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The Info List - Mormonism
Mormonism is the predominant religious tradition of the Latter Day Saint movement of Restorationist Christianity. Joseph Smith
Joseph Smith founded the movement in Western New York
Western New York in the 1820s. During the 1830s and 1840s, it distinguished itself from traditional Protestantism. Mormonism
Mormonism represents the faith taught by Smith in the 1840s. After he was killed in 1844, most Mormons
Mormons followed Brigham Young
Brigham Young on his westward journey to the area that became the Utah Territory, calling themselves The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Other sects include Mormon fundamentalism, which seeks to maintain practices and doctrines such as polygamy,[1] and various other small independent denominations. The second-largest Latter Day Saint denomination, the Reorganized Church of Jesus
Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, since 2001 called the Community of Christ, does not describe itself as "Mormon", but instead follows a Trinitarian Christian
Christian restorationist theology, and also considers itself Restorationist in terms of Latter Day Saint doctrine. The word Mormon originally derived from the Book
Book of Mormon, a religious text published by Smith, which he said he translated from golden plates with divine assistance. The book describes itself as a chronicle of early indigenous peoples of the Americas and their dealings with God. Based on the name of that book, early followers of Smith were more widely known as Mormons, and their faith was called Mormonism. The term was initially considered pejorative,[2] but Mormons
Mormons no longer consider it so (although generally preferring other terms such as Latter-day Saint, or LDS).[3] Mormonism
Mormonism shares a common set of beliefs with the rest of the Latter Day Saint movement, including use of and belief in the Bible, as well as in other religious texts including the Book of Mormon
Book of Mormon and Doctrine and Covenants. It also accepts the Pearl of Great Price as part of its scriptural canon, and has a history of teaching eternal marriage, eternal progression, and polygamy (plural marriage) (although the LDS Church formally abandoned the practice of plural marriage in 1890). Cultural Mormonism, a lifestyle promoted by Mormon institutions, includes cultural Mormons
Mormons who identify with the culture, but not necessarily with the theology.
1 Brief history 2 Theology
2.1 Nature of God 2.2 Restoration 2.3 Cosmology 2.4 Ordinances 2.5 Scripture 2.6 Revelation
3 Relations to other faiths
3.1 Relation to mainstream Christianity 3.2 Relation to Judaism 3.3 Relation to Islam
4 Theological divisions
4.1 Mainstream Mormon theology 4.2 Mormon fundamentalism 4.3 Liberal reformist theology
5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links
9.1 Links to official websites of specific Mormon denominations
Brief history[edit] See also: History of the Latter Day Saint movement
Latter Day Saint movement and History of The Church of Jesus
Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
A stained glass window showing Joseph Smith's First Vision.
Mormonism originated in the 1820s in western New York during a period of religious excitement known as the Second Great Awakening.[4] After praying about which denomination he should join, Joseph Smith, Jr. said he received a vision in the spring of 1820.[5] Called the "First Vision", Smith claimed God the Father
God the Father instructed him to join none of the existing churches because they were all wrong.[6] During the 1820s Smith reported several angelic visitations, and was eventually told that God
God would use him to re-establish the true Christian
Christian church, and that the Book of Mormon
Book of Mormon would be the means of establishing correct doctrine for the restored church. Smith, Oliver Cowdery, and other early followers, began baptizing new converts in 1829. Formally organized in 1830 as the Church of Christ.[7] Smith was seen by his followers as a modern-day prophet.[8] Joseph Smith
Joseph Smith claimed The Book of Mormon
Book of Mormon was translated from writing on golden plates in a reformed Egyptian language, translated with the assistance of the Urim and Thummim
Urim and Thummim and seer stones. Both the special spectacles and the seer stone were at times referred to as the "Urim and Thummim".[9][10] He said an angel first showed him the location of the plates in 1823, buried in a nearby hill, but he was not allowed to take the plates until 1827. Smith began dictating the text of The Book of Mormon around the fall of 1827 until the summer of 1828 when 116 pages were lost. Translation began again in April 1829 and finished in June 1829,[11] saying that he translated it "by the gift and power of God".[12] After the translation was completed, Smith said the plates were returned to the angel. During Smith's supposed possession, very few people were allowed to "witness" the plates. The book described itself as a chronicle of an early Israelite diaspora, integrating with the pre-existing indigenous peoples of the Americas, written by a people called the Nephites. According to The Book
Book of Mormon, Lehi's family left Jerusalem
Jerusalem at the urging of God
God c. 600 BC, and later sailed to the Americas c. 589 BC. The Nephites are described as descendants of Nephi, the fourth son of the prophet Lehi. The Nephites are portrayed as having a belief in Christ hundreds of years before his birth. Historical accuracy and veracity of the Book of Mormon was and continues to be hotly contested. No archaeological, linguistic, or other evidence of the use of Egyptian writing in ancient America has been discovered.[13] To avoid confrontation with New York residents, the members moved to Kirtland, Ohio, and hoped to establish a permanent New Jerusalem
Jerusalem or City of Zion in Jackson County, Missouri.[14] However, they were expelled from Jackson County in 1833 and fled to other parts of Missouri
Missouri in 1838. Violence between the Missourians and church members resulted in the governor of Missouri
Missouri issuing an "extermination order," again forcing the church to relocate.[15] The displaced Mormons
Mormons fled to Illinois, to a small town called Commerce. The church bought the town, renamed it Nauvoo, and lived with a degree of peace and prosperity for a few years.[16] However, tensions between Mormons
Mormons and non- Mormons
Mormons again escalated, and in 1844 Smith was killed by a mob, precipitating a succession crisis.[17] The largest group of Mormons
Mormons (LDS Church) accepted Brigham Young
Brigham Young as the new prophet/leader and emigrated to what became the Utah Territory.[18] There, the church began the open practice of plural marriage, a form of polygyny which Smith had instituted in Nauvoo. Plural marriage
Plural marriage became the faith's most sensational characteristic during the 19th century, but vigorous opposition by the United States Congress threatened the church's existence as a legal institution. Further, polygamy was also a major cause for the opposition to Mormonism
Mormonism in the states of Idaho and Arizona.[19] In the 1890 Manifesto, church president Wilford Woodruff
Wilford Woodruff announced the official end of plural marriage.[20] Because of the formal abolition of plural marriage in 1890, several smaller groups of Mormons
Mormons broke with the LDS Church
LDS Church forming several denominations of Mormon fundamentalism.[21] Meanwhile, the LDS Church had become a proponent of monogamy and patriotism, has extended its reach internationally by a vigorous missionary program, and has grown in size to a reported membership of over 15 million.[22] The church is becoming a part of the American and international mainstream.[23] However, it consciously and intentionally retains its identity as a "peculiar people,"[24] believing their unique relationship with God helps save them from "worldliness" (non-spiritual influences). Theology[edit] Nature of God[edit] Main article: God
God in Mormonism Like most other Christian
Christian groups, Mormonism
Mormonism teaches that there is the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, but unlike trinitarian faiths, the LDS Church
LDS Church teaches that they are separate and distinct beings with the Father and Son having perfected physical bodies and the Holy Ghost having only a body of spirit.[25] While the three beings are physically distinct, in Mormon theology they are one in thoughts, actions, and purpose and commonly referred to collectively as the "Godhead".[26][27] Also, Mormonism
Mormonism teaches that God the Father
God the Father is the literal father of the spirits of all men and women, which existed prior to their mortal existence.[28] The LDS Church
LDS Church also believes that a Heavenly Mother exists.[29][30] Further, it is believed that all humans as children of God
God can become exalted, inheriting all that God has, as joint-heirs with Christ, and becoming like him as a God.[31] Lorenzo Snow
Lorenzo Snow is quoted as saying "As man now is God
God once was: As God now is, man may be." [32] Restoration[edit]
A depiction of Joseph Smith
Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery
Oliver Cowdery receiving priesthood authority from John the Baptist
Main article: Restoration (Latter Day Saints) Mormonism
Mormonism describes itself as falling within world Christianity, but as a distinct restored dispensation; it characterizes itself as the only true form of the Christian
Christian religion since the time of a Great Apostasy
Apostasy that began not long after the ascension of Jesus
Jesus Christ.[33] According to Mormons
Mormons this Apostasy
Apostasy involved the corruption of the pure, original Christian
Christian doctrine with Greek and other philosophies,[34] and followers dividing into different ideological groups.[35] Additionally, Mormons
Mormons claim the martyrdom of the Apostles led to the loss of Priesthood authority to administer the Church and its ordinances.[36][37] Mormons
Mormons believe that God
God re-established the early Christian
Christian Church as found in the New Testament
New Testament through Joseph Smith.[38] In particular, Mormons
Mormons believe that angels such as Peter, James, John, and John the Baptist appeared to Joseph Smith
Joseph Smith and others and bestowed various Priesthood authorities on them.[39] Mormons
Mormons thus believe that their Church is the "only true and living church" because divine authority was restored to it through Smith. In addition, Mormons
Mormons believe that Smith and his legitimate successors are modern prophets who receive revelation from God
God to guide the church. They maintain that other religions have a portion of the truth and are guided by the light of Christ.[40][41] Cosmology[edit] Main article: Mormon cosmology Smith's cosmology is laid out mostly in Smith's later revelations and sermons, but particularly the Book
Book of Abraham, the Book
Book of Moses, and the King Follett discourse.[42] Mormon cosmology
Mormon cosmology presents a unique view of God
God and the universe, and places a high importance on human agency. In Mormonism, life on earth is just a short part of an eternal existence. Mormons
Mormons believe that in the beginning all people existed as spirits or "intelligences," in the presence of God.[43] In this state, God
God proposed a plan of salvation whereby they could progress and "have a privilege to advance like himself."[44] The spirits were free to accept or reject this plan, and a "third" of them, led by Satan rejected it.[45] The rest accepted the plan, coming to earth and receiving bodies with an understanding that they would experience sin and suffering. In Mormonism, the central part of God's plan is the atonement of Jesus Christ.[46] Mormons
Mormons believe that one purpose of earthly life is to learn to choose good over evil. In this process, people inevitably make mistakes, becoming unworthy to return to the presence of God. Mormons
Mormons believe that Jesus
Jesus paid for the sins of the world, and that all people can be saved through his atonement.[47] Mormons
Mormons accept Christ's atonement through faith, repentance, formal covenants or ordinances such as baptism, and consistently trying to live a Christ-like life. According to Mormon scripture, the Earth's creation was not ex nihilo, but organized from existing matter. The Earth is just one of many inhabited worlds, and there are many governing heavenly bodies, including the planet or star Kolob, which is said to be nearest the throne of God. Ordinances[edit] In Mormonism, an ordinance is a religious ritual of special significance, often involving the formation of a covenant with God.[48] Ordinances are performed by the authority of the priesthood and in the name of Jesus
Jesus Christ. The term has a meaning roughly similar to that of the term "sacrament" in other Christian denominations.
An eight-year-old girl being baptized in Cerro Punta, Panama
Saving ordinances (or ordinances viewed as necessary for salvation) include: baptism by immersion after the age of accountability (normally age 8); confirmation and reception of the gift of the Holy Ghost, performed by laying hands on the head of a newly baptized member; ordination to the Aaronic and Melchizedek priesthoods for males; an endowment (including washing and anointing) received in temples; and marriage (or sealing) to a spouse.[49] Mormons
Mormons also perform other ordinances, which include the Lord's supper (commonly called the sacrament), naming and blessing children, giving priesthood blessings and patriarchal blessings, anointing and blessing the sick, participating in prayer circles, and setting apart individuals who are called to church positions. In Mormonism, the saving ordinances are seen as necessary for salvation, but they are not sufficient in and of themselves. For example, baptism is required for exaltation, but simply having been baptized does not guarantee any eternal reward. The baptized person is expected to be obedient to God's commandments, to repent of any sinful conduct subsequent to baptism, and to receive the other saving ordinances. Because Mormons
Mormons believe that everyone must receive certain ordinances to be saved, Mormons
Mormons perform ordinances on behalf of deceased persons.[50] These ordinances are performed vicariously or by "proxy" on behalf of the dead. In accordance with their belief in each individual's "free agency", living or dead, Mormons
Mormons believe that the deceased may accept or reject the offered ordinance in the spirit world, just as all spirits decided to accept or reject God's plan originally. In addition, these "conditional" ordinances on behalf of the dead are performed only when a deceased person's genealogical information has been submitted to a temple and correctly processed there before the ordinance ritual is performed. Only ordinances for salvation are performed on behalf of deceased persons. See also: Baptism
Baptism for the dead. Scripture[edit]
The LDS Church
LDS Church scriptural canon
Mormons believe in the Old and New Testaments, and the LDS Church
LDS Church uses the King James Bible
Bible as its official scriptural text of the Bible. While Mormons
Mormons believe in the general accuracy of the modern day text of the Bible, they also believe that it is incomplete and that errors have been introduced.[51][52][53] In Mormon theology, many lost truths are restored in the Book
Book of Mormon, which Mormons
Mormons hold to be divine scripture and equal in authority to the Bible.[54] The Mormon scriptural canon also includes a collection of revelations and writings contained in the Doctrine and Covenants
Doctrine and Covenants which contains doctrine and prophecy and the Pearl of Great Price which addresses briefly Genesis to Exodus. These books, as well as the Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible, have varying degrees of acceptance as divine scripture among different denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement. Revelation[edit] Further information: Revelation (Latter Day Saints) In Mormonism, continuous revelation is the principle that God
God or his divine agents still continue to communicate to mankind. This communication can be manifest in many ways: influences of the Holy Ghost (the principal form in which this principle is manifest), visions, visitations of divine beings, and others. Joseph Smith
Joseph Smith used the example of the Lord's revelations to Moses in Deuteronomy
Deuteronomy to explain the importance of continuous revelation.
" God
God said, 'Thou shalt not murder' at another time He said, 'Thou shalt utterly destroy.' This is the principle on which the government of heaven is conducted–by revelation adapted to the circumstances in which the children of the kingdom are placed. Whatever God
God commands is right, no matter what it is, although we may not see the reason thereof till long after the events transpire." — Joseph Smith, Teachings of the Prophet
Prophet Joseph Smith, pp. 256–257.
Mormons believe that Smith and subsequent church leaders could speak scripture "when moved upon by the Holy Ghost."[55] In addition, many Mormons
Mormons believe that ancient prophets in other regions of the world received revelations that resulted in additional scriptures that have been lost and may, one day, be forthcoming. In Mormonism, revelation is not limited to church members. For instance, Latter Day Saints believe that the United States Constitution
United States Constitution is a divinely inspired document.[56][57] Mormons
Mormons are encouraged to develop a personal relationship with the Holy Ghost
Holy Ghost and receive personal revelation for their own direction and that of their family.[55] The Latter Day Saint concept of revelation includes the belief that revelation from God
God is available to all those who earnestly seek it with the intent of doing good. It also teaches that everyone is entitled to personal revelation with respect to his or her stewardship (leadership responsibility). Thus, parents may receive inspiration from God
God in raising their families, individuals can receive divine inspiration to help them meet personal challenges, church officers may receive revelation for those whom they serve. The important consequence of this is that each person may receive confirmation that particular doctrines taught by a prophet are true, as well as gain divine insight in using those truths for their own benefit and eternal progress. In the church, personal revelation is expected and encouraged, and many converts believe that personal revelation from God
God was instrumental in their conversion.[58] Relations to other faiths[edit] Relation to mainstream Christianity[edit] See also: Mormonism
Mormonism and Christianity
Mormons see Jesus
Jesus Christ as the premier figure of their religion.[59]
Mormonism categorizes itself within Christianity, and nearly all Mormons
Mormons self-identify as Christian.[60][61][62] For some who define Christianity
Christianity within the doctrines of Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Protestantism, Mormonism's differences place it outside the umbrella of Christianity.[63][64][65] Since its beginnings, the faith has proclaimed itself to be Christ's Church restored with its original authority, structure and power; maintaining that existing denominations believed in incorrect doctrines and were not acknowledged by God
God as his church and kingdom.[66] Though the religion quickly gained a large following of Christian
Christian seekers, in the 1830s, many American Christians came to view the church's early doctrines and practices[67] as politically and culturally subversive, as well as doctrinally heretical, abominable, and condemnable. This discord led to a series of sometimes-deadly conflicts between Mormons
Mormons and others who saw themselves as orthodox Christians.[68] Although such violence declined during the twentieth century, the religion's unique doctrinal views and practices still generate criticism, sometimes vehemently so. This gives rise to efforts by Mormons
Mormons and opposing types of Christians to proselytize each other. Mormons
Mormons believe in Jesus
Jesus Christ as the literal firstborn Son of God and Messiah, his crucifixion as a conclusion of a sin offering, and subsequent resurrection.[69] However, Latter-day Saints (LDS) reject the ecumenical creeds and the definition of the Trinity[70][71] (In contrast, the second largest Latter Day Saint denomination, the Community of Christ, is Trinitarian and monotheistic.) Mormons
Mormons hold the view that the New Testament
New Testament prophesied both the apostasy from the teachings of Christ and his apostles as well as the restoration of all things prior to the second coming of Christ.[72] Some notable differences with mainstream Christianity
Christianity include: A belief that Jesus
Jesus began his atonement in the garden of Gethsemane
Gethsemane and continued it to his crucifixion, rather than the orthodox belief that the crucifixion alone was the physical atonement;[73] and an afterlife with three degrees of glory, with hell (often called spirit prison) being a temporary repository for the wicked between death and the resurrection.[74] Additionally, Mormons
Mormons do not believe in creation ex nihilo, believing that matter is eternal, and creation involved God organizing existing matter.[75] Much of the Mormon belief system is geographically oriented around the North and South American continents. Mormons
Mormons believe that the people of the Book of Mormon
Book of Mormon lived in the western hemisphere, that Christ appeared in the western hemisphere after his death and resurrection, that the true faith was restored in Upstate New York
Upstate New York by Joseph Smith, that the Garden of Eden
Garden of Eden was located in North America, and that the New Jerusalem
Jerusalem would be built in Missouri. For this and other reasons, including a belief by many Mormons
Mormons in American exceptionalism, Molly Worthen speculates that this may be why Leo Tolstoy
Leo Tolstoy described Mormonism
Mormonism as the "quintessential 'American religion'".[76] Relation to Judaism[edit] See also: Mormonism
Mormonism and Judaism Although Mormons
Mormons do not claim to be part of Judaism, Mormon theology claims to situate Mormonism
Mormonism within the context of Judaism
Judaism to an extent that goes beyond what most other Christian
Christian denominations claim. The faith incorporates many Old Testament
Old Testament ideas into its theology, and the beliefs of Mormons
Mormons sometimes parallel those of Judaism
Judaism and certain elements of Jewish culture. In the earliest days of Mormonism, Joseph Smith taught that the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Indigenous peoples of the Americas were members of some of the Lost Tribes of Israel. Later, he taught that Mormons were Israelites, and that they may learn of their tribal affiliation within the twelve Israelite tribes. Members of the LDS Church
LDS Church receive Patriarchal blessings which declare the recipient's lineage within one of the tribes of Israel. The lineage is either through true blood-line or adoption. The LDS Church
LDS Church teaches that if one is not a direct descendant of one of the twelve tribes, upon baptism he or she is adopted into one of the tribes. Patriarchal blessings also include personal information which is revealed through a patriarch by the power of the priesthood. The Mormon affinity for Judaism
Judaism is expressed by the many references to Judaism
Judaism in the Mormon liturgy. For example, Smith named the largest Mormon settlement he founded Nauvoo, which means "to be beautiful" in Hebrew. Brigham Young
Brigham Young named a tributary of the Great Salt Lake
Great Salt Lake the "Jordan River". The LDS Church
LDS Church created a writing scheme called the Deseret Alphabet, which was based, in part, on Hebrew. The LDS Church has a Jerusalem
Jerusalem Center in Israel, where students focus their study on Near Eastern history, culture, language, and the Bible.[77] There has been some controversy involving Jewish groups who see the actions of some elements of Mormonism
Mormonism as offensive. In the 1990s, Jewish groups vocally opposed the LDS practice of baptism for the dead on behalf of Jewish victims of the Holocaust and Jews in general. According to LDS Church
LDS Church general authority Monte J. Brough, "Mormons who baptized 380,000 Holocaust victims posthumously were motivated by love and compassion and did not understand their gesture might offend Jews... they did not realize that what they intended as a 'Christian act of service' was 'misguided and insensitive'".[78] Mormons
Mormons believe that when the dead are baptized through proxy, they have the option of accepting or rejecting the ordinance. Relation to Islam[edit] Main article: Mormonism
Mormonism and Islam Since its origins in the 19th century, Mormonism
Mormonism has been compared to Islam, often by detractors of one religion or the other.[79] For instance, Joseph Smith
Joseph Smith was referred to as "the modern mahomet" [sic] by the New York Herald,[80] shortly after his murder in June 1844. This epithet repeated a comparison that had been made from Smith's earliest career,[79] one that was not intended at the time to be complimentary. Comparison of the Mormon and Muslim prophets still occurs today, sometimes for derogatory or polemical reasons[81] but also for more scholarly (and neutral) purposes.[79] While Mormonism and Islam
Islam certainly have many similarities, there are also significant, fundamental differences between the two religions. Mormon–Muslim relations have been historically cordial;[82] recent years have seen increasing dialogue between adherents of the two faiths, and cooperation in charitable endeavors, especially in the Middle and Far East.[83] Islam
Islam and Mormonism
Mormonism both originate in the Abrahamic traditions. Each religion sees its founder ( Muhammad
Muhammad for Islam, and Joseph Smith
Joseph Smith for Mormonism) as being a true prophet of God, called to re-establish the truths of these ancient theological belief systems that have been altered, corrupted, or lost. In addition, both prophets received visits from an angel, leading to additional books of scripture. Both religions share a high emphasis on family life, charitable giving, chastity, abstention from alcohol, and a special reverence for, though not worship of, their founding prophet. Before the 1890 Manifesto against plural marriage, Mormonism and Islam
Mormonism and Islam also shared in the belief in and practice of plural marriage, a practice now held in common by Islam
Islam and various branches of Mormon fundamentalism. The religions differ significantly in their views on God. Islam insists upon the complete oneness and uniqueness of God
God (Allah), while Mormonism
Mormonism asserts that the Godhead is made up of three distinct "personages."[84] Mormonism
Mormonism sees Jesus
Jesus Christ as the promised Messiah and the literal Son of God, while Islam
Islam insists that the title "Messiah" means that Jesus
Jesus (or "Isa") was a prophet sent to establish the true faith, not that he was the Son of God
God or a divine being. Despite opposition from other Christian
Christian denominations, Mormonism identifies itself as a Christian
Christian religion, the "restoration" of primitive Christianity. Islam
Islam does not refer to itself as "Christian", asserting that Jesus
Jesus and all true followers of Christ's teachings were (and are) Muslims–a term that means submitters to God.[85] Islam proclaims that its prophet Muhammad
Muhammad was the "seal of the prophets",[86] and that no further prophets would come after him. Mormons, though honoring Joseph Smith
Joseph Smith as the first prophet in modern times, see him as just one in a long line of prophets, with Jesus Christ being the premier figure of the religion.[87] Theological divisions[edit] Mormon theology includes three main movements. By far the largest of these is "mainstream Mormonism", defined by the leadership of The Church of Jesus
Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The two broad movements outside mainstream Mormonism
Mormonism are Mormon fundamentalism, and liberal reformist Mormonism. Mainstream Mormon theology[edit] See also: Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus
Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Mainstream Mormonism
Mormonism is defined by the leadership of the LDS Church which identifies itself as Christian.[61] Members of the LDS Church consider their top leaders to be prophets and apostles, and are encouraged to accept their positions on matters of theology, while seeking confirmation of them through personal study of the Book
Book of Mormon and the Bible. Personal prayer is encouraged as well. The LDS Church is by far the largest branch of Mormonism. It has continuously existed since the succession crisis of 1844 that split the Latter Day Saint movement after the death of founder Joseph Smith, Jr. The LDS Church
LDS Church seeks to distance itself from other branches of Mormonism, particularly those that practice polygamy.[88] The church maintains a degree of orthodoxy by excommunicating or disciplining its members who take positions or engage in practices viewed as apostasy. For example, the LDS Church
LDS Church excommunicates members who practice polygamy or who adopt the beliefs and practices of Mormon fundamentalism. Mormon fundamentalism[edit] Main article: Mormon fundamentalism One way Mormon fundamentalism
Mormon fundamentalism distinguishes itself from mainstream Mormonism
Mormonism is through the practice of plural marriage. Fundamentalists initially broke from the LDS Church
LDS Church after that doctrine was discontinued around the beginning of the 20th century. Mormon fundamentalism teaches that plural marriage is a requirement for exaltation (the highest degree of salvation), which will allow them to live as gods and goddesses in the afterlife. Mainstream Mormons, by contrast, believe that a single Celestial marriage
Celestial marriage is necessary for exaltation. In distinction with the LDS Church, Mormon fundamentalists also often believe in a number of other doctrines taught and practiced by Brigham Young in the 19th century, which the LDS Church
LDS Church has either abandoned, repudiated, or put in abeyance. These include:
the law of consecration also known as the United Order (put in abeyance by the LDS Church
LDS Church in the 19th century); the Adam– God
God teachings taught by Brigham Young
Brigham Young and other early leaders of the LDS Church
LDS Church (repudiated by the LDS Church
LDS Church in the mid-20th century); the principle of blood atonement (repudiated by the LDS Church
LDS Church in the mid-20th century); and the exclusion of black men from the priesthood (abandoned by the LDS Church in 1978).
Mormon fundamentalists believe that these principles were wrongly abandoned or changed by the LDS Church, in large part due to the desire of its leadership and members to assimilate into mainstream American society and avoid the persecutions and conflict that had characterized the church throughout its early years. Others believe that it was a necessity at some point for "a restoration of all things" to be a truly restored Church. Liberal reformist theology[edit] See also: Bickertonite Some LDS Church
LDS Church members have worked towards a more liberal reform of the church. Others have left the LDS Church
LDS Church and still consider themselves to be cultural Mormons. Others have formed new religions (many of them now defunct). For instance the Godbeites
Godbeites broke away from the LDS Church
LDS Church in the late 19th century, on the basis of both political and religious liberalism, and in 1985 the Restoration Church of Jesus
Jesus Christ broke away from the LDS Church
LDS Church as an LGBT-friendly denomination, which was formally dissolved in 2010. See also[edit]
List of sects in the Latter Day Saint movement The Church of Jesus
Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints LDS Church Community of Christ Mormonism
Mormonism and polygamy Book
Book of Mormon Latter Day Saints in popular culture LDS cinema Standard works Culture of The Church of Jesus
Christianity portal Latter Day Saints portal LDS Church
LDS Church portal Community of Christ
Community of Christ portal Book of Mormon
Book of Mormon portal
Anti-Mormonism Black people and Mormonism Black people and early Mormonism Criticism of the Latter Day Saint movement List of articles about Mormonism The Joseph Smith
^ For a discussion on a history of Mormon polygamy, see "Plural Marriage in The Church of Jesus
Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", lds.org. ^ Terms used in the LDS Restorationist movement ReligiousTolerance.org ^ M. Russell Ballard (October 2011), The Importance of a Name ^ Bushman (2008, p. 1); Shipps (1985, p. 36); Remini (2002, p. 1). ^ Bushman (2008, p. 16) ^ Smith's 1838 written account of this vision was later canonized in a book called The Pearl of Great Price. (See: Joseph Smith–History 1:19) ^ Remini (2002, pp. 63, 79) ^ Bushman (2008, p. 8) ^ " Book of Mormon
Book of Mormon Translation", LDS.org, LDS Church, n.d. contribution= ignored (help) ^ Rathbone, Tim; Welch, John W. (1992), " Book of Mormon
Book of Mormon Translation By Joseph Smith", in Ludlow, Daniel H, Encyclopedia of Mormonism, New York: Macmillan Publishing, pp. 210–213, ISBN 0-02-879602-0, OCLC 24502140 ^ Bushman (2008, p. 22) ^ History of the Church 1:315; Bushman (2008, p. 21). ^ Standard language references such as Peter T. Daniels and William Bright, eds., The World's Writing Systems (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996) (990 pages); David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language (Cambridge University Press, 1997); and Roger D. Woodard, ed., The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages (Cambridge University Press, 2004) (1162 pages) contain no reference to "reformed Egyptian." "Reformed Egyptian" is also ignored in Andrew Robinson, Lost Languages: The Enigma of the World's Undeciphered Scripts (New York: McGraw Hill, 2002), although it is mentioned in Stephen Williams, Fantastic Archaeology: The Wild Side of North American Prehistory (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991). On their website, Bad Archaeology, two British archaeologists, Keith Fitzpatrick-Matthews and Dames Doeser, say "The only writing systems to have been recognized in the Americas are those used by the Maya and the Aztecs, neither of which resembles Egyptian hieroglyphs, although Joseph Smith
Joseph Smith produced a scrap of papyrus containing hieroglyphs he claimed to be a Reformed Egyptian
Reformed Egyptian text written by the Patriarch Abraham." Bad Archaeology ^ Bushman (2008, p. 10) ^ Remini (2002, p. 135) ^ Bushman (2008, p. 11) ^ Bushman (2008, pp. 12–14) ^ Bushman (2008, p. 13) ^ Groberg, Joseph (Spring 1976). "The Mormon Disfranchisements of 1882 to 1892". Brigham Young
Brigham Young University Studies. 16 (3): 400. ^ Bushman (2008, p. 2); "Official Declaration 1". lds.org. ^ Bushman (2008, p. 14) ^ http://www.mormonnewsroom.org/facts-and-statistics ^ Mauss (1994, p. 22). "With the consistent encouragement of church leaders, Mormons
Mormons became models of patriotic, law-abiding citizenship, sometimes seeming to "out-American" all other Americans. Their participation in the full spectrum of national, social, political, economic, and cultural life has been thorough and sincere" ^ The term "peculiar people" is consciously borrowed from 1 Peter 2:9, and can be interpreted as "special" or "different," though Mormons have certainly been viewed as "peculiar" in the modern sense as well. Mauss (1994, p. 60); See also: Russell M. Nelson, "Children of the Covenant", Ensign, May 1995. ^ http://www.mormonnewsroom.org/article/the-godhead ^ "Godhead", LDS.org, LDS Church ^ Hinckley, Gordon B. (July 2006), "In These Three I Believe", Ensign ^ "Father in Heaven", lds.org, LDS Church ^ "Chapter 2: Our Heavenly Family", Gospel Principles, LDS Church, 2009 ^ Spencer W. Kimball, "The True Way of Life and Salvation", Ensign, May 1978, p. 4. ^ See, Robert L. Millet and Noel B. Reynolds, "Do Latter-day Saints believe that men and women can become gods?," Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship (BYU), No. 5, (found at http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/books/?bookid=45&chapid=534) ^ In Eliza R. Snow Smith, Biography and Family Record of Lorenzo Snow (1884), 46; see also "The Grand Destiny of Man," Deseret Evening News, July 20, 1901, 22. ^ Missionary
Missionary Department of the LDS Church
LDS Church (2004), Preach My Gospel (PDF), LDS Church, Inc, p. 35, ISBN 0402366174 Mormons believe the Great Apostasy
Great Apostasy had been foretold by Paul, who knew that the Lord would not come again "except there come a falling away first" (see 2 Thessalonians 2:3) ^ Talmage, James E. (1909), The Great Apostasy, The Deseret News, pp. 64–65, ISBN 0875798438 ^ Richards, LeGrand (1976), A Marvelous Work and a Wonder, Deseret Book
Book Company, p. 24, ISBN 0877471614 ^ Talmage, James E. (1909), The Great Apostasy, The Deseret News, p. 68, ISBN 0875798438 ^ Eyring, Henry B. (May 2008), "The True and Living Church", Ensign, LDS Church: 20–24 ^ Smith's restoration differed significantly from other restorationist movements of the era (for instance, that of Alexander Campbell). Instead of using Bible
Bible analysis, Smith claimed to write and interpret scripture as the biblical prophets did. Bushman (2008, p. 5) ^ See JSH 1:69,72 and Doctrine and Covenants
Doctrine and Covenants 84:19-21 ^ Smith, Joseph Fielding; Galbraith, Richard C., eds. (1993) [1938]. Teachings of the Prophet
Prophet Joseph Smith. p. 316. ISBN 0-87579-647-8. ("Have the Presbyterians any truth? Yes. Have the Baptists, Methodists, etc., any truth? Yes. They all have a little truth mixed with error. We should gather all the good and true principles in the world and treasure them up, or we shall not come out true 'Mormons'.") ^ Palmer; Keller; Choi; Toronto (1997). Religions of the World: A Latter-day Saint View. Brigham Young
Brigham Young University. ( Mormons
Mormons take an inclusivist position that their religion is correct and true but that other religions have genuine value). ^ Bushman (2008, pp. 64–71) ^ Mormons
Mormons differ among themselves about the form of man in the beginning ... but Smith's intention was to assert that some essence of human personality has always existed. Bushman (2008, p. 72) ^ See King Follett discourse and Bushman (2008, p. 73) ^ According to the Book
Book of Moses, Lucifer offered an alternate plan that would guarantee the salvation of all spirits, however, at the cost of their agency, essentially forcing them to be saved. God's plan allowed spirits the freedom of choice, but left room for some to fall out of his presence into darkness. Bushman (2008, p. 73) ^ Bushman (2008, p. 77) ^ Nineteenth century Mormonism
Mormonism defined itself against Calvinistic religions that asserted humans' incapacity and utter dependence on the grace of God. Early Mormon preachers emphasized good works and moral obligation; however in the late twentieth century, Mormons
Mormons pulled back from an "entrenched aversion" to the doctrines of grace, and today have an attitude of trusting in the grace of Christ while trying their best to do good works. Bushman (2008, p. 76) ^ The ordinance is generally a physical act signifying a spiritual commitment, or a covenant. Failure to honor that commitment results in the ordinance having no effect. However, sincere repentance can restore the blessings associated with the ordinance. ^ ""Ordinances," True to the Faith, (LDS Church, 2004) p. 109. ^ Bushman (2008, pp. 60–61) ^ Encyclopedia of Mormonism, Macmillan 1992, pp. 106-107 ^ Matthews, Robert J., A Bible! A Bible, Bookcraft, 1990, p. 13 ^ Teachings of the Prophet
Prophet Joseph Smith, Deseret Book, 1976 [1938], pp. 9–10, 327 ^ Encyclopedia of Mormonism, Macmillan 1992, pp. 111 ^ a b Bushman (2008, p. 26) See also: Doctrine and Covenants
Doctrine and Covenants 68:4 ^ Oaks, Dallin H. (February 1992), "The Divinely Inspired Constitution", Ensign ^ See: D&C 101:77–80 ^ "Continuing Revelation". Mormon.org. Retrieved August 5, 2005. ^ Bushman (2008, p. 8) ("As the name of the church ... suggests, Jesus
Jesus Christ is the premier figure. Smith does not even play the role of the last and culminating prophet, as Muhammad
Muhammad does in Islam"); "What Mormons
Mormons Believe About Jesus
Jesus Christ". LDS Newsroom. Retrieved November 11, 2011. ; In a 2011 Pew Survey a thousand Mormons
Mormons were asked to volunteer the one word that best describes Mormons. The most common response from those surveyed was "Christian" or "Christ-centered". ^ " Mormonism
Mormonism in America". Pew Research Center. January 2012. Mormons are nearly unanimous in describing Mormonism
Mormonism as a Christian
Christian religion, with 97% expressing this point of view. ^ a b Robinson, Stephanie (May 1998), "Are Mormons
Mormons Christians?", New Era, LDS Church ^ According to Bruce McConkie, a general authority of the LDS Church, " Mormonism
Mormonism is indistinguishable from Christianity." Bruce R. McConkie, Mormon Doctrine, p. 513 ^ For example, a 2007 poll conducted by the Pew Research Center found that one in three Americans surveyed do not consider Mormons
Mormons to be Christian. See for example ReligionNewsblog.com ^ "It is sometimes said that Mormonism
Mormonism is to Christianity
Christianity as Christianity
Christianity is to Judaism. Both Mormonism
Mormonism and Christianity established themselves by reinterpreting a preceding faith. Christianity
Christianity built on Judaism
Judaism but emphasized the death and resurrection of Jesus
Jesus Christ; Mormonism
Mormonism began with Christianity
Christianity but accepted new revelation through a modern prophet." Bushman (2008, p. 62) ^ Examples of organizations that do not recognize Mormonism
Mormonism as Christian
Christian include: • Luther Seminary
Luther Seminary (Granquist, Mark A. (March 7, 2011), luthersem.edu (PDF), Lay School of Religion, Luther Seminary http://www.luthersem.edu/lifelong_learning/layschool/handouts/New%20and%20Old%20Religions%20Slides%20Session%204.pdf Missing or empty title= (help); contribution= ignored (help)); • Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary
Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary ("News & Resources", mbts.edu, October 20, 2011 contribution= ignored (help)); • Southern Baptist Theological Seminary
Southern Baptist Theological Seminary (Mohler, Albert (n.d.), "Is Mormonism
Mormonism Christian?", christianity.com, Salem Web Network . See also: Christian
Christian countercult movement ^ Teaching that existing denominations "were believing in incorrect doctrines, and that none of them was acknowledged by God
God as his church and kingdom" Smith 1842a, p. 707 and "all their creeds were an abomination in his sight." Smith 1842c, p. 748 ^ , the most publicized of which included abolitionism, plural marriage and the church's theocratic aspirations (both now discontinued by the mainstream faith), ^ For more information on historical conflicts, see History of the Latter Day Saint movement. ^ "What Mormons
Jesus Christ—LDS Newsroom". Newsroom.lds.org. Retrieved 2013-11-27. ^ " Joseph Smith
Joseph Smith History 1:18-19". Scriptures.lds.org. Retrieved 2013-11-27. ^ Smith, Joseph Fielding, ed. (1976) [1938], Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith, Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, p. 370 ^ See, for instance, Thessalonians 2:2-3 and Acts 3:19-21 ^ McConkie, Bruce R. (May 1985), "The Purifying Power of Gethsemane", Ensign: 9 ^ Mormon scriptures speak of hell in two ways. The first is another name for spirit prison, a place for the spirits of people who have "died in their sins." The second is a more permanent place called Outer Darkness, reserved for the Devil, his angels, and those who have committed the unpardonable sin. True to the Faith: A Gospel Reference, 2004, LDS Church. "Hell," p. 81; See also: Christian
Christian views on Hell (Latter-day Saints) ^ Bushman (2008, p. 71) ^ Worthen, Molly, "The Missionary
Missionary Position", Foreign Policy, 13 June 2011. ^ "BYU Jerusalem
Jerusalem Center for Near Eastern Studies". Ce.byu.edu. Retrieved 2013-11-27. ^ Pyle, Richard. "Mormons, Jews sign agreement on baptizing Holocaust victims". Retrieved 2007-01-04. AP Newswire, May 5, 1995. ^ a b c Thomas Marsh and Orson Hyde Affidavit, for example; see also PBS's American Prophet: Prologue and Todd J. Harris, A Comparison of Muhammad
Muhammad and Joseph Smith
Joseph Smith in the Prophetic Pattern, a thesis submitted for a Master of Arts degree at Brigham Young
Brigham Young University in 2007, footnotes on pages 1 and 2. ^ PBS's American Prophet: Prologue. ^ See, for example: Joseph Smith
Joseph Smith and Muhammad: The Similarities, and Eric Johnson, Joseph Smith
Joseph Smith and Muhammad, a book published by the " Mormonism
Mormonism Research Ministry" and offered for sale by the anti-Mormon "Utah Lighthouse Ministries". ^ "U.S. Muslims and Mormons
Mormons share deepening ties". Articles.latimes.com. 2008-04-02. Retrieved 2013-11-27. ^ World
World Muslim Congress: Mormons
Mormons and Muslims; Mormon-Muslim Interfaith Ramadan Dinner. ^ Encyclopedia of Mormonism, entry: "Godhead". ^ Jesus
Jesus Was Muslim, from the Islam-Voice website. ^ Holy Qur'an, Surah 33, verse 40. ^ Bushman (2008, p. 8) ("In the Mormon view, many prophets preceded Smith and many will follow.") In that sense, a provision for continuing revelation, Mormonism
Mormonism is more similar to Shia Islam. ^ The LDS Church
LDS Church encourages journalists not to use the word Mormon in reference to organizations or people that practice polygamy "Style Guide—LDS Newsroom". Retrieved November 11, 2011. ; The church repudiates polygamist groups and excommunicates their members if discovered Bushman (2008, p. 91); " Mormons
Mormons seek distance from polygamous sects". msnbc.com. 2008.
Bloom, Harold (1992), The American Religion: The Emergence of the Post- Christian
Christian Nation (1st ed.), New York: Simon & Schuster, ISBN 9780671679972 . Brooke, John L. (1994), The Refiner's Fire: The Making of Mormon Cosmology, 1644–1844, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . Bushman, Richard Lyman (2008), Mormonism: A Very Short Introduction, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-531030-6 . Mauss, Armand (1994), The Angel and the Beehive: The Mormon Struggle with Assimilation, Urbana & Chicago: University of Illinois Press, ISBN 0-252-02071-5 . Eliason, Eric Alden (2001), Mormons
Mormons and Mormonism: an introduction to an American world religion, University of Illinois Press . McMurrin, Sterling M. (1965), The Theological Foundations of the Mormon Religion, Salt Lake City: Signature Books, ISBN 156085135X . Ostling, Richard; Ostling, Joan K. (2007), Mormon America: The Power and the Promise, New York: HarperOne, ISBN 978-0-06-143295-8 . Shipps, Jan (1985), Mormonism: The Story of a New Religious Tradition, Chicago: University of Illinois Press, ISBN 0-252-01417-0 . Smith, Joseph, Jr. (March 1, 1842a), "Church History [Wentworth Letter]", Times and Seasons, 3 (9): 706–10 [707] . Smith, Joseph (1 April 1842c), "History of Joseph Smith", Times and Seasons, 3 (11): 748–49 . Remini, Robert V. (2002), Joseph Smith: A Penguin Life, New York: Penguin Group, ISBN 0-670-03083-X . Stark, Rodney; Neilson, Reid Larkin (2005), The rise of Mormonism, Columbia University Press, ISBN 9780231136341 . Toscano, Margaret; Toscano, Paul (1990), Strangers in Paradox: Explorations in Mormon Theology, Salt Lake City: Signature Books . White, O. Kendall, Jr. (1970), "The Transformation of Mormon Theology" (PDF), Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, 5 (2): 9–24 . White, O. Kendall, Jr. (1987), Mormon Neo-Orthodoxy: A Crisis Theology, Salt Lake City: Signature Books, ISBN 0941214-524 . Widmer, Kurt (2000), Mormonism
Mormonism and the Nature of God: A Theological Evolution, 1830–1915, Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland .
Beckwith, Francis J., Carl Mosser, and Paul Owen, jt. eds. (2002). The New Mormon Challenge: Responding to the Latest Defenses of a Fast-Growing Movement. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. 535 p. ISBN 0-310-23194-9 Brooks, Melvin R. (1960). L.D.S. Reference Encyclopedia. Salt Lake City, Utah: Bookcraft. McConkie, Bruce R. (1979). Mormon Doctrine. Second ed. Salt Lake City, Utah: Bookcraft. 856 p. N.B.: The contents are brief articles arranged alphabetically in the form of a topical dictionary. ISBN 0-88494-446-8 Nelson, Nels L. (1904). Scientific Aspects of Mormonism: or, Religion in Terms of Life. Chicago, Ill.: Press of Hillison & Etten Co., 1904, t.p. 1918. xi, 347 p. Shields, Steven L. (1990). Divergent Paths of the Restoration: a History of the Latter Day Saint Movement. Fourth ed., rev. and enl. Los Angeles: Restoration Research. 336 p., ill. with b&w photos. ISBN 0-942284-00-3
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In 1965, while Jacques Pepin and his future wife Gloria were dating, Jacques and his friend and jeweler, Charles Odeurs, set out to design a brooch in the form of what was known as "The Pepin." In colloquial French, pepin means umbrella.
More than 50 years later, in 2017, Jacques' umbrella is once again a piece of fine jewelry. This time it's a beautiful 18 karat gold with green and blue enamel pendant. The pendant is attached to a 16-inch yellow 14 karat gold cable chain.
Each pendant and necklace is individually handcrafted as ordered and will be part of a limited edition of 100 pieces and each will be engraved with the limited edition number (x/100) on the back of the pendant along with Jacques' initials signature.


I am invoking sco CLI command to connect to Oracle 12.2. It fails with ORA-28040: No matching authentication protocol error. It works fine with 12.1 release.
I saw another post where it was recommended to use ojdbc8.jar. I tried that with no luck.
There are several things related to this error, related to swapping out jar files (for example this Stack Overflow article) that may help - though you mention that this didn't seem to work (the jar files you an d the article mention vary, so maybe trying a different one would help).
Ultimately though, the error is that the JDBC driver cannot connect to the instance and you need to have a version of the JDBC driver that is allowed to connect to your instance based on the allowed_logon_version mentioned above.


Electroacupuncture by Voll (a very famous German physician) and is also known as electrodermal screening. This technology was originally developed by Dr. Rheinhold Voll after World War II and his, to this day, incomparable work attempting to most accurately diagnose WHY patients were suffering from symptoms and diseases, so he and his colleagues could ascertain how patients could be BEST treated, individually for THEIR symptom and disease cause, and cured. He worked closely with the equally famous Dr. Hans Reckeweg and his ground breaking homotoxicology research on how the body, all its organs individually and collectively, tissues and cells progress and demonstrate the symptoms from health to disease, in what order and effect on each other and what is ESSENTIAL to reverse the compromise, to expedite and assure the return to healthy functioning. (As an important education point, they, and over the years their students – and one who is a world authority on this technology – has been my mentor in teaching me the why and how to of EAV and additional better treatments of findings – along with many dentists who use the technology to help assure healthy dentistry- found that teeth pathology is one of the major causes of symptoms and medi- cal challenges – which is why we take your dental history).
Despite all the seemingly sophisticated technologies, diagnostics, treatments, blood tests and research in today's world, this, of course updated, complex and extraordinary, unique technology, to this day, accurately secures other- wise unequalled information and insight for assessing and addressing extra and intra-cellular function and health-or its lack-toxin and toxic accumulation, bespoke comprehensive and progressive repair and solutions for symptom and disturbance resolution, as expeditiously as the body's return to health mechanisms allow (homotoxicology), creating thus better health, beauty, quality longevity and hopefully greater happiness. This is an adjunctive meth- odology that allows me, I find continually since incorporating, to provide you better, faster, targeted, more total body symptom and cause resolution and a better insurance policy for prevention, reversal and health as well as beauty, more total body symptom and cause resolution and a better insurance policy for prevention, reversal and health as well as beauty-inside and OUT!
HOW IS THE INFORMATION OBTAINED AND THE TEST DONE?
FIRST—safely, painlessly, completed in about one hour and requiring no special preparation. We will need access to your toes and fingers. Try to be well hydrated for ease of testing and no oils/lotions on the skin of the fingers and toes.
Electrodermal screening—just as in medi- cine we measure and record electrical energy/impulses via EKG, EEG, EMG – we are, with this technology, measuring the energy emitted by the cells and tissues in the organs of the body. As different organs and their cells emit unique, known healthy and unhealthy level energy signals and this energy is essential for the organs and cells to signal and communicate with each other for healthy functioning, the technology detects and records the signals from the body as a whole and from each organ, thereby accurately and precisely defining performance individually and collectively.
EAV delineates further where you are vs. where you should be, why-meaning what family genetics, the environment, food, lifestyle, and life have altered, resulting in negatively impacting derangements, which may or may not yet be causing symp- toms or the symptoms have not been able to be correlated with the internal derangements, and guides synergistic solutions for reversal, symptom resolution, better prevention and slowing/turning back the clock externally AND internally.
EAV assesses differently that blood work or what other medical testing we utilize provides, the body's response to and levels of what you are ingesting and absorbing, hormones, detects food, chemical, environmental sensitivities, heavy metal, toxic burdens and deficiencies including emotional and brain health challenges that impede your health, progress and quality longevity. If the cells of the body are not receiving, absorbing, cannot utilize the correct, therapeutic, missing amounts of raw materials they need from food, supplements and medication or are abnormally functioning, then therapies being administered are useless, harmful or inadequately working.
With the unique and essential information this technology provides, Dr. Hunter can better uncover, design and prescribe a comprehensive, physiologically correct repair and prevention assessment program/Action Plan for you INDIVIDUALLY for what YOUR body needs including for better achieving cosmetic goals-in EVERYONE. Also, uniquely this technology demonstrates progressively the ACTION PLAN for YOUR body that IS the journey from compromise to the best health I have found can be created along with all else that I utilize to uncover and prescribe.


Charlotte, NC - The JWU women's basketball team welcomed EMAC opponent Mid-Atlantic Christian University on Friday, and the hosts came away with an impressive 108-32 victory.
The story of the game was points off of turnovers, where JWU held a 51 point advantage. The #6 Wildcats also out-rebounded the Mustangs (2-5) by 20, leading to a 30 point advantage on second chance points.
Every Wildcat scored, with eight players reaching double figures. Ineesha Hankerson, Bianca Covington, and Kayla Rogers finished with 12 points each, Haven McArthur and Chase Muhammad scored 11 apiece, and Shannon Martin, Kayla Kent, and Justice Wallace had 10 each for the Wildcats. Kiara Lloyd led the Wildcats (3-3) with 7 assists. Muhammad also added 5 steals for the game.
"Our team played really well tonight. We played hard and together, especially on the defensive end," commented Interim Coach Aram Parunak. "We are still adjusting to the transition and we still have a lot of improvements to make, but this was a good win for us. The team has been working really hard and it's good to see that hard work pay off."
The Wildcats return to action on Dec. 13 as they host South Carolina Faith A&M for a 6:00 pm tip-off. The Dec. 10 game vs Carolina Christian has been postponed because of incoming inclement weather.


Fattal Hotels is rebranding itself as an international chain of hotels.
Fattal Hotels is rebranding itself as an international chain of hotels with its new campaign, "160 hotels. 17 countries. One home. Fattal – The Home of Hotels in Israel and Abroad." The chain believes, according to its press release, that despite its wide choice of hotels, they all have a common language and all of them converge on the "one home" – Fattal.


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    <info>
        <text>
            DMF Zvuk 0.3 očekává MODS verze 3.6. Dále se zde upřesňují očekávaná metadata pro zvukový dokument
            pro záznamy zpracované podle katalogizačních pravidel AACR2.
        </text>
        <url>http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/</url>
        <url description="XSD pro MODS 3.6">http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-6.xsd</url>
        <url description="popis MODS 3.6">http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/mods-outline-3-6.html</url>
    </info>

    <namespaces>
        <namespace prefix="mods">http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3</namespace>
    </namespaces>

    <dictionaries>
        <dictionary name="marcRelatorCodes"
                    description="kódy rolí podle MARC21"
                    url="http://www.loc.gov/marc/relators/relaterm.html"/>
        <dictionary name="iso6392languageCodes"
                    description="kódy jazyků podle ISO 639-2"
                    url="http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php"/>
        <dictionary name="siglaInstitutionCodes"
                    description="sigly knihoven"/>
    </dictionaries>

    <rootElement name="mods:mods">
        <expectedAttributes>
            <attribute name="ID">
                <expectedContent>
                    <regexp>MODS_SOUNDCOLLECTION_[0-9]{4}</regexp>>
                </expectedContent>
            </attribute>
        </expectedAttributes>
        <expectedElements>
            <element name="mods:titleInfo">
                <expectedAttributes>
                    <attribute name="type" mandatory="false">
                        <expectedContent>
                            <oneOf>
                                <value>alternative</value>
                                <value>translated</value>
                                <value>uniform</value>
                            </oneOf>
                        </expectedContent>
                    </attribute>
                </expectedAttributes>
                <expectedElements>
                    <element name="mods:title">
                        <expectedContent/>
                    </element>

                    <element name="mods:subTitle" mandatory="false">
                        <expectedContent/>
                    </element>

                    <element name="mods:partNumber" mandatory="false">
                        <expectedContent/>
                    </element>

                    <element name="mods:partName" mandatory="false">
                        <expectedContent/>
                    </element>
                </expectedElements>
            </element>

            <element name="mods:name" mandatory="false">
                <expectedAttributes>
                    <!--ze specifikace neni zrejme, jestli je attribut povinny, nechavam defenzivne nepovinny-->
                    <attribute name="type" mandatory="false">
                        <expectedContent>
                            <oneOf>
                                <value>personal</value>
                                <value>corporate</value>
                                <value>conference</value>
                                <value>family</value>
                            </oneOf>
                        </expectedContent>
                    </attribute>
                </expectedAttributes>
                <expectedElements>
                    <element name="mods:namePart" mandatory="false">
                        <expectedAttributes>
                            <attribute name="type" mandatory="false">
                                <expectedContent>
                                    <oneOf>
                                        <value>date</value>
                                        <value>family</value>
                                        <value>given</value>
                                        <value>termOfAddress</value>
                                    </oneOf>
                                </expectedContent>
                            </attribute>
                        </expectedAttributes>
                        <expectedContent/>
                    </element>

                    <element name="mods:role" mandatory="false">
                        <expectedElements>
                            <element name="mods:roleTerm" mandatory="false">
                                <expectedAttributes>
                                    <attribute name="type">
                                        <expectedContent>
                                            <value>code</value>
                                        </expectedContent>
                                    </attribute>
                                    <attribute name="authority">
                                        <recommendedContent>
                                            <value>marcrelator</value>
                                        </recommendedContent>
                                    </attribute>
                                </expectedAttributes>
                                <recommendedContent>
                                    <fromDictionary name="marcRelatorCodes"/>
                                </recommendedContent>
                            </element>
                        </expectedElements>
                    </element>
                </expectedElements>
            </element>

            <element name="mods:typeOfResource" mandatory="false">
                <expectedContent>
                    <oneOf>
                        <value>sound recording</value>
                        <value>sound recording-musical</value>
                        <value>sound recording-nonmusical</value>
                    </oneOf>
                </expectedContent>
            </element>

            <element name="mods:genre" specification="text()='sound recording'" mandatory="false"/>

            <!--originInfo-->

            <element name="mods:originInfo">
                <expectedElements>
                    <element name="mods:place" mandatory="false">
                        <expectedElements>
                            <element name="mods:placeTerm" mandatory="false">
                                <expectedAttributes>
                                    <attribute name="type">
                                        <expectedContent>
                                            <oneOf>
                                                <value>code</value>
                                                <value>text</value>
                                            </oneOf>
                                        </expectedContent>
                                    </attribute>
                                    <attribute name="authority" mandatory="false">
                                        <recommendedContent>
                                            <value>marccountry</value>
                                        </recommendedContent>
                                    </attribute>
                                </expectedAttributes>
                                <expectedContent/>
                            </element>
                        </expectedElements>
                    </element>

                    <element name="mods:publisher" mandatory="false">
                        <expectedContent/>
                    </element>

                    <element name="mods:dateIssued">
                        <expectedAttributes>
                            <attribute name="encoding" mandatory="false">
                                <recommendedContent>
                                    <value>marc</value>
                                </recommendedContent>
                            </attribute>
                            <attribute name="point" mandatory="false">
                                <recommendedContent>
                                    <oneOf>
                                        <value>start</value>
                                        <value>end</value>
                                    </oneOf>
                                </recommendedContent>
                            </attribute>
                            <attribute name="qualifier" mandatory="false">
                                <recommendedContent>
                                    <value>approximate</value>
                                </recommendedContent>
                            </attribute>
                        </expectedAttributes>
                        <expectedContent/>
                    </element>

                    <element name="mods:issuance">
                        <expectedContent>
                            <value>monographic</value>
                        </expectedContent>
                    </element>
                </expectedElements>
            </element>

            <element name="mods:physicalDescription">
                <expectedElements>
                    <element name="mods:form">
                        <expectedAttributes>
                            <!--neni jasne, jestli tohle ma byt povinne - je tam M/MA-->
                            <attribute name="authority" mandatory="false">
                                <expectedContent>
                                    <oneOf>
                                        <value>marccategory</value>
                                        <value>gmd</value>
                                    </oneOf>
                                </expectedContent>
                            </attribute>
                            <!--jen pro rda-->
                            <attribute name="type" mandatory="false"/>
                        </expectedAttributes>
                        <expectedContent/>
                    </element>

                    <element name="mods:extent">
                        <expectedContent/>
                    </element>
                </expectedElements>
            </element>

            <element name="mods:note" mandatory="false">
                <expectedAttributes>
                    <!--chyby v DMF: neni jasna povinnost, navic ma byt "type", ne "Type"-->
                    <attribute name="type" mandatory="false">
                        <recommendedContent>
                            <oneOf>
                                <value>ownership</value>
                                <value>version identification</value>
                                <value>statement of responsibility</value>
                            </oneOf>
                        </recommendedContent>
                    </attribute>
                </expectedAttributes>
                <expectedContent/>
            </element>

            <element name="mods:relatedItem" mandatory="false" ignoreUnexpectedChildElements="true">
                <expectedAttributes>
                    <!--nejasna povinnost-->
                    <attribute name="type" mandatory="false">
                        <expectedContent>
                            <value>series</value>
                        </expectedContent>
                    </attribute>
                </expectedAttributes>
            </element>

            <!-- identifiers -->

            <element name="mods:identifier" specification="@type='uuid'">
                <expectedAttributes>
                    <attribute name="type"/>
                </expectedAttributes>
                <expectedContent>
                    <regexp>^[a-fA-F0-9]{8}-[a-fA-F0-9]{4}-[a-fA-F0-9]{4}-[a-fA-F0-9]{4}-[a-fA-F0-9]{12}$</regexp>
                </expectedContent>
            </element>

            <element name="mods:identifier" specification="@type='urn:nbn'">
                <expectedAttributes>
                    <attribute name="type"/>
                </expectedAttributes>
                <expectedContent/>
            </element>

            <element name="mods:identifier" specification="@type!='uuid' and @type!='urn:nbn'" mandatory="false">
                <expectedAttributes>
                    <attribute name="type"/>
                </expectedAttributes>
                <expectedContent/>
            </element>

            <element name="mods:location" mandatory="false">
                <expectedElements>
                    <element name="mods:physicalLocation" repeatable="false">
                        <expectedAttributes>
                            <!--nejasna povinnost v DMF-->
                            <attribute name="authority" mandatory="false">
                                <expectedContent>
                                    <oneOf>
                                        <!--dodatečně povolena hodnota i bez mezery, tj. "siglaADR", protože je předepsaná v ostatních DMF a bude předepsaná i ve vyšší verzi DMF pro zvuky-->
                                        <value>sigla ADR</value>
                                        <value>siglaADR</value>
                                    </oneOf>
                                </expectedContent>
                            </attribute>
                        </expectedAttributes>
                        <expectedContent>
                            <fromDictionary name="siglaInstitutionCodes"/>
                        </expectedContent>
                    </element>

                    <element name="mods:shelfLocator">
                        <expectedContent/>
                    </element>
                </expectedElements>
            </element>

            <element name="mods:recordInfo">
                <expectedElements>
                    <element name="mods:descriptionStandard" mandatory="false">
                        <expectedContent>
                            <value>aacr</value>
                        </expectedContent>
                    </element>

                    <element name="mods:recordContentSource" mandatory="false">
                        <expectedContent/>
                    </element>

                    <element name="mods:recordCreationDate">
                        <expectedAttributes>
                            <!--neni jasna povinnost-->
                            <attribute name="encoding" mandatory="false">
                                <expectedContent>
                                    <value>iso8601</value>
                                </expectedContent>
                            </attribute>
                        </expectedAttributes>
                        <expectedContent>
                            <!--TODO: mozna regulernim vyrazem, resp. skupinou, protoze ten zapis muze byt dost ruzny - uz jenom oddelovace, viz. treba
                            http://www.pelagodesign.com/blog/2009/05/20/iso-8601-date-validation-that-doesnt-suck/
                            -->
                        </expectedContent>
                    </element>

                    <element name="mods:recordChangeDate" mandatory="false">
                        <expectedAttributes>
                            <!--neni jasna povinnost-->
                            <attribute name="encoding" mandatory="false">
                                <expectedContent>
                                    <value>iso8601</value>
                                </expectedContent>
                            </attribute>
                        </expectedAttributes>
                        <expectedContent/>
                    </element>

                    <element name="mods:recordOrigin" mandatory="false">
                        <expectedContent>
                            <oneOf>
                                <value>machine generated</value>
                                <value>human prepared</value>
                            </oneOf>
                        </expectedContent>
                    </element>

                    <element name="mods:languageOfCataloging" mandatory="false">
                        <expectedElements>
                            <element name="mods:languageTerm" mandatory="false">
                                <expectedAttributes>
                                    <attribute name="authority" mandatory="false">
                                        <expectedContent>
                                            <value>iso639-2b</value>
                                        </expectedContent>
                                    </attribute>
                                </expectedAttributes>
                                <expectedContent/>
                            </element>
                        </expectedElements>
                    </element>
                </expectedElements>
            </element>

        </expectedElements>

        <extraRules>
            <!--nejvyse jeden element titleInfo bez typu-->
            <existsAtMostOnce xpath="mods:titleInfo[not(@type)]"/>
        </extraRules>
    </rootElement>
</metadataProfile>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


We are a family owned and operated, independent company.
goods. We also provide free services to the community, such as regular ongoing car seat safety checks.
you absolutely have to get, and they are going to continue to grow.
Earn $9/hr in store credit helping out.
Our little store is proud to have created at least 28 jobs for the local community.
volunteers in our store because they love "nesting" in our store!
(rather than pay it to a day care).
immunity that can not be duplicated anywhere. Bonding between mother and baby can grow to last a lifetime.


text:
Starmer says Corbyn's response to anti-Semitism report 'as bad as you can get'
Published: 7:20 PM November 29, 2020
Former Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn - Credit: PA
Sir Keir Starmer has said Jeremy Corbyn's response to a damning report on anti-Semitism in Labour was "just about as bad as you can get".
The opposition leader said he was "disappointed" when his predecessor claimed the issue had been "dramatically overstated for political reasons".
Corbyn was suspended from Labour over his response to the damning Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) report last month.
He has since been reinstated as a party member by the National Executive Committee, but Sir Keir has not restored the Labour whip – meaning Corbyn cannot sit as a Labour MP.
Speaking at a Jewish Labour Movement virtual conference, Sir Keir said: "I can't tell you how disappointed I was with Jeremy Corbyn's response.
"Because the words he used, what he said, coming from the former leader of the Labour Party in response to that report were just about as bad as you can get.
"Everything in a sense that has followed in the last few weeks follows from those words, and that has exacerbated the pain and the hurt and we are in a position that I did not want to be in."
Last week, Labour's chief whip Nick Brown asked Corbyn to "unequivocally, unambiguously and without reservation" apologise for claiming that the scale of anti-Semitism in the party was "dramatically overstated for political reasons".
In a letter obtained by the PA news agency, Brown said the former Labour leader's response to the report caused "distress and pain" to the Jewish community.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Trump declares national emergency at border
Protesters of President Donald Trump's national emergency declaration gather outside Trump International Hotel & Tower on Feb 15 in New York. Some people have been arrested at the protest. The NYPD wasn't immediately able to say how many people were taken into custody. (AP)
WASHINGTON, Feb 16, (AP): Defiant in the wake of a stinging budget defeat, President Donald Trump has declared a national emergency at the US-Mexico border, moving to secure more money for his longpromised wall by exercising a broad interpretation of his presidential powers that is certain to draw stiff legal challenges.
In his emergency proclamation Friday, Trump painted a dark picture of the border as "a major entry point for criminals, gang members, and illicit narcotics" and one that threatens "core national security interests." Overall, though, illegal border crossings are down from a high of 1.6 million in 2000.
His declaration instantly transformed a contentious policy fight into a foundational dispute over the separation of powers enshrined in the Constitution, spurring talk of a congressional vote to block Trump and ensuring that the president and Democrats will continue fighting over the border wall in Congress, the courts and on the campaign trail. It triggered outrage from Democrats, unease among some Republicans and fl ew in the face of years of GOP complaints that President Barack Obama had over-reached in his use of executive authority.
Trump signed the declaration to justify diverting billions of federal dollars from military construction and other purposes after Congress approved only a fraction of the money he had demanded. The standoff over border funding had led to the longest government shutdown in history.
To avoid another shutdown, Trump reluctantly signed a funding bill Friday that included just $1.4 billion of the $5.7 billion he had demanded for the wall. Trump announced the declaration in a free-wheeling, 50-minute Rose Garden news conference that included a long preamble about his administration's accomplishments. He jousted with reporters and delivered a sing-song prediction about the fate of the order as it winds its way through the legal system before potentially ending up at the Supreme Court.
"By the president's very own admission in the Rose Garden, there is no national emergency. He just grew impatient and frustrated with Congress, and decided to move along his promise for a border wall 'faster,'" said ACLU Executive Director Anthony Romero. Some Democratic state attorneys general have also threatened to go to court over the decision.
The text of Trump's proclamation cited an increase in families coming across the border and an inability to detain families during deportation proceedings – not drugs or violence as the president outlined in his press conference. The top two Democrats in Congress said they'd use "every remedy available" to oppose what they cast as an unlawful measure.
"The President's actions clearly violate the Congress's exclusive power of the purse, which our Founders enshrined in the Constitution," House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and Senate Minority Leader Charles Schumer said in a joint statement. Trump defended his use of an emergency declaration, saying other presidents had done the same. Other presidents have used emergency powers, but not to pay for projects that Congress wouldn't support. And Trump himself sent mixed messages as to its necessity. He wrote in the official proclamation that "Because of the gravity of the current emergency situation, it is necessary for the Armed Forces to provide additional support to address the crisis." But he seemed to tip his hand at a political motive when he said during the news conference, "I didn't need to do this, but I'd rather do it much faster," an admission certain to be cited during legal challenges. Republicans had opposed Trump declaring a national emergency, repeatedly warning that it would set a bad precedent and divide the party when Democrats put it up for a vote.
While many in the GOP on Friday fell in line behind Trump's decision, others remain opposed. "I don't believe a national emergency declaration is the solution," Sen Thom Tillis, R-N.C., said in a statement. "It wouldn't provide enough funding to adequately secure our borders, it would likely get tied up in litigation, and most concerning is that it would create a new precedent that a left-wing president would undoubtedly utilize to implement their radical policy agenda while bypassing the authority of Congress."
House Judiciary Committee Chairman Jerrold Nadler called for a hearing on the "serious constitutional and statutory issues" the declaration raises, Congressional votes in coming weeks on a resolution blocking the emergency declaration were highly likely, but the timing was uncertain.
Once a resolution is introduced, leaders by law cannot prevent votes on such a measure, which would need a simple majority to pass each chamber. A resolution would all but certainly pass the Democratic- controlled House and may also pass the Republican- run Senate, if a few GOP senators break with Trump. Congress seemed unlikely to muster the twothirds majorities needed in each chamber to override a certain Trump veto. But forcing him to cast his first veto on the issue would underscore internal divisions GOP leaders would rather avoid highlighting.
The American Civil Liberties Union announced its intention to sue less than an hour after the White House released the text of Trump's declaration that the "current situation at the southern border presents a border security and humanitarian crisis that threatens core national security interests and constitutes a national emergency." Nonprofit watchdog group Public Citizen filed suit later, urging the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia to "bar Trump and the US Department of Defense from using the declaration and funds appropriated for other purposes to build a border wall." House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and several Democratic state attorneys general already have said they might go to court.
The coming legal fight seems likely to hinge on two main issues: Can the president declare a national emergency to build a border wall in the face of Congress' refusal to give him all the money he wanted and, under the federal law Trump invoked in his declaration, can the Defense Department take money from some congressionally approved military construction projects to pay for wall construction? The Pentagon has so far not said which projects might be affected. But after weeks of publicly ruminating whether to act, Trump's signature on the declaration set in motion a quick march to the courthouse.
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US President Donald Trump addresses the 73rd Session of the United Nations General Assembly on …


February 8, 2014 was Community Service Day. In honor of Miami County Day School's 75th Anniversary, Power from the Sun and students from Breakthrough Miami gathered to bake cookies using our solar ovens. We created a custom hangtag that commemorated the event and allowed the students to add a personal message on each bag of cookies we packaged. The solar cookies were donated to local charities.
Breakthrough Miami is a tuition free academic enrichment program that provides students from undeserved communities with the tools they need to achieve their goals.


text:
Japanese PM hails HCM City's help to investors
Friday, 10/10/2014, 12:23
Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe has expressed thanks to Ho Chi Minh City authorities for their support to active Japanese investors, adding that the southern city is an economic frontrunner of Vietnam.
In the October 9 meeting with Secretary of the HCM City Party Committee Le Thanh Hai in Tokyo, Abe lauded a series of farming deals that were reached during the visit by President Truong Tan Sang early this year.
He noted his appreciation for Vietnam which he said, was chosen for his overseas trip shortly after assuming the office in late 2012.
The PM also concurred with his guest about the peaceful settlement of disputes in line with international law for the sake of maritime security.
Hai told Abe that his visit was to acquire Japanese know-how across hi-tech industry and agriculture, biotechnology and call for investment in support industry and personnel training in these sectors.
The delegation witnessed the signing of eight memoranda of understanding by HCM City firms and Japanese partners, Hai informed his host with delight.
During a courtesy call to Vice President of Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) Koichi Yajima the same day, Hai suggested JBIC grow its support beyond Vietnamese infrastructure to cover economic restructuring and environment.
The Secretary also sought Japanese further assistance in climate change response and adaptation, and the city's project to generate power from burning rubbish while meeting with Minister of Environment Mochizuki Yoshio.
In a conversation with Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare Yasuhisa Shiozaki, Hai proposed stepping up the construction of the Vietnam – Japan friendship hospital, and appealed for Japan's transfer of medical technology to Vietnam, and its expertise in health care policy, labour and welfare.
Earlier, the Vietnamese delegation attended a seminar co-hosted by the Japan Business Federation (Keidanren) and the Ho Chi Minh City Centre for Trade and Investment Promotion, with Japanese enterprises as members of the Vietnam – Japan Economic Committee taking part.
After an overview of the city's economic and investment climate presented by Deputy Chairman of the municipal People's Committee Le Thanh Liem, Hai promised attendees that the city will offer all possible help to investors, especially those active in infrastructure, support industry, high technology, human resources and environment protection.
Such big names as ANA, Sojitsu, Marubeni and Hitachi showed their strong interest in the southern city.
Hai's five-day visit lasts on October 10.
VNA/VOV.VN
Shinzo Abe, HCM City, JBIC, maritime security, agriculutre, Japanese investors
Vietnam attends Specialty & Fine Food Asia in Singapore
Potential risks for exports to U.S.


text:
Q: How to set a Printer Port in C# on a specified Printer I want to be able to do the equivalent of the following in c#:

*

*Go into "Devices and Printers"

*Right click a printer

*Go to the ports tab

*Select COM12: port

*click OK

I have managed to get a ManagementObject for a named printer and tried to call:

mObj.SetPropertyValue("PortName","COM12:");

On the ManagementObject for that Printer - whch inherits from ManagementBaseObject.
However, this piece of code didn't do anything to the Printer Settings.
I suspect that I will need to use P/Invoke on the appropriate library but after a lot of searching I cannot find the library or a tutorial for how to do this from c#.
Any help would be much appreciated.

A: Found the answer on an obscure part of the internet:
public static void SetPrinterPort(string printerName, string portName)
        {
            var oManagementScope = new ManagementScope(ManagementPath.DefaultPath);
            oManagementScope.Connect();

            SelectQuery oSelectQuery = new SelectQuery();
            oSelectQuery.QueryString = @"SELECT * FROM Win32_Printer
            WHERE Name = '" + printerName.Replace("\\", "\\\\") + "'";

            ManagementObjectSearcher oObjectSearcher =
               new ManagementObjectSearcher(oManagementScope, @oSelectQuery);
            ManagementObjectCollection oObjectCollection = oObjectSearcher.Get();

            foreach (ManagementObject oItem in oObjectCollection)
            {
                oItem.Properties["PortName"].Value = portName;
                oItem.Put();
            }
        }

I am pretty sure that the last part is all you need to set properties on any Management Object.  It was driving me nuts that I could see that the Win32 API said the property I wanted to set was read/write but nowhere seemed to have the code for setting it.
Well now we know! :-)
I hope this is useful for someone.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange