Pivot Tables allow you to easily summarize, analyze and present large amounts of data.
However, to appropriately do this, you must be able to organize the data into adequately-sized and organized subsets. The grouping and ungrouping features of Pivot Tables allow you to easily do this.
Knowing how to quickly group data within a PivotTable report can help you immensely. This is because it allows you easily group a huge amount of disparate data into a few groups or subsets. Fewer groups allow you to simplify your analysis and focus on the (grouped) Items that matter the most.
One of the most useful features of a pivot table is the ability to combine items into groups.
This Pivot Table Tutorial explains all the details you need to know to group and ungroup data in a Pivot Table. I focus on showing how you can easily group different types of Fields in different circumstances. You can also find a thorough explanation of how to ungroup data. Finally, I explain how to solve some of the most common problems and challenges you may encounter when trying to group Pivot Table data.
The following table of contents lists the main contents I cover in the blog post below.
This Pivot Tutorial is accompanied by an Excel workbook example. If you want to follow each step of the way and see the results of the processes I explain below, you can get immediate free access to this workbook by subscribing to the Power Spreadsheets Newsletter.
I use the following source data for all the examples within this Pivot Table Tutorial. This is similar to the data in other Pivot Table Tutorials, such as this one.
Date: Between January 1 of 2017 and December 31 of 2019.
Units Sold: Between 1 and 5 per entry.
Not all Fields are suitable for automatic grouping.
If you're working with Excel 2016, there's an additional grouping feature you can use: automatic date and time column grouping.
Pivot Table grouping is quite flexible. It allows you to group several different types of Fields. You can create many groups and you can group previously existing groups (create groups of groups).
Even though this Pivot Table Tutorial doesn't focus on Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) sources, there are certain important restrictions/issues to consider. I provide some more comments about these in an individual section below.
In the following sections, I provide a detailed explanation of each of the different ways of grouping data in a Pivot Table.
In Excel 2016, Microsoft introduced the time grouping feature.
Time grouping is generally triggered when you add a date or time Field to either the Rows or Columns Areas of a Pivot Table report.
Excel automatically detects relationships across the Field.
If your data spans a short period within one month, AutoGroup does not take any action. If your data spans several months but does not fall outside of one year, AutoGroup groups to months.
Excel adds calculated columns or rows to group the Field data.
The data is automatically arranged so that the highest-level date or time period is displayed first.
The data is generally collapsed.
The above may sound difficult. Don't worry. The example below shows how this looks in practice.
Add a date or time Field to the Rows or Columns Areas of the Pivot Table.
Assume you have the following PivotTable report based on the example source data I explain above. It displays the Sum of Units Sold and Sum of Sales Amount for each item.
No information from the Date Field is displayed because the Field isn't yet in any Area.
You can both (i) add the Date Field to the Rows or Columns Area, and (ii) automatically group the Date Field in a single step. In this case, I add the Date Field to the Columns Area.
The resulting Pivot Table report looks as follows. Notice that, in this case, Excel displays the data at the higher-level date. In this case, that's years.
Adds the following 3 columns to the Rows Area: Years, Quarters and Date.
Organizes the added columns in such a way that the highest-level date period is displayed first. Years appears before Quarters. Quarters is before Date.
Instead of displaying individual days, Excel displays the data at the month level.
If you're working with data model Pivot Tables, consider the following restriction explained at office.com: If you drag a date Field that has more than 1,000 rows of data from the Field List to a Pivot Table Area, the Field is removed from the Field List. This allows Excel to display a Pivot Table overriding the 1 million records limitation.
If you automatically group Fields with time grouping, Excel assigns default names and labels to the newly created Fields and groups. I explain how you can modify either of these in a separate section below.
You can take advantage of the time grouping feature even if you've already added date or time Fields to the same Area.
Is already included in the Rows Area.
Displays individual days (isn't grouped).
Add the date or time Field to the relevant Area of the Pivot Table.
As an example, I add the Date Field to the Rows Area of the Pivot Table report above.
Adds new columns to the Pivot Table.
Organizes the columns so that the highest-level period is displayed first.
Collapses the data in the Date Field. The Date Field shows months instead of individual days.
If you're working with version of Excel prior to 2016, you won't have access to the time grouping feature I explain in the previous section. Even if you can use time grouping, there are cases where this feature won't be the right tool your job.
Therefore, in this section, I explain the general process for automatic Field grouping.
Right-click on a Field that is suitable for automatic grouping.
Excel displays a contextual menu.
Excel displays the Grouping dialog box.
Specify the grouping conditions in the Grouping dialog box.
Select the Field you want to group automatically.
Go to Ribbon > Analyze > Group Selection, Ribbon > Analyze > Group Field, or use keyboard shortcuts ("Shift + Alt + Right Arrow", "Alt, JT, K", "Alt, JT, R" or "(Shift + F10), G").
Use the Grouping dialog to specify grouping conditions.
Report #1: Group the Date Field by months, quarters and years.
Report #2: Group the Unit Price Field in $1,000 intervals.
As I explain above, you can automatically group Pivot Table items in different ways. In the following sections, I look at the process of automatically grouping Pivot Table Items by using a contextual menu.
The Unit Price Field in Report #2.
After your right-click on a Pivot Table Field suitable for automatic grouping, Excel displays a contextual menu.
In the contextual menu that Excel displays, select Group.
Starting at: Smallest number (for numeric Fields) or first date/time (for date/time Fields) to group by.
Ending at: Largest number (for numeric Fields) or last date/time (for date/time Fields) to group by.
The value you enter in the Starting at input field (#1 above) must be smaller (for numeric Fields) or earlier (for date/time Fields) than the value you choose for Ending at.
Numeric Fields: Number that represents the group's interval size. This type of grouping is commonly used for frequency distributions.
Date or Time Fields: Select 1 or more of the time periods listed by Excel. You can usually select more than 1 time period for grouping.
Number of days: This field is active if you work with date/time Fields and choose to group by days in the By field (#3 above). This allows you to group date Fields by a certain number of days.
If you group dates by a certain number days and use the Number of days field (#4 above), you can't group by other time periods (months, quarters, years) at the same time. I explain how to get around this restriction in a separate section below. You can use the process I explain there to, for example, group by (i) weeks and (ii) months, quarters or years.
Starting at: January 1, 2017 (1/1/2017).
Ending at: January 1, 2020 (1/1/2020).
Ending at: 3,000 (enter without the comma: 3000).
By: 1,000 (enter without the comma: 1000.
To confirm your grouping settings, click on the OK button in the lower section of the Grouping dialog box or press the Enter key. Excel groups the Fields accordingly (I show this below).
In this section, I look at a second way to automatically group Pivot Table Items. In this case, you work with the Ribbon.
This step is substantially the same as step #1 I describe above for automatically grouping Pivot Table Items through a contextual menu. The difference is that, instead of right-clicking on the Field, you select it.
The Field must generally be a date/time or numeric Field.
Ribbon > Analyze > Group Selection.
Ribbon > Analyze > Group Field.
Shift + Alt + Right Arrow.
This is the same as step #5 of the process to automatically group Pivot Table Items through a contextual menu (above).
Number of days (if grouping by days).
If you work with a date or time Field, the first and last date/time to group by.
If you work with a numeric Field, the smallest and largest numbers to group by.
Date/Time Field: By is a list box that allows you to select 1 or more of the time periods that Excel lists.
Numeric Field: By is an input field where you can specify a number representing the grouping intervals.
Element #4 (Number of days) applies when you group by days. You use it to specify the number of days used to group the data into.
Report #1: My purposes is to group data in quarters and years.
Report #2: My goal is to group the Unit Price Field in $1,000 intervals.
After you enter the grouping conditions in the Grouping dialog, confirm your input by clicking on the OK button in the lower right corner of the dialog box.
Report #2: Data is grouped in $1,000-per-unit price intervals.
Excel assigns default names and labels to any newly created Fields or groups. You can easily modify either of these by following the processes that I explain further below.
The process to automatically group by dates that I explain in the previous section covers most situations.
However, as I explain above, you can't group by (i) a certain number of days, and (ii) the other grouping periods (months, quarters or years). A common situation where this restriction can be annoying is if you want to group by weeks (7 days) and months, quarters or years.
Group the date Field, to the extent possible, using the automatic grouping process I describe above.
Add helper column(s) to the source data.
In each helper column, add a formula to calculate grouping levels/intervals.
Expand the data source of your Pivot Table to include the helper column(s).
The Pivot Table Field List displays the new Field(s) that correspond to the helper column(s) you added.
Add the newly-added Field(s) to the Rows or Columns Areas.
Once your data is grouped, to the extent possible, using Excel's grouping feature, go back to the source data.
Add 1 or more helper column(s) to the source data. The purpose of this(these) helper column(s) is to help you calculate the levels or intervals of the additional group(s) you want to add to the Pivot Table.
In the example we're working with, I add a single helper column. I label it "Weeks" and use it to calculate the week number.
As I mention above, the purpose of the helper column(s) you add to the source data is to calculate the grouping levels/intervals you need.
ISOWEEKNUM: Calculates the ISO week number for a date. Week 1 is the one containing the first Thursday of the year.
WEEKNUM: Calculates the week number for a date. Generally, the week containing January 1 is week 1 of the year.
MONTH: Calculates the month of a date. MONTH returns a number between 1 (January) and 12 (December). You can, therefore, nest MONTH within the TEXT Function to convert the number to a string.
Date: A reference to the cell holding the date in the same row as the formula.
2: This argument (Return_type) specifies the date in which the week begins. 2 means that the week begins on Monday.
You can specify that the week begins on Sunday by setting this argument to 1.
Depending on your situation, you may have to manually expand the data source of the Pivot Table you're working with to include the helper column(s).
Use the keyboard shortcuts "Alt + F5", "Alt, A, R, R", "Alt, JT, F, R" or "(Shift + F10), R".
Go to Ribbon > Data > Refresh All > Refresh.
Go to Ribbon > Analyze > Refresh.
Right-click on the Pivot Table and select "Refresh" within the contextual menu displayed by Excel.
Go to the Change PivotTable Data Source dialog box.
Adjust the reference to the source range within the Table/Range input field.
Use the keyboard shortcut "Alt, JT, I, D".
Go to Ribbon > Analyze > Change Data Source.
Within the Change PivotTable Data Source dialog, check the Table/Range input field. This field displays the source data range. Modify this specification to extend the data range and include the helper column(s).
Before Modification: The range covered columns A to F.
After Modification: The range includes column G.
Once the data source range specification includes the helper column(s), click the OK button in the lower right side of the dialog box. This confirms the changes you've made.
After completing the previous 4 steps, as required, Excel displays the newly added Field(s) to the Pivot Table Field List. This(These) Field(s) correspond to the helper column(s).
Once Excel adds Field(s) to the Pivot Table Field List, you can work with them as usual. This includes moving them to the Rows or Columns Areas.
You can complete the process of filtering by week, month, quarter and year by adding the Field(s) to the appropriate Area (Rows or Columns).
In the example below, I add the newly-added Week Field at the bottom of the Rows Area. The resulting Pivot Table report groups items by week, month, quarter and year.
The Field you want to group doesn't hold date/time nor numeric data.
You want to group selected Items.
Fortunately, you don't always have to rely on automatic Field grouping. Excel allows you to manually group selected Items. If you're working with Fields that are organized in levels, you're only allowed to group Items that are at the same level.
Select the Items of the Pivot Table that you want to group.
Select the Items you want to group.
Go to Ribbon > Analyze > Group Selection or use a keyboard shortcut ("Shift + Alt + Right Arrow", "Alt, JT, K" or "(Shift + F10), G").
Appears immediately within the Pivot Table Field List.
Is based on the Field containing the grouped Items.
Behaves like a regular Field.
Let's go through each of the steps of the processes I explain above to understand how this works in practice.
As I mention above, there are different ways to manually group Pivot Table Items. In this section, I explain the first process I describe above: how to group Pivot Table Items through a contextual menu.
Contiguous Items: Maintain the Shift key pressed while selecting the Items.
Non-Contiguous Items: Maintain the Ctrl key pressed while making your selection.
Once you've selected the Items to group, right-click the selected Items.
After you right click, Excel displays a contextual menu.
Within the contextual menu that Excel displays, choose Group.
Once you complete the simple 4-step process above, Excel groups the selected Items.
This step is the same as the first step to manually group of Pivot Table Items through a contextual menu. As I explain above, you can select Items with the mouse or keyboard.
Once you've selected the Items to group, go to Ribbon > Analyze > Group Selection. If you're working with Fields that aren't suitable for automatic grouping (as in this case) the Group Field button (Ribbon > Analyze > Group Selection) is greyed out.
Alternatively, use the "Shift + Alt + Right Arrow", "Alt, JT, K" or "(Shift + F10), G" keyboard shortcuts.
After you complete this quick 2-step process, Excel groups the selected Items.
Once you complete either of the processes to manually group Items I explain above (through contextual menu vs. Ribbon or keyboard shortcut), Excel creates a new Field (Item2 in the screenshot below). This new Field is based on the grouped Items. Thereafter, you can work with that new Field in the same way as with regular Fields.
The new Field is based on the Item Field.
Because of #1 above, the default name of the newly-created Field is "Item2".
The Items within the Item2 Field are, by default, labeled Group1 and Group2.
The Item2 Field appears automatically in the Rows area of the Pivot Table.
Strictly speaking, this completes the process of manually grouping Pivot Table Items. However, the default names that Excel assigns to the new Field and Items may not be the most meaningful. Let's look at how you can change these. The following sections also apply to automatic grouping and time grouping, which I explain in previous sections.
There are several ways to change Pivot Table Field names. I explain some of these in this section.
Excel displays the Field Settings dialog box.
Enter the new Field name in the Custom Name Input field.
Go to Ribbon > Analyze > Active Field. As an alternative, use the keyboard shortcut "Alt, JT, M".
Enter the new Field name and press Enter.
Edit the Field name in the cell.
In this section, I explain how you can change a Field name through a contextual menu.
As an example, I use the following Pivot Table. This is the Pivot Table report that I create in the section about time grouping in Excel 2016 (above). Notice that the Field containing months is labeled, by default, "Date".
Let's change this label to "Month".
To begin the process, right-click on the Field you want to change. As an alternative, use the keyboard shortcut "Shift + F10".
In the example we work with, I right-click on the Field header. You can also right-click on other cells within the Field.
Within the context menu that Excel displays, select "Field Settings…".
The Custom Name input field is on the upper section of the Field Settings dialog. This is where you can specify the Field name you want to use.
In the example we're working with, I enter "Months".
After you've entered the new Field name, click OK to confirm the changes. The OK button is on the lower right section of the Field Settings dialog box.
Once you complete the easy 6-step process I describe above, Excel changes the Field name.
The screenshot below shows the results in the Pivot Table I use as example. Notice how the new name (Months) appears in both the Pivot Table and the Pivot Table Fields task pane.
In this section, I explain all the details of how you can change a default Field name using the Ribbon or a keyboard shortcut.
As an example, I work with the following Pivot Table. This report is the result of automatically grouping date Fields using the process I describe in a previous section. Notice how the Field holding quarters is labeled "Date" by default.
In the following sections, I show you how I change that default label to "Quarter".
Begin the process by selecting a cell in the Field whose name you want to modify.
In the following screenshot, I select the Field header (Date). You can also select other cells within the same Field.
The Ribbon has a PivotField Name input field. You can find this under Ribbon > Analyze > Active Field.
You can also get to the PivotField Name input field by using the keyboard shortcut "Alt, JT, M".
Type the new Field name in the PivotField Name input field. Confirm your entry by pressing the Enter key.
In the example below, I enter "Quarter".
Because of the process above, Excel updates the Field name.
The following screenshot shows the results I obtain in the Pivot Table example. Notice the new Field name (Quarter) in the Pivot Table, Pivot Table Fields List and Rows Area.
In this section, I go through a third method of changing a default Pivot Table Field name.
As an example, I use the following Pivot Table report. This is the result of manually grouping Items using the process I describe in a previous section. Notice the default name (Item2).
In this example, I select the cell with the Item2 Field name.
Type a new name to replace the Field name.
Modify the Field name in the Formula bar.
Once you complete this simple process, Excel modifies the name of the Field. In the screenshot below, you can see the new custom Field Name (Category instead of Item2).
In addition to changing the default names of the Fields that result from grouping, you can modify the default names of the groups themselves.
Select a cell containing the group name.
In the following sections, I explain these 2 simple steps. As an example, I work with the following Pivot Table report. This is the same report that appears in the screenshot above. Notice the group names ("Group 1" and "Group 2").
To change the default name of a Pivot Table group, start by selecting the cell.
In the example we're working with, I separately select the cells of both Group1 and Group2.
Simply type a new name to replace the default one.
Press the "F2" keyboard shortcut to edit the cell.
Modify the name of a group in the Formula bar.
Surface: Previous Group1, composed of the Surface Book, Surface Pro 4 and Surface Studio.
Xbox: Previous Group2, composed of the Xbox One and Xbox One S.
Right-click on an Item within the group you want to ungroup. If you want to ungroup a manually-grouped Field, right-click on the Field header.
Select 1 of the items within the group. To entirely ungroup a manually-grouped Field, select the Field header.
Go to Ribbon > Analyze > Ungroup. Alternatively, use the keyboard shortcuts "Shift + Alt + Left Arrow", "Alt, JT, U" or "(Shift + F10), U".
Date/Time Or Numeric Fields: If you ungroup a group within a date, time or numeric Field, Excel generally removes all grouping for that Field.
Manually-Grouped Items: If you ungroup a group of manually-grouped Items, Excel generally ungroups the Item(s) you've selected. Therefore, the Field that Excel created when you manually group items doesn't disappear until you ungroup all groups within that Field.
If you work with Excel 2016 and take advantage of the time grouping feature that I explain in a previous section, there's an additional consideration: the effects of undoing ("Ctrl + Z" keyboard shortcut) after time grouping is triggered.
You add a date or time field to the Rows or Columns Area of a Pivot Table report. This triggers time grouping.
Excel automatically groups Fields because of the time grouping feature.
The first time you undo, Excel removes the grouping. This results in the removal of the calculated columns or rows the time grouping featured added. Therefore, the only Field left is the one you originally added.
In other words, this first undo only undoes the time grouping (#2 above).
The second time you undo, Excel removes the date or time field you originally added in step #1 above. This second undo is the one that undoes everything within this process.
Move the Date Field from the Pivot Table Field List into the Rows Area.
Press the Undo command 1 time.
Press the Undo command a second time.
As I explain above, this is the single step you take to automatically group date or time fields in an Excel 2016 Pivot Table. As expected, this triggers time grouping. Notice how Excel displays the data grouped by year, quarter and month.
The first time you undo, Excel undoes the automatic grouping.
The Date Field continues to appear within the Rows Area in the Pivot Table report. However, notice that the data is organized by individual days (vs. higher-level periods such as month).
The second time you undo, Excel removes the date Field (added in step #1 above) from the Pivot Table. In other words, the whole process is undone.
Report #1: Date Field is grouped by quarters and years. I use this report in example #2 below.
Report #2: Unit Price Field is grouped in $1,000 intervals. This is the report I use in example #3 below.
In the following sections, I go through each of the steps required to ungroup these Fields both manually and with the applicable keyboard shortcut.
In this section, I explain the process to ungroup a Field using a contextual menu.
The Item you right-click on depends on the group you want to ungroup.
In the example we're looking at, I can right-click on any Item within the Years or Quarters Fields.
After you right-click on a Pivot Field Item, Excel displays a contextual menu.
Within the contextual menu displayed by Excel, choose "Ungroup".
After you select Ungroup, Excel usually removes all grouping for the automatically-grouped Field.
In the Pivot Table report example, the results look as follows. Notice how a single call to the ungrouping command results in the removal of the groupings in years and quarters.
In this section, I show how you can easily ungroup a Pivot Table Field through the Ribbon or using a keyboard shortcut.
The Item you select depends on the group you want to ungroup.
In this example, I can select any Item within the Unit Price Field.
Go to Ribbon > Analyze > Ungroup.
Use a keyboard shortcut such as "Shift + Alt + Left Arrow", "Alt, JT, U" or "(Shift + F10), U".
Create a new Field, named "Category".
Group all Microsoft Surface Items under the Surface category.
Group all Microsoft Xbox Items under the Xbox category.
Ungroup all Items within the newly-created Field.
In the following sections, I show how both ungrouping methods.
Right-click on the Field header.
Go to Ribbon > Analyze > Ungroup, or use a keyboard shortcut ("Shift + Alt + Left Arrow", "Alt, JT, U" or "(Shift + F10), U").
Let's look at the basic 3-step process to ungroup a manually-grouped Field. I illustrate the steps in the second process in the following section.
To ungroup a manually-grouped Field, start by right-clicking on the Field Header. You can also use the keyboard shortcut "Shift + F10".
In the example below, I right-click on the Category Field header.
Because of step #1 above, Excel displays a contextual menu.
Within the contextual menu, choose Ungroup.
The following image shows the results I obtain in the case of the Category Field. Notice how, as expected, Excel has eliminated the whole Field from both the Pivot Table report and the Field List.
Right-click on an Item within the group you want to ungroup.
Select an Item within the group.
Use the keyboard shortcut "Shift + Alt + Left Arrow", "Alt, JT, U" or "(Shift + F10), U".
Let's go through the 3 steps of the basic process to ungroup a single manually-grouped group of Items. In the example below, I ungroup the Items within the Surface group in the Pivot Table below.
If you're ungrouping manually-grouped Pivot Table Items, you must click on 1 of the Items within the relevant group.
For example, as I explain above, I only ungroup one of the groups: Surface. Therefore, I right-click 1 of the Items within this group.
After right-clicking on an Item within the applicable group, Excel displays a contextual menu.
To confirm that you want to ungroup the Items, select Ungroup.
Excel only ungroups the selected group (Surface).
When you create a Pivot Table, Excel generally makes a copy of the entire source data. This data is stored in a memory area known as the Pivot Cache.
By storing the data in the Pivot Cache, Excel creates an additional copy of the source data. Even though this has some practical advantages, it uses up memory and increases the size of your files. If you create several Pivot Tables based on the same source data, but each working with a separate Pivot Cache, your workbook may be bloated and slow due to the amount of (repeated) data.
Each time you create a new pivot table in Excel 2016, Excel automatically shares the pivot cache.
Pivot Cache sharing has several benefits. Most notably, as I mention above, it reduces memory requirements and file size vs. the scenario where the Pivot Cache isn't shared.
Pivot Tables that share the same Pivot Cache also share the same Field grouping settings.
In other words, if you work with several Pivot Tables that share a Pivot Cache and you group certain Fields in any of those Pivot Tables, those grouping settings affect (and apply to) that same Field in all the other Pivot Tables.
Therefore, if you have several Pivot Tables and want to apply different Field-grouping criteria, you want to avoid sharing the Pivot Cache.
If your Pivot Tables are based on different source data, you don't have to worry about the Pivot Cache sharing issue I describe above. In such cases, the Pivot Tables can't share the Pivot Cache. Pivot Tables based on different sources of data use different Pivot Caches.
Copy and paste a previously existing Pivot Table into a different workbook and back to the original workbook.
Use the Pivot Table Wizard to create the Pivot Table.
Use different range names for the source data.
The most appropriate method of forcing Excel to create separate Pivot Caches generally varies depending on the situation you're in. There are other ways (in addition to the 3 I explain here) to achieve this same objective.
Copy an existing Pivot Table.
Paste the Pivot Table in a separate (helper) workbook.
Modify the grouping settings of the Pivot Table in the helper workbook.
Copy the Pivot Table from the helper workbook.
Paste the Pivot Table in the original (source) workbook.
The keyboard shortcuts "Ctrl + A", "Ctrl + *", "Ctrl + Shift + Spacebar" or "Alt, JT, W, T".
Go to Ribbon > Analyze > Select > Entire Pivot Table.
The keyboard shortcuts "Ctrl + C", "Ctrl + Insert", "Alt, H, C, C" or "(Shift + F10), C".
Go to Ribbon > Home > Copy.
When selecting the Pivot Table you want to copy, make sure that it's based on the source data you want the new Pivot Table to use.
The keyboard shortcuts "Ctrl + N" or "Alt, F, N".
Go to Ribbon > File > New.
The keyboard shortcuts "Ctrl + V", "Alt, H, V, P" or "(Shift + F10), P".
Go to Ribbon > Home > Paste.
I explain several ways of specifying Pivot Table grouping settings throughout this Tutorial. You can, basically, specify the grouping settings of your new Pivot Table here without influencing the Pivot Table that you originally copied.
Use a keyboard shortcut, such as "Alt + F5", "Alt, A, R, R", "Alt, JT, F, R" or "(Shift + F10), R".
Closing and opening the source workbook. Excel MVP Gašper Kamenšek reports that, sometimes, you don't even need to close the workbooks.
Expand the selection to the whole Pivot Table.
Use a keyboard shortcut, such as "Ctrl + V", "Alt, H, V, P" or "(Shift + F10), P".
The result of the process is that the newly-pasted Pivot Table has its own separate Pivot Cache.
Select a cell within the source data.
Use the keyboard shortcut "Alt, D, P".
Excel displays the Pivot Table Wizard.
In Step 1 of 3 of the Pivot Table Wizard, click Next.
In Step 2 of 3 of the Pivot Table Wizard, confirm the Range of your source data and click Next.
Excel displays a dialog box indicating that you can use less memory if the new report is based on the previously-existing Pivot Table report.
In Step 3 of 3 of the Pivot Table Wizard, specify where you want to put the Pivot Table report and click Finish.
You can select your source data in Step 2 of 3 within the Pivot Table Wizard (step #5 below). However, if you select a cell within the source data prior to launching the Pivot Table Wizard, Excel is usually able to select the entire range of your source data by default.
The Pivot Table Wizard isn't in the Ribbon (by default). You can customize the Ribbon to add the command.
However, in any case, you can access the Pivot Table Wizard with the keyboard shortcut "Alt, D, P".
Data Source: Microsoft Excel list or database.
Kind of Report: Pivot Table.
These settings are usually appropriate. Therefore, you can generally click on Next button on the lower right side of the dialog box.
In the second screen of the Pivot Table Wizard, you're asked about the location of the source data you want to use.
As I mention in step #1 above, Excel should determine the range automatically. If there are any mistakes, you can correct them. Once you're sure that the range is correct, click Next on the lower right side of the dialog box.
If the workbook you're working on has a previously-existing Pivot Table report based on the same source data, Excel displays a dialog box.
This dialog explains that your new Pivot Table report uses less memory if you base it on your existing report, which was created from the same source data. This means, as I explain above, that you can reduce the memory required by sharing the Pivot Cache between the Pivot Tables.
Yes: Results in the Pivot Tables sharing the Pivot Cache. As explained in the dialog box (and above), this results in lower memory requirements and smaller file size.
No: Results in Excel creating a separate Pivot Cache.
Since you don't want to share the Pivot Cache between the Pivot Tables, select No.
Once your choice is selected, click Finish on the lower right corner of the dialog box.
After you complete the 8 steps above, Excel creates a new Pivot Table report. This Pivot Table has its own (unshared) Pivot Cache.
The examples for the 2 methods to create separate Pivot Caches I explain above show the process for creating new Pivot Tables. In this section, the example and description explain how to force Excel to create separate Pivot Caches for Pivot Tables that already exist.
You can, however, use certain variations of these 3 processes to force Excel to separate Pivot Caches when (both) (i) creating a new Pivot Table, or (ii) modifying an existing Pivot Table.
Select the source data range.
Define a name for the source data range.
Repeat step #2 as required. You want to have 1 name per required Pivot Cache. Change the defined name every time.
Select 1 of the Pivot Tables based on the source data you selected in step #1.
Within the Change PivotTable Data Source dialog, enter one of the newly-defined names in the Table/Range input field.
Repeat steps #4 to #7 for each Pivot Table that needs a separate Pivot Cache. Change the defined name you use as source every time.
Let's go through each of these 10 steps in more detail. In the example that I show below, I work with 2 Pivot Tables. As I mention above, you may apply this process to more Pivot Tables.
Select a cell within the source data range.
Use the New Name dialog box.
Click the Name box. This box is usually located on the upper left section of the screen.
Substitute the existing name with a new one.
For example, in the screenshot below, I enter "sourcePivotTable1".
Press the Enter key to confirm the change.
After you complete the process above, Excel defines the new name and assigns it to the selected data range.
Use the keyboard shortcuts "(Ctrl + F3), (Alt + N)" or "Alt, M, M, D".
Go to Ribbon > Formulas > Define Name.
Excel displays the New Name dialog box.
Confirm that the scope of the name is "Workbook" and the range to which the name refers to is correct.
Enter a new name in the Name input field and click OK.
In this example, I assign the name "sourcePivotTable2".
Excel displays the Name Manager dialog box.
Click the Close button in the lower right corner of the Name Manager dialog.
After you go through the 6 steps above, Excel creates the name and assigns it to the range.
Under this method, you get Excel to create a new Pivot Cache by defining different names for the same data range. You then use those different names as the sources for the Pivot Tables.
Therefore, you must have 1 defined name for each Pivot Cache. To achieve this, repeat step #2 above as many times as required.
Once you've created the defined names you need, you can assign them as a source for existing Pivot Tables. To begin this process, select a cell within 1 of the Pivot Tables that needs a separate Pivot Cache.
Enter 1 of the newly-defined names in the Table/Range input field of the dialog box. In this example, I enter "sourcePivotTable1".
Once you've entered the appropriate defined name as source, click the OK button on the lower right section of the dialog box.
You force Excel to create separate Pivot Caches by using the different defined names to specify the source of each Pivot Table. Therefore, you must repeat steps #4 to #7 above for all the affected Pivot Tables.
Once you go through the steps I explain above, each of the Pivot Tables whose data source you modify will have a separate Pivot Cache.
In other cases, you may want to group certain Items and notice that the Group Selection or Group Field buttons (in Ribbon > Analyze) are greyed-out (disabled).
The Field contains blank records.
Data within the Field is of different types. A typical case is having text within a date/time or numeric Field.
The source data must not have empty columns or rows.
All the cells within a column must be of the same data type.
Let's look at these 2 scenarios. I also discuss some other options you can explore if blanks or data type inconsistencies aren't the cause of the cannot group that selection error or the greyed-out grouping buttons.
As I mention above, a common best practice is to avoid working with source data that has empty rows or columns. This implies that, when possible, you should have as few blanks as possible.
Blank cells are generally errors waiting to happen.
The solution to a cannot group that selection error or greyed-out group buttons caused by blanks is (not surprisingly) to fill in the blank cells.
There are cases where determining the data you use to fill the blanks is easy. In those situations, you can simply enter the appropriate value in the blank cell.
There are other situations where you may have a harder time figuring out which value to use. For these cases, consider using a dummy value. The idea is of a dummy value is to have a missing value code that has some logical meaning. If necessary, you can usually filter the dummy values out.
Inappropriate Field formatting can be the cause of several Pivot Table issues, including grouping problems.
Go back to your source data.
Make sure that all the data within the column(s) that serve as source for the Field(s) you want to group is of the same type.
Having text within a value Field.
You have text data within a value Field.
Excel interprets a value as text.
If you have text data within a value Field, the solutions is simple: replace the text data with numerical data.
If Excel is interpreting values a text, there are several ways to solve the problem.
Convert text-formatted digits to number using Excel VALUE function and other options, at AbleBits.
Convert Text to Numbers in Excel, at Excel Unplugged.
Converting Forced Text to Numbers, at Allen Wyatt's ExcelTips Ribbon Interface.
Fix Excel Numbers That Don't Add Up, at Contextures.
You may encounter some (rare) cases, where the cannot group that selection error or the greyed-out group buttons aren't caused by (i) blank cells, or (ii) inconsistent data types within a Field. In such situations, the solutions I explain in the previous sections may not work.
Ensuring your data and Pivot Table meet the applicable conditions for grouping.
You're trying to "group" a single Item.
This can theoretically happen when you're working with manual grouping of Items. If you choose a single Item (vs. selecting several) prior to executing the Group command, Excel cannot group the selection. The solution is to make sure that you select several Items to group.
You're trying to group Fields that aren't in the Rows or Columns Areas of the Pivot Table.
Move the Field to the Rows or Columns Area.
Group the Items within the Field, using the methods I describe in previous sections.
Move the Field back to the Area (Filters or Values) where you want to display it.
You're trying to group Fields that are at different levels.
This may occur when Fields are organized in levels (for example City and Region) and you try to manually group Items from different levels. Generally, Excel is only able to group Items at the same level.
You're trying to group a Field that's already grouped. Depending on the applicable grouping settings and organization of the Pivot Table report, you may be trying to group in a way that Excel can't handle.
In these cases, check your Field List and the Pivot Table Areas. If there are unnecessary grouped Fields, ungroup them before trying to group again. In some cases, the grouping causing the issue may be at the source data. Therefore, you may also want to check the source table.
You're trying to use the Group Field command on Fields that aren't suitable for automatic grouping.
As I explain in the section about automatic grouping, Fields must usually be date/time or numeric for you to use this feature. The Group Field button (Ribbon > Analyze > Group Field) applies to this type of Fields.
If you're trying to group Fields that aren't date/time or numeric, the Group Field button is generally greyed out.
In these situations, you can generally apply manual grouping by following the easy process I describe in a previous section.
Microsoft introduced the time grouping feature in Excel 2016. You may, however, prefer disabling this feature. In this section, I explain how you can do it.
Stand-Alone Excel 2016: As of the time of this writing, you can only turn off time grouping manually.
Office 365 Excel: You can turn off time grouping from the Excel Options dialog.
As I'm writing this post, the only way to turn off time grouping in a stand-alone version of Excel 2016 is by adding a new key to the Windows Registry. The process of adding this registry key is explained by Microsoft here.
According to the comments of Dan Battagin (from the Microsoft Excel Team) at Excel User Voice, Microsoft may add the possibility to turn off time grouping from the Excel Options dialog (which I explain below) to the stand-alone version of Excel. I suggest you check the status to confirm whether the feature has been added.
Making changes to the Windows Registry is a sensitive matter. Certain incorrect editions may damage your operating system. Check out, for example, the warning Microsoft makes at the beginning of the explanation of how to add the new registry key in the webpage I link to above.
If you choose to edit the registry, make sure to take any necessary precautions prior to doing it. This includes backing up the Registry and valuable data prior to making the modifications.
Open the Excel Options dialog box.
Go to the Advanced tab of the Excel Options dialog.
Within the Data section of the Advanced tab, select the option to disable automatic grouping of date/time columns in Pivot Tables.
Go the File tab of the Ribbon, and select Options on the left side of the screen.
Use the keyboard shortcuts "Alt, F, T" or "Alt, T, O".
Once you're within the Excel Options dialog box, select the Advanced tab on the left side of the dialog.
The contents of the Advanced tab are divided in several sections. One of the last sections is Data.
Within the Data section, you can find the setting to Disable automatic grouping of Date/Time columns in PivotTables. Click the box on the left side of this option to add a checkmark.
To confirm your settings, click the OK button on the lower right side of the Excel Options dialog.
Once you complete the quick 4-step process above, Excel disables time grouping.
The image below shows an example of how this looks like. Notice that, after I add the Date Field to the Rows Area of the Pivot Table, Excel doesn't time group the newly-added Field. Compare these results with those I show in the example within the section on how to automatically group date or time Fields in an Excel 2016 Pivot Table.
If you work with OLAP sources, there are some grouping limitations to be aware of.
You can't group Items for an OLAP "source that doesn't support the CREATE SESSION CUBE statement".
Even if the CREATE SESSION CUBE statement is supported, you may want to avoid using it due to the disk usage issues this can generate. For further information, I suggest you read Microsoft MVP Chris Webb's posts here, here and here.
Use the Convert to Formulas command.
You can't create Slicers for an OLAP hierarchy that has grouped Fields.
After reading this Pivot Table Tutorial, you have the knowledge to easily group or ungroup data in a Pivot Table. You can do this in different contexts and with different types of data.
You've also read about the time grouping feature that Microsoft added in Excel 2016. If you don't like this feature, I explain how you can disable it.
We've also gone through several common problems that arise when trying to group Pivot Table Fields. The information and examples provided in that section allow you to handle and troubleshoot the most common grouping problems.
Finally, I include a basic introduction to the limitations when grouping Items in Pivot Tables based on OLAP sources.
Remember that you can get immediate free access to the Excel workbook example that accompanies this Pivot Table Tutorial by subscribing to the Power Spreadsheets Newsletter.
Excel 2016 Pivot Table Data Crunching.


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Luke Haines, the man behind Black Box Recorder and The Auteurs, has called a week-long pop strike. Starting from tomorrow, no pop music (including all modern music) is to be made, listened to or consumed, or so the Lukester says. And to discourage scabs, he and some unnamed comrades will be picketing Radio 1. Haines denies that the strike is a publicity stunt for his new album, which, incidentally, comes out tomorrow.
I received an email from the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, in response to my letter about DVD region coding, acknowledging the points I mentioned and saying that my comments have been lodged in the ACCC's database. Which means that they may have an impact on the DVD inquiry. If you have a problem with being restricted to the DVD titles Hollywood can be bothered to bring out for Region 4 (or with the extra costs of buying US titles over the Net), it may be a good idea to let them know.
That explains that "head candy" thing in my referer logs. Though how much of a target market could sarky bloggers be anyway?
The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor was unprovoked? not true, say the subversive malcontents at disinfo.com.
Clay Shirky on Microsoft's plans for an iron grip on Internet services. In short, they will be using copyright law to prevent anyone from using their SOAP services without going through them. Scary stuff.


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How the conservative movement and the rise of the hard right created Donald Trump
Paul Rosenberg, Salon
Signs are increasing that Donald Trump is headed toward the devastating electoral loss that experts expected four years ago. But even if they're right this time, what does that tell us about what's ahead? And what if they're wrong yet again? Either way, Trumpism won't be going away on its own, nor will any of the other illiberal eruptions across the West and around the world, which have left conservatives as bewildered as anybody else.
This article first appeared in Salon.
With Election Day looming, you probably don't have time for a 500-page book to help make sense of how we got here. But when it comes to making sense of things afterward, when there's time for deeper reflection, Edmund Fawcett's new book, "Conservatism: The Fight for a Tradition," plays a vital, invaluable role. This new book is a follow-up to Fawcett's 2014 book, "Liberalism: The Life of an Idea," and the contrast in the subtitles is telling. Fawcett is a British political journalist who spent 30 years at the Economist, including stints as chief correspondent in Washington, Paris and Berlin and as the magazine's European and literary editor.
He sums up the contest within conservatism as "a search for an ethically acceptable order of human progress among civic equals without recourse to undue power." But fights, by their very nature, are a much messier matter, and all too often involve "undue power." Indeed, there's not just one fight involved within the conservative tradition, but a seemingly endless number. Still, there's one overarching battle between hardcore resisters of liberal modernity — those Fawcett calls the "hard right" — and those seeking accommodation, whom he calls "liberal conservatives."
Dealing with both politics and ideas in four countries — the U.S., Britain, Germany and France — Fawcett traces the story through four phases, from an initial period of "frontal resistance to liberal modernity" in the 19th century to the period since 1980 when the success of liberal conservatism, symbolized by the rise of Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher opened the door to the rise of the hard right, including the election of a certain American president. This interview has been edited for clarity and length.
Your book is titled "Conservatism: The Fight for a Tradition" But as you lay it out, it's actually a multitude of fights, both internal and external. Let's start with the external fights against the modern world itself — the world of market and the Industrial Revolution — and the forces of liberalism and democracy. What was at stake in those fights?
What is it that conservatism is against, as it were? What did it think it was resisting in liberal modernity? That's a prime question. What conservatives reckon they're resisting has changed as modern liberal life has changed. So let's start with history. There's no conservatism before the early 19th century. It's essentially a political movement of old, established elites who were used to ruling and are now confronting an utterly new, unimagined condition of society, dominated by modern capitalism and great social fluidity, great social mobility and growing discredit of elites.
At the same time, very soon, pressures arise not just for liberal demands — freedom for citizens, economic liberty and cultural freedom from old kinds of tutorial government and moral interference — not just that, but conservatives very quickly (as do liberals) face demands from democracy that those liberal promises of modern life be extended to everybody, whoever they are. So that's the 19th-century challenge that conservatives faced. They're all different in different countries, each has its own particular history, but that is a common thread.
In the 20th century, and now, that contest has changed. Conservatives at the end of the 19th century and early in the 20th century learned how to dominate this new condition of society. They were the defenders of property, defenders of the social order. What did that mean from, say, 1900 to 1950? That meant, above all, defending the capitalist order, putting food in the shops and wages in the pockets. But capitalism is this fantastic engine of great social change, turning everything upside down. So in our lifetime, conservatives have always faced two ways: They've been resisters of liberal modernity, of innovation, of moral change, but on the other hand they've been the great defenders of its driver, namely capitalist innovation. So this is a tension inside conservatism that runs right through it, and I think explains a great deal of where conservatives are today, fighting against each other.
The internal fights can be divided into three kinds that overlap or interpenetrate: There's the broadest fight between hard-right resisters and accommodators, narrow fights among specific factions at any one time, and medium-scope fights over how to define what conservatism is, how to order things. The resister/accommodator divide can be symbolized by the twin figures of Joseph de Maistre and Edmund Burke, each of them anti-modern, anti-Enlightenment and anti-rationalist, but in very different ways. How can we best understand them as illuminating the conservative tradition, at least in its origins and its primordial outlook?
If we could take the third sort first: In talking about all these things I think there is politics first, political decisions. Those always involve the government, voters and parties. To understand conservatism, you need to keep your eye on that. But at the same time, there are what you could call the thinkers of conservatism, people who pore over these rather subtle questions and ask "What is conservatism? Who is the true conservative?" Burke and Maistre were that second kind of person.
Take Burke as a good example. Burke actually was more or less ignored during the 19th century by most people calling themselves political conservatives. He was rediscovered, indeed sort of invented, at the end of the 19th century as a philosopher of conservatism, for a political movement that, successful though it was, didn't really have a philosophy. Indeed, the best it could do, if asked, was, "Well, we don't believe in ideas." One of the reasons conservatives have been able to say that — "We don't believe in ideas. We don't need a philosophy" — is that either they were the upper classes or they were the descendants of the upper classes, people whose job was to rule by their nature. They were used to ruling. They weren't used to having to explain why they should rule, or what they were ruling for.
So it took quite a long time to figure out that they needed political ideas, political philosophy, something called conservatism. And indeed Burke was a very, very late invention. There's an 1886 "History of Toryism" which barely mentions Burke. As for Maistre, he was much too crazy and outrageous. He was a brilliant writer, but he was much too angry in his opposition to modern life to make him a good intellectual flag-bearer for conservatives in democratic times.
To finish up on the topic of who is and who is not a conservative, it shows itself very strongly in the United States, where you have three strong traditions since the middle of the last century. You have the kind of modern Burkeans, people like Russell Kirk, who dug up his ghost and tried to reinvent him in an American context. That has always been rather a kind of hothouse conservatism that doesn't really fit into modern American life. And the other two were the economic liberals — the people who want the market and business to do whatever they want, on the theory that would make things work out best — and then there's a much more sort of moral thread, with the neoconservatives who were interested in the texture of social life, and I suppose you could throw in there the religious right with their moral concerns. So those were three or four very strong threads in American Intellectual conservatism, And they're still there.
Your book traces the history of conservatism across two centuries, divided into four periods, in the U.K., France, Germany and the U.S. The first you describe as "frontal resistance to liberal modernity," from 1830 to 1880, with chapters titled "A Right Without Authority," dealing with politics and "Turning Reason Against Liberalism," dealing with ideas. How do these two relate to one another?
The first is the political movement as I described it, of old elites, established powers, who suddenly find themselves under challenge from new contestants. You saw it in the United States with Whigs and Democrats, you saw that in Britain with Tories and Liberals, you saw it in Germany and France. The intellectual counterpart of that struggle was, on one side, people like Burke and Maistre, who said, as it were, "Tradition, belief, unreason, these will be the flags with which we will go forward into the future."
On the other hand, there were conservatives who I mention in the chapter you just described who said, "Not at all. We have to use reason, we have to use the lessons of the Enlightenment in a conservative and orderly cause." These were people like James Madison, an American example, and Friedrich Gentz, a German. You have here this opening conflict within conservative thought between the traditionalists and the romantics, on the one hand, and the rationalists on the other.
You write: "In the 1830s, the right's primary choice was either to resist or to compromise with liberal modernity. By the 1880s, it faced the further question of how far to accept democratic modernity." How did these two choices differ, in terms of what was at stake? What options existed, and how did the right respond?
Good question! Liberalism and democracy need to be distinguished. Liberalism, as it were, lays out the feast. Democracy draws up the guest list. Liberalism promises people — it doesn't always deliver, but it promises people a number of good things: protections from arbitrary power, social progress, civil rights. It promises many freedoms. Democracy is quite different. Democracy promises those things to everybody, whoever they are. And there's a big difference. You can have a club of very equal people, where there's no ranking, where everybody respects everybody else. But the club itself can be extremely exclusive. It sounds almost banal to stress the difference, but that is vital to understanding liberal democracy. Historically, by the end of the 19th century, both conservatives and liberals were facing a demand that the liberal promises of modern life be extended to every last person. When you think about this, that promise wasn't even delivered on paper until the middle of the 20th century, and in many respects is still not delivered successfully to everybody.
So, the second period you describe as "adaptation, compromise and catastrophe," that's from 1880 to 1945. In what sense was there adaptation and compromise? What are some illustrative examples?
If you take the period as a whole, and look at the main conservative parties in Europe and the United States over that period, all of them, broadly speaking, accepted a degree of the welfare state, accepted a degree of big government. They accepted the New Deal in the United States, and in Europe they accepted the welfare state. They accepted, in other words, a very tempered capitalism in which government played a large role in propping up capitalism when it got into trouble and propping up people when they got into trouble, with social safety nets and so on. That broad consensus, hard-fought and very spotty, was by and large the consensus that mainstream conservatives accepted by the middle of the 20th century. That was so with Eisenhower, with Nixon and even to a limited degree with Reagan.
So what do you mean by "catastrophe"?
In any story of the political right, one can't escape the disaster of the rise of fascism and Nazism. I'm not suggesting that conservatism was directly to blame for these things. That would be wrong. But the conservative classes found themselves in 1945, for a variety of reasons, at a zero point from which they had to reinvent themselves.
That leads right into the third period you describe as "political command and intellectual recovery," from the end of World War II to 1980. How did conservatism recover during that period?
In the 1945 to 1980 period on the right, in a funny way, politics stopped driving intellectuals and intellectuals came to drive politics. It's a fascinating period, intellectually, for the right in the United States. There were a number of intriguing thinkers. They were ignored at the time, but they were working away quietly for what became the Reagan revolution, both in terms of economic policy and, to a larger extent, in terms of social and ethical questions. They were broadly derided or ignored, but they came into their own in the 1980s, and they've been in the saddle ever since.
How did that compare with what was happening elsewhere?
There was a similar revival elsewhere, but it was slower, and it wasn't so well paid for. In the United States, there were many big philanthropic donors, right-wing think tanks that supported particular intellectuals like Richard Weaver or Friedrich Hayek. It was a big, very well executed campaign of intellectual renewal. It was less organized in Europe, but it existed there as well.
The fourth period you describe as "the contest for supremacy between liberal conservatism and the hard right," starting in 1980. Say a bit more about these two terms, both what they mean generally, and specifically in this time period.
It's difficult when writing about politics, for one has to be given at least five seconds to get the canoe into the water. All these labels are very slippery, particularly the labels "liberal conservatism" — that sounds like a contradiction in terms — and the term "hard right," which many conservatives particularly dislike because they feel it's a slander or a slur. But let's say "liberal conservatism," with all those provisos, is a good label for the kind of conservatism I was describing earlier, the kind of mainstream conservatism running from Eisenhower to Nixon and even to a certain extent some of the Reagan years.
That's an OK label for the kind of mainstream conservatism that I was describing, by and large, in government. However much they turned up the gas on the campaign trail, Eisenhower, Nixon and even Reagan were within a recognizable band. It was particularly liberal in economic matters, for the free market, very business-friendly, but also liberal to an extent in the social and ethical sense. Nixon wasn't a great moral or ethical campaigner. Reagan, I don't think, believed it himself personally. He threw bones to the moral right, but it wasn't his thing.
So that's liberal conservatism. It has a counterpart in Europe. The hard right, I think, is a different thing. It's what liberal conservatives are in retreat from. If you look at the present Republican Party, I would call that a hard-right party.
What is the hard right? Well, it combines two elements. It's a strange combination, on the one hand, of ultra-marketeers, who would let business do what it chooses and will do what business wants, but on the other hand of politicians speaking loudly for the forgotten man, for disaffected voters in the name of the people. The hard right is curiously for global free markets and at the same time one-nation populist. You see this odd combination across Europe and in the United States. Although there are local differences, that's the hard right.
Conservatives get quite upset when you say, "You conservatives have a fight on your hand between the liberal strain of conservatism and the hard right." Why? Because, particularly in Europe, in France and Germany, the hard right is associated with old neofascist parties but it is by no means any longer limited to those. Indeed, it's gone way beyond them. The National Rally, as it's now called in France, and the Alternative for Germany have both the elements I've mentioned: rowdy popular elements and a free-market elite element. One of the leaders of the German hard right worked, I think, for Goldman Sachs. That gives you an idea of the hard right as an elite and popular combination.
You see the same in the United States with the Republican Party. Partly because of his outsized personality, people have over-focused on Trump as if somehow he invented the hard right. He didn't at all. The hard right invented him. You could say the same thing about Boris Johnson, the Brexiteer in Britain. He didn't invent Brexit or UKIP [the anti-EU U.K. Independence Party] or the new Tory party. It chose him.
Here in America, Trump is presented as a figure who came out of nowhere. You show that he's part of a hard right that's been growing for decades, before gaining ground with his election and Brexit happening close together. How specifically would you explain him as a part of the hard right? What characteristics does he share that would make him a part of it? If you'd like, perhaps say something about how today's hard right echoes characteristics that have been there in the past.
In a way, he's a kind of gifted improviser. I don't think he has or has ever had a lot of aims or principles. In that, he rather resembles Boris Johnson in our country — gifted campaigners with a fantastic sort of canny popular touch. If you look for a consistency of aim or opinion, it's very hard to find. If you wanted a word for Trump, I think it would be opportunist. He saw a moment to move into politics, and he succeeded very well. But, the party he took over had been moving to the hard right for a long time without him.
One of the figures to whom the American hard right at the moment owes an enormous amount is Pat Buchanan. He was writing the kind of lines that Trump delivers back in the 1970s. If "Trump" were a movie, Trump would be the star, but Pat Buchanan would get the screenwriting credit.
To answer the other part of your question, the hard right does have historical precedent. There has always been in conservatism, as it has adapted, as it has become more liberal and mainstream, as it has appealed to more and more democratic voters — democratic with a small D — there's always been a resistant fringe of those who say, "We're compromising too much."
There's a quick caution needed here in that when talking about the hard right, it's very easy to be misheard and have people say, "Ah! Fawcett's out of his mind, the hard right isn't fascist." I'm not saying for a moment that the hard right is fascist. There are many, many ways in which a conservative can become less liberal or less democratic without becoming fascist. Fascism in the 1920s and '30s was something specific. It came out of a particular historical context in Europe, after a disastrous war in which Germany was defeated. History doesn't repeat in that way. Fascism is not the right parallel.
Nor indeed is populism quite the right label for the hard right. Populism in the American context meant something quite specific, it was a movement flanking progressivism at the end of the 19th century. It had wide working-class and farm support. Populism as it's kicked around nowadays is a very loose idea. In fact, populism in connection with the hard right is an elite phenomenon. The hard right is not the people fighting the elite. The hard right in the United States and Europe is one elite, namely the hard right, a very conservative elite, fighting another, a more liberal elite. Hence the subtitle of my book: "The Fight for a Tradition."
I guess you would say that's true in other countries as well?
Yes. As for early hard-right politicians, you have Pat Buchanan. In Britain, there was a politician who may not be known to Americans, but is very well-known in Britain, Enoch Powell. He was a Tory politician, a ferociously clever person who ran himself out of politics in the 1960s by racialist outbursts which discredited him. His contribution to Tory politics is a bit like Pat Buchanan's contribution to Republicanism in the United States. Powell's contribution was, first, anti-European — get Britain out of the European Union — and nationalistic, to go it alone and not count on foreign friends, not even on the United States. Secondly, it was hyper-liberal in the economic sense. This strange cocktail, you see, was present in Enoch Powell — that same cocktail that I earlier described as hard right.
In opposition to that, you talk several times about successful conservative leaders. In one place you say "Like [Benjamin] Disraeli, or Margaret Thatcher, Churchill seemed to resolve in one capacious personality the [Conservative] party's inner conflicts." There are several other places where you make comments like that about how successful political leaders of conservatism resolved tensions that, once they passed from the scene, seemed to spill out all over the place. Could you say something about the importance of such figures? I'd also like to ask about Reagan as one such figure, because after him came the unraveling, as you mentioned before.
Reagan belongs in that category of conservative politician. It includes Thatcher and Angela Merkel today, the chancellor of Germany. They managed to keep their parties together, although like every successful party, each has a tremendous internal dynamic and conflict. In order to keep your party together, you have to give something to each side, and arguably both Reagan and Thatcher gave much too much to the market liberals, those who say "Markets will solve everything; government is always the problem." We're still living, I think, both in Europe and the United States, with the limitations of that policy. You can say that they gave too much in terms of the cost to society. However, in party terms, they were quite successful in keeping their parties together. The split in conservatism, the rise of the hard right and the rout of the old liberal Republicans, didn't begin until after Reagan and Thatcher were gone.
So what problems opened the door to the hard right after Reagan and Thatcher?
There were three levels. There was a historic internal change in society and economy, connected with the collapse of old industries, the collapse of unions. If you look back to our society and economy in the 1960s and '70s, out of which Reagan and Thatcher came, it's almost unrecognizable. So that's one thing, a huge, huge change. Second, the end of the Cold War, in 1989 and 1990. That was a convenient, if dangerous, framework for thinking about the world and other countries. That's now gone. Those two changes together — huge social and economic change inside, great global change outside — have meant that an old framework of ideas in which conservative politicians argued with each other is gone, and needs replacing. Good as they were at keeping their parties together, neither Thatcher nor Reagan handed on any kind of replacement.
Into that vacuum has come the hard right. It's not a program, it's not a long-term solution to anything. It's actually intellectually incoherent. It promises global free markets on the one hand, and a kind of self-reliant, protective nation on the other. It doesn't add up. However, it's politically extremely appealing.
In your coda you discuss the choices facing conservatives. But in your preface, you write that your book "is written in comradely spirit with a question for the left: if we're so smart, how come we're not in charge?"
I hope we will die on the left, but I sometimes think also we will die of the left.
I don't expect a quick answer, because then why write the book? But I wonder if you might have a tentative answer to offer, that points to a direction for further discussion and inquiry?
What is the answer to the question, if the left is honest with itself? The answer is that we may have the answers, we may be the virtuous ones, but we have never, in 200 years, persuaded a majority of our fellow citizens that we are the way to go. That seems to me too deep a pattern for there not to be lessons drawn from that. What is the lesson? In essence, a boring, dull and unpopular lesson on the left: That is that we have to cooperate with liberal-minded right-wing people at the center of politics if we want to get into government and govern, as opposed to being the party of criticism or a movement of protest, however necessary and legitimate.
To throw in a further thought, the condition of the left is part of a larger explanation of the political hole that we're in. It's not just that on the right, a hard right is dominant at present, and liberal conservatives are dispirited and in retreat. On the left, there isn't a really persuasive, strong and responsible alternative.
That said, contingency plays a part of the mess we're in politically. Think of the three times the 21st century arrived: First 9/11, a horrendous event for which it would take decades for the consequences to work themselves out. Then the 2003 Iraq war, necessary or not, which broke the liberal Republicans and broke the center-minded Labour Party in Britain. And third, the crash of 2008, which more or less finished the idea that markets look after themselves. You had these three hammer-blows which were, in their way, contingencies. Neither party, neither the left or the right, has really digested any of that.
Finally, what's most important question I didn't ask? And what's the answer?
"Is the fight on the right going to go on after Nov. 3?" And do you know what the answer is?
From reading your book?
Not only. We are thinking in parallel here. I liked the piece you wrote, "It's not just about Trump." I completely agree. Of the fight on the right, you could say, "It's not even about Trump." So my answer to the question you didn't ask is, yes, the fight on the right will go on.


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Home > Tech > Royal Mail, the British post attacked by a Russian ransomware
Royal Mail, the British post attacked by a Russian ransomware
Posted by By Walker Ronnie January 13, 2023
The English Postal Service, the Royal Mailhave undergone a cybersecurity incident: the attack would come from a ransomware of the group linked to Russia LockBit. The Royal Mail reported the incident on Wednesday, explaining that it was unable to send parcels internationally.
Royal Mail, the British post under ransomware attack from Russia
The Telegraph reports that the Lockbit hacker group would have encrypted the English postal service, with a hacker note who would agree that i data was "stolen and encrypted". BleepingComputer reports that the note contains encrypted data and Tor addresses to initiate ransom negotiations.
However, a spokesperson for the hackers explained to BleepingComputer saying pro-Russian hackers did not commit this attack. Instead, they could be other hackers using their own tool, leaked online last September. However, the publication reports that the links refer to the LockBit site, so it is difficult to understand whether it is a bluff.
A post today from Royal Mail confirmed problems in international shipments. "At the moment we are unable to deliver items to overseas destinations. We strongly recommend that you keep your items for shipping overseas while we resolve the issue."
According to reports from the Telegraph, the hackers would have blocked the system that prints the labels for international transfers. the postal service, privatized in 2013 but still considered "critical national infrastructure". At the moment he has not confirmed it is a hacker attack.
The Telegraph reports that the hackers would have asked one million dollar ransom. It is currently unclear whether this is really an attack by LockBit. But in the near future we should have more details, we will keep you updated.
Walker Ronnie January 13, 2023
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text:
from flask import Flask
from flask import jsonify
from flask import request, url_for,redirect
from pymongo import MongoClient
import json
from bson import json_util
from bson.objectid import ObjectId
import datetime

app = Flask(__name__, static_url_path='')
client = MongoClient()
db = client.angularMail

def toJson(data):
    return json.dumps(data, default=json_util.default)

@app.route('/')
def index():
    return app.send_static_file('index.html')

@app.route('/rest/messages', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def messages():
    if request.method == 'POST':
        return addMessage(request.get_json())
    else:
        return getMessages()

@app.route('/rest/messages/<id>', methods=['GET', 'DELETE'])
def message(id):
    if request.method == 'GET':
        return getMessage(id)
    elif request.method == 'DELETE':
        return deleteMessage(id)

def getMessage(id):
    result = db.messages.find_one({'_id': ObjectId(id)})
    return toJson(result)

def deleteMessage(id):
    result = db.messages.remove({'_id': ObjectId(id)})
    return toJson(result)

def addMessage(post):
    id = db.messages.insert(post)
    response = jsonify()
    response.data = toJson(id)
    response.status_code = 201
    response.autocorrect_location_header = False
    return response

def getMessages():
    rows = int(request.args.get('resultsNumber', 100))
    start = int(request.args.get('startNumber', 0))
    results = db.messages.find().skip(start).limit(rows)
    json_results = []
    for result in results:
      json_results.append(result)
    return toJson(json_results)

if __name__ == '__main__':
  app.debug = True
  app.run(
  )

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Remove everything but numbers, the letter x, and the plus sign (Regex, PHP) Many variations of this question exist, and I tried a few generators, but I can't seem to find a regular expression that matches this. Say I have a phone number that looks like "345-324-3243 X039" I want to remove everything but the digits, the letter x and the plus sign (appears in international numbers).
Here is my current non-working regex and code:
$phone = "345-324-3243 X039";
preg_replace('[^\d|x|\+]', '', $phone);

I want it to come out to "3453243243X039" but instead I get "30234-2349".

A: Lose the | as it is a literal inside a character class, make sure to capture an uppercase "X" (along with a lowercase "x"), use the regex "/quotes/" (otherwise it treats is as "[quotes]") and use the result:
$phone = "345-324-3243 X039";
$phone = preg_replace('/[^\dxX+]/', '', $phone);
// $phone is 3453243243X039

Happy coding.

A: Remove the |s from your regex and escape the +.

A: So you're not only getting residual - characters in your results, but entirely different numbers? That's bizarre to me. You can't get 30234-2349 from 345-324-3243 X039 just by deleting characters; the only 0 in that input is right near the end. It's almost like characters are getting shuffled around as well as deleted.
I do notice you don't have regex delimiters around your pattern. I don't even know what the effect of that would be, since I don't recall ever trying it, but that's the only functional problem in your regex. The |s inside your character class will be interpreted as literal | characters, but that shouldn't affect the results for the sample input you posted.
The code I'd use is this:
$phone = preg_replace('/[^\dx+]/i', '', $phone);

I've wrapped the regex in /.../ delimiters, removed the |, unescaped the + (shouldn't have any effect inside a character class), and made it case-insensitive to catch the capital X.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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