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text:
Prague Bankers Insist they Really Want to 'Help the Poor'
The recent demonstrations in Prague against the international capitalist financial institutions, like previous protests against meetings of international bankers in other cities, have put the issue of imperialist exploitation of the peoples of poor countries forcibly before world public opinion.
The attempts of the capitalist press and governments to portray these actions as emotional outbursts of antisocial "anarchist" youth have not been able to obscure this basic message. Over the din of media hype, the major organizers of these protests have made clear that their method is mass demonstrations and not violence.
The capitalist press itself in its own way has testified to the impact of these protests by going on a campaign to try to show that the international financial institutions now have hearts.
For example, the Oct. 1 "News of the Week in Review" section of The New York Times ran a substantial article by Joseph Kahn saying that the world bankers had to back off from their arguments about the laws of the market being the panacea for the poor:
"But as Prague sweeps up the shattered shop window glass left over from the violence-plagued meeting of global aid agencies last week, one thing has become clear: The old way of thinking is now economically debatable and politically untouchable.
"In its place is emerging a new consensus about helping the poor that shifts some of the burden to the rich."
Certainly the Czech authorities did not seem to share any of the feelings of the protesters. They declared a state of siege and mobilized huge numbers of police to try to overawe them. There were more than 11,000 of police present on Sept. 26, almost equal to the 15,000 demonstrators.
Moreover, despite the fact that the Czech regime, supposedly the star pupils of the capitalist marketeers, hosted the IMF-World Bank meetings in the name of the internationalization of market relations, they proved to be "protectionists" with the respect to the internationalization of protests against the operation of the capitalist market.
Three hundred protesters were halted at the border. Others were subjected to a long waiting game. And people from other East European countries that wanted to join in the protests were denied visas.
The international bankers' party was deliberately held in Prague to demonstrate the triumph of the world market over "Communism" and as a tribute to the capitalist perspectives of the "post-Stalinist" rulers of the countries in which capitalism had been abolished. Therefore, the presence of protesters from these countries testifying to the catastrophic effects of these attempts on the masses of working people in these countries would strike the most discordant note possible.
But, as Kahn wrote in The New York Times, the discordant notes in the global capitalist "harmony" have become too loud for the administrators of the capitalist institutions to ignore. For example, 41 nations now have debt loads of more than 125 percent of their gross domestic product:
"Rich nations have begun the slow process of relieving this crushing burden, but the drumbeat to forgive much more of the Third World's debt is deafening for government ministers, who seem to up their pledges with every antiglobalization riot."
Kahn did not mention it, but certainly on the minds of the international bankers was that the biggest "antiglobalization riot" has been the recent mass upsurge in Indonesia, a country of over 200 million, which was directly provoked by IMF dictates.
That is where the IMF made its most rapid and notable retreat, but basically the same policies by international capitalism and its institutions are perpetuating and deepening the economic crisis in Indonesia and in many other Third World countries, such as Ecuador, where an upsurge that nearly became a revolution also recently took place.
These drumbeats of impending disaster are not going to be changed by a little divertimento about the new "humanitarian conscience" of the world bankers.
The International Food Crisis and Proposals To Overcome It
By ERIC TOUSSAINT and OMAR AZIKI
[Editor's note: We reprint this article by the Committee for the Abolition of Illegitimate Debt (CADTM). In 1989, the Bastille Appeal was launched, inviting popular movements throughout the world to unite in demanding the immediate and unconditional cancellation of the debt of the so-called developing countries. This crushing debt, along with neo-liberal macro-economic reforms imposed on the global South, has led to an explosion of worldwide inequality, mass poverty, flagrant injustice and the destruction of the environment.
DONATIONS TO PAKISTAN
CLIMATE CRISIS STRIKES PAKISTAN — To aid the millions of Pakistanis suffering from the catastrophic floods: send donations through ESSF (Europe solidaire sans frontières)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Contrary to popular myth if your dog has black or dark spots on his tongue it doesn't mean he's part Chow. Yes – it is true that one of the most well known physical traits of a Chow is his blueish black tongue, but it's not just a trait seen in Chows. Many other common breeds such as Labs, Shepherds, and Golden Retrievers are also known to have spots on their tongues.
Over 35 breeds are prone to spots on their tongues; it's not just Chows.
In addition to the Chow and Shar Pei there are over 35 other breeds that are known to develop bluish black spots on their tongues. Regardless of breed some dogs develop extra pigmentation on many parts of the body – including the tongue.
Despite popular myth It's not just Chows that have dark tongues, there are many dogs that develop dark spots on their tongue through their life. So why do some dogs have spotted tongues anyways?
The dark spots on your dogs tongue are just extra deposits of pigmentation. Just like freckles or birthmarks on humans. Dogs can also have dark pigmentation on their skin that look like freckles. My dog Laika has numerous dime sized "freckles" on her chest that are barely noticeable under all that fur.
Chows and Shar Pei's are both born with pink tongues – they gradually turn dark around 8 – 10 weeks due to extra pigmentation.
So regardless of your dogs ancestry dark spots on their tongue or skin does not mean they're part Chow. Sure it's possible – Chows are one of the oldest breeds known to man but there are also 38 other breeds known for tongue spots.
Tongue spots are quite common amongst a wide variety of breeds. If you were hoping to narrow down your dogs genetic make up based on their tongue alone you're not going to get very far. Sure you can narrow down the field slightly but you're still looking at many combinations when you consider 38 breeds are prone to tongue spots.


text:
La guerre économique est un concept polysémique qui désigne généralement l'ensemble des modes de conflictualité entre les agents économiques au sein d'un ou plusieurs systèmes économiques. Le concept recouvre également l'utilisation de la guerre dans un but économique. Il est utilisé en science politique et en histoire.

Concept

Origine mercantiliste
Le concept de guerre économique est utilisé, dans un premier temps, par des historiens. Des médiévistes, comme Paul Murray Kendall et Jean Favier, l'utilisent pour décrire l'enchevêtrement des tensions économiques et militaires durant le Moyen Âge. Le terme fait son apparition dans le champ de la science politique afin de caractériser de manière plus fine la composante économique des guerres, et le rôle de la volonté de contrôle de ressources dans le déclenchement de guerres.

La guerre économique a longtemps été rattachée à une optique mercantiliste. Dans cette perspective, la guerre économique désigne le mode normal de relations internationales, où des économies concurrentes utilisent le jeu des échanges internationaux pour capturer un maximum de ressources. Le mercantilisme soutient alors que la guerre économique est un jeu à somme nulle.

Utilisation critique
Le concept a été fortement utilisé par les marxistes dans le cadre de leurs théories de l'économie et des relations internationales. Toutefois, la guerre économique n'apparaît nulle part de manière directe sous la plume de Karl Marx ni sous celle de Vladimir Ilitch Lénine. Immanuel Wallerstein base sa théorie du système-monde sur une réflexion sur les conflictualités ayant pour finalité un accroissement de la richesse. Les penseurs de l'impérialisme ont également mobilisé le concept. Jean Tulard a ainsi abordé les politiques économiques de Napoléon Bonaparte sous l'angle de la guerre économique, écrivant que le blocus continental était une .

Conceptualisation moderne
La guerre économique fait aussi référence à la composante économique de la guerre, c'est-à-dire à l'ensemble des stratégies, souvent relatives à la théorie de l'approche indirecte, qui peuvent être mises en œuvre pendant un conflit armé afin de la gagner ou de donner un avantage décisif via des moyens économiques. François-Georges Dreyfus a par exemple écrit, au sujet de la Première Guerre mondiale, que Walther Rathenau avait employé des méthodes de guerre économique afin de donner un avantage à l'Allemagne ().

Fanny Coulomb remarque qu'un acte de guerre économique, s'il a vocation à donner un avantage à celui qui l'opère, n'est pas nécessairement antithétique à un affaiblissement de l'opérateur. Ainsi, une action de guerre économique peut , dès lors qu'une analyse coût-avantage permet de déterminer que l'action est plus favorable à l'un qu'à l'autre.

Le terme est parfois utilisé pour désigner la concurrence féroce entre des entreprises cherchant à accroître leurs parts de marché dans un même secteur. Certains auteurs considèrent toutefois cette utilisation comme relevant de l'abus de langage, soutenant que toute concurrence dans un libre marché est nécessairement conflictuelle. Pour Fanny Coulomb, ainsi, . D'autres remarquent que certaines pratiques illégales, telles que l'espionnage industriel, relèvent de la guerre économique en ce qu'elles ne peuvent être considérées comme le fonctionnement normal du marché.

Historique

Mercantilisme et guerre économique
Si le concept de « guerre économique » est longtemps resté flou, et ne peut voir son origine être attribuée à aucune école de pensée spécifique, les mercantilistes font partie des premiers, en Occident, à conceptualiser l'économie d'une manière belliciste. C'est cette conception de la politique économique qui domine du . Même avant la conceptualisation du mercantilisme comme doctrine de politique économique, le roi Louis XI met en place une politique de guerre économique contre Gênes en interdisant les marchands de s'y rendre, et contre le gouvernement de l'Église catholique en suspendant le paiement de l'annate afin d'exercer une pression sur icelui.

Cette période est marquée par une montée de la puissance maritime du Royaume-Uni et des Provinces-Unies, qui cherchent à développer de nouvelles règles économiques qui leur soient plus favorables, alors que les puissances d'Europe du Sud (Espagne et Portugal) bénéficiaient d'un monopole commercial avec l'Amérique à la suite du traité de Tordesillas de 1494. Les enjeux de puissance liés à l'économie et au commerce sont tels que, après la création de la Compagnie anglaise des Indes orientales par l'Angleterre en 1600, puis la riposte des Provinces-Unies avec la Compagnie néerlandaise des Indes orientales en 1602, la France réagit par la création de la Compagnie française des Indes orientales en 1664.

Le mercantilisme est d'autant plus nécessaire sous la forme d'une guerre économique que, à la suite des écrits de Nicolas Machiavel, beaucoup d'auteurs voient en l'économie et l'accroissement des richesses la clef du maintien au pouvoir du Prince. Michel Beaud écrit par exemple, dans son Histoire du capitalisme de 1500 à 2000, qu'. Comme l'écrit le mercantiliste français Antoine de Montchrestien en 1615, . Jean-Baptiste Colbert, lui, affirme que .

Les tensions qui en résultent rendent nécessaire la codification des relations entre les puissances, ce qui conduit le juriste néerlandais Hugo Grotius à fonder le droit international écrit à partir de jurisprudence, de principes religieux et philosophiques.

Croissance et guerre économique au XIXe siècle
L'idée de la guerre économique comme facteur de croissance économique, et non seulement d'enrichissement du souverain, est développée par les mercantilistes et est reprise au XIXe siècle. Cette idée incite les dirigeants des grands pays riches à mener des actions de guerre économique dans le but de maximiser leur croissance. Ainsi, lorsque l'Empire britannique fait face à une balance commerciale déficitaire avec la Chine, il s'associe à différentes nations occidentales, déclare la guerre à l'Empire chinois et le contraint à acheter l'opium produit par les Britanniques, tout en cédant des ports et des concessions commerciales à diverses puissances.
Les résultats de ses guerres économiques se traduisent en Traités inégaux imposés à des pays sous la menace militaire de puissances étrangères au nom du libre-échange.

Pour gagner la guerre économique, les mercantilistes préconisent l'expansion militaire, non contre les puissances adverses uniquement, mais contre des nations tierces. Afin de limiter la dépendance vis-à-vis des marchands étrangers, il est nécessaire d'annexer les territoires qui fourniront les richesses dont la métropole ne dispose pas. Les mercantilistes préconisent donc l'expansion coloniale.

Intensification de la guerre économique
Les guerres économiques connaissent une intensification du fait des possibilités apportées par la mondialisation et notamment sa composante économique dans le cadre des affrontements entre États et entre entreprises. Christian Harbulot fait remarquer que la dislocation de l'URSS et la fin de la Guerre froide ont permis de remplacer les conflits militaires par proxys à des conflits économiques, plus  en termes de morts.

Le rapport Anteios de 2010 sur la guerre économique remarque que, dans le cadre de la mondialisation, . Il met l'accent sur le besoin des États à créer une souveraineté économique afin de parer à des chocs d'approvisionnement brutaux.

Méthodes et outils

Manipulation d'informations
La guerre de l'information est le point commun de la plupart des méthodes employées aujourd'hui (lobbying, normalisation, …) pour acquérir une supériorité économiques. Les batailles liées à l'information se déroulent dans deux sens : acquisition de l'information (faire sienne une connaissance stratégique), ou diffusion de l'information (afin d'augmenter l'aire d'influence du pays, ou détruire un avantage comparatif). Un État peut mettre en œuvre une rétention d'information.

Ces conflits s'appuient sur les règles de propriété intellectuelle, mais aussi sur l'utilisation du cyber-espace. L'acquisition de l'information utilise en premier lieu les sources ouvertes (information blanche), c'est-à-dire le recueil d'informations disponibles en source ouverte sur les réseaux internet, et peut aller jusqu'aux sources fermées (information noire), en passant par l'information grise.

La meilleure méthode des entreprises pour se prémunir d'un pillage systématique est d'adopter une attitude prudente et non naïve, et de bâtir des réseaux extranet en accès restreint pour les communautés de pratique qui ne concernent que certaines parties prenantes de l'entreprise.

Débauchage concurrentiel

Le débauchage concurrentiel consiste à essayer d'embaucher des employés d'entreprises concurrentes, dans le but de réduire la force de travail et le savoir-faire de l'entreprise concurrente et, grâce à l'employé débauché, de récupérer les méthodes de travail et les techniques de l'entreprise concurrente, grâce au savoir-faire de la personne embauchée.

Blocus et blocage des routes commerciales
Les pratiques traditionnelles de la guerre économiques sont celles qui ont longtemps été utilisées, en temps de paix comme en tant de guerre, dans le but de donner un avantage économique, politique ou militaire à un État ou à une organisation commerciale. Les politiques de blocus en font partie, ainsi que le verrouillage des axes d'échanges et la protection des routes commerciales.

Affaiblissement de l'appareil industriel et commercial

Un État peut mettre en avant les règles du libre-échange pour s'ouvrir des marchés. Il en est ainsi quand on impose des traités inégaux à des pays sous la menace militaire de puissances étrangères.

Les sanctions économiques, de toute nature affaiblissent un pays en limitant ses capacités commerciales. Ces pratiques peuvent être augmentées, en période de paix, par des embargos, qui assèchent les possibilités d'approvisionnement d'un pays.

L'affaiblissement, allant jusqu'à sa destruction, de l'appareil industriel d'un pays est une pratique de guerre économique, elle permet de miner la capacité du pays visé à se défendre.

Rattrapage industriel et commercial
Un État inséré dans une guerre économique peut décider de combler un retard technologique, à la fois pour des raisons économiques et pour des raisons géopolitiques. Un gouvernement peut faire appel à ses services de renseignement afin qu'ils rendent possible un tel rattrapage grâce à des techniques de captation brutales, violentes et coercitives pour parvenir à leurs fins (interceptions de données, captation d'images satellites, survol de territoire, chantage, vol, coercition, corruption, écoutes illégales).

Extraterritorialité du droit
L'extraterritorialité est la faculté pour une loi ou un ensemble de normes d'un pays à s'appliquer au-delà des frontières de son pays. Le principal droit extraterritorial du monde est celui des États-Unis (voir Extraterritorialité du droit américain), qui permet au gouvernement américain de poursuivre des entreprises non américaines à l'étranger, à condition qu'elles aient un lien avec les États-Unis. Ainsi, dès lors qu'une entreprise utilise le dollar américain, ou dispose d'une filiale sur le territoire américain, toute l'entreprise peut être jugée à l'aune du droit étasunien. Des entreprises telles qu'Alcatel, Alstom, Technip, Total, la Société Générale et BNP Paribas ont reçu des amendes importantes de la part des États-Unis.

D'autres droits extraterritoriaux existent. L'extraterritorialité du droit européen est permise par plusieurs textes. Le droit français est, lui aussi, à certains égard, extraterritorial (Extraterritorialité du droit français).

En , la loi extraterritoriale américaine CLOUD Act () permet aux administrations des États-Unis, disposant d'un mandat et de l'autorisation d'un juge, d'accéder aux données hébergées dans les serveurs informatiques situés dans d'autres pays, au nom de la protection de la sécurité publique aux États-Unis et de la lutte contre les infractions les plus graves dont les crimes et le terrorisme. Elle pourrait permettre l'espionnage industriel, voire le vol de la propriété intellectuelle. Elle s'impose aux GAFAMs ( les données de santé françaises sont hébergées par Microsoft en Irlande) comme aux entreprises étrangères ( OVH, Orange, Altice) ayant une activité aux États-Unis.

Contrôle des investissements
En ce début de , une démarche de protection du patrimoine économique des États s'inscrit dans une volonté gouvernementale qui se généralise au niveau mondial. Elle se concrétise par la création d'organes de contrôle des investissements étrangers ainsi que par la définition d'une stratégie économique. Elle s'inspire de ce qui a été développé depuis plusieurs décennies aux États-unis par la création du Comité pour l'investissement étranger aux États-Unis (CFIUS).

Le , à la suite de l'affaire Alstom, le décret 2014-479 étend à de nouveaux secteurs de l'énergie, de l'eau, des transports, des télécommunications et de la santé publique les pouvoirs du décret 2005-1739, qui portent sur la possibilité donnée au gouvernement de mettre un veto sur des investissements étrangers qui portent atteintes aux intérêts stratégiques.

En vertu de ce décret, en , la France a mis son veto, initiative rare, au rachat de Photonis, société spécialisée dans la vision nocturne pour les armées, par un groupe américain, Teledyne, au nom de la protection des intérêts stratégiques.

La Chine, dans la derrière partie du , a imposé pendant des décennies, lors de son développement économique, la création de coentreprises(joint ventures) aux entreprises multinationales qui voulaient investir sur son sol et cela a impliqué un partage de la propriété intellectuelle(Exemple Nokia Shanghai Bell).

Contrôle des ressources stratégiques
C'est ce qui se produit à partir de 2006, par exemple, concernant la fourniture de terres rares dominée par la Chine. Des quotas d'exportations ont été établis, les licences d'exportations ont été restreintes, des taxes à l'exportation ont été établies. Ces mesures ont entraîné des délocalisations industrielles vers la Chine et ont accéléré les transferts de technologies permettant à la Chine de remonter dans la chaîne de valeur.(En particulier, les aimants aux terres rares).

Par exemple, début 2020, la stratégie de l'OPEP vise à contrer le pétrole de schiste américain. La Russie et les pays de l'OPEP, menés de fait par l'Arabie saoudite, se sont lancés dans une guerre des prix du pétrole par un prix bas visant à faire céder les producteurs de pétrole de schiste américain, dont les coûts d'extraction sont beaucoup plus élevés.

Politique monétaire
La réduction de la valeur relative de la monnaie nationale rend les produits nationaux plus attractifs pour les non résidents et dissuade les résidents d'acheter des produits étrangers devenus plus chers (en monnaie nationale). On parle alors de dévaluation compétitive. En régime de changes flexibles, un gouvernement faire en sorte que la monnaie nationale se déprécie. Il peut donc y avoir une "dépréciation compétitive".

Les enjeux de ces « guerres monétaires » sont mis en évidence par l'exemple des États-Unis et de la Chine. Les États-Unis reprochent à la Chine de maintenir sa monnaie sous-évaluée. En retour les États-Unis sont soupçonnés de chercher à répondre par la dévaluation « involontaire » de leur monnaie. L'ensemble des États se retrouvent affectés par la « sous-évaluation » des monnaies des deux principaux acteurs économiques mondiaux.

Diffusion socioculturelle
Les Etats-Unis, par l'intermédiaire de OMC, ont essayé à plusieurs reprises de faire de la culture un marché de services comme un autre, soumis aux règles commerciales du libre-échange. La France n'aurait pu faire appel à la notion d'exception culturelle si cette proposition avait été retenue.

La diffusion de films partout dans le monde permet de préparer le terrain aux implantations futures d'entreprises et rend plus facile l'installation de la domination économique.

En France, une politique de quotas de diffusion d'origine française ou européenne permet de préserver une industrie cinématographique face aux films venant des Etats-Unis qui sont déjà amorties.

Les centres et associations culturels, soutenus par les États font partie des outils de diffusion de la pratique de la langue et des réussites des nations qui les promeuvent (Institut français, Alliance française, Institut Confucius, Centre culturel américain, British Council...).

Actions d'influence
Les grandes puissances développent une stratégie d'influence pour en retirer des avantages économiques, en particulier les États-Unis pour maintenir leur rang de  économique, ainsi que la Chine pour tenter de le devenir(Nouvelle route de la soie).

L'influence s'exerce par l'intermédiaire de groupes de pression sur des décideurs (politiques, économiques souvent). Elle peut être direct par des interventions(ou même hors déontologie et légalité, par le soudoiement), ou indirect par la création de sites web, de mailings, de communautés de pratique, de revues, d'articles orientés dans les journaux, de publicité, et par la communication sous toutes ses formes, tous moyens destinés à agir sur les mentalités.

L'influence est facilitée par le fait que les entreprises(souvent grâce à une fondation) s'adjoignent maintenant les services d'ONG sur les questions sociétales (environnement, droits de l'homme).

Les organisations non gouvernementales peuvent avoir une action de portée culturelle, économique et politique, au-delà de leurs objectifs humanitaires ou autres, sur les pays où elles sont implantées ou déployées. Elles peuvent être utilisées par les entreprises comme un moyen de s'introduire dans de nouveaux pays.

Cette pratique est fréquente dans le monde anglo-saxon (États-Unis, Canada, Royaume-Uni, Australie, Scandinavie). L'emploi et la maîtrise de la langue anglaise comme langue véhiculaire sont des atouts.

Outre les ONG, les groupes de pression utilisent aujourd'hui des réseaux institutionnels comme ceux de la chambre de commerce internationale, le , le , l'OCDE, l'OMC, le FMI, les sommets de la Terre. Il s'appuie sur l'efficacité des comptes rendus écrits rédigés par certaines personnes ou réseaux qui participent aux sommets.

Les groupes de pression s'activent en terrain fertile dans la définition des nouvelles normes comptables IAS/IFRS qui intègrent dorénavant le capital immatériel.

Christian Harbulot, Jean Pichot-Duclos pose la question de l'indépendance des cabinets de conseil,

Espionnage

L'espionnage économique, distinct de l'intelligence économique, vise le commerce et les grands projets internationaux ainsi que les plus grands groupes industriels ou des entreprises pointues dans leurs domaines. Il peut être mené par des gouvernements ou entreprises privées.

La surveillance électronique permet aux gouvernements en soutien à leurs entreprises d'espionner des entreprises privées étrangères afin, par exemple, de soumissionner lors d'un appel d'offres à un montant plus bas que la concurrence et ainsi être le moins disant, connaître à l'avance les tactiques de négociation des concurrents.

Les techniques d'espionnage industriel, comme le pillage technologique, en font partie. La recherche, fondamentale ou appliquée, est aussi ciblée sur les points de ruptures qui conduisent des recherches de laboratoires aux brevets, start-up et autres produits innovants.

Cet espionnage permet de transformer des connaissances, obtenues illicitement, en des avantages comparatifs. Ainsi, la NSA a ciblé en 2013 des adresses de messagerie de l'entreprise franco-américaine stratégique Alcatel-Lucent, qui œuvre dans le secteur sensible de l'équipement des réseaux de communication, ou encore Wanadoo, ancienne filiale d'Orange. Depuis , à l'aide du programme baptisé QuantumInsert, la NSA a réussi à pénétrer dans le réseau informatique gérant le câble sous-marin SEA-ME-WE 4 qui achemine les communications téléphoniques et internet depuis Marseille vers l'Afrique du Nord, les pays du Golfe et l'Asie.

Critiques et débats

Surestimation de la guerre économique
Les premiers critiques de l'idée de guerre économique furent les philosophes des Lumières. Critiquant le système mercantiliste, ils soulignaient la capacité du commerce international à rendre les relations entre les pays plus fluides et moins belliqueuses. Dans De l'esprit des lois, Montesquieu veut montrer que commerce et paix vont de pair, soulignant que .

Commerce comme jeu à somme positive
Pour les tenants du libéralisme économique, la prospérité des uns fait la prospérité des autres. La confrontation des intérêts égoïstes ou nationaux ne doit pas mener à la guerre mais à l'harmonie. Ainsi selon Jean-Baptiste Say, .

Ce fut aussi l'opinion défendue par John Maynard Keynes lors de la crise de 1929 où les gouvernements tentaient de se prémunir du chômage en l'exportant dans les pays étrangers (politique dite : beggar-my-neighbour policy). Selon lui, les mesures nuisant aux économies étrangères, nuisent en définitive à l'économie nationale.

Pessimisme au sujet du commerce
Le concept même de guerre économique est critiqué par certains comme étant le signe d'une incapacité d'un pays ou d'une entreprise à s'adapter à la concurrence internationale, et ainsi à percevoir des actes de guerre économique dans ce qui est le fonctionnement normal d'un marché. Élie Cohen affirme ainsi que .

Paul Krugman estime que le concept de guerre économique dérive de la dangereuse obsession de la compétitivité et du désir de procurer des frissons :

Mais pour lui, la diffusion du concept de « guerre économique » est un vrai problème car elle menace les acquis du commerce international et risque de déboucher sur une guerre commerciale qui n'a pas lieu d'être :

Les travaux théoriques de cet auteur ont cherché à montrer que la richesse nationale n'était pas liée à la compétitivité internationale d'un pays mais à sa seule productivité. Dès lors l'idée que la meilleure compétitivité des pays étrangers n'a pas d'effets négatifs sur la richesse intérieure.

Ce n'est pas à la guerre économique comme compétition entre états à laquelle s'est intéressé Joseph Schumpeter mais au risque d'une compétition acharnée et donc potentiellement nuisible entre entreprises. Il rejette l'idée que la concurrence exacerbée entre des entités économiques ayant pour fin la constitution de monopole ait quelque conséquence destructrice. Selon lui cette concurrence ne constitue pas une « guerre au couteau » nuisant à l'intérêt général.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Économie de guerre
 Guerre de l'information
 Intelligence économique
 Patriotisme économique
 Terrorisme économique
 Espionnage industriel
 Géoéconomie
 Paix et guerre entre les nations
 École de guerre économique
 Libre-échange
 Protectionnisme
 Traités inégaux

Bibliographie

Années 1960
 Raymond Aron, Paix et guerre entre les nations, Calmann-Lévy, 1962.

Années 1990
 Bernard Esambert, La guerre économique mondiale, Olivier Orban, 1991.
 Christian Schmidt (économiste), Penser la guerre, penser l'économie, Odile Jacob, 1991.
 Christian Harbulot, La machine de guerre économique, Economica, 1992.

Années 2000
 Éric Denécé et Claude Revel, L'autre guerre des États-Unis, Économie : les secrets d'une machine de conquête, Robert Laffont, 2005.
 Ali Laïdi et Denis Lanvaux, Les secrets de la guerre économique, Seuil, 2004.
 Christian Harbulot, La main invisible des puissances, Ellipses, 2007.
 Bernard Carayon, Patriotisme économique, de la guerre à la paix économique, Éditions du Rocher, 2006.

Années 2010
 Éric Delbecque et Christian Harbulot, La guerre économique, Presse Universitaire Française,  Que sais-je, 2010.
 Jean-Marc Huissoud et Frédéric Munier, La guerre économique, Presse Universitaire Française, 2010.
 Thibault du Manoir de Juaye, Les robes noires dans la guerre économique, Nouveau Monde, 2011.
 Eric Bosserelle, La guerre économique, forme moderne de la guerre ? Revue Française de Socio-Économie, Paris, La Découverte. 2011/2 (n° 8)
 Sous la direction de Christian Harbulot, Manuel d'intelligence économique, comprendre la guerre économique, Paris, PUF, 2015.
 Gagliano Giuseppe, Guerre et intelligence économique dans la pensée de Christian Harbulot, présentation Nicolas Moinet, Va Press 2016.
 Ali Laïdi, Histoire mondiale de la guerre économique, Paris, Perrin, 2016.
 Gagliano Giuseppe, L'école française de la guerre économique, Va Press, Versailles, 2018Va Press Editions
 Olivier de Maison Rouge, "Penser la guerre économique. Bréviaire stratégique", Va Press, Versailles, 2018
 Christian Harbulot, "L'art de la guerre économique", Va Press, Versailles, 2018
 Nicolas Moinet, "Les sentiers de la guerre économique", Va Press, Versailles, 2018

Liens externes
 Un article d'une économiste sur le sujet
 Tentative de définition
 , le bureau de guerre économique instauré par les États-Unis le  dans la lutte contre l'Axe.
 Gagliano Giuseppe, Guerre économique
Une histoire de la guerre économique, Arte   Christian Buckard, Daniel Guthmann, 2019.

Géopolitique
Économique
Théorie économique
Intelligence économique
Terme syndical

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Driven: the 2009 Chevrolet Aveo5
By Seyth Miersma
We were recently invited, along with an immodestly large group of our fellow scribes, to have our way with the whole of the 2009 General Motors lineup at the bustling Autobahn Country Club in Joliet, Illinois. And despite the siren song of several Corvette ZR1s wailing from the direction of the north track, we took the afternoon to acquaint ourselves with a vehicle that seems to have an ever increasing importance for GM's near term future, the 2009 Chevrolet Aveo5.
The General's smallest offering is new for the '09 model year, and there are high hopes that the Aveo5 will enter dealerships prepared not only for the inevitable scrutiny of a new model but also to fight it out with fine small five-doors newly minted from both Honda (Fit) and Toyota (Yaris). GM Vice Chairman Bob Lutz spoke to the importance of changing the company's model for small vehicles, pointing to the high-content, high-cost small cars on the European scene and noting that American car buyers are still in the midst of a shift that should see them ready to accept such cars in the near term.
For all the talk about the development of premium American small vehicles, it seems clear that the new Aveo will make its hay on the rate at which it sips fuel and its sticker price, rather than on its high level of "premiumness."
At the heart of the Aveo5 is a 1.6-liter DOHC four-cylinder that is among the most fuel efficient mills that GM sells, at 27/34 mpg for the five-speed manual version. The engine also received gotten tiny power bump for the 2009 model year, from 103 to 106 horsepower, though the fiddling has dropped torque to 105 from 107 pound-feet.
If those power figures don't sound like great news for the Aveo's performance, it's probably because they aren't. Despite a respectable curb weight of 2546 pounds, the little Chevy's acceleration can charitably be described as "unhurried." While no strict figures were made available from the manufacturer, and noting that conditions were a long way from ideal, our primitive attempt at measuring the 0 to 60 mph time in the automatic transmission car yielded a time that was very solidly in the double digits. This may be the slowest passenger car on sale today, folks.
But speed isn't everything, especially in the case of ultra-budget conscious small cars, and the Aveo5 certainly didn't leave us with nothing to recommend it to possible buyers. We were pleasantly surprised at how well the suspension soaked up the miles of crumbling roads and the frost heaves that dotted our test route, offering a pliant ride befitting a much more expensive vehicle. The steering wheel may have been overly large but offered good feel and feedback, allowing us to take full advantage of the grip allotted by the rather skinny all-season tires. Aveo5 also offers standard front and side impact airbags, a tire pressure monitoring system, and an auxiliary jack to hook up your iPod.
The littlest Chevy also looks a lot better for the 2009 model year, with chunky, big-box proportions and a Malibu-style grille making the outgoing car seem almost instantly outdated.
It's too bad that Chevy designers didn't make out as well with the car's interior then, as it remains mostly a pastiche of all the things that can be done wrong with small cars. For starters, it's important to note that potential customers that measure above six-feet tall should make doubly sure that they feel comfortable behind the wheel. At 6' 5", your reporter had his right knee pushed up against the center console for the entire test, even with the seat all the way back on its rails and reclined as much as he could manage and still see out the windows – the big and tall set may want to look elsewhere. Cabin materials weren't much better than cabin fit either, with the hard console plastics looking especially dreary in the lighter shades and with inexplicably placed "wood" accents highlighting them. Does anyone really expect the Aveo to have a wood-lined cockpit?
The base price of the base Aveo5 has gone up by a bit over one thousand dollars, the 2009 LS starts at $12,120, and the car is still going to be one of the most inexpensive pieces of new transportation on sale in the U.S. With added content and a better overall package, that's good news for the GM executives who hope that Aveo can be a hit in these movable times. But with new entries like Fit and Yaris just a few thousand dollars of financing up the price line, Aveo5 may still find that it isn't quite new enough.


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Category Archives: science fiction
Dystopia or Utopia – What's your poison?
Posted by Ebonstorm on July 17, 2013
I wrote an article a few months ago talking about using science fiction for social change and activism, Science Fiction and Social Awareness
Since then I have been reading a number of discussions talking about writers preferring to write dystopias rather than utopias.
David Brin would like to see more positive representations of the future and thinks Utopias need to make a comeback. He is not alone. A number of other famous scientists and science fiction writers are also in agreement about the idea of writing new books where utopias, positive futures where mankind is not only still around but thriving in positive ways as a necessary force to change the future. See: Project Hieroglyph
I know they are necessary but they are difficult to write and I suspect only the most gifted and optimistic writers should try. Here's my reasoning:
Dystopia and Utopia have the same problem. They are talking about a period where what we know has evolved into what is now the order of things. Why is one more difficult to write than the other?
Utopia: a place of ideal perfection especially in laws, government, and social conditions
The term Utopia was invented by Thomas More as the title of his Latin book De Optimo Reipublicae Statu deque Nova Insula Utopia (circa 1516), known more commonly as Utopia. He created the word "utopia" to suggest two Greek neologisms simultaneously: outopia (no place) and eutopia (good place). More depicts a rationally organised society, through the narration of an explorer who discovers it — Raphael Hythlodaeus. Utopia is a republic where all property is held in common. In addition, it has few laws, no lawyers and rarely sends its citizens to war, but hires mercenaries from among its war-prone neighbours.
Generally speaking, utopias are generally societies whose author believes either perfect, or as perfect as can be attainable. Ernest Callenbach's Ecotopia is a contemporary example. This can cause some confusion, in that some works generally recognized as "utopian", such as Plato's Republic, can come across as much less than ideal to a modern reader. They are one of the smaller subsets of political science fiction, possibly because it is difficult to create dramatic tension in a world the author believes is perfect. –Wikipedia, Political ideas in science fiction
My favorite eco-dystopia: Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind
Dystopia: an imaginary place where people lead dehumanized and often fearful lives
Dystopias are societies where the author illustrates the worst that can happen. Usually this encompasses extrapolating trends the author sees as dangerous. During the 20th century many examples were written in reaction to the rise of Nazism, Communism and Religious Fundamentalism:
Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell which illustrates the ultimate totalitarian state in which the government is in control of every aspect of human existence, using propaganda, universal surveillance, and torture.
The Man in the High Castle by Philip K. Dick was written after the war in response to Fascism. It is set in a world where the Axis forces have won World War II and are rivalsuperpowers. In it the main characters argue and are involved in politics and power.
The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood tells the tale of a woman caught up in a fundamentalist Christian dictatorship where women are forced into a system of sexual slavery for the ruling patriarchy.
Double Helix Fall (1990) by Neil Ferguson portrays an America where a person's social status is determined by their movements in the womb, an extension of the concept of original sin.
It is important to keep in mind that scenarios which some would describe as dystopic, others would describe as utopian. Norman Spinrad's novel The Iron Dream was generally recognised to be a dystopian novel, but lauded by neo-Nazis as a utopia. –Wikipedia, Political ideas in science fiction
Janus-topia: A utopian society which is actually engaged in abusing and dehumanizing its citizens using social manipulations of one sort or another. (No, its not real, I just made it up to prove a point.) Janus was a two faced deity, looking forward and backward at the same time. I liken a Janus-topia to the idea that a society might be forward-thinking but using repressive, deviant or oppressive means to accomplish its goals rather than the forward sound ideals it may espouse in its public face.
Given these two simplified definitions, it is easy to see why Dystopias outnumber Utopias 10-to-1. Most readers (editors and agents) want stories where the conflict is easy to recognize, can be filled with intrepid adventurers who die at just the appropriate moment to tug at our heartstrings and make us believe we are experiencing a transformative event.
The problem of addressing a Utopia is by definition, it is already a perfect place, where we have to be willing to be patient, walk with the protagonists while they show you the dirty, hidden underbelly of the Utopia, where all is not what it seems. This is by far the harder row-to-hoe because writers are under fire to "show, don't tell" or my other favorite "exposition is dead/death" so you must find a way to expose people to your Utopia without actually describing it in any detail that might bore our attention-addled readership.
Given these two conditions, there is not a question in my mind why we see Dystopias outnumbering Utopias. The curve to creation isn't that difficult. Look at modern society, allow it to continue unabated and poof, Dystopia.
Try that with creating a Utopia, and you have to, by most reader's perspectives alter the fabric of space-time to reach a place where Humanity, especially as we see it now, doing anything such as curing disease (do we do that anymore? Polio was the last one I can think of) getting rid of hunger worldwide, reversing our position on global climate change, reducing corporate power (is that even possible?) enhancing educational opportunities for everyone, ensuring any form of social parity, correcting enough social ills you would deign to call your world a Utopia.
As far as I can tell, no Utopia has ever survived for the same reason most Dystopias eventually get replaced by something else. Human nature is fickle. If society is actually working, we distrust it, and assume something must be rotten somewhere. If society is failing, human nature dictates at some point we fight back or get ground into the dust.
So the real question is, why aren't we writing more books about correcting the reason we can't have Utopias in the first place; the moral, social, mental, cultural, religious, failings of the Human race? If we could fix that, maybe people might believe Utopias, corrupted or otherwise, might be possible enough to write about and worthy enough to read through to see the underlying messages for what they are.
Messages about us and our relationships to each other and the Universe at large. This is where Janus-topias come in. So many of our works that describe utopian societies are actually Janus-topias, two faced worlds where we believe we are living well to find out we are not. Most of our works which postulate a possible Utopia are really Janus-topias.
Utopia is not a place where stories are easily written, by definition, if you made a real Utopia, where would the conflict arise? What we are really hoping for are clever Janus-topias which hide their flaws well, are interesting enough to pay attention to, and when their flaws are revealed, we learn something about ourselves in the process.
Death to Utopia! Not enough happens there.
But the route to Utopia is rife with storytelling possibilities…
2 Comments Posted in Commentary, science fiction, Society, Writing Tagged climate, dystopia, janus-topia, literature, politics, science, science fiction, society, utopia, writing
Could Superman die of old age?
Posted by Ebonstorm on June 20, 2013
New Earth Superman: Got rid of the bloomers on the outside and now I'm too sexy to get old…
[science of science fiction]
This question cannot be definitively answered because DC Comics has never definitively answered it.
And this is still one of the greatest shames of the DC Comics franchise. Without a clear quantification of Superman's powers, it is truly impossible to answer some of the most important questions around the character, including Could Superman die of old age? Granted, given the powers of his enemies and the danger of his lifestyle, the possibility of him living to a ripe old age is probably slim to none but should he find himself growing older and want to consider whether he should sign up for a 401K, the question does need to be asked.
To address the question effectively we have to check a few things before we dive in. The first question is WHICH Superman are we talking about? Since the character has had multiple iterations and multiple continuities, each has possessed varying levels of longevity.
See: How many canon Supermen have existed since his first appearance in Action Comics in 1938?
The main versions of the character include the Golden Age version, the Silver Age version, the Post-Crisis version and the Modern DC New Earth version. We are going to skip the Post Crisis, John Byrne version because he no longer exists and we will skip over the DCnU version because he is still too new for DC to have revealed enough to know for certain. He has been returned to his youthful age of 25 to 30-something after their recent reboot of their universe.
We will talk about a couple of examples of Supermen who didn't appear to age and a couple that did.
DC has published the DC One Million storylines where a Superman has retreated into the sun to live (yes, INSIDE the sun is where he places his Fortress of Solitude, and I can bet he gets NO visitors) and has gained powers far beyond any of the versions of the character that has existed to date. His powers were so fantastic, he was able to power his descendants giving them extraordinary abilities as well. Superman Prime (as he was called) appeared to be invulnerable, immortal and completely unaging. This was a Post-Crisis version of Superman.
DC has also shown signs of Superman aging. The original Golden Age Superman (Kal-L) whose origins on Earth-2 (Pre-Crisis) seemed to age as an ordinary human would. He married his universe's Lois Lane and the two seemed to age at comparable rates. His powers also diminished as he aged, making him only a fraction as strong as the Earth-1 Superman of the same time period.
Another aging Superman was the Kingdom Come Superman (which counts as an alternative Earth storyline, but it was a very popular version of the character). He aged far slower than humans, and grew more powerful as he aged. He lost his vulnerability to Kryptonite but was still capable of being harmed by the chaotic energies of magic (he tests this by cutting his finger on Wonder Woman's god-forged sword). In this iteration, his power were great (not as great as the Silver Age Superman or the Superman Prime character) but quite formidable and he hadn't appeared to lose a step due to the aging process.
The Silver Age Superman (the second most powerful version of the character, and the version you probably grew up on before his reduction of powers after the Crisis on Infinite Earths, DC's first universal reset) had vast powers under a yellow sun and did not appear to age at all. While he could be (theoretically) killed in battle, once he reached an adult age, there was no further sign of aging. This character existed Pre-Crisis as well. This character was so powerful in one of his stories he sneezes and destroys a solar system. I believe this is the real reason the Crisis on Infinite Earths had to happen…
So CAN Superman die of old age?
The question can't be answered effectively because no one has ever written the definitive treatment on how Kryptonians acquire superpowers on Earth, (or for that matter how metahumans acquire powers in the DC Universe) and there is no ratified documents describing how the Kryptonians (Homo Sapiens Krypton), who resemble (Homo Sapiens Sapiens) in appearance, but vary so far from us in terms of biological processes.
Are the Kryptonians related to Humans and happen to have a convergent evolution?
Are the Kryptonians genetically-modified humans, who use technology to create superhuman abilities when powered by particular wavelengths of energy?
Are the powers of Kryptonians only viable in certain environments or under certain conditions but in all other ways they resemble humans?
Are Kryptonians peak engineered humans whose physiology without powers is simply better, having reduced or eliminated the threat of disease, genetic dysfunction, and slowed or erased the aging process?
These are the questions which are never definitively answered so questions about Superman's aging (with yellow sun or without) can be answered fully.
As a thought experiment, let's look at the recent Man of Steel version of Superman to determine through inference if Superman can die of old age.
The Kryptonians had a population management program where members of the society were born through an in-vitro process of genetic recombination of traits. This may imply:
Kryptonians possess superior genetic recombination science. They were able to selectively mix and match genetic capabilities to ensure genetic dispositions for abilities were passed down.
The Kryptonians had already cleared away genetic imperfections or diseases which shorten lifespans. This may be the reason they were utilizing population controls. A species with very long lifespans may need to keep populations under control lest they overrun and destroy their environment with near-immortals consuming everything.
Since they were mining the core of their planet, this may imply they had already HAD an ecological over-population which precipitated their regulation of their population as a potential counter.
Though we have no indications of how old anyone was, we do see examples of older Kryptonians on the Council, and Jor-El is a bit grey (approximating the age of a man in his mid-fifties) though he appeared hale and hearty enough to hold his own in an unfair fight.
We can assume aging takes place among the Kryptonians while they live in their native environment, though its rate in comparison to Humans is as yet unknown. We can compare Kal-El's growth rate from child to adult as similar enough to our own, he was able to blend into Human society without incident regarding his physiological growth rate.
Once he was fully an adult does he stop aging?
This is the question that cannot be answered effectively unless we are able to understand how he is able to fly, resist incredible amounts of physical damage and project energy from his body.
If we assume physical capabilities which require a catalyst to activate (in this case, the yellow sun) these abilities would be in addition to his normal Kryptonian genome, perhaps genetic technologies woven into their genome as a survival strategy for conquering other planets or surviving hostile environments.
With such abilities, however, a single Kryptonian could conquer any planet with an environment like Earth's. And it would make sense for Kryptonians to do so. Unfortunately, only about ten percent of the galaxy's stars are similar to our sun, so on most planets they would have far less durability or capability.
So if these are genetic patents designed to be a support technology increasing durability, strength and resilience, they would only be most effective on a tiny range of planets overall.
Did the Kryptonians know this? Judging from the speed some of them learned and used their abilities, I can only surmise that indeed, some of them were aware of what they were capable of.
If their genetic technology did not completely stop their aging on Krypton, but were an integral part of their biological structure, it is safe to assume, even under a yellow sun, the Man of Steel Kryptonians require sustenance, water, air and other biological necessities, which can be temporarily reduced or ignored while living under a yellow sun. For Kryptonians to be able to live and utilize energy as a biological organism, even a perfect one, experiences some level of entropy and overall decay.
My verdict would indicate the Man of Steel's Kryptonians were masters of genetic and engineering technologies which give their underlying Humanoid physiology fantastic capabilities under a tiny window of conditions. Given the right solar energy levels, the right gravitational fields, they are prodigious engines of destruction but even they had limits. Note that Faora Ul (who was wiping up Smallville with Big Blue and the US Army) was taken down by a cruise missile which evidently delivered sufficient force to knock her down and out.
That means we still had technology strong enough to kill a Kryptonian, if you didn't mind the collateral damage required to do the job.
Having 100,000 years of technological evolution to work with makes any Kryptonian advance technology appear as magic to us. They mastered space travel, dimension-crossing, wormhole generation, genetic engineering, recombinant DNA mastery, and energy manipulation abilities we don't even have names for.
But their greatest limitation is their desire to maintain a human form.
Is it vanity? Or is there some other societal issue?
Is it an inability to alter their physical capabilities further without a change in their psychology?
Why did they give their bodies such capabilities and then limit them to a tiny subset of environments?
Something in this limitation makes me believe there is an underlying limitation in their genome we are not aware of.
It is this unknown limitation which makes me believe they have mastered their genome sufficiently enough to REDUCE aging but not completely STOP it.
Leave a comment Posted in Comics, Movie, science fiction, Technology Tagged action comics, Aging, Comics, DC Comics, dc one million, fortress of solitude, Jor-El, Kal-El, Kryptonians, Man of Steel, new earth, quora, science fiction, speculation, Superman
Man of Steel Review (spoiler-free)
Guest blog by Kenneth Alexander Wright Vazquez
"His name is Kal, Son of El"
For the last 35 years director Richard Donner's 'Superman The Movie' has been the cinematic representation of the beloved hero for a generation and considered by many to be the best movie of the super hero sub-genre (despite needless camp and holes in its plot). Now, visionary director Zack Snyder and writers David S. Goyer and Chris Nolan have delivered what could very well be the Superman of a new generation with 'MAN OF STEEL'; in fact it is.
Zack Snyder has achieved, along with Goyer's and Nolan's sharp and deeply layered script, nothing short of greatness. This is the Superman film all of us, not just fans of the character, but movie goers in general have been clamoring for since the closing of the last one. Disregard, yet never forget, the Christopher Reeve films, for 'MAN OF STEEL' is a spectacular re-imagining and re-telling of the Superman mythos in modern day brought to us by the genius of Zack Snyder.
Every scene of 'MAN OF STEEL' belonged to Snyder and that's evident in everything from the editing and photography to the signature kinetic use of the camera. Goyer and Nolan have written the definitive cinematic Superman with a script that explores the inception and growth of a hero on multiple levels. A smoothly-flowing narrative that moves eloquently from memories to present day beautifully depicting the creation of an icon.
No aspect of Superman is left untouched thanks to Goyer's respect for the comic book source material and yet, Nolan's technical and thematic approach is complementary to the mythos. Some were afraid of Nolan's well known ultra-realism seen in his Dark Knight Trilogy with its unique and gritty vision of Batman, however in 'MAN OF STEEL' his sensibilities are faint in the grandeur of it all. It might be Goyer's and Nolan's words, and rightfully so, but it is Zack Snyder's world.
There's a delicately woven balance of drama, humor (yes there's humor) and non-stop action in this seriously epic sci-fi experience. Snyder has evolved as a director and 'MAN OF STEEL' is the apex of his illustrious career. It's as if Snyder used comic book panels from 75 years worth of Superman adventures to lay out the course of this film. Trust me, this is virtually ANY Superman comic brought to cinematic life.
Special effects are quite extensive and a sight to behold especially when it comes to the depiction of Superman's many powers chief among them, flight. Damn, can this Superman fly, and well enough to make the wire pullers from the Chris Reeve films proud. In Snyder I continue to trust.
Superman needs to soar musically and the score, that grandiose music score, was beautiful. Somber, serene, harmonious, thunderous and downright magnificent (it surely reminded me of Vangelis musical renditions for Blade Runner). It lacked that "Superman music" sound that a hero like him invokes but it makes up for it in so many ways. Hans Zimmer re-invented himself as a composer just as 'MAN OF STEEL' re-invented Superman as a hero.
Snyder is known not just for that bold eyeball of his when it comes to capturing amazing imagery but for spotting talent in a cast. And what a solid cast this is. Let me be blunt and straight to the point, Henry Cavill IS Superman. His portrayal of the greatest hero in pulp fiction is on point from shy and humble beginning to stoic, generous and powerful end. His is a Clark Kent on a journey, a life affirming quest of self discovery that will take him from the relative safety of Smallville, Kansas (a Norman Rockwell and homely Plano, Illinois), a re-rendered Krypton, a perilous ocean, a mysterious and cold tundra to a gleaming Metropolis. When Cavill dons the legendary suit (and what a gorgeous suit it is) he becomes heroism incarnate complete with a smile. Yes, this Superman freakin' smiles!!! Please, don't even bother to compare Cavill's Clark Kent/Superman to the amazing late Christopher Reeve, this is a very distinct version of the character.
What's Superman without his Lois Lane? Incomplete, that's what he would be. As powerful as he is, Superman needs support and "protection" and that's what Amy Adams' Lois Lane provides in threes. She's ambitious, tenacious, clever, persistent and above all caring. Snyder chose wisely.
Perry White, in MY opinion, is as vital a part of the mythos as Superman's cape and Laurence Fishburne stepped up to the bullpen portraying a man dedicated to the truth and integrity of his newspaper and that of his reporters. I could not be happier with Mr. Fishburne's skill.
The foundation of Superman's heroism is his parental units. Both his Kryptonian and Earth-based parents do a brilliant job at shaping a savior. Russell Crowe embodied Jor-El with plenty of fatherly presence as well as surprising physical ferocity. This is a Jor-El with brawn as well as smarts. Giving birth to Superman requires a heck of a mother and Israeli actress Ayelet Zurher (Angels and Demons, Vantage Point) portrays Lara Lor-Van as a heartfelt matriarch and supportive wife.
He was born in a neo-medieval Krypton but raised in a rural and idyllic Smallville by Mr and Mrs Kent. Kevin Costner was so loving and protective that as a viewer I felt as though he was my father. Jor-El was the father, of course, but Jonathan Kent was the dad. A still attractive Diane Lane (The Outsiders, Streets of Fire) was the sweetest mom, an anchor for Clark to hold on to and quite the tough lady.
A hero is only as good as the villain and in 'MAN OF STEEL' our hero has quite a few to face off in order to save the day. The most interesting villains are those who do not think of themselves as such and Michael Shannon (Premium Rush, The Iceman) is exactly that. As General Zod, Shannon portrays, with his notorious intensity, a relentless former war hero that will go to great lengths to save his people's legacy even if it means genocide. Again, do not make comparisons to past versions of Zod, specially that of the brilliant Terence Stamp for his was a highly operatic and comic book flamboyant Zod, while Shannon is just a complex force of nature.
Exotic and petite German actress, Antje Traue (Pandorum), plays the fierce and psychotic Kryptonian warrior Faora Ul while the enigmatic Mackenzie Gray (Shooter, The Imaginarium of Dr. Parnasus, Smallville) portrays Jax-Ur with cold and calculating finesse. He even reminded me of Superman villain, Brainiac.
Making memorable appearances were Christopher Meloni (12 Monkeys, 42, Law and Order: Special Victims Unit), Richard Schiff (The Lost World: Jurassic Park), Harry Lennix (The Matrix Reloaded) and Dylan Sprayberry.
The only thing that bothered me about the film was the absence of a supporting character to the saga of Superman. In the end it did not keep me from enjoying the overall presentation.
Phenomenal action, stunning visuals, powerful performances and subtle nods to both the comic books and previous films in the franchise make Zack Snyder's 'MAN OF STEEL' quite the film to behold. This is the true return of a superhero who will forever reminds us of the greatness that lies within us all. We may stumble as we follow him but in time, we will join Superman in the sun.
Man of Steel Publicity Special
1 Comment Posted in Comics, Movie, science fiction Tagged Chris Nolan, David S. Goyer, Henry Cavill, Laurence Fishbourne, Man of Steel, Superman, Zack Snyder
Why J. J. Abrams is a Total Idiot
J. J. Abrams is an idiot, and he's ruining the Star Trek franchise. Strong words? Yes, but true.
Leave a comment Posted in Movie, science fiction, Technology Tagged enterprise, epic fail, Into Darkness, J.J. Abrams, Star Trek
World War Z trailers 1 & 2
World War Z, trailer 1
"Every human being we save, is one less we have to fight." These are the wisest words coming out of the next, terrifying zombie apocalypse movie, World War Z. Unlike zombie apocalypses of the past, these zombies can't be stopped with a liberal application of brain power (see my previous articles on Surviving the Zombie Apocalypse: http://wp.me/p1UgIB-6y).
This is not your grandfather's zombie apocalypse with shambling zombies who catch you because you fall asleep while you wait for them to corner you somewhere. These aren't you dad's zombies, the track stars of 28 Days Later who never get tired and run you down like a gazelle running from a lion. Nor are they the idiot zombies of Zombieland, The Walking Dead or Sean of the Dead, mostly slow, but incredibly numerous and deadly in bunches.
These zombies move like a force of nature, in a manner similar to a tidal wave or a comet smashing into the Earth. The military spends its time in the trailers running for its collective lives against an absolutely inhuman enemy. Fast, merciless, completely willing to commit everything to your consumption and absorption. My advice for previous zombie apocalypses cannot be applied here.
See that? That is how these new zombies roll, right over each other to get to YOU.
My advice? Have a helicopter, commandeer a Navy ship. Stay at sea as long as possible. Anybody look sick? Throw them overboard with speed and alacrity. All it takes is one and you are all dead. Feel bad, be alive, run faster…
World War Z is coming… Like nothing you've ever seen!
RELEASE DATE: June 21, 2013 in the United States
Personally, I think the book is better than the movie will be, but that is just my opinion.
Here's the book by Max Brooks with its newest cover (support the artist, click the book to go to Amazon). Here's an NPR interview with Max and what he thinks college kids could learn from World War Z (besides how to wet themselves when they see a crazed horde of super-zombies running their way!)
1 Comment Posted in Movie, science fiction, Writing Tagged 28 days later, Brad Pitt, horror, Max Brooks, navy ship, science fiction, World War Z, zombie apocalypse
Pacific Rim Convention Footage in HD
Pacific Rim's most recent video. Watch it on the biggest, loudest display system possible. If your pets survive, it wasn't loud enough!
1 Comment Posted in science fiction, Technology Tagged Idris Elba, Pacific Rim, science fiction
75th Anniversary of the Man of Steel – A Villain's Salute
In honor of the Last Son of Krypton's 75 birthday, I have decided to give a nod to the beings who helped make him the worldwide icon he is today. They are often overlooked in the overall scheme of things, but without them to shape and define his character, would we even remember Superman the way we do today? In their own inimical styles each has contributed to the legend just as well as the Kents who raised him and Jor-El and Lara who gave him life. I present to you my top ten rogues gallery of Superman's Greatest Villains. A group so scary, even seeing them together on a page is enough to give a Superman fan pause. Names to conjure by: Lex Luthor, Darkseid, Zod, Brainiac, Doomsday, Mxyzptlk, Metallo, Parasite, Imperiex, Mongul. You'll remember why the Man of Steel sleeps with one eye open…
Superman's Greatest Villains
1. Lex Luthor – He is the quintessential Superman villain. As intelligent as Superman is strong, as immoral as Superman is moral, a man with god-like aspirations versus a god with a desire for a kinship with humanity. There is no greater rivalry, no greater challenger, no more monsterous enemy than Lex Luthor, a man who carries within him the best that humanity has to offer, and fails to use it to further the goals of anyone but himself. A genius, arguably the smartest human being alive, his schemes defeat Superman because he uses strategems which rely on Superman's innate goodness and chivalry turning them against him. Luthor has been known to employ technology, flunkies and even the occasional super-suit when he wants to get personal. Mostly he prefers to leave the heavy lifting to others and out-think his opponents. If you think a man in a business suit isn't dangerous, it's only because that's what he wants you to think.
Birthday wishes from Lex Luthor: "I would wish you a happy birthday Superman, but what's the point? Until I kill you, you are liable to be immortal so what does one more year mean to you? I considered a gift but what do you get the man who has no use for anything? So I leave you this pleasant thought. I will find a way to destroy you. I have dedicated more than one life to this task, my commitment should not be in doubt. Get that microphone out of my face…"
2. Darkseid – One of the most powerful foes Superman has ever faced. In terms of raw physical power, Darkseid has, in certain incarnations of the Man of Steel, been far more powerful than Superman. Nearly completely invulnerable to all forms of harm, strength equal to or even greater than Superman's, and armed with the Omega Force, a weapon capable of hitting a target across dimensional barriers, Darkseid is the complete ruler of his world, Apokalips. Hailing from a higher and older segment of reality, Darkseid's people have millenia more experience, technology and ability than most sentients from our Universe. Only Superman's efforts, again and again, against Darkseid, prevented a lasting incursion from the Fourth World. Truth be told, I would say Superman has never actually defeated Darkseid in a fair fight. But I did enjoy watching Kal-el lay the smackdown in the last episode of the Justice League Unlimited against Darkseid. It's rare you see Supes going all out, and totally worth it too.
Birthday wishes from Darkseid: "Kal-El, our last skirmish over your young cousin was the most satisfying confrontation we have ever had. I trust the bruises were slow to heal. You almost released yourself against me. Stop holding back, Kryptonian. I will be back for your world, Kal-El. And unless you release your true power, collateral damage be damned, there will be nothing you can do to stop me."
3. General Zod and the Phantom Zone villains – Fearsome and ruthless enemies from a Krypton long dead. Their ambitions thwarted, they were imprisoned in realm of reality where they could neither be seen or heard, forever immaterial but able to see and hunger for a world they were no longer a part of; a cruel prison, indeed. Once released and bathed in the light of a yellow sun, their powers could finally match their ambitions. They were the physical equal of Superman with a cruel streak he could never match. Recent iterations have painted them of a different, less monsterous cloth, but the older versions of these characters earned their place in Superman's most villainous rogues gallery.
Birthday wishes from General Zod: "Kneel before Zod."
4. Brainiac – No matter what iteration of the being, Brainiac should be counted among the most dangerous of Superman's enemies because of his complete dispassion with which he seeks his goals. Logical, cold, calculating and easily the most intelligent by far of all of Superman's enemies, Brainiac's resources are nearly infinite, his technology almost beyond belief, his relentlessness unending. Brainiac has nearly achieved his goal of the destruction of Superman but a flaw in his logic or his arrogance has always led to his defeat. But if I were betting on a villain who could achieve the goal of destroying Superman permanently, I would bet on Brainac.
Birthday wishes from Brainiac: "Enjoy your last birthday Kryptonian. When next we meet, it will be no logic puzzle that defeats my intellect. There will be no random confluence of events which will come down in your favor. I have been gathering the resources of a world while I have been away. I calculate our next meeting will be your last with a 100% chance of my success. Savor your remaining days. I am coming."
5. Doomsday – One of the few beings who can say (if he was big on conversation) he killed Superman in a straight up physical confrontation using brute force. He literally beat Superman to death, with his fists. Nuff said. Created by mad scientists, on a planet of Kryptonian mad scientists, this creature was developed and produced with one intent, to create an unstoppable superweapon, even by Krytonian standards. Equipped with an adaptable genetic structure, the creature evolves with every confrontation, so however you killed it last time will mean nothing the next time you meet. This creature beat the entire Justice League to a pulp and fought Superman to a match which ended in both of their apparent deaths. Yes, they both eventually got better. If you aren't Superman, you never want to meet Doomsday, anywhere. And even if you are, you better have a new trick up your sleeve, that last one won't work here.
Birthday greetings from Doomsday: "Die."
6. Mr. Mxyztptlk – A being so powerful it could erase Superman from reality; with the proverbial snap of its fingers. A creature from a higher reality of existence, Mr. Mxyztptlk comes to Earth to slum it in the third dimension. Superman is little more than an interactive entertainment for the creature. It handicaps the game by telling Superman if he can trick him into saying his name backward, Mr. Mxyztptlk will then retire to the Fifth dimension for 90 days. He is not, technically, dangerous, but since he does not understand how fragile our reality is, he can damage us without even realizing it. During the Silver Age, a visit from Mr. Mxyztptlk was generally a light-hearted romp with Superman proving he could be quite the trickster himself. Never confuse the lightness of the character with the idea he isn't dangerous. He is as dangerous as any enemy of the Man of Steel. Pray he never decides to forget to play fair…
Birthday greetings from Mxyztptlk: "You know Supes, we haven't gotten together in quite some time. I know you've been missing our antics together. Love the new look by the way, it really was time to put your underwear on the right way. Remember Blue Boy, next time we hang out, the stakes will be a whole lot higher than me going home for three months for R&R. Next time is going to be killer…"
7. Metallo – Imagine Superman's worst fear, Kryptonite. Give it legs, a rabid hatred of Superman and the physical power to match him blow for blow and you have Metallo. No genius, no incredible technology, just the one thing that saps Superman's powers and makes him susceptible to being beaten to death as a human in a brightly-colored costume. Once an ordinary con-man, John Corbin was nearly killed in a accident. A morally-challenged robotics scientist places Corbin's brain into a metallic frame, essentially creating a cyborg. Needing a power source, the body uses the radiation of Kryptonite to give it greater than human strength and durability. Historically, Metallo has killed other Kryptonians and with the help of Lex Luthor was tailored to use various forms of Kryptonite against Superman as well. Personally, I despise Metallo and while I admire Superman's restraint, I recommend using heat vision to turn him into an immobile glowing brain in a jar. I think the people of Metropolis would understand.
Birthday wishes from Metallo: "I know you don't consider me a threat these days, but I promise you I have been working on getting a new tailor. My next body is being made by a master of the robotic flesh. Perhaps you remember his name. A Professor Ivo… of Amazo fame. He tells me my new body will not only be powered by Kryptonite, but will be able to emulate it, at will. You won't even be able to lay a hand on me…"
8. Parasite – A villain you love to hate, the Parasite's power allowed him to absorb Superman's superhuman abilities just by touching the Last Son of Krypton. The longer the fight, the more likely the Parasite was to come out on top. There were four Parasites over the years, but the most well known was Rudy Jones. Rudy also starred in Superman, the Animated Series during the 90s. The Parasite, despite his fearsome power was handicapped by his lack of ambition and fairly ordinary intelligence. He was more often a tool than a leader, used and disposed of as soon as possible.
Birthday wishes from the Parasite: "So hungry." <lost my second sound man this week>
9. Imperiex – A force of nature more than an entity, this creature was set on destroying the entire galaxy. A threat so great the entire planet Earth was enlisted to fight against it. Superman's power was no match for even an Imperiex Probe until he trained himself to use his powers at their highest output. A robot whose strength, superhuman speed and near-invulnerability equaled Superman's, Imperiex Probes were the most powerful threat to ever face the human race. Led by Superman, Lex Luthor and a host of heroes, Imperiex was deterred from its plan of galactic conquest. These battles against this unstoppable foe was one of the Man of Steel's finest hours in the previous Post-Crisis DCU continuum.
Birthday wishes from Imperiex: Imperiex refused to be interviewed on camera, saying something about ruining his brand…
10. Mongul – A physical titan, a potentially powerful intellect, but linked to a shriveled petty soul would adequately describe Mongul. He has the power to destroy Superman, the capability to match him in combat and the ruthlessness to win a conflict between them, and has done so numerous times. This is what makes him a great villain. But Mongul is both lazy and overconfident, he reads his own press releases and believes them. He was the undisputed ruler of Warworld and had long crushed anyone capable of defeating him. Though he never grew physically fat, his metaphoric fat was his undoing. He underestimated Superman and has done so in nearly every encounter.
Birthday wishes from Mongul: "Overconfident, under-developed, under-ambitious? Did you think when I was training you, I did not learn the true limits of your power? I have been training now, Kryptonian. I have acquired new technologies from a half a dozen galaxies far and wide. When next you and I meet, you will learn the limits of your powers, first hand. I won't even have to warm up the Warworld. I'll have it taking pictures…"
Yes, there are many others. These were the ones I think cause Superman to consider changing careers more than once and I am certain remind him why he needs to keep a fresh cape handy, just in case. Happy birthday, Superman, you are still the greatest superhero of all time. (And your next movie better have you punching someone in the face. No, seriously. Don't do that airplane thing again, either.)
1 Comment Posted in Comics, science fiction Tagged 75 anniversary, Brainiac, Darkseid, Doomsday, Imperiex, Jor-El, Laura El, Lex Luthor, Martha and Jonathan, Metallo, Mongul, Myxyzpltk, Parasite, Superman, The Kents, villains, Zod
What is the saddest truth about life?


25/05/2010 · Best Answer: Easy as: choose Insert > Special Character... Then select the Wingdings font. The check mark is all the way at the bottom.... In PowerPoint 2007 open a new slide. Now click on the Microsoft Office Button, and then click PowerPoint Options and then Click Popular. Now click to select the Show Developer tab in the Ribbon check box under Top options for working with PowerPoint 2007, and click OK.
Alt + Insert: Provides 3 seconds in Insert mode, during which time pressing an Arrow Key inserts a row or column, or Ctrl + Arrow Key will insert a cell Alt + Delete : Provides 3 seconds in Delete mode, during which time pressing an Arrow Key deletes a row or column, or Ctrl + Arrow Key merges the active cell with the neighbouring cell... Using OpenOffice Writer under Windows, I wanted to insert a tick/check symbol. To do that, you haveto temporarily select the [Open Symbol] font, then scroll down, it is Unicode symbol [U+2714]. Additionally, [U+2714] is the same thing but heavier/bolder.
7/07/2015 · I am replying to an email & want to insert/annotate my reply with a 'tick' mark in various places? I've tried various fonts (but not ALL of them!) in Windows Character Map, but haven't been able - so far - to produce the desired symbol in WLM. how to open hozelock sprayer To insert a form control into the document, click the control's icon to select it. The mouse pointer changes to look like this: The mouse pointer changes to look like this: Click in the document where you want the control to appear.
1.1 How to make a certificate useable for OpenOffice/StarOffice OpenOffice supports both the internal certificate store for some systems and the Network Security Service of Mozilla. If you follow the process to get a certificate this will be installed into the keystore of your system.
17/08/2009 · Best Answer: In the menu bar, go to insert->special characters. Select the font "Webdings" and in one of the rows is a box you can use as a tick box.
And I am writing macro's in OpenOffice BASIC. I need the right code to insert a checkbox in the sheet. I now have Dim Doc as Object Doc = ThisComponent Dim cbName As Ob... I need the right code to insert a checkbox in the sheet.


If your Web page keeps reloading, Firefox may not be causing the issue.
It is possible to add HTML code to a Web page to cause the browser to refresh the page automatically at a specified interval. This feature is called a "meta refresh." It can also be used to display a page for several seconds before displaying another. If Internet Explorer is stuck in a refresh loop, you can disable the meta refresh feature to resolve the issue.
Some Web pages may update themselves automatically to display the latest available information. Some examples include news websites and Web-based email providers. In these cases, you may want the browser to refresh continually because the feature prevents you from needing to refresh manually to see new entries or messages.
If Internet Explorer becomes stuck in a refresh loop on every page you visit, your computer may have a malicious software infection designed to "hijack" the browser by forcing it to display advertisements or utilize a search service other than the one you prefer. You may find that this issue occurs in conjunction with other unexplained behavior such as displaying pop-up advertisements or taking you to pages other than the ones you request. You can resolve this by installing and running antivirus or Internet security software.
One reason why some Web developers implement the meta refresh feature is to create a website that displays an introduction or splash screen before forwarding the visitor automatically to the website's true home page. If the meta refresh is coded incorrectly, the browser can become stuck and attempt to refresh the page continually. You can generally resolve this issue by looking for a link with a title such as "Click here to continue" or by finding a link to an internal page through a search engine so you can skip the introduction screen.
You can disable the meta refresh function in Internet Explorer if you do not find it useful. This feature is available in the "Security Settings" section of the "Internet Options" menu. Select the "Disable" radio button under "Allow META REFRESH" in the "Miscellaneous" section of the menu.
Artman, Jason. "IE Is Stuck in Continuous Refresh." Small Business - Chron.com, http://smallbusiness.chron.com/ie-stuck-continuous-refresh-35947.html. Accessed 23 April 2019.
The Most Likely Cause of "Webpage Has Expired"


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