text:
Bayou Basics
Photos and Films
Early Morning Fall Float on Buffalo Bayou, Coral Snakes, and Other Films on Save Buffalo Bayou's YouTube Channel
Aerial Photos of Buffalo Bayou
Flying Over the Flooded Bayou After Harvey
Film: Letting the River Heal
A Bend in the River
Films: Floating Above Buffalo Bayou
Photographs of Buffalo Bayou Flowing Past Memorial Park
Rainfall, River Flow Gauges, Flood Maps, Tree Benefits, and Other Useful Links
Books and Articles on Buffalo Bayou, Rivers, Flooding, and Nature
Who Owns the Bayou?
Who Needs A Permit?
Help! The Bank Slid Away
Tending Our Garden, Tips and Resources
How to Paddle There
How to Walk There
Classes on the Bayou
The Bat Trip
The Top Eleven Phony Arguments For Bulldozing Our Wild Bayou and The Right Answers
Failed Natural Channel Design in Harris County
Problems with Natural Stable Channel Design in Buffalo Bayou Park
Donors 2019
Donors 2014-2015
Buy a Save Buffalo Bayou T-Shirt. Or a Bumper Sticker
Save Buffalo Bayou
A Ribbon of Life Through the Concrete of Houston
Wasting Money the Old-Fashioned Way
Costly Bayou Repairs Do More Harm Than Good, Won't Last
Updated April 23, 2017 — The Harris County Flood Control District reports that repair costs through March 2017 are $1.25 million. Terry Hershey Park remains closed until construction work is complete.
See also "Commissioner Radack Responds."
From a distance you could hear the monstrous roar of the heavy equipment in the woods. Following deep, wide tracks smashed into the bare dirt along the bank of Buffalo Bayou, passing large cottonwoods apparently cut to make way for the big equipment, we came across a scene of troubling destruction.
A gigantic articulated 30-ton dump truck with six massive wheels was slowly rolling towards us with a large load of fresh dirt and dripping mud dug up from the bayou bank. Further along a 60-ton excavator on tracks sat on the very edge of the bank, expertly swiveling back and forth, scraping up the dirt bank and dumping it into the truck, scooping up loads of white limestone rock and dropping it in a layer where the excavated bank once was.
We'd seen the eroded bank before the "repairs" began. This damage was far worse.
It didn't have to be this way.
Dump truck and excavator at work on the north bank of Buffalo Bayou in Terry Hershey Park on Nov. 3, 2016. Photo by Jim Olive
Fallen trees and eroded path on north bank of Buffalo Bayou before repairs began. Note darker patch of asphalt indicating trail had been repaired previously. Fallen trees should have been left in place against the bank to collect sediment and rebuild the bank naturally and for free. Note riparian plants already stabilizing the sediment. Photo taken August 19, 2016.
What Was Wrong With This Scene and Why Was It Happening?
The heavy equipment was at work in Terry Hershey Park in far west Houston, where contractors hired by the Harris County Flood Control District were making what were described as "emergency repairs" to the north bank of the bayou. Flooding and extended high waters released from the dams last spring had eaten away at the bank and the asphalt path built on the water's edge. The district has identified at least a dozen sites to be repaired between Dairy Ashford Road and Beltway 8.
But everything they were doing was among the more environmentally damaging, expensive, and outdated practices possible—short of actually lining the bayou with concrete—and also likely will end up needing to be done all over again.
And if you don't care about the biological health of our bayous and streams, or about the cleanliness of the water flowing through them, past our houses and parks and into the bay, or about erosion and flooding downstream, you might care about your tax dollars being flushed down the river.
And yes, in addition to clean water and common sense, we are concerned about flooding upstream and downstream and the predicament we have with the dams that drain into the bayou here. But note that this repair project is not about increasing the flow in the bayou or fixing flooding. (It may increase flooding. See below.) It's about putting the banks and sidewalks back where the bayou doesn't want them to be and trying to make them stay there.
We have to ask why. There are cheaper and more sensible courses of action.
Looking upstream at the excavated north bank of Buffalo Bayou in Terry Hershey Park. A layer of limestone rock will be covered with fill and more rock. Photo by Jim Olive, Nov. 3, 2016
Terry Hershey Park is a popular 500-acre linear park with hike and bike trails, both paved and natural, stretching for about six miles along Buffalo Bayou in West Houston between Barker Dam (Highway 6) and Beltway 8 (Sam Houston Tollway), and along a tributary draining Addicks Dam south of Interstate 10.
The bayou here was once a forested, meandering stream. More than half of the bayou along this stretch was stripped, dredged, and straightened by the US Army Corps of Engineers in the early 1940s to serve as a drainage channel for the federal dams then under construction. There are still oxbow lakes in the area that were once part of the slow-moving, winding river. In the 1950s much of the rest was stripped and channelized, and plans were developed to line the channelized bayou in concrete all the way downstream to Shepherd Drive. That project was eventually stopped in the 1960s by a popular movement of concerned Houstonians, including Terry Hershey, George Mitchell, then US Rep. George H.W. Bush, and a great many others, whose concern proved to be far-sighted. Stripping, straightening, and hardening the banks of streams is no longer accepted practice for flood control.
More recently homeowners on the south bank of the bayou have been successful in persuading the city not to raze forest for detention on the bayou. (Detention, now considered the first line of defense against flooding, is temporarily detaining or slowing stormwater so that all the water doesn't rush into storm drains, pipes, streets, and streams all at once, overwhelming the system. Detention can be anything from angled gutter pipes to porous driveways, swales and rain gardens to tall grass, trees, prairies, wetlands, and large ponds.) The flood control district also has promoted plans to cut trees in the park for detention. Members of Save Our Forest urge the city and county to seek regional alternatives for detaining storm water.
Shortly after the concrete project was dropped in the 1960s, the federal government sold the 500 acres that are now the park to the flood control district, and in the following decades the district left the stripped, straightened bayou to revert to a more natural state. Trees and plants grew back. In the 1990s the district entered into an agreement to lease the land to Harris County. Dirt paths were paved with concrete and asphalt. The county created Terry Hershey Park, now managed and maintained by Harris County Precinct 3.
But the bayou, growing stronger with increasing rains and higher flows from development upstream, continues to seek out its historic meanders. And our research shows that the historic meanders are where the banks and sidewalks have repeatedly failed.
Geologist Tom Helm has done the research connecting the meanders and the bank erosion. Watch this brief slide show created by Helm showing the historic meanders and the geologic fault lines that caused the river to wind in a section of Buffalo Bayou between N. Wilcrest and Beltway 8. The slideshow also includes for comparison a map of the disturbed areas being repaired in the area.
Compare sites being repaired by Harris County Flood Control with locations of historic meanders. Image by HCFCD.
Enlargement of area bounded in red in previous slide, with N. Wilcrest on far left. Image and text created by Tom Helm.
And here is a slide show of photographs taken by Helm of other disturbed areas of the north bank of Buffalo Bayou scheduled for repair. The photos show evidence of repeated repairs of the sidewalk along the bank in the form of patched cracks and darker colored sections of the path.
Identified by the flood control district as Washout #15, this section west of N. Wilcrest shows old patching of cracks where the trail broke apart possibly due to shifting caused by a geologic fault associated with a meander. Photo by Tom Helm, Nov. 6, 2016
Washout #12 between N. Wilcrest and Dairy Ashford shows the trail built too close to the bank, possibly also affected by the presence of a geologic fault creating a meander. Downed trees and brush here should be left in place on the bank to allow the bank to restore itself naturally. Photo by Tom Helm, Nov. 6, 2016
A closer look at the same site. The darker colored, newer asphalt used to repair previously this collapsed section of the trail is plainly visible in this photo taken by Helm on Nov. 6, 2016
This photo by Helm shows a second level of asphalt exposed by the collapse, also indicating the path had been previously repaired. This is Washout #10 along what was once a meander.
This collapsing concrete was possibly used to fill in a meander. Meanders here tend to coincide with the presence of geologic faults. Photo by Tom Helm, Nov. 6, 2016
"They're trying to fix a problem that's not fixable," says Helm.
Working Against Nature
Would it be a smarter idea to allow the bayou to meander once again? After all, as the authors write in the important book, Floodplain Management: A New Approach for a New Era, "We don't really control nature, and an everlasting truth is rivers will do what rivers do." (p. 7)
There is room for the river to move in Terry Hershey Park, and a river that has room to move is healthier, cleaner, and more biologically diverse, cheaper to maintain, and more effective at filtering and controlling runoff and flood waters. Also called a river migration corridor, "room for the river" is the most advanced practice in river and floodplain management across the country and around the world, along with slowing down and spreading out stormwater before it reaches the river, including upstream of the dams. (An important reason to preserve forests, as trees are powerful rainwater detention devices.)
However, the flood control district's overall policy and practice here is to immobilize the banks of the bayou, in this case with limestone rock (a material foreign to the bayou), and to make the banks smooth by removing the riparian vegetation so vital for cleansing the water and protecting against erosion. Flood control's goal is to move stormwater down the river as fast as possible, a goal that unfortunately often only causes more erosion and flooding downstream, as fast moving waters meet obstacles and bottlenecks, including, for instance, bridges.
Other expensive, wasteful, and outdated flood control district practices: widening and deepening channels, mowing the grass on the banks, cutting trees for detention ponds. But those important issues are for another story.
Why Is Everything They Are Doing Wrong?
Besides immobilizing the riverbank and making sure it stays straight, here are other ways that what they are doing is wrong:
1. Driving heavy equipment on the bank compacts and kills the soil, making it less porous, less permeable, less nutritious for vegetation, less stable and more likely to erode, and also kills all the beneficial creatures small and large living and working under there. It's all part of the system. Everything is connected.
2. Digging up or excavating the riverbank destroys the structure of the soil and kills the healthy bacteria or biome, neutralizing its amazing pollution-fighting powers and turning it into useless dirt. Also see above.
3. There has been no attempt to restore the healthy bacteria or microbes to the excavated dirt, and according to the district, there is no plan to do that. The soil and sand excavated from the banks in the park was being stored in large piles somewhat discreetly dumped behind some trees. It was then returned via the big dump trucks to the bayou and spread by the tank-like excavator on top of the limestone riprap and pounded into place.
4. Trees and vegetation on the banks, so important for erosion control, slowing and filtering stormwater and runoff, were removed to provide access for the heavy equipment. The district says the rock and compacted soil will be planted eventually with turf and other vegetation.
5. The repairs are ugly and unnatural.
6. Riprap, even buried riprap, is one of the most ecologically damaging methods of erosion control. As the Federal Emergency Management Agency describes the problems with riprap:
"Riprap impedes the natural functions of a riverbank or shoreline, as it interrupts the establishment of the riparian zone, or the point of interface between land and flowing water. A properly functioning riparian zone is important for a number of reasons; it can reduce stream energy and minimize erosion; filter pollutants from surface runoff via biofiltration; trap and hold sediments and woody debris, which assists in replenishing soils and actually rebuilding banks and shorelines; and it provides habitat diversity and an important source of aquatic nutrients. Not to mention, a naturally functioning riparian zone simply looks better." (p. 8)
The agency also points out that "riprap also tends to suffer from structural integrity issues during and after high-water events," ultimately requiring constant and expensive monitoring and maintenance. (p. 9)
7. The asphalt path is too close to the river's edge in places anyway. Sidewalks constructed too close damage the banks and tend to get washed away, requiring costly repairs. Impermeable pathways also increase runoff and erosion. There is plenty of room to move the path slightly out of the way and still have a lovely view and experience of the bayou. Greg Wyatt, Harris County Precinct 3 maintenance manager for Bear Creek and Terry Hershey parks, said in a recent phone conversation that the asphalt trail would be put back "exactly where it was prior to the damage." But he also said there had been "consideration" and a "possibility" that some parts of the asphalt trail might be moved out of harm's way.
The repairs began in late September and so far mostly have been focused on five priority sites near Wilcrest in the park. There are still other sites to be repaired in the park and across the county. According to a report in the Houston Chronicle, the flood control district has identified almost 2,000 locations on the banks of county streams that need repairs as a result of the floods in 2015-2016.
The initial estimate for repairing the banks in Terry Hershey Park was $600,000, as reported by the Chronicle. The contractors for the work are Freese and Nichols, an architecture and engineering firm, and Serco, the construction company. But a spokesperson for the district said in a recent email that the disturbance to the bank was more extensive than originally thought. Park manager Wyatt said that more damage was discovered when vegetation was removed from the banks to make way for the heavy equipment. New cost projections are still being developed. And apparently that initial $600,000 cost estimate does not yet include the cost of replacing the asphalt trails.
Let's see. Using just the initial estimate of $600,000 for 12 sites, multiply by 166 (2,000 countywide sites divided by 12), that comes to a potential cost to county taxpayers of $100 million to repair county streams using the methods being used in Hershey Park. That figure doesn't include the lost economic value of riparian corridors for treating water.
The flood control district received a blanket regional general permit in 2013 from the Galveston District of the US Army Corps of Engineers to do essentially whatever it thinks it needs to do anywhere. That permit apparently covers digging up and rebuilding these bayou banks, which are essentially wetlands, performing the same vital function as wetlands, and should be protected as wetlands. The Corps is responsible for enforcing the Clean Water Act, the federal law passed to protect the health of our waters.
"Especially since there is no infrastructure imminently threatened, it would be very hard/impossible to get away with this in the San Francisco Bay region nowadays," Mathias Kondolf, professor of environmental planning at the University of California, Berkeley, wrote in an email.
Could the flood control district have chosen a better, more effective, more practical, less costly and less damaging response to the changes in the banks in Terry Hershey Park?
We think so, and so does FEMA.
Letting the River Heal
The best response in this case would have been—perhaps still could be—to move out of the way. A few picks and shovels to pick up the damaged asphalt. Leave the fallen trees and brush in place on the banks to collect sediment and rebuild. Let the river restore its edges naturally over time; seek out its meanders if necessary. It's going to do that anyway. Watch this beautiful film called Letting the River Heal that explains the benefits of doing just that.
Where necessary, new asphalt paths could be built higher up the banks, or merged with the paved trails already in place in those higher locations. Nobody has to sacrifice access to or appreciation of the bayou.
We are not advocating letting the bayou meander all the way through people's houses or through subdivisions, although it's possible that there are still sections of the bayou here secretly meandering underground through neighborhoods, via culverts. A representative of the flood control district mentioned that at a neighborhood meeting earlier this fall.
As an alternative method of stopping erosion, FEMA recommends brush mattresses, which are essentially constructed versions of the natural process described above. Here is some advice about brush mattresses as well as other softer, more natural, and cheaper methods of erosion control on rivers from our neighbors up East.
But keep in mind that erosion and flooding are natural, even necessary. Included in the advice in the link above: "People cannot stop erosion—they can only speed it up or slow it down. It is the nature of rivers and streams to move, and there is no guarantee for the success of any erosion control project. … The most cost-effective approach by far is to avoid setting up an erosion-prone situation in the first place."
Did the flood control district consider alternatives before embarking on the current repair program in Terry Hershey Park?
"The repair methods that we are using are time tested, reliable and appropriate for existing conditions along Buffalo Bayou" was the written response from the district.
"We have a history of thinking we have the engineering expertise to redesign rivers to be more efficient or to be fixed. Over the long run, we don't." — Floodplain Management, A New Approach for a New Era, p. 141.
14 thoughts on "Wasting Money the Old-Fashioned Way"
Deborah Lancaster says:
There's got to be a balance. Yes, please let the "river heal". Surely the "nature as entertainment" folks will understand. Informative signs to educate bikers, walkers, joggers and birders could help the cause. What can we as citizens do next? Thank you for the informative article.
Save Buffalo Bayou says:
Informative signs as the river heals is an excellent suggestion. More education about these issues is important.
Kirk Farris says:
Our bike trails downtown are impacted by powerful waters and floods..I see a lot of damage..same thing out West.
The improvements should be tucked back up in the woods and open up now and then to views of the river at places where the soils are making new sandbars. The bayou should be worked on by hand crews to remove non natural materials. The bayou…if left alone and allowed to take back the role of natural river..and only when the dam is repaired to hold enough water..to allow for slow release .. could that happen. Rapid draw down of waters placed in the stream and shut down quickly is a large cause of erosion. It would be cheaper to give away the money.
Dan Lewis says:
I quite agree with what Deborah Lancaster said on the matter.
The corporations have reduced many of us to slave wages.
Come up with other ways The (financially crippled) People can help make the situation right.
brad moore says:
I run these trails weekly and will be interested to see the results of the "repairs" to the paths so close to the bayou. Specifically their durability at the next high water events that take place on this stretch of the bayou.
I watched the bayou literally eat into the banks during the huge and consistent release of water from Barker Reservoir after the tax day and subsequent heavy rainfall/floods.
Jim Franklin says:
I grew up playing along Buffalo Bayou. Back when the 2-lane concrete bridge was built across Buffalo Bayou (about 1950 and now called Dairy Ashford) you could stand and look west along the recently completed re-channeling of the bayou which was straight-arrow to Barker Reservoir. The fresh cut channel looked like a large drainage ditch. No trees lined the channel. This re-channeling was eventually completed to downtown. Many of the natural bends and curves in the bayou were cut and the bayou currents flowed in a straight line. The straightening left some areas on the north side of the bayou on the south side and vice-versa. I believe, but not sure, this rushed the flood waters down stream and caused flooding. I personally believe that a wider area should have originally been set aside and control of the bayou left to mother nature.
Thanks, Jim Franklin, for the history, although fortunately the rechanneling was not completed all the way to downtown. In fact, our founding purpose was to prevent the destruction of one of the last natural stretches in Buffalo Bayou as it flows past Memorial Park.
You are absolutely right that stripping and straightening a stream causes storm waters to flow more quickly, resulting in flooding and more erosion downstream. And setting aside a wider area for the bayou to overflow into its floodplain should have been the policy and is currently the most advanced thinking in river management. We hope to encourage that sort of policy and enlightened approach in our region.
After reading your comments I got on Goggle Earth and found I made several wrong statements. Actually most of the re-channeling was between Dairy Ashford and SH 6, and east from So. Shepard to the downtown area. The subdivisions built at the north and south sides of Buffalo Bayou at the Chimney Road crossing were developed on areas of past bayou alignment that were filled.
Concerned Homeowner says:
I live near Terry Hershey and also wonder if the quick drainage provided this waterway keeps my home from flooding. Terry Hershey literally has 1000's of people enjoying the park on a temperate weekend.
What specific data backs up the claim this is wasteful or unnecessary spending? It is hard to understand how the bayou healing itself is the correct path without more information on what, why and how.
Thanks for your comment. Your concern is understandable. And we are in favor of keeping Terry Hershey Park a lovely park for thousands of people to enjoy, which is why we deplore the unnecessary destruction of trees, vegetation, and the bayou itself in the park.
The article details why the Harris County Flood Control District's bank "repair" project is harmful, one important reason being that it destroys the bayou's natural ability to cleanse the water. Yes, trees and plants on the bayou and even the microbes in the soil do that. The article also includes a great deal of information about why the method of "repair" chosen by the county is expensive and unnecessary. There are descriptions and links about alternative, cheaper methods and the importance of choosing the least disruptive approach, as well as examples of how even an urban river can restore itself — for free.
Quick drainage may (or may not) keep your home from flooding, but it is going to flood someone else downstream. A better, more practical approach is to detain, slow down, and spread out storm water before it even gets into the bayou. The article talks about that, and we will have more on that in a follow up article. The Briar Forest Super Neighborhood in your area has been working to try to persuade the county to build a large regional detention pond in the Clodine area and Residents Against Flooding is a group in the Memorial City area that has filed a suit against the City of Houston and the TIRZ 17 to "fix causes of unnecessary flooding by building detention, improving antiquated drainage systems, and preventing new development from shunting water into our living rooms." All of these issues impact the high flows in Buffalo Bayou during storms.
The article refers to a scholarly book, Floodplain Management, A New Approach for a New Era, that is extremely useful for understanding why working with nature is the best approach to flooding problems.
West Houston resident says:
What has been happening with Save The Forest? I haven't heard anything about them or from them. Have they held any events or tried to educate people about the repairs? Or are they defunct? Thank you, as always, for keeping us all up to date, even if the news is bad.
Contact the Briar Forest Super Neighborhood. http://briarforestsn.org/
Is there possibility someone will cut the trees across the bayou for better canoeing from Highway 6 to San Felipe?
Usually the flood control district does that. Let them know.
It's Ending! December 31, 2020
It's Giving Tuesday: So Give It Up for Buffalo Bayou! December 1, 2020
Links to Discussions: Corps' Plans for Buffalo Bayou, Katy Prairie, and Coastal Barrier November 25, 2020
Facebook Live Discussion: The Future of Houston's Katy Prairie and Buffalo Bayou November 17, 2020
Corps Reconsidering Flood Tunnels. Still Focused on Outdated Ideas November 17, 2020
Killing the Alligator Snapping Turtles in Buffalo Bayou November 12, 2020
Late Fall on that Bend in the Bayou November 12, 2020
Buffalo Bayou and Tributaries: Virtual Town Hall with Rep. Lizzie Fletcher November 10, 2020
Local Green Film Festival Features Save Buffalo Bayou and Christmas Bay November 10, 2020
Deadline Extended to Comment on Proposal to Deepen, Widen Buffalo Bayou November 2, 2020
Save Buffalo Bayou on Outrageous Plan to Deepen, Widen, Kill Buffalo Bayou
Nicholas on Outrageous Plan to Deepen, Widen, Kill Buffalo Bayou
Save Buffalo Bayou on Deadline Extended to Comment on Proposal to Deepen, Widen Buffalo Bayou
Thomas G Diaz on Deadline Extended to Comment on Proposal to Deepen, Widen Buffalo Bayou
Matthew Berg on Killing the Alligator Snapping Turtles in Buffalo Bayou
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Renuka Amarasingha remembered as a generous, devoted mother
By Vjosa Isai Staff Reporter
Thu., April 26, 2018timer2 min. read
On Sunday, Renuka Amarasingha was ringing in the Sri Lankan New Year with her only son at a Buddhist temple.
But the feeling of festivity would be short-lived. Amarasingha, 45, was struck and killed one day later.
"She (was) a very kind and generous lady. She devoted her time for the child," said Ahangama Rathanasiri Thero, president and chief monk at the Toronto Mahavihara Buddhist Meditation Centre in Scarborough. "She made the effort to raise that child in a good manner."
Representatives from the temple met on Tuesday night to co-ordinate fundraising efforts for her son, and are planning her funeral, he said. They will be unable to repatriate her body back to Sri Lanka, where she has a mother, sister and brother, he said, adding he expects family members may come to visit instead.
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Right now, her son is staying with family friends at the home where Amarasingha had rented the basement apartment.
"Friends are very helpful to her because she's good, she's kind," he said. "They are very concerned about the child."
The Lotus Youth Council at the temple is organizing a GoFundMe fundraiser for her 6-year-old son, Diyon. As of Thursday evening, the page had raised nearly $250,000.
Messages to Diyon poured in from dozens of donors.
"Diyon, my condolences on the tragic and senseless death of your dear mother. Nothing can replace her," said Laurie Graham in a post. "As a mom, I know with all my heart that her greatest wish was for you to achieve your dreams and make a good future for yourself."
Amarasingha worked at the Toronto District School Board as a nutrition services staff member as of 2015. She was an adult student at the board prior to that, the board confirmed.
She recently worked her first day at Earl Haig Secondary School, said director of education John Malloy in a statement. "We are reaching out to her loved ones to support them in any way possible."
"On behalf of Trustees, we extend our sincere condolences to Renuka's family and friends. This is a difficult time for the students and staff that knew her and we will continue to provide support to them in the days and weeks ahead," said chair Robin Pilkey in a statement.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


CHILDRESS ARMY AIR FIELD. Childress Army Air Field, a World War II bombardier-training school under the Central Flying Training Command, occupied an area of 2,474 acres 2½ miles west of the Childress city limit. Construction of the field was announced on May 2, 1942, and began immediately thereafter. An activation ceremony was held in October, and Col. John W. White assumed command on November 24. The first class of cadets began training in February 1943 and graduated in May. Members of this class were dubbed the "Valentine of Steel" class, in reference to a dummy bomb that Mrs. White decorated as a Valentine to Hitler. Subsequent classes arrived at three-week intervals through the rest of the war and participated in an initial training program of eighteen weeks, later increased to twenty-four. Those who completed the work were designated flight officers or commissioned as second lieutenants. The base produced the first classes qualified in both precision bombing and dead-reckoning navigation. In 3½ years Childress graduated thirty-five classes of bombardier-navigators; its 4,791 graduates made a tenth of the total World War II air force bombardier production. The first "All-American Precision Bombing Olympics" was held at Childress in May 1943 with seven air fields participating. Such meets were held there and at other training bases at three-week intervals thereafter until April 1944. A special practice feature was skip-bombing on Lake Childress. A redeployment program for veteran bombardiers was instituted at the field to give retraining in line with development of bombing techniques. The War Department also established a prisoner of war camp at the base. Childress was renamed the 2,512th Army Air Forces Base Unit on July 1, 1944. After the field was closed on December 21, 1945, it was given to the city and transformed into a municipal airport.
Lana Payne Barnett, and Elizabeth Brooks Buhrkuhl, eds., Presenting the Texas Panhandle (Canyon, Texas: Lan-Bea, 1979). Jeff S. Henderson, ed., Childress, Texas: the Crossroads of Hospitality (1961).
Handbook of Texas Online, James L. Colwell, "CHILDRESS ARMY AIR FIELD," accessed April 22, 2019, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qbc36.


text:
PuhlLaw
Group, PC
"We've moved! Our new address is 205 W. Louisiana Street, Suite 201, McKinney, Texas 75069"
Resolving Differences By Putting You And Your Family First
When Is a Child Allowed to Testify in Court and When Is it Appropriate?
On behalf of Puhl Law Group, PC on Tuesday, October 31, 2017.
A divorce case that goes to court can be hard for every member of the family, especially the children. When is it appropriate for a child to testify in court? In Texas, though there is no specific age at which a child can testify. There are both legal and practical considerations to consider when determining whether it is appropriate to do so. The initial legal test is for the judge to determine is whether the child is "competent" to testify. This means essentially that the child must understand the difference between the truth and a lie, and must understand the moral responsibility of failing to tell the truth. According to Rule 601(a) of the Texas Rules of Evidence in regards to children being on the witness stand, children "who appear not to possess sufficient intellect to relate transactions with respect to which they are interrogated," are considered incompetent. Even if a child is competent to testify, children rarely testify at custody hearings. However, sometimes the child can speak privately to the judge. The Texas Family Code Sec. 153.009(a) requires a judge in a non-jury trial or hearing to interview in chambers a child 12 years of age or older to determine the child's wishes as to conservatorship or as to the person who shall have the exclusive right to determine the child's primary residence. However, it is absolutely wrong to assume or tell a child that they get to decide where he or she will live once they turn 12 years old. Once your child turns 18 and is a legal adult, then a custody order does not apply and they can decide where to live. The closer your child gets to age 18, the more he or she has a say. It is generally up to the judge to decide whether or not to permit the attorneys to be present at the interview. If either party requests, the judge must have a court reporter in the judge's office to record the interview with the child. The parents are not allowed in the judge's office during the interview. The judge does not have to follow the child's wishes. Although a judge might listen to a child's wishes regarding custody he or she can decide not to do so because it is not in the child's best interests to live primarily with that parent. Most judges will want to know why a child is selecting one parent over the other. Some kids want to live in the house with no rules and no chores. The Judge must determine, based on the age, knowledge, maturity, intelligence and reasoning abilities of the child what weight to give to the child's preference. Aside from the legal authority to do so there are also practical considerations for the parent before deciding whether to have the child testify. The ramifications of this decision may very well have negative implications for the child. Careful consideration should be made before asking a child to choose between parents. Just because you can doesn't mean you should.
What does an acknowledgement of paternity do for you?
Divorce does not have to destroy your company
Gray divorce and its impact on older Americans
Do unmarried fathers have parental rights?
Michael R. Puhl
Meet With Michael Puhl
"We've moved! Please come visit
us at our new Address"
Puhl Law Group, PC
205 W. Louisiana Street
© 2020 by Puhl Law Group, PC. All rights reserved. Disclaimer


text:
RED SOX NOTEBOOK
Jackie Bradley Jr. remains upbeat despite landing on DL
By Julian Benbow Globe Staff,April 11, 2017, 7:36 p.m.
Jackie Bradley Jr. is checked out after injuring his right knee Saturday.LEON HALIP/GETTY IMAGES
When he ran through all the ways he could have landed on the disabled list already this season — crashing into the fence in the triangle in center field at Fenway, getting spiked in the calf stealing second base — Jackie Bradley Jr. cracked a smile at what actually did him in.
Bradley sprained a ligament in his right knee Saturday when his cleat appeared to grab some of the Comerica Park clay in Detroit.
"Clumsy," Bradley said, poking fun at his misfortune.
The mishap sent the center fielder to the disabled list Tuesday.
He missed the final two games of the series against the Tigers and returned to Boston on Monday for examinations that determined he would need time to recover.
Bradley, upbeat, said he didn't feel any soreness but understood the injury would take time to heal.
"I feel great," he said. "I just want to give it some time. It's an injury, I guess serious enough that time is the only thing that's going to heal it."
Bradley went through agility work and rehab exercises on Tuesday. He also was fitted for a knee brace.
The freak nature of the injury wasn't lost on manager John Farrell.
"This has been a little bit of an oddity," he said. "Those who have watched the replay, it's an ugly position that he got himself into in the hyperextension. So we feel like we maybe dodged a bullet a little bit with what potentially could have happened from an injury standpoint. And the fact that he walked off on his own power is encouraging. So, he's a minimum of 10 days, but we'll see where we are after that."
In Bradley's absence, Andrew Benintendi moved from left field to center Sunday, and he will likely remain there until Bradley returns. Chris Young will play left field. While Brock Holt and Steve Selsky are also options, Farrell said Young has had the best at-bats to this point. Young entered Tuesday's game hitting just .200, but went 2 for 4 and scored three runs in the 8-1 win over the Orioles.
"He's had quality at-bats, even though you don't look at the bottom line as a true indicator, there's been some walks mixed in, there's been some hard hits mixed in, so right now he's the guy," Farrell said.
Bradley was off to a strong start before the setback. He is hitting .286 with a triple and two RBIs in four games and already has some highlight-reel grabs. There's no clear timetable for his recovery.
"Whenever it's ready," Bradley said. "I'm not going to rush it. I'm just going to make sure I'm able to make all the same powerful moves I made before with no hesitation.
"You definitely just want to help the team in any way you possibly can. I guess the positive news is it's early in the year, a lot of games left. I feel great, so I'm really not frustrated. I'm really optimistic with where I'm at right now."
The Red Sox have taken the most practical step to make sure the stomach ailment that's plagued the team doesn't linger, spraying the clubhouse at Fenway and every piece of common equipment with disinfectant. The bug has hit many Red Sox, from Holt to Mookie Betts, Mitch Moreland to Benintendi, who was vomiting in the middle of a game over the weekend, according to Farrell.
After missing four straight games, Hanley Ramirez returned to the lineup Tuesday night against the Orioles.
"I think those who have had it, those who are back in the lineup are moving past it," said Farrell. "I don't know that there's any new cases, per se."
The team hasn't had its projected lineup since Opening Day. Along with the stomach ailment, the Sox have navigated early-season injuries and family issues.
Xander Bogaerts returned to the lineup Tuesday after being placed on the bereavement list Thursday following the death of his grandmother.
"We've been without a few guys in the middle of that order for the previous series," Farrell said. "So to have Hanley and Bogey back in the lineup for various reasons, it's a good sign. But I think what we're also seeing is a bunch of guys have been stricken with the flu or some other ailment, there's been a little bit of a reacclimation back into the game speed. But to have them back in the lineup is a step in the right direction."
Showalter sick of it
Meanwhile, Orioles manager Buck Showalter obliquely needled the Sox for the attention garnered by their recent outbreak of a stomach ailment.
The Red Sox have seen Robbie Ross Jr. land on the disabled list, and a number of relievers have had their availability impacted by the virus. The outbreak has become wide enough that the team's efforts to combat it through the disinfection of their clubhouse have gained national attention.
In his pregame comments to the media, Showalter noted his team had dealt with its share of sick players. Reliever Darren O'Day, for instance, was unavailable Opening Day. That said, Showalter noted that his team has endured its maladies with little fanfare.
"I don't know where we are with the flu today," Showalter said. "Everybody in the league has had that issue. I've had it and it's a different strain, I'll tell you. It lingers for a long time. Some of them seem to be a little more noteworthy, it seems like, but our guys have fought their way through it. I know we've got a lot of guys that aren't 100 percent with it, but so do a lot of clubs. So nobody really wants to hear somebody else complain about it. Our guys have done a good job not broadcasting it to the world."
Price on track
David Price took another positive step after throwing a bullpen session Monday, and he is on schedule for another Wednesday, according to Farrell. Price threw a 20-pitch session Monday in Detroit, following three consecutive days of long toss. It was his first time throwing off a mound since Feb. 28, when he first experienced swelling in his throwing elbow. He went on the disabled list the next day and missed the start of the season. Taking Tuesday to rest, Price experienced no setbacks with the workload. "Today was consistent with what it's been and that's feeling no ill effects from the workday," Farrell said . . . After going through his second strength test in five days on Monday, righthander Tyler Thornburg (right shoulder impingement) will begin a throwing program Wednesday . . . Infielder Josh Rutledge (left hamstring) is still a ways from going on a rehab assignment. He's begun jogging but needs to progress through running the bases and taking ground balls. Farrell said Rutledge, who has been out since March 28, will need a rehab assignment to get at-bats. "Ultimately he's going to have to run the bases without any hinderance before we get him out on a rehab assignment," Farrell said . . . Ross, who was placed on the DL April 6 (retroactive to April 3), was sent to Triple A Pawtucket to begin a rehab assignment.
Alex Speier of the Globe staff contributed to this report. Julian Benbow can be reached at jbenbow@globe.com. Follow him on Twitter @julianbenbow.


text:
layout: fluo-doc
title: Fluo Architecture
version:  1.0.0-incubating
---

![fluo-architecture][1]

## Fluo Application

A **Fluo application** maintains a large scale computation using a series of small transactional
updates. Fluo applications store their data in a **Fluo table** which has a similar structure (row,
column, value) to an **Accumulo table** except that a Fluo table has no timestamps. A Fluo table
is implemented using an Accumulo table. While you could scan the Accumulo table used to implement
a Fluo table using an Accumulo client, you would read extra implementation-related data in addition
to your data. Therefore, developers should only interact with the data in a Fluo table by writing
Fluo client or observer code:

* **Clients** ingest data or interact with Fluo from external applications (REST services,
  crawlers, etc).
* **Observers** are run by Fluo workers and trigger a transaction when a requested column is
  modified in the Fluo table.

Multiple Fluo applications can run on a cluster at the same time. Each Fluo application runs as a
Hadoop YARN application and can be stopped, started, and upgraded independently. Fluo applications
consist of an oracle process and a configurable number of worker processes:

* The **Oracle** process allocates timestamps for transactions. While only one Oracle is required,
  Fluo can be configured to run extra Oracles that can take over if the primary Oracle fails.
* **Worker** processes run user code (called **observers**) that perform transactions. All workers
   run the same observers. The number of worker instances are configured to handle the processing
   workload.

## Fluo Dependencies

Fluo requires the following software to be running on the cluster:

* **Accumulo** - Fluo stores its data in Accumulo and uses Accumulo's conditional mutations for
  transactions.
* **Hadoop** - Each Fluo application run its oracle and worker processes as Hadoop YARN
  applications. HDFS is also required for Accumulo.
* **Zookeeper** - Fluo stores its metadata and state information in Zookeeper. Zookeeper is also
  required for Accumulo.

[1]: /docs/fluo/1.0.0-incubating/resources/fluo-architecture.png

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The adobe Bancroft house and surrounding grounds have a long history, mostly due to the presence of a nearby spring. This water source attracted people thousands of years ago to use the area. These people, the Indians presently known as Kumeyaay, left evidence of their encampments in the vicinity. The location name was transcribed by the Spanish as "Meti" or "Neti" and later changed to "San Jorge" in 1775 by the Spanish padres. The spring became known as "El aguaje de San Jorge" (Anglicized into "St. George's spring"). By the late 1830s the Indians had been removed from the area and herds of cattle and sheep grazed in the valley.
Just before Ensworth's death, the ranch was sold to Rufus King Porter of San Pedro for $400. Capt. Porter, his wife Sophia, and daughter Rufina moved to the property on July 31, 1865. Rufus King Porter was the son of Rufus Porter, the founder of the Scientific American magazine, and he led a very colorful life holding numerous jobs and taking on various enterprises. He became well known for his columns about daily life, that appeared in several newspapers.
In this same year, Hubert Howe Bancroft came to the area in search of a place to retire. He bought the Porter's ranch and also acquired neighboring ranches, accumulating around 500 acres. He called his property "Helix Farms." Over the next ten years, Bancroft hired workers to develop Helix Farms, planting orchards and building structures to run a ranch. A wide variety of trees and shrubs were planted including guavas, palms, olives, citrus, almonds, raspberries, blackberries, and currants. The adobe was too small to suit his family's needs when they visited the property in the summer months, so a house, known as "Cactus Cottage," was built on top of a nearby (cactus-covered) hill in 1889. Masons also constructed a "rock house" near the spring, where the children were taught. By the early 1900s, Helix Farms had become one of the largest olive ranches in southern California (many of the original olive trees can still be found in the surrounding area). Bancroft's son Griffing managed the farm since Hubert lived in San Francisco much of the time. Bancroft died in 1918 and after several years, his heirs sold the property. Much of it was subdivided into La Mesa Country Estates.
On March, 24, 1963 - just short of one hundred years after being built - the adobe was opened as a museum.


text:
Country roads are home for the Yanceys
Giana Iannuzzi, Staff Writer|May 19, 2019
The Yancey family poses for a picture at Kayla's signing of her national letter of intent.
Prasham Jobanputra
Two peas in a pod is the best way to describe sisters Kianna and Kayla Yancey. Both sisters are talented gymnasts, who will be graduating this year to attend West Virginia University to compete and pursue their love of the sport at the division 1 level.
For the Yancey sisters, gymnastics is in their blood. With their mom being a part of the North Penn gymnastic team when it existed, and later opening her own gym, the Yanceys were exposed to the sport as soon as they could walk. Growing up, the sisters also tried other sports to get a feel for what they liked.
Kianna performing on the uneven bars and Kayla on the balance beam.
"We both did diving, and I always went back and forth between the two trying to decide which one was my favorite. Kayla always knew gymnastics was her favorite," explained Kianna.
This past year, Kianna decided to participate one last time for the diving team and ended up achieving third place in the state.
After trying diving, the Yanceys always knew that the gym was their favorite place because it felt like home.
Competing on the same mat made a competitive, but also supportive, edge for the sisters. Both sisters want to win, but most importantly, they also wanted to see each other succeed as well.
"We support each other, but if one of us gets a new skill, the other one will want to try to get it too. It's never been about placing or who does better though," stated Kianna.
"I think you always need to have someone who helps you motivate yourself to want to be better," explained Kayla.
Not only being at school together, but also spending almost all of their free time at the gym, the Yanceys have always been and keep growing closer as time goes on.
Kianna explained, "Everything we've done, we've always done together."
"We are together twenty-four seven. We have the same friends from gymnastics, we have traveled almost half the country together," Kayla stated.
Besides constantly being together for gymnastics, the Yanceys have always been together in school. With Kayla being a year below Kianna, the sisters always knew they weren't too far from each other, but this past November, that changed when Kayla found out that she had the opportunity to graduate a year early with her sister Kianna.
"My college coaches at West Virginia couldn't see me and Kianna being seperated for a year, so they came up with the idea for me to graduate a year early. They offered me a 2019 scholarship and let me choose from there what year I wanted to begin attending. I thought it was a great opportunity so I decided to take it," explained Kayla.
Kayla (left) and Kianna (right) will attend West Virginia University
Skipping a whole year of high school is pretty much unheard of, but Kayla found a way to do it. After finding out she had the option to graduate early in late November, Kayla knew she had to work her tail off to make it happen.
Kayla said, "A week or two after I found out about graduating early, I had to set up online classes. I had to take four online classes and then change my schedule around here at North Penn and add in another class here. I ended up not having a lunch because I took eight classes in school everyday and then the four online classes after school."
Trying to balance an extra five classes on top of her already crazy schedule would be a challenge, but Kayla's determination helped her complete her work and classes way earlier than she needed too.
"It was not easy. There were a lot of mental breakdowns but on the weekends I would give myself the goal of completing a certain percentage of the class I wanted to get done. I feel like I am very determined so I would not go to sleep until I finished what I wanted," explained Kayla.
Both sisters have always had tremendous support in their lives whether it was in school, at gymnastics, or friends. This support came from their parents, and the Yancey sisters could have not gotten where they are today without their parents support.
"Our parents have always been open to talking, so whenever we've had a problem at gymnastics or school we knew we could always go to them for help. They have always been open to everything that we had to say. Our parents always wanted us to communicate with them about our feelings, which definitely helped with the mental aspect of everything. Also, they made sure to be at all of our meets, make us meals and all the things that parents do," stated Kianna.
From doing everything together to being a four hour car ride away, would be a huge adjustment for Kianna and Kayla, so they are glad to be taking this huge step of graduating and attending college together.
"I would not like to go by myself to college. Me and Kayla are kind of like a package deal so it all works out," stated Kianna.
Going to the same college was not the plan at first for the Yanceys. They both were looking for the school that fit best with gymnastics and academically and West Virginia was the best fit for Kianna and Kayla.
"We didn't really care if we went to the same college or not, but we can't picture our lives without each other. When we went to West Virginia we both fell in love with the school itself and the coaches," explained Kayla.
The Yancey family visited Mountaineer Field at Milan Puskar Stadium.
Kianna stated, "It was like the first time we stepped on campus, we both knew it was the one and we called our parents telling them this is the school. I feel like the team and everyone there was so welcoming so it was an easy choice. Everyone made us feel like we belonged there."
Both sisters are not 100% sure of what they want to major in exactly, but Kianna will be studying psychology either in the sports category or to become a consular. Kayla will be studying to become a nurse and has recently been thinking about nutrition as well.
Once at West Virginia, the Yanceys will be continuing to set and achieve more and more goals.
"I want to continue to get good grades and keep them as high as they were in high school, while also becoming a better athlete," stated Kayla.
"Staying well rounded and keeping up with everything such as meets and school work is important to me. I'm not sure how much more work is going to be thrown our way, but I would like to stay on top of it," explained Kianna.
Kianna and Kayla are excited to get to continue competing in meets and living together for the next four years. Their journey together is just beginning and the goals they will accomplish at West Virginia are endless. Supporting and cheering each other on is something Kianna and Kayla will continue throughout their lives no matter where they end up.
One Response to "Country roads are home for the Yanceys"
Diane on May 20th, 2019 10:20 am
From Knight to Mountaineer!!! I can't wait to see Kianna and Kayla next year at a gymnastics meet at WVU!!!
Knights take down Panthers in Silent Night for #8
Nick's Picks – A look at this year's NFL awards
Late 3's from Owsik take down Knights
5 goals and 4 straight wins, Knights take down Bucks and keep rolling in heart of season
Faikish named to USA Swimming 18&U World 100 list
Big scoring night for Jones leads Knights past Falcons
Knighs narrowly escape Lady Rams in non-conference matchup
Knights nearly comeback from 20-point deficit
Knights beat Indians; take season sweep
Panthers take commanding win over Knights


text:
The history of the poor
The history of the poor their rights, duties and the laws respecting them : in a series of letters /
Ruggles, Thomas, 1737?-1813.
London : Printed for J. Deighton, 1793-1794.
Poor > Great Britain.
Poor laws > Great Britain.
The history of the poor their rights, duties, and the laws respecting them : in a series of letters /
by: Ruggles, Thomas, 1737?-1813.
The Rights of the poor, and the poor laws
The new poor law, a benefit to the poor being the substance of two sermons preached in Litchfield Church /
by: Cotes, Peter.
On the poor laws and their abuse
by: Scrope, George Poulett, 1797-1876.
Remarks on the poor laws, and on the state of the poor
by: Weston, Charles, of Kensington.


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                        case 'add':
                            if (line.isArray(target)) {
                                target.push(data);
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                            else {
                                if (!key) {
                                    key = '' + (+new Date());
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                                target[key] = data;
                            }
                            break;
                        case 'update':
                            target[key] = data;
                            break;
                        case 'remove':
                            if (line.isArray(target)) {
                                target.splice(+key, 1);
                            }
                            else {
                                delete target[key];
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                            break;
                    }
                }

                var changesData = {
                    paths: paths,
                    key: key,
                    action: action,
                    data: data
                };

                this._storage[this.entry() + '_changes'] = JSON.stringify(changesData);
                this._storage[this.entry()] = JSON.stringify(this._data);
                this.fire('change', changesData);
            }
        }
    });

    line.define('line.data.HttpStorage', line.data.Storage, {
        methods: {
            init: function (url) {
            },
            read: function (paths, query) {
            },
            write: function (paths, key, action, data) {
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        }
    });

    line.define('line.data.WebSocketStorage', line.data.Storage, {
        methods: {
            init: function (url) {
                if (window.WebSocket) {
                    var socket = this._socket = new WebSocket(url);
                    socket.onopen = bind(this._onOpen, this);
                    socket.onmessage = bind(this._onMessage, this);
                    socket.onerror = bind(this._onError, this);
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                else {
                    throw new TypeError('"WebSocket" is not supported.');
                }
            },
            read: function (paths, query) {
                this._socket.send(JSON.stringify({
                    paths: paths,
                    action: 'read',
                    query: query
                }));
            },
            write: function (paths, key, action, data) {
                this._socket.send(JSON.stringify({
                    paths: paths,
                    key: key,
                    action: action,
                    data: data
                }));
            },
            _onOpen: function () {
                this.fire('ready');
            },
            _onMessage: function (e) {
                var message = JSON.parseJSON(e.data);
                var action = message.action;
                if (action == 'load') {
                    this.fire('change', {
                        paths: message.paths,
                        data: message.data,
                        subKeys: message.subKeys
                    });
                }
                else if (message.action == 'change') {
                    this.fire('change', {
                        paths: message.paths,
                        action: action,
                        data: message.data
                    });
                }
            },
            _onError: function (e) {
                this.fire('error', e);
            }
        }
    });

})(line);


Home » How Can We Help? » Need someone to talk to?
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What does NURBS mean and why should I care?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NURBS
Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline (NURBS)
What are NURBS?
The word NURBS is an acronym for non-uniform rational B-spline. Non uniform rational B-splines can represent 3D geometry.
Why use NURBS to represent 3D geometry?
NURBS geometry has five important qualities that make it an ideal choice for computer aided modeling.
There are several industry standard ways to exchange NURBS geometry. This means that customers can and should expect to be able to move their valuable geometric models between various modeling, rendering, animation, and engineering analysis programs. They can store geometric information in a way that will be usable 20 years from now.
NURBS has a precise and well-known definition. Most major universities teach the mathematics and computer science of NURBS geometry. This means that specialty software vendors, engineering teams, industrial design firms, and animation houses that need to create custom software applications, can find trained programmers able to work with NURBS geometry.
NURBS accurately represents both standard geometric objects like lines, circles, ellipses, spheres, and tori, and free-form geometry like car bodies and human bodies.
The amount of information required for a NURBS representation of a piece of geometry is much smaller than the amount of information required by common faceted approximations.
The NURBS evaluation rule, discussed below, can be implemented on a computer efficiently and accurately.
What is NURBS geometry?
There are lots of ways to answer this question. If you are comfortable reading mathematical formulae, you can get more detailed information at the Books and papers on NURBS section at the openNURBS web site.
Rhino uses NURBS to represent curves and surfaces. NURBS curves and surfaces behave in similar ways and share a lot of terminology. Since curves are easiest to describe, we'll cover them in detail. Rhino has surface tools that are analogous to the curve tools mentioned below.
A NURBS curve is defined by four things: degree, control points, knots, and an evaluation rule.
The degree is a positive whole number.
This number is usually 1, 2, 3 or 5. Rhino lines and polylines are degree 1. Rhino circles are degree 2. And most Rhino free-form curves are degree 3 or 5. Rhino will let you work with NURBS that have degrees from 1 to 32. Sometimes the terms linear, quadratic, cubic, and quintic are used. Linear means degree 1, quadratic means degree 2, cubic means degree 3, and quintic means degree 5.
You may see references to the order of a NURBS curve. The order of a NURBS curve is positive whole number equal to (degree+1). Consequently, the degree is equal to order-1.
It is possible to increase the degree of a NURBS curve and not change its shape. It is not possible to reduce a NURBS curve's degree without changing its shape. Rhino provides tools that can change degrees to any value in the range from 1 to 32.
The control points are a list of at least (degree+1) points.
One of easiest ways to change the geometry of a NURBS curve is to move its control points. Rhino provides several ways to move control points. To perform large free-form adjustments you simply use the mouse to drag the control point. Rhino provides other tools tailored for small precise adjustments.
The control points have an associated number called a weight. With a few exceptions, weights are positive numbers. When a curve's control points all have the same weight (usually 1), the curve is non-rational. Otherwise the curve is called rational. The R in NURBS stands for rational and indicates that a NURBS curve has the possibility of being rational. In practice, most NURBS curves are non-rational. A few NURBS curves, circles and ellipses being notable examples, are always rational. Rhino provides tools for examining and changing control point weights.
The knots are a list of degree+N-1 numbers, where N is the number of control points. Sometimes this list of numbers is called the knot vector. In this term, the word vector does not mean 3D direction.
This list of knot numbers must satisfy several technical conditions. The standard way to satisfy the technical conditions is to require the numbers to stay the same or get larger as you go down the list and to limit the number of duplicate values to no more than the degree. For example, for a degree 3 NURBS curve with 11 control points:
The list of numbers 0,0,0,1,2,2,2,3,7,7,9,9,9 is a satisfactory list of knots.
The list 0,0,0,1,2,2,2,2,7,7,9,9,9 is unacceptable because there are four 2s and four is larger than the degree.
The number of times a knot value is duplicated is the knot's multiplicity. In the preceding example of a satisfactory list of knots, the knot value 0 has multiplicity three, the knot value 1 has multiplicity one, the knot value 2 has multiplicity three, the knot value 7 has multiplicity two, and the knot value 9 has multiplicity three. A knot value is a full multiplicity knot if it is duplicated many times. In the example, the knot values 0, 2, and 9 have full multiplicity. A knot value that appears only once is a simple knot. In the example the knot values 1 and 3 are simple knots.
If a list of knots starts with a full multiplicity knot, is followed by simple knots, terminates with a full multiplicity knot, and the values are equally spaced, then the knots are uniform. For example, if a degree 3 NURBS curve with 7 control points has knots 0,0,0,1,2,3,4,4,4, then the curve has uniform knots. The knots 0,0,0,1,2,5,6,6,6 are not uniform. Knots that are not uniform are called non uniform. The NU in NURBS stands for non uniform and indicates that the knots in a NURBS curve are permitted to be non-uniform.
Duplicate knot values in the middle of the knot list make a NURBS curve less smooth. At the extreme, a full multiplicity knot in the middle of the knot list means there is a place on the NURBS curve that can be bent into a sharp kink. For this reason, some designers like to add and remove knots and then adjust control points to make curves smoother or kinkier. Rhino has tools for removing and adding knots. Since the number of knots is equal to (N+degree 1), where N is the number of control points, adding knots also adds control points and removing knots removes control points. Knots can be added without changing the shape of a NURBS curve. In general, removing knots will change the shape of a curve. Rhino provides an advanced knot removing interface that automatically performs appropriate knot removal when you delete a control point.
A common misconception is that each knot is paired with a control point. This is true only for degree 1 NURBS (polylines). For higher degree NURBS, there are groups of 2 x degree knots that correspond to groups of degree+1 control points. For example, suppose we have a degree 3 NURBS with 7 control points and knots 0,0,0,1,2,5,8,8,8.
The first four control points are grouped with the first six knots.
The second through fifth control points are grouped with the knots 0,0,1,2,5,8.
The third through sixth control points are grouped with the knots 0,1,2,5,8,8.
The last four control points are grouped with the last six knots.
Some modelers that use older algorithms for NURBS evaluation require two extra knot values for a total of degree+N+1 knots. When Rhino is exporting and importing NURBS geometry, if needed, it automatically adds and removes these two superfluous knots.
The evaluation rule uses a mathematical formula that takes a number and assigns a point.
The formula involves the degree, control points, and knots. In the formula there are some things called B-spline basis functions. The BS in NURBS stands for B-spline. The number the evaluation rule starts with is called a parameter. You can think of the evaluation rule as a black box that eats a parameter and produces a point. The degree, knots, and control points determine how the black box works.
Rhino has evaluation tools. You can select a NURBS curve, type in the value of the parameter, and produce the corresponding point.
Conceptually, the knots determine the B-spline basis functions. The values of the B-spline basis functions at the parameter determine how the control points and weights are averaged together to produce a point. Detailed discussions of the evaluation rule and B-spline basis functions are available in many textbooks and web pages.
rhino/nurbs.txt · Last modified: 2020/08/14 (external edit)


The Editorial Board of RGNUL Financial and Mercantile Law Review (RFMLR) is pleased to invite submission for its 1st Issue of Volume 6.
The upcoming issue of RGNUL Financial and Mercantile Law Review, i.e., Volume VI Issue I, is going to be a special edition on the broad theme of 'Competition Law'.
Competition Law and Big Data.
The submission deadline is December 16, 2018. December 30, 2018.
Submissions should be emailed to us at [email protected].
All articles, case notes and commentaries published in the law review are subjected to a double-blind peer review process. It is imperative that contributors stick to the deadlines.
For further information or clarifications, you may also write to us at [email protected].
To see the poster for Volume VI Issue I, click here and for the journal website, click here.


Boheem have recently been responsible for the design and production management of the interior graphics at the new St John Ambulance headquarters. Our concept was "Hands that help", a tribute to the life-saving efforts of St John, and each design element was hand-written or hand-made.
For the cafeteria areas (top), we covered the walls with charming watercolour trees, hand-drawn creatures and foliage. These spaces are wonderfully bright and fun, and with astro-turf flooring and timber park-bench style seating, it's a great break away from the usual corporate social areas. The glass wall decals (middle) which provide privacy between rooms was treated with a very subtle continuous line of scribbly text reading "hands that help". Finally, the walls of the the staff working areas were decorated with a tile acrylic artwork (above). We wanted the staff members to feel a sense of ownership over their new space, so each person was given a few tiles to decorate. It was a great team building experience where the staff were given the opportunity to add their own 'creative input'.


text:
I Helped You Build A Wall: Driving for Peaches deal with unforeseen deception on 'Subterfuge'
Taken off the new five-track EP called 'Circles', Driving for Peaches bring us a story that rips the kindness out of your heart for a short while and hardens you up called 'Subterfuge'.
Portland, Oregon four-piece indie rock act Driving for Peaches are three friends from the Netherlands, the UK and New Zealand, who tightly knot the type of real music that reaches to your heart strings and pulls you so close, you can feel every sinew of their expression from how weird this past year was.
"We wanted to recognize the strangeness of the life in the past year, living through a pandemic where every day become like the next, where it felt like one thought could transcend past, present, future, fantasy or reality." Ditte Kuijpers (lead singer of Driving for Peaches).
This is the story about helping someone close, only for them to pull the joker out the pack and run for the hills, not even caring enough to look back. Their evil ways were not seen before as the bright light of love shone too bright, only for it to be darkened when you truly saw what was really transpiring.
'Subterfuge' from indie rock band Driving for Peaches, swerves into a speeding story that has you shocked and amazed, your mind can't comprehend how some people take others for granted sometimes. The passionate call for an explanation is wonderfully projected and this is a strong single that is full of melodic soundscapes, that will have you thinking deeply about who you place trust in moving forward.
Stream this new single on Spotify and check out their IG for more.
Reviewed by Llewelyn Screen
Brush Those Demons Off: Portland's Davidly cuts the suffocating weeds away with the marvelously honest 'Vines'
Unlocking the creaking door to his self-doubts and fears, Davidly teaches us to be strong and never give up despite the slippery roads that slide beneath us on 'Vines'.
Portland, Oregon is the home of the inspiring indie-pop singer-songwriter/producer Davidly, who makes that reflective music that has your head moving and your mind thinking smartly, of new ways to achieve those enlightening dreams you have been manifesting so deeply.
"Vines is an auditory journey on how it feels to battle our demons and come out on top. Life is full of ups and downs, and I wanted to capture the grit and authenticity of this in the song."- Davidly
He sings with that inspiring passion, his courageous lyrics and shirt-soaked sound pushes all the self-loathing away as we regret the things we have done, instead of throwing all the dust into the trash, so you can wipe yourself off and be free in your mind again.
'Vines' from Portland's multi-talented Davidly, is a tremendously portrayed story of a world that sucks you into its temptation-filled world often, with so many distractions around, you have to be clear and focused to stay in reality. It feels like we are seeing a new man emerge as he sings with such conviction on this superb new indie-pop release.
Hear this honest new single on Soundcloud and see more on his IG.
That free feeling: Buddy Wynkoop keep it real on the excellent 'Real-time Traveling Man'
Buddy Wynkoop are excellent on their latest melodic single 'Real-time Traveling Man', which is taken off their upcoming five-track EP tilted set for 15th January 2021: 'At the Speed of Conversation'.
Portland, Oregon four-piece indie-rock/art-punk act Buddy Wynkoop are one of those bands you just can't help but like. With a fun start that strums in to boost your heartbeat, they take us on a journey about feeling free and doing something most of us love; travelling around and seeing new places, making amazing memories and coming home feeling fulfilled.
Their humble and free-spirited attitude is combined with a sound that keeps you intrigued the whole way through. His vocals are real and honest, the story about how freedom keeps you on a leash is so true in this Big Brother world that is always watching. The band are all clearly in tune with each other and there are no passengers here, only future global travelers.
The unique structure to this song and their music in general, shows that they don't like being in a boring box, doing whatever everyone else does or what is 'cool'. They are free-thinkers and this is matched with this quality song that gives you extra energy to conquer whatever this wild time presents to you.
'Real-time Traveling Man' is an example of what can be achieved by Portland four-piece art/punk rockers Buddy Wynkoop. Freedom will be back eventually and with music like this, expect to see them touring all over the USA, with new fans being picked up all the way. This is after all, that true foot stompin' music that makes everything better.
Hear the travelling anthem on Soundcloud, see a live version on the epic Bridge City Sessions YouTube and find out more via FB and IG.
That delicious treat for our ears: Portland's Soft Cheese are scrumptiously excellent on 'Raspberries'
Portland's grunge-rocker trio Soft Cheese urge us to lick our thirsty lips on their lead single-'Raspberries'-that is taken off their much-awaited 25th December self-tilted LP release.
"Connecting the dots between the heaviness of 90's-inspired grunge and the fog of shoegaze."- Soft Cheese
The edgy start is such a breath of fresh air from hearing mask-like music lately. The freshly picked juicy sounds are a pleasure on our timid ears and this is something that jumps your heart like a car battery sparking up after a coma-induced rest away from the world.
Gosh, I love the soothing vocals and he steams the windows as the busty bass-line makes you blush in excitement as the deft drums dazzle the airwaves; to mesh together a marvelously created mixture that doesn't need any further tonic. The temperature is so right here and this daze-filled atmosphere makes you have deja-vu for a short moment, remembering when this type of music was so common. If this is the rebirth, then we will need a nurse to hold our hand tight as this is a happy journey that hugs the speakers just right.
This is a trio that has more charm in their pinkie fingers that most of us have in their whole bodies. You can tell by their social media that they don't take themselves too seriously and have so much fun together. They do have big goals however, and being on the right label for them is up the list. I hope they stay indie however and have 100% creative influence always, or work with a team that totally gets it.
There is something classy about this grunge-rock act as they impress the soul on 'Raspberries'. Sometimes people don't get your journey and its lost on them as they selfishly carry on with their lives. At the end of it all, Soft Cheese are here to hopefully stick around for a while and take charge of their own destiny and play in front of thousands of screaming fans, singing every song as if it was their last. Then, they will be the ones blowing raspberries at all the ones that didn't believe in them.
Stream this awesome band via their Soundcloud and also see their vibe on FB and IG.
Finger-style legend: Portland, Oregon's John Evergon is remarkable on 'Hallelujah'
Fantastic finger-style guitar greatness that is perfectly encapsulated by John Evergon on 'Hallelujah' as a spark of lazer beams strikes your gloomy heart, and gives you the electric energy needed to fill up the blood-hungry veins inside your soul.
John is influenced by mainly Jazz, Blues, and Rock and this is musician who looks into life deeper than most. The self-awareness blusters through like a cleansing wind that wipes away the rubbish around and soothes our tired hearts. He is an award-winning songwriter who seems to really dig deep into your conscious and amazes with his splendid acoustic storytelling.
The emotional symmetry is beyond fathomable as his turns a song into something much more. This is an ear-warming experience that makes you stare out the window and wonder why the world is so fake when there is magical music like this around.
No vocals are needed at all on 'Hallelujah' from Portland's great finger-guitarist John Evergon. His uniquely evolved style of instrumental music is an experience that makes you appreciate the underrated musicians that spend years and years, crafting their music until they feel that the time is right. The endless search for that little bit extra bit of quality that makes them feel happy inside is tiring, but ultimately worth the many hours of lonely nights.
After all, putting out music is scary enough, you want to be proud of your creation so that your songs can be timeless and listened to by generations to come.
Stream this splendid song on Spotify and find out more about the Oregon local on his FB.
Portland band The Recognitions stride in with the epic 'Silent Alarm'
Posted on 1 September 2020
Nervosism by The Recognitions
Portland, Oregon is the home of indie-rock band The Recognitions and they smash through the guitar strings with their new track called 'Silent Alarm'.
The Recognitions have taken many forms over the years from folks days, busking vagabonds, and now to indie rock groups and after a long break, they reunited with a pact: to examine and rewire all of their burgeoning tastes, from neo classical to krautrock; from proto punk to film scores, into their own musical language. This band is that pact and their debut is their first expression of that language. I love this energy and the fact that they know that it's their time. I hope their music gets picked up for an epic movie soundtrack. This quality deserves that.
Taken off 'Nervosism', The Recognitions from Portland in the USA bring us such a deep gem with lots to think about on 'Silent Alarm'. This is the sound of a quality band who's pure vocals are perfectly intertwined to the winding riffs and tremendous drum-work on this dazzler.
Here is the Bandcamp page link.
Click here for the Insta page.
'Sparxsea' rises above the tide with ''Little Wooden Boat''
''Run away, run away''. Sometimes you need to run away for a while, just to find what you are really looking for.
With stunningly clear and inspiring vocals, this indie folktronica artist from Portland, Maine in the US is creating her own original wave. You don't get too many artists with such vocal ability, crafted from many years of practice and training from her vocal coach.
'Sparxsea' blends acoustics, deep vocals and down-tempo beats with carefully created lyricism and modern folk sensibility, to create a sound entirely her own. In the tradition of cross-genre acts like Postal Service, Sufjan Stevens, and Colbie Caillat, her music weaves effortlessly between emotional anthems and inspiring psalms that deal with hard hitting topics like loneliness and depression. She sings about real emotions and helps so many with reassurance about themselves.
I am a new fan after hearing this heavenly sent music and my soul feels free again. Play this loud when you are down, play it when you are happy, just turn it up. 'Sparxsea' is an angel sent here to inspire us.
Spark up your music with this beautiful soul on Spotify.
Salvatore Manalo – Rain: Winters Antidote
Through the impossibly competitive music scene of Portland, Oregon emerges Salvatore Manalo with his debut track Rain.
It's a mixed bag of genres, but when you get to the bridge, putting a label on his majestic sound quickly floats to the back of your mind as you find yourself fully attuned to his sound. With riffs more fitting in Rock tracks this R&B Funk Pop enigma allows the track to flow with sweet unpredictability.
The entire ensemble is flawless, from the vocals to the instrumentals, the lyrics to the Jazz vibes that taint the track with poignantly upbeat symphonies. I'm really not sure how Manalo remains on the underground with such an array of talent. There's a true narrative to his emotions which he explores through his command of rhythm.
Sadly, Rain falls under the category of the type of track that you're likely to hear whilst dining at an upmarket restaurant or wandering round the supermarket. It's not a sound that you'd hear in trendy cocktail bars or being spoken about fondly by teenagers. Never the less, if you're looking for a sound to dispel the winter blues look no further! (Despite what your friends may think)
https://soundcloud.com/salvatore-manalo/5-rain/s-FPEy3?in=salvatore-manalo/sets/salvatore-ep/s-GfAbd


text:
Ubuntu Touch (također Ubuntu Phone) mobilna je inačica operacijskog sustava Ubuntu. Izvorno ga je razvijala britanska tvrtka Canonical Ltd., nakon čega razvoj preuzima UBports. Primarno je dizajniran za uređaje sa zaslonom osjetljivim na dodir, kao što su pametni telefoni i tablet računala, iako je izvorni cilj bio dovesti Ubuntu Touch i na računala, IoT uređaje, televizore i pametne satove.

Mark Shuttleworth najavio je 5. travnja 2017. godine da će Canonical Ltd. zaustaviti razvoj ovog projekta zbog nedostatka zainteresiranosti tržišta, nakon čega razvoj preuzima UBports kao projekt zajednice.

Povijest

Mogućnosti

Ubuntu koristi korisničko sučelje temeljeno na softveru Qt 5, kao i razne softverske okvire izvorno razvijene za Maemo i MeeGo. Pomoću libhybrisa, sustav se može koristiti s Linux jezgrama korištenim u Androidu, čime je omogućena laka prilagodba operacijskog sustava za korištenje na uređajima s Androidom.

Zaslon zaključavanja
Zaslon zaključavanja ne prikazuje se odmah nakon uključivanja Ubuntua Touch, nego će korisnik morati otključati uređaj nakon pokretanja neke aplikacije ako je to potrebno. U centru "Zaslona dobrodošlice" nalazi se vizualizacija aktivnosti uređaja. Prikazuje status korisnika i nedavne događaje, a nalazi se unutar kruga koji predstavlja aktivnost uređaja kroz prošlih mjesec dana.

Predinstalirane aplikacije
Ubuntu Touch uključuje nekoliko predinstaliranih aplikacija, kao što su aplikacije za društvene mreže i multimedijske aplikacije (npr. Facebook, YouTube i RSS čitač), te kalkulator, klijent za e-poštu, alarm, upravitelj datotekama, itd. Neke od aplikacija za Ubuntu Touch mogu se pokrenuti i na računalima - npr. internetski preglednik, kalendar, satovi, galerija, bilješke, podsjetnici, terminal i vremenska prognoza.

Side Stage
Side Stage je sustav višezadaćnosti koji omogućuje istovremeno pokretanje i prikaz aplikacija za tablet računala i aplikacija za pametne telefone. Aplikacija za telefon postavlja se desno od aplikacije za tablet računalo čime se omogućuje istovremeno korištenje obiju aplikacija. U najavi ove mogućnosti prikazano je istovremeno korištenje internetskog preglednika i aplikacije za pisanje bilješki, te istovremena reprodukcije videozapisa i prikaz aplikacije za Facebook.

Izvori

Povezani članci
 Ubuntu
 Linux

Vanjske poveznice
 Službena stranica
 Stara službena stranica Canonicala

Ubuntu

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Dr. C Santosh is a Consultant - Cardiology in Yashoda Hospitals, Malakpet. He has rich experience in this field.
He was awesome while treating. Addressed all my issues very pleasantly. Gave me a good treatment and just that I am getting well now. He is one of the best doctors i have ever met.


text:
ULA Atlas 5 launches National Reconnaissance Office satellite
by Sandra Erwin — November 13, 2020
A National Reconnaissance Office satellite flew to orbit Nov. 13, 2020, aboard a United Launch Alliance Atlas 5 rocket. The rocket lifted off at 5:32 p.m. Eastern from Space Launch Complex-41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. Credit: ULA
The Atlas 5 for the first time flew with three GEM 63 solid rocket boosters made by Northrop Grumman.
WASHINGTON — A National Reconnaissance Office satellite flew to orbit Nov. 13 aboard a United Launch Alliance Atlas 5 rocket.
The rocket lifted off at 5:32 p.m. Eastern from Space Launch Complex-41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida.
The satellite's final orbit is classified. At the request of the NRO, ULA ended the webcast about three-and-a-half minutes after liftoff following payload fairing separation.
The mission dubbed NROL-101 was originally scheduled for Nov. 3 but was delayed to repair a duct at the top of the rocket that provides conditioned air to the payload fairing. It was again scrubbed Nov. 4 due to an anomaly in the ground system liquid oxygen valves.
The Atlas 5 flew with a five-meter payload fairing, three GEM 63 solid rocket boosters side-mounted to the first stage and a single RL10C-1 engine on the Centaur upper stage.
This launch was the first to use GEM 63 rocket motors made by Northrop Grumman. ULA plans to fly the GEM 63s on future Atlas 5 missions while Northrop Grumman completes the development of a larger GEM 63XL version for ULA's future vehicle, the Vulcan Centaur.
NROL-101 was the 86th flight of the Atlas 5 and ULA's 141st flight.
The NRO's payload is classified. Ted Molczan, a Toronto-based amateur satellite observer, said that based on his estimates on the target orbit inclination, he believes NROL-101 is an SDS relay satellite. The Satellite Data System (SDS) is a constellation of U.S. military communications satellites.
Launch	Military	Atlas 5NROULA