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Nonviolent revolution
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A nonviolent revolution is a revolution using mostly campaigns with civil resistance, including various forms of nonviolent protest, to bring about the departure of governments seen as entrenched and authoritarian. While many campaigns of civil resistance are intended for much more limited goals than revolution, generally a nonviolent revolution is characterized by simultaneous advocacy of democracy, human rights, and national independence in the country concerned. In some cases a campaign of civil resistance with a revolutionary purpose may be able to bring about the defeat of a dictatorial regime only if it obtains a degree of support from the armed forces, or at least their benevolent neutrality.
In political science, a revolution is a fundamental and relatively sudden change in political power and political organization which occurs when the population revolts against the government, typically due to perceived oppression or political incompetence. In book V of the Politics, the Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle described two types of political revolution:
Complete change from one constitution to another
Modification of an existing constitution.
Civil resistance is political action that relies on the use of nonviolent resistance by civil groups to challenge a particular power, force, policy or regime. Civil resistance operates through appeals to the adversary, pressure and coercion: it can involve systematic attempts to undermine the adversary's sources of power, both domestic and international. Forms of action have included demonstrations, vigils and petitions; strikes, go-slows, boycotts and emigration movements; and sit-ins, occupations, and the creation of parallel institutions of government. Civil resistance movements' motivations for avoiding violence are generally related to context, including a society's values and its experience of war and violence, rather than to any absolute ethical principle. Cases of civil resistance can be found throughout history and in many modern struggles, against both tyrannical rulers and democratically elected governments. The phenomenon of civil resistance is often associated with the advancement of democracy.
Nonviolent resistance is the practice of achieving goals such as social change through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, satyagraha, or other methods, while being nonviolent. This type of action highlights the desires of an individual or group that feels that something needs to change to improve the current condition of the resisting person or group.
Peaceful revolution
As it relates to democracy
List of nonviolent revolutions by era
Decolonization
Post–Cold War period
Current nonviolent resistance
Russia, Bashkortostan
Arab Spring revolutions
An effective campaign of civil resistance, and even the achievement of a nonviolent revolution, may be possible in a particular case despite the controlling government taking brutal measures against protesters; the commonly held belief that most revolutions which have happened in dictatorial regimes were bloody or violent uprisings is not borne out by historical analysis. Nonviolent revolutions in the 20th century became more successful and more common, especially in the 1980s as Cold War political alliances which supported status quo governance waned.[ citation needed ]
A protest is an expression of bearing witness on behalf of an express cause by words or actions with regard to particular events, policies or situations. Protests can take many different forms, from individual statements to mass demonstrations. Protesters may organize a protest as a way of publicly making their opinions heard in an attempt to influence public opinion or government policy, or they may undertake direct action in an attempt to directly enact desired changes themselves. Where protests are part of a systematic and peaceful nonviolent campaign to achieve a particular objective, and involve the use of pressure as well as persuasion, they go beyond mere protest and may be better described as cases of civil resistance or nonviolent resistance.
A dictatorship is an authoritarian form of government, characterized by a single leader or group of leaders with either no party or a weak party, little mass mobilization, and limited political pluralism. According to other definitions, democracies are regimes in which "those who govern are selected through contested elections"; therefore dictatorships are "not democracies". With the advent of the 19th and 20th centuries, dictatorships and constitutional democracies emerged as the world's two major forms of government, gradually eliminating monarchies, one of the traditional widespread forms of government of the time. Typically, in a dictatorial regime, the leader of the country is identified with the title of dictator, although their formal title may more closely resemble something similar to "leader". A common aspect that characterized dictatorship is taking advantage of their strong personality, usually by suppressing freedom of thought and speech of the masses, in order to maintain complete political and social supremacy and stability. Dictatorships and totalitarian societies generally employ political propaganda to decrease the influence of proponents of alternative governing systems.
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union with its satellite states, and the United States with its allies after World War II. A common historiography of the conflict begins between 1946, the year U.S. diplomat George F. Kennan's "Long Telegram" from Moscow cemented a U.S. foreign policy of containment of Soviet expansionism threatening strategically vital regions, and the Truman Doctrine of 1947, and ending between the Revolutions of 1989, which ended communism in Eastern Europe as well as in other areas, and the 1991 collapse of the USSR, when nations of the Soviet Union abolished communism and restored their independence. The term "cold" is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two sides, but they each supported major regional conflicts known as proxy wars. The conflict split the temporary wartime alliance against Nazi Germany and its allies, leaving the USSR and the US as two superpowers with profound economic and political differences.
In the 1970s and 1980s, intellectuals in the Soviet Union and other Communist states, and in some other countries, began to focus on civil resistance as the most promising means of opposing entrenched authoritarian regimes. The use of various forms of unofficial exchange of information, including by samizdat, expanded. Two major revolutions during the 1980s strongly influenced political movements that followed. The first was the 1986 People Power Revolution, in the Philippines from which the term 'people power' came to be widely used, especially in Hispanic and Asian nations. [1] Three years later, the Revolutions of 1989 that ousted communist regimes in the Eastern Bloc reinforced the concept (with the notable exception of the notoriously bloody Romanian Revolution), beginning with the victory of Solidarity in that year's Polish legislative elections. The Revolutions of 1989 provided the template for the so-called color revolutions in mainly post-communist states, which tended to use a color or flower as a symbol, somewhat in the manner of the Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia.
The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics, its government and economy were highly centralized. The country was a one-party state, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Other major urban centres were Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Alma-Ata, and Novosibirsk. It spanned over 10,000 kilometres east to west across 11 time zones, and over 7,200 kilometres north to south. It had five climate zones: tundra, taiga, steppes, desert and mountains.
A Communist state is a state that is administered and governed by a single party, guided by Marxist–Leninist philosophy.
Samizdat was a form of dissident activity across the Eastern Bloc in which individuals reproduced censored and underground publications by hand and passed the documents from reader to reader. This grassroots practice to evade official Soviet censorship was fraught with danger, as harsh punishments were meted out to people caught possessing or copying censored materials. Vladimir Bukovsky summarized it as follows: "Samizdat: I write it myself, edit it myself, censor it myself, publish it myself, distribute it myself, and spend jail time for it myself."
In December 1989, inspired by the anti-communist revolutions in Eastern Europe, the Mongolian Democratic Union (MDU) organized popular street protests and hunger strikes against the communist regime. In 1990, dissidents in the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic started civil resistance against the government, but were initially crushed by Red Army in the Black January massacre.
Azerbaijan, officially the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, also referred to as Soviet Azerbaijan, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union between 1922 and 1991. Created on 28 April 1920 when Soviet Russia brought pro-Soviet figures to power in the region, the first two years of the Azerbaijani SSR were as an independent country until incorporation into the Transcausasian SFSR, along with the Armenian SSR and the Georgian SSR.
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, frequently shortened to Red Army was the army and the air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, and, after 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The army was established immediately after the 1917 October Revolution. The Bolsheviks raised an army to oppose the military confederations of their adversaries during the Russian Civil War. Beginning in February 1946, the Red Army, along with the Soviet Navy, embodied the main component of the Soviet Armed Forces; taking the official name of "Soviet Army", until its dissolution in December 1991. The former official name Red Army continued to be used as a nickname by both sides throughout the Cold War.
Black January, also known as Black Saturday or the January Massacre, was a violent crackdown on a civilian population of Baku on 19–20 January 1990, pursuant to a state of emergency during the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Recent nonviolent revolutions include the Orange Revolution in Ukraine, which was highlighted by a series of acts of civil disobedience, sit-ins, and general strikes organized by the opposition movement.
The Orange Revolution was a series of protests and political events that took place in Ukraine from late November 2004 to January 2005, in the immediate aftermath of the run-off vote of the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election, which was claimed to be marred by massive corruption, voter intimidation and direct electoral fraud. Kiev, the Ukrainian capital, was the focal point of the movement's campaign of civil resistance, with thousands of protesters demonstrating daily. Nationwide, the democratic revolution was highlighted by a series of acts of civil disobedience, sit-ins, and general strikes organized by the opposition movement.
Civil disobedience is the active, professed refusal of a citizen to obey certain laws, demands, orders or commands of a government or occupying international power. Civil disobedience is sometimes defined as having to be nonviolent to be called civil disobedience. Civil disobedience is sometimes, therefore, equated with nonviolent resistance.
A sit-in or sit-down is a form of direct action that involves one or more people occupying an area for a protest, often to promote political, social, or economic change.
See also: Nonviolent resistance
The beginnings of the nonviolence movement lie in the satyagraha philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi, who guided the people of India to independence from Britain. Despite the violence of the Partition of India following independence, and numerous revolutionary uprisings which were not under Gandhi's control, India's independence was achieved through legal processes after a period of national resistance rather than through a military revolution.
Nonviolence is the personal practice of being harmless to self and others under every condition. It comes from the belief that hurting people, animals or the environment is unnecessary to achieve an outcome and refers to a general philosophy of abstention from violence. This may be based on moral, religious or spiritual principles, or it may be for purely strategic or pragmatic reasons.
Satyaagraha or holding onto truth or truth force – is a particular form of nonviolent resistance or civil resistance. Someone who practices satyagraha is a satyagrahi.
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was an Indian activist who was the leader of the Indian independence movement against British colonial rule. Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. The honorific Mahātmā was applied to him first in 1914 in South Africa and is now used worldwide. In India, he was also called Bapu, a term that he preferred, and Gandhi ji, and is known as the Father of the Nation.
According to the socialist Fourth International, Karl Marx acknowledged a theoretical possibility of "peaceful" revolutions, but the Fourth International articles also say "The development and preservation of good relations with the military forces is one of the absolute priorities of preparatory revolutionary work". Some have argued that a nonviolent revolution would require fraternisation with military forces, like in the relatively nonviolent Portuguese Carnation Revolution. [2]
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A peaceful revolution or bloodless coup is an overthrow of a government that occurs without violence. If the revolutionists refuse to use violence, it is known as a nonviolent revolution. If the revolutionists are willing to use force, but the loyalists (government) negotiate or surrender to divert armed conflict, it is called a bloodless war.
Peaceful revolutions that have occurred are the Bloodless Revolution (also known as the Glorious Revolution) of 1688 in United Kingdom, the People Power Revolution of 1986 in the Philippines, and the peaceful revolution of 1989 in Germany.
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One theory of democracy is that its main purpose is to allow peaceful revolutions. The idea is that majorities voting in elections approximate the result of a coup. In 1962, John F. Kennedy famously said, "Those who make peaceful revolution impossible will make violent revolution inevitable." [3] [4]
George Lakey in his 1973 book [5] and in his 1976 "A Manifesto for Nonviolent Revolution", [6] laid out a five-stage strategy for nonviolent revolution. [7]
Stage 1 – Cultural Preparation or "Conscientization": Education, training and consciousness raising of why there is a need for a nonviolent revolution and how to conduct a nonviolent revolution.
Stage 2 – Building Organizations: As training, education and consciousness raising continues, the need to form organizations. Affinity groups or nonviolent revolutionary groups are organized to provide support, maintain nonviolent discipline, organize and train other people into similar affinity groups and networks.
Stage 3 – Confrontation: Organized and sustained campaigns of picketing, strikes, sit-ins, marches, boycotts, die-ins, blockades to disrupt business as usual in institutions and government. By putting one's body on the line nonviolently the rising movement stops the normal gears of government and business.
Stage 4 – Mass Non Cooperation: Similar affinity groups and networks of affinity groups around the country and world, engage in similar actions to disrupt business as usual.
Stage 5 – Developing Parallel Institutions to take over functions and services of government and commerce. In order to create a new society without violence, oppression, environmental destruction, discrimination and one that is environmentally sustainable, nonviolent, democratic, equitable, tolerant, and fair, alternative organizations and structures including businesses must be created to provide the needed services and goods that citizens of a society need.
Gene Sharp, who influenced many in the Arab Spring revolutions, has documented and described over 198 different methods of nonviolent action that nonviolent revolutionaries might use in struggle. He argues that no government or institution can rule without the consent of the governed or oppressed as that is the source of nonviolent power. Gandhi and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. argued this as well. [8]
1919 – March 1st movement in Korea in an attempt to annul the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1910 and declare independence
1930 – Salt Satyagraha in India in an attempt to overthrow British colonial rule
1942 – Quit India movement demanding immediate independence for India from British rule.
In nations of the Warsaw Pact
1968 – The Prague Spring, a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia.
The Revolutions of 1989: Even though many of these revolutions did not take place entirely in 1989, they are usually grouped together as such.
1980–1989 – The Solidarity movement in April marshals popular resistance to communist rule, though progress is halted by the imposition of martial law.
1987–1989/1991 – The Singing Revolution – a cycle of singing mass demonstrations, followed by a living chain across the Baltic states (Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia), known as the Baltic Way.
1989 – The Peaceful Revolution in the German Democratic Republic leading to the fall of the Berlin Wall
1989 – The Velvet Revolution – the bloodless revolution in Czechoslovakia leading to the downfall of the communist government there.
1989 – The bloodless revolution in Bulgaria that resulted in the downfall of the communist government.
1990 – The Golaniad – a protest in Romania in April by Bucharest students who demanded a non-communist government. The protests ended in bloodshed after an intervention of miners called in by President Ion Iliescu (the Mineriad).
The successful resistance to 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, which had the effect of a revolution, was mostly non-violent.
Outside of the Warsaw Pact
1974 – The Carnation Revolution in Portugal.
1979 – The Iranian Revolution in Iran.
1986 – The People Power Revolution in the Philippines, where the term people power was coined.[ citation needed ]
1990 – The Mongolian Revolution of 1990
1969 – The al-Fateh Revolution in Libya
Colour revolutions
Main article: Colour revolution
These are revolutions in post-communist authoritarian Europe and other new countries that were part of the former Soviet Union or Warsaw Pact. Each of these had massive street protests and/or followed disputed elections and led to the resignation or overthrow of leaders considered by their opponents to be authoritarian. Almost all of them used a particular colour or a flower to be their symbol of unity.
2000 – The Bulldozer Revolution , which led to the overthrow of Slobodan Milošević. These demonstrations are considered by many to be the first example of the revolutions that followed in Georgia and Ukraine; however, the Serbs adopted an approach that had already been used in parliamentary elections in Slovakia and Croatia in 1998 and 2000, respectively, characterized by civic mobilization through get-out-the-vote campaigns and unification of the political opposition. The protesters in Serbia didn't adopt a colour or specific symbol (the most recognizable symbol of the revolution was a stylized fist), and despite the commonalities, many others refer to Georgia as the most definite beginning of the series of "colour revolutions." The demonstrations were supported by youth movement Otpor!.
2003 – The Rose Revolution in Georgia, following the disputed 2003 Georgia legislative election, led to the overthrow of Eduard Shevardnadze and his replacement by Mikhail Saakashvili after new elections were held in March 2004. The Rose Revolution was supported by the civic resistance movement, Kmara.
2004 – The Orange Revolution in Ukraine, followed the disputed second round of the 2004 presidential election and led to the annulment of the result and the repeat of the round—the leader of the opposition Viktor Yushchenko was declared President, defeating Viktor Yanukovych. The Orange Revolution was supported by Pora.
2019 – Armenian velvet revolution achieved in nonviolent transition of power to opposition, enjoying wide public support throughout the country. In National Assembly elections held in seven months after resignation of the former leader the party of the new government gained 88% of votes. However, it is not common to refer to it as a Colour Revolution, nor do its leaders use the term.
Revolutions in the Middle East
The media attention given to the color revolutions has inspired movements in the Middle East, and their supporters, to adopt similar symbology.
The Cedar Revolution in Lebanon followed the assassination of opposition leader Rafik Hariri in 2005. Chiefly, the movement demanded the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon, ending a de facto occupation. Unlike the revolutions in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, this movement did not seek to overturn disputed election results, but did cause the pro-Syrian government of Lebanon to fall. Due to similarities in motivation and organization strategies, it is widely considered[ by whom? ] a cousin of the color revolutions.
Revolutions in Latin America and Asia
Drawing inspiration from the People Power Revolution of 1986 in the Philippines, as well as other succeeding color revolution movements, several South American countries experienced what were effectively non-violent revolutions.
Dominican Republic- "The Butterflies" or "Las Mariposas". The Mirabal sisters fought to change their government, by underground movements. Also, by rejecting sexual advances from the president himself. Three sisters were ordered to be killed by the president at the time, Rafael Trujillo, and only one survived to tell the story. There is also a movie made about their ordeal.
Ecuador – The impeachment of President Lucio Gutierrez, by the Congress of that country after days of increasing demonstrations and protests by citizens led by the citizens of Quito, the capital. Thousands of demonstrators were present in the Plaza of Independence. Flags were waved in celebration shortly after Congress voted out Gutierrez 62-0. Airport runways were blocked by demonstrators to prevent Gutierrez from leaving the country. The former president was later given asylum by Brazil and was transported out of the country on April 24. Protesters also intended to depose the Congress after accusing the body of alleged corruption as well.
the Philippines – EDSA Revolution of 2001 (EDSA II), a four-day popular revolt that peacefully overthrew Philippine president Joseph Estrada in January 2001, self-organized through SMS messaging.
Several countries are experiencing the rise of non-violent resistance movements with the intent of effecting a non-violent revolution.
Main article: Bahraini uprising (2011–present)
Over 100,000 protesters took part in a pro-democracy march on February 22, 2011.
Inspired by the regional Arab Spring, protests started in Bahrain on February 14. [9] [10] :162–3 The government responded harshly, killing four protesters camping in Pearl Roundabout. [10] :73–4 Later, protesters were allowed to reoccupy the roundabout where they staged large marches amounting to 150,000 participants. [10] :88
On March 14, Saudi-led GCC forces were requested by the government and entered the country, [10] :132 which the opposition called an "occupation". [11] The following day state of emergency was declared [9] [10] :139 and protests paused [12] after a brutal crackdown was launched against protesters including doctors and bloggers. [13] [14] [15] More than 2,929 people have been arrested, [16] [17] and at least five people died due to torture while in police custody. [10] :287–8
Protests resumed after lifting emergency law on June 1, [18] several large rallies were staged by the opposition parties [19] including a march on March 9, 2012 attended by over 100,000. [20] [21] Smaller-scale protests and clashes outside of the capital have continued to occur almost daily. [22] [23] More than 80 people had died since the start of the uprising. [24]
There have been a number of protests against President Alexander Lukashenko, with participation from student group Zubr. The most recent major protests were on March 25, 2005. This was a self-declared attempt to emulate the Kyrgyzstan revolution, and involved over a thousand citizens. However, it was severely suppressed by the police which arrested over 30 people.
Mikhail Marinich, a leader of the opposition, is currently[ when? ] in prison. The opposition uses as a symbol the white-red-white former flag of Belarus. The movement has had significant connections with that in neighboring Ukraine, and during the Orange Revolution some white-red-white flags were seen being waved in Kiev.
Lukashenko has said in the past: "In our country, there will be no pink or orange, or even banana revolution." More recently he's said "They [the West] think that Belarus is ready for some 'orange' or, what is a rather frightening option, 'blue' or 'cornflower blue' revolution. Such 'blue' revolutions are the last thing we need". [25] On April 19, 2005, he further commented: "All these coloured revolutions are pure and simple banditry." [26]
The 2007 Georgian demonstrations against the government of president Mikheil Saakashvili. The demonstrations peaked on November 2, 2007, when 50,000–100,000 [27] rallied in downtown Tbilisi, capital of Georgia. [28] Protests were organized by the National Council, an ad-hoc coalition of ten opposition parties, and financed by the media tycoon Badri Patarkatsishvili. [29] Demonstrations were initially largely peaceful, but turned violent the next day when the police used heavy-handed tactics, including tear gas and water cannon. [30]
The opposition in Moldova, is reported to have hoped and urged for some kind of Orange revolution, similar to that in Ukraine, in the followup of the 2005 Moldovan parliamentary elections, while the Christian Democratic People's Party adopted orange for its color in a clear reference to the events of Ukraine. [31]
A name hypothesized for such an event was "grape revolution" because of the abundance of vineyards in the country; however, such a revolution failed to materialize after the governmental victory in the elections. Many reasons have been given for this, including a fractured opposition and that the government had already co-opted many of the political positions that might have united the opposition (such as a perceived pro-European and anti-Russian stance). Also, the elections themselves were declared fairer in the OSCE election monitoring reports than had been the case in other countries where similar revolutions occurred, even though the CIS monitoring mission strongly condemned them.
On March 25, 2005, activists wearing yellow scarves held protests in the capital city of Ulan Bator, disputing the results of the 2004 Mongolian parliamentary elections and calling for fresh elections. One of the chants heard in that protest was "Let's congratulate our Kyrgyz brothers for their revolutionary spirit. Let's free Mongolia of corruption." [32]
The Occupy movement is an international protest movement which started in New York City on September 17, 2011 with Occupy Wall Street and uses the occupation of public spaces without government permission as a means of protesting numerous issues, including notably social and economic inequality. By October 9 Occupy protests had taken place or were ongoing in over 95 cities across 82 countries and over 600 communities in the U.S. [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] As of October 28 the Meetup page "Occupy Together" listed "Occupy" communities in 2,355 towns and cities worldwide. [38]
Initiated by the Canadian activist group Adbusters, [39] [40] the movement is partly inspired by the Arab Spring movement, especially Cairo's Tahrir Square protests, and the Spanish Indignants. [41] [42] [43] Occupy protests take their name from Occupy Wall Street, and commonly use the slogan We are the 99% , the #Occupy hashtag format, and organize through websites such as "Occupy Together" (website no longer being maintained). [44] The protests, which have been described as a "democratic awakening," are difficult to distill to a few demands, [45] [46] and have included protests against the Federal Reserve and clashes with local police over the right to camp out in public spaces.
The opposition in the Republic of Bashkortostan has held protests demanding that the federal authorities intervene to dismiss Murtaza Rakhimov from his position as President of the republic, accusing him of leading an "arbitrary, corrupt, and violent" regime. Airat Dilmukhametov, one of the opposition leaders, and leader of the Bashkir National Front, has said that the opposition movement has been inspired by the mass protests of Ukraine and Kyrgyzstan. [47] Another opposition leader, Marat Khaiyirulin, said that if an Orange Revolution were to happen in Russia, it would begin in Bashkortostan.
There has been longstanding opposition to President Islam Karimov, from liberals and Islamists. The revolution in neighboring Kyrgyzstan began in the largely ethnic Uzbek south, and received early support in the city of Osh. Nigora Hidoyatova, leader of the Free Peasants opposition party, has referred to the idea of a farmers' revolution. She also said that her party is collaborating with the youth organization Shiddat, and that she hopes it can evolve to an organization similar to Kmara or Pora. [48]
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Several violent or nonviolent protests in the early 21st century, especially the ones Tunisia and Egypt, have been termed[ according to whom? ] "Social Media Revolutions", alluding to the role played by Web 2.0 communications technologies in massive mobilization.
Despite an initial ban on the use of the internet, once it was lifted social media was used quite extensively in coordinating the masses in marching to key government locations. On February 11, 2011, President Hosni Mubarak resigned as president of Egypt, leading people to label this as a peaceful and mostly non-violent people's revolution where, except in a limited number of incidents, loss of life was caused directly by acts of the government rather than protesters.
Social defence
The Orange Alternative is a Polish anti-communist underground movement, started in Wrocław, a city in south-west Poland and led by Waldemar Fydrych, commonly known as Major in the 1980s. Its main purpose was to offer a wider group of citizens an alternative way of opposition against the authoritarian regime by means of a peaceful protest that used absurd and nonsensical elements.
The Revolution of Roses, often translated into English as the Rose Revolution, was a pro-Western peaceful change of power in Georgia in November 2003. The revolution was brought about by widespread protests over the disputed parliamentary elections and culminated in the ousting of President Eduard Shevardnadze, which marked the end of the Soviet era of leadership in the country. The event derives its name from the climactic moment, when demonstrators led by Mikheil Saakashvili stormed the Parliament session with red roses in hand.
Pora!, meaning It's time! in Ukrainian, is a civic youth organization and political party in Ukraine espousing nonviolent resistance and advocating increased national democracy. The group was established in 2004 to coordinate young people's opposition to the Kuchma government in opposition to what they claimed was the authoritarian governing style of Ukraine's president Leonid Kuchma. After the Orange Revolution Pora! split up in two different entities, Black Pora! and Yellow Pora!
Kmara was a civic youth resistance movement in Georgia, active in the protests prior to and during the November 2003 Rose Revolution, which toppled down the government of Eduard Shevardnadze. Consciously modeled on the Serbian nongovernmental organization (NGO) Otpor!, which had been instrumental in defeating Slobodan Milošević's regime in 2000, the Kmara members were trained and advised by the influential Georgian NGO Liberty Institute and funded by the United States-based Open Society Institute (OSI). The movement was a hybrid of social movement and virtual NGO, which was highly successful in mobilizing the young Georgians, mostly students, against Shevardnadze's rule. Although Kmara was allied with the opposition parties, especially Mikheil Saakashvili's United National Movement, its behavior and tactics were nonpartisan, focusing on criticizing corruption and failures of the Shevardnadze regime, rather than promoting any particular politician or political party.
The Tulip Revolution or First Kyrgyz Revolution led to President of Kyrgyzstan, Askar Akayev's fall from power. The revolution began after parliamentary elections on February 27 and March 13, 2005. The revolutionaries alleged corruption and authoritarianism by Akayev, his family and supporters. Akayev fled to Kazakhstan and then to Russia. On April 4, 2005, at the Kyrgyz embassy in Moscow, Akayev signed his resignation statement in the presence of a Kyrgyz parliamentary delegation. The resignation was ratified by the Kyrgyz interim parliament on April 11, 2005.
Colour revolution is a term that was widely used by worldwide media to describe various related movements that developed in several countries of the former Soviet Union and the Balkans during the early 2000s. The term has also been applied to a number of revolutions elsewhere, including in the Middle East. Some observers have called the events a revolutionary wave, the origins of which can be traced back to the 1986 People Power Revolution in the Philippines.
The overthrow of Slobodan Milošević occurred on 5 October 2000, in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, following the presidential election on 24 September, and culminating in the downfall of Slobodan Milošević's government on 5 October 2000. It is sometimes referred to as the 5 October Overthrow and sometimes colloquially called the Bager revolucija, translated into English as Bulldozer Revolution, after one of the most memorable episodes from the day-long protest in which an engineering vehicle operator charged the RTS building, which was considered to be symbolic of the Milošević regime's propaganda.
Venezuelan protests for and against President Hugo Chávez's proposed 2 December constitutional referendum occurred after the National Assembly approved the referendum on 2 November 2007.
In 2009, a mass rally by a coalition of opposition parties in took place in Georgia against the government of President Mikheil Saakashvili. Thousands of people demonstrated, mainly in the capital, Tbilisi, starting on 9 April 2009, demanding Saakashvili's resignation. On the first day of demonstrations, up to 60,000 people gathered in Tbilisi. Opposition activists had expected some 100,000 – 150,000 participants. Protests continued for over three months, although fewer people participated as time passed than during the first days. On 26 May 2009, the Georgian Independence Day, 50,000 protesters took part. Although peaceful at first, there were incidents of fighting between the Georgian police and protesters. The daily rallies gradually dwindled and ended, without achieving any tangible results, on 24 July –107 days after they kicked off.
The Arab Spring was a series of anti-government protests, uprisings, and armed rebellions that spread across North Africa and the Middle East in late 2010. It began in response to oppressive regimes and a low standard of living, beginning with protests in Tunisia. In the news, social media has been heralded as the driving force behind the swift spread of revolution throughout the world, as new protests appear in response to success stories shared from those taking place in other countries. In many countries, the governments have also recognized the importance of social media for organizing and have shut down certain sites or blocked Internet service entirely, especially in the times preceding a major rally. Governments have also scrutinized or suppressed discussion in those forums through accusing content creators of unrelated crimes or shutting down communication on specific sites or groups, such as through Facebook.
The Bahraini uprising of 2011 was a series of anti-government protests in Bahrain led by the Shia-dominant Bahraini Opposition from 2011 until 2014. The protests were inspired by the unrest of the 2011 Arab Spring and 2011–12 Iranian protests and escalated to daily clashes after the Bahraini government repressed the revolt with the support of Gulf Cooperation Council and Peninsula Shield Force. The Bahraini protests were a series of demonstrations, amounting to a sustained campaign of non-violent civil disobedience and later some violent resistance in the Persian Gulf country of Bahrain. As part of the revolutionary wave of protests in the Middle East and North Africa following the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi in Tunisia, the Bahraini protests were initially aimed at achieving greater political freedom and equality for the majority Shia population, and expanded to a call to end the monarchy of Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa following a deadly night raid on 17 February 2011 against protesters at the Pearl Roundabout in Manama, known locally as Bloody Thursday.
The 2011 Georgian protests were a series of anti-government protests in Georgia against President Mikheil Saakashvili.
The Occupy movement, an international progressive, socio-political movement, expressed opposition to social and economic inequality and to the perceived lack of "real democracy" around the world. It aimed primarily to advance social and economic justice and new forms of democracy. The movement had many different scopes, since local groups often had different focuses, but it's prime concerns included how large corporations in their view control the world in a way that disproportionately benefited a minority, undermined democracy and caused instability. It formed part of what Manfred Steger called the "global justice movement".
On 15 October 2011 about 200,000 people gathered in Rome, Italy to protest against economic inequality and the influence of the European Commission, the European Central Bank, the International Monetary Fund on politics and also against the government of Silvio Berlusconi. The protests began in solidarity with the Spanish protests. Many other protests occurred in other Italian cities the same day.
The 2011–2013 Russian protests began in 2011 and continued into 2012 and 2013. The protests were motivated by claims by Russian and foreign journalists, political activists and members of the public that the election process was flawed. The Central Election Commission of Russia stated that only 11.5% of official reports of fraud could be confirmed as true.
Srđa Popović is a Serbian political activist. He was a leader of the student movement Otpor! that helped topple Serbian president Slobodan Milošević. After briefly pursuing a political career in Serbia, he established the Centre for Applied Nonviolent Action and Strategies (CANVAS) in 2003 and published Blueprint for Revolution in 2015. CANVAS has worked with pro-democracy activists from more than 50 countries, promoting the use of non-violent resistance in achieving political and social goals.
The Centre for Applied Nonviolent Action and Strategies(CANVAS) is a non-profit, non-governmental, educational institution focused on the use of nonviolent conflict. It was founded in 2004 by Srđa Popović and the CEO of Orion Telecom, Slobodan Đinović. Both were former members of the Serbian youth resistance movement, Otpor!, which supported the overthrow of Slobodan Milošević in October 2000. Drawing upon the Serbian experience, CANVAS seeks to educate pro-democracy activists around the world in what it regards as the universal principles for success in nonviolent struggle.
↑ Beech, Hannah (August 17, 2009). "Corazon Aquino 1933–2009: The Saint of Democracy". Time. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
↑ Dan Jakopovich: Revolution and the Party in Gramsci's Thought: A Modern Application.
↑ JFK's "Address on the First Anniversary of the Alliance for Progress," White House reception for diplomatic corps of the Latin American republics, March 13, 1962. Public Papers of the Presidents – John F. Kennedy (1962), p. 223. Wikisource
↑ JFK : Those who make peaceful revolution impossible will make violent revolution inevitable on YouTube
↑ Lakey, George.(1973) Strategy For A Living Revolution. Grossman: New York, NY.
↑ Lakey, George. (1976) A Manifesto For Nonviolent Revolution. Training For Change: Philadelphia, PA (http://www.trainingforchange.org/manifesto_for_nv_revolution Archived November 19, 2011, at the Wayback Machine )
↑ Lakey, George. (2002) Strategizing For A Living Revolution. retrieved on October 26, 2011 from http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/lakeylivrev.html
↑ Sharp, Gene. (1973) The Politics of Nonviolent Action . Porter-Sargent: Boston, MA.
1 2 "Bahrain declares state of emergency after unrest". Reuters. March 15, 2011.
1 2 3 4 5 6 "Report of the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry". BICI.
↑ "Gulf States Send Force to Bahrain Following Protests". BBC News. March 14, 2011. Archived from the original on April 20, 2011. Retrieved April 15, 2011.
↑ "Bahrain says seizes explosives, fines protest chief". Reuters. June 28, 2012. Retrieved July 2, 2012.
↑ Law, Bill (April 6, 2011). "Police Brutality Turns Bahrain Into 'Island of Fear'. Crossing Continents (via BBC News). Retrieved April 15, 2011.
↑ Press release (March 30, 2011). "USA Emphatic Support to Saudi Arabia". Zayd Alisa (via Scoop). Retrieved April 15, 2011.
↑ Cockburn, Patrick (March 18, 2011). "The Footage That Reveals the Brutal Truth About Bahrain's Crackdown – Seven Protest Leaders Arrested as Video Clip Highlights Regime's Ruthless Grip on Power". The Independent . Retrieved April 15, 2011.
↑ "Bahrain inquiry confirms rights abuses – Middle East". Al Jazeera English. Archived from the original on October 3, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
↑ "Applying pressure on Bahrain". The Washington Post. May 10, 2011. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
↑ "Bahrain sees new clashes as martial law lifted". The Guardian. June 1, 2011.
↑ "Thousands rally for reform in Bahrain". Reuters. June 11, 2011.
↑ "Bahrain protesters join anti-government march in Manama". BBC. March 9, 2012.
↑ "Mass pro-democracy protest rocks Bahrain". Reuters. March 9, 2012.
↑ "Bahrain live blog 25 Jan 2012". Al Jazeera. January 25, 2012. Archived from the original on December 5, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
↑ "Heavy police presence blocks Bahrain protests". Al Jazeera. February 15, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
↑ Gregg Carlstrom (April 23, 2012). "Bahrain court delays ruling in activists case". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved June 14, 2012.
↑ News Archived April 30, 2005, at the Wayback Machine . Ucpb.org. Retrieved on September 29, 2010.
↑ http://www.eubusiness.com/afp/050419184754.74ehx330 . Retrieved April 21, 2005. Missing or empty |title= (help)[ dead link ]
↑ Thousands Rally in Capital Against Georgia President, The New York Times
↑ "Tear gas used on Georgia protest". bbc.co.uk. November 7, 2007. Retrieved November 8, 2007.
↑ Patarkatsishvili Pledges to Finance Protest Rallies. Civil Georgia. October 28, 2007.
↑ Tear gas used on Georgia protest, BBC News, November 7, 2007
↑ Features – Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Archived April 20, 2005, at the Wayback Machine . Rferl.org. Retrieved on September 29, 2010.
↑ Asia-Pacific | Mongolians protest for new poll. BBC News (March 29, 2005). Retrieved on 2010-09-29.
↑ Derek Thompson, Occupy the World: The '99 Percent' Movement Goes Global October 11, 2011. Retrieved October 15, 2011.
↑ Shaila Dewan – "99 Percenters and 53 Percenters Face Off" – The New York Times – Business Day – Economix – October 11, 2011. Retrieved October 15, 2011.
↑ Adam, K. (October 15, 2011) "Occupy Wall Street protests go global" Washington Post
↑ Adam, K. (October 16, 2011) "Occupy Wall Street Protests Continue Worldwide" Washington Post
↑ Joanna Walters in Seattle (October 8, 2011). "Occupy America: protests against Wall Street and inequality hit 70 cities | World news | The Observer". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
↑ "Occupy Together Meetups Everywhere". Meetup. May 23, 2010. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
↑ Fleming, Andrew (September 27, 2011). "Adbusters sparks Wall Street protest Vancouver-based activists behind street actions in the U.S". The Vancouver Courier. Archived from the original on August 30, 2012. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
↑ About Archived October 31, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Adbusters.org. Accessed: October 3, 2011.
↑ Saba, Michael (September 17, 2011). "Twitter #occupywallstreet movement aims to mimic Iran". CNN tech. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
↑ "Occupy Wall Street | September 17th". Adbusters.org. Archived from the original on November 18, 2011. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
↑ Occupy America: protests against Wall Street and inequality hit 70 cities The Guardian. Accessed: October 14, 2011.
↑ Ben Berkowitz, From a single hashtag, a protest circled the world. Brisbane Times. Published October 19, 2011, accessed October 19, 2011
↑ "Cornel West on Occupy Wall Street: It's the Makings of a U.S. Autumn Responding to the Arab Spring". Democracy Now! . September 29, 2011. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
↑ "Will Occupy Wall Street's spark reshape our politics?". The Washington Post. February 24, 2011. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
↑ Bigg, Claire. (April 8, 2005) Bashkortostan: Opposition Denounces 'Dictatorship' At Moscow Protest – Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty © 2010. Rferl.org. Retrieved on 2010-09-29.
peace news – for nonviolent revolution
How to Start a Revolution , documentary directed by Ruaridh Arrow
Right to Nonviolence
Nonviolent Social Change – the Bulletin of the Manchester College Peace Studies Institute- a journal on noviolent social change
Nonviolent Resistance, Reform, & Revolution ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans (U.S.)
12 Lessons in Nonviolent Resistance from the 1989 student occupation of Beijing's Tiananmen Square (2014-06-09), Chris Hedges, Truthdig


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The Aleit Group is expanding at an expeditious rate, we can now introduce our brand-new IT company.
Information Technology Consultants, Izak and Etzard, have been contemplating starting their own IT company for quite some time when the opportunity came along to join The Aleit Group. They were thrilled with the idea. At that time Izak was a Consultant servicing The Aleit Group's IT. Izak Ferreira, who has been working in the IT industry for over 6 years, knew that it would be highly beneficial to have Etzard Strydom, another well-seasoned IT Consultant, join him in this new venture.
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text:
Girolamo Mei (ur. 27 maja 1519 we Florencji - zm. w lipcu 1594 w Rzymie) – włoski humanista, filolog klasyczny, badacz starogreckiej teorii muzyki. Znał klasyczną grekę i pomagał swojemu nauczycielowi, filozofowi P. Vettoriemu, opracowywać krytyczne wydanie dzieł greckich tragików i filozofów. Działał w ośrodkach akademickich Włoch (Florencja, Rzym, Padwa), a także we Francji (Lyon).

Był związany ideologicznie z członkami Cameraty Florenckiej, a zwłaszcza z Vincenzo Galileim, z którym prowadził obfitą korespondencję.

Uważa się, że Mei wywarł znaczący wpływ na pisma teoretyczne Vincenzo Galileiego, a tym samym pośrednio na ideologię i twórczość muzyczną Cameraty. Chyba największym jego osiągnięciem było jednak odnalezienie i odczytanie pierwszego w czasach nowożytnych autentycznego zabytku muzyki antycznej - hymnów kitarzysty Mesomedesa z II wieku n.e. Wydał go w roku 1581 Vincenzo Galilei w swoim traktacie Dialogo della musica antica e moderna.

Ważniejsze pisma

 De modis antiquorum libri IV (1567-73)
 Discorso sopra la musica antica e moderna (wyd. Wenecja 1602, po śmierci autora)
 De nomi delle corde del monocordo
 korespondencja z Vincenzo Galileim (ponad 30 listów)

Filolodzy klasyczni
Ludzie związani z Florencją
Ludzie związani z Rzymem
Teoretycy kultury
Urodzeni w 1519
Włoscy teoretycy muzyki
Zmarli w 1594

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Jacques Jany (born 1896, date of death unknown) was a French bobsledder. He competed in the four-man event at the 1924 Winter Olympics.

References

External links

1896 births
Year of death missing
French male bobsledders
Olympic bobsledders of France
Bobsledders at the 1924 Winter Olympics
Place of birth missing


BLS Provider (CPR para Profesionales de la Salud) Description BLS Provider (CPR para Profesionales de la Salud) The BLS for Healthcare Providers Course teaches CPR skills for helping victims of all ages (including doing ventilation with a barrier device, a bag-mask device, and oxygen); use of an automated external defibrillator (AED); and relief of foreign-body airway obstruction (FBAO). It's intended for participants who provide heath care to patients in a wide variety of settings, including in-hospital and out-of-hospital. For certified or noncertified, licensed or nonlicensed healthcare professionals.
ECG: Arritmias Cardiacas Description ECG: Arritmias Cardiacas Este adiestramiento está diseñado para mejorar las destrezas de reconocimiento de arritmias y farmacología cardiaca.
PALS Pediatric Advanced Life Support Description PALS Pediatric Advanced Life Support Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) is a classroom, video-based, Instructor-led course that uses a series of simulated pediatric emergencies to reinforce the important concepts of a systematic approach to pediatric assessment, basic life support, PALS treatment algorithms, effective resuscitation and team dynamics. The goal of the PALS Course is to improve the quality of care provided to seriously ill or injured children, resulting in improved outcomes.
Heartsaver First Aid CPR & AED Description Heartsaver First Aid CPR & AED Heartsaver® First Aid CPR AED is a classroom, video-based, instructor-led course that teaches students critical skills needed to respond to and manage a first aid, choking or sudden cardiac arrest emergency in the first few minutes until emergency medical services (EMS) arrives. Students learn skills such as how to treat bleeding, sprains, broken bones, shock and other first aid emergencies. This course also teaches adult CPR and AED use.
ACLS Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support Description ACLS Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support The ACLS provider course provides the knowledge and skills needed to evaluate manage the first 10 minutes of an adult ventricular fibrillation/ventricular tachycardia (VF/VT) arrest. Providers are expected to learn to manage 10 core ACLS cases: a respiratory emergency, four types of cardiac arrest (simple VF/VT, complex VF/VT, PEA and asystole), four types of pre-arrest emergencies (bradychardia, stable tachycardia, unstable tachycardia and acute coronary syndromes) and stroke.
ACLS Renewal Description ACLS Renewal The ACLS provider course provides the knowledge and skills needed to evaluate manage the first 10 minutes of an adult ventricular fibrillation/ventricular tachycardia (VF/VT) arrest. Providers are expected to learn to manage 10 core ACLS cases: a respiratory emergency, four types of cardiac arrest (simple VF/VT, complex VF/VT, PEA and asystole), four types of pre-arrest emergencies (bradychardia, stable tachycardia, unstable tachycardia and acute coronary syndromes) and stroke.
PALS Renewal Description PALS Renewal Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) is a classroom, video-based, Instructor-led course that uses a series of simulated pediatric emergencies to reinforce the important concepts of a systematic approach to pediatric assessment, basic life support, PALS treatment algorithms, effective resuscitation and team dynamics. The goal of the PALS Course is to improve the quality of care provided to seriously ill or injured children, resulting in improved outcomes.
ACLS for Experienced Providers Description ACLS for Experienced Providers El curso de ACLS for Experienced Providers es un curso de resucitación avanzada para profesionales de la salud con experiencia en ACLS tradicional. El curso ACLS EP evalúa las mismas destrezas del ACLS tradicional e incluye estaciones adicionales de casos más avanzados. El curso dura 8 horas.
CCT Critical Care Transport Description CCT Critical Care Transport Welcome to the gold standard in critical care transport training. Published in conjunction with the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) and the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP), and endorsed by the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC) and the International Association of Flight and Critical Care Providers (IAFCCP), Critical Care Transport, Second Edition offers cutting-edge content relevant to any health care provider training in critical care transport. Authored by leading critical care professionals from across the country, Critical Care Transport, Second Edition contains state-of-the-art information on ground and flight transport that aligns with the latest evidence-based medicine and practices. Content includes information specific to prehospital critical care transport, such as flight physiology, lab analysis, hemodynamic monitoring, and specialized devices such as the intra-aortic balloon pump. Standard topics such as airway management, trauma, and pharmacology are covered in the context of critical care. Numerous new skills, procedures, and types of equipment have been described to reflect current practice. This book meets the curricula of major critical care training programs, including UMBC. It also meets the 2015 CPR/ECC Guidelines and the objectives of critical care transport certification exams such as the Flight Paramedic Certification (FP-C) exam administered by the Board for Critical Care Transport Paramedic Certification. Critical Care Transport, Second Edition is the only textbook that thoroughly prepares medical professionals for certification in the field and ensures their success as vital members of a critical care transport team.
PHTLS Prehospital Trauma Life Support Description PHTLS Prehospital Trauma Life Support El Prehospital Trauma Life Support (PHTLS) de NAEMT es reconocido alrededor del mundo como el mejor programa de educación prehospitalaria sobre trauma. La misión del PHTLS es promover la excelencia en el manejo del paciente de trauma por todos los proveedores envueltos en el cuidado prehospitalario a través de la educación global. PHTLS es desarrollado por NAEMT en cooperación con el Comité de Trauma del Colegio Americano de Cirujanos. El Comité provee dirección médica y supervisión del programa de PHTLS. El curso PHTLS mejora el cuidado de trauma en su área y disminuye la mortalidad. El programa está basado en la filosofía de cuidado de trauma prehospitalario, enfatizando el tratamiento de trauma multi-sistémico como una entidad única con necesidades específicas. Esto puede requerir que el manejo del paciente de trauma se desvíe de las modalidades tradicionales de tratamiento. PHTLS promueve el pensamiento crítico como un fundamento para el cuidado de calidad. Está basado en la creencia de que, provisto de un buen fundamento de conocimiento y principios clave, los proveedores de EMS son capaces de hacer decisiones razonables acerca del cuidado del paciente. El curso PHTLS es continuamente revisado y actualizado para mantenerse al día con los avances en el campo, las guías de ATLS y la retroalimentación de los participantes del curso.
GEMS Geriatric Education for EMS Description GEMS Geriatric Education for EMS The Geriatric Education for Emergency Medical Services (GEMS) program trains emergency and mobile healthcare practitioners to deliver state-of-the-art care to geriatric patients. The second edition of this highly acclaimed program addresses the geriatric-specific topics and competency statements in the National EMS Education Standards.
AMLS Advanced Medical Life Support Description AMLS Advanced Medical Life Support NAEMT's Advanced Medical Life Support (AMLS) course is the first EMS education program that fully addresses how to best assess and manage the most common medical crises in patients, offering a "think outside the box" methodology. It is for all levels of practitioners with a strong commitment to patient care, including emergency medical technicians, paramedics, nurses, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, nurse anesthetists and physicians. The course emphasizes the use of scene size-up, history, interactive group discussion on potential treatment strategies, and physical exam to systematically rule out and consider possibilities and probabilities in treating patients' medical crises. The course offers an initial assessment-based approach that progresses to a diagnostic-based approach to quickly develop the best treatment plan. AMLS is a sixteen-hour, two-day program that consists of interactive lectures, teaching and evaluation stations. The interactive/case based lectures include the following topics: altered mental status and neurologic disorders, respiratory dysfunction, shock, chest discomfort, endocrine, metabolic and environmental disorders, abdominal discomfort, infectious disease, and toxicologic emergencies, hazardous materials and weapons of mass destruction. Teaching stations follow the associated lectures each day. AMLS is endorsed by the National Association of EMS Physicians (NAEMSP). It is accredited by the Continuing Education Coordinating Board for Emergency Medical Services (CECBEMS) and is recognized by the National Registry of EMTs (NREMT). Students who successfully complete the AMLS course will receive a certificate of completion that is valid for four years.
ASSERT Active Shooter Survival & Emergency Respons Description ASSERT Active Shooter Survival & Emergency Respons Inscríbete aquí Nuestro curso Active Shooter Survival & Emergency Response Training está dirigido al público general y enseña lo que una persona no armada puede hacer para maximizar la sobrevivencia durante un incidente de tirador activo. Este curso está basado en las recomendaciones oficiales del Department of Homeland Security para el público general, así como las recomendaciones de primera ayuda basada en la evidencia actual. Enseña a los participantes a realizar intervenciones básicas que pueden salvar la vida de una persona con un sangrado, tales como el uso de un torniquete, el uso de gazas hemostáticas, y cómo mantener la vía aérea abierta para que la víctima pueda respirar. Nuestro equipo de instructores incluye primeros respondedores, incluyendo agentes de ley y orden con responsabilidad de responder a incidentes de violencia masiva. Los participantes recibirán, en adición, un certificado del programa Stop the Bleed del Colegio Americano de Cirujanos.
Airway Management Description Airway Management Airway Management is a unique program designed to give students the chance to learn, practice and demonstrate their ability in applying many airway skills used in resuscitation. Students increase their awareness of various airway products and skills required.
AHDR All-Hazards Disaster Response Description AHDR All-Hazards Disaster Response Este curso de NAEMT prepara a los proveedores a responder a muchos tipos de escenarios de desastres que puedan encontrar: inundaciones, ataques terroristas, etc. Este curso de 8 horas enseña a los participantes a analizar las amenazas potenciales en su área, evaluar los recursos disponibles, y crear un plan de respuesta que salve vidas. Los puntos importantes del plan que el curso enseña incluyen la comunicación efectiva durante un desastre, la ayuda mutua e interoperabilidad, el manejo de recursos tales como suplidos y medicamentos, el triage y estrategias de transportación, y el rastreo y evacuación de pacientes.
WFA Wilderness First Aid Description WFA Wilderness First Aid El curso de Primeros Auxilios en Lugares Remotos (Wilderness First Aid) provee el conocimiento y destrezas sobre cómo manejar las lesiones y enfermedades comunes cuando la atención médica está distante a una hora o más de tiempo. Está diseñado para aquellos que trabajan o viajan en lugares remotos. Este curso es ofrecido normalmente fuera de nuestras facilidades. Nos comunicamos con los participantes para coordinar si desean llegar directo al lugar que haya sido seleccionado, o si desean llegar primero a nuestro centro para partir juntos con tiempo suficiente.
EPC Emergency Pediatric Care Description EPC Emergency Pediatric Care El curso Emergency Pediatric Care (EPC) de NAEMT se enfoca en el cuidado de niños enfermos y lesionados, discutiendo el espectro completo de escenarios de enfermedades y lesiones que los proveedores de EMS podrían encontrar. El curso provee un entendimiento a profundidad sobre la patofisiología de las condiciones pediátricas más comunes, y enfatiza las destrezas de pensamiento crítico para ayudar a los proveedores de EMS a hacer las mejores decisiones para sus pacientes. El EPC usa el Triángulo de Evaluación Pediátrica como una herramienta para ayudar a los proveedores de EMS a evaluar rápida y efectivamente a los pacientes pediátricos e incorporar un cuidado centrado en la familia a lo largo de todos los escenarios. El entrenamiento incluye conferencias, prácticas de destrezas, y discusiones en grupos pequeños.


text:
Eruditus and Emeritus founder invests $32 Million in InnoVen Capital India Fund
Eruditus and Emeritus founder invests $32 Million in InnoVen Capital India Fund.
Ashwin Damera, Founder & CEO at Eruditus and Emeritus has invested INR 240 Crores ($32 Million) in Asia's leading venture debt and specialty finance platform, InnoVen Capital India Fund. The investment was made through Ashwin's family office which is co-managed by Ashwin and his wife Bhagyashree Damera.
Ashwin co-founded Eruditus and Emeritus, a leading global Ed-Tech platform currently valued at $3.2 billion, following its $650 million Series E funding in 2021. It's backed by marquee investors such as Softbank, Vision Fund 2, Prosus, Accel, Sequoia, Bertelsmann, and the Chan Zuckerberg initiative.
Ashwin Damera, Damera ventures, said, "I am delighted to invest in Innoven's maiden venture debt fund. This investment is from my family office and will give us exposure to venture debt, which is a unique asset class. I have known Innoven for many years and have a strong appreciation for the strong franchise/portfolio they have built. As an entrepreneur, this investment also aligns with my goal of investing back into the venture ecosystem as the capital will eventually support many promising start-ups, as they scale up."
Ashish Sharma, Managing Partner, InnoVen Capital India Fund, added, "We are excited to welcome Ashwin as a major investor in our fund. While we are raising capital from several classes of investors, it's always special to have successful founders invest with us, as they bring value beyond capital. Over the last few years, the ecosystem has seen several founders generate some liquidity and many have allocated capital to venture debt, as part of their asset allocation."
He further added, "We launched the India fund late last year and have already built a strong portfolio of 25 companies, including 7 unicorns. We expect to do our final close sometime next quarter."
TVS Motor Company announces additional investment of £100 million in Norton Motorcycle
Thu Apr 21 , 2022
Spread the loveTVS Motor Company announces additional investment of £100 million in Norton Motorcycle. TVS Motor Company, a reputed manufacturer of two-wheelers and three-wheelers globally, today […]
L&T Construction Awarded contracts for its Power Transmission and Distribution Business
Tata Starbucks brings back 'Barista Pride'
Anand Mahindra among Global Business Leaders to Support ESG Convergence
LEVI'S campaign #ISHAPEMYWORLD Season 7- The power of supporting women
Bajaj Electricals posts Rs 54.26 crore net profit for March quarter

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Heading to the SRC Arena in Riverside for their last road game of the regular season, the UC Irvine men's basketball team (18-13, 11-4) took care of business against the Highlanders (7-20, 5-11) with a 68-56 victory and locked up a top two seed in the Big West Tournament next week.
The senior trio continued their recent scoring outbursts as Luke Nelson, Ioannis Dimakopoulos, and Jaron Martin combined for 54 total points. Nelson led all scorers with 21 points and became the all-time leader in three point shots (240) with his four in the game. He also places fifth in the Anteater record books with 394 assists and 136 steals while nearing Kevin Magee's tally of 1,475 points at seventh place in scoring.
Dimakopoulos posted 19 points and five rebounds while going seven of 13 from the floor. Martin rounded out the senior play with 14 points and three assists.
The 'Eaters were the aggressors on the glass and outrebounded the Highlanders 43-31 and scored 17 second chance points to Riverside's two. Sophomore forward Jonathan Galloway registered seven points and seven rebounds with six of his boards being offensive. Irvine had their way in the interior and bullied Riverside in the paint 30-18. The 'Eaters held the advantage in field goal percentage besting the Highlanders 40.7 to 33.3 percent.
UC Riverside senior Secean Jackson was honored during the Highlanders' senior night ceremony and led his team with 17 points and seven rebounds.
Riverside held a 26-21 advantage with 6:17 remaining in the first half but the 'Eaters would close out on a 12-5 run to earn a 33-31 lead at halftime. The 'Eaters opened up the second stanza with a 15-3 run to jump on a 48-34 lead with 12:25 left to play. The Highlanders would close the gap to just seven points a couple of times in the waning minutes but the 'Eaters did not let up and brought home the double-digit victory to set up a winner take all scenario on senior night on Saturday.
For the first time in the Big West's 48-year old history, the regular season championship will be decided in the final game as the 'Eaters and the Aggies of UC Davis (19-11, 11-4) will play for all the chips Saturday night at the Bren Events Center. The game will be televised on Prime Ticket and start with a 3:00 p.m. tipoff.


For the third year in a row, D2N2 have asked us to create a film to illustrate the enormous strides and achievements that D2N2 have had boosting the economic growth of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire over the last 12 months.
Using cinematic shots with slick animation and graphics, we created a truly spectacular video that showcased the impressive growth and range of businesses in Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire.
The video was shown at the opening of D2N2's 2015 Annual Conference and has since been shared online, on social media and is available to watch on their youtube channel.


We are pleased to report that two UICB students, Jenna Bonistalli and Katerina Hazell, have been selected for the 2018 Studio Summer Fellowship program of the UI Libraries Digital Scholarship & Publishing Studio. In total, 13 students from across the Graduate College will participate in this summer's fellowship program, its second iteration since the pilot program in 2017. Fellows take part in an 8-week course that provides mentored digital scholarship experience, as well as training in skills and tools they use as they pursue innovative ways of thinking about and sharing their creative endeavors.
Jenna Bonistalli is an MFA student in Dimensional Practice at the School of Art and Art History, concurrently completing a graduate certificate at the University of Iowa Center for the Book. In her proposed project, she plans to explore the relationship between craft and digital processes in image capture and fabrication. With this she would like to collect ephemeral data and translate it into programmable patterns for digital embroidery.
Katerina Hazell, an MFA candidate in Book Arts at the University of Iowa Center for the Book, will work toward mastering the functions of font production software and expand upon past knowledge of coding to create a website. Katerina would like to use these skills to build a digital typeface based on her own historically-inspired calligraphy.


text:
Українсько-м'янмські (м'янманські) відносини — відносини між Україною та Республікою Союзу М'янма.

М'янма визнала незалежність України 19 січня 1999. Права та інтереси громадян України в М'янмі захищає Посольство України в Таїланді.

За даними Державної служби статистики України, обсяг торгівлі між Україною та М'янмою в 2021 році становив 45,074 млн. дол. США (на 10,662 млн. дол. США менше ніж у 2020 році.) Український експорт товарів склав 25,547 млн. дол. США, імпорт - 19,527 млн. дол. США. Водночас імпорту послуг з М'янми до України не відбувалось. Основу українського експорту до М'янми у 2021 році становили жири та олії тваринного або рослинного походження, вартістю 7,365 млн. дол. США (28,8%) та зернові культури - 7,153 млн. дол. США (28%).

Під час Протестів у М'янмі 2021 року місцеві правозахисники опублікували звіт, у якому стверджували, що Україна продовжувала передавати зброю військовим М'янми, незважаючи на здійснений ними «переворот, масові вбивства, арешти та напади проти мирного населення».

Примітки

Українсько-м'янмські відносини