anthocyanins to give them the red colour and protect the body from oxidative damage. They also have anti-inflammatory properties to keep the whole body working.
You can get these berries in so many different ways. The most effective are by eating them raw in a fruit salad, but you could also blend them together or with other ingredients in a smooth. Blueberries tend to work very well in green smoothies. The berries give you the sweetness that many of us crave after a dinner while offering so many other benefits, making them the perfect dessert option.
Eggs are definitely healthy for you, especially if you only opt for the egg whites. It's the yolk that has all the cholesterol and the calories. With the egg whites, you're just getting the nutritious goodness.
Egg whites are full of amino acids while providing less phosphorus than so many other protein sources. This means your kidneys are protected from the harmful element, while your body gets the protein that it needs for building stronger muscles and tissues.
The great thing about egg whites is that you don't have to get messy separating the yolk and whites if you don't want. It's not possible to buy them powdered and in a bottle. They can be used in so many different ways too, whether you want an omelet, smoothie, or as a snack!
Omega-3 fatty acids cannot be left off the list. Sure, they're usually included in the things to eat for a healthier brain, but they are also perfect for your kidneys. The best thing is you can get plenty of omega-3 from fish.
But isn't this fat? Surely fat can't be good for your kidneys. It's worth pointing out that this is a healthy fat that helps with the reduction of the bad cholesterol in the body. It will actually help to reduce the amount of omega-6 while increasing the amount of good cholesterol at the same time.
You can get too much fish, especially oily fishes that are high in mercury. The American Heart Association recommends that you get two portions of fish a week. You don't want to eat much more than three helpings, and that includes your tins of flaky tuna! Focus on some of the more oily and heart-beneficial fishes, like salmon, trout, and herring.
When you can't have your fish, other healthy fats are a necessity. This means cooking with certain oils, like olive, coconut, or almond oil. They are so much better for you than the likes of corn or vegetable oil, as the healthy fats are full of monounsaturated options. That means they don't cause a clog in your arteries, leading to health problems.
Olive oil is especially beneficial because it's an anti-inflammatory. We've already covered why this on its own is a benefit, but when it comes to the olive oil the anti-inflammatory goodness can also help to prevent oxidation. You're at a much lower risk of developing the likes of cancer and heart disease.
It's not too difficult to add olive oil into your diet. Start by replacing your vegetable oil with it. You can also use it as a salad dressing with some balsamic vinegar or as a dip for your bread or kidney-helping vegetables.
With the list of foods up there, only you can give your kidneys the best chance in your life. By focusing on ingredients that are high in antioxidants, vitamin C, folate, and even omega-3, you will find that your body is less prone to cancers and heart disease. Oxidation isn't as much of a problem, and you'll be able to keep your kidneys functioning 100%.
Don't forget about the power of hydration. Water is an essential part of the diet and often forgotten about. We tend to focus so much on the food we eat and not the drinks that we have.
With the right diet, you can help to prevent the formation of kidney stones and reduce the risk that toxins can have on the organ.


Nothing really changed in the Mint language or in the way Mint is implemented; however, we moved our modified javac compiler into subpackages of the edu.rice.cs.mint.comp package, which means that the compiler is now invoked using the edu.rice.cs.mint.comp.com.sun.tools.javac.Main class.
The package and class names got a bit long, but by not using the same class names as Sun/Oracle, we can use our compiler together with other compilers or the original compiler if we want to, and there won't be any class name clashes.
This talk is based on work done in collaboration with Edwin Westbrook, Jun Inoue, Yilong Yao, Tamer Abdelatif, and Walid Taha. A paper titled Mint: Java Multi-stage Programming Using Weak Separability has been accepted for publication in the Proceedings of the 2010 ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation (PLDI 2010).


text:
Biography>
Aaliyah Ortega: The Untold Details On Jenna Ortega's Sister
Post category:Biography
Post author:Anuja Uprety
Aaliyah Ortega is a social media star with more than 90k followers on her Instagram. More than being a social media sensation, Aaliyah is recognized as the sister of an American actress Jenna Ortega. Her sister Jenna is mostly known for her titular character of Wednesday Addams in the Netflix fantasy series Wednesday.
Born in California, the social star, Aaliyah who stands at a height of 5 feet 4 inches is the youngest child among her parent's six children. Well, who are her other siblings?
Today, let's explore all the professional and personal details about Wednesday star Jenna Ortega's sister Aaliyah Ortega. Here, we go!
How Old Is Aaliyah Ortega? Her Parents and Birth Details
Aaliyah was born twins to her mother Natalie Ortega and her father Edward A. Ortega on July 23, 2004, in California, United States. As of 2022, she is 18 years of age and she celebrates her birthday together with her twin brother Marcus. Growing up in her hometown with her parents and her siblings, Ortega has a star-sign Leo.
Talking about her parent's profession, her mom works as a nurse while her daddy is a businessman. Similarly, as for her education, she just completed her high school studies. In June 2022, Aaliyah graduated from La Quinta High School.
Aaliyah Ortega with her twin brother and her family at her graduation. Source: Her mom's Instagram
Besides, she belongs to a mixed race as her father is of Mexican descent and her mother is of Mexican and Puerto Rican ancestry. Ortega holds American nationality.
Aaliyah Ortega Has Five Siblings
As mentioned earlier, Aaliyah Ortega is known as Jenna Ortega's sister. Besides Jenna, she also has four other siblings named Isaac Ortega, Mia Ortega, Mariah Ortega, and Markus Ortega.
Among her 5 siblings, her sister Mariah is the oldest kid of her parents. Then, Aaliyah's brother Isaac was born on January 1, 1998. As of 2022, Isaac is 25 years of age. Similarly, Aaliyah's third-oldest sibling is Mia. Mia was born on May 15, 2000, and is 22 years of age as of 2022. After Mia, her actress sister Jenna was born.
Aaliyah Ortega with all her Siblings and parents
So, Aaliyah and her twin brother Markus are the youngest children of her parents. In 2012, both of them also graduated from high school on the same day and for this proud moment, her mom on her Instagram wrote,
So proud of our twins @markus.ortega and @aliyah.ortega babies 5 and 6!!! We are so proud of you 💙💗🎓🎓🎉🎈
Aaliyah's Sister Jenna Ortega Is A Successful American Actress
Born on September 27, 2002, Jenna grew up with the aim to be an actress. She developed an interest in acting at the age of six. After knowing about her interest in acting, Jenna's mother started taking her to an audition. Eventually, in 2012, at the age of 10, she made her acting debut with a guest appearance for the TV series Rob, in the episode "Baby Bug."
Following her debut, the actress started doing minor roles and supporting roles in different projects. She famously had roles in big-budget movies like Iron Man 3 and Insidious: Chapter 2 as well.
Aaliyah Ortega and her actress sister Jenna Ortega
Her other breakthrough role came when the actress portrayed Harley Diaz on the Disney Channel series Stuck in the Middle from 2016-18. Her other successful TV series and films include You, Yes Day, The Fallout, X, and Scream.
Furthermore, from 2020-22, Ortega also provided the main voice to the character Brooklynn in the animated project Jurassic World Camp Cretaceous. At present, Jenna appears in the Netflix fantasy series Wednesday. She plays the lead role of Wednesday Addams in the series, sharing the screen along with Emma Myers, Iman Marson, Georgie Farmer, Gwendoline Christie, Joy Sunday, and others
What is Aaliyah Ortega Doing At Present? Is a TikToker and Instagrammer
She just completed her high school studies. So, Ortega has yet to involve in anything professionally. But, as mentioned earlier, Aaliyah is a social media influencer. She is much active on her social media account. Likewise, Ortega has over 90k followers on her Instagram and 753.5k followers on her TikTok account as of 2022.
She mostly used her Insta to share about her daily life while the celebrity sister uploads her lip-sync videos on her TikTok account.
She Has An Interest In Sports
Apart from being the social media star, Jenna Ortega's sister Aaliyah is known to be the national championship-winning cheerleader. As per reports, Aaliyah is passionate about sports too. And Ortega was involved in sports while at school.
Is Aaliyah Ortega Dating A Boyfriend?
Moving on to her relationship status, it seems like Jenna Ortega's youngest sister Aaliyah is single in 2022. There is no evidence that the actress' sibling is dating anyone at present. Further, her social media account does not show any sign of her getting involved with anyone. Rather, Aaliyah mostly spends her time with her family and friends.
At present, Ortega is a high school pass-out student.
Aaliyah Ortega's Net Worth
However, the exact amount of her net worth is yet to be revealed. But, as per some sources, Aaliyah's fortune is $300,000. On the other hand, her actress Jenna who has been in the entertainment world since the age of 10 has an estimated fortune of $5 million. Needless to mention, her major source of income is her roles in both movies and TV shows.
Tags: Celebrity Siblings
Who Is Carbomb Betty? All About Danielle Colby's Sister, Her Real Name
Meet Louise Stratten; Dorothy Stratten's Sister and Peter Bogdanovich' Ex-Wife
Who Is Katianna Stoermer Coleman? Bio, Age, Sister, Parents
Leslie Knipfing Biography: Truth About Kevin James' Sister
Where Is Mari Gilbert's Daughter Sherre Gilbert Now? What Happened To Her
What Does Daniel Depp Do? Everything About Johnny Depp's Half Brother
Previous PostMeet Louise Stratten; Dorothy Stratten's Sister and Peter Bogdanovich' Ex-Wife
Next PostWhat Is Aaliyah Mendes Famous For? Untold Details on Shawn Mendes' Sister
Bianca Censori Net Worth In 2023? How rich is Kanye West' new wife?


text:
European Union Agency for Cybersecurity
(Redirected from European Union Agency for Network and Information Security)
Agency of the European Union
"Enisa" redirects here. For the American singer, see Enisa Nikaj.
European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA)
13 March 2004 (2004-03-13)
Juhan Lepassaar, Executive Director
Jean Baptiste Demaison, Chairperson of the Management Board
Key document
EU Regulation No 2019/881
enisa.europa.eu
The European Union Agency for Cybersecurity[1] – self-designation ENISA from the abbreviation of its original name – is an agency of the European Union. It is fully operational since September 1, 2005. The Agency is located in Athens, Greece and has a second office in Heraklion, Greece.
ENISA was created in 2004 by EU Regulation No 460/2004 under the name of European Network and Information Security Agency. ENISA's Regulation is the EU Regulation No 2019/881 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on ENISA (the European Union Agency for Cybersecurity) and on information and communications technology cybersecurity certification and repealing EU Regulation No 526/2013 (Cybersecurity Act). The Agency works closely together with the EU Members States and other stakeholders to deliver advice and solutions as well as improving their cybersecurity capabilities. It also supports the development of a cooperative response to large-scale cross-border cybersecurity incidents or crises and since 2019, it has been drawing up cybersecurity certification schemes.
ENISA assists the Commission, the member states and, consequently, the business community in meeting the requirements of network and information security, including present and future EU legislation. ENISA ultimately strives to serve as a centre of expertise for both member states and EU Institutions to seek advice on matters related to network and information security.
ENISA has been supporting the organization of the "Cyber Europe" pan-European cybersecurity exercises since 2010.
3 Executive director
Organisation[edit]
ENISA is managed by the executive director and supported by a staff composed of experts representing stakeholders such as the information and communication technologies industry, consumer groups and academic experts. The agency is overseen by the executive board and the management board, which are composed of representatives from the EU member states, the EU Commission and other stakeholders.
Set up in 2004 as an informal point of reference into the member states, as of 27 June 2019 the National Liaison Officers network has become a statutory body of ENISA. The National Liaison Officers Network facilitates the exchange of information between ENISA and the member states. The agency is also assisted by the Advisory Group which is composed of "nominated members" and members appointed "ad personam", all in total 33 members from all over Europe.[2] The advisory group focuses on issues relevant to stakeholders and brings them to the attention of ENISA.
In order to carry out its tasks, the agency has a budget of nearly €17 million for the year 2019[3] and 70 statutory staff members. In addition, the agency employs a number of other employees including seconded national experts, trainees and interim agents. There are plans for additional experts to be integrated into the agency following the entering into force of Regulation 2019/881.[4]
In 2007, European Commissioner Viviane Reding proposed that ENISA be folded into a new European Electronic Communications Market Authority (EECMA).[5] By 2010, Commissioner Neelie Kroes signalled that the European Commission wanted a reinforced agency. The agency mandate was extended up to 2012 with an annual budget of €8 million, under the leadership of Dr. Udo Helmbrecht. The last extension of ENISA's mandate before it became permanent was done by the EU Regulation 526/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013, repealing Regulation (EC) 460/2004. As of 27 June 2019, ENISA has been established for an indefinite period.
ENISA headquarters, including its administration and support functions, were originally based in Heraklion, Greece. The choice of a rather remote site was contentious from the outset, particularly since Greece held the EU presidency when the agency's mandate was being negotiated.[6] In addition, the agency has had a liaison office in Athens since October 2009. In 2013, it moved one-third of its staff of then sixty from Crete to Athens.[7] In 2016, the Committee on Budgets backed ENISA's bid to shut down the Heraklion office.[8] Since 2019, ENISA has two offices; Its headquarters in Athens and a second office in Heraklion, Greece. In June 2021, the European Commission gave their consent to the establishment of an ENISA office in Brussels.[9]
Executive director[edit]
2004 - October 2009 : Mr Andrea Pirotti (an Italian national and former Vice-President of Marconi Communications)
October 2009 – October 2019 : Dr Udo Helmbrecht (a German national and former president/director of the Federal Office for Information Security Germany)
since October 2019: Juhan Lepassaar (Estonia)
Trans European Services for Telematics between Administrations (TESTA)
EUDRANET
European Cybercrime Centre
^ "PH Privacy". www.paulhastings.com. Retrieved 2019-06-26.
^ "Official ENISA website".
^ "EUR-Lex - 32019R0881 - EN - EUR-Lex".
^ "Enisa – an agency fighting for its survival".
^ Lorraine Mallinder (April 29, 2008), MEPs on mission to threatened agency European Voice.
^ Toby Vogel (March 6, 2013), Network security agency moves staff out of Crete European Voice.
^ Catherine Stupp (March 24, 2016), Cash-strapped EU cybersecurity agency battles Greece to close expensive second office EurActiv.
^ "Establishment of a local office presence of ENISA in Brussels, Belgium".
How the European Union works
European Network and Information Security Agency
Agencies of the European Union
Training Foundation
Plant Variety
Maritime Safety
Disease Prevention and Control
Space Programme
Border and Coast Guard
Asylum Support Office
Security Studies
Satellite Centre
Law Enforcement Cooperation
Judicial co-operation
Energy Regulators
Electronic Communications Regulators
Banking Authority
Securities and Markets Authority
Insurance and Pensions Authority
European Labour Authority
Institute of Innovation and Technology
European Prosecutor
European Cybersecurity Competence Centre
Competitiveness and Innovation
Education, Audiovisual and Culture
Health and Consumers
Innovation and Networks (Transport)
Research Council
Euratom Supply Agency
Reconstruction (transferred to DG Enlargement)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Union_Agency_for_Cybersecurity&oldid=1062372839"
2005 establishments in Greece
2005 in the European Union
Government agencies established in 2005
Information technology organizations based in Europe
Organizations based in Crete
National cyber security centres
Articles with NLA identifiers
Articles with SELIBR identifiers
Articles with multiple identifiers


Dr. Wolff cares deeply about his patients and loves to hear from them. Many of his patients have incredible stories to tell. Are you one of them? Pleases take a few minutes to share your experiences.
Feel free to browse other patients' stories for inspiration.
Upload an image file. Do you have a post-op action photo of yourself?


text:
Lanžhot (németül Landshut) a legdélibb város Morvaországban, közel a cseh-osztrák-szlovák hármashatárhoz.

Fekvése
Břeclavtól fekszik délkeletre öt kilométerre. Déli részén ömlik a Thaya a Morva folyóba, amely egyben a cseh-osztrák-szlovák hármashatár is.

Története
1920. július 30-ig Alsó-Ausztriához tartozott.

Népesség

A település népessége az elmúlt években az alábbi módon változott:

Közlekedés

Vasúti

Források

 Szombathy Viktor: Csehszlovákia (Panoráma útikönyvek, Athenaeum Nyomda, Bp. 1981.)
 www.lanzhot.cz Lanžhot honlapja

A Břeclavi járás települései

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
MPR & FAA Waivers
Thread starter TheBru
faa waiver mpr
JoePfeiffer
Are there actually sites with a waiver so low this question can arise? Took a look in the NAR records and the highest altitude record I found was for a G at 2195 meters, or just over 7000 feet.
Nytrunner
Pop lugs, not drugs
TRF Supporter
Huntsville AL
JoePfeiffer said:
Yes, here east of the mississippi there are waivers as low as 1500, 3k, and 5k
Reactions: watheyak and JoePfeiffer
Ordinary Average Guy
Are there actually sites with a waiver so low this question can arise?
At NASA Houston our waiver only goes to 2500ft. Non-dual deploy are restricted to 2000ft by NASA regulation. (NASA also restricts us to "I"motors or less, though special dispensation can be gotten for Lvl2 cert flights as long as the ceiling is not violated.)
Reactions: JoePfeiffer
Nytrunner said:
(also to T-Rex)
Thanks -- I had no idea!
Bat-mite said:
Spirit of the law, rather than letter of the law? I don't know. There are laws, there are NAR/TRA guidelines, there are clubs rules. A club with a 15k waiver could at some point say, "No flights over 10k today," and that would be the rule for all members, regardless of the law. There's no law against sparky motors on a hot, dry day, but many clubs disallow them on such days.
I have no dog in this fight. I think we should obey our club rules even if/when the law is more lenient.
I think an important point here is "Self Regulation".
We have a lot of leeway because we as a community have demonstrated responsible self regulation.
We need to continue to do that, not push the limits out of some self-righteous desire to be right.
If those in charge at a launch disallow some activity above and beyond what the rules say then a responsible flyer abides by that. If you don't agree then you should try to find another club to fly with.
We have gained too much to throw it away.
Reactions: Nytrunner and Bat-mite
boatgeek
Let's game this out. You're launching at the Really Cool Rocket Club (RCRC), which has a waiver for 2500 feet because it's kinda near a combo Air Force base and commercial airport. On the day of the launch, the USAF folks fly around a bit to practice looking for rocket launches. A few general aviation planes do the same thing. Hey, nothing wrong with a little sightseeing, as long as they stay out from overhead so the rockets can still launch. Everybody sticks to the waiver flying HPR until some joker decides to break the TRA G record with a Class 1 rocket. That launch gets reported since there are a few eyes on it in the air.
OK, everything but the waiver and the fact that a flight was reported is basically irrelevant, but it makes a nice story. The FAA either (a) starts an investigation or (b) just yanks the club's waiver. If they choose (b), it's the club's burden of proof that the flight was (1) Class 1 and (2) that Class 1 rockets at a waivered launch don't need to meet the requirements. Chances are they lose that argument. If the FAA starts an investigation, the same rules apply, but the club might have a slightly easier time making the case since they're talking to an actual person. Either way, flying is a privilege and the burden of proof will mostly fall on the club. If they aren't tracking altitudes for every HPR flight, they're probably out of luck.
Whether the Class 1 rocket at a waivered launch actually needs to follow the waiver is a mostly irrelevant point of law here since it would probably be impossible to show that the HPR rockets all followed the waiver unless every rocket that flew that day was Class 1 and you had the launch cards to prove it.
Reactions: Steve Shannon, Nytrunner and Bat-mite
shockie
Bowman said:
Self-regulation = self-control applied to human beings....what could possibly go wrong with that idea?
This is why man created the concepts of government and religions : laws created by men to control other men's behaviors.
TheBru
But has anyone actually asked the FAA what their take is on this before? It sounds like the community is in frequent contact with them to get the waivers and permission, so why not ask?
TheBru said:
Because I haven't had the issue come up with the flyers at our club (that I can recall). And, like I said in post #7, I think that all flights at a waivered launch must respect the waiver.
UhClem
I don't know about the present but it was certainly the case in the past.
When DARS flew in Allen, tucked under the DFW Class B airspace, the HPR waiver was only a few thousand feet. I dug out a newsletter from the archives and the 1996 NTHP announcement within stated 3,200' AGL with windows to 5,000' on request. I know that certain members liked to abuse Estes plastic fins with a D21 so the 3,200 limit for HPR was almost certainly exceeded by at least one model rocket.
The limits in a Class 2 waiver/certificate of authorization should not apply to Class 1 rockets at the same location unless there is something specific added to the special conditions of the waiver.
watheyak
Barnstormer
Because the FAA that we have regular contact with are air traffic controllers. They know nothing about rockets or rocket regulations.
Imagine how the conversation might go-
"So hey, there's this loop-hole that would allow a certain type of rocket to go above the waiver you're carefully vectoring dozens of aircraft over and around..."
It would not go well.
The FAA people that we do talk to that have knowledge of these regulations are the folks responsible for granting the waiver on a yearly basis. It's a somewhat involved process, and opening this can of worms could open us up for much more scrutiny than we already deal with.
Butte, Montana
We could indeed seek an answer from that portion of the FAA which is responsible for writing and interpreting the FARs, but there's really no point to it. The entire premise is more hypothetical than practical. Launch Directors and RSOs are not going to approve Class 1 rocket flights that exceed the COA altitude. To do so could damage the trust the FAA has in our judgement. We have a great relationship with them now; as a COA holder I wouldn't want them to think that I'm looking for ways to skirt their rules.
I don't know if you've noticed, but this whole thread demonstrates the difference between knowledge and wisdom and highlights the importance of discretion. Just because something is "technically" allowed is not a sufficient reason to do it.
Reactions: HHaase, TBob and tsmith1315
Steve Shannon said:
(read with a casual discussion with a cup of coffee tone)
I respectfully disagree. I think this thread highlights that there is a wealth of institutional knowledge that may or may not be based on actual rules or laws and that there may be some general aversion to asking clarifying questions for fear of upsetting the governing bodies, which isn't wisdom to me. There are absolutely times when just going with the flow and using discretion is fine but there shouldn't ever be a stigma associated with asking a question and trying to understand the why behind it.
I reached out to the NAR to get their guidance on it and was told (in its entirety):
Good evening, Dan,
Since a waiver only applies to the Federal Aviation Regulations that are actually being waived, a rocket that's not subject to the regulation isn't bound by the terms of the waiver. For example, since an F powered rocket won't exceed the total impulse or weight limitations in FAR 101.22 (125 grams of propellant, 1500 grams liftoff weight), that rocket isn't subject to the limitations in FAR 101.25, therefore no waiver is required to fly it and the terms of the waiver don't apply.
Of course, you still have to comply with the applicable portions of the regulation and the NAR Safety Code. As always, the RSO is the final authority on the field, and he/she may be aware of landowner issues, etc. that make such flights inadvisable even if they're not restricted by the waiver.
I hope this is useful. If you have questions or would like clarification, feel free to e-mail me directly at mark.wise@nar.org.
Mark Wise
NAR Secretary
Obviously people will gravitate towards the portion of this response that speaks to their beliefs but I hope that at a minimum people see that asking a question is okay and that governing bodies are not going to just blanket assume you are doing bad things. Once I am able to find a contact in the FAA I plan on asking them as well, if only to prove that its okay to ask questions.
Reactions: CPUTommy
rcktnut
Sheboygan WI
Simple answer: No need to verify with the FAA, but go ahead if you want to, nothing wrong with that. No matter what the FAA says it isn't going to change the rules of the club you are flying with, got to follow them. If flying class1 by yourself, under model rocketry code, due as you wish.
Reactions: Steve Shannon
CPUTommy
Thrust cures All
Ok.. hold up everyone. Please..
The rule is the rule, its there to PROTECT THE PEOPLE FLYING IN THE SAME AIR SPACE YOU WANT TO VERTICALLY PENETRATE?
I've alwalys launched low power and on some of my lighter rockets, a C6-7 just moves out, and some of my E powered rockets will easily come within the limits ALREADY in place.
are we actually debating the FAA rules and looking for loopholes?
P.s. this IS interesting and a great read. Love the opinions...
BBrown said:
While you are technically correct that a MPR doesn't have to stay inside a club's waiver, don't be surprised if the launch organizers do not allow you to fly above their waiver ceiling. Here's why. When a club activates a waiver, it usually done by coordinating by phone with the FAA air traffic control facility in charge of the airspace over the launch site. They know that rockets are flying there and how high they might be going to. Any IFR aircraft will be vectored around that cylinder if their altitude is equal to or less than the waiver altitude. Aircraft flying higher will be allowed to cross over the launch site because the FAA believes no rockets will be going above the waiver ceiling.
Then comes the guy who wants to fly a "unrestricted" Class 1 flight out the top of the waiver. While it may be legal, no one I know who is a waiver holder would allow it to happen on the off chance it "might" conflict with traffic, upset the FAA, and put their waiver at risk resulting in another loss of flying field.
Years ago when I became the prefect of the Kloudbusters I had one goal. Put simply, I didn't want to be the last prefect of the Kloudbusters! I didn't want to be the guy who approved something that would put our field at risk. There is no flight that is more important than the field.
And it really is that simple, I take the oath seriously, even when im shooting low power, im conscious of ALL air traffic, conditions, and all spectators. I am the face of model rocketry when im out launching rockets.
GrouchoDuke
To pile on & hopefully not derail (or shoot myself in the foot)... I've always assumed the "breakable plastic" part of the FAA's Class 1 rocket definition to count for composite rockets. Epoxy is a plastic and fiberglass or carbon rockets are definitely breakable. Buuuut, does my thinking match the intent of the definition? Anyone know?
Also, is there a definition for "slow-burning" anywhere?
From the FAA:
§ 101.22 Definitions.
The following definitions apply to this subpart:
(a) Class 1 - Model Rocket means an amateur rocket that:
(1) Uses no more than 125 grams (4.4 ounces) of propellant;
(2) Uses a slow-burning propellant;
(3) Is made of paper, wood, or breakable plastic;
(4) Contains no substantial metal parts; and
(5) Weighs no more than 1,500 grams (53 ounces), including the propellant.
I promise you can bust a lot a waivers with a rocket like this flight of mine, but my understanding has always been that no waiver is required. So, flying on a non-HPR waiver day is fine, other safety concerns noted. (Also, I really miss having dry lakebeds nearby.)
GrouchoDuke said:
Your thinking is just fine. I never really understood the "breakable plastic" requirement. I understand the intent, but I am not sure what unbreakable plastic would be, maybe something like a solid urethane? It's just not objective enough; breakability isn't a material property that's commonly listed. Instead it derives from other material properties that most of us never consider, and which may vary considerably based on temperature. A composite that's heavily reinforced or thick enough to be "unbreakable" would probably result in a model that's too heavy for requirement 5 and thrust to weight requirements.
As far as slow burning propellant, again, without specifying what burn rate (at what pressure) is considered the threshold, it's not a very meaningful requirement. Our success in the lawsuit against ATF twelve years ago was tied to burn rate and the ATF's incorrect understanding of burn rate as applied to rocket motor geometry. Our leaders and lawyers at that time were able to demonstrate that the burn rate of APCP was very low, near the burn rate of paper. So, I don't think you have anything to worry about there.
TBob
NW Arkansas
I understand the intent, but I am not sure what unbreakable plastic would be, maybe something like a solid urethane?
Reactions: Steve Shannon, TheBru and GrouchoDuke
Your thinking is just fine...So, I don't think you have anything to worry about there.
TBob said:
1.6 (38mm) Conical Urethane Nose Cone. [pml211416]. Public Missiles : Rocketarium Model Rocket Kits, parts and launch supplies
1.6 (38mm) Conical Urethane Nose Cone. [pml211416]. Public Missiles - Urethane nosecones by PML are conical solid units for high speed, high altitude, rockets. Exposed length: 8 Exposed diameter: 1.66 Weight: 120g
www.rocketarium.com
HHaase
Once I am able to find a contact in the FAA I plan on asking them as well, if only to prove that its okay to ask questions.
www.faa.gov
Reactions: TheBru
Estes SLS
Latest: Patternflyer
Coronavirus: What questions do you have?
Latest: PatD
2.56" Nose Cone with Removable Shoulder - Fiberglass
Latest: Zeke Johnson
High Power Rocketry (HPR)
Post a pic that makes you LOL
Is this a good L3 rocket?
Latest: Neutron95
Latest: SkyFire
Anyone build for pay in the Houston Texas area?
Latest: rklapp
Latest: sperocket


text:
Find nature and conservation events happening around the greater San Francisco Bay Area!
Click here to add an event to our calendar.
Shark Week with an Expert
Biologist and longtime white shark researcher Scot Anderson joins PRNSA for a special Shark Week webinar! As sharks are often sensationalized and misunderstood, Shark Week gives us a chance to celebrate ancient and amazing creatures that play a crucial role in our ocean ecology. Scot will discuss some of his research and personal experience with these apex marine predators, including recent findings on the significance of rare interactions between white sharks and Orcas off the California coast.
Upon completing your registration you will receive the link to the webinar at the bottom of your confirmation email.
You can expect reminder emails with direction before the webinar.
You only need to register one person to view the webinar.
This presentation will also be on our Facebook page if you wish to view there and not register. A Facebook account is not needed to view.
The presentation will be saved to our Facebook page to view later.
You must register to view the webinar from Zoom.
If you have friends you would like to share this with you are more than welcome to do so, please just have them register as well.
This presentation is brought to you by a Zoom Webinar. Upon joining, your video and audio will not be available. The presenters and audience will not be able to see or hear you. Questions are encouraged and can be done through the Q&A feature in the toolbar.
A Computer with Zoom compatible browser (Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Safari)
To view through a mobile device, you will need to download the Zoom App.
To join the webinar please use the link found at the bottom of your confirmation email, or from the Eventbrite reminder emails
About PRNSA:
We partner with the National Park Service to create opportunities for all people to experience, enhance, and preserve Point Reyes National Seashore for present and future generations.
If you have any questions or concerns please email us at fieldinstitute@ptreyes.org
Fish and Marine Life
https://www.eventbrite.com/e/shark-week-with-an-expert-tickets-113817501210
Point Reyes National Seashore Association
Your Name (this will not appear on the event listing)
Danya Winterman
CA United States + Google Map
Full Moon Sail San Francisco Bay
Sunday, February 5 @ 3:45 pm - 6:30 pm
One event on April 5, 2023 at 6:00 pm
One event on June 3, 2023 at 6:45 pm
One event on July 2, 2023 at 6:45 am
One event on July 31, 2023 at 6:15 pm
One event on August 1, 2023 at 6:15 pm
One event on October 27, 2023 at 4:30 pm
Tuesday, March 7 @ 4:45 pm - 7:30 pm
« East Bay Regional Park District: COVID-19 Park & Community Survey
Virtual Lecture: The Role of Agriculture in Climate Change: Livestock, Diets and Soil Carbon Sequestration »


text:
Q: How to send email on localhost xampp in codeigniter? I try to send email on localhost xampp using codeigniter.
I modified php.ini and sendemail.ini file in xampp follow the guide.
my codeigniter code is follow.

public function send_mail() {

        $config['useragent'] = 'CodeIgniter';
        $config['protocol'] = 'smtp';
        $config['smtp_host'] = 'ssl://smtp.gmail.com';
        $config['smtp_port'] = '587';
        $config['smtp_user'] = '****@gmail.com';
        $config['smtp_pass'] = '****';
        $config['smtp_timeout'] = 5;
        $config['wordwrap'] = TRUE;
        $config['wrapchars'] = 76;
        $config['mailtype'] = 'html';
        $config['charset'] = 'utf-8';
        $config['validate'] = FALSE;
        $config['priority'] = 3;
        $config['crlf'] = "\r\n";
        $config['newline'] = "\r\n";
        $config['bcc_batch_mode'] = FALSE;
        $config['bcc_batch_size'] = 200;
        $this->load->library('email', $config);

        $from_email = "csharpdev0423@gmail.com";
        $to_email = $this->input->post('email');
        //Load email library
        $this->load->library('email');
        $this->email->initialize($config);
        //$this->load->library('email', $config);
        $this->email->from($from_email, 'Identification');
        $this->email->to($to_email);
        $this->email->subject('Send Email Codeigniter');
        $this->email->message('The email send using codeigniter library');
        //Send mail
        if($this->email->send())
            $this->session->set_flashdata("email_sent","Congragulation Email Send Successfully.");
        else
            $this->session->set_flashdata("email_sent","You have encountered an error");
        $this->load->view('contact_email_form');
    }

But it have above error.

A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: fsockopen(): SSL operation failed with code 1. OpenSSL Error messages: error:140770FC:SSL routines:SSL23_GET_SERVER_HELLO:unknown protocol
Filename: libraries/Email.php
Line Number: 2055

A: You can changes following email config array.
<?php
// change hostname
$config['smtp_host'] = 'smtp.gmail.com';

// change stmp port number
$config['smtp_port'] = '465';

// add smtp_crypto
$config['smtp_crypto'] = 'ssl';

// Change charset
$config['charset'] = 'iso-8859-1';

?>

Hope it will help.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


James Foden the director of Foden Designs has been in the manufacturing sector since 1997. James is well known in the elite automotive industry for supplying top quality products to race winning and award winning show cars. In 2009 Foden Designs Pty Ltd was founded and has kept true to the Foden Heritage with the contract manufacturing of automotive products as well as developing Foden Designs own line of aftermarket automotive products.
With an extensive background in manufacturing fasteners, shafts, drive systems and hose fittings for the automotive sector FD has taken this experience and knowledge to a new level and diversified their services to include many other industries with contract machining to the hydraulic, gas, mining and construction sectors.
FD operates with a continuous improvement process and is always looking for new faster, cheaper and more accurate ways to improve our manufacturing processes. FD operates with lean manufacturing principles and JIT (just in time) delivery concept. This allows for FD to deliver quality parts at competitive prices on time every time whilst adhering to a strict QA production program.
The Foden Designs vision is to become an Industry leader by delivering top quality products and service that is second to none. Through the implementation of the abovementioned systems and a strong mind set of "our only limitation is your imagination" this vision is becoming a reality and has already allowed FD to expand their workshop capabilities at a rate beyond what FD expected in their first 12 months of operation.


Our business is located at Woodville Park, a western suburb of Adelaide. We deliver tables not only in metropolitan area of Adelaide but to other South Australian regions as well.
Our main goal is to provide excellent quality billiard/pool tables well within the budget of the average Australian family. Our prices are competitive and affordable. What better way to bring family and friends together?
Tables we supply are constructed using only the best available materials and caters for everyone from the beginner to the most enthusiastic of professionals. Whether your game is pool, billiards or snooker these tables will provide excellent playability.


Juvenile dependency cases involve situations in which the court intervenes in the interest of the well-being of a child to manage their living conditions, typically by removing them from an abusive or neglectful home for their own protection. The California court is very clear in its goal of providing stable living conditions for children while maintaining a focus on keeping families together, and with the right legal representation you may be able to resolve juvenile dependency cases in a manner which is desirable for all parties.
At Fischer & Van Thiel, LLP, our legal team is committed to providing effective and efficient representation for parties to juvenile dependency cases and has extensive experience in the successful management of such cases. To learn more about your rights and legal options, call our Vista juvenile dependency attorneys today at 858-935-6211.
With a clear understanding of the inner workings of the legal system as it pertains to your unique situation, you will be better suited to make the right decisions for you and your children.
If you are facing issues related to juvenile dependency and are unsure about the proper way to proceed, the time to contact an attorney is now. For a free consultation with an experienced Vista juvenile dependency lawyer from Fischer & Van Thiel, LLP, to discuss the details of your case, call us today at 858-935-6211.
The answer is obvious because our team paid homework help within https://homeworkhelper.net of skilled and knowledgeable writers who have different academic backgrounds understand the importance of high-quality coursework.