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NBER Reporter 2010 Number 4: Research Summary
Collegiate Attainment: Understanding Degree Completion
John Bound and Sarah Turner *
Collegiate attainment has not kept pace with increases in the demand for skilled workers in the United States. The widely-noted increase in the wage premium to college completion since the 1970s has led to a substantial expansion in the number of students attending college, although the number of students completing college has not increased commensurately. 1 In fact, among those aged 25-34, the share of high school graduates who had enrolled in college increased from just under 50 percent to over 68 percent between 1975 and 2009, while the percent of those enrolled who completed a four-year degree actually fell slightly, from 54.7 percent to 53.2 percent. 2 Moreover, students who do complete degrees now do so at a slower rate than those in earlier generations. 3
While overall college completion rates have stagnated, gaps in collegiate attainment by parental circumstances actually have widened, with the persistently low college graduation rate among low-income students contributing to the stagnation in the growth of the supply of college-educated workers in recent decades. 4 Moreover, changes in degree attainment have not been uniform across different types of colleges and universities. College completion rates have declined, and time to degree has increased most markedly, among students beginning their studies at community colleges and public institutions outside the most selective flagship universities.
Broadly speaking, collegiate attainment is determined by the interaction of student attributes (the "demand side") and institutional characteristics (the "supply side"). Our analyses consider how these different factors affect degree completion and time to degree receipt. Both student characteristics and institutional resources play a substantial role in the determination of these college outcomes.
Evidence on Determinants of Degree Attainment
On the demand-side, the pre-collegiate preparation of potential college students often is cited as one of the most significant barriers to degree completion. Given substantial increases in college going, one might hypothesize that if students with weaker preparation were induced to attend college, they would finish college at a lower rate and a slower pace, and it is probable that a lower proportion of students would finish college.
Using data from two longitudinal surveys -- the National Longitudinal Survey of the High School Class of 1972 (NLS72) and the National Educational Longitudinal Study (NELS: 88) -- to measure degree attainment, we find that students with relatively low academic achievement in both cohorts are unlikely to complete the BA degree. 5 There is no question that the cross-cohort increase in the share of students with weak preparation affected the aggregate college completion rate; we estimate that about one third of the cross-cohort decline in completion rates can be explained by the change in student preparation. 6
While models of educational attainment typically consider a perfectly elastic supply side of the education market, evidence of substantial stratification in degree outcomes and resources has motivated us to consider the distribution of resources as a way of explaining changes in degree attainment. In the United States, there is considerable (and increasing) stratification in the level of resources provided by colleges and universities, and many of these resources come from public and private subsidies beyond tuition. 7 Limited changes in enrollment in response to increased demand, particularly at the most selective and resource-intensive colleges and universities, demonstrate that the supply-side of the higher education market is not perfectly elastic. 8
Substantial differences in institutional resources by broad type of institution-distinguishing institutions by selectivity, public control, and two-year versus four-year degree programs-are closely coupled with differences in college completion rates. Students from the 1992 high school cohort first attending selective private colleges and universities graduated at a rate over 90 percent; those attending open-access public four-year institutions completed at a rate less than 57 percent; while those starting at community colleges completed at a rate of only 17.6 percent. Still, for these students, median expenditures per student were 2.7 times greater at the private universities than at the open-access public universities, and 5.2 times greater than at community colleges. To be sure, these observed differences also incorporate differences in student attributes, although the differences in completion rates by institutional type and resources per student, adjusted for student achievement, remain quantitatively large. After adjusting for student achievement, we predict a completion rate advantage (relative to attending a less selective public) of 35 percentage points for attending a highly selective private school and a completion rate advantage of about 24 percentage points for attending a top-50 public university. The penalty in the likelihood of completion that is associated with attending a community college is about 32 percentage points.
Significant changes in the distribution of students among different types of institutions -- with students attending college more recently concentrated among public universities outside the flagship universities and community colleges -- and erosion in resources per student at these institutions are quantitatively important in explaining the decline in college completion rates.
While the median college entrant experienced a decline in resources between the high school class of 1972 and the high school class of 1992, students at private colleges and universities were likely to experience a notable increase in instructional expenditures per student. Also, while the college completion rate fell overall during these years, this aggregate result combines the rise in completion rates at relatively resource-intensive institutions (private colleges and top public universities) and the fall in completion rates for students starting at less selective public four-year colleges and community colleges. Finally, the distribution of students among institutions shifted dramatically over this interval with a relative increase in the share of students beginning at community colleges and a decline in the share of students beginning at the more selective four-year institutions. Our estimates suggest that these changes on the supply-side of the market can explain the majority of observed decline in completion rates.
It is important to emphasize that the demand-side and supply-side explanations just described are not mutually exclusive: less-prepared students sort into the most elastic sectors of higher education with the fewest resources. In essence, increased demand for college crowds more students (and more of the less prepared students) into community colleges and non-top 50 public universities. Therefore, demand increases not only lower the resources per student at these institutions, but also cause higher dispersion in resources across the sectors of higher education. While those institutions with the greatest resources are unlikely to expand enrollment along with increases in student demand, the open-access public institutions and community colleges are relatively elastic in supply.
Understanding Increased Time to Degree Attainment
Among those students who do complete college degrees, the time needed for degree completion has increased markedly in recent decades. For those completing a bachelor's degree, time to degree has increased by about one third of a year, with the proportion of completers finishing in four years has fallen from 57.8 percent to 43.6 percent. While declining achievement of entering students accounts for some of the decline in completion rates, it accounts for little of the observed change in time to degree because the most poorly prepared students are unlikely to complete college at all.
Extended time to degree is most pronounced among students starting their studies at public colleges and universities, particularly outside the flagship universities. Erosion of resources per student in the public sector partly explains extended time to degree: for example, limited course offerings, particularly for "gateway" courses that are prerequisites for degree progress, leave some students with less than full loads or enrolling in courses that do not meet degree requirements.
Widely-noted increases in college costs, with real tuition costs at four-year universities rising by more than 250 percent over three decades, also may limit the progression through degree programs, especially if credit constraints lead students to increase employment at the cost of reductions in the rate of credit attainment. There is no question that the number of hours worked by college students has increased in recent decades. Between 1972 and 1992, average weekly hours worked (unconditional) among those enrolled in college increased by about 2.9 hours, from 9.5 to 12.4, as measured for 18-21 year old college students in the October Current Population Survey, with a further increase to 13.2 hours per week evident in 2005. Estimating the effect of working while in school on collegiate attainment is difficult because the decision to work and the choice of hours of employment are endogenous, but the available evidence suggests that credit constraints and rising college costs are strongly linked to the extension of time to degree.
Research Opportunities and Unanswered Questions in the Economics of Higher Education
Looking forward, we know that college completion is a critical input for individual labor market success and economic growth. However, the question of whether reasoned investments at the post-secondary level can appreciably change the number of college graduates entering the labor force is more complicated. Substantial further investments to increase college enrollment are not likely to have an appreciable effect on the number of college graduates. While the numbers are not zero, we find little evidence of large numbers of students well-prepared to complete college who are not already enrolling. Where there are substantial potential opportunities to improve outcomes, they are at the margin of college choice and in the pathway to degree attainment. With aggregate completion rates a little above 50 percent, there appear to be ample opportunities to increase persistence to degree completion. Plainly there are large differences in degree completion associated with collegiate resources and, as the stratification in collegiate resources has increased in recent decades, so too has the difference among institutions in degree outcomes.
Our review of the evidence suggests a number of unexplored areas for economic research related to college choice, in-college attainment, and the supply-side determinants of stratification and resources per student. First, with respect to college choice, it is well-documented that many students-particularly those from the least advantaged circumstances-who appear well-prepared to benefit from resource-intensive college experiences, instead attend colleges and universities with low funding levels and poor graduation prospects. While it is widely suggested that there is a "market failure" in the college choice process, the barriers to optimal choice are poorly understood. Second, how in-college experiences and the organization of the college "production function" affect attainment remain questions that are not well-addressed in the current research literature. Variation in completion rates is associated with institutional resources, but it is far from clear "how" and "why" resources affect collegiate attainment. There is also much to learn, both substantively and methodologically, from recent efforts concentrated on in-depth longitudinal experiences, such as the work of Stinebrickner and Stinebrickner .
Finally, the unique mixed-market institutional structure of higher education in the United States-with a combination of non-profit, for-profit, and public providers and a mix of funding from student, philanthropic, state, and federal sources-presents many challenges for textbook models of organizational behavior and industrial organization. Both theoretical innovations and empirical evidence can be brought to explaining the nature of competition in the higher education market, the level of stratification among institutional offerings, and student outcomes. As we emphasized here and in other work, the stratification of resources in higher education has increased dramatically in the last three decades among U.S. institutions. These substantial changes in the distribution of resources likely have important implications for degree receipt and future returns, especially given that a substantial share of enrollment expansion has occurred at community colleges and open-access public institutions.
Indeed, given the importance of market structure in determining the distribution of resources among students, there are rich opportunities for applied theoretical work that builds on the framework set forth in papers like Rothschild and White, which incorporates market imperfections such as limited access to credit markets and information barriers. The questions of "who pays?" and "who benefits?" were first asked in higher education nearly four decades ago, but the answers remain somewhat elusive. Better economic analysis and additional evidence on these questions holds the promise of increasing collegiate attainment and improving the allocation of resources. The current challenge is to identify innovative, evidence-based reform initiatives to increase the productivity and the rate of degree attainment in higher education, rather than meeting national targets of degree attainment by lowering standards, which would ultimately limit the capacity of these institutions to function effectively as engines of economic growth.
* Bound and Turner are Research Associates in the NBER's Program on Education. Bound also is Research Professor, Population Studies Center, and George E. Johnson Collegiate Professor of Economics, at the University of Michigan. Turner is University Professor of Economics & Education at the University of Virginia.
1. D. Autor, The Polarization of Job Opportunities in the U.S. Labor Market: Implications for Employment and Earnings, Washington, DC: Center for American Progress and The Hamilton Project, 2010; C. Goldin and L. Katz, The Race between Education and Technology, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008.
2. Figures are from CPS Historical Time Series Table A-1. Years of School Completed by People 25 Years and Over, by Age and Sex: Selected Years 1940 to 2009.
3. J. Bound, M. Lovenheim, and S. Turner, "Why Have College Completion Rates Declined? An Analysis of Changing Student Preparation and Collegiate Resources," NBER Working Paper No. 15566, December 2009, and American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2(3), (2010), pp. 129-57.
4. W. Bowen, M. Chingos, and M. McPherson, Crossing the Finish Line: Completing College at America's Public Universities, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009; C. Goldin and L. Katz, The Race between Education and Technology, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008.
5. In the bottom quartile of the test score distribution, the likelihood of attending college increases from 21.7 percent to 44.0 percent, which is consistent with a larger percentage of less-prepared students attending college in the later cohort in order to take advantage of the rising returns to education. However, among this group, only 5.6 percent in the initial period of observation receive a B.A., and this percent falls yet further to 5.0 percent for the later cohort. Focusing on college attendees, the likelihood of completing a B.A. declined from 25.8 percent to 11.4 percent across cohorts for those in the bottom quartile of math test scores, while the graduation rate for the best prepared students actually increased somewhat (from 66.8 percent to 73 percent).
6. J. Bound, M. Lovenheim, and S. Turner, "Increasing Time to Baccalaureate Degree in the United States," NBER Working Paper No. 15892, April 2010.
7. G. Winston, "Subsidies, Hierarchy, and Peers: The Awkward Economics of Higher Education," Journal of Economic Perspectives 13(1), (1999), pp. 13-36; J. Bound and S. Turner, "Cohort Crowding: How Resources Affect Collegiate Attainment," NBER Working Paper No. 12424, August 2006, and Journal of Public Economics, 91(5-6), (2007), pp. 877-99.
8. J. Bound and S. Turner, "Cohort Crowding: How Resources Affect Collegiate Attainment."
9. Between college entrants from the high school class of 1972 and the high school class of 1992, the share starting at community colleges increased from 31.2 percent to 43.71, the share beginning at public four-year institutions declined from 46.7 percent to 37.6 percent, and the share beginning at private four-year institutions declined from 22.1 percent to 18.7 percent. In J. Bound, M. Lovenheim, and S. Turner, "Why Have College Completion Rates Declined? An Analysis of Changing Student Preparation and Collegiate Resources."
10. R. Stinebrickner and T. Stinebrickner, "Learning About Academic Ability and the College Drop-Out Decision," NBER Working Paper No. 14810, August 2009;"The Effect of Credit Constraints on the College Drop-Out Decision: A Direct Approach Using a New Panel Study," NBER Working Paper No. 13340, August 2007, and American Economic Review 98(5), (2008), pp. 2163-84; and "Working during School and Academic Performance." Journal of Labor Economics, 21(2), (2003), pp. 449-72.
11. C. Hoxby, "The Changing Selectivity of American Colleges and Universities: Its Implications for Students, Resources, and Tuition," NBER Working Paper No. 15546, October 2009, and Journal of Economic Perspectives, 23(4), (2009), pp. 95-118; J. Bound, B. Hershbein, and B. Long, "Playing the Admissions Game: Student Reactions to Increasing College Competition," NBER Working Paper No. 15272, August 2009; C. Hoxby, "How the Changing Market Structure of U.S. Higher Education Explains College Tuition," NBER Working Paper No. 6323, December 1997.
12. M. Rothschild and L. White, "The Analytics of the Pricing of Higher Education and Other Services in Which the Customers Are Inputs," Journal of Political Economy, 103(3), (1995), pp. 573-86.
13. L. Hansen and B. Weisbrod, "The Distribution of Costs and Direct Benefits of Public Higher Education: The Case of California," Journal of Human Resources, 4(2), (1969), pp. 176-91.


Reduced diabetic, hypertensive, and cholesterol medication use with walking.
Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008 Mar;40(3):433-43.
To assess the relationships of walking distance, frequency, and intensity to the prevalence of antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and LDL cholesterol-lowering medications use.


Preheat a griddle to medium-high (375°).
In another bowl combine buttermilk, egg, and oil.
Fold buttermilk mixture into flour mixture. Do not over-mix.
Cook about 3 minutes per side. Non-stick pans don't need to be greased but you can rub the pan with a stick of butter.
10 Comments on "Buckwheat Pancakes"
Just made these and they were fantastic. I must say I was a little cautious, but they were so good. Definitely am going to make these again and again.
I had to go to the store last nit to buy low fat buttermilk for the apple muffins and it expires April 22nd. so I figured I would make pancakes this weekend but after looking at this recipe, I couldn't find buckwheat. Can I use this recipe with 1 cup of whole wheat pastry flour??
I'm not sure if plain 100% whole wheat pancakes would be as good… the flavor in this recipe comes from the buckwheat. They would be healthy for sure but you could add some diced apple or blueberries.
I buy buckwheat from a Health Food store. I try to find it whole and grind it in my Vitamix. I do the same with whole wheat. You can usually get it pre ground also, if you don't have a Vita mix or don't want to bother.
Is it ok to use only buckwheat flour instead if mixing it with whole wheat pastry flour?
There's a reason why so many pancake recipes use buttermilk. The acidic nature of buttermilk makes pancakes and other baked goods lighter and fluffier. I'm sorry to say I know of no substitute. They say you can make buttermilk by adding either lemon juice or vinegar to milk and let it stand for a few minutes but I have tried it and it does not measure up to real buttermilk. You may be better off looking for a different recipe that uses milk since it might also require baking powder and a different ratio of ingredients. As for using all buckwheat flour, I tried that too and did not like the result although you can find some recipes that use only buckwheat flour. So again, you would be better to look for a recipe using the ingredients you want to use and you should be able to find one online. I hope you can find something that works.
maybe a mixture of yoghurt and milk is an option?
In fact, I did use a mixture of milk and yogurt once but I don't recall the ratio. I think it was about 1/3 yogurt to 2/3 milk. (but not fat-free yogurt, only low fat or full fat) Thanks for the good suggestion.
I used organic coconut milk (full fat from can), and these turned out great!


That's all well and good, but none of them support XRP without Ledger's desktop app. Right? So if Ledger goes away and you're no longer able to download their app then your XRP will not be accessible because you don't control the secret key.
Yeah, I've seen this page: https://iancoleman.io/bip39/ I'm not entirely sure what you do with that though. And obviously I don't want to type my 24 words in to that website just to see what happens.
In the case that Ledger goes out of business and I'm unable to download their desktop Ripple wallet app am I just SOL? This seems like a huge issue. I'm not aware of any BIP39 wallet alternative that supports XRP. Anybody know of one?
Very much so! That's one piece of the puzzle. I have no idea how to create such a thing for BTC, ETH, LTC, etc though.
Earlier this year this graph was floating around: Does anyone have the ability to update it for the end of the year? I'd be very interested to know what it looks like today.
I was only talking about the past week since OP was concerned with ETH's current recovery. The above are just examples of why confidence was shaky for ETH and price may have been unnaturally low. Under those circumstances a big selloff happened and thus a bigger bounce also makes sense. XRP hasn't had any major outside forces impact it or 4 cent prices in the past week that I'm aware of. It has basically traded in a 7 cent range.
I wasn't suggesting you weren't. I was just illustrating that sometimes the wait is much longer than 90 days and is totally worth it. From a technical standpoint this long-term price stability is a good thing. .23 USD looks like the new zero which should give everyone confidence that XRP is here to stay and will act as the springboard toward higher highs. I can't tell you when, but I'm confident we're going much higher than .40.
You have to be in this for the long haul. Many (most?) other cryptos have that "get rich quick" feel to them. They rely on lots of hyping and social media buzz without much substance. XRP is basically the exact opposite. The use cases are solid. The Ripple management team is excellent and professional. Unlike other cryptos, XRP is actually being used and adopted daily (not just traded on an exchange). Ripple seems to let the results speak for themselves, and you don't get the same social media buzz of the other flash in the pan type coins. I saw the writing on the wall back in 2013. I waited 4 years after my initial purchase of XRP to see any meaningful return. I never once thought of selling. I still believe Ripple and XRP combine for the best online currency solution in existence and if it takes another 4+ years for Ripple to achieve dominance in the market I'm okay with that.
In contrast to ETH, the Ripple network didn't implode due to an ICO, then flash crash to 10 cents, and lose almost half its value mostly due to rumors. So it stands to reason that ETH's recovery would be more marked due to the big correction it just had.
It's very encouraging that the big money is still adding XRP. That bodes well for the future price.
Who else is day trading Xrp ? Any of y'all also making more then $500 dAily?
Well, what's your strategy? Obviously, you want to talk about it. And what size trading account are we talking. $500/day may or may not be impressive.


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TDJ Construction were subcontracted to install six steel posts for a new cattle holding pen in Northamptonshire.
TDJ Construction recently installed a new fence for a customer in Desborough, Northamptomshire.
TDJ Construction laid a new patio for a client in Rothwell near Desborough in Kettering, Northamptonshire.


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Hypatius (consul 500)
Updated on Jun 18, 2022
Name Hypatius Hypatius
Flavius Hypatius (Greek: Ὑπάτιος; d. 532) was a Byzantine noble of Imperial descent who held the position of commander in the East during the reign of Justin I, and was chosen by the mob as Emperor during the Nika riots against Justinian I.
Hypatius was the nephew of Emperor Anastasius I, who ruled before Justin, and he was also associated by marriage to the noble Anicii clan, which gave him a serious claim to the imperial diadem; however, Hypatius showed no such ambition, and he and the other nephews of Anastasius were well-treated by both Justin and his successor to the Byzantine throne, Justinian I.
In the height of the Nika riots, Hypatius, along with his brother Pompeius and Probus (another nephew of Anastasius), were among the prime candidates for the Imperial Throne. As it became clear that the mob wanted a new Emperor, Probus fled the city and Hypatius and Pompeius took shelter in the Imperial Palace, along with Justinian and the rest of the Byzantine Senate. They did not wish to rebel against Justinian, fearing they would have too little popular support.
Nevertheless, Justinian fearing treachery, expelled the Senate from the Palace, thus ushering the two brothers into the mob's arms. Hypatius was dragged away from his house, despite the efforts of his wife to prevent this, and was proclaimed Emperor by the rioting mob at the Hippodrome. Hypatius seems to have thereafter overcome his initial reluctance, and began to play up to the part of Emperor.
However, the riots were soon successfully (if bloodily) quelled by the Imperial Guard, and Hypatius was captured by Justinian's men. Justinian is reported to have wanted to spare Hypatius's life, but his wife Theodora prevailed upon him to see the punishment meted out, and the involuntary usurper was executed.
Hypatius (consul 500) Wikipedia
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Jaguar Land Rover's Special Vehicle Operations acquires Bowler
Founded by mud and screaming V-8 enthusiast Drew Bowler in 1985, the Derbyshire-based Bowler company quickly made a name for itself by winning the toughest races using the most capable Land Rover-based 4x4s, all designed and built in-house. Bowler needed fifteen years to make it to the Dakar Rally, but after 2000, it became a major force in the series. Following all that good publicity, Bowler left little doubt that if somebody required an extreme off-roader for desert racing, or just a road-legal, all-terrain mayhem machine in general, it was the company to call.
Here's Richard Hammond, a decade younger, demonstrating Drew Bowler's vision on Top Gear:
Bowler first teamed up with Land Rover in 2012, after which the Defender Challenge was launched to prepare teams for Dakar conditions.
With Bowlers like the Wildcat, the Tomcat, and the Nemesis making pleasant noises all over the world, sadly, company founder Drew Bowler passed away in November 2016. Now, the formerly-independent specialists will be placed under the umbrella of Jaguar Land Rover's Special Vehicle Operations division, to sit alongside its Classic, SV, and various bespoke offerings.
And with all 26 Bowler employees kept onboard at the same location, we wouldn't be surprised to see the Bowler name on Land Rover's most extreme off-road models in the future. How does Land Rover Defender Bowler by SVO sound to you?
Read next Up next: Porsche's top 5 rally cars are all simply excellent


International Horse Agility Club Founder Vanessa Bee Flies All the Way from England to See Buck Brannaman in Colorado–And Tells Us About It!
Vanessa Bee, founder of the International Horse Agility Club, spent the weekend at the Buck Brannaman clinic in Colorado.
Vanessa Bee, founder of the International Horse Agility Club and author of THE HORSE AGILITY HANDBOOK and HORSE AGILITY: THE DVD, is in the United States beginning her North American clinic tour (see our previous post for dates and locations). Part of her reason for making the cross-Atlantic trek was to see Buck Brannaman teach, in person!
"We flew from England to Denver and drove over the mountains in blizzard conditions to get here, but I knew it was worth it. I had already watched the excellent 7 Clinics DVDs many times and of course had a few questions. I was hoping that by watching everything in real time I would be able to see the techniques and changes in the horse more clearly.
"Fortunately, I brought my binoculars. I know some people thought this was a bit strange, but I'm an eccentric English woman so can get away with most things! Those binoculars made all the difference—I could really see the man work, when he quit as the horse got the answer—MAGIC!
"The first day was split into two parts: The morning was Colt Starting and the afternoon was Horsemanship 1. The colts were all shapes and sizes with handlers of varying ability, so Buck had his work cut out keeping everyone moving forward. First he made sure everyone could move their horse's feet and retain a safety bubble that the horse would respect. He gave a nice demonstration of teaching a horse where the boundary was and commented that you have to learn how much to do that says STOP!
"You have to mean it but not by being mean to the horse.
"I had my first question answered on when to use the flag and how the horse knows when it means something to him and when he has to ignore it. It's all in the hand position, which transmits the intention of the handler. I invested in my own BB Flag, and somehow I have to get it into my suitcase for the journey home!
"At the end of the session Buck gave everyone homework: They had to practice flexion, backing up, picking the rider up from the fence, lowering the head, and putting the bridle on. And they had to practice because, as he said, he would know in the morning if they hadn't!
"It was going to be interesting to see if all the colt starters had done their homework, and they did look pretty good as they lead their horses into the arena. Buck was warming up his horse first thing. He talked about how he was looking for 'weightlessness' as he was working. It was quiet and precise, the way he worked. Disengaging the hind end, moving the front over, backing up just seeking the moment when there was no weight and he instantly quit.
"I used my binoculars zoomed in on every move. I don't know how anyone could see the finer details and understand when the quit was valid without being close up. That's why the 7 Clinics DVDs are so good. I shall certainly be studying these in even more depth on my return home.
We're lucky to have Vanessa Bee reporting back from this fabulous Buck clinic experience!
"I've watched a lot of horse clinics and horsemen and I can tell you that Buck is the only person I've seen whose feet are the horse's feet. He just moves those feet like they were their own. It's smooth and you never feel a wince or a jar as you watch him work. His timing is fantastic.
"He was very honest and direct and I really enjoyed his style of teaching. Buck said, 'Everything I do with a horse is incremental that's why I'm successful with them.' In other words, he tries never to overwhelm the horse and give him too much to think about.
Thanks, Vanessa, for making it feel like we were at the clinic with you!
You can order the 7 CLINICS WITH BUCK BRANNAMAN DVD SERIES, plus Vanessa Bee's HORSE AGILITY HANDBOOK and HORSE AGILITY DVD at the TSB online bookstore.
There's Still Time! Sign Up to Be Part of the Horse Agility Summer of Sport Challenge by June 25th!
YOU AND YOUR HORSE can become world champions in Horse Agility! YOU AND YOUR HORSE can compete for your country to win medals and fabulous prizes and competitions for every level!
The International Horse Agility Club presents the 2012 Summer of Sport Challenge via the IHAC's popular online video competition, allowing horses and handlers from around the globe to compete against each other…without leaving home!
In June and July 2012 the IHAC is giving you the opportunity to compete against other teams from around the world for a chance to represent your country in the Horse Agility Summer of Sport World Championship Finals held in July. June 2012 is a qualifying month in which ten qualifying classes can be entered by competitors. The two highest scoring teams (combinations of horse and handler) from each country, in each class, will qualify for the Finals in July.
THERE'S STILL TIME TO ENTER! Sign up at the IHAC website before June 25 to be eligible for the Horse Agility Summer of Sport Challenge Finals and great prizes!
The International Horse Agility Club was founded by TSB author Vanessa Bee whose HORSE AGILITY HANDBOOK was released earlier this year and became an instant hit. Horse people everywhere have long wanted an equestrian sport that provides a social and competitive atmosphere, while not requiring riding. Horse Agility, the industry's newest sport, gives horses and handlers a wonderful way to spend constructive time together, in the arena and out.
THE HORSE AGILITY HANDBOOK is available from the TSB online bookstore, where shipping in the US is always FREE. Blog Bonus!!! Enter the coupon code TSBBLOG15 at checkout and receive 15% off your entire order!


This dress is a definition of simplicity and elegance. A flattering fit, and an urban chic style. it is made with 93% high quality premium Rayon and 7% Spandex.
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Memphis athletics turns profit despite combined $2.5M drop in donations, football revenue
The Memphis athletic department's finances revealed a $1 million decline in donations and ticket sales during 2016-17 , but it still turned a profit.
Memphis athletics turns profit despite combined $2.5M drop in donations, football revenue The Memphis athletic department's finances revealed a $1 million decline in donations and ticket sales during 2016-17 , but it still turned a profit. Check out this story on commercialappeal.com: http://memne.ws/2ohgE0Y
Mark Giannotto, USA TODAY NETWORK – Tennessee Published 6:00 a.m. CT Feb. 21, 2018
Memphis Coach Tubby Smith gives his thoughts on the key plays that decided the Tigers' win at Tulane. Mark Giannotto/The Commercial Appeal
August 14, 2016 - University of Memphis Athletic Director Tom Bowen (left) and President David Rudd chat during the Tigers scrimmage at Trinity Christian Academy in Jackson, Tenn., last month. According to reports Friday by ESPN, Memphis was not among the Big 12 expansion finalist. (Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal)(Photo: The Commercial Appeal)Buy Photo
The introduction of a new coach often brings renewed interest and investment by a university's fan base. For Memphis, the first seasons under men's basketball coach Tubby Smith and football coach Mike Norvell resulted in the opposite effect
During the 2016-17 fiscal year, university documents show contributions to the school's athletic department fell by nearly $1.1 million due to the men's basketball program, and revenue from football dropped by more than $1.4 million because of a decline in ticket sales.
More: Memphis basketball power rankings: Jamal Johnson, Mike Parks Jr. help Tigers bounce back
But athletic department officials tightened their belt on expenses, resulting in a slight profit — the third time in four years the department has avoided a deficit, according to documents filed with the NCAA and obtained by The Commercial Appeal in an open records request.
Memphis Tigers football coach Mike Norvell
Memphis head coach Mike Norvell (front) during action against South Alabama in Memphis, Tenn., Saturday, September 22, 2018. Mark Weber/Commercial Appeal
Memphis head coach Mike Norvell leads his team on to the field as they prepare to take on South Alabama in Memphis, Tenn., Saturday, September 22, 2018. Mark Weber/Commercial Appeal
University of Memphis head coach Mike Norvell (right) calls a timeout during action against Georgia State University in Memphis, Tenn., Friday, September 14, 2018. Mark Weber/Commercial Appeal
University of Memphis head coach Mike Norvell (right) chats with quarterback Brady White (left ) during action against Georgia State University in Memphis, Tenn., Friday, September 14, 2018. Mark Weber/Commercial Appeal
Memphis Tigers head coach Mike Norvell reacts after a playing the first quarter against the Navy Midshipmen at Navy-Marine Corps Memorial Stadium on Sept. 8, 2018. Tommy Gilligan-USA TODAY Sports
September 01 2018 - Mike Norvell, head football coach at the University of Memphis, greats fans at the start of Tiger Walk before Saturday's game versus Mercer at the Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium. Brad Vest / Commercial Appeal
Memphis head coach Mike Norvell takes part in Tiger Walk before taking on Iowa State in the AutoZone Liberty Bowl in Memphis, Tenn., Saturday, December 30, 2017. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis had coach Mike Norvell before taking on ECU at the Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium in Memphis, Tenn., Saturday, November 25, 2017. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis head coach Mike Norvell (middle) surrounded by his players holds ups the American Athletic Conference West Division Championship trophy after defeating SMU 66-45 in Memphis, Tenn., Saturday, November 18, 2017. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis head coach Mike Norvell, middle, chats with his players in the locker room after defeating SMU 66-45 to win the American Athletic Conference West Division Championship in Memphis on Nov. 18, 2017. Mark Weber / The Commercial Appeal
Memphis head coach Mike Norvell (middle) gets a dumped with a cooler of water after winning the American Athletic Conference West Division Championship by defeating SMU 66-45 in Memphis, Tenn., Saturday, November 18, 2017. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
University of Memphis head coach Mike Norvell during action against the University of Houston during second quarter action in Houston, Texas., Thursday, October 19, 2017. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
University of Memphis head coach Mike Norvell (middle) before taking the field against University of Connecticut in East Hartford, Conn., Friday, October 6, 2017. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis coach Mike Norvell (right) leads his team onto the field before taking on Southern Illinois on Sept. 23, 2017, at Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium. Mark Weber / The Commercial Appeal
University of Memphis head coach Mike Norvell (middle) cheers with fans during Tigers Walk before their homecoming football game against Southern Illinois University at the Liberty Bowl Stadium on Saturday, September 23, 2017. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
University of Memphis head coach Mike Norvell tells his players to think during practice Monday afternoon. Mark Weber,/The Commercial Appeal
University of Memphis starting quarterback Riley Ferguson (right) gets a pat from head coach Mike Norvell (middle) after being pulled form the game due to an injury against University of Cincinnati in Cincinnati, Ohio. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
University of Memphis head coach Mike Norvell prepares to take the field against University of Cincinnati in Cincinnati, Ohio. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Dejected University of Memphis head coach Mike Norvell looks on as the Tigers fall to the University of South Florida 49-42 at the Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
University of Memphis head coach Mike Norvell (middle) watches the scoreboard while during third quarter action against Tulane University at Yulman Stadium in New Orleans. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
University of Memphis head coach Mike Norvell celebrate a 34-27 victory over Temple in the tunnel after a hard fought game at Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis head coach Mike Norvell, in the front, leads his coaches in signaling a play during the second half of their NCAA college football game against Mississippi, Saturday, Oct. 1, 2016, in Oxford, Miss. Mississippi won 48-28. (AP Photo/Rogelio V. Solis) Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
March 22, 2016 - University of Memphis head coach Mike Norvell runs the team's first spring football practice of 2016. (Nikki Boertman/The Commercial Appeal) Nikki Boertman, The Commercial Appeal
September 10, 2016 - University of Memphis head football coach Mike Norvell (middle) on the sidelines during the Tigers 35-17 victory over Southeastern Missouri State. (Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal) Mark Weber, The Commercial Appeal
August 4, 2016 - Memphis new head coach Mike Norvell during practice at Billy J. Murphy Athletic Complex, on South Campus. (Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal) Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis athletic director Tom Bowen (left) congratulates coach Mike Norvell (right) after his first victory with the Tigers -- a 35-17 win over Southeast Missouri State on Sept. 3, 2016, at Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium. Mark Weber / File / The Commercial Appeal
March 22, 2016 - University of Memphis head coach Mike Norvell runs the team's first spring football practice of 2016. (Nikki Boertman/The Commercial Appeal) Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
June 12, 2016- Mike Norvell competes in a charity putt at the FedEx St. Jude Classic in Memphis, Tennessee. Mike Norvell talks team strengths, playing freshman and more in a Q and A. (Nikki Boertman/The Commercial Appeal) Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
University of Memphis head football coach Mike Norvell (right) now has three prospects from Oklahoma. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
August 11, 2016 - University of Memphis intern Spencer Knight (left) and head coach Mike Norvell (right) chat with special teams coordinator Joe Lorig (middle) during preseason training camp on the Lambuth Campus in Jackson, Tenn. T (Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal) Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
August 13, 2016 - University of Memphis head coach Mike Norvell (right) chats with quarterback Riley Ferguson (left) during a practice game in Jackson, Tenn. (Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal) Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
August 11, 2016 - University of Memphis head coach Mike Norvell shouts instruction while walking between fields during preseason training camp on the Lambuth Campus in Jackson, Tenn. (Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal) Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
August 12, 2016 - University of Memphis head coach Mike Norvell calls an offensive play in a light rain storm during preseason walk through at training camp on the Lambuth Campus in Jackson, Tenn. (Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal) Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
December 16, 2015 - University of Memphis head football coach Mike Norvell at practice. (Nikki Boertman/The Commercial Appeal) Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis coach Mike Norvell (left) jokes with fan Doug Collins (middle) during "Open Mike Night" on July 14, 2016, at the Billy J. Murphy complex. Mark Weber / The Commercial Appeal
June 8, 2016 - Tigers head football coach Mike Norvell (left) looks on as a team mate drives off the 9th tee during the Pro Am at the 2016 FedEx St. Jude Classic. (Stan Carroll/The Commercial Appeal) Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis coach Mike Norvell (right) directs players during the team's Friday Night Stripes spring scrimmage game last season. Mark Weber / The Commercial Appeal
April 7, 2016 - New University of Memphis head football coach Mike Norvell during practice Thursday afternoon. (Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal) Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
University of Memphis head coach Mike Norvell joked that he "called in a little warm front" for the morning practice session Friday. The Commercial Appeal file
December 4, 2015 - University of Memphis new football coach Mike Norvell speaks during a press conference on campus Friday afternoon. Novrell leaves his post as offensive coordinator at Arizona State to take over the team from departed head coach Justin Fuente. (Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal) Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
December 4, 2015 - Surround by cheerleaders and mascot Pouncer, University of Memphis new football coach Mike Norvell waits to be introduced during a press conference on campus Friday afternoon. Novrell leaves his post as offensive coordinator at Arizona State to take over the team from departed head coach Justin Fuente. (Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal) Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Taken together, it meant men's basketball produced more revenue than football in the fiscal year ending on June 30, 2017 that included the 2016 football season and 2016-17 men's basketball season.
This is a reversal from the year before, when football outpaced men's basketball for the first time in recent memory.
Both programs, however, are still operating at a deficit, so the department's finances were boosted by more than $15.7 million in student fees and direct institutional support from the university.
Memphis Tigers basketball coach Tubby Smith
Memphis head coach Tubby Smith walks off the court after falling to Cincinnati 70-60 during the AAC semifinal tournament game in Orlando, Fl. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis guard Kareem Brewton Jr. (left) is congratulated by head coach Tubby Smith (rihgt0 after a hitting a game-winning three pointer against Tulsa to advance to the AAC tournament semifinals in Orlando, Fl., Friday, March 9, 2018. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis head coach Tubby Smith (front) is not happy with an officials call during first half action Tulsa in their AAC second round tournament game in Orlando, Fl., Friday, March 9, 2018. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis head coach Tubby Smith smiles while walking off the court after beat USF 79-77 USF at the AAC tournament game in Orlando, Fl., Thursday, March 8, 2018. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis head coach Tubby Smith before taking on USF in Tiger's AAC first round conference tournament game in Orlando, Fl., Thursday, March 8, 2018. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis head coach Tubby Smith (middle) during second half action against USF in their AAC first round tournament game in Orlando, Fl., Thursday, March 8, 2018. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis head coach Tubby Smith (right) talks to guard Kareem Brewton Jr. (left) during second half action against USF at the AAC tournament in Orlando, Fl., Thursday, March 8, 2018. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis head coach Tubby Smith during second half action against USF in their AAC first round tournament game in Orlando, Fl., Thursday, March 8, 2018. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Tubby Smith answers questions about the upcoming conference tournament but dodges questions about his future at the University of Memphis during a press conference at the Laurie-Walton Family Basketball Center. Jim Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis head coach Tubby Smith (left) looks on from the bench during a 75-51 loss to USF at the FedExForum in Memphis Tenn., Thursday, March 1, 2018. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis head coach Tubby Smith walks off the court after a 75-51 loss to USF at the FedExForum in Memphis Tenn., Thursday, March 1, 2018. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis head coach Tubby Smith during action against Wichita State at the FedExForum in Memphis Tenn., Tuesday, February 6, 2018. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis head coach Tubby Smith during first half action against Cincinnati at the FedExForum in Memphis Tenn., Saturday, January 27, 2018. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis head coach Tubby Smith during action against Tulane at the FedExForum in Memphis Tenn., Tuesday, January 9, 2017. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis head coach Tubby Smith during first half action against Tulsa at the FedExForum in Memphis Tenn., Saturday, January 6, 2017. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
December 28, 2017 - Tubby Smith coaches the Memphis Tigers men's basketball team against LSU during the second half at FedExForum on Thursday night in Memphis, TN. The Tigers lost to LSU 71-61. Yalonda M. James/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis head coach Tubby Smith (left) talks to forward Kyvon Davenport (right) during a break in action against Louisville at Madison Square Garden in New York, Saturday, December 16, 2017. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis head coach Tubby Smith during action against Albany at the FedExForum in Memphis Tenn., Saturday, December 12, 2017. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
December 02, 2017 - Memphis Tigers' head coach Tubby Smith yells out to his players during Saturday's game versus the Mercer Bears at the FedExForum. Brad Vest/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis head coach Tubby Smith (second right) during a break in action against Northern Kentucky at the FedExForum in Memphis Tenn., Saturday, November 25, 2017. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis head coach Tubby Smith (left) looks down his bench during action against Little Rock half action at the FedExForum in Memphis, Tenn., Tuesday, November 14, 2017. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
University of Memphis head coach Tubby Smith during action against University of Alabama at the Veterans Classic in Annapolis, Md., Friday, November 10, 2017. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
University of Memphis head coach Tubby Smith (left) and forward Jimario Rivers (right) chat with guard Malik Rhodes (middle) during a break in action against LeMoyne-Owen at the FedExForum in Memphis, Tenn., Thursday, November 2, 2017. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Tiger coach Tubby Smith (middle) dances with his players during Memphis Madness at the FedExForum Wednesday, Oct. 12, 2017. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis coach Tubby Smith (right) works with guard Jeremiah Martin during their first practice of the 2017-18 season on Sept. 29, 2017, at the Larry O. Finch Center. Mark Weber / The Commercial Appeal
Memphis coach Tubby Smith (middle left) jokes with Kentucky coach John Calipari (middle right) during Team Penny's game at the 2017 Nike Peach Jam in North Augusta, S.C. Mark Weber / The Commercial Appeal
Dejected University of Memphis head coach Tubby Smith walks off the court after a 74-62 loss to Temple University at the FedExForum. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
University of Memphis head coach Tubby Smith and guard Markel Crawford share a moment after the Tigers defeated Tulsa 66-44 at FedExForum. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
University of Memphis head coach Tubby Smith reacts to a play during the second half against East Carolina University at the FedExForum. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
University of Memphis head coach Tubby Smith hugs guard Jeremiah Martin (left) after defeating University of Central Florida 70-65 at the FedExForum. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
University of Memphis head coach reacts to the Tigers' offensive play against University of Houston during first half action at the Hofhienz Pavilion in Houston, Texas. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
University of Memphis head coach Tubby Smith (middle) walks off the courts after losing to Tulsa University 81-71 at the Donald W. Reynolds Center in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
University of Memphis head coach Tubby Smith reacts to action against University of Connecticut at the FedExForum. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
University of Memphis head coach Tubby Smith during second half action against SMU at the FedExForum. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
University of Memphis head coach Tubby Smith directs his players during first half action against Incarnate Word at the FedExForum. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
University of Memphis head coach Tubby Smith screams for a 30-second shot clock reset during a second half action against Ole Miss at The Pavilion in Oxford, Mississippi. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
University of Memphis assistant coach Pooh Williamson (right) covers his face as he and head coach Tubby Smith (left) watch the final seconds of a 60-51 loss to Providence at the Emerald Coast Classic in Niceville, Florida. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
University of Memphis head coach Tubby Smith (left) along with assistants Pooh Williamson (middle) and Joe Esposito (right) on the bench during second half action against McNeese at the FedExForum. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
University of Memphis head coach Tubby Smith (left) chats with guard Jeremiah Martin (right) during first half action against University of Texas Rio Grande Valley at FedExForum. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
University of Memphis head coach Tubby Smith watches his team during an open practice at the Larry O. Finch Center. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
April 14, 2016 - New University of Memphis head basketball coach Tubby Smith speaks to the media after a press conference at the FedExForum. Smith, replaces departed head coach Josh Pastner, who left last week to be the new basketball coach at Georgia Tech. (Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal)
April 14, 2016 - New University of Memphis head basketball coach Tubby Smith speaks during a press conference at the FedExForum. Smith, replaces departed head coach Josh Pastner, who left last week to be the new basketball coach at Georgia Tech. (Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal)
Contributions drop
The most worrisome part of the Memphis athletic department financial picture is the decline in contributions to Smith's basketball program.
Donations dropped from more than $7.6 million in 2016 to about $6.5 million in 2017, a $1.1 million loss that is also slightly lower than the contributions Memphis received in 2015 (approximately $6.68 million).
Eric Sabin, Memphis associate athletic director of finance, wrote in an email that, "contributions were down primarily due to required donations for men's basketball season tickets."
During the 2016-17 season, announced attendance for the Tigers' men's basketball program hit a 35-year-low when the team averaged 9,622 fans per game.
Empty seats line the FedExForum, as the announced crown was 4373 for the Memphis game against Bryant in Memphis Tenn., Saturday, December 9, 2017. (Photo: Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal)
Revenue from men's basketball ticket sales also dropped for the third straight year, from about $5.35 million during former coach Josh Pastner's final season to around $5.19 million in Smith's first year.
This season, Memphis is averaging just 6,208 fans per game at FedExForum with three home games remaining.
"Contributions directly support the costs of athletic scholarships," Sabin wrote, "so it is of the upmost priority to continue raising contributions in support of our student-athletes."
Under Smith, however, overall men's basketball revenue rose for the first time since 2013. It was due to an increase in distributions from the NCAA, in part from hosting the 2017 NCAA tournament South regional at FedExForum, as well as money generated by parking sales.
Still, revenue from men's basketball remains about 25 percent lower than in 2012, when the Tigers made the NCAA tournament for the sixth time in seven years.
Memphis coach Mike Norvell gives first public comments on grad transfer Brady White and what to expect in QB battle this spring Evan Barnes
Football ticket sales decline
Memphis saw its overall revenue from ticket sales drop more than $1.2 million in fiscal year 2017 compared to 2016, and much of that decrease can be attributed to the football program.
With a new coach in Norvell, a new quarterback in Riley Ferguson and a home schedule that didn't include any marquee matchups like the year before, Memphis football collected more than $3.5 million in ticket sales during the 2016 season.
Memphis athletic director Tom Bowen (left) congratulates coach Mike Norvell (right) after his first victory with the Tigers -- a 35-17 win over Southeast Missouri State on Sept. 3, 2016, at Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium. (Photo: Mark Weber / File / The Commercial Appeal)
That's almost $1.1 million less than what it earned in 2015 when the school had a record average attendance of 43,802 fans at Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium during former coach Justin Fuente's final season. The Tigers averaged 37,346 fans during the 2016 campaign.
The football team's total revenue was still up nearly 52 percent when compared to the 2014 season.
Sabin wrote that the revenue loss was "due to a small reduction in game contracts guarantees and a significant reduction in individual game ticket sales due to the lack of 2016 opponents such as Ole Miss and Navy. A significant increase in season tickets sales ... offset some of the reduction in individual game ticket sales."
More: Memphis, UT Vols football attendance drops per game; Vanderbilt up slightly
Memphis football also saw its bowl revenue drop significantly, from more than $1 million in 2016 to just $67,493 in 2017, even though its bowl expenses actually decreased. The Tigers played in the Birmingham Bowl to conclude the 2015 football season and participated in the Boca Raton Bowl during Norvell's first year.
Sabin wrote that ticket revenue was $275,482 lower for the Boca Raton Bowl compared to the Birmingham Bowl because of "higher ticket prices and a longer distance to travel for fans."
The American Athletic Conference also didn't have a school qualify for a New Year's Six bowl game in 2016, which reduced the collective pool of money distributed to each of the league's teams.
University of Memphis head coach Mike Norvell (middle) and Athletic Director Tom Bowen (right) celebrate as they walk off the field after defeating national ranked UCLA 45-48 at The Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium in Memphis, Tennessee., Friday, September 16, 2017. (Photo: Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal)
Expenses fall, AAC money increases
Memphis compensated for the loss of revenue by decreasing expenses by more than $1.6 million. This was accomplished two ways.
The biggest relief came from a lack of severance payments associated with its coaches. In 2016, Memphis paid Pastner a negotiated $1.255 million buyout before he left to become the men's basketball coach at Georgia Tech. The Tigers also covered Smith's $900,000 buyout at Texas Tech upon hiring him in April 2016.
In addition, Memphis spent less on team travel in 2016-17 than it had since joining the AAC. After spending approximately $4.57 million on those expenses in 2015-16, the Tigers' lowered that figure to approximately $3.4 million in 2016-17.
More: Memphis football players hit hard by death of student manager
Sabin noted travel costs vary significantly depending on game contracts and conference scheduling, but that the savings were the result of "fewer away games by charter aircraft for football, as well as savings from men's basketball on reduced hotel, bus and meal expenses."
Sabin also noted the athletic department contracted with Short's Travel Management to provide travel services, discounted hotel, air and bus rates, and brokered charter flights, "resulting in a large savings by all athletic teams, coaches and staff."
The athletic department also offset its loss in revenue with an increase in money distributed by the NCAA and AAC.
Memphis received more than $2.7 million from the NCAA in 2017, up from about $1.25 million the year before. The AAC also contributed nearly $4.4 million to Memphis. That was up from about $3.19 million the year before.
Tigers vs. Wichita State Basketball - February 6, 2018
Memphis guard Jeremiah Martin (right) drives the lane against the Wichita State defense during first half action at the FedExForum in Memphis Tenn., Tuesday, February 6, 2018. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis forward Mike Parks Jr. (top) puts ups a shot over Wichita State defender Shaquille Morris (bottom) during first half action at the FedExForum in Memphis Tenn., Tuesday, February 6, 2018. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Wichita State defender Landry Shamet reacts after being called for a foul as Memphis during first half action at the FedExForum in Memphis Tenn., Tuesday, February 6, 2018. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis guard Kareem Brewton Jr. (right) puts up a shot against Wichita State defender Conner Frankamp (left) during first half action at the FedExForum in Memphis Tenn., Tuesday, February 6, 2018. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis forward David Nickelberry (right) drives the lane against Wichita State defender Austin Reaves (left) during first half action at the FedExForum in Memphis Tenn., Tuesday, February 6, 2018. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis center Karim Sameh Azab puts ups a shot against the Wichita State defense during first half action at the FedExForum in Memphis Tenn., Tuesday, February 6, 2018. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis forward David Nickelberry loose the ball out of bounds against the Wichita State defense during first half action at the FedExForum in Memphis Tenn., Tuesday, February 6, 2018. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis center Karim Sameh Azab (middle) battles Wichita State defender Zach Brown (left) and Landry Shamet (right) for a rebound during first half action at the FedExForum in Memphis Tenn., Tuesday, February 6, 2018. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis forward David Nickelberry (left) drives the lane against Wichita State defender Landry Shamet (right) during first half action at the FedExForum in Memphis Tenn., Tuesday, February 6, 2018. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis guard Kareem Brewton Jr. (left) drives for a layup against Wichita State defender Austin Reaves (right) during first half action at the FedExForum in Memphis Tenn., Tuesday, February 6, 2018. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis guard Jeremiah Martin (left) drives the lane against Wichita State defender Markis McDuffie (right) during first half action at the FedExForum in Memphis Tenn., Tuesday, February 6, 2018. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis teammates David Nickelberry (left) and Kareem Brewton Jr. (right) celebrate against Wichita State during second half action at the FedExForum in Memphis Tenn., Tuesday, February 6, 2018. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis guard Kareem Brewton Jr. (left) drives for a layup against the Wichita State defense during second half action at the FedExForum in Memphis Tenn., Tuesday, February 6, 2018. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis forward Victor Enoh (left) dunks over Wichita State defender Zach Brown (right) during second half action at the FedExForum in Memphis Tenn., Tuesday, February 6, 2018. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis forward Raynere Thornton (right) drives for a layup against the Wichita State defense during second half action at the FedExForum in Memphis Tenn., Tuesday, February 6, 2018. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis forward Raynere Thornton (right) drives the lane against Wichita State defender Landry Shamet (left) during second half action at the FedExForum in Memphis Tenn., Tuesday, February 6, 2018. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis forward Raynere Thornton (right) battles Wichita State defender Zach Brown (left) for a loose ball during second half action at the FedExForum in Memphis Tenn., Tuesday, February 6, 2018. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis guard Jeremiah Martin (left) drives for a lay up against the Wichita State defense during second half action at the FedExForum in Memphis Tenn., Tuesday, February 6, 2018. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis guard Jamal Johnson drives the lane against Wichita State defender Zach Brown (left) during second half action at the FedExForum in Memphis Tenn., Tuesday, February 6, 2018. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Memphis fans cheer during second half action against Wichita State at the FedExForum in Memphis Tenn., Tuesday, February 6, 2018. Mark Weber/The Commercial Appeal
Sabin attributed the increase in conference money to the AAC's first-place finish in the College Football Playoff Group of Five Performance Pool and a one-time distribution based on the league's addition of Wichita State.
But it's a far cry from the $32.1 million in revenue the University of Tennessee took in from the Southeastern Conference's lucrative media rights deal.
It's why the Memphis athletic department's bottom line remains so dependent on ticket sales and contributions.
Memphis athletic department 2016-17 financial picture
Total revenue: $48,716,830
Total expenses: $48,443,158
Men's basketball revenue: $6,506,271
Men's basketball expenses: $9,725,712
Football revenue: $5,063,827
Football expenses: $14,713,437


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Venezuela: Always a bad sign when your military deserts
One of the most vivid lectures I remember from studying the Russian Revolution during my junior year abroad at St. Antony's College, at Oxford, was the one on what sealed the tsar of Russia's fate. My superb tutor and lecturer, Dr. Harold Shukman, said it was the scene in St. Petersburg, where the rather insufficiently studied photos of the era showed thousands of troops, thousands, hanging around, idle, doing nothing. They were deserters, and their choice to walk away showed the extent of just how far the tsar was gone as a force of government. This scene became the tinder and backdrop of the October Revolution of 1917.
More than a century later, half a world away in the tropics, and this time under a Soviet-derived socialism, a similar picture is forming, in Venezuela. According to Bloomberg:
Military officers are joining the exodus of Venezuelans to Colombia and Brazil, fleeing barracks and forcing President Nicolas Maduro's government to call upon retirees and militia to fill the void.
High desertion rates at bases in Caracas and the countryside are complicating security plans for the presidential election in 13 days, which by law require military custody of electoral materials and machinery at voting centers.
"The number is unknown because it used to be published in the Official Gazette. Now, it is not," said Rocio San Miguel, director of Control Ciudadano, a military watchdog group in Caracas. She said soldiers are fleeing for the same reason citizens are: "Wages are low, the quality of food and clothing isn't good."
Seems that 18,000% inflation rate reported a few days ago (another study has it at 13,779%) is having an effect on soldiers' pay, the money is effectively worthless, and hungry soldiers are not happy soldiers. Bloomberg reports that many, rather than revolting, are just fleeing abroad.
The same has also been reported of Venezuela's oil workers, who aren't being paid in any currency of value. Oil is the source of 90% of Venezuela's export earnings and probably 100% of the government's financing. The government, of course, is in default. It has attempted to fix that by replacing its oil workers with...soldiers.
Obviously, that hasn't worked.
Yet the regime still clings to power, despite this obvious catastrophe. When the money is worth nothing, utterly nothing, let's put it this way: other regimes have not held on. Why would anyone stay? Perhaps because they are not being paid in the local toilet paper money. If so, it would mean they are being paid in dollars, and the only thing that could bring that is the drug trade. Perhaps the narco-war is the final frontier in the dislodging of this regime. But I suspect there aren't enough narco-dollars to keep the entire economy afloat.
I know we have been calling the end of the Venezuelan regime many times over, and it hasn't happened. But the desertion of an army over hyperinflation doesn't seem to have precedent for success. Regimes that ruin their money (think Serbia, Zimbabwe, Weimar Germany, Allende Chile) eventually get dislodged; it never happens that they recover on their own. What follows from it is the next matter. A regime can't last if it ruins its money.


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News > STM BALT SAFE
December 31 , 2021
STM BALT SAFE achieving good results in difficult times
At the final conference of the Interreg BSR financed project, the audience were delighted with the results, especially with the pandemic effects in mind. Here are a few examples:
* Route sharing being installed and used in the VTS centres in Estonia and Finland, and cooperating with STM-compatible VTS centres in Norway and Russia to collect even more data.
* Establishing an operational maritime digital infrastructure with global reach.
* Developing a new data standard for reporting to mandatory ship reporting systems, getting it approved by the IMO Expert Group on Data Harmonization and having it being included in the IMO Data Reference Model.
The Sea Traffic Management (STM) concept is about interoperability based on standards and a common maritime digital infrastructure. It is not surprising to see STM partners being active in and even leading standardisation efforts.
November 01 , 2021
STM BALT SAFE Final Conference December 16
How have route sharing capabilities been put to use in Estonia, Finland, Norway and Russia? Find out how VTS operators have used new functions and handled difficult traffic situations in the simulators. The project has also pushed standards forward in IEC and IMO and tested the new MRS-reporting standard in Norway and Finland. Learn from the results of the STM BALT SAFE project!
VTS in focus in new STM simulations
In the STM BALT SAFE project, it is the first time we get to see a full-scale route exchange ship-VTS. Mikko Klang from Fintraffic sees the opportunities route exchange brings to the VTS: "We are about to make a cultural change!" After three days of simulations all participants were inspired by the possibilities route exchange bring. The VTS operators in the simulations agree with the safety aspect that the project is aiming for. It seems similar to AIS, which was created for safety but became so much more. It is not until you work with the tool you discover all the possibilities.


There's nothing more fundamental to practicing science, making policy or simply getting your bearings than measuring. This point was recently made in two very different ways: a story about the blind spots that result from failing to collect data, and research on a creative way to collect data that would otherwise be missed.
InsideClimate News reported that commercial infrared cameras that the oil and gas industry uses to monitor methane leaks from their equipment frequently don't work in the extreme cold of Alaska's North Slope. Warming is most pronounced in the Arctic, and tracking methane emissions is crucial for studying climate change there.
Meanwhile, researchers from Oregon State University have devised a clever method of predicting river flow in the Arctic. They've found that measuring the diversity and abundance of bacteria is 20 percent more accurate for predicting river flow than the current method of modeling precipitation and watershed area. Better indirect methods of tracking the region's hydrology are particularly important given the difficulty of directly measuring river flow in the Arctic.


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Hitomi's MatchBox technology lines up prestigious live sports broadcasts for Discovery and Eurosport.
Discovery and Eurosport chose Hitomi's MatchBox to ensure that their live delivery of Olympic Winter Games coverage from PyeongChang was accurately lined up. Being the first broadcaster to hold all TV and multi-platform rights across Europe*, Eurosport's coverage served 48 markets in more than 20 languages. Transmission of the content from South Korea presented considerable challenges to ensure lip-sync, measure circuit delays and provide identification of audio feeds.
The solution was to install MatchBoxes in the International Broadcast Centre (IBC) in PyeongChang that would generate test signals which MatchBox Analysers in the European sites received.
MatchBox is a hardware and software solution housed in a 1RU frame. It is a comprehensive measurement system of audio and video alignment. One feature Eurosport found invaluable during the Games was its text to speech synthesis. With commentaries available in so many languages, sound engineers needed a solid method of checking their configuration. MatchBox's spoken identing system made that simple and quick.
Hitomi are pleased to continue working with Discovery on developing new solutions for their future requirements.
*Excludes France 2018-2020. Excludes Russia. Official Broadcaster in the UK 2018 and 2020.


It could be something as simple as a corrupt graphics driver.\015\012\015\012If you have currently run a Windows update for hardware, there is a chance that a generic Windows driver has been installed and is not working correctly.\015\012\015\012Go to your task bar, as there is normally a graphics programme running enabling you to set the external monitor etc.\015\012\015\012If it's there and you have lost all the usual tabs for changing different properties, then the driver will need to be downloaded from your notebook manufacturer.\015\012\015\012If all in that looks ok then click Start>Run then type 'dxdiag' and hit enter and let windows do a diagnostic test on sound and video.\015\012\015\012If it's an intermitent problem, this is normally down to overheating, so check the vents around your fan and gently give them a hoover out.\015\012\015\012Failing all; keep an eye on your processor temperature, you can download allsorts of different free programmes that will run in your taskbar.
I have a compaq presario laptop and need help as the cursor keeps freezing while typing making it difficult to type more than 3 words without it stopping typing on the screen. I would appreciate any help!
This question is for my siter who is having trouble with her Compaq Presario. The screen goes black after the Compaq Welcome screen is up. She's tried unplugging the tower for over 5 minutes and it did nothing. Anything else she can try? She had been on a website to order an item and when trying to print a receipt, the computer froze. Hasn't powered up since. Any help would be greatly appreciated.
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Fun Fact: This game was developed by none other than Bethesda Softworks - the folks who brought us Fallout 3 and the Elder Scrolls games. Everyone's gotta start somewhere!
This is a reminder of the monthly meeting for March taking place on this coming Monday evening. This month's meeting features all of us unfortunates who aren't off having a wonderful time at GDC this year. Hopefully we won't be attacked by burglars as we drown our sorrows. As always, everyone is welcome to bring any projects along that they've been working on to share with the rest of the group, and there will be lots of discussion about local goings on in the Victoria game development community.


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Clams Casino on 'Moon Trip Radio': "It Sounds Like Music to Be Alone To"
VICE spoke to the New Jersey producer about his latest solo release and how fatherhood has changed his approach to making music.
by Will Schube
Photo by Marielle Tepper
Michael Volpe may seem less prolific than he actually is. Having risen to acclaim in 2011 as a cloud rap innovator thanks to production work for A$AP Rocky and Lil B, the man who performs under the Clams Casino moniker has been in rap's upper echelon for the entire decade.
"I never stop working. It may come across that way, because a lot of people don't follow my behind the scenes production work," the 32-year-old producer explains from his home in New Jersey. "I put solo music out fairly rarely, but it never feels that way to me. If I'm not putting out my own stuff, I'm always working on something new."
Clams' latest LP, Moon Trip Radio, is his first since 2016's 32 Levels. Not including a long-running instrumental mixtape series, the fourth installment of which was released in 2017, this is only Volpe's second official album. Despite his notoriety within East Coast rap, Volpe seems content in his role as a low-key hitmaker. Never drawn to the glimmer of New York City, Volpe has settled into suburban anonymity and welcomed a son into the world, who at two years old is already mimicking the tendencies of his old man.
"I'll watch him play this little drum and he'll hit it really hard. I'm not showing him anything, he just does it," he explains. "But he'll hit it really hard, and then hit it really softly, and then notice how he's changing the sound. That stuff is pretty funny and pretty surreal."
Baby Clams has also influenced his dad's production in other, less expected ways. "I never used to use headphones and now I've started stuff from scratch with headphones and am making things entirely while using headphones. That's a huge change for me. I rarely use speakers now," he says. This note reveals itself in the staggering details of Moon Trip Radio. Opener "Rune" builds around traditional Clams tools: trap hi-hats, pitched-down vocals, and murky synths. But the track is bolstered by the subtle ring to his snare drum. It's the kind of detail that gets lost on bad speakers but rings ecstatically through headphones. "Glowing Bones" sounds like a neo-classical take on rap production, with sparse, experimental drums backing whispered vocals and staggered, vibrating synths.
Moon Trip Radio is Clams Casino's finest work to date, the culmination of an artist tirelessly pursuing perfection and then scrapping it for the beauty one finds in the whimsical and random encounters of life. "I don't like to do things too purposefully. My process revolves around making sounds and following something that sticks out," he explains. "I really like to dig into the sounds I make, but I'd never sit down and think about something then do it. I just like to see where the music takes me." Read on to find out more about Clams Casino's intuitive approach to music, and why Moon Trip Radio is best listened to by yourself.
VICE: How has having a kid changed the way you approach music and your career?
Clams Casino: I'm so used to working from home. I have a studio set up in my house and now I have to switch up the process in terms of when I'm doing stuff and how loud I make music. It's funny, though. I have a bunch of toy instruments around the house and it's crazy watching him pick them up and figure them out. I have drums, pianos, and flutes all around the house. I just watch him try to figure it out and react to what he's doing.
Did making most of the record in headphones affect the way you made it?
A lot of the stuff is super detailed. My music generally is, but maybe in a new or different way. This music is very personal, because I recorded it in a more personal zone. I didn't realize it at first, but when I listen back, it sounds like music to be alone to. It's really nice listening to it in your own world. That's not something I thought about in the process, though.
How long did this record take from beginning to end?
It's hard to say because I started making it in early 2018 but a lot of ideas came from way before that. These are things that were repurposed, brought back, or started way before 2018. It's all over the place, which is pretty typical of my process. I'll generally have half of an idea that's four years old or something, and I'll bring it back in a new way. But I didn't begin seriously trying to put it together until about a year-and-a-half ago.
You work in big spurts, where you put a bunch of stuff out and then go away for a while. Where does that process come from?
As far as my own music, I'm pretty strict on myself and selective of what I put out. I want everything to be good enough to last forever. I have standard guidelines for myself that I have to put the music up against before I put it out. That takes a long time for me.
This record doesn't have any rappers on it. What made you want to tone down the collaboration?
I just go through cycles. I make a lot of music for other people. I love doing production for other people—making hip-hop with other people—but sometimes I get tired of that or I get out of ideas. That's generally when I get back to my solo music. I'll get bored or tired of that—or I'll finish something—and I need to refresh myself, start over again, and make some rap songs. It's natural and more about intuition than anything else.
You grew up listening to stuff like the Diplomats but more recently you've produced music for Wicca Phase Spring Eternal and Lil Peep. How has your music listening taste evolved?
I'll listen to anyone that catches my ear or is doing something interesting that seems different. I'll reach out or try to work with them if they've inspired me. It's all about stuff I haven't heard before or gets me excited. That's what keeps me wanting to do stuff. I don't look for new music to listen to, but when it finds me, I dig in. There's too much access to music these days. I don't want to sit at home looking for music all day. If something finds me, though, I'll listen a lot. That stuff refreshes my brain with new sounds and inspiration.
Do you listen to much music at home?
Yeah, I'm listening all the time. In the car, at home; it's a big part of my day, every day. I listen to a lot of new stuff—Lil Peep, Wicca Phase, Joji, and a lot of the artists I've been working with. I've been listening to a lot of film scores, too.
I know you're a private person. Do you hope your records get huge and you find mainstream success? Do you have goals for your albums?
With this project in particular, it felt like a gift or a thank you to fans that have been waiting for a while. This is the first full-length project I've done with completely new music that wasn't an instrumental tape-type record. There are so many fans that have stuck with me and have listened to my music for so long. They've been waiting patiently for a while. This record is just a way of giving back to them.
This is something they've wanted, and the timing lined up such that I wanted to do it and do it right. It all lined up and felt like the right time to do it. I was in the right zone, too. I played a lot of shows and met so many fans and I could tell they were waiting for something like this. I could feel that energy, it felt like the right thing to do.
Your projects used to be very sample-heavy, but you had to move away from that for some legal reasons. Can you talk about working with your own sound library versus handling samples?
It's a whole different world. It's a whole new layer of experimenting. It's fun and a way to keep me creative in a new format. I'm just trying to figure out how to make sounds I haven't heard before by myself. I like to flip the stuff I create, too, so it's almost like chopping samples. Now I'm just getting deeper into an entire world I'm trying to create. Instead of taking someone else's stuff and flipping it, I'm taking something unique that I've done. It adds a new layer for me. It opens up a new avenue for exploration.
You seem to have a lot of respect for your fans.
When I go on tour, I like to hang out and talk with my fans as much as I can. It's a whole different side from people sending you a message online or on Twitter. When you see them face-to-face, all over the world, and they talk about how deeply I inspire them, that's heavy. That's a lot for me, it's a lot to take in. I like to help people, because a lot of people tell me how my music has helped them. That's my motivation, that's what keeps me making music. It's really rewarding.
A$AP Rocky: