text:
1. WO2004008472 - LENS SYSTEM FOR MANUFACTURING CATHODE RAY TUBE SCREENS
Lens system for manufacturing CRT screens
This invention relates to a lens system for use in manufacturing CRT screens.
In the manufacturing process of CRT screens, phosphor and matrix layers are applied by means of a photographic process. In the process, lenses are used for exposing the screen. The demands on the optical quality of these lenses are constantly increasing.
One of the problems concerning these lenses is their surface roughness, which reduces the optical accuracy of the lenses. This is a big problem, in particular in slim tubes, i.e. tubes with a large deflection angle, for example up to 120°.
The phosphor and matrix layers on a CRT screen are made by means of a photographic process, for which a shadow mask is used as a negative. The light rays used in this process must look like the future electron beam rays, i.e. when the tube is in operation. This holds for all CRTs that are made today. What is typical for the lenses used in CRT exposure is that they are relatively large having diameters of more than 10 cm. Usually one side of the lens is flat while the other side has a refractive structure defining the optical properties of the lens. As is known in the art, the refractive surface of an exposure lens for use in manufacturing CRT screens is generally aspherical and non-parabolic (as opposed to lenses for use in cameras or telescopes). The refractive structure is often made by means of a so-called "sagging" process (where a glass plate follows the shape of a mould when the mould and the glass plate are heated) or by means of a grinding process. However, these processes of making lenses are limited in their accuracy regarding the surface roughness of the refractive structure.
Therefore the problem to be solved is how to increase the accuracy of an exposure lens. This problem is more urgent now than it was in the past, due to increased deflection angles. The larger the deflection angle, the larger is the angle at which the light goes through the lens, and thus, the larger the negative effect is from the surface roughness. When light goes through a lens at a large angle, the effect of surface roughness increases dramatically. For a 120° CRT, the effect of the surface roughness of the lens is 60% larger than for a 110° CRT.
Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a lens system for which the influence from surface roughness is substantially reduced. This is achieved by a lens system according to the appended claim 1.
For the understanding of the invention it is important to distinguish between the refractive structure of the lens and the roughness of the surface. When designing the lens, the surface structure is determined so as to create a lens having the desired refractive properties. Within certain limits, the lens can be given an arbitrary shape. Theoretically, the optical refraction properties of the lens can be predicted fully in the design process, and they are determined by the refractive structure of the lens. However, when constructing the lens, be it by sagging, grinding or any other known way, the lens surface will always differ somewhat from the designed refractive structure, due to the surface roughness. Every surface always exhibits some degree of roughness, but in a lens for manufacturing CRT screens this is acceptable only to a limited degree.
The problem to be solved is, as mentioned above, how to enhance the accuracy of a lens. Instead of focusing on improving surface smoothness, to which there clearly is a limit, the invention takes a totally different approach.
The invention is based on the recognition that the magnitude of the optical disturbances is not only proportional to the surface roughness, but also to the refractive index of the lens or more particularly the difference between the refractive indices on each side of a refractive interface.
Therefore, reducing the refractive index is an alternative way of enhancing the lens accuracy. Of course, to maintain the refractive characteristics (the refractive power) of the lens when reducing the refractive index, the structure of the lens refractive surface has to be accentuated accordingly. Within certain limits, accentuating the surface is not a problem. However, no lens material having a low enough refractive index is known. Therefore this solution is not feasible today.
Hence, it is the difference in refractive indices of the lens and the surrounding medium that determines the refractive power. This opens for a still different approach to the problem. For example, by submerging a glass lens, having a refractive index of 1.54, in water, having a refractive index of 1.33, the same refractive effect will be achieved as if a lens having a refractive index of 1.21 is used in air, having the refractive index 1.00.
However, even if this is theoretically feasible, such a solution may be too impractical for standard use.
Furthermore, it is realized that a flat lens surface can be easily manufactured with sufficiently good tolerances for the surface roughness. In other words, a flat surface with excellent optical properties is easier to make than a curved surface with said excellent properties, in particular when the shape of the surface is determined by a sagging process.
According to one embodiment of the invention, a lens having insufficient surface smoothness is encapsulated in a box filled with a transparent liquid. The flat sides of the box can be made with sufficient smoothness and the liquid can be selected to have a refractive index lower than that of the glass lens. Such a configuration will result in a lens system which is much less sensitive to the surface roughness of the lens, and which is usable in the manufacturing process of CRT screens with large deflection angles.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the lens system comprises a first and a second lens. The first lens corresponds to the lens discussed above, having a refractive surface with unacceptable surface roughness. The second lens, which has a lower refractive index than the first lens, has a refractive surface whose shape is complementary to the refractive surface of the first lens and is arranged in direct contact with the refractive surface of the first lens. As a result, the two lenses form a single composite lens, or a lens system, having an internal refractive interface.
Preferably, the two outer lens surfaces of the composite lens are flat, and can thus be made with sufficient smoothness. In this way, a composite lens system having sufficient refraction accuracy can be assembled with lenses that, when used separately, have insufficient accuracy. Of course, the internal refractive interface of the composite lens will have to be designed differently depending on which particular refractive indices the lens materials have, and also depending on the chosen design of the entrance and exit surfaces of the composite lens.
The materials in the lenses are chosen such that the difference in refractive indices is sufficiently small. Of course, the difference cannot be too small. The smaller the difference, the more magnified, or accentuated, the refractive structure of the interface has to be. Since there are limits to the design of the structure, there are limits to the degree of the index difference as well. However, the combination of quartz in the first lens and glass in the second lens is one preferred selection.
Generally, the lens system according to the invention is designed such that the refractive power of a first lens is reduced compared with an ordinary, single lens system. As a result, the sensitivity to surface roughness of the first lens is reduced. The reduction of the refractive power of the first lens is achieved by arranging a refractive surface of said lens in direct contact with a second lens, having a lower refractive index than said first lens, but a higher refractive index than air. In this way, a critical refractive interface is achieved between said two lenses, wherein the refractive power, and thereby the sensitivity to roughness, is decreased as compared to a standard lens-air interface.
In the following, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Fig. 1 schematically shows a lens encapsulated in a transparent box filled with transparent liquid.
Fig. 2 schematically shows a composite lens system comprising a first and a second lens.
In a first preferred embodiment, described with reference to Fig. 1 , a lens system 10 comprises a first lens 13 which is submerged in a transparent liquid 12. The liquid 12 constitutes a second lens and has a refractive index which is higher than that of air but smaller than the refractive index of the first lens. The liquid is enclosed in a transparent container 11, which preferably has flat sides. In this embodiment, the first lens 13 is made from glass, having a refractive index of 1.54, and is submerged in water 12, having a refractive index of 1.33. As a result the first lens 13 loses 70% of its refractive effect, and thus also of its sensitivity to surface roughness. The water 12 is encapsulated in a glass container 11, having flat side surfaces with sufficient smoothness. It is to be understood that flat surfaces can be made with much higher accuracy than structured surfaces. The environment outside the glass container 11 may be air, as for a standard lens according to the prior art. The critical refractive interface of the lens system shown in Fig. 1 is the interface between the first lens 13 and the water 12. Naturally, the water 12 (constituting the second lens) complements the structured surface of the first lens, thus forming the critical refractive interface.
In a second, more practical embodiment, described with reference to Fig. 2, the lens system is actually a composite lens 20 comprising a first lens 23 and a second lens 21. The first lens 23 has a first refractive index and the second lens 21 has a second refractive index, which is lower than the first refractive index. The lenses each have a refractive surface, which have complementary shapes and are arranged in direct contact with each other, thus forming a critical refractive interface 22. Preferably, the outer surfaces of the composite lens are flat and can thus be made with sufficient smoothness. Any refraction pattern can thus be accomplished by designing the refractive interface accordingly. The composite lens 20 is preferably made by designing and manufacturing one of the lenses, and then manufacturing the other lens based on the shape of the lens manufactured first. In this embodiment, the first lens 23 is made from quartz, and the refractive surface is either formed by a grinding process or by a sagging process. The second lens 21 is made from glass, and is formed by melting the second lens 21 on top of the refractive surface of the first lens.
Alternatively the second lens 21 can be formed in a similar process as the first lens 23, such that it exactly matches (is complementary to) the shape of the refractive surface of the first lens, and is then joined with said refractive surface.
It is to be understood that any optically transparent material can be used for the first and the second lens in the lens system according to the invention. For example, optic grade plastic can be used. Furthermore, an optical contact liquid or glue may be used at the interface between the first and the second lens in the case when two solid materials are used.
Summarizing, a lens system 10, 20 is disclosed, comprising a first 13, 23 and a second 11, 21 lens. The refractive index of the second lens 11, 21 is higher than that of air, but lower than the refractive index of the first lens 13, 23. The lenses 13, 11, 23, 21 are arranged in direct contact with each other such that a critical refractive interface 22 is formed. The invention provides for exposure of CRT screens with a lower sensitivity to surface roughness, in particular when manufacturing screens with large deflection angles.


text:
STUDY asked in Social SciencePsychology · 1 decade ago
Do Japanese have highest average IQ in the World?
Wheep Wheep Piggy Feet
The average IQ score on the Stanford-Binet test is 100.
Environment, as well as genes, plays a role in IQ. I think that the Japanese culture trains the kids to be more academically competitive (there are advantages to this), and I think education is valued more there than it is in the states (they treat teachers better!). Environments where kids are read to by their parents, and receive a great deal of mental stimulation, produce higher IQ scores.
IQ is very nebulous, like the other poster said. It's really difficult to map someone's intelligence onto a number.
Obi N
1. IQ tests tend to be culturally biased. If said high IQ person took an IQ test in, say, Nigeria or in the streets, they could also be considered mentally retarded.
2. I think you mean that the Japanese are considered the smartest and that may be because, as I have read, it is dishonorable to do badly in school and honor is very important in a family. Furthermore, the Japanese tend to have a higher work ethic than Americans (although MANY other countries do too) and the academics are more rigorous
What's the official term for someone trying to piss you off and then use your reaction as an excuse for their actions?
A lot of people dislike me but I don't know why ?
Is anger a sign of fear?
Seriously, HOW DO YOU GET IMPEACHED BETWEEN 01/06 AND 01/20?
Why does jealously exist?
Why do people always say "I wish I could..." or "I want to do XYZ", but they never actually do it?
What am I in debt for??
What are some good examples of foot-in-the door phenomenon? (Not from google)?
Why are there so many ways to write Biden's name?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Akura is new to our kennel. Akura is almost 3 years old at 90 lbs! She has a medium head, medium build, but very conformationally correct. Akura von den Grundwiesens' pedigree is proven to create excellent temperment, bone, and structure. Our Rottweiler kennel wants to thank Stefan Koge at von den Grundwiesen kennels, Germany for producing this beautiful Rottweiler. Akura has over the top ball drive and excellent conformation.
Akura von den Grundwiesen was owned by Kerry Kittles (born June 12, 1974 in Dayton, Ohio) is an American former professional basketball player who last played with the Los Angeles Clippers in the National Basketball Association in 2004-2005.


text:
Our new restaurant, Jefe's, is now open!! | 09.23.16
That's the truth! You heard right! Our newest restaurant concept, Jefe's Tacos and Tequila, is NOW OPEN in Town Brookhaven. What are you waiting for?? Get out and give it a shot…of Tequila! Seriously though, the food is top notch, the atmosphere is casual and upbeat, and the bar is killer! For more information, check us out on the web at www.jefestacos.com or on Facebook at www.facebook.com/jefesatl.
Hasta Luego!
© 2023 Kaleidoscope Bistro & Pub. All Rights Reserved


text:
\section{Introduction}

It has been claimed in a recent article [1] that deterministic
hidden variable theories are not admissible in the context of
quantum mechanics. Following this paper ``it is not possible to
consider that the photon is programmed once for all from its
emission and that it possesses a flight plan indicating its
behaviour in any occasion.'' In order to prove this result, the
author has proposed a simple experiment using only single photon
events in order to show a contradiction with the Bell inequality
[2-4]. Would this result be correct, a return back to the situation
existing prior to the refutation by J.~S.~Bell [5] of the well known
theorem of Von Neumann [6] on the absence of dispersion-free states
would have been achieved (For a report that Einstein earlier raised
the same critics than Bell see [7] p.~89). However this theorem was
already refuted by de Broglie [8,9] and Bohm [10] on the simple fact
that the existence of their proper deterministic hidden variable
theories were counter-examples to its generality. As a consequence,
similar doubts are casted on the results of [1]. The question which
arises in this context is how is it possible that the result
described in [1] is at variance with the simple fact that a causal
theory already exists? In the following, the proof of the non
existence of deterministic hidden variable theories is critically
commented on by stressing some failures in the reasoning leading to
this conclusion. More precisely we will see that the author of [1] ,
by limiting his discussion to a very limited class of hidden
variable theories, namely the class of the non contextual
theories[5], invalidates necessarily the generality of his
conclusions.

In order to analyze the possible existence of local hidden
variables, as done by Bell [2], we introduce a probability density
$\rho\left(\lambda\right)$ running on the dynamical space of the
hidden variables $\lambda$. These variables label all trajectories
and they could be for example the initial parameters determining the
motion of the photon. Here, without loss of generality, we limit our
analysis to local and deterministic hidden variables models in which
we suppose non stochastic elements at the fundamental level. The
generalization to objective local theories [11] is straightforward
and is not necessary for the present purpose. In the case of two
separated particles with spins, Bell introduced the definition
\begin{equation}
E_{c}\left(\mathbf{a},\mathbf{b}\right)= \int d\lambda
\rho\left(\lambda\right)
A\left(\mathbf{a},\lambda\right)B\left(\mathbf{b},\lambda\right)\label{5}
\end{equation}
 where $A=\pm 1$ and $B=\pm 1$ are observable associated with the
 polarization of the two photons measured along the axis $\mathbf{a}$ and $\mathbf{b}$ labeled by the rotator angles $\theta_{A}$ and $\theta_{B}$.
 This ``classical''
expectation value $E_{c}$ is anticipated to be equivalent to the one
predicted by quantum mechanics for correlated events and it is with
such a definition that Bell proved a contradiction between the two
following hypothesis: 1) strict validity of quantum mechanics, and:
2) existence of a subjacent and hidden local dynamical structure.\\
The locality assumption
 used here supposes that A does not depend on  $\mathbf{a}$
 and that similarly  B does not depend on  $\mathbf{b}$. This is just a
  mathematical formulation of a famous sentence written in the
original Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) article [12]: ``since at the
time of measurement the two
  systems no longer interact, no real change can take place in the
second system in consequence of anything that may  be done to the
first system''.
In this model it is easy to prove that the Bell
number
\begin{eqnarray}
S_{c}=E_{c}\left(\theta_{A},\theta_{B}\right)+E_{c}\left(\theta_{A'},\theta_{B'}\right)
\nonumber\\
+E_{c}\left(\theta_{A'},\theta_{B}\right)-E_{c}\left(\theta_{A},\theta_{B'}\right)
\end{eqnarray}
which can be written
\begin{eqnarray}
S_{c}=\int[A\left(\mathbf{a},\lambda\right)
\left(B\left(\mathbf{b},\lambda\right)-B\left(\mathbf{b'},\lambda\right)\right)\nonumber\\+A\left(\mathbf{a'},\lambda\right)
\left(B\left(\mathbf{b},\lambda\right)+B\left(\mathbf{b'},\lambda\right)\right)]\rho\left(\lambda\right)d\lambda
\end{eqnarray}
 must obey the Bell inequality
\begin{equation}
-2 \leq S_{c}\leq 2.\end{equation} In the Bohm-EPR [13] experiment
studied by Bell, the locality assumption is transformed
mathematically into a criterion for the independency of measurements
made on two entangled photons separated by an arbitrary large
distance. This formula has been applied in Ref.[1] by considering
that the two measurements made on the same photon are independent in
the experiment. But this axiom is not acceptable because the two
splits of the photon wave packets are separated in time and this
must introduce some strong correlation between these successive
events. It is then clear that the order of operation is crucial in
the experiment. Therefore, an expression such as Eq.~1 cannot be
written because the result obtained in
`B' or `C' must depend on the result obtained in `A'.\\
 More precisely, if one accepts that the probabilities offered by the quantum
mechanical prediction can be explained in terms of an average over hidden variables, then the relation
$P\left(\beta,\alpha,\theta_{B},\theta_{A}\right)=\int
dP\left(\beta,\alpha,\lambda,\theta_{B},\theta_{A}\right)$ holds, where the
observables $A$ and $B$ take the values $\alpha$ and $\beta$, respectively. Using
a conditional probability,
$dP\left(\beta,\alpha,\lambda,\theta_{B},\theta_{A}\right)$ can be transformed into
\begin{eqnarray}
P_{2}\left(\beta|\alpha,\lambda,\theta_{B},\theta_{A}\right)
dP\left(\alpha,\lambda,\theta_{B},\theta_{A}\right)
\nonumber\\=P_{2}\left(\beta|\alpha,\lambda,\theta_{B},\theta_{A}\right)P_{1}\left(\alpha|\lambda,\theta_{A}\right)
\rho\left(\lambda\right)d\lambda.\label{proba1}
\end{eqnarray} Here the
conditional probabilities
$P_{2}\left(\beta|\alpha,\lambda,\theta_{B},\theta_{A}\right)$ and
$P_{1}\left(\alpha|\lambda,\theta_{A}\right)$, which depend on the
complete history of the particle, can only take the values 0 or 1.
This is due to the fact that in the context of deterministic hidden
variable models a particle with a given $\lambda$ can only follow a
single path. For the same reason, we have
$P_{1}\left(+1|\lambda,\theta_{A}\right)+P_{1}\left(-1|\lambda,\theta_{A}\right)=1$
and, identically,
$\sum_{\alpha,\beta}P_{2}\left(\beta|\alpha,\lambda,\theta_{B},\theta_{A}\right)=1$.
In this notation, the relations
$P_{1}\left(\alpha|\lambda,\theta_{B},\theta_{A}\right)=P_{1}\left(\alpha|\lambda,\theta_{A}\right)$
and
$\rho\left(\lambda,\theta_{B},\theta_{A}\right)=\rho\left(\lambda\right)
$ have been implicitly supposed to be true. This is based on a
locality assumption. The mean value of $AB$ is defined by
\begin{eqnarray}
E\left(\theta_{A},\theta_{B}\right)=\sum_{\alpha,\beta}\alpha\beta
\cdot
P\left(\beta,\alpha,\lambda,\theta_{B},\theta_{A}\right)\nonumber\\
=\int\sum_{\alpha,\beta}\alpha\beta\cdot
P_{2}\left(\beta|\alpha,\lambda,\theta_{B},\theta_{A}\right)P_{1}\left(\alpha|\lambda,\theta_{A}\right)
\rho\left(\lambda\right)d\lambda.\label{proba2}
\end{eqnarray}
 In the case of two independent measurements, as
considered by Bell, it is permitted to write
\begin{eqnarray}
E\left(\theta_{A},\theta_{B}\right)\nonumber\\=\int\sum_{\beta}\beta\cdot
P_{2}\left(\beta|\lambda,\theta_{B}\right)\sum_{\alpha}\alpha\cdot
P_{1}\left(\alpha|\lambda,\theta_{A}\right)
\rho\left(\lambda\right)d\lambda.
\end{eqnarray}
This is just an other formulation of Eq.~4 and
\begin{eqnarray}
A\left(\mathbf{a},\lambda\right)=\sum_{\alpha}\alpha\cdot
P_{1}\left(\alpha|\lambda,\theta_{A}\right)\nonumber\\B\left(\mathbf{b},\lambda\right)=\sum_{\beta}\beta\cdot
P_{2}\left(\beta|\lambda,\theta_{B}\right)\label{proba3}
\end{eqnarray}
are only allowed to take the values $\pm1$ as expected, because the
sum contains only one non-zero term. However, this factorization,
corresponding to the case of the EPR situation, cannot apriori be
accepted in the Gedanken experiment of Ref. [1] and the complete
formula~5 must be considered. It is still possible to write
\begin{eqnarray}
A\left(\mathbf{a},\lambda\right)=\sum_{\alpha}\alpha\cdot
P_{1}\left(\alpha|\lambda,\theta_{A}\right)
\end{eqnarray} but now
\begin{eqnarray}
B\left(\mathbf{b},\mathbf{a},\lambda\right)=\sum_{\alpha,\beta}\beta\cdot
P_{2}\left(\beta|\alpha,\lambda,\theta_{B},\theta_{A}\right)P_{1}\left(\alpha|\lambda,\theta_{A}\right)
\end{eqnarray} and
\begin{eqnarray}
AB\left(\mathbf{b},\mathbf{a},\lambda\right)=\sum_{\alpha,\beta}\alpha\beta\cdot
P_{2}\left(\beta|\alpha,\lambda,\theta_{B},\theta_{A}\right)
P_{1}\left(\alpha|\lambda,\theta_{A}\right).\nonumber\\
\end{eqnarray}
In addition, one has
$AB\left(\mathbf{b},\mathbf{a},\lambda\right)=A\left(\mathbf{a},\lambda\right)\cdot
B\left(\mathbf{b},\mathbf{a},\lambda\right)$ as seen once again from
the fact that for a given $\lambda$ the double sum contains only one
non-zero term. This analysis proves clearly that formula 4 is not
adapted to the situation described in Ref.[1]. As a consequence, the
deduction of Ref.[1] is erroneous in the absence of additional
elements allowing for a choice between Eq.~8 and Eqs.~9-11.\\

However, it is easy to build a model in which Eq.~8 (i.~e.~Eq.~1) is
wrong and Eqs.~9-11 are simultaneously true. As explained at the
beginning we consider indeed the de Broglie-Bohm [8,10] mechanics as
a counter-example of the hidden variable model which can describe
such an experiment in terms of deterministic trajectories.
Originally the model of de Broglie-Bohm is defined in the case of
the non relativistic Schrodinger equation because it is only in this
case that a simple generalization for the many-body problem is
obtained [10]. In such theory particles are point like objects
moving together with a guiding wave solution of the ordinary
Schrodinger equation in the configuration space. Because the
reasoning of Ref.[1] is general, we could in fact think in terms of
neutrons passing through Stern and Gerlach beam splitters and we
would have directly a counter example to the argumentation of [1].
However, this is not necessary because generalizations of the de
Broglie-Bohm initial model have been proposed by Bohm himself [10]
and others [14-17] based on the quantum wave functional formalism.
In such model the photon field is a each instant defined by a
function $A_{\mu}\left(x\right)$ obeying to some generalization of
the Maxwell equations taking into account a generally highly
nonlocal quantum potential $Q[A_{\mu}\left(x\right)]$. We can in
analogy with the initial model proposed by de Broglie define a
guidance formula for the field and justify, in principle, the
probabilistic predictions of quantum optics. In the experiment
discussed in [1] the field is divided at each polarizing beam
splitters (PBS) and the interactions with fermionic and localized
detectors explain well known rules of photo counting. This is
directly in conflict with [1]
prohibiting any causal explanations of that kind.\\
 It can be
observed that at the single particle level a more intuitive model is
possible [18-20]: by analogy with the de Broglie dynamics [8,10],
the photon is supposed to be a particle guided by an electromagnetic
wave and its velocity $d\boldsymbol{\lambda}\left(t\right)/dt$ can
be defined by the velocity of energy in the guiding wave. In the
present situation the incident guiding plane wave before the PBS is
characterized by its linear polarization $\theta$. After crossing
the PBS the plane wave is split into two components and the
probability for a photon to be in one beam or in the other is given
by Malus law. However, depending on its initial position before the
PBS, the photon will follow a particular trajectory to go to only
one of the two possible exits. This is sufficient to explain the
result of the experiment proposed in [1] in a completely
deterministic way since the energy flow
 is obviously well defined with the Maxwell equations and must depends on the chronology of the operations at the two beam splitters.\\
Going back now to the general discussion we see that formula 1 and 8
cannot be used in the hidden variable models presented here without
violating the Bell inequality which contradicts the fact that the
model are completely causal.  This implies that $B$ must depend on
the two orientations $\mathbf{a}$ and $\mathbf{b}$. Due to the flow
continuity, this is equivalent to say that the hidden variable
models should be highly contextual in order to justify the
experimental results. This fact is well known since the works of
Kochen, Specker and Bell [5,22] and from the analysis of de Broglie
and Bohm [8,10].
\section{Conclusion} To conclude, the author of [1]
considers only a very restrictive class of hidden variable theories
in which the measurements have no back action on the hidden
variable. He can not consequently recuse all hidden parameters
models. We observe that a ``gedanken'' experiment as the one
proposed in [1] can be explained in terms of deterministic theories
``\`{a} la de Broglie'' [20] or ``\`{a} la Bohm'' [17]. Such models
are highly contextual [22] and consequently the dynamic of the
hidden parameters depends necessarily on the order of the
measurements. However, one must be aware of the fact that such
deterministic models do modify the classical intuition coming from
Newtonian dynamics (see for example [24,25]). Serious problems do
occur in particular when the concept of entanglement is considered
in the many-body situation. Only in these cases must the classical
determinism should be necessarily revised with the abandon of the
locality conditions. This fact, which was implicit in the work of
Einstein Podolsky and Rosen, and which was rigourously proven later
by Bohm and Bell, does not sign up the end of the classical
determinism of Laplace.
\section{Acknowledgements}
I would like to thank Serge Huant for helpful comments and
discussions, and I would like to thanks A.~Zeilinger and his group
for supports during the year 2003 in which the first ideas of this
work were conceived.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


We came across this brilliant recipe from Nigella Lawson for chocolate cake.
All ingredients should be room temperature so take out of fridge beforehand.
Preheat oven to gas mark4 or 180C and line and butter two 20cm sandwich tins, preferably tins with removable bases.
Put all the cake ingredients - flour, sugar, baking powder, bicarb, eggs, vanilla and sour cream in food processor and process until it's a smooth, thick batter. We don't have a food processor so we used a hand mixer - works just as well.
Divide batter between the two prepared tins and bake until a thin skewer comes out clean which should be about 35 mins although start checking at 25 mins.
It's a good idea to switch cake tins around halfway through cooking time.
turning out of tins. Don't worry if there are a few cracks you can fill them in with icing later.
Melt butter and chocolate in a bowl suspended over a pan of simmering water or microwave. Go slowly - don't burn it!
While choc/butter is cooling, sieve icing sugar into another bowl to get out lumps.
Add golden syrup to choc/butter mixture followed by sour cream, vanilla and when all combined add the icing sugar.
To get right consistency you may need to add a little boiling water or even some more sifted icing sugar. We left it for a few mins in the fridge, to thicken up a bit. Spoon a third of the mixture into the centre of the cake and spread evenly and sandwich together. Spread the rest of the icing over the cake and go mad! We added some birds nests and little Easter eggs. The birds nests are made of melted chocolate and shredded wheat.
Butter and line the base of a shallow 23cm/9 inches square cake tin.
Melt the chocolate & butter together, stir well and cool.
flour & baking powder and stir until smooth.
Pour into the prepared cake tin and bake for 30 - 35 minutes or until firm to the touch.
Test by inserting a wooden cocktail stick or skewer into the middle - there should be a few moist crumbs sticking to it. The mixture will still be soft in the centre, but will firm up on cooling.
It was really nice to get together with a bunch of girls, hire out a hall and throw a craft market. Pauline came with her cards, Nia and Lesley with their lovely jewellery. Cross stitch from Llinos. Soaps, lotions and essential oils from Kathy and Gemma. Not forgetting Bekki and her stall in aid of the British Heart Foundation. We had a lot of fun and hopefully the people that popped in to see us liked it, too.
And finally, our very popular, extra buttery, Welsh cakes!
It's kind of scary when you get an order for cupcakes from the wife of the Health Inspector (the man that inspected my kitchen, no less) who also happens to work in Trading Standards and the cakes are going to be eaten in the Trading Standards office because two people have birthdays! No pressure, then!!!
It's been awhile since we got the chance to take cupcakes to a farmers market as pretty much all markets already have someone doing cake and we can never get a look in. But patience won out at the farmers market we started attending three months ago (we had been selling things from our other business - Siop Gardd.) Noticing that the other cake stalls were not exactly regular in attending, we took the plunge and asked if we might bring cupcakes to the next one. Luckily the organizer said yes and Stefan I made up a couple of boxes to see how they would go.
We debated over which nozzle to use for decorating. I favoured the 3M but Stefan finds the 1A easier to use and I must say on DC Cupcakes (our favourite cupcake show) they tend to use this one. However, they use a cream cheese icing which gives a lovely effect to the cake and with buttercream icing we find it doesn't look as effective.
Nevertheless, the cupcakes turned out lovely and sold really well, too. They looked fab and tasted great, and as I keep telling everyone, Welsh butter definitely makes the best cakes!!! Here are a few photos of our cakes boxed up and ready to go.
We made vanilla and strawberry cupcakes. Some of the vanilla cupcakes were decorated with coconut and cherries, others with edible flowers. The strawberry cupcakes were dusted with edible glitter and topped with an edible fondant strawberry.
The chocolate cupcakes were made using Cadbury's Bournville cocoa. It makes a delicious, rich icing, too.
We're not all about cupcakes at Patti's Cupcakes, but we are all about 'cake'!!!
Here is one of our favourites. These moreish bars can be frozen, without their topping, for up to 2 months. So why not make some and stick them in the freezer?
1 teaspoon cocoa powder, plus a little extra for dusting.
butter and line the bottom of a shallow 28 x 18cm oblong tin.
bowl with the other cake ingredients.
Whisk for about 2 minutes with an electric mixer to combine, then tip into the tin and level out. Bake for 35-40 minutes until risen and firm to the touch. Cool in the tin for 10 minutes, then cool on a rack. Peel off the paper.
For the icing, melt the chocolate, butter and milk in a bowl over a pan of simmering water. Remove the bowl and sift in the icing sugar. Beat until smooth, then spread over the cake. Finish with a dusting of cocoa powder and a little grated white chocolate. Cut into 24 bars.
I've been a bit remiss in putting my cupcake pictures on my blog, so here are a few I've made recently.
Writer. Mum. Baker of cupcakes. Lover of shoes, New York and rock music.


Sherri of Beach Garden Cafe.Appreciation. Recognition. Acknowledgement. How often do we stop and express our thanks to the people we meet on a daily basis? Yes, most of us are remiss, perhaps relishing in a grumpy day, offering only perfunctory thanks, grabbing our purchases and bolting out the door. Shouldn't we stop and think about the people who are in the service business and have to deal with brusque (read: rude) impatient, demanding, inattentive (read: talking on cell phone) unappreciative customers? Dealing with the general public is something that everyone should have to do during their lifetime to fully understand customer service and human behavior.
Shopping locally (and we hope that you do) we come into contact with bank tellers, waitresses, government employees, shop clerks, volunteers, fitness advisors, customer service personnel, pharmacy assistants … and each one can make an impression on us – both good and bad. Most of the time we are quick to criticize and complain when things go wrong, but rarely take the time to think about the person who cheerfully and efficiently performs his or her job to make our life run smoothly. Not necessarily the happy-clappy type, just someone who is friendly and stands out in a crowd.
Take Kenny for example. Kenny works at the 99Cent Only store and quickly and efficiently gets his customers through the checkout line. An expert checker, he is totally focused on scanning the items and immediately responds when he hears the "oh-oh" sound from the computer telling him to manually punch in a code. Not only does he give a friendly greeting but also, when someone exclaims over the reasonable bill, he loyally proclaims what a great store it is and how good the prices are. He's been there since the store opened two years ago, or even before, as he was stocking the premises ahead of opening day. It's always great to see Kenny in action and get through the line rapidly.
Down at the Senior Center, Nutritional Assistant Carolyn Tull, immediately nominated Joanne Lippert at Wells Fargo Bank on El Camino Real. "She's a Senior Sweetheart who greets everyone sincerely and is very, very helpful. It is a pleasure to go into the bank".
Carole Gates who heads up the Meals on Wheels volunteers and Cathy Lee (Head Honcho at the Senior Center) both agreed that soft spoken Mike Dagher at Typo Business Machines, 221 Del Mar was extremely prompt and considerate when he comes to fix or pick up printers or a fax that needs repair.


Known for its ritzy beaches, film festival and record sunshine, Cannes has year around cultural events, high-fashion shopping along the Croisette and internationally known chefs. You can swim comfortably May to October and enjoy other water sports in any season. The Lerins Islands just off shore have unspoiled nature on one and a medieval monastery and wine production on the other. Naturally all this comes with a price tag, but you can easily be a day-tripper from the less inexpensive Nice. By tour, rail or bus. The express bus is #210.


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November 8, 2018 · by Chris
A reserve catcher for 10 years, Tim Blackwell hit .228 with six home runs in 426 games. His career began in 1974 with the Boston Red Sox and concluded in 1983 with the Montreal Expos. Along the way he played for the Philadelphia Phillies and Chicago Cubs. He had one year as the Cubs' starting catcher, playing in 103 games and hitting .272 with five home runs and 30 RBIs.
Jeff Terpko pitched in 48 big-league games for the Texas Rangers and Montreal Expos between 1974-1977. His first games came with Texas in 1974. He pitched in three contests that season, allowing one run in seven innings. He returned to the minors in 1975 but was back with the Rangers in 1976. He pitched in 32 games that year, going 3-3 with a 2.39 ERA. The Rangers dealt him to the Expos prior to the 1977 campaign and Terpko struggled. He pitched in 13 games as his ERA ballooned to 5.66 and he soon found himself back in the minors. He pitched for the Baltimore Orioles' AAA team in 1978, which would be the end of his professional career.
Perhaps best known for giving up Hank Aaron's 715th career home run, Al Downing enjoyed a long and successful career in the majors. He came up with the New York Yankees in 1961 and would go on to pitch for the next 17 years, compiling a 123-107 record. He led the American League in strikeouts with 217 while pitching for the Yankees in 1964. He was an all star for New York in 1967 as he went 14-10 with a 2.63 ERA. He was 20-9 with a 2.68 ERA for the Los Angeles Dodgers in 1971 and finished third in the National League Cy Young vote and 10th in the MVP tally while also earning the NL's Comeback Player of the Year award. After giving up Aaron's historic home run in 1974, he continued pitching for the Dodgers until 1977 when he retired at the age of 36. Downing pitched in three different World Series, two for the Yankees (1963 and 1964) and one for the Dodgers (1974). All three times, however, his team lost.
Our letter to Lee Richard was returned with a bad address.
This entry was posted in Swings and misses, Uncategorized and tagged 1975 Topps, 1977 Topps, 1981 Fleer, Al Downing, Boston Red Sox, Chicago Cubs, Hank Aaron, Jeff Terpko, Los Angeles Dodgers, Montreal Expos, New York Yankees, Philadelphia Phillies, Texas Rangers, Tim Blackwell, World Series. Bookmark the permalink.
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Home Home of News, Politics & Opinion Obama Thinks the Cuban Revolution Is Like the American Revolution
Obama Thinks the Cuban Revolution Is Like the American Revolution
If you still have doubts about our president being a Marxist, doubt no more. He's over in Cuba with his "optimistic" message in the wake of an extremely serious terror attack in Europe [ISIS has taken credit]. He painted the US as a racist nation and called for Marxist principles in the USA, dedicating only three lines to the terror attack in Brussels.
He believes terrorism is the USA's fault, not the terrorists.
With the utmost in audacity, he compared the Cuban revolution that slaughtered thousands for the sake of communism to the American Revolution which was fought for freedom.
He said they were both liberation movements.
He urged the people to not tear down their communist system but to rise up with his form of democracy. He never uses the word "Republic" because he is talking about socialism. He made a reference to the fact that because of his form of democracy, we now have a socialist running for office.
"So here's my message to the Cuban government and the Cuban people. The ideals that are the starting point for every revolution, America's revolution, Cuba's revolution, the liberation movements around the world, these ideals find their truest expression, I believe, in democracy. Not because American democracy is perfect, but because we're not, and we like every country need the space that democracy gives us to change. It gives individuals the capacity to be catalysts, to think in new ways, and to reimagine who our society should be. And to make them better. And there's already an evolution taking place inside of Cuba. A generational change. Many suggested that I come here and ask the people of Cuba to tear something down, but I'm appealing to the young people of Cuba who will lift something up, build something new."
His speech kept getting worse. Obama said that both Cuba and the US were built by African slaves.
"We share the same blood. We both live in a new world, colonized by Europeans. Cuba, like the United States, was built in part by slaves brought here from Africa. Like the United States, the Cuban people can trace their heritage to both slaves and slave owners.
Three lines are dedicated to the terrorist attack.
"Thank you. Thank you very much. President Castro, the people of Cuba, thank you so much for the warm welcome that I have received, that my family have received and that our delegation has received. It is an extraordinary honor to be here today. Before I begin, please indulge me. I want to comment on the terrorist attacks that have taken place in Brussels. The thoughts and the prayers of the American people are with the people of Belgium, and we stand in solidarity with this in condemning the attacks against innocent people. We will do whatever is necessary to support our friend and ally, Belgium in bringing to justice those who are responsible, and this is yet another reminder that the world must unite. We must be together regardless of nationality or race or faith in fighting against the scourge of terrorism. We can and we will defeat those who threaten the safety and security of people all around."
Then he said this:
"But just stop and consider this fact about the American campaign that's taking place right now. You had two Cuban Americans in the Republican Party running against the legacy of a black man who was president while arguing that they're the best person to be the democratic nominee who will either be a woman or a democratic socialist. Who would have believed that back in 1959? That's a measure of our progress as a democracy."
Progress is a socialist running?
anti-American Obama
ridicules USA
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Session Time: 1:30 pm - 4:30 pm -- Financial institution procedures for handling stop payments and unauthorized items in the ACH are critical to ensuring compliance with the NACHA Operating Rules and Regulation E - as well as reducing the risk of financial loss. This workshop will focus on unauthorized ACH entries and stop payments as well as their associated compliance requirements. This session is core fundamental training for all ACH, Audit and Compliance personnel and any staff responsible for ACH dispute resolution.


There is nothing better than homemade bread. After I made my first loaf I had no clue why I hadn't tried making it sooner! I was amazed at how simple it was to make. I love taking a loaf to dinner parties, as housewarming gifts, or for new parents. Organic honey bread is great for sandwiches, soup, and goes great with Italian dishes.
In a bowl, add 2 cups of warm water and the 2 packets of yeast. Dissolve for about 10 minutes or until foamy.
In a mixing bowl, add the yeast mix, honey, and pastry flour. Slowly add the all-purpose flour (you will need to use your hands) until you are able to form a ball. If you have an electric mixer with dough hook, this works best.
On a floured surface, you want to knead the dough for about 5-7 minutes. This is the most important step when making bread. Some Western cultures believe that your energy goes into the food you are preparing. Well, I believe that especially when it comes to making bread. I only knead when I'm not distracted (I've asked my kiddo to leave the room on several occasions) so nothing but love and positive thoughts are going into the bread.
After you have kneaded your dough, oil a glass bowl with 1 tablespoon olive oil. Then place your dough in the bowl in a large ball. Wet a towel with warm water and place over the bowl. Place in a warm area – I sit it on my stove and go ahead and preheat the oven to 375F. Let rise for 35 minutes.
After your dough has risen, take out of bowl and punch down. Then knead for 3 minutes. Break the dough into 2 equal parts and knead each for 3 minutes.
Place dough in greased loaf or pie pans. Make 3 slices on each loaf, but be sure to not cut through. Mix egg with 1 tablespoon water to make an eggwash. Brush eggwash mixture onto each loaf for a shiny crisp crust.
Bake your bread at 375F for 30 minutes. Remove from pans and let cool on a rack. Serve with soup, Italian dishes, or make sandwiches. You can freeze your extra loaf to keep from spoiling.
On a floured surface, you want to knead the dough for about 5-7 minutes. This is the most important step when making bread. Some Western cultures believe that your energy goes into the food you are preparing. Well, I believe that especially when it comes to making bread. I only knead when I'm not distracted (I've asked my kiddo to leave the room on several occasions) so nothing but love and positive thoughts are going into the bread.
After you have kneaded your dough, oil a glass bowl with 1 tablespoon olive oil. Then place your dough in the bowl in a large ball. Wet a towel with warm water and place over the bowl. Place in a warm area- I sit it on my stove and go ahead and preheat the oven to 375F. Let rise for 35 minutes.


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Tiffany Diamonds: My Secret Shopping Experience
Secret Shopping Tiffany Diamonds:
Today is a momentousness day in history because I went to secret shop Tiffany & Co. On the other hand, I left the store literally feeling less knowledgeable than when I walked in. That's right, I think I actually got dumber while shopping for Tiffany Diamonds.
Consequently, it's not because I stopped at the pillars located by the front door to bang my head on the marble to numb the pain. Fortunately, I was actually too dazed and confused to stop staggering long enough to do so. Otherwise the headache that I'm feeling right now might be much worse.
I wish that I could say that the experience and I do mean "experience" which I, uh, experienced while secret shopping Tiffany & Co., was unique.
However, this is the second time that I've visited Tiffany & Co., to shop for diamonds. This second visit left me just a bit more dumbfounded than the first.
The apparent lack of diamond knowledge on the part of the sales professionals staffing the sales counters at Tiffany & Co. seems to be truly second to none!
At this point in the article, I'd like to offer Tiffany & Co., the opportunity to hire me as a consultant to travel around and train their sales staff about diamonds. The reasons why are explained below.
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Round Brilliant Tiffany Diamonds:
Contrary to the opinion of the saleswoman who helped me this morning, the round brilliant cut diamond was not invented by Tiffany in the early 1980's (!) It was in fact redesigned by Diamond Cutter and Mathematician Marcel Tolkowsky back in 1919 when he published his paper titled Diamond Design.
This gave birth to the modern round brilliant ideal cut diamond. Diamond cutting technology has since been improved dramatically by the introduction of state-of-the-art computerized analysis which helps to plan the production process and produce diamonds with greater visual performance.
The following comment, by the way, was provided to me in response to my pointing at a seven-carat round brilliant cut diamond which was prominently displayed at the front of the display case. Unlike most of the Tiffany diamonds in the case, this one exhibited a beautiful arrows pattern.
I simply asked, "Is this a Hearts on Fire Diamond?"
Of course, I knew perfectly well that it was not and was told "No that brand is only sold by Shreve & Company. That is a Tiffany round brilliant cut diamond. All of our cuts are our own. Tiffany invented the round brilliant cut diamond in the 1980s."
I somehow managed not to choke on my tongue and then I said "Well it's an amazing looking diamond. And it's quite large. Do people actually wear diamonds that big?" to which she responded, "Oh yes, all the time.In fact, I've sold several of those in the past year."
This leads me to believe that she's not brand new.
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Are Tiffany Diamonds All About Price?
The first question that the "sales professional" at Tiffany & Co., asked me was "When are you planning on getting engaged?" which was immediately followed by "And how much would you like to spend?" to which I replied, "Sometime in the near future."
Then I told her that I was thinking somewhere in the range of $30,000.00 to $40,000.00 but that I could go higher… and finished up with "I think I want something in the range of 1.80 to 2.00 carats, F to G color and VS-2 in clarity… at least that's what my brother told me to look for."
She promptly pulled two Tiffany Solitaire style engagement rings out of the case and said: "This one is $32,500.00 and this one is $72,000.00 because two-carat diamonds cost more… a lot more."
Yes, I understand that a two-carat diamond costs more than one which is smaller. However, the diamonds are also two different combinations of clarity. The one for $32,500.00 is a 1.66 carat, G-color, SI-1 clarity diamond (Tiffany #29814457) and the one for $72,000.00 is a 2.28 carat, G-color, VS-1 clarity diamond (Tiffany #29260036).
Upon further questioning, it was explained to me as a clarity difference of one grade… Ahem, actually it's a difference of two clarity grades because somewhere in the Land of Diamond Grading, between the realm of SI-1 and that of VS-1 rests a clarity grade known as VS-2 and anybody in the diamond business should try to visit it.
When I asked about the VS-2 clarity grade, I was informed that it wasn't really all that important because it wouldn't make that much of a difference in terms of price. I'm willing to bet that Martin Rapaport, publisher of the Rapaport Diamond Price Report, might beg to differ because his report shows a dramatic difference in price depending on the clarity grades.
In fact, I don't have to guess because I have a current Rap Sheet right here on my desk. Let's see, it indicates that the difference in price per carat between a two carat, G-color, VS-1 and VS-2 clarity diamond at the wholesale level is $1,800.00 per carat… Running pretty simple math, figuring out what the wholesale cost of the diamond would be, calculating in the apparent premium for a Tiffany Diamond, and I come up with a difference of roughly $7,680.00
Which I guess isn't much of a difference if you're going to spend $70K on a rock without knowing anything about it.
Diamond Grading by a Neutral Third Party? Uh, Nope.
So when I asked to know more about the characteristics of the Tiffany diamonds, such as the proportions and the inclusions (actually I used the word Flaws) I was asked to wait a minute so that she could print them out from the computer… She returned a few minutes later with a plain white sheet of paper that described the basic details of each diamond such as the measurements, clarity grade, color grade. However, there was no indication as to the type of inclusions within the diamond, or their extent or location… I asked whether the diamonds were "certified" by somebody like the GIA or EGL (yea, I choked on it) and was told that Tiffany diamonds are graded by professional diamond graders at Tiffany and that no additional grading is necessary because they are the best.
I paused for a moment to give her a second to take another swig of the Tiffany flavored Kool-Aid… Why yes, it is light blue in color… Which she's apparently been drinking, and asked to know more about the flaws within each diamond. At which point I was informed that they really weren't important because they were not visible to the naked eye… I pressed the issue lightly and was told that there was a plotting diagram of the inclusions on the Tiffany diamond grading report. The diamond grading report would be mailed to me after I had purchased the diamond. I should allow two to three weeks for delivery… Wow.
"Oh, all right" I continued… "but would it be possible to see what they looked like?" I asked. And I was told, "We don't really do that…" which leads me to believe that the majority of people buying diamonds from Tiffany leave without having a clue as to the type of inclusions within their diamonds. This is mind-boggling to somebody like me who posted clarity photographs and detailed diamond grading information for every diamond in our inventory. But I suppose that some people prefer to live by the "Ignorance is bliss" model of the world.
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The Devil's In The Details:
As I began to excuse myself, I thanked the salesperson for her time and for giving me a lot to think about. I began to fold the diamond information sheets which she'd printed out into the cover of my iPad and was told that they don't give those out.
I thought about making a mad dash for the door. But instead, I asked, "Oh can I write down the details then?"
To which she responded by taking out one of her business cards and writing the stock number, carat weight, color, clarity, and price on the front for me.
I asked to borrow her pen and wrote out the measurements for each diamond on the back of the card. According to the diamond grading department at Tiffany & Co., the 1.66 carat, G-color, SI-1 has a total depth of 62.9% with a table diameter of 54% and a crown angle of 34.8 degrees with a pavilion angle of 40.9 degrees with a medium to slightly thick, bruted girdle and no culet. The diamond is inscribed T&Co.N05240056.
The 2.28 carat, G-color, VS-1 clarity, Tiffany diamond is reported as having a total depth of 62.4% with a table diameter of 55% and a crown angle of 34.6 degrees with a pavilion angle of 41.0 degrees with a medium to slightly thick, faceted girdle and no culet. The diamond is inscribed T&Co.N01300131.
Three Little Birds Singing the Tiffany Diamonds Song:
As I walked out of the store, dumbfounded by the lack of diamond grading information which I was able to obtain from the "sales professional" at Tiffany (please refer to the business card for verification of the term) I stumbled across a jewelry store located just a few doors down. And right there in plain view of the front door, I counted three GIA Gem Scopes sitting on the front counter. It was good for a chuckle.
But what really made me laugh is that when I started the engine of my car, the song "Three Little Birds" by Bob Marley was playing on the radio. The line "Don't worry 'bout a thing, every little thing's gonna be all right" filled the air and it dawned on me that this is a perfect theme song for Tiffany & Co., because it seems to fully embody the experience that they are providing for their customers:
"Don't worry 'bout a thing... (Tiffany Diamonds are great, just take our word for it) and everything's gonna be all right..."
Perhaps Tiffany Diamonds is a Cult?
You caught the reference to Kool-Aid, right? You didn't think I was finished with that concept, did you? All right, I openly admit that I don't have any evidence in support of this theory, but it's possible that Tiffany & Co., is some sort of a religious cult.
After all, that would explain why hundreds of thousands of people walk through their doors and blindly hand over their hard earned cash in exchange for shiny baubles which they prominently display to identify themselves as exclusive members of Club Tiffany.
Or perhaps it might just be the time-honored reputation of Tiffany Diamonds, and the well developed allure of the baby blue box. Honestly, I don't know, but I for one am not impressed by either of my shopping experiences with Tiffany & Co. I invite them to raise the stakes and enter the modern age of information technology and provide their front end sales staff with a more in-depth knowledge of diamonds and diamond grading.
I for one would find it quite refreshing to have the salesperson be able to explain to me what a "bruted girdle" is because the diamond "sales professional" which I encountered was unable to do so. In hopes that she might run across this little ditty at some point in the future, here is the explanation. The word "bruted" is a gemological term that refers to a girdle edge that has not been polished and appears to be granular and rough.
It is called "bruted" because the process of grinding two diamond crystals together to create the basic round outline of a round brilliant cut diamond is called "bruting" and this is something that I consider to be pretty basic. I mean, the salesperson at my local Ford dealership can tell me what "chrome trim" is on the detail description.
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Proportions Maximize the Brilliance of a Tiffany Diamond:
According to a video presentation featured within the Tiffany & Co., Engagement Ring Finder app that I downloaded on my iPad, featuring their chief gemologist Melvyn Kirtley, "Tiffany diamonds are always cut for beauty, not size, to ensure spectacular brilliance."
He continues in the video to say "At Tiffany's obviously, we cut our diamonds to the proportions which maximize brilliance which actually means more weight loss, up to 62% of the rough diamond must be cut away… blah, blah, blah, all Tiffany diamonds are cut for brilliance, not size."
Well, sort of… the crown angle of 34.8 degrees of the 1.66 carat, G-color, SI-1 clarity, Tiffany diamond that I looked at has a pavilion angle offset of 40.9 degrees which is spot-on.
However, the diamond has a total depth of 62.9% which is far beyond the range of total depth that I find to be acceptable which is between 59 – 61.8%. I'd like to think that the diamond cutters could have left a little more of the diamond rough on the floor.
As a matter of fact, the total depth of the 2.28 carat, G-color, VS-1 is 62.4% isn't much better. The crown angle of that Tiffany diamond is 34.6 degrees and it is offset by a pavilion angle of 41.0 degrees. Both diamonds have medium to slightly thick girdles, and this is accounting for some of the extra total depth.
With this in mind, there is something that I have to ask you. If you're going to be paying top dollar for a Tiffany Diamond, do you want to pay for visible surface area or unnecessary total depth? Yea… that's what I thought. I don't see what's so special about Tiffany Diamonds either.
If I were actually going to buy a Tiffany Diamond:
I'd start out by bringing my own diamond grading loupe. Ba-Da-Bing! And I'd ask the salesperson to limit the selection of round brilliant cut diamonds that they offer to me to the following range of proportions:
Total depth between 59 – 61.8%
Table diameter between 53 – 57.%
Crown angle between 34.3 – 34.9 degrees
Pavilion angle between 40.6 – 40.9 degrees
Girdle thickness between thin to medium, faceted (not bruted)
Culet size: none
This will truly maximize the light return of the diamond and save you from spending money on unnecessary total depth. While this will provide you with a better selection of Tiffany Diamonds in terms of light return, it will not provide you with any indication as to the optical symmetry of the diamond.
Thus the only insight you will have as to the potential visual performance of the diamonds will be whatever you can decipher with your eyes while being influenced by the jewelry store lighting overhead. Speaking of which, I was able to see a distinguishable difference in visual performance between the seven-carat diamond that remained beneath the glass of the display case and the other two Tiffany Diamonds that I was offered for consideration.
It would have been quite interesting for me to have been able to see whether any of the diamonds exhibited a crisp and complete pattern of Hearts and Arrows. However, I'm guessing that truly precise diamond buyers are not the ultimate target market of Tiffany & Co. Then again, I could be wrong. In which case perhaps they'll have plotting diagrams of the inclusions, photographs of the diamonds as seen while unmounted through an ASET Scope, Ideal Scope and Hearts & Arrows viewer for the next time I walk into a Tiffany & Co., to shop for a diamond, but I'm guessing not.
By the way, I'm completely serious about my offer to provide diamond education to the sales professionals at Tiffany & Co., I think that my in-depth diamond grading knowledge, front counter experience and 30+ years as a buyer of ideal cut diamonds for the industry would be quite beneficial to their corporate structure and customers. We're talking a real game-changer. Of course, the staff could just read the tutorials featured on this web site… just say'n.
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Benjamin Oliver is a composer of, in the main, contemporary instrumental music. More than sixty of his works have been performed, his music has been broadcast on BBC Radio 3 and his piece Loop Concerto was nominated in the Contemporary Jazz category of the British Composer Awards (2017). His musical ideas often contain loops that reference jazz and other riff-based music but are combined, or offset by, a fascination with mechanical devices and systematic processes. He is Associate Professor in Composition at the University of Southampton and conductor of Workers Union Ensemble.
www.benolivermusic.com
Biography last updated: 2022


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Choosing a mode, that can be hard thing.
modes, and some of the implications they have for layout of your questionnaire.
good to think of different modes a little bit structurally.
the administration or whether it's self- administered.
the different acronyms that methodologist's like to use.
what, in terms of layout, you have to do for your questionnaire design.
So let's look at the effects that the mode of data collection can have.
Mode is a bundle of features.
Mode affects which sampling frame and which sampling method you can use.
Mode affects how you train and supervise your interviewers.
Mode affects how you contact and recruit your respondents.
administration and, with that, the mode of response.
All of these features can affect error sources.
They are related to coverage, sampling, nonresponse, and measurement error.
framework in mind when you design your questionnaire.
error elements, relative to what you have on the frame.
recruitment phase also be measured on the questionnaire.
decide on the quality or evaluate the quality of those interview observations.
pros and cons that we should keep in mind.
automatically lose some cases that do not fit these literacy requirement.
If you are in a visual mode that does require reading.
So, you know, this is a negative part for visual but positive for auditory.
is much more taxed when you listen to question/answer categories.
in the segment on ordering questions, order effect, and the like.
set would be in a visual structure of the questionnaire.
implications that are positive or negative.
Oral mode pretty much everyone can do.
Written and keypad requires literacy, and it requires computer skills.
an oral way, and it is automatically transferred into a text.
So, these tables of course get outdated very quickly.
versus paper-pencil in this different modes of data collection.
Well, computer-assisted is fantastic to get the skip patterns right.
omission and commission, at least not accidentally.
You also have control over the sequence with which the questions are delivered.
with that mitigate order effects that we have seen throughout the course.
an interviewer where the laptop is just turned around.
long this is and whether they really want to do it.
on the respondent to navigate through the questionnaire.
were unplanned for or studied by the researcher.
A few more pros and cons for interviewers self-administered questionnaires.
So the first row is interviewer administered questionnaire.
interviewer has the chance to motivate the respondent, probe, and clarify.
considerable social desirability biases when you have sensitive question.
nothing like an interviewer administered questionnaire.
having no interviewer effect and no social desirability bias.
social desirability bias and reduced interviewer effects.
computer automatically react and provide additional explanations and feedback.
and we have extra segments for you to see how this might work.
Now the question is how to choose modes.
you might not want to use depending on your type of population.
a telephone number, it can be landline or a cell phone.
must have address to be reached.
e-mail addresses or mailing addresses to send them the information for the Web survey.
and ask the respondent for their e-mail address.
over the telephone, require the respondent to have at least internet access.
Which mode is also effected by the sensitivity of the topic?
If you have sensitive topic, then you would prefer a self-administered mode.
If the topics are very easy, you also can do easily a self-administered mode.
the interview administered mode's are also advisable.
Most important though, budget and the timeframe that you have.
most people end up with a Web survey.
the respondent must have Internet access.
to make sure that they don't lose those that don't.
moves towards a mix-and-match of these modes.
the idea of mixing different survey modes in the same survey design.
then follow up with telephone and face-to- face interview.
The US Census Bureau has that in place.
The pros, you maximize response rate, and you reduce the cost.
You can maximize quality and efficiency.
well, you might have mode effects.
in different ways, and, likewise, the response option might have an effect.
differences, the composition or response errors, you don't know.
of these effects or disentangle them as you have the data.
Here's another question that was posted online.
you should always try to maximize quality in any given mode.
you know, what is best in which situation and what not.
best data quality possible in each of the modes.
of maximizing the potential of those.


text:
Create a company in Andorra
Residence in Andorra
Andorra Advantages
Taxation in Andorra
Taxes Andorra vs Spain
Health in Andorra
Social Security in Andorra
Education in Andorra
Banks in Andorra
Housing in Andorra
Electricity in Andorra
Who is Andorra for
Living in Andorra: 5 ways
Content creators in Andorra
Being self-employed in Andorra?
Andorra for digital entrepreneurs
Trading in Andorra
Crypto and blockchain in Andorra
Retirement in Andorra
Corporation tax in Andorra or IS
As we already commented in our article on taxes in Andorra and in the open a company in the country, one of the most recent tributes is the one that it taxes the profits of companies, because until 2011 there was no (was approved on December 29, 2010, Law 95/2010) and until 2012 it did not enter into force.
While corporate tax shouldn't even exist absurd (because if you only tax the part of the dividends exempting reinvestment tax, etc., it is like an income tax on economic activities, and if you tax all the profit of a company you are paralyzing the activity of the business by taxing reinvestments, acquisitions , etc.) in Andorra this tax is very light and responds to the homologation process that the country took to be able open internationally and adapt to new times.
So today we are going to explain what is this tax and how is it usually applied, the origin and its operation for the specific case of the Principality of Andorra. A country that although it is no longer a tax haven it does offer some more than clear tax advantages compared to the countries around it, also in corporation tax and is a powerful alternative for those entrepreneurs, be they entrepreneurs or private investors, who are fed up with the inefficiency of the current states and whose businesses do not depend on the physical location or the territory.
Table of Contents Hide index
1 What is corporation tax or IS?
2 History and structure of corporation tax
3 The Corporation Tax in Andorra
3.1 Tax base
3.2 Tax rate of tax
3.3 Special regimes
3.4 Exemptions to avoid double imposition
3.5 Tax period and accrual
3.6 Payments on account
3.7 Interesting additional reductions
4 Conclusion and summary
What is corporation tax or IS?
Corporation tax is a direct tax imposed by a jurisdiction on the income or capital of corporations or similar legal entities. Many countries impose such taxes at the national level, and a similar tax may be imposed at the state or local level. This tax is also often called capital tax. Associations are generally not subject to these types of tribes. The corporation tax of a country can be applied to:
Companies incorporated in the country
Corporations that do business in the country with income from that country
Foreign companies that have a permanent establishment in the country
Corporations considered residents for tax purposes in the country
Taxable business income is often determined in a way very similar to taxable income for individual taxpayers or natural persons. Although there are many ways to apply the levy, countries generally do so by taxing corporations on their net earnings or by taxing shareholders when the corporation pays a dividend. The tax rate varies by jurisdiction and is usually single and fixed.
Net earnings are generally the net profit of the financial statement with modifications and it can be defined in great detail within the tax system of each country. When dividends are taxed, a corporation may be required to withhold taxes before the dividend is distributed. In addition, most systems provide specific rules for the taxation of the entity and / or its members upon the termination or dissolution of the entity.
History and structure of corporation tax
The following definitions form the structure of this tax:
Passive subject: they constitute the taxable person typical of the tax capital companies, which are entities with their own legal personality and limited liability of the partners. Although most entities lacking legal personality are excluded from the tax, there are usually exceptions such as investment funds and pension plans, although with the application it is normally a special type of tax.
Taxable base: In calculating net income deductible expenses are subtracted from gross income, taking into account the compensation of losses as well as the valuation of inventories, amortizations or deductions for depreciation of the asset and changes in equity.
Tax rate: As we have previously said the rate applicable in corporation taxes is generally fixed and does not depend on the tax base level, therefore constituting a proportional tax. However, the existence of special types of taxes for companies engaged in non-profit activities is common. There are also differentiated tax rates for distributed and undistributed benefits in certain countries.
As for the story, it is more or less similar to that related to Individual Income Tax (Personal Income Tax). In the United States, up to the Sixteenth Amendment various income and corporate taxes were enacted, but they were short-lived because they were considered unconstitutional. This Amendment of 1909 and ratified in 1913 forever imposed corporation tax such as corporate provisions within federal income tax.
The Corporation Tax in Andorra
In Andorra the Corporation Tax is the one that taxes the income of the Andorran legal persons regardless of the place where it was produced and whatever the taxpayer's tax residence (as long as the legal person or company resides fiscally in Andorra), and applies to the entire territory of the Principality.
Corporation tax, Andorra and other countries around it
So that, they are taxed of the tax the so-called "companies" or "entities" when they have their residence in Andorran territory:
Collective investment institutions included in the scope of Law 10/2008, of June 12, regulating collective investment organizations under Andorran law
Public and parapublic entities and of public law
On the other hand, they are considered tax residents in Andorran territory the entities that fulfill one of the following:
That they have been constituted in accordance with the laws of the Principality of Andorra.
Have your registered office in the Principality of Andorra.
Have your effective management seat in the territory of the Principality of Andorra. For this purpose, it is understood that an entity has its effective management headquarters in the Principality's territory when the general management and control of the production of all its activities or businesses are established or exercised.
They have transferred their residence in Andorra and from the moment the transfer of your domicile in Andorra has been perfected, in accordance with the provisions of commercial law.
Tax base
The tax base is generally calculated by the direct determination method, that is, correcting the accounting result obtained based on the legislation, and the General Accounting Plan of Andorra. For this, amortizations, losses due to deterioration of the value of the assets and certain provisions of liabilities are taken into account, valuing the assets according to the acquisition price or the cost of production and their "normal market value". . It should be noted that negative tax bases can offset positive tax bases of the tax periods ending in the following ten years.
Tax rate of tax
The general type of tax for Andorra's corporate taxpayers is 10 percent. However, the tax rate applicable to collective investment institutions regulated by Law 10/2008, excluding management companies, is 0 percent.
Special regimes
Despite the above, there are special regimes that apply to a series of entities that meet a series of conditions and requirements. These special regimes act in determining the tax base, modifying it.
For example, there is a special regime for «companies that carry out international exploitation of intangibles or intervene in international trade»And another for«intragroup financial investment and management companies«, Which fulfilling certain requirements can benefit from a reduction of 80 percent of the tax base (equivalent to a effective rate of 2% on the general basis).
They also have a special regime cooperative societies, the tax consolidations (holdings) and companies whose activity is holding and maintaining holdings in foreign companies (that is why it is so advantageous to be a broker or trader in Andorra). In addition, there is another special amortization regime for new investments. We therefore recommend dealing with these issues with good professionals for optimal tax planning with strict compliance with all laws, such as associates of Andorra Insiders.
Exemptions to avoid double imposition
In order to alleviate the double taxation of the same income, exemptions on profit shares of other internal and international entities. For example, if the entity receives dividends or profit shares from both tax resident and non-resident entities in Andorra, these benefits are exempt if (although they also have extra limitations):
The tax non-resident entity is subject, without the possibility of exemption, to an income tax with characteristics similar to the corporation tax of the Principality of Andorra as established by law. These exemptions are valid throughout the chain of investees.
The tax resident entity in Andorra, is subject and not exempt from corporation tax.
The percentage of participation, directly or indirectly, in the capital, equity, equity or voting rights of the resident or non-resident tax entity is equal to or greater than 5 percent.
Deductions are also given for job creation and for investments in Andorran assets. Finally it should be noted that dividends obtained as individuals from Andorran entities are exempt from personal income tax. They can get more information on personal income tax here.
Tax period and accrual
The tax period coincides with the financial year of the entity, although it cannot exceed twelve months and in the event that the fiscal year is higher, the period ends at the end of the twelve months. The year also ends when the company is extinguished (registration cancellation) and when the entity's legal form is changed so that it affects this tax.
Regarding the accrual of the tax, the last day of the tax period.
Payments on account
In September taxpayers must make a payment on account of the settlement corresponding to the tax period in progress on September 1, calculated as the percentage of the 50 percent on the settlement fee of the immediately previous year. Payment on account is considered a tax debt.
This payment on account is deducted from the settlement fee to pay after the tax period ends. When, as a result of the payment on account, the differential fee is negative, the ministry in charge of finances will return the excess.
Interesting additional reductions
In addition to those discussed above, there are two reductions for new business worthy of comment. The first is that the first year tax application taxpayers enjoy a 50% reduction in settlement fee, with which the effective rate would be 5% with respect to the tax base (benefits).
The second, on the other hand, benefits SMEs and micro-enterprises. And it is that for the taxpayers of this tax that are constituted as new entrepreneurs of a new business or professional activity and obtain some profits less than 100,000 euros, the tax rate applicable during the First 3 years of activity it is:
5% for the part of the tax base between 0 and 50,000 euros.
The 10% for the remaining tax base.
Conclusion and summary
Although the morale to tax the income of legal entities is quite doubtful because they are managed by individuals already taxed (or that will be taxed in the future), andorran corporation tax is very attractive, light and interesting. Although the general rate is 10%, it contains a huge variety of details that make it even more tempting and place the maximum rate of total direct taxes for individuals at 10% of the income obtained.
However, these details should meet a series of conditions and requirements established by law, both the Principality's own and the international one, which must be strictly adhered to. That is why we always recommend discussing the subject with professionals in the sector and that they provide good legal, tax and accounting services, to ensure optimum tax planning within that strict margin of legislation.
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Andorra Insiders is an information platform about Andorra managed by Abast Global, an Andorran professional consultancy firm for legal, tax and accounting services specializing in the establishment of people and businesses in the Principality of Andorra. More information here.
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digital entrepreneurs
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text:
Creamer wins first major at U.S. Women?s Open
Sports // Golf
Joe Alexander, By ALAN ROBINSON - Associated Press
OAKMONT, Pa. — Paula Creamer wondered a few months ago if she would ever play golf again the way her badly injured left thumb was hurting.
What she couldn't have possibly guessed is she would play like this.
Creamer shed the title of being the best women's golfer to not win a major, never wavering during a four-shot victory Sunday at the U.S. Women's Open in which she steadily put away a field that couldn't match her confidence or consistency.
Creamer started with a three-stroke lead, then never let it go below two shots during a 2-under 69 that gave her a 3-under 281 for the tournament. Na Yeon Choi of South Korea shot a 5-under 66 at a softened-up Oakmont Country Club to tie Suzann Pettersen of Norway for second place at 1-over 285.
"That question always lurked: 'How come you never won a major?'?" said Creamer, whose thumb remained heavily bandaged during her post-tournament news conference. "Now we never have to get asked that question again. It's kind of a big relief off my shoulders."
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Most of all, a big relief off a hyperextended left thumb she estimates is only 60 percent healed. This was her fourth tournament since the operation.
Limited to 40 practice shots before each round to lessen the pounding on a thumb that was surgically repaired in March, Creamer found the best possible way to limit the discomfort — take as few strokes as possible.
The 23-year-old Creamer faded badly in the late rounds of the last two Women's Opens, and she missed the cut at last week's Jamie Farr Classic won by Choi. But she was as strong at Oakmont as her thumb is weak, with earlier rounds of 72, 70 and 70.
She had to be; after all, she punished that thumb by playing 52 holes during the final two days, including 23 on Sunday, because of Friday's heavy rain that slowed down some of the fastest, trickiest greens in golf and created better scores.
"I was in pain, but I was trying to do everything to not think about it," Creamer said. "It shows you how much the mental side of golf can really take over."
With Creamer's lead briefly down to two strokes, her two biggest confidence-building shots of the day might have been long, par-saving putts on No. 7 and 8 — even as Choi was charging with the tournament's second-best round. Song-Hee Kim had a 65 on Sunday and finished 13th.
Creamer, from Pleasanton, Calif., had four birdies and two bogeys, all but wrapping it up by hitting to within 10 feet out of the thick rough on the par-4 14th and dropping the putt for birdie. Only she didn't know for sure; she never looked at a leaderboard until the 18th.
She hit another exceptional mid-iron to 4 feet on the 442-yard 15th and made that, too.
"Without a doubt, I've matured over the last couple of months," said Creamer, so bored during her layoff, she attended the Masters as a spectator. "It was hard. I've prepared for this for the last three months, and it makes everything so much better. ... It (the adversity) made me more of an adult."
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