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18 USC 3612: Collection of unpaid fine or restitution Text contains those laws in effect on January 20, 2021
From Title 18-CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDUREPART II-CRIMINAL PROCEDURECHAPTER 229-POSTSENTENCE ADMINISTRATIONSUBCHAPTER B-FINES
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§3612. Collection of unpaid fine or restitution
(a) Notification of Receipt and Related Matters.-The clerk or the person designated under section 604(a)(18) of title 28 shall notify the Attorney General of each receipt of a payment with respect to which a certification is made under subsection (b), together with other appropriate information relating to such payment. The notification shall be provided-
(1) in such manner as may be agreed upon by the Attorney General and the Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts; and
(2) within 15 days after the receipt or at such other time as may be determined jointly by the Attorney General and the Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts.
If the fifteenth day under paragraph (2) is a Saturday, Sunday, or legal public holiday, the clerk, or the person designated under section 604(a)(18) of title 28, shall provide notification not later than the next day that is not a Saturday, Sunday, or legal public holiday.
(b) Information to be Included in Judgment; Judgment to be Transmitted to Attorney General.-(1) A judgment or order imposing, modifying, or remitting a fine or restitution order of more than $100 shall include-
(A) the name, social security account number, mailing address, and residence address of the defendant;
(B) the docket number of the case;
(C) the original amount of the fine or restitution order and the amount that is due and unpaid;
(D) the schedule of payments (if other than immediate payment is permitted under section 3572(d));
(E) a description of any modification or remission;
(F) if other than immediate payment is permitted, a requirement that, until the fine or restitution order is paid in full, the defendant notify the Attorney General of any change in the mailing address or residence address of the defendant not later than thirty days after the change occurs; and
(G) in the case of a restitution order, information sufficient to identify each victim to whom restitution is owed. It shall be the responsibility of each victim to notify the Attorney General, or the appropriate entity of the court, by means of a form to be provided by the Attorney General or the court, of any change in the victim's mailing address while restitution is still owed the victim. The confidentiality of any information relating to a victim shall be maintained.
(2) Not later than ten days after entry of the judgment or order, the court shall transmit a certified copy of the judgment or order to the Attorney General.
(c) Responsibility for Collection.-The Attorney General shall be responsible for collection of an unpaid fine or restitution concerning which a certification has been issued as provided in subsection (b). An order of restitution, pursuant to section 3556, does not create any right of action against the United States by the person to whom restitution is ordered to be paid. Any money received from a defendant shall be disbursed so that each of the following obligations is paid in full in the following sequence:
(1) A penalty assessment under section 3013 of title 18, United States Code.
(2) Restitution of all victims.
(3) All other fines, penalties, costs, and other payments required under the sentence.
(d) Notification of Delinquency.-Within ten working days after a fine or restitution is determined to be delinquent as provided in section 3572(h), the Attorney General shall notify the person whose fine or restitution is delinquent, to inform the person of the delinquency.
(e) Notification of Default.-Within ten working days after a fine or restitution is determined to be in default as provided in section 3572(i), the Attorney General shall notify the person defaulting to inform the person that the fine or restitution is in default and the entire unpaid balance, including interest and penalties, is due within thirty days.
(f) Interest on Fines and restitution.-
(1) In general.-The defendant shall pay interest on any fine or restitution of more than $2,500, unless the fine is paid in full before the fifteenth day after the date of the judgment. If that day is a Saturday, Sunday, or legal public holiday, the defendant shall be liable for interest beginning with the next day that is not a Saturday, Sunday, or legal public holiday.
(2) Computation.-Interest on a fine shall be computed-
(A) daily (from the first day on which the defendant is liable for interest under paragraph (1)); and
(B) at a rate equal to the weekly average 1-year constant maturity Treasury yield, as published by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, for the calendar week preceding the first day on which the defendant is liable for interest under paragraph (1).
(3) Modification of interest by court.-If the court determines that the defendant does not have the ability to pay interest under this subsection, the court may-
(A) waive the requirement for interest;
(B) limit the total of interest payable to a specific dollar amount; or
(C) limit the length of the period during which interest accrues.
(g) Penalty for Delinquent Fine.-If a fine or restitution becomes delinquent, the defendant shall pay, as a penalty, an amount equal to 10 percent of the principal amount that is delinquent. If a fine or restitution becomes in default, the defendant shall pay, as a penalty, an additional amount equal to 15 percent of the principal amount that is in default.
(h) Waiver of Interest or Penalty by Attorney General.-The Attorney General may waive all or part of any interest or penalty under this section or any interest or penalty relating to a fine imposed under any prior law if, as determined by the Attorney General, reasonable efforts to collect the interest or penalty are not likely to be effective.
(i) Application of Payments.-Payments relating to fines and restitution shall be applied in the following order: (1) to principal; (2) to costs; (3) to interest; and (4) to penalties.
(j) Evaluation of Offices of the United States Attorney and Department Components.-
(1) In general.-The Attorney General shall, as part of the regular evaluation process, evaluate each office of the United States attorney and each component of the Department of Justice on the performance of the office or the component, as the case may be, in seeking and recovering restitution for victims under each provision of this title and the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 801 et seq.) that authorizes restitution.
(2) Requirement.-Following an evaluation under paragraph (1), each office of the United States attorney and each component of the Department of Justice shall work to improve the practices of the office or component, as the case may be, with respect to seeking and recovering restitution for victims under each provision of this title and the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 801 et seq.) that authorizes restitution.
(k) GAO Reports.-
(1) Report.-Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this subsection, the Comptroller General of the United States shall prepare and submit to the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives and the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate a report on restitution sought by the Attorney General under each provision of this title and the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 801 et seq.) that authorizes restitution during the 3-year period preceding the report.
(2) Contents.-The report required under paragraph (1) shall include statistically valid estimates of-
(A) the number of cases in which a defendant was convicted and the Attorney General could seek restitution under this title or the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 801 et seq.);
(B) the number of cases in which the Attorney General sought restitution;
(C) of the cases in which the Attorney General sought restitution, the number of times restitution was ordered by the district courts of the United States;
(D) the amount of restitution ordered by the district courts of the United States;
(E) the amount of restitution collected pursuant to the restitution orders described in subparagraph (D);
(F) the percentage of restitution orders for which the full amount of restitution has not been collected; and
(G) any other measurement the Comptroller General determines would assist in evaluating how to improve the restitution process in Federal criminal cases.
(3) Recommendations.-The report required under paragraph (1) shall include recommendations on the best practices for-
(A) requesting restitution in cases in which restitution may be sought under each provision of this title and the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 801 et seq.) that authorizes restitution;
(B) obtaining restitution orders from the district courts of the United States; and
(C) collecting restitution ordered by the district courts of the United States.
(4) Report.-Not later than 3 years after the date on which the report required under paragraph (1) is submitted, the Comptroller General of the United States shall prepare and submit to the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives and the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate a report on the implementation by the Attorney General of the best practices recommended under paragraph (3).
(Added Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §212(a)(2), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2004 ; amended Pub. L. 100–185, §11, Dec. 11, 1987, 101 Stat. 1283 ; Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7082(c), (d), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4408 ; Pub. L. 101–647, title XXXV, §3592, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4931 ; Pub. L. 104–132, title II, §207(c)(2), Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1237 ; Pub. L. 106–554, §1(a)(7) [title III, §307(b)], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763 , 2763A-635; Pub. L. 107–273, div. B, title IV, §4002(b)(15), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1808 ; Pub. L. 114–324, §18, Dec. 16, 2016, 130 Stat. 1962 .)
The Controlled Substances Act, referred to in subsecs. (j) and (k), is title II of Pub. L. 91–513, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1242 , which is classified principally to subchapter I (§801 et seq.) of chapter 13 of Title 21, Food and Drugs. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 801 of Title 21 and Tables.
The date of enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (k)(1), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 114–324, which was approved Dec. 16, 2016.
Prior Provisions
For a prior section 3612, applicable to offenses committed prior to Nov. 1, 1987, see note set out preceding section 3601 of this title.
2016-Subsecs. (j), (k). Pub. L. 114–324 added subsecs. (j) and (k).
2002-Subsec. (f)(2)(B). Pub. L. 107–273 substituted "preceding the first day" for "preceding. the first day".
2000-Subsec. (f)(2)(B). Pub. L. 106–554 substituted "the weekly average 1-year constant maturity Treasury yield, as published by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, for the calendar week preceding." for "the coupon issue yield equivalent (as determined by the Secretary of the Treasury) of the average accepted auction price for the last auction of fifty-two week United States Treasury bills settled before".
1996-Pub. L. 104–132, §207(c)(2)(A), substituted "Collection of unpaid fine or restitution" for "Collection of an unpaid fine" in section catchline.
Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 104–132, §207(c)(2)(B)(i), inserted "or restitution order" after "fine" in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (b)(1)(C). Pub. L. 104–132, §207(c)(2)(B)(ii), inserted "or restitution order" after "fine".
Subsec. (b)(1)(E). Pub. L. 104–132, §207(c)(2)(B)(iii), struck out "and" at end.
Subsec. (b)(1)(F). Pub. L. 104–132, §207(c)(2)(B)(iv), inserted "or restitution order" after "fine" and substituted "; and" for period at end.
Subsec. (b)(1)(G). Pub. L. 104–132, §207(c)(2)(B)(v), added subpar. (G).
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104–132, §207(c)(2)(C), inserted "or restitution" after "unpaid fine" in first sentence and inserted at end "Any money received from a defendant shall be disbursed so that each of the following obligations is paid in full in the following sequence:
"(1) A penalty assessment under section 3013 of title 18, United States Code.
"(2) Restitution of all victims.
"(3) All other fines, penalties, costs, and other payments required under the sentence."
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–132, §207(c)(2)(D)(ii), which directed substitution of "or restitution is delinquent, to inform the person of the delinquency" for "is delinquent, to inform him that the fine is delinquent", was executed by making the substitution for "is delinquent to inform him that the fine is delinquent" to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
Pub. L. 104–132, §207(c)(2)(D)(i), inserted "or restitution" after "Within ten working days after a fine".
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104–132, §207(c)(2)(E), inserted "or restitution" after "days after a fine" and substituted "the person that the fine or restitution is in default" for "him that the fine is in default".
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 104–132, §207(c)(2)(F)(i), which directed amendment of heading by inserting "and restitution" after "on fines", was executed by inserting the material after "on fines" to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 104–132, §207(c)(2)(F)(ii), inserted "or restitution" after "any fine".
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 104–132, §207(c)(2)(G), inserted "or restitution" after "fine" in two places.
Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 104–132, §207(c)(2)(H), inserted "and restitution" after "fines".
1990-Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101–647 substituted "604(a)(18)" for "604(a)(17)" wherever appearing.
1988-Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 100–690, §7082(d), struck out ", by certified mail," after "fine is delinquent".
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 100–690, §7082(d), struck out ", by certified mail," after "the person defaulting".
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 100–690, §7082(c), inserted "or any interest or penalty relating to a fine imposed under any prior law" after "under this section".
1987-Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100–185, §11(a), substituted "Notification of receipt and related matters" for "Disposition of payment" in heading and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The clerk shall forward each fine payment to the United States Treasury and shall notify the Attorney General of its receipt within ten working days."
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 100–185, §11(b), substituted "Information to be included in judgment; judgment to be transmitted to Attorney General" for "Certification of imposition" in heading and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "If a fine exceeding $100 is imposed, modified, or remitted, the sentencing court shall incorporate in the order imposing, remitting, or modifying such fine, and promptly certify to the Attorney General-
"(1) the name of the person fined;
"(2) his current address;
"(3) the docket number of the case;
"(4) the amount of the fine imposed;
"(5) any installment schedule;
"(6) the nature of any modification or remission of the fine or installment schedule; and
"(7) the amount of the fine that is due and unpaid."
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 100–185, §11(c)(1), substituted "section 3572(h)" for "section 3572(i)".
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 100–185, §11(c)(2), substituted "section 3572(i)" for "section 3572(j)".
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 100–185, §11(d), amended subsec. (f) generally, substituting provisions relating to interest on fines, computation of interest, and modification of interest by court, for provisions relating to interest and monetary penalties for delinquent fines.
Subsecs. (g) to (i). Pub. L. 100–185, §11(e), added subsecs. (g) to (i).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
Amendment by Pub. L. 104–132 to be effective, to extent constitutionally permissible, for sentencing proceedings in cases in which defendant is convicted on or after Apr. 24, 1996, see section 211 of Pub. L. 104–132, set out as a note under section 2248 of this title.
Section effective Nov. 1, 1987, and applicable only to offenses committed after the taking effect of this section, see section 235(a)(1) of Pub. L. 98–473, set out as a note under section 3551 of this title.
Collection of Outstanding Fines
Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §237, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2033 , provided that:
"(a)(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), for each criminal fine for which the unpaid balance exceeds $100 as of the effective date of this Act [see section 235 of Pub. L. 98–473, as amended, set out as a note under section 3551 of this title], the Attorney General shall, within one hundred and twenty days, notify the person by certified mail of his obligation, within thirty days after notification, to-
"(A) pay the fine in full;
"(B) specify, and demonstrate compliance with, an installment schedule established by a court before enactment of the amendments made by this Act [Oct. 12, 1984], specifying the dates on which designated partial payments will be made; or
"(C) establish with the concurrence of the Attorney General, a new installment schedule of a duration not exceeding two years, except in special circumstances, and specifying the dates on which designated partial payments will be made.
"(2) This subsection shall not apply in cases in which-
"(A) the Attorney General believes the likelihood of collection is remote; or
"(B) criminal fines have been stayed pending appeal.
"(b) The Attorney General shall, within one hundred and eighty days after the effective date of this Act, declare all fines for which this obligation is unfulfilled to be in criminal default, subject to the civil and criminal remedies established by amendments made by this Act [see Short Title note set out under section 3551 of this title]. No interest or monetary penalties shall be charged on any fines subject to this section.
"(c) Not later than one year following the effective date of this Act, the Attorney General shall include in the annual crime report steps taken to implement this Act and the progress achieved in criminal fine collection, including collection data for each judicial district."


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A GPU IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SECOND ORDER ADJOINT STATE THEORY TO QUANTIFY THE UNCERTAINTY ON FWI
RESULTSUNA IMPLEMENTACIÓN EN GPU DE LA TEORÍA DEL ESTADO ADJUNTO DE SEGUNDO ORDEN PARA LA CUANTIFICACIÓN DE LA INCERTIDUMBRE EN RESULTADOS DE FWI
Sergio-Alberto Abreoa * , Ana-B Ramíreza , Oscar-Mauricio Reyesa
a CPS Research Group, Depart. Electrical, Electronic and Telecom. Eng- Universidad Industrial de Santander, carrera 27 calle 9 Bucaramanga, Colombia.
The second order scattering information provided by the Hessian matrix and its inverse plays an important role in both, parametric inversion and uncertainty quantification. On the one hand, for parameter inversion, the Hessian guides the descent direction such that the cost function minimum is reached with less iterations. On the other hand, it provides a posteriori information of the probability distribution of the parameters obtained after full waveform inversion, as a function of the a priori probability distribution information.
Nevertheless, the computational cost of the Hessian matrix represents the main obstacle in the state-of-the-art for practical use of this matrix from synthetic or real data. The second order adjoint state theory provides a strategy to compute the exact Hessian matrix, reducing its computational cost, because every column of the matrix can be obtained by performing two forward and two backward propagations.
In this paper, we first describe an approach to compute the exact Hessian matrix for the acoustic wave equation with constant density. We then provide an analysis of the use of the Hessian matrix for uncertainty quantification of the full waveform inversion of the velocity model for a synthetic example, using the 2D acoustic and isotropic wave equation operator in time.
Key words: Inverse theory; Waveform inversion; Numerical modelling
La información de dispersión de segundo orden proporcionada por la matriz Hessiana y su inversa juegan un papel importante en la inversión paramétrica y en la cuantificación de la incertidumbre. Para la inversión de parámetros, el Hessiano guía la dirección de descenso de manera que se alcanza el mínimo de la función de costo en un menor número de iteraciones. Por otro lado, proporciona información a posteriori de la distribución de probabilidad de los parámetros obtenidos luego de usar la inversión de onda completa, como una función de la distribución de probabilidad a priori.
Sin embargo, el costo computacional de la matriz Hessiana representa el principal obstáculo de este método para su uso práctico sobre datos sintéticos o datos reales. La teoría del estado adjunto de segundo orden proporciona una estrategia para calcular la matriz Hessian exacta, reduciendo su costo computacional, ya que cada columna de la matriz se puede obtener realizando dos propagaciones hacia adelante y dos hacia atrás.
En este artículo, primero mostramos una metodología para calcular la matriz Hessiana exacta usando la ecuación de onda acústica con densidad constante. Luego, proporcionamos un análisis del uso de la matriz Hessiana para la cuantificación de la incertidumbre de la inversión de onda completa en un ejemplo sintético, utilizando como operador la ecuación de onda acústica 2D, isotrópa con densidad constante en el dominio del tiempo.
Palabras-clave: Teoría inversa; Inversión de onda; Modelado numérico
Recently, full waveform inversion (FWI) has become an attractive technique for the estimation of high resolution parameters of the Earth's subsurface. FWI is formulated as a local optimization problem, where first-order or pre-conditioned first-order functions of the misfit between observed and modeled data, are used to find the search direction to the nearest minimum [1], [2] The inverse of the Hessian matrix not only guides the descent direction in the local optimization method, but also allows quantifying the uncertainty of the parameters estimated with FWI. For uncertainty quantification, the inverse of the Hessian matrix is related to the covariance matrix of the estimated set of parameters when Bayesian inference and Gaussian models are used to model the error between the real and estimated parameters [3] In fact, uncertainty of the FWI can be quantified using Gaussian model assumptions when 𝓵2 error norms are used as data-fitting term[4]. The second-order information of the misfit function, known as the Hessian matrix, is usually neglected in FWI implementations because computing this matrix for large scale problems (real inverse problems) is computationally unfeasible. Several methods have been proposed to compute approximations of the Hessian matrices, such as the BFGS and its variants [5], Newton, Gauss-Newton and Levenberg-Marquardt [6].
The main contributions of this work are two-fold. First, we provide the formulation of the adjoint wavefields used to compute the Hessian matrix using the Second Order Adjoint State Method (SOASM) for the acoustic and isotropic case. Special emphasis is placed on computing the adjoint wavefields using parallel programming such that a feasible implementation on GPUs is proposed. Second, we provide the link between the Hessian matrix and the uncertainty quantification of the estimated velocity model obtained with the acoustic and isotropic FWI. This is a function of the uncertainty of an a priori velocity model. The analysis of uncertainty of the estimated parameters are performed for different central frequencies of the source. Thus, we can identify which parameters are better resolved at different frequencies.
The exact Hessian matrix is obtained via the SOASM, which computes Hessian matrix-vector products by using auxiliary variables called adjoint variables [6]- [10]. As regards the acoustic and isotropic case, we obtained every column of the Hessian matrix using four wave propagations via finite-differences in time-domain (FDTD). In the FDTD scheme, every spatial point of a pressure wavefield snapshot can be computed independently, which generates an intrinsic parallelism in the numerical computation of the wave propagations. In this work, we exploit the high level of parallelism of the pressure wavefield modelled with FDTD through the use of parallel architectures as GPUs [11], for reducing the computational cost of the Hessian matrix computation.
This paper is organized as follows: the second section presents the adjoint wavefield equations and the pseudo-code of the parallel implementation on a GPU architecture. The third section describes the strategy for quantifying uncertainty of the estimated parameters after FWI. The fourth and fifth sections show the experiment conducted to test the SOASM implementation and the corresponding results with synthetic velocity models, respectively.
In this section, we describe the adjoint wavefields that are used to obtain Hessian-vector products. In particular, we formulate the adjoint wavefields for the acoustic and constant density model of a seismic source wave propagation. Furthermore, the pseudocode of the adjoint wavefields implementation is presented and its computational cost on CPUs and GPUs is also discussed.
Let H(v) be the Hessian matrix as a function of a given velocity model v. The l th column of H(v) can be obtained through the interaction of the wavefields u and α with the adjoint wavefields and as
where w i is the vector used to select the column of the Hessian matrix and <a,b> is the inner product operator between vectors a and b . The sources of the forward wavefields are f and Φw, and N xxN z represents the model size.
COMPUTING THE DERIVATIVE OF THE WAVEFIELD u
The wavefield u produced by a seismic source that propagates through an acoustic and isotropic medium can be modeled in two-dimensions for constant density as
where v(x,z) is the acoustic velocity of the medium as a function of the spatial variables x and z; u denotes the scalar pressure field, t is the time variable, and f(x,z) represents the seismic source. The wavefield u can be numerically obtained by using a finite-difference stencil in time domain (FDTD), with the initial conditions given by u(x,z,0) = 0, ∂u/∂t(x,z,0) = 0. The non-natural boundaries (left, right and bottom sides) of the FDTD numerical implementation are handled using Convolutional Perfectly Matched Layer (CPML), proposed by [12].
Equation 2 can be re-written in a general form as
where L represents the acoustic wave equation. The derivative of Equation 3 with respect to the model parameters is given by
Once the auxiliary field ∂ 2 u/∂t 2 has been computed, the solution for Equation 4 is easily obtained by multiplying the auxiliary field by the scale factor -2/v 3 (x,z). This is shown in steps 1 and 2 of Algorithm 1.
Table 1 Algorithm 1 SOASM for Hessian Matrix Computation.
COMPUTING THE ADJOINT WAVEFIELD
Let the adjoint wavefield , in operator form, be given by
where f† is defined in Equation 7. The derivative of previous operator with respect to the model parameters v is then
As the acoustic and isotropic wave equation (Equation 2) is used for computing the forward wavefield u, its adjoint wavefield can be computed using the same wave equation, because the system is self-adjoint. However, the propagation direction changes and the adjoint wavefield represents a back-propagation, meaning that the final conditions of the problem are defined as (x,z,T)=0 and (∂ /∂t(x,z,T) = 0, for a final time T.
In order to compute the adjoint wavefield , the receivers become sources (adjoint source) and the real source disappears as a consequence of the least square minimization of the cost function. The mathematical expression for the new set of sources is given by
where dobs represents the measured pressure wavefield at the surface level (seismic traces), dmod are the modeled seismic traces and, R†(⋅) represents the operator to flip the vector of residuals. Note that the residuals, used as sources, are injected from the final sample to the first sample. This is shown in steps 3 and 4 of Algorithm 1.
COMPUTING THE DERIVATIVE OF α
Before obtaining ∂(L(α,v)-Φw)/∂v, the auxiliar source Φw, and the wavefield α should be defined. Let Φw be an auxiliary source, defined by
where Nx is the number of grid points in the x direction, Nz is the number of points in the z direction, and wi (j) is a perturbation vector having zero-value in all but the jth coordinate. A non-zero value determines the location for the perturbation, which corresponds to one column vector of the Hessian matrix. If more than one perturbation is selected (i.e., more than one element in the vector wi (j) is different from zero) then the Hessian-vector-products compute a column that represents a linear combination of the selected Hessian matrix columns. The auxiliary wavefield α is a forward wavefield computed when the source is Φw, and the initial conditions are α(x,z,0)=0 and ∂α(x,z,0)/∂t=0.
The derivative of the wavefield α with respect to the model parameters v, is given by
Equation 9 represents the interaction between the forward field α and the perturbation of the geophysical model. This is shown in steps 5, 6 and 7 of Algorithm 1.
The adjoint wavefield is computed using as source
where Rα is the pressure field at the surface, obtained with the auxiliary field α. This means that the adjoint wavefield uses the number of receivers and the perturbations of the geophysical model as sources. Also, the final conditions are (x,z,T)=0 and ((∂ )/∂t) (x,z,T)=0. Note that (∂2 )/∂t2) was obtained previously.
The computation of the adjoint wavefield is shown in step 8 of Algorithm 1.
COMPUTING THE SECOND DERIVATE OF THE WAVEFIELD u
The second derivative of the forward wavefield u for the acoustic and isotropic case is given by
This is shown in step 9 of Algorithm 1.
Finally, as the terms in Equation 1 are known and the columns of the Hessian matrix can be obtained. A physical interpretation of each kernel in Equation 1 was presented by Fichtner [10].
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SOASM ON GPUS
The computational complexity of the wave propagation modeling is in the order of (N 3) for a squared synthetic model with N 2 elements and N time steps. However, if the same task is performed on a GPU then the execution time is reduced, as if the number of operations were (N), due to the parallelism level at each time step [11].
Now, according to the SOASM algorithm, the modeling of four wavefields(u,α, and ) is needed to compute one column of the Hessian matrix. Furthermore, as a model of N2 elements produces a Hessian matrix of N2 columns, then the full Hessian matrix has a computational cost of (4N5) for the SOASM. Nonetheless, when the SOASM is implemented on a GPU, the execution time is reduced as if the number of operations were (4N3). The reduction of two orders of magnitude in the execution time of the full Hessian matrix makes it feasible for uncertainty quantification.
UNCERTAINTY QUANTIFICATION
This section describes the link between the posterior covariance and the Hessian matrix using Bayesian inference. The posterior probability function of the model v given the observations dobs can be expressed as
where ρ(v) is the a priori density function of the model parameters and ρ(v|dobs) is the likelihood function that relates the observations with the given model parameters. If the likelihood and the a priori functions follow Gaussian multivariate distributions, and the relation between the observations and the model parameters is linear, then the posterior probability function ρ(v|dobs) is also Gaussian [3], and it is given by
where is the maximum likelihood solution of the model parameters and Σ post is the posterior covariance. The posterior covariance matrix can be obtained as a function of the Hessian matrix of the cost function H, and the a priori covariance matrix Σ prior, as follows
The a priori covariance matrix is chosen such that the correlations between model parameters are included. Assuming that the model parameters are uncorrelated and identically distributed, the a priori covariance matrix is given by
where I is the identity matrix, and the elements of the diagonal are the variance σ2 prior. Even though this is not a realistic model for the prior correlation of the model parameters, because usually parameters located at neighboring positions belong to the same class, the computation of the inverse prior is simple. Despite the assumption of uncorrelated model parameters in the prior density function of the model parameters, it is possible that the posterior covariance matrix has elements off-diagonal that are nonzero. The posterior correlation between the parameters and means that they were not independently resolved by the observed data during the full waveform inversion.
3. EXPERIMENTAL DEVELOPMENT
In this section, we describe the experiment that has been formulated to evaluate the Hessian matrix computation for the uncertainty quantification of the velocity model obtained after multi-scale FWI. We also evaluate the computational performance of obtaining the Hessian matrix via SOASM using GPUs.
EXPERIMENT DESCRIPTION
The synthetic true velocity model used to obtain the observed data d obs is depicted in Figure 1. The velocity model is of size N xxN z=211x68, with a spatial grid of 25 m (Δx=Δz=25 m). The background velocity is 2000 m/s and the diffracting squared area has a velocity of 2500 m/s. The diffracting element is a square of size 9x9 centered at the position x = 2650 m and z = 850 m. The observed and modeled data were produced using a set of 171 receivers placed in line at a depth of 125 m every 25 m, starting from the position 525 m to the position 4775 m. Each receiver recorded 3.5 s at a time step of 4 ms (Δt=4e -3s).
Different number of sources were Located at z=125 m and all of them have the source wavelet defined by
where f 0 Hz is the central frequency, and t 0 is a time delay parameter All the parameters of the numerical implementation were set to satisfy the Courant's stability criterion with a CPML area=20 (grid points). Please refer to [12] for the definition of the variables used in the CPML.
The velocity model used as starting point for a multi-scale FWI approach [13] is the same as Figure 1 but without the diffracting square (white square), where the central frequencies of the source wavelet were set to 3 Hz, 6 Hz and 9 Hz. The implementation uses a second and eighth order stencil of FDTD for approximating the time and spatial derivatives, respectively. We compute the gradient through the inner product between the derivative of the forward modeling and the residuals back propagation as it is proposed by Plessix [14] in Equation 36. Besides, the gradient computation uses CUDA-C for GPUs [15]- [16], For the first FWI iteration, we used linear interpolation to compute the step forward, and for the subsequent 39 Iterations, we used L-BFGS [17]. The resulting velocity model of the first inversion (f 0=3Hz) becomes the starting model for the second inversion (f 0=6 Hz). This process is repeated for the last frequency (f 0=9 Hz). The sources were placed at a depth of S z=125 m and their spatial location were obtained using the following equation
where a is the grid position of the first source (a=21), b the grid position of the last source (b=191), n the number of sources (n=1,51), S R the spatial resolution (S R=25 m) and ⌊ ⌉ represents the nearest integer operator.
Figure 1 Original velocity model [m/s] used in FWI with a background velocity of 2000 m/s and a diffracting square of 2500 m/s. The initial velocity model only has the background velocity of 2000 m/s and in both cases, the area out of the red square represents the CPML zone (left, right and down) and the free surface conditions (up). The source positions are marked in yellow and the 171 receivers are placed from the position 525 m to the position 4775 m all of them at the same depth of the sources (125 m).
The estimated velocities for the multi-scale process for one and fifty-one sources are depicted in Figure 2a and Figure 2b, respectively. In Figure 2 can be noticed that the estimated velocity for the diffracting square is closer to the true velocity as the number of sources increases. In fact, the FWI method is able to estimate the velocities inside the diffracting area with at least 51 sources. However, the zone below the diffracting area cannot be updated correctly during the inversion due to the acquisition geometry.
Figure 2 Multi-scale FWI results using the central frequencies f0=3, 6 and 9 Hz with 40 iterations per frequency step. Results for (a) 1 source and (b) 51 sources with the vertical log (c) taken at x=2.65 Km and the horizontal log (d) placed at z=0.85 Km of depth.
The Hessian matrix associated to the velocity model estimated with the FWI multi-scale approach for one source is shown in Figure 3, Note that the Hessian matrix, obtained via SOASM, differs from the one given by Virieux (see Figure 2a in [1]) because it is not symmetric. The lack of symmetry is a consequence of using superficial sources and receivers only. To obtain a symmetric Hessian matrix, an array of sources and receivers should be located enclosing the area of interest [1], but this is not feasible in real seismic acquisitions. Also, the resulting Hessian matrix is not positive definite, which can be explained by the fact that in a surface acquisition, we do not have sufficient observations to build a high-dimensional Hessian (or covariance) matrix from a reduced number of measurements. This can also be evidenced through the magnitude of the eigenvalues of the Hessian matrix, which rapidly decay to zero (see Figure 4).
Figure 3 Hessian matrix for the velocity model estimated with multi-scale FWI using 1 source and 171 receivers (see Figure 2a). This Hessian matrix describes the interaction of the 7182 elements inside the red square (see Figure 1).
Figure 4 Eigenvalues of the Hessian Matrices computed at (a) 3 Hz, (b) 6~Hz and (c) 9~Hz for one source and fifty-one sources. These eigenvalues describe the interaction of the 7182 elements inside the red square (see Figure 1).
The posterior covariance matrix can be obtained using Equation 14 for the estimated velocity models with a multi scale FWI method The Hessian matrix H is obtained via SOASM and the a priori covariance is obtained assuming uncorrelated pixels, as expressed in Equation 15.
For the estimated models using 1 and 51 sources, shown in Figure 2, the uncertainty of the model can be quantified using three different Hessian matrices, each associated to a central wavelet frequency (3, 6 and 9 Hz). The posterior covariance matrices Σ post are obtained by setting the a priori standard deviation for all pixels in σa=3, 5, 10, 20 and, 100 m/s. Figure 5 and Figure 6 depict the standard deviation of each pixel in the model, for one and fifty-one sources, which correspond to the square diagonal elements of the posterior covariance matrix Σ post. Note in Figure 5 and Figure 6 that the posterior variance decreases in comparison to the prior variance, in the area that is properly illuminated by the sources. For only one source, the illumination angle is smaller than for 51 sources, and thus only a small portion of the model is properly updated during the inversion process. Also, note that for the smaller frequency (3 Hz), the uncertainty can only be quantified coarsely, whereas for the larger frequency (9 Hz), the uncertainty can be quantified at a Level of pixel.
Figure 5 Posterior standard deviations, computed using Equation (14) at (a) 3 Hz, (b) 6 Hz and, (c) 9 Hz, for the velocity model estimated with 1 source (see Figure 2a). The Hessian matrices are computed using the SOASM and the a priori covariances are obtained using Equation 15 with the a priori standard deviations: (a) 100 m/s, (b) 20 m/s and, (c) 5 m/s. The red dots are placed at five points with different illumination.
Figure 6 Posterior standard deviations, computed using Equation 14 at (a) 3 Hz, (b) 6 Hz and, (c) 9 Hz, for the velocity model estimated with 51 sources (see Figure 2b). The Hessian matrices are computed using the SOASM and the a priori covariances are obtained using Equation 15 with the a priori standard deviations: (a) 20 m/s, (b) 10 m/s and, (c) 3 m/s. The red dots are placed at five points with different illumination.
In addition, the uncertainty of the prior velocity model is reduced due to the "new" information brought by the observations in the inversion process. The comparison between posterior uncertainties and prior uncertainties can also be quantified. The uncertainty reduction of the i th pixel in the model, after the multi-scale FWI is measured as
where is the posterior variance of the i th pixel in the model. A value of VR i =0 or negative means that no-new information was brought from the observed data on the i th pixel. A positive value of VRi means that the inversion method added new information on the i th pixel and thus the uncertainty of the posterior variance is smaller than the a priori variance.
Information that complements the FWI results. The Hessian matrix is mainly affected by the ¡ L Lu mi nation area produced by sources and receivers, the source Figure 7 and Figure 8 illustrate the variance reduction. The uncertainty reduction given in Figure 7a shows that only a few parameters in the model have been "correctly" resolved, This occurs since the posterior covariance is obtained using a low frequency wavelet as source, which quantifies the uncertainty of a group of neighboring pixels instead of the uncertainty of one single pixel at the time. Figure 7b and Figure 7c show the uncertainty reduction using sources with higher frequencies. Particularly, Figure 7c shows the reduction in the uncertainty for every single parameter n the model, and a higher reduction is obtained (as expected) in the area underneath the source.
Figure 7 Variance reduction computed with Equation 18 for the posterior standard deviations illustrates in Figure 5. For these results the a priori variances were set to (a) 10000 [m/s]2 for 3 Hz, (b) 400 [m/s]2 for 6 Hz and (c) 25 [m/s]2 for 9 Hz. The red dots are placed at five points with different illumination.
Figure 8 Variance reduction computed with Equation 18 for the posterior standard deviations illustrates in Figure 6. For these results the a priori variances were set to (a) 400 [m/s]2 for 3 Hz, (b) 100 [m/s]2 for 6 Hz and (c) 9 [m/s]2 for 9 Hz. The red dots are placed at five points with different illumination.
The a priori standard deviations were selected to define the lowest eigenvalues of the Hessian matrices accepted to compute the posterior covariance matrices. As the eigenvalues behavior vary when both the number of sources and the source frequency change then each experiment uses its own a priori standard deviation (see Figure 4). If the a priori standard deviation is set to a very small value then the information provided by the Hessian matrix is almost neglected for the posterior covariance. On the other hand, a large a priori standard deviation value produces a posterior covariance matrix that can be affected by the small eigenvalues of the Hessian matrix generating undesired effects (e.g. complex: negative or extremely high variance values). For the six tests, the a priori variances were selected to obtain as much information as possible from the Hessian matrices avoiding the undesired effects of the small eigenvalues.
Five pixels in the velocity model were selected to identify areas with Low illumination (P 1=(0.6,1) km and P 2=(4.5,0.4) km), with high illumination and under a high velocity contrast area (P 3=(2.65,0.975) km) and with high illumination over a high velocity area (P 4=(2,0.625) km and P 5=(2.65,0.75) km). The true velocity value for P 1, P 2, P 3 and P 4 is 2000 m/s (outside the diffracting square) and for P 5 is 2500 m/s (inside the diffracting square). The pixels are marked in red color in Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure 7, and Figure 8. For all the tests P 1, P 2 and P 3 were never updated as a consequence of the lack of illumination or the interference produced by the diffracting square. The standard deviation for P 4 and P 5 are affected by the source frequency, the number of sources and σPrior as Figure 5 and Figure 6 illustrates.
COMPUTATIONAL PERFORMANCE
The cost of computing the full Hessian matrix using FDTD, in terms of execution time and memory resources, is high since four wavefield propagations need to be obtained for each column. In particular we evaluate the performance of computing a single column when the FDTD approximation uses a second order stencil for time derivative and an eighth order stencil for the spatial derivatives. Two implementations are evaluated: (1) A serial ANSI-C implementation on an Intel(R) Xeon(R) E5-2609 and (2) a CUDA-C implementation on a Nvidia(R) GPU K40c. The execution times of one single column of the Hessian matrix are presented in Table 1. Besides, Table 2 summarizes the execution times and RAM requirements by the CUDA-C implementation to compute the full Hessian matrix. Note in Table 2 that increasing the number of sources does not increase the RAM required, but instead the computational cost increases linearly with the number of sources. The execution times of the full Hessian matrix for the serial ANSI-C implementation are not presented in Table 2, as these are not computationally feasible.
Table 2 Execution times required for computing one-column of the Hessian matrix in CPU (Intel(R) Xeon(R) E5-2609) and GPU (Tesla K40c).
Table 3 Execution times and RAM size used to compute the full matrix H (7182x7182 elements) for different sources using a GPU Tesla K40c.
4. RESULTS ANALYSIS
The Hessian matrix provides valuable information for resolution uncertainty analysis and radiation patterns identification [18] Therefore, computational strategies are needed to make feasible the use of the Hessian matrix. In this work, it has been demonstrated that GPU architectures make feasible the implementation of the second-order adjoint method because the execution time is reduced in two orders of magnitude.
This work presents a parallel implementation of the Hessian matrix-vector products using GPU architectures. The implementation uses the FDTD approximation to compute the wavefield propagations required by the SOASM.
We presented a practical method to compute the standard deviation over the final results (σp) from the a priori variance and HSOASM. Also, a variance reduction (VR) is computed to define the areas with less uncertainty. It is shown that VR growths when the source frequency and the number of sources increase. However a statistical analysis fails for P1 P2 and P3 because they are not correctly illuminated.
According to Table 2, the computational cost of obtaining the Hessian matrix has a linear behavior when the number of sources change. However, the main concern about computing the Hessian matrix arises when the model size increases given that the computational cost for the 2D implementation is (4N 5). To overcome this problem a cluster of GPUs that divides the load over all the nodes can be used. Also, the computation of the Hessian matrix only for the area of interest decreases the computational cost.
The eigenvalues of a matrix are useful to identify, classify and compare set of matrices through characteristics as the condition number, the rank and the trace [19]. In the theoretical case, if the velocity model has been correctly resolved then the rank of the Hessian matrix evaluated at that point equals the number of model dimensions (i.e., N xxN z) and the condition number equals one because all the eigenvalues have a magnitude close to one.
In this case, the theoretical behavior of the Hessian matrix near the solution is used as a reference to define whether the velocity models are improving after the FWI. Figure 4 illustrates the eigenvalue magnitudes of the Hessian matrices computed from the FWI results at 3 Hz, 6 Hz and 9 Hz for one and fifty-one sources including the 7011 dimensions (171x41). The eigenvalues of all the Hessian matrices are non-zero and their magnitudes are above -250 dB. This produces full rank matrices (i.e., rank=N x×N z=7182) for all the cases. Besides, if the number of sources increases from one to fifty-one then the eigenvalue magnitudes also increase. But, in all cases the results are still far from the theoretical behavior of the Hessian matrix because the condition numbers are much greater than one due to the ratio of the largest singular value to the smallest singular value is also much greater than one.
Hessian matrices are key for decision-making processes, as they provide new frequency used for the Hessian kernels computation the resolution of the estimated velocity model and the numerical error of the implementation. Therefore, a deepest sensitivity analysis must be done on how the above parameters affect the Hessian matrix. Finally, our implementation makes it feasible to obtain the Hessian matrix for small models. Nonetheless, other computational strategies must be explored to reduce both RAM requirements and execution time, before the SOASM can be successfully applied on real data.
This work is supported by Ecopetrol S.A. and Colciencias as a part of the research project grant No. 0266-2013
[1] Virieux, J. and Operto, S. (2009). An overview of full-waveform inversion in exploration geophysics. Geophysics, 74(6):WCC1-WCC26. [ Links ]
[2] Wu, Z. and Alkhalifah, T. (2016). The optimized gradient method for full waveform inversion and its spectral implementation. Geophysical Journal International, 205(3):1823-1831. [ Links ]
[3] Tarantola, A. (2005). Inverse problem theory and methods for model parameter estimation. SIAM. [ Links ]
[4] Zhun, H., Li, S., Fomel, S., Stadler, G., and Ghattas, O. (2016). A bayesian approach to estimate uncertainty for full-waveform inversion using a priori information from depth migration. Geophysics , 81(5):307-323. [ Links ]
[5] Nocedal, J. (1980). Updating quasi-newton matrices with limited storage. Mathematics of Computation, 35(151):773-782. [ Links ]
[6] Nocedal, J. and Wright, S. (2006). Numerical optimization. Springer Science & Business Media. [ Links ]
[7] Métivier, L., Brossier, R., Operto, S., Virieux, J., et al. (2012). Second-order adjoint state methods for full waveform inversion. In EAGE 2012-74th European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers Conference and Exhibition. [ Links ]
[8] Métivier, L., Brossier, R., Virieux, J., and Operto, S. (2013). Full waveform inversion and the truncated newton method. SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, 35(2):B401-B437. [ Links ]
[9] Fichtner, A. (2010). Full seismic waveform modelling and inversion. Springer Science & Business Media. [ Links ]
[10] Fichtner, A. and Trampert, J. (2011). Hessian kernels of seismic data functionals based upon adjoint techniques. Geophysical Journal International , 185(2):775-798. [ Links ]
[11] Abreo, S., Ramirez, A., Reyes, O., Abreo, D., and Gonzalez, H. (2015). A practical implementation of acoustic full waveform inversion on graphical processing units. CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro, 6(2):5-19. [ Links ]
[12] Pasalic, D., McGarry, R., et al. (2010). Convolutional perfectly matched layer for isotropic and anisotropic acoustic wave equations. In 2010 SEG Annual Meeting. Society of Exploration Geophysicists. [ Links ]
[13] Bunks, C., Saleck, F. M., Zaleski, S., and Chavent, G. (1995). Multiscale seismic waveform inversion. Geophysics , 60(5):1457-1473. [ Links ]
[14] Plessix, R.-E. (2006). A review of the adjoint-state method for computing the gradient of a functional with geophysical applications. Geophysical Journal International , 167(2):495-503. [ Links ]
[15] Mao, J., Wu, R.-S., Wang, B., et al. (2012). Multiscale full waveform inversion using gpu. In 2012 SEG Annual Meeting. Society of Exploration Geophysicists. [ Links ]
[16] Wang, B., Gao, J., Zhang, H., Zhao, W., et al. (2011). Cuda-based acceleration of full waveform inversion on GPU. In 2011 SEG Annual Meeting. Society of Exploration Geophysicists. [ Links ]
[17] Liu, D. C. and Nocedal, J. (1989). On the limited memory bfgs method for large scale optimization. Mathematical programming, 45(1-3):503-528. [ Links ]
[18] Operto, S., Gholami, Y., Prieux, V., Ribodetti, A., Brossier, R., Metivier, L., and Virieux, J. (2013). A guided tour of multiparameter full-waveform inversion with multicomponent data: From theory to practice. The Leading Edge, 32(9):1040-1054. [ Links ]
[19] Martiartua, N. K., Boehma, C., Vinarda, N., Balicb, I. J., and Fichtner, A. (2017). Optimal experimental design to position transducers in ultrasound breast imaging. In SPIE Medical Imaging, pages 101390M-101390M. International Society for Optics and Photonics. [ Links ]
Received: April 21, 2018; Revised: August 29, 2018; Accepted: October 05, 2018
* email: abreosergio@gmail.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Some Projection Left: Mike Trout Goes To College
Christopher Crawford
One of my favorite things is revisionist history, because it gives me a chance to revise history.
One of my favorite players is Mike Trout, because he's a lot of fun to watch and he's the best player in baseball.
Today, I am going two of my favorite things, and I'm going to create some revisionist history with Mike Trout.
Right now, Mike Trout is the best player in baseball. It's not even close. He has provided more value for the Angels than any player in the league, and he's doing it at the age of 24, which is ridiculous. What Mike Trout has done is ridiculous. That they got a player like this with the 25th pick of the 2009 draft is all the more amazing.
Let's go back to June of 2009. The Hangover was making you laugh and Up was making you cry, the dulcet tones of the All-American Rejects were blasting on your iPod, and a barely known outfielder named Michael Nelson Trout was intriguing scouts with his athleticism in Millville, New Jersey.
Let's keep a couple things in mind. First, Mike Trout was not the best prospect in the 2009 draft class. In fact, Trout wasn't particularly close to that level. Stephen Strasburg was not only the best prospect in that draft, he was the best draft prospect on paper of the past decade. Maybe ever. Second, the Garden State prior to Trout did not exactly have a glowing track record, and we were just coming off the failure of former Orioles first-rounder Billy Rowell. Whether or not it's wrong to hold a player's area against him is another article, but it definitely happens.
So, with Trout being a first-round talent—but not a transcendent one—and with questions about the area, let's play the what if game. What if Mike Trout doesn't get taken by the Angels with pick 25, slides into what we now call day two, and chooses to honor his commitment to East Carolina University?
Freshman Year:
Trout would have had to beat out Trent Whitehead, an All-Conference player who made a preseason All-American team as a junior, to be the starting center fielder. Something tells me he would have probably earned that spot, or at the very least, would have played every day in the corner outfield.
In 2010, Trout hit .341/.428/.490 with 10 homers and 56 steals in 131 games at Low-A Cedar Rapids and High-A Rancho Cucamonga. Because this is my what-if game, I get to set the comparisons and set the adjustments on his collegiate stats. Clemson's Seth Beer was the best freshman in the country in 2016, hitting .369/.535/.700 with 18 homers. Mike Trout is better than Seth Beer, and would have faced worse competition (Conference USA compared to the ACC), AND it was the last year of the not-dead bats. We'll bump everything five percentage points: .419/.585/.750, with 25 homers and 40 stolen bases. Mike Trout is already a star and the prohibitive favorite to be the first pick in the 2012 MLB Draft.
Sophomore Year:
As mentioned above, 2011 was the first year of the NCAA "deadening" the bats to try and keep offense under control. You think a deadened aluminum bat is gonna keep Mike Trout down? As a 19-year-old, Trout hit .326/.414/.544 at Double-A Arkansas, and then—especially for a teenager—held his own for a quarter of a season as a big-leaguer.
There is no collegiate comp for this. There just isn't. This is Dustin Ackley's college hit tool with Kris Bryant's power but way better. Oh wait, maybe there is a comp. Dustin Ackley hit .417 with a .517 on-base percentage. Kris Bryant slugged .671 with 14 homers in his sophomore year. Mike Trout is better than both of those players, but we won't increase the batting average too much, because BABIP is a real thing. We'll say Mike Trout hits .420/.530/.800 with 30 homers and another 50 steals. Mike Trout has become the greatest college baseball player to ever live, and barring an injury or off-the-field nonsense, is going to be the first player taken in the 2012 draft.
Junior Year:
In 2012, as a 20-year-old until August, Mike Trout was the best player in baseball. If not for geography and the belief that a stat created for baseball cards was important, he would have been the MVP of the American League. Mike Trout hit .326/.399/.564, hit 30 homers, and stole 49 bases.
I don't know how you even begin to extrapolate this to the collegiate level, but I'll try. First, the on-base percentage is going way up, because I have no idea why you'd try and pitch to this dude if you're a team in Conference USA. In his junior season, Bryant walked 66 times. Assuming he doesn't become frustrated by being pitched around/intentionally walked a lot, I think 100 walks for Trout is a fair assumption. The batting average and slugging percentage probably stay right around the same as the sophomore season, but a big jump in the OBP sees his line of .420/.630/.800. That's basically Bonds in 2004. Goodness gracious.
So, we've had fun with the numbers, which leads me to two important questions, one easier to answer than the other. Let's start with the easy one. The draft. This is the first year that the new Draft Allocated fund rules are in place. The Houston Astros had $11,177,700 dollars to spend on their class. The first pick that year came with a pool amount of $7.2 million dollars. The largest bonus ever given to a draft prospect was Gerrit Cole the previous year for $8 million dollars. I cannot imagine that Trout gets anything less than the recommended slot, and I would guess with this kind of prestige, he's getting at least what Cole got. If the bonus doesn't exist (this is a good dream), you're probably looking at double that, maybe even triple. It wouldn't stun me one bit if he was a $25 million dollar bonus player. If he was Cuban, he'd get double that. He'd be worth so much more, but it's tough for me to believe he'd get anywhere close to the real value, which is probably right around $60 million-$70 million. Then again, maybe Trout is so good someone sucks it up and pays it. Maybe Trout is so good that he breaks a system that would have only been in place for months. It's fun to dream, isn't it?
Now, the harder question. Where would that rank Trout among the all-time great, young baseball players. Let's be honest, college baseball has grown some in popularity, but when you compare it to basketball and football, it's an afterthought. Can you tell me who won the Golden Spikes Awards when Trout would have been in college? Bryce Harper, Trevor Bauer and Mike Zunino. All three "famous" prospects (we could do this whole article on Bryce Harper, too), but compare that to the three guys who won the Heisman Trophy at that point in their careers: Cam Newton, Robert Griffin III, and Johnny Manziel. All three of those guys were world famous before they were (legally) paid to play. All that being said, we've never seen numbers like this at the college level, and he was doing it while playing elite defense in center field, which I purposely have not mentioned until now because holy crap you forgot about how good at defense he is, didn't you? Would we be saying the same thing about Mike Trout if he had three years of doing that? Would he have taken college baseball to a whole new level? Would he have made that year's draft a ratings bonanza? No, probably not, and maybe for a year.
We can't say for sure because, well, none of us have the power to go back in time and look at it, but it's fascinating to think about how underrated Mike Trout would have been from a historical standpoint had he gone to college.
Dustin Ackley
Yes That Dustin Ackley
Cheese In the Kitchen: The Best of Aught Times $
by Wilson Karaman	6/06
Guarding the Lines: True Outcomes
by Jarrett Seidler	3/05
Some Projection Left: Ask The Industry: Trading for Trout
by Christopher Crawford	5/11
BP Unfiltered: From the Road: Up Close, Batting Practice at 2014 MLB Futures Game
by Nick J. Faleris	8/01
Minor League Update: Games of May 9-11
by Jeff Moore	5/12
View article on legacy site.
Skuggs
I love thought experiments like this, and this is obviously a pointless question, but aren't you ignoring the fact that perhaps much of Trout's growth was related to 1) facing better competition and 2) professional instruction? Impossible to quantify, and it's probable that 98% of it is Trout's talent anyway...but do you get the sense that some guys miss out on potential growth by going to college?
Reply to Skuggs
Without question Trout was helped with professional instruction, and I'm by no means suggesting that he missed out by going to school. I just thought it'd be fun to see what his legacy might be if he went this route.
Reply to Theman3983
lyricalkiller
Trout was otherwordly from almost literally Day 1. He was way better than he should have been as a 17yo in AZL, and as an 18yo in MWL. He was hitting something like .500 in his first few weeks of his first full season. I'm not willing to give PD nearly as much credit as I would normally. To paraphrase Mike Scioscia on Trout: Only God deserves credit for him.
Reply to lyricalkiller
Shauncore
Seven words: Mike Trout in the Cape Cod League
Reply to Shauncore
LlarryA
Two Words (tm): Ouch. (For everyone else)
Reply to LlarryA
Eddy5791
Fun article, thanks for writing it up.
Reply to Eddy5791
Glad you enjoyed it. It was a hoot and a holler to write it.
garciamckinley
All history is revisionist history. Revision is the re-interpretation of existing historical paradigms. This is alternative history—and a fun one.
Reply to garciamckinley
Mind. Blown.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
ACCEPTED

#### According to
Index Fungorum

#### Published in
Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 6: 292 (1963)

#### Original name
Cordyceps prolifica f. terminalis Kobayasi

### Remarks
null


A further cut in the Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for Lake Erie perch and walleye is a sign of the declining health of the resource. The TAC influences commercial limits on the Canadian side and recreational limits on the U.S. side.
Fisheries managers from Ontario and American states bordering the lake recommended a TAC of 3.356 million walleye and 12.237 million pounds of yellow perch — a decrease in TAC for both species.
The decreased hatch success in the lake's western basin played a major part in the decision. Increasing nutrient loads are changing the western end of the lake, making the environment more hospitable for white perch, which prey on young yellow perch. Walleye were keeping white perch numbers in check when the population was high, following the successful 2003-year class. Walleye numbers are decreasing, however. Warmer winters are also a contributing factor.
"Biologists don't know if there is a specific reason for such wide extremes in spawning success, and why overall success has been lower since 2004," said Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) spokesman John Cooper.
Perch populations in the lake's central and eastern basins are faring better. "The Lake Erie Committee, in their 2012 announcement, pointed out that the yellow perch stocks appear to be healthier as one moves west to east across Lake Erie, consistent with environmental conditions, such as nutrient loads of recent years," Cooper said.


text:
D+Q to Publish Shigeru Mizuki's Onward Towards Our Noble Deaths and NonNonBa
Peggy Burns
Drawn & Quarterly has acquired North American English rights to two graphic novel memoirs,Onward Towards Our Noble Deaths and NonNonBā, by one of Japan's most acclaimed and legendary manga-kas, Shigeru Mizuki, it was announced today by Chris Oliveros, Editor-in-Chief, Acquiring Editor and Publisher of Drawn & Quarterly.
(c) MIZUKI PRO
Born March 8, 1922 in Sakaiminato, Tottori, Mizuki is a specialist in stories of yōkai and is considered a master of the genre. He is a member of The Japanese Society of Cultural Anthropology, and have travelled to over 60 countries in the world to engage in fieldwork of the yōkai and spirits of different cultures. Currently in Japan, the life of Mizuki and his wife has been made in an extremely popular television drama that airs daily. Mizuki is the recipient of many awards including Best Album award for NonNonBā and Heritage Essential award for Operation Mort, at the Angoulême International Comics Festival, the Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize Special Award, Kyokujitsu Shō Decoration, Shiju Hōshō Decoration and the Kodansha Manga Award. His hometown of Sakaiminato honored him with the Shigeru Mizuki Road, a street in his town decorated with bronze statues of his Ge Ge Ge no Kitaro characters and the Shigeru Mizuki International Cultural Center. The works of Mizuki have been published in Japan, South Korea, France, Spain, Taiwan, and Italy.
2021 has been an exciting, if nerve-wracking, year. Let's put pandemic and supply chain issues aside, and focus on the positive!…
2020 has been an unprecedented year in pretty much every way. We are overjoyed to have published 23 titles by outstanding…
2018 has been an exciting year for books! This year we had the pleasure of publishing 27 of 'em, 11 books…


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;

namespace CilJs.JSAst
{
    class JSObjectLiteral : JSExpression
    {
        static Regex identifierRegex = new Regex(@"^\w+$");
        public IEnumerable<KeyValuePair<string, JSExpression>> Properties { get; set; }

        public JSObjectLiteral()
        {
            Properties = new Dictionary<string, JSExpression>();
        }

        public override void Emit(Emitter emitter)
        {
            if (Properties.IsEmpty())
            {
                emitter.EmitString("{}");
                return;
            }

            emitter.EmitString("{");

            emitter.Formatting.IncreaseIndentation();

            {
                emitter.EmitNewLineAndIndentation();

                var first = true;

                foreach (var prop in Properties)
                {
                    if (false == first)
                    {
                        emitter.EmitString(",");
                        emitter.EmitNewLineAndIndentation();
                    }

                    first = false;

                    if (identifierRegex.IsMatch(prop.Key))
                    {
                        emitter.EmitString(prop.Key);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        emitter.EmitString("\"");
                        emitter.EmitString(prop.Key);
                        emitter.EmitString("\"");
                    }
                    emitter.EmitString(": ");
                    emitter.Emit(prop.Value);
                }

                emitter.EmitNewLine();
            }

            emitter.Formatting.DecreaseIndentation();

            emitter.EmitIndentation();
            emitter.EmitString("}");
        }

        public override IEnumerable<JSExpression> GetChildren()
        {
            return Properties.Select(k => k.Value);
        }
    }
}


A key strategy of Stanton Healthcare is the use of mobile, ultrasound-equipped clinics.
Leading the way is the flagship Stanton Healthcare in Boise, Idaho, with a Class A vehicle. In Idaho, the big purple bus features a clean, modern interior furnished comfortably. The former bedroom of the Mobile is now a complete exam room for ultrasound procedures.
At the Stanton SoCal affiliate, the 25" Stanton Mobile is completely renovated on the interior. Donated as a 1995 Class C Minnie Winnie, the Mobile was stripped and rebuilt as a custom medical clinic. The interior features built-in cabinets and exam table, a cozy counseling area, and a flat-screen for viewing ultrasounds.
Coming soon: Stanton Alabama is adding a new Stanton Mobile to the fleet! Intended to serve primarily the Birmingham and Tuscaloosa areas, the Stanton Mobile will bring the life-changing services of Stanton Healthcare to under-served women in Alabama.


I loved photographing this little girl in celebration of her 2nd birthday. So sweet! And then it turns out that her daddy is a fireman so we had some fun shooting with his hat. Although her dad didn't plan to be in any pictures, he put on his hat to try to convince his daughter to put it on and I absolutely adore the picture of the two of them smiling at each other with her reaching for the hat.


The current XCD/SOS exchange rate is 211.48. (Last updated on April 18, 2019 12:15:02 UTC).
It means you will get SOS 211.4814 for 1 XCD or XCD 0.0472 for 10 SOS.
SOS exchange rate was last updated on April 17, 2019 15:34:14 UTC.


text:
Q: SSDT for SSRS - Unable to connect to data source 'DataSource1'.The selected data extension ORACLE is not installed or cannot be loaded I installed the latest SSDT for visual studio 2015 to create/modify SSRS reports which connects to Oracle 11 database. The previous version of SSDT (for visual studio 2012) had "Oracle" as one of the values in the "Type" drop down list in the data source properties, which  worked perfectly fine if Oracle client software installed on the machine. However, the list values have changed in SSDT for Visual Studio 2015. There is no "Oracle" option anymore, instead there is "Oracle Database". But, if "Oracle Database" is selected, I get the error "Unable to connect to data source 'DataSource1'.The selected data extension ORACLE is not installed or cannot be loaded... ." Any idea how to resolve this issue?
PS: I tried the OLEDB option by specifying "Oracle Provider for OLEDB" which changes the connection string a bit to "Provider=OraOLEDB.Oracle.1;Data Source=DBName". The connection works but many queries stopped working with the message "ORA-00900:Invalid SQL Statement".

A: You need to use Oracle's 32-bit Data Access Components for SSDT / Visual Studio development with Oracle data sources:
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/topics/dotnet/utilsoft-086879.html
Please note if you are deploying to a 64 bit SSRS Server, you need to install the 64 bit version of the components on your SSRS Server.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Compound heterozygous mutations affect protein folding and function in patients with congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency
Gastroenterology. 2009 Mar;136(3):883-92. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.11.038. Epub 2008 Nov 19.
Marwan Alfalah 1 , Markus Keiser, Tosso Leeb, Klaus-Peter Zimmer, Hassan Y Naim
1 Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.11.038
Background & aims: Congenital sucrase-isomaltase (SI) deficiency is an autosomal-recessive intestinal disorder characterized by a drastic reduction or absence of sucrase and isomaltase activities. Previous studies have indicated that single mutations underlie individual phenotypes of the disease. We investigated whether compound heterozygous mutations, observed in some patients, have a role in disease pathogenesis.
Methods: We introduced mutations into the SI complementary DNA that resulted in the amino acid substitutions V577G and G1073D (heterozygous mutations found in one group of patients) or C1229Y and F1745C (heterozygous mutations found in another group). The mutant genes were expressed transiently, alone or in combination, in COS cells and the effects were assessed at the protein, structural, and subcellular levels.
Results: The mutants SI-V577G, SI-G1073D, and SI-F1745C were misfolded and could not exit the endoplasmic reticulum, whereas SI-C1229Y was transported only to the Golgi apparatus. Co-expression of mutants found on each SI allele in patients did not alter the protein's biosynthetic features or improve its enzymatic activity. Importantly, the mutations C1229Y and F1745C, which lie in the sucrase domains of SI, prevented its targeting to the cell's apical membrane but did not affect protein folding or isomaltase activity.
Conclusions: Compound heterozygosity is a novel pathogenic mechanism of congenital SI deficiency. The effects of mutations in the sucrase domain of SIC1229Y and SIF1745C indicate the importance of a direct interaction between isomaltase and sucrose and the role of sucrose as an intermolecular chaperone in the intracellular transport of SI.
COS Cells
Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Errors / genetics*
Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Errors / metabolism*
Chlorocebus aethiops
Enzyme Activation / genetics
Genetic Heterogeneity
Point Mutation*
Protein Transport / genetics
Sucrase-Isomaltase Complex* / chemistry
Sucrase-Isomaltase Complex* / deficiency
Sucrase-Isomaltase Complex* / genetics
Sucrose / metabolism*
Sucrase-Isomaltase Complex


CPRW FISHER Architects has created a design for the new Generator coworking offices at Britomart Place located in Auckland, New Zealand.
CPRW FISHER Architects were asked to support the continued growth of the Generator brand through the repurposing, repositioning, and regeneration of almost 3,000m2 spread over 3 contiguous floors of Auckland CBD workspace.
We facilitated this through the design of a unique, premium coworking environment, a new level of sophistication and user experience in an increasingly competitive sector, populated by a variety of providers and offerings.
Generator Britomart Place (GBP) needed to provide the level of agility and flexibility necessary to support a diverse range of residents and external users, while remaining true to the co-working ethos.
GBP encourages and supports a community culture through a variety of blended settings, whether they be for focussed or informal business meetings, social gatherings, functions, a quiet drink, or a meal while enjoying the harbour views from one of the expansive terraces.
GBP also wished to maintain an aesthetic and cultural connection to Generator Stanbeth House, the spiritual home and HQ of all things Generator. However, GBP should be somewhere that residents of other Generator sites (such as Stanbeth House or Madden Street) can aspire to as part of their own organisational growth.
Our first reaction was to step back and take a few deep breaths. Mindfulness in the workplace!
The top 3 floors (levels 10, 11, and 12) of 11 Britomart Place, just off Takutai Square, was originally designed for a financial services sector tenant, who had vacated and left their hard fit out almost 100% intact.
This inherited fit out was a very corporate and highly cellular workspace, but it did have the benefit of a tenant circulation stair connecting all 3 contiguous floors.
Along with our client Generator, we saw many benefits (including; environmental, timeframe, and commercial) in identifying where existing hard fit out elements could be retained and augmented as part of any new hard fit out, whilst still satisfying the functional brief requirements.
A diverse palette of new materials and finishes was employed throughout. This includes solid oak flooring, recycled fishing nets (now carpet tiles), bespoke leather and timber wall panels, bronze tinted mirrors, acoustic ceilings, hanging gardens, and an eclectic mix of soft fit out items.
The project team had just over 7 months to design, document, build, and commission the new Generator Britomart Place fit out. During this time Generator were also securing new tenants and finalising lease agreements for GBP, so design & planning changes were being accommodated by the wider project team almost up until occupation.
We utilised Virtual Reality throughout the design process to assist and inform both planning and aesthetic related decisions with the client. This also enabled the Generator Marketing and Sales team to give prospective residents an exciting taste of their future workplace via a virtual tour.


text:
Q: C# - how to make a request to Google Developer API I'm trying to make a get request to the Google Developer API to see a set of reviews. I can see from Google's documentation that the get request I need to make is: https://www.googleapis.com/androidpublisher/v3/applications/your_package_name/reviews?
access_token=your_auth_token
When attempting to set up the API access (following Google's Getting Started guide) I was given a JSON certificate that contained the following JSON (I have removed the private information):
  "type": "",
  "project_id": "",
  "private_key_id": "",
  "private_key": "",
  "client_email": "",
  "client_id": "",
  "auth_uri": "",
  "token_uri": "",
  "auth_provider_x509_cert_url": "",
  "client_x509_cert_url": ""
}

Where can I find the auth token needed for the Get request? I have tried looking at lots of the OAuth documentation as well as other answers on here but am still confused as to what the exact steps actually are to get what I want? I am not experienced with this sort of thing and would appreciate if someone could point me in the right direction in terms of the steps I actually need to take to get from the JSON Certificate to the GET request above? Thank you.

A: According to the Google documentation:

*

*Go to the APIs Console and log in with your Google Play Console account.

*Select Create project.

*Go to Services in the left-hand navigation panel.

*Turn the Google Play Android Developer API on.

*Accept the Terms of Service.

*Go to API Access in the left-hand navigation panel.

*Select Create an OAuth 2.0 client ID. On the first
  page, you will need to fill in the product name, but a logo is not
  required. Note that your end users will not see the product name. On
  the second page, select web application and set the redirect URI and
  Javascript origins. Both of these settings can be changed later.

*Select Create client ID.

Source


text:
Formula 1 can confirm that the 2023 season will consist of 23 races. That means the season will kick off with the Bahrain Grand...
Con un camuflaje especial, Volkswagen ha dado las primeras pistas del nuevo ID.7 en la feria de electrónica de consumo más grande del mundo,...
"2023 Car of the Year with a Latin flavor" – "Autos del Año 2023 con Sabor Latino" El 2022 fue un desafío para los principales...
The past, present and future of Aston Martin is to be honoured through a year-long celebration of the iconic British brand's 110th anniversary. Sunday 15...
The Bugatti family worldwide will on Sunday celebrate 114 years to the day that Jean Bugatti was born. As a freethinking engineer and designer,...
HOLA GEN3 ERA! SEASON 9 AND 2023 HANKOOK MEXICO CITY E-PRIX PREVIEW
MEXICO CITY, Mexico. Wed. 11 Jan. 2023: Season 9 and a new era of the ABB FIA Formula E World Championship begins this Saturday...
Zak Brown says he has been "impressed" with new driver Oscar Piastri, although the McLaren CEO is aware that the Australian's...
2022, Suma y Sigue…Otro Año Más…
2023 Cadillac Escalade-V: Unadulterated Comfort
MINI EN LAS LEGENDARIAS 24 HORAS DE NÜRBURGRING
Epic Driving Adventure to cover over 27,000 kilometers
EPA-estimated 42 MPG City!
The all-new 2022 Ford Maverick Hybrid pickup – the first standard hybrid pickup in America – is now officially...
Fragment meets Maserati
The partnership between Maserati and the Pioneer of Streetwear, Hiroshi Fujiwara kicked off last June with the global launch in Tokyo...
MAX VERSTAPPEN VENCE UN DUELO ESTELAR A DOS PARADAS CON LEWIS HAMILTON
CLAVES DEL GRAN PREMIO • Max Verstappen (Red Bull), que arrancaba desde la pole position, se ha impuesto en...
VICTORIA DE JAVIER PARDO Y ADRIÁN PÉREZ EN EL ERC2 EN HUNGRÍA
El Equipo Suzuki de nuevo disputó una prueba del ERC2, el Rally de Hungría, y de nuevo firmó una...
We love the 2021 Toyota GR Supra
Toyota introduced the Supra in 2020, a completely new model, twenty-one years after the last Supra left the United...
Bugatti Presents the Centodieci at Concorso d'Eleganza Villa d'Este 2021
A.Giron | October 6, 2021
Bugatti brought the Centodieci to the renowned international Concorso d'Eleganza at Villa d'Este, Como, Italy last weekend. Also on...
2021 Toyota Camry Nightshade Edition – Truly Desirable Once Again
The Toyota Camry has to be one of the auto manufacturer's best-selling family sedans of all time. While it...
2021 Hyundai Sonata Limited A Near-Luxury Sedan Breaking New Ground
One of the first impressions we got of the 2021 Sonata Limited was, it looked like something designed and...
2021 Lexus ES250 F Sport – Luxury For Everyone
The 2021 Lexus ES250 F Sport is a bargain at slightly over $40k compared to competitors like the Volvo...
2021 Mercedes GLS 450 4Matic Offers Class-Leading Three-Row Luxury
The 2021 Mercedes GLS 450 4Matic bears a similar styling to the third generation that arrived in late 2020,...
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Another day hour, another iPod dock. This time it's CyrusLink's turn with its imaginatively named LinkDock. Essentially this a simple, compact seating position for your iPod, compatible with most models excluding the shuffle. It also has a remote and touch sensitive volume controls, an auxiliary input and an output. Like most other docks it will also charge your iPod for you, however this one does not have the option to attach a USB cable as well.
I have shifted around our usual review format here (*gasp*) because I want to get this out of the way. Here's what's wrong with the LinkDock: the remote. CyrusLink has made some effort to make sure that the remote offers the full range of iPod controls, even though it is pretty tricky without the click wheel. Ironically it managed to get that bit right, but subsequently messed up the play/pause and skip buttons.
Basically, the play/pause button doesn't work. I managed to make it pause twice, but never recommence playing. Now it could well be a flaw in the review unit, but the skip buttons have a similar issue – they work fine, except for the part where they don't, you know, skip – they just jog the track forward in 5 second leaps. Let's assume that this is a fault, so just make sure you check it out before you shell out for one.
Now on to the positives – CyrusLink and a number of websites, including Tech Digest, drew attention to the fact that the LinkDock made a good start in life with a five star review from What Hi-fi. I mention it because it makes think that they didn't suffer from the same remote control issues, or were so completely absorbed in testing the sound quality they missed it. And if so, fair enough, because sound quality is definitely the LinkDock's strength.
Somehow, the four onboard speaker units, offering a not-so-earshattering 4 watts of power sound really good. No there isn't a lot of bass or anything, but the mid-range sound is surprisingly well defined and does a surprisingly good job of filling a small space, which is an impressive feat for a sub-£100, 11 x 21 x10cm unit.
The remote issue spoiled my experience with the LinkDock, so make sure that doesn't happen to you if you're thinking of splashing out. However, the level of sound quality and the volume to which the dock can be pushed without distortion is incredibly impressive. That, along with the competitive price tag of £70, makes it very good value for money.
Redten Internet giving away PC and broadband for £20pm. Good deal?


text:
Royals Links: Concussions, Prospects, Santana, & More
By Hunter Samuels
Mandatory Credit: Kim Klement-USA TODAY Sports
The calendar is inching ever closer to February, which means my need for baseball is inching ever closer to its peak. If you're anything like me, this last month has seemingly taken forever, and spring training can't get here soon enough. Obviously there is a lot of anticipation in regards to the upcoming Royals season, but I'm just excited to see some baseball being played once again. To hold you over for now, here are some interesting articles from the last several days.
– On KC Kingdom, Aaron Reese wrote an excellent piece on the effects of concussions on catchers. He put a lot of research into it, and showed how devastating the constant trauma can be. This simply has to be a growing concern for teams around baseball, and perhaps even moreso for the Royals with all of the hits Salvador Perez took last year.
– Marc Hulet of Fangraphs broke down the Royals top 10 prospects, and included some scouting reports along with future projections. There were no real surprises anywhere to be found, with the usual suspects topping the list.
– Clay Davenport released his first team projections for 2014, and the early numbers aren't pretty for the Royals. Davenport's system has the boys in blue pegged for 77 wins, which would be incredibly disappointing, to say the least. I think that projection is far too conservative, but it is based on data that suggests it's a possibility.
– Over at Pine Tar Press, David Lesky made 5 bold predictions regarding the upcoming season for the Royals.
– David Schoenfield of ESPN's SweetSpot blog wrote a two-part post on the correlation between payroll and wins in the past five seasons. He simply looked up the number of wins by each team and their payroll in that span, and ranked them. As you would expect, there is a generally direct relationship between the two sets of data, with a few exceptions. And also as you would expect, the Royals are near the bottom in both categories.
– Despite rumors saying otherwise, MLB Daily Dish's Tyler Drenon suggests that Ervin Santana and Ubaldo Jimenez could still benefit from Matt Garza's surprising contract. With one less starter on the market, and still plenty of teams needing frontline pitching, Santana and Jimenez may generate enough interest to still receive a fat paycheck before spring training rolls around next month.
– Finally, for something not exclusively Royals-related, Jayson Stark of ESPN wrote a column on Bud Selig's legacy as he is entering his final year as MLB Commissioner. Stark says Selig has been "the greatest and most important commissioner in the history of the sport. Period." On it's face, that statement may seem silly, but I'm having a hard time arguing otherwise. For all the criticism Selig receives (much of it deservedly so) he's done a lot of great things while in office, and the sport is in a seemingly terrific place for the future.


text:
Cobbitty 2570
Wisteria Rise
Wisteria Rise Cobbitty, NSW 2570
Here you can find everything you need to know about the street appeal of Wisteria Rise, Cobbitty . This includes a break down of property types, sold and for sale prices and even the record sale price. You can also view information about Cobbitty and much more.
Upgrade to Premium to see available development permits for this street and Cobbitty, NSW. Learn more
Property Prices in Wisteria Rise
Cobbitty, NSW 2570
Part of: Camden Council No data available
The size of Cobbitty is approximately 52 square kilometres. It has 6 parks covering nearly 0.6% of total area. The population of Cobbitty in 2011 was 1,060 people. By 2016 the population was 2,070 showing a population growth of 95.3% in the area during that time. The predominant age group in Cobbitty is 40-49 years. Households in Cobbitty are primarily couples with children and are likely to be repaying $3000 - $3999 per month on mortgage repayments. In general, people in Cobbitty work in a managers occupation. In 2011, 77.6% of the homes in Cobbitty were owner-occupied compared with 80.3% in 2016. (source: Australian Bureau of Statistics)
View CobbittySuburb Profile View all properties for sale in Cobbitty
View all properties for sale in Cobbitty
Other Streets in Cobbitty


Mark Joyner told us one strategy that worked really well for him. On the "thank you" page that appears after someone buys, he puts in a special offer or an upsell. This increases the dollar value of each sale.
The increase is small compared to another thing that he did. Instead of putting his upsell or special offer only on the "thank you" page of his own website, he found other websites and got them to put up his offer.
This resulted in a massive increase in results.
It was my pleasure to be at the World Internet Summit. I travelled from the UK for the event and as far as I could see was the only attendee from the UK.
It was great to meet some of the speakers that I had met before like Mark Joyner.
I have a lot of respect for Mark. In my book he is probably the foremost marketing mind on the internet today.
I have a feeling that many of the attendees missed the point of a lot of what Mark had to say but for those of us who were fully tuned in to what he had to say, his thoughts were pure gold.
It was my pleasure to meet Ewen Chia and conduct an interview with him which I am hoping to market or use in my marketing in the future.
You're right there were some superb speakers there coupled with the opportunity to meet many of your people. It was a very rewarding trip for me, so much so that I intend to come back later this year for more of a holiday and hopefully meet up with some of the friends I made.
Hi Trevor, you are right. Mark is a profound thinker and his presentation on the first day might be a little bit too fast for the newbie.
The part that really got me thinking was the population dynamics graph he showed us.
Actually, I was a bit disappointed he didn't share his thoughts on it during his second presentation aftar having intrigued us.


text:
import { PsscmWebstorePage } from './app.po';

describe('psscm-webstore App', () => {
  let page: PsscmWebstorePage;

  beforeEach(() => {
    page = new PsscmWebstorePage();
  });

  it('should display message saying app works', () => {
    page.navigateTo();
    expect(page.getParagraphText()).toEqual('app works!');
  });
});


text:
Roy Review: Ranbir you disappointed us
Megha Singh
Roy hit the theaters on Friday and was able to mint 10.40 crores on its opening day that is far better than its counterpart release of the week- MSG: The messenger of God.
Roy is directed by Vikramjit Singh and stars Arjun Rampal, Ranbir Kapoor and Jacqueline Fernandez in the lead roles, whereas Anupam Kher and Shibani Dandekar in supporting roles.
Roy is a story of a Casanova filmmaker aka Arjun Rampal who falls in love with a London-based filmmaker aka Jacqueline Fernandez but Jacqueline on realizing his habits abandons him which gets him into depression and he is unable to complete his trilogy's script. He then on his secretary's request goes to meet her to get her back but fails and decides to move on. In the parallel story, Roy is an International thief who hasn't been caught by any police yet, meets a woman who owns the painting he wants to steal, makes her fall in love with her and makes a grab for it.
What worked for the film were Ranbir's hotness, his jacket, and his bike along with Arjun Rampal's teeny bit of good acting and Jacqueline's hot body. Although the film's songs were superb and the trailer release had gotten itself a million hits on the day of release. But that's where it ends.
What didn't work for the film was the script that was very confusing, and the people couldn't really relate to which story was real and which going on in the imagination. It seemed to a lot of people that it was a Hollywood film copy but then at some point it went so confusing that people started wishing it was a copy.
All in all, Roy is a movie for that class of people which enjoy being left hung on the mystery of what happened rather than being explicitly told the end. If you fall into that category, it's the movie of your lifetime, so do grab a ticket and watch it.
TagsArjun Rampal Bollywood Entertainment Jacqueline Fernandez ranbir kapoor
Fast and Furious 9: Is there a delay for the release date of the movie?
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A news media professional with a strong experience in online journalism, content management, and social media. Megha's strength includes the sound knowledge of health, yoga, meditation, and proficiency in packaging content for health-related issues.
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