text:
Language:PL
Angelic Valley
Bałoszyce Palace
Elblag Canal and Druzno Lake
Elbląg Upland
Mennonites in Żuławy (Marshland region)
Palace in Janów
Pasłęk and its vicinity
Rzeczna Stud Farm
Vistula Lagoon
Angelic Valley is a perfect place to experience a great adventure of agro-tourism. The unique location of the village has been admired since 1328, when Aniołowo was founded by the Teutonic Knights.
34 Aniołowo
Pasłęk 14-400, Poland
anielska-dolina@wp.pl
www.anielska-dolina.pl
Bałoszyce Palace is located in the northern part of the picturesque Iławski Lake District, in the commune of Susz. There are numerous attractions in the immediate vicinity of the Bałoszyce Palace. Those include: Finckenstein baroque palace complex in the nearby Kamieniec, which in 1807 was used by Napoleon Bonaparte as his residence, and the Pomezanian Chapter Castle in Szymbark.
Bałoszyce 25
14-240 Susz
info@palacbaloszyce.com
www.palacbaloszyce.com
Elblag Canal - the longest shipway in Poland, recognized as one of the seven wonders of Poland, hydro-technical construction 150km long and with 103m difference in levels was designed by George Steenke in 1862. A peculiarity on an European scale is a set of five ramps, on which ships are shunted on special platforms positioned on the rails. Rail winding devices used for this purpose are mechanically driven by flowing water power. After the ongoing renovation of the canal, it will soon be possible to sail on cruise ships, sailboats and kayaks www.zegluga.com.pl/index.php?cat=1 An extension of the Elbląg Canal is Druzno Lake, a valuable fauna reserve, breeding grounds of waterfowl and marsh birds, mainly ducks, grebes, gulls and terns, as well as small, perchers (passerine birds). To a limited extent, it is also a great fishing reservoir.
Elbląg Upland is a fantastic place for amateurs of cycling escapades. Hilly, diverse terrain, steep forest gorges overgrown with beech woods, the former summer residence of Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany in Kadyny, Elbląg's Pheasantry, privateer village of Suchacz or picturesquely situated Łęcze are interesting, worth seeing places on the route of a cycling track.
Frombork is a small town by the Vistula Lagoon (Vislinski Zaliv). A picturesque place and, due to numerous remnants of the past, full of mysterious charm. Since the end of the thirteenth century the seat of the Warmian cathedral and chapter. The town, established by a Lübeck law where the first settlers came from, has held a town charter since July 8, 1310. Sightseeing of Frombork is especially recommended on a summer Sunday, when the organ concerts are held in the archiepiscopal basilica www.frombork-festiwal.pl Next, you can go for delicious coffee and desserts to a cafe in a restored, sixteenth century water tower. You can also learn about the history of the discovery by Nicholas Copernicus in a museum named after him. You can see there the tools he used, or visit one of excellent period exhibitions www.frombork.art.pl You can also cross the Vistula Lagoon on a water bus cruise to the nearby Piaski.
Nearby Malbork is an ideal destination for an all-day trip aimed at visiting THE Teutonic Knights castle, which is one of the finest examples of medieval military and residential architecture in Europe. The rich collections of furniture, paintings, militaria, and learning the ins and outs of life in a medieval castle will be a significant attraction for adults, but also a delight to the youngest ones, especially a staged acquisition of a medieval castle that takes place annually during one of July's evenings www.zamek.malbork.pl/index.php?lang=en
Mennonite Religion came into being nearly five centuries ago in Switzerland and soon after in the Netherlands. Mennonites were present at the delta of the Vistula River from the sixties of the sixteenth century until the end of World War II. Having arrived at the exceptionally tolerant sixteenth-century Poland, they were involved in the process of developing depression wetlands of Żuławy. Today, hardly anyone knows who they were, where they came from and, most importantly, what exactly they did for this land, and what they did not do although they have been credited for. They left behind them, abandoned churches, cemeteries with their distinctive Mennonite stelae www.zulawy.info/index.htm
Cordially welcome to the Palace and Park Complex in Janów. Romantic events in the palace's historic venues. Bonfire feasts under red beeches emanating with power, strength and vitality.
'Palace in Janów" agro-tourism
1 Janów
82-310 Elblag, Poland
palac.janow@plusnet.pl
www.palacjanow.pl
Pasłęk, founded in 13th century by Dutch settlers is one of the most likely places where the Amber Chamber might be hidden. The vaults of the Teutonic castle have not been thoroughly explored yet. It is also worth listening to Baroque organs in the Gothic church of St. Bartholomew www.hildebrandt-paslek.pl Near Pasłęk, there is an interesting layout of palace and park in Kwitajny and the ruins of the place of residence of one of the most powerful families of Prussia – zu Dohna Family in Słobity www.slobity.com.pl
Rzeczna Stud Farm offers a pension for horses and equestrian trainings, which are run by qualified instructors of sports and recreation.
Stado Ogierów Starogard Gdański Sp. z o.o.
Rzeczna
14-400 Pasłęk
sekretariat@rzeczna.pl
www.rzeczna.pl
Vistula Lagoon, attractive in the summer for trying sea kayaking or in winter for iceboats sailing.
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text:
Alex Langstone
Lien Gwerin
ASH magazine archive
The Black Dog of Tregrehan
An old tale, re-imagined by Alex Langstone.
Tregrehan Mills, 1779.
It was a clear moonlit night in the narrow lanes at Tregrehan Mills, and a clandestine group of men were out poaching. Close to midnight they had gathered at an isolated trackway on the edge of the hamlet, not far from the boundary of the large estate owned by Lord Carlyon. Most of the men had cut across the fields from St Blazey, Boscoppa and Par and now gathered in the shadows of the ancient hedge. The old lane was brightly lit by the moon, and all was quiet.
One of the lads, a mere boy, was told to keep guard by the granite hedge, whilst the older men quickly dispersed in the neighbouring fields, looking for deer tracks under the soft silver light of the full moon. Sam was on the lookout for any intruders, and he had been instructed to raise the alarm if any strangers appeared in the vicinity. Though nervous, he was a seasoned lookout, and had been on many night-time errands before, be they poaching at Tregrehan or smuggling at Par. If it wasn't for these activities, Sam knew they would probably be starving, so it was all part of his regular routine.
Artwork copyright Paul Atlas-Saunders
Shortly after, Sam thought he heard a horse approaching, and he drew himself closer to the dark shadows cast by the tall hedge. He listened again, but the clattering sound had ceased. An owl hooted from the tree tops and another responded, their eerie avian conversation seemed to hang on the night air, in this ancient Cornish lane.
Sam's senses suddenly heightened, as again he heard the clatter of a horse approaching. This time he raised the alarm, as they could ill afford to be caught trespassing, let alone poaching. As his companions drew close to the shadows of the hedge, the sound grew louder., and the noisy clatter of hooves became much more distinct. They were all intrigued to see who was riding out so noisily on this fine moonlit night. However, a dire feeling of dread came over them all, as a very strange apparition manifested before them. Instead of a horse, there appeared a huge furry black beast, which looked like a large dog or small bear.
As the creature passed by the group, they all witnessed the wild monster with his demonic fiery eyes and large teeth, which struck terror into their hearts. What was this uncanny beast? Furthermore, the strange creature walked straight through a wooden gate, without any obstruction, as if it were a ghostly apparition or maybe a demon straight from hell.
Beyond the sturdy wooden gate, the strange black dog trotted off into the fields beyond. The men watched its monstrous spectral illuminated form for several minutes, and they continued to hear the strange nightmarish clattering of the ghost dog's hoof-like paws, which gradually seemed to fade into the disturbing shadows of the trees on the far side of the pasture.
The poachers decided to call it a night, and as they dispersed into smaller groups to head for their homes, the conversation was of confusion and fear, as they tried to understand what they had all witnessed in the lush fields and ancient woodlands of Tregrehan Mills on that fateful and haunted moonlit night.
Please see here for source material
This piece was first published in Lien Gwerin no. 2
© Alex Langstone
St Morwenna and Reverend Hawker
"...fair as the sea...."
July 8th is the feast of Morwenna, patron saint of the most northerly parish in Cornwall. Morwenstow lies six miles north of Bude and close to the source of the River Tamar. The story of Morwenna is, like so many of the Celtic saints, one of pilgrimage and the sacredness of place. Morwenna was born during the early part of the 6th century in South Wales. She is listed as one of the many children of Brychan, which would mean that she came from Brecon.
Holy well of St Morwenna
Her name is thought to be cognate with Welsh morwyn, meaning "maiden", and poetically as "fair as the sea". Her legend states that she trained in Ireland before coming to North Cornwall where she built her cell on the cliff top. The story goes that Morwenna carried all the building stones needed to build her hermitage from the beach far below. One day she dropped one large stone on her way back up the cliff path. Where the stone fell a miraculous spring gushed forth. The holy well of Morwenna can still be seen half way up the cliff, perched precariously overlooking the wild and stormy ocean. Morwenna is said to have died here, and her body was buried close to where the Norman church now stands. No story of Morwenstow is complete, however, without the mention of folklorist, antiquarian, poet and eccentric, the Reverend Robert Stephen Hawker, composer of the Cornish anthem, "Song of the Western Men" and remembered for re-introducing the harvest festival into the church calendar in October 1843, where bread was made from the last wheat harvest for the communion, and food was given to the poor.
Hawker has become part of the folklore of Morwenstow, and indeed he completely championed St Morwenna as patron of his parish. Sabine Baring Gould once called to question the reality of the story of Morwenna, and Hawker replied:
"What! Morwenna not lie in the holy place at Morwenstow! Of that you will never persuade me, -- no, never. I know that she lies there. I have seen her, and she has told me as much; and at her feet ere long I hope to lay my old bones."
St Morwenna's church, Morwenstow
Hawker arrived in Morwenstow in 1834 and spent the rest of his life in the parish. He earned a compassionate but eccentric reputation and he regularly attended ship wrecks at the nearby coast, where he helped the unfortunate sailors and buried the dead in the churchyard. The figurehead of the ship Caledonia, which foundered in September 1842, marks the grave in Morwenstow churchyard of five of the nine-man crew. There are two landmarks that are particularly associated with Hawker. He built a small hut on the cliff top from driftwood and wood from the wrecks of the Phoenix in January 1843 and the Alonzo in October of the same year. Here, in his look-out retreat, he would smoke opium, write poetry and entertain guests. He also built the beautiful and unusual vicarage behind the church with chimneys modelled on the towers of the churches in his life: Tamerton, where he had been curate; Morwenstow and Welcombe; plus, that of Magdalen College, Oxford. The old kitchen chimney is a replica of Hawker's mother's tomb. He often conducted his church services in an unorthodox way, walking among the parishioners, muttering the liturgy and allowing his many pet cats entry to the church to attend services, though he excommunicated one of them for catching a mouse on a Sunday. He had a strong sense of the supernatural, and frequently referred to his belief in demons, many of whom reputedly haunted Hawker. One famous account records a demon, who leapt out of the sea at Marsland Mouth, at twilight during a wild storm. Hawker put his horse to a wild gallop to escape from his demonic pursuer. Interestingly the stream that drains across this remote beach, called Marsland Water marks the far northern Cornish border and a small wooden sign stands proudly by the stream marking the Duchy's most northerly point. Another occasion at Marsland Mill, Hawker's path was crossed by a small brown demon who appeared from under the gorse. Hawker pursued the demon, but it quickly slipped out of sight and into the river. And he described the event as "a nameless and indescribable sensation".
Rev. Hawker's vicarage
He also used to communicate with St Morwenna, and regularly saw her inside the church, around the graveyard and on the cliff-top at Morwenstow. Hawker also had a vision of an angel in the church, by the rood screen door, whilst conducting a baptism. After some delay, Hawker announced that the angel had communicated that he was now the guardian angel of the child he had just baptised.
Hawker's hut on the cliffs at Morwenstow
In his younger days, Hawker is said to have dressed as a mermaid and sat on the rocks at Bude, he continued this practice until a local man threatened to go out and shoot the mermaid dead.
With all these tales in mind, it is easy to walk the ancient pathways around Morwenstow church and still feel the mighty presence of the Reverend Robert Stephen Hawker, and I for one am glad, as he was an eccentric visionary and a man of the people he served, who was always willing to help the poor and needy of the parish and beyond.
Reverend Robert Stephen Hawker
Article first published in Meyn Mamvro no. 96, Summer/Autumn 2018, as part of my regular Cornish Folklore column
Water Lore from Bodmin Moor
The wild and remote sheet of water that lies at the centre of the rugged granite heights of Bodmin Moor is an enchantingly eerie place. The only natural lake on the moor, its origins can be traced to glacial activity. However, as with many watery places in spectacular landscapes, Dozmary Pool has gathered some odd tales and fanciful folklore to its lonely shores.
The ghostly wild hunt is said to sometimes gather on the reedy shores of the lake, and Dozmary's version of this iconic and often repeated piece of folklore goes like this.
The epic lore of the wild hunt is linked to one of the most notorious characters of Cornish folklore – Jan Tregeagle. In this tale, Tregeagle had witnessed a loan of a huge sum of money from one man to another, shortly before his death. When the lender came to collect payment, the debtor denied all knowledge of the agreement, and the case was taken to court in Bodmin. Tregeagle had died by this time, and as he was the only witness, the moneylender cried out
"If Tregeagle ever saw it, I wish to God he would come and declare it!"
In a flash of lightning Tregeagle's ghost appeared and said
"It will not be such an easy task to get rid of me as it has been to call me!"
The debtor soon realised that his life was being haunted by Tregeagle's evil spirit, so he called in a ghost-laying priest to banish him, and eventually the priest managed to bind Tregeagle to the task of emptying Dozmary Pool with a leaky limpet shell. In legend, Dozmary Pool was regarded as bottomless, and has been haunted by Tregeagle ever since, as he tries to empty the pool with a leaky limpet shell, with a pack of demon hounds watching over him. When storms are brewing over the moor, it is said that Tregeagle and his pack of hounds fly across Bodmin Moor, imitating the ancient spectacle of the wild hunt.
Aside from the Tregeagle legend, the pool has other mysterious tales to tell. In the murky depths of the pool a powerful vortex is rumoured to exist, like an underground waterfall. This strange watery realm is reputed to be presided over by the Old Storm Woman, a ghostly moor-land mermaid figure who dwells in the cool peaty waters below the still surface of the lake. It is she who creates the winds which rip across the moor from the centre of the lake, as she gathers the power of the aqueous vortex; she blows the winds across eastern Cornwall from the dramatic cliffs of the north coast, across the granite tors to the lush river valleys in the south. Maybe the strange and seemingly out-of-place ancient carving of a mermaid, which resides in the parish church at nearby Linkinhorne, is an old half-forgotten reminder of her story?
The most famous legend associated with Dozmary Pool is that of Sir Bedevere casting Excalibur into the lake, where the Lady of the Lake receives Arthur's sword for safe keeping. Maybe the Storm Woman Mermaid and the Lady of the Lake are one and the same? The pool is also the legendary source of the Fowey River, though the actual source is at Fenton Fowi on the slopes of Brown Willy a few miles to the north, and a moorland folk-tale suggests that if anything is sucked into the vortex of Dozmary, it will resurface in Fowey Harbour.
The River Fowey, from its folkloric source at Dozmary Pool, wends its way southwards, across boggy mires and through deep moorland ravines until reaching the southern coast at the ancient sea port of old Fowey Town. The most famous ravine associated with the river is at Golitha Falls, where the river tumbles noisily and sometimes ferociously, away from the moorland heights to the lower levels, where the quiet water meadows gradually give way to the salty creeks and the broad deep estuary, once the scene for nefarious pirate activities of the Fowey Gallants.
The gorge at Golitha offers fantastic walks by the river. The woodland here is mainly of Beech, and gives us a clue to the rivers name and meaning. Fowey, from the Cornish Fowi meaning the 'beech tree river'. The waterfall and surrounding woods are reputedly haunted by King Doniert (Donyarth) who died in 875 AD and was the last Cornish king. He is said to have drowned in the lower falls. His stone memorial can be viewed nearby at St Cleer.
The ghostly figure of a white lady has been seen on the road running through the Draynes Valley, close to Golitha. Most often seen by motorists travelling after dark, she looms up out of a mist in the middle of the road, and it is rumoured that she appears to warn drivers of the dangers of driving on this road at night. 'White ladies' are renowned folktale manifestations at waterfalls, and it is possible that this particular 'white lady' may be connected to the nearby falls. The woods and waterfall are also haunted by the ghostly tapping of copper miners, who are often heard working the lodes of the historic Wheal Victoria Copper Mine, and strange whispers, cries and moans have been heard close to the falls after dark, maybe it's the secretive chatter of the Pobel Vean, the little people or piskies, who are said to dwell within the hidden parts of the landscape; in the rock crevices, holy wells, caves, remote valleys, rugged hilltops and the old mines of the moor and coast.
Originally published in Meyn Mamvro no 94, Autumn/Winter 2017, as part of my regular folklore column.
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The romantic and much visited Lake District of northern England has many legends and folklore tales to tell, many are well known and much pu...
Enquiring Eye 6
The latest edition of The Enquiring Eye is now available, with many interesting articles, including a great overview of ghost hunter and fo...
Folklore of Cornish Holy Wells
This is the transcript of a talk I presented at the "Magic and Folklore" conference, hosted by the Museum of Witchcraft and Magic ...
The Screaming Skull of Tresmarrow
The Screaming Skull of Tresmarrow Alex Langstone The legends and paranormal activity of the screaming skull stories form a fascinating par...
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The Folkloric Tradition of the Cornish Bunch Alex Langstone The Cornish Bunch is a lovely old custom, that allows us to easily make someth...
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Major fun, minor key
MRU Conservatory is putting a Klezmer ensemble together
Mount Royal Conservatory instructor Frank Rackow (clarinet) plays with The Black Sea. Greg Rumpel (accordion), Robin Tufts (drums) and Jonathan Lewis (violin).
Summertime is wedding season.
From the ceremony to the reception, every wedding celebration involves a variety of cultural and musical traditions. At many nuptials, Jewish or not, the band or DJ will play a subconsciously familiar song like "Hava Nagila," a tune that always gets the wedding guests on the dance floor. What most people don't know, however, is that "Hava Nagila" is an example of Klezmer music, a style that Conservatory instructor Frank Rackow wants to bring more attention to.
"Klezmer is the wedding music of the eastern European Ashkenazi Jews," Rackow states. "From Russia down to the Black Sea, Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, up through Poland … (Klezmer) uses traditional Jewish musical modes that are very similar to Middle Eastern ones."
While most on the dance floor might not be thinking through the musical theory behind such catchy festive favourites, Rackow does. "It's Phrygian dominant harmony for those in the know." He smiles and simplifies. "It's joyful music in a minor key."
This wedding season, Mount Royal University Conservatory is offering to build a band with the Klezmer Ensemble Class, running weekly on Thursdays from Sept. 28 to Nov. 2.
Despite not being mainstream fare for all instruments, Rackow says that the form, like the class, is musically inclusive. He identifies that, "The classic instruments have come to be clarinet, violin, accordion, percussion and trumpet. But you can play Klezmer music on any string, brass, wind, and percussion instrument. You can have electric guitar, electric bass … anything."
Traditionally, the Yiddish word klezmer refers to a person who plays Jewish music. "A direct translation," Rackow says, "would be 'instruments or vessels of song.'" The klezmers were an important component in life celebrations like Bar Mitzvahs and weddings, playing a role in the narrative of the celebration.
No stranger to these types of gigs, Rackow, who is a part-time CBC broadcaster and a founding member of Calgary's KlezMerovitz band, is an active musician in the community. As the ensemble's versatile clarinettist and saxophonist, he often has to carry the melody of the songs, so he's connected with the story.
One of his favourites is called the "Broyges Tanz." He explains, "It's a dance of anger and reconciliation where the two mothers-in-law would circle and pretend to work out their issues about their concerns for their children's marriage success."
Despite the drama involved, the band stays tight.
For those considering entering the program, Rackow suggests, "The ideal student would have about an intermediate level of playing on their instrument. Some good sight-reading ability and some ear is required because a lot of it isn't written out. For instance, a doina suite structure could involve some improvisation at the top, then transition into a 3/8 time signature, then into an up-tempo dance."
Edmond Agopian agrees. As the conductor of MRU Conservatory's Calgary Youth Orchestra, he always has his ear out for developing new talent, and one of his fortés is Klezmer music.
"Approximately fifteen years ago I arranged a number of Klezmer tunes for the UCalgary String Quartet. We took that repertoire on tour to Europe and we recorded it on the American label MSR Classics." The recording, titled, "Far Behind I Left My Country - Klezmer and East European Folk Music - Arranged and Composed by Edmond Agopian," was nominated for the Instrumental Group of the Year Award at the Canadian Folk Music Awards and at the Western Canadian Music Awards."
Agopian adds, "Two years ago, I arranged more Klezmer tunes for band and full orchestra and performed those arrangements with the Calgary Youth Orchestra at the Bella Concert Hall."
It's important for an emerging musician to train in many musical styles. Agopian contextualizes, "Klezmer music has been a component in the musical language of a number of classical composers, including Mahler and Shostakovich, and therefore is an important part of general music education."
It's more than studying the notes on the page. Agopian says, "The Klezmer style is about soulful, emotional playing as well as dazzling, exciting and rhythmic playing, and therefore it's a great way to improve one's ability to express musically, to play with excitement, to learn to improvise and embellish and to achieve higher levels of technical mastery on the instrument."
These soon-to-be well-rounded student klezmers (musicians), like The Conservatory itself, will thrive on the diversity of the offering.
The incorporation of diverse musical styles is a strong focus for The Conservatory. It is obviously something Rackow lives and breathes, as his new ensemble is called The Black Sea, which he describes as "a fusion of Klezmer and middle eastern music."
He explains, "I'm working with a lot of Middle Eastern musicians from Iran, Lebanon and Turkey and finding a lot of commonality between the different musical traditions. And it's a lot of fun."
Rackow applauds this fall's diverse musical offerings at the Taylor Centre for the Performing Arts. "It's great to see The Conservatory opening up and embracing diverse music like Taiko Drumming and Hindustani song. I think for a lot of people that have some classical training, it frees you up."
Agopian also endorses the marriage of eastern music meeting western instruction. He adds, "It's a reflection of Canada's multicultural musical fabric."
So, during this wedding season, for the sake of everyone forced to listen to the "Summer Lovin' Medley" at every reception, please consider enrolling.
Join in the fun! Learn more about The Conservatory's Klezmer Ensemble.
August 2, 2017 — Jonathan Love
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I'm really hoping the title explains it all, but if you need more explanation, then here it is. Marinara sauce that tastes authentic, light, flavorful, and using just 5 ingredients.
If there's one recipe everyone should know by the time they're 30, it's how to make your own sauce. Store bought jars of sauce are full of sugar, and the ones that aren't are super expensive.
Of course it's good to always have a jar on hand for when time gets tight, but once you learn how to make this easy marinara, you may never buy store bought jarred sauce again. Marinara sauce is great stored in the freezer too, so you can always make big batches to freeze for later meals.
It is also important to note that you should be using a heavy-bottomed ceramic or non-stick pot, but not a metal pot. Metal will offset the flavors of the tomatoes, leaving you with a different tasting sauce.
I use seven or eight cloves of garlic, mainly because I love it, but also because it gives the sauce so much flavor.
I also take half of a yellow onion for every 4 cans of sauce and dice it up as finely as possible. The onions, when simmered in the butter and oil, give the sauce a little bit of sweetness.
Using a really high quality olive oil, coat the entire pan with the oil, enough to make a thin layer across the bottom of the pan, and warm it over medium-high heat along with 2 tablespoons of unsalted butter. Once the butter melts, then add your garlic, onion and a pinch of salt. Once the onions and garlic have softened and become translucent, it's time to add the tomato paste.
Stir the tomato paste to combine with the onion and garlic, then carefully pour in the crushed tomatoes, salt and sliced fresh basil.
Let everything simmer together over very low heat for at least 30 minutes to an hour. Taste test for salt, which you will probably need more of, and then serve!
This is also great to freeze in smaller containers for meals later on, and like any sauce, stew or soup, this sauce will always taste even better the next day, once the flavors have really melted together.
Heat a heavy bottomed, ceramic pot with the oil and butter over medium-high. Once the butter melts, add the garlic, onion and a pinch of salt. After the onions have softened and become translucent, stir in the tomato paste.
Carefully pour in the tomatoes, about 1 teaspoon of salt, the red pepper flakes if you're using them and the basil into the pot, stir, and turn the heat down to low to let everything simmer together for at least 30 minutes - 1 hour.
Serve immediately, store in the fridge up to 3 days or freeze for later use.


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The Czech Republic, also known by its short-form name Czechia and formerly known as Bohemia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the southeast. The Czech Republic has a hilly landscape that covers an area of 78,871 square kilometers (30,452 sq mi) with a mostly temperate continental and oceanic climate.
The Duchy of Bohemia was founded in the late 9th century under Great Moravia. It was formally recognized as an Imperial State of the Holy Roman Empire in 1002 and became a kingdom in 1198. Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the whole Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy. The Protestant Bohemian Revolt led to the Thirty Years' War. After the Battle of the White Mountain, the Habsburgs consolidated their rule. With the dissolution of the Holy Empire in 1806, the Crown lands became part of the Austrian Empire.
In the 19th century, the Czech lands became more industrialized, and in 1918 most of it became part of the First Czechoslovak Republic following the collapse of Austria-Hungary after World War I. Czechoslovakia was the only country in Central and Eastern Europe to remain a parliamentary democracy during the entirety of the interwar period. After the Munich Agreement in 1938, Nazi Germany systematically took control over the Czech lands. Czechoslovakia was restored in 1945 and became an Eastern Bloc communist state following a coup d'état in 1948. Attempts at a liberalization of the government and economy were suppressed by a Soviet-led invasion of the country during the Prague Spring in 1968. In November 1989, the Velvet Revolution ended communist rule in the country, and on 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia was dissolved, with its constituent states becoming the independent states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
The Czech Republic is a unitary parliamentary republic and developed country with an advanced, high-income social market economy. It is a welfare state with a European social model, universal health care and tuition-free university education. It ranks 12th in the UN inequality-adjusted human development and 24th in the World Bank Human Capital Index. It ranks as the 9th safest and most peaceful country and 31st in democratic governance. The Czech Republic is a member of NATO, the EU, OECD, OSCE, and the CoE.
Eastern Europe rank:
Eastern Europe Avg. Ratifications:
Europe Union rank:
Europe Union Avg. Ratifications:
Transition economy rank:
Transition economy Avg. Ratifications:
Sale of Goods 3/5 (60.00%) 81.82% 25.00% 2 Strong
Total 3 13.04% 9.00% 63 Strong
Customs Cooperation 3/6 (50.00%) 60.00% 26.00% 4 Strong
Exemption from Duties 7/9 (77.78%) 77.78% 30.00% 6 Strong
Temporary Admission 6/11 (54.55%) 58.82% 28.00% 34 Strong
Transit 3/4 (75.00%) 100.00% 28.00% 1 Strong
Total 21 71.74% 31.00% 20 Strong
Judicial cooperation 5/5 (100.00%) 100.00% 36.00% 1 Strong
State court jurisdiction 1/4 (25.00%) 100.00% 14.00% 1 Strong
State immunities 1/1 (100.00%) 100.00% 11.00% 1 Strong
Energy 2/2 (100.00%) 100.00% 25.00% 1 Strong
Flora and fauna 7/10 (70.00%) 76.09% 68.00% 46 Strong
Foodstuff 2/2 (100.00%) 100.00% 79.00% 1 Strong
Maritime and Law of the Sea 8/26 (30.77%) 41.30% 46.00% 118 Weak
Protected geographical areas 1/1 (100.00%) 100.00% 27.00% 1 Strong
Total 27 63.02% 61.00% 94 Weak
International guarantees 0/3 0.00% 20.00% 75 Weak
Total 0 0.00% 12.00% 117 Weak
Corruption 3/4 (75.00%) 75.00% 50.00% 6 Strong
Cultural Property 2/4 (50.00%) 50.00% 54.00% 61 Weak
Insider Trading 1/1 (100.00%) 100.00% 4.00% 1 Strong
Dispute Resolution 1/1 (100.00%) 100.00% 39.00% 1 Strong
International Trade Law 10/10 (100.00%) 100.00% 73.00% 1 Strong
Trade support institutions 5/6 (83.33%) 83.33% 51.00% 29 Strong
Broadcasting 1/1 (100.00%) 100.00% 47.00% 1 Strong
Copyright 3/3 (100.00%) 100.00% 65.00% 1 Strong
Industrial designs 1/2 (50.00%) 37.50% 31.00% 64 Strong
Neighboring Rights 3/3 (100.00%) 100.00% 46.00% 1 Strong
Origin 2/3 (66.67%) 66.67% 14.00% 7 Strong
Patents 4/5 (80.00%) 85.71% 57.00% 30 Strong
Varieties of plants 1/1 (100.00%) 100.00% 37.00% 1 Strong
Air transport 6/7 (85.71%) 85.71% 59.00% 47 Strong
Aircrafts and civil aviation 6/9 (66.67%) 88.00% 74.00% 37 Strong
Maritime transport 4/12 (33.33%) 33.33% 27.00% 55 Strong
Rail transport 3/3 (100.00%) 100.00% 22.00% 1 Strong
Road transport 4/4 (100.00%) 100.00% 31.00% 1 Strong
Space 3/4 (75.00%) 83.33% 40.00% 16 Strong
General 3/4 (75.00%) 91.67% 30.00% 4 Strong
Plurilateral Agreements 1/2 (50.00%) 50.00% 18.00% 26 Strong


text:
Make it a Real Super Bowl Sunday – Buy Life Insurance
By McKenzy Bowers | February 2, 2017
On Super Bowl Sunday, think about doing something really super…getting life insurance.
This Sunday, the New England Patriots will play the Atlanta Falcons in Super Bowl LI at NRG Stadium in Houston, Texas. Like the other 50 Super Bowl Sundays before it, this event should be, well, super.
But there's another important "super" game out there. And this particular "game" doesn't require you to wear a heavy padded uniform and protective helmet. But to be good at this game, you need to know the rules…and play to win.
What "game" are we talking about? The game of life insurance! In this game, as in the game of football, there are winners…and there are losers. But to win in this game, you just have to do one thing right. And it's really quite simple. All you have to do is…die with your policy in force. That's it. Just six little words. But they are powerful words, indeed.
Now, the life insurance companies pray that you never learn how to play this game to win. But if you can memorize this one play, you can save a boatload of money on your next life insurance policy.
And all you have to do to keep your policy "in force"…is pay your premiums on time. Pretty simply, huh? If you do that, you win…and the insurance company loses. Why? Because if you die with your policy not in force (ergo, the policy lapses, for whatever reason), the insurance company is under no obligation to pay your family one red cent of your death benefit.
So to summarize, the key to winning the game of life insurance is keeping your policy up-to-date and in force. At AccuQuote, we think that's a winning strategy that's just super.
For over 30 years, AccuQuote has been helping people save big money on their life insurance. Our fierce independence means you'll get the best values and most competitive life insurance quotes in the marketplace. We can only represent the top-rated, brand-name insurance companies that you know and trust.
If you would like to learn more about how to win the game of life insurance, watch this video.
For more information on this topic, call AccuQuote at 800-442-9899.


Made by taking air runes and an air talisman to a water altar with pure essence or taking water runes and a water talisman to an air altar with pure essence. They can also be bought at the Mage Training Arena for 1 Telekinetic, 1 Alchemist, 15 Enchantment and 1 Graveyard Pizazz Points.
Counts as one air rune AND one water rune when casting spells.
Requires lvl 6 runecrafting to make.
A combined Air and Water Rune.
This Data was submitted by: Im4eversmart, S Pellegrino, Palynn, mega mike1, The Peleton, Helios64, Maonzhi, vineousjr, Radmite, shebok10, and Crablogger.


To understand Quality, Environment Occupational Health and Safety Management System awareness as well as internal audit as per ISO 9001:2015, ISO 14001:2015 and ISO 45001:2018 standards requirements, Global Certification Consultancy has introduced IMS Awareness & Internal Auditor Training Presentation Kit. Integrating the three systems (QMS, EMS and OH&SMS) into one and sharing the common clauses and procedures often gives more efficiency. Considering this, we have created our training presentation kit to simplify the implementation of the integrated system in an organization. By implementing Integrated Management System (IMS), the performance of the employees can be improved which helps in reducing cost of production and maintaining quality of products. Our IMS certification consultancy and IMS awareness and auditor training kit is beneficial for companies that want to implement the IMS and get certification as per ISO 9001:2015, ISO 14001:2015 and ISO 45001:2018 from international certifying bodies.
Integrated Management System (IMS) Awareness & Auditor Training Presentation Kit is prepared by a team of highly qualified management professionals and experienced consultants having rich experience of implementation of QMS, EMS and OH&SMS, internal audit and certification as per ISO 9001:2015, ISO 14001:2015 and ISO 45001:2018 requirements. This training presentation slides are extremely useful while conducting corporate training on integrated management system auditing within the organization or any work area. We have used it to conduct awareness training programs on IMS for our clients and helped them in successful implementation of integrated management system within their organizations. Our PowerPoint slides are in editable format.
IMS Awareness and Auditor Training Presentation Kit contains more than 510 slides of ppt presentation and handouts of literature for participants. These handouts aid further learning and understanding of participants.
Our IMS training kit is written in easy-to-understand language.
The soft copy of presentation and hand-outs are given in editable formats. One can edit them as per their own requirements.
Handouts are written in MS Word 2007 and Presentation Slides are prepared in PowerPoint 2007.
Because of completely editable presentation, the kit is time-saving and cost-saving to create a new presentation for own use.
Many companies are implementing IMS and getting benefits of ISO 9001, ISO 14001, ISO 45001 integration certification as an improved IMS in day-to-day life.
In the preparation of training kits, the content has been verified and evaluated at various levels of our team. More than 1000 hours are spent in the preparation of this training presentation kit.
Our training kit is prepared by the globally proven team of leading consultant.


The Lily Cup Compact is the world's first collapsible menstrual cup with a compact, go-anywhere design that allows it to fit neatly into its protective case. Made of the smoothest medical-grade silicone, the Lily Cup Compact is ultra-soft to the touch. It is hypoallergenic, phthalate- and BPA-free.
Stem can be trimmed only to just at the 3rd ring – maximum. Remove any more and you risk puncturing the cup and making it unusable. See image for guide on trimming the stem.


As many of you know, we currently have the following performers confirmed: Langhorne Slim, Rayland Baxter, Rorey Carroll, Patrick & The Swayzees, and The Skank. We are also awaiting confirmations from a few additional national acts and we'll round the schedules out with more of your favorite local bands.
Right now we are only selling the two-day all-access "Coast Crew" passes (for $100) which get you into any and all shows. This option is, of course, the best value and you won't be kicking yourselves for missing any of the amazing performances. They are available for purchase at The COAST Outpost, 803 Whitehead Street this weekend — through Sunday 11/22. Then starting Monday, we will put any remaining tickets on-line, right here on our website.
Once the all-access passes are sold-out, we will offer Friday-only passes for the Stock Island shows.
11am at The COAST Outpost, 803 Whitehead Street: Will-call opens for folks picking up passes, t-shirts, coozies, etc.
4pm at The COAST Outpost: Small backyard poolside show for any all-access pass holders to officially open the festival.
6:30-8:30pm at Blue Heaven: Local act for dinner crowd and all-access pass holders on the small stage.
9:15-10:45pm at Blue Heaven: National performers on the back stage at Blue Heaven. Open only to all-access pass holders due to capacity limitations. Ticket price would be $30 for this show alone, but at the moment only those will all-access will be admitted.
4:00pm at Hogfish: Will-call and happy hour local opening act for any all-access or Friday-only pass holders.
5:30-6:15pm at COAST: Local act on the front stage at COAST.
6:30-7:30pm: National act on the main stage at COAST.
7:30-8:00pm: Local act on the front stage at COAST.
8:00-9:15pm: National act on the main stage at COAST.
9:30pm-11:00pm: National act on mainstage at COAST.
Again, this is what we know for now, but as we make more confirmations and refine the schedule, we will let everyone know what's going on.


Why should you buy from Smart Motorz???
This is a family owned business that was established on 2013. Our principals are simple, we treat our clients exactly the way we would like to be treated. So we buy every single vehicle as if we are going to own it, and before we sell it, we do a full service so you can call it a CPO ( Certified Pre Owned ).
With Smart Motorz, you can be rest assured about our vehicles quality and dependability. We Don't just try to bring a buyer, instead we build a long lasting relationship.
Also at Smart Motorz we Offer a Complimentary oil changes for as long as you own the vehicle.
The advertised price does not include taxes, licencing, nor $150 negotiable fee.
Visit Smart Motorz online at www.smartmotorz.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 253-236-8984 today to schedule an appointment.


text:
Q: Find all finite dimensional simple quotients of a possibly infinite dimensional Lie algebra generated by three elements Let $\mathfrak{g}$ be the (possibly infinite dimensional) Lie algebra over $\mathbb{C}$ with three generators $a,b,c\in \mathfrak{g}$ and defining relations
\begin{align}
[a,[a,b]]=b, &&& [b,[b,a]]=a \tag{1}\label{1} \\
[b,[b,c]]=c, &&& [c,[c,b]]=b \tag{2}\label{2} \\
[c,[c,a]]=a, &&& [a,[a,c]]=c. \tag{3}\label{3}
\end{align}
Question: what are all possible finite-dimensional simple quotient Lie algebras of $\mathfrak{g}$?
I already know two solutions:
(a) quotient over $c=i[a,b]$, and we get $\mathfrak{sl}(2)$.
(b) $\mathfrak{sl}(3)$, in which (using fundamental representation) $a=e_{12}+e_{21}, b=e_{23}+e_{32}, c=e_{13}+e_{31}$.
I want to know if there are any other possibilities.

A: This isn't exactly an answer to your question (as I'm not sure the answer is known), but hopefully it is a helpful extended comment. Your Lie algebra is isomorphic to the fixed point subalgebra of the affine Lie algebra $\widetilde{\mathfrak{sl}_3}$ under a Cartan involution. This is a result of Berman, see On generators and relations for certain involutory subalgebras of Kac–
Moody Lie algebras, Comm. Alg. 17 (1989) 3165-3185.
To explain: let ${\mathfrak g}$ be a simply-laced Kac–Moody Lie algebra with basis of simple positive roots $\Delta$; let $e_{\pm\alpha}$, $\alpha\in\Delta$ be generators (of the derived subalgebra of ${\mathfrak g}$) and let $\theta:{\mathfrak g}\rightarrow{\mathfrak g}$ be the involution which swaps $e_\alpha$ and $e_{-\alpha}$ and which acts as $-1$ on the Cartan subalgebra. Then Berman showed that the fixed point subalgebra ${\mathfrak k}$ is generated by $X_\alpha=e_\alpha+e_{-\alpha}$, with relations:
$$[X_\alpha,[X_\alpha,X_\beta]]=X_\beta\;\;\mbox{if $\alpha+\beta$ a root}, \; [X_\alpha,X_\beta]=0\;\;\mbox{otherwise.}$$
So your relations are exactly those for $X_\alpha,X_\beta,X_\gamma$ when $\{ \alpha,\beta,\gamma\}$ is a basis of simple positive roots in the untwisted affine $A_2$ root system.
If ${\mathfrak g}$ is a simple Lie algebra then the fixed point subalgebra for an involution (indeed, any periodic automorphism) is a reductive subalgebra of ${\mathfrak g}$. But there is no analogous property for arbitrary Kac–Moody Lie algebras.
There has been some recent interest in these isotropy subalgebras for infinite-dimensional Kac–Moody algebras (interest coming from Physics). As a starting point, see the recent papers of Ralf Köhl and his collaborators.
Note that in the case of an untwisted affine Lie algebra, it changes nothing to take the fixed points in the loop algebra ${\mathfrak g}_0\otimes {\mathbb C}[t,t^{-1}]$ where ${\mathfrak g}_0$ is the corresponding finite-dimensional simple Lie algebra. (In your case ${\mathfrak g}_0=\mathfrak{sl}_3$.) Then there is a symmetric (i.e. eigen-)space decomposition: ${\mathfrak g}_0={\mathfrak k}_0\oplus{\mathfrak p}_0$ for the action of $\theta$, and
$${\mathfrak k}={\mathfrak k}_0\otimes {\mathbb C}[t+t^{-1}]\oplus {\mathfrak p}_0\otimes (t-t^{-1}){\mathbb C}[t+t^{-1}].$$
I'm not sure, however, whether this observation provides an answer to your question. The affine case is the focus of a recent preprint of Kleinschmidt, Köhl, Lautenbacher and Nicolai, see Representations of involutory subalgebras of affine Kac–Moody algebras.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Obama is running probably the most cynical campaign in recent memory. At Obama's hands, Romney is suffering the worst treatment a presidential candidate has gotten from an opponent since Gov. Al Smith was ripped to pieces by anti-Catholic operatives in 1928 giving Herbert Hoover an easy White House win. Obama and his surrogates are simply throwing one provably false claim after another at Romney in the hopes that uninformed people will not know the difference.
Take former White House spokesman Ben LaBolt, for instance. Recently he threw out the claim that Romney is the "most secretive candidate we've seen since Richard Nixon" (See video HERE). This claim is simply untrue. In truth, the most secretive candidate in American history is Barack Obama.
When Obama ran for the White House in 2008 much of his life was a complete unknown to us. That hasn't changed. For one thing, we have none of his records when he was a student at Columbia. Also few people from his past have come forward with their reminiscences of him — causing doubt that even what we think we know of him is questionable. In fact, much of Obama's life that the Old Media thinks it knows all about is simply taken verbatim from the President's own autobiography, stories that are hard to verify. Then again, some of the stories in his book are being systematically disproven.
So, what do we really know about Obama? Not much as it turns out. Worse, Obama is not very interested in telling us about any of it, either. He's stonewalled any attempts to dig into his past, refusing to release all kinds of documents about his life.
Another lie that Obama has recently thrown out there in the hopes that it will stick is the accusation that Romney is a "felon" for his post Bain Capital career. This lie is based on a willful ignorance of securities law. Even some Obama supporters are cringing at this lie.
Obama and his surrogates are also pushing the claim that Obama is suddenly the underdog in fundraising saying that Romney is out raising him. This false claim has served as the basis for "emergency" fundraising letters from the Democrats and has served as fodder for TV newsers everywhere. But this claim that Romney is out raising Obama is a provable lie.
Obama has also been using his stimulus policies to show that he's somehow fixed America. One of the lies on this subject from only a few months ago was Obama's claim that his stimulus money went to repair bridges across the Ohio River. The fact is, not a single penny of his so-called stimulus went to a single bridge over the Ohio. Obama has ladled out this lie several times to fool people into thinking his stimulus actually did anyone (but unions) any good.
Then there is Obama's claim that he's cut taxes. Even the Washington Post, a left-wing newspaper, said Obama was lying on that one.
There are many, many more of course, but these will serve to show a pattern of how Obama and his campaign are engaged in the most cynical campaign in recent American history. In each and every case of the above lies, Obama knows the truth. He simply doesn't care what the truth is. He and his campaign imagine that if they throw enough lies at the American public, some or many will stick quite regardless of whether they are true or not.


Genome sequencing efforts of the last decade have revealed how little is known about the relationship between DNA sequences and biological functions. In the best genetically characterized organisms, a third of the genes have no assigned function. Systematic approaches such as functional and structural genomics can lead to elucidation of some functions, especially if they are functions similar to currently understood activities. However, analysis of the literature reveals many known enzymatic activities or pathways for which the cognate genes remain unknown. Identification of "missing" genes by comparative genomics is a powerful way to link genes to function. The development of bioinformatic platforms that are freely available such as SEED, STRING, or COG have now allowed such strategies to become more efficient.
Post-transcriptional modification of the four canonical nucleosides is characteristic of both tRNA and rRNA. Some modifications are specific to one kingdom while others are universal and roughly 50% of the RNA modification genes are still to be identified. By combining occurrence-profiling, chromosome-clustering and homology searches, candidates for missing functions can be proposed. These predictions are then tested experimentally. Using such methods we identified several new families such as the tRNA 5,6-dihydrouridine synthase family (J. Biol. Chem 277, 25090-25095 (2002)) involved in a very common modification found in all kingdoms of life. More recently the whole pathway for synthesis of the queuine precursor, 7-aminoethyl 7-deazaguanine (preq1) from GTP was discovered (J. Biol. Chem 279, 6280-6285 (2004)). The presence of orthologs of these genes in Archaea suggest the biosynthesis pathway for the common precursor of queuosine and archaeosine, 7-cyano-7-deazaguanine (preQ0) was discovered. This pathway might have also been utilized by Streptomyces sp. to synthesize the structurally related antibiotics toyacamycin and tubercidin. Gene candidates for other tRNA modifications enzymes involved in the synthesis of Wyeosine, and N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine will be discussed. The comparative genomic strategies presented in these studies can be used to find missing genes in other pathways.


The Royal Berkshire 10K in Reading is a great race for all runners, It's a fast single lap 10K race suitable both club athletes looking for a new PB and newer runners looking for a flat, friendly, relaxed race with a generous cut off time . We also have Ali and his pace runner team on hand to help you reach your target time.
Our lovely lakeside event village is full of music, flags and entertainment, it's an ideal family event with time to jog round with the kids before you run your own race, then picnic by the lake.
Our Mini Mile and 3K Mini Marathon races take place within the safe environment of Green Park. Around 1200 children take part in the two races supported by their friends, families and schools.
There are free t-shirts, great medals and automatic entry into the Royal Berkshire Schools Challenge. *The suggested age range for the Mini Mile is 4 – 8 years and 9 – 14 years for the Mini Marathon. Parents can run free with their children but can also enter if they would like to receive the t-shirt and medal. The 3K race is also open to adults who might like to have a go at their first running race or would prefer a shorter distance than 10K.
The Green Park Schools Awards Evening takes place a couple of weeks after the races.
Awards are made to the top 3 girls and boys in the Mini Mile for age groups 4/5 5/6 & 7/8 and in the Mini Marathon for 9/10 11/12 & 13/14 there are also awards in each age group for schools with the best 3 runners from the school to score. In 2018 The Mayor of Reading, X Factors Danyl Johnson and Green Parks Rory Carson presented.


The Golf Psychology Podcast: Are the Putting 'Yips' Mental or Physical?
Are the Putting 'Yips' Mental or Physical?
In this week's golf psychology session, mental game of golf expert, Dr. Cohn, answers a question from a play on whether the "yips" are mental of psychical. Many golfers struggle with the yips during competitive rounds, which can be detrimental to their mental game. Listen to this week's podcast and learn how to overcome the yips and perform with golf confidence.


text:
Q: Setting namespace of a GitLab repository This is my Ruby script for GitLab API, I'm doing commits and pushes with it: https://github.com/ivanove/my_works/blob/master/Create-Repo.rb
I'm using CURL inside of it to make requests.
So the question is, how can I set namespace of repository when it's created?
This is the command I use:
cmd = %Q<curl -H "Content-Type:application/json" http://#{@host}/api/v3/projects?private_token=#{@token} -d '{"name":"#{name}","visibility_level":20,"namespace_id":"group-from-1"}'>

I added namespace_id from GitLab Documentation, but it doesn't work.


On behalf of the Woodland Police Department, I would like to welcome you to our website and thank you for your interest in our department. I hope you find the resources you need, but please do not hesitate to call us if you need further assistance or would like to speak, in-person, to one of the members of our department.
It is truly my honor and privilege to serve as the Woodland Police Department's (WPD) Chief of Police and represent the members of my department who are dedicated to service and partnering with our community to maintain a safe environment with a high quality of life. We strive to accomplish our mission through our core departmental values: the highest standards of honesty and ethical conduct, through compassionate service, a comprehensive community relations program to enhance visibility and trust and professionalism through teamwork, creativity, transparency and continuous education.
By working together with our residents, volunteers, business owners, faith-based community, school district partners and other city departments, we have created a safe environment in which to live, work and play. We will remain vigilant and dedicated to protecting and serving you.


San Francisco-born, I grew up on Guam. After earning my BA in Anthropology, I worked for 19 years in a law office writing trial memoranda and appeal briefs, doing land title examinations, pursuing photography part-time, while hosting a Jazz & Blues program on various AM and FM stations for 9 years.
Self-taught in Yiddish, I went back to school when I came to the Washington metro area, earning an MA and PhD in American Studies studying the Yiddish press and acculturation of women immigrants. I am presently toiling to revise the manuscript based on the dissertation in hopes of publication. I am the Associate Editor for Connecticut Public Records, Vols XXI-XXII; and a Yiddish-to-English translator.
I served as editor for the newsletter and later the small magazine of Yiddish of Greater Washington for more than a decade, continue to serve on its Board, as well as that of Operation Understanding-DC.
Associate Editor, Vol. XXI & XXII of the _Connecticut State Reports_.
Forthcoming: Book review of Animals in the Third Reich, by Boria Sax. The Independent Scholar 2, 1 (2016).
Book review of Pastrami on Rye: An Overstuffed History of the Jewish Deli, by Ted Merwin. American Studies 55, 1 (Spring 2016): 164-165.
Book review of Constructing Ethnicity in an Age of Globalization, edited by Amanda J. Haste and James Block. The Independent Scholar 1 (2015): 51-52.
Book review of _The Call of Bilal: Islam in the African Diaspora_, by Edward E. Curtis IV. Journal of American Studies 54, 1 (2015): 160-161.
Book review of _Policing Sexuality: The Mann Act and the Making of the FBI_, by Jessica R. Pilely. Journal of American Studies 54,2 (2015): 37-38.
"Aaron (T-Bone) Walker" and "Johnny Otis" in _Music in American Life:: An Encyclopedia of the Songs, Styles, Stars, and Stories That Shaped Our Culture_, edited by Jacqueline Edmondson (Santa Barbara: Greenwood Press, ABNC-CLIO, 2013).
Book review of Catskill Culture: A Mountain Rat's Memories of the Great Jewish Resort Area, by Phil Brown. Journal of American Ethnic History 24, 1 (Fall 2004): 135-136.
"Log Cabins." In _Dictionary of American History_, Third edition, edited by Stanley I. Kutler, Vol. 5, revising original entry by Alvin F. Harlow, 145. NY: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2003.
"Sheffield Scientific School." In _Dictionary of American History_, Third edition, edited by Stanley I. Kutler, Vol. 7, revising original entry by Elizabeth H. Thomson, 340. NY: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2003.
"Historishe shablonen oder historisher emes?" - "Clichéd History or Historical Truth?" - Part 1. In _AFN SHVEL_ 299 (July-Sept. 1995): 1-6 [Yiddish]. A polemic against historical distortions presented by Prof. Oscar Handlin, concerning American Jews, Anti-Semitism, and American Jewish reactions to the Hitler regime before Pearl Harbor.
"Freie Arbeter Shtime," _Cienfuegos Press Anarchist Review_ 5 (Scotland, 1978). Obituary of a newspaper. Now online at the Kate Sharpley Library, http:// www.katesharpleylibrary.net/7wm3tf.
"Introduction" to reprint of Albert Meltzer's Origins Of The Anarchist Movement In China, _Cienfuegos Press Anarchist Review_ 4 (Scotland, 1977).


text:
vEGU21: Gather Online | 19–30 April 2021
Session programme
List of exhibitors
Inclusion and accessibility
GreenEGU
Mailtool for programme committee members
AS3.6
The role of the middle atmosphere: composition changes and feedbacks
Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases and ozone depleting substances have caused substantial changes in the chemical composition of the middle atmosphere that, in turn, can influence tropospheric processes. For example, increasing greenhouse gases are expected to modify the large-scale circulation of the stratosphere, the Brewer-Dobson circulation (BDC), and the stratospheric abundance of radiatively active gases, notably ozone and water vapour. Such changes in the BDC and composition affect the exposure of the biosphere to harmful UV radiation and can feed back on surface climate through their influence on radiative forcing and tropospheric dynamics. In addition, long-term changes in the ozone layer (e.g. ozone hole and recovery) strongly influence the tropospheric circulation in the Southern Hemisphere. These changes are further coupled to a variety of Earth system feedbacks. We welcome abstracts which explore middle-atmosphere composition changes, their impacts on tropospheric climate and composition, and resulting feedbacks. Abstracts may address these issues on time-scales encompassing inter-annual to centennial timescales, as well as impacts ranging from the tropics to poles and globally. Research might also concern long-term ozone trends (depletion and recovery), as well as changes in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) region. We welcome contributions exploring these topics using chemistry-climate and Earth system models, Earth observations, as well as contributions on novel methodological approaches (as e.g. machine learning) to gain insights into composition changes, related feedbacks and theoretical studies.
Share: https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU21/session/40855
Convener: Gabriel ChiodoECSECS | Co-conveners: William Ball, Mohamadou DialloECSECS, Birgit Hassler, James Keeble, Peer Johannes Nowack
vPICO presentations
Enter live session
Thu, 29 Apr, 11:45–12:30 (CEST)
vPICO presentations: Thu, 29 Apr
Chairpersons: Gabriel Chiodo, Mohamadou Diallo, James Keeble
EGU21-6755
solicited
The Southern Annular Mode in CMIP6 simulations
Olaf Morgenstern
Stratospheric ozone depletion, along with increases in long-lived greenhouse gases, is well known to cause a strengthening of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), the leading mode of variability in the Southern Hemisphere. I here analyze simulations contributed to CMIP6 for signatures of these two leading drivers of climate change. For the period 1957-2014, seasonally large disagreements are found between four observational references; CMIP6-derived trends are in agreement with two out of four commonly used references. Using a regression analysis applied to model simulations with and without interactive ozone chemistry, a strengthening of the SAM in summer is attributed nearly completely to ozone depletion because a further strengthening influence due to long-lived greenhouse gases is almost fully counterbalanced by a weakening influence due to stratospheric ozone increases associated with these greenhouse gas increases. Ignoring such ozone feedbacks (an approach commonly used with no-chemistry climate models) would yield comparable contributions from these two influences, an incorrect result. In winter, trends are smaller but an influence of greenhouse gas-mediated ozone feedbacks is also identified. The regression analysis furthermore yields significant differences in the attribution of SAM changes to the two influences between models with and without interactive ozone chemistry, with ozone depletion and GHG increases playing seasonally a stronger and weaker, respectively, role in the chemistry models versus the no-chemistry ones. The results suggest that adequately representing stratospheric ozone feedbacks in climate models is critical for a correct attribution of trends in the SAM.
How to cite: Morgenstern, O.: The Southern Annular Mode in CMIP6 simulations, EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-6755, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-6755, 2021.
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Impacts of Stratospheric Ozone Extremes on Arctic High Cloud
Karen Smith, Sarah Maleska, and John Virgin
Stratospheric ozone depletion in the Antarctic is well known to cause changes in Southern Hemisphere tropospheric climate; however, because of its smaller magnitude in the Arctic, the effects of stratospheric ozone depletion on Northern Hemisphere tropospheric climate are not as obvious or well understood. Recent research using both global climate models and observational data has determined that the impact of ozone depletion on ozone extremes can affect interannual variability in tropospheric circulation in the Northern Hemisphere in spring. To further this work, we use a coupled chemistry–climate model to examine the difference in high cloud between years with anomalously low and high Arctic stratospheric ozone concentrations. We find that low ozone extremes during the late twentieth century, when ozone-depleting substances (ODS) emissions are higher, are related to a decrease in upper tropospheric stability and an increase in high cloud fraction, which may contribute to enhanced Arctic surface warming in spring through a positive longwave cloud radiative effect. A better understanding of how Arctic climate is affected by ODS emissions, ozone depletion, and ozone extremes will lead to improved predictions of Arctic climate and its associated feedbacks with atmospheric fields as ozone levels recover.
How to cite: Smith, K., Maleska, S., and Virgin, J.: Impacts of Stratospheric Ozone Extremes on Arctic High Cloud, EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-3239, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-3239, 2021.
Multi-decadal climate variability in the tropical stratosphere coupled to the Pacific
Fernando Iglesias-Suarez, Oliver Wild, Douglas E. Kinnison, Rolando R. Garcia, Daniel R. Marsh, Jean-François Lamarque, Edmund M. Ryan, Sean M. Davis, Roland Eichinger, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, and Paul J. Young
Recent studies have noted that tropical mid-stratospheric ozone decreased in the 1990s and has remained persistently low since. Current analyses suggest that these observations are linked to dynamical processes rather than being chemically-driven, although this has not been fully explored. Using measurements and chemistry-climate model simulations, we show that 50 ± 10% of these observed trends can be accounted for through multi-decadal variability in the Brewer-Dobson circulation (BDC) tied to the Pacific Ocean sea surface temperatures (the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation, or IPO), via dynamical and chemical couplings. Moreover, accounting for this low frequency variability in the BDC can also help interpret previous observationally-derived changes in that circulation since year 1979. Overall, these findings demonstrate strong links between stratosphere-troposphere variability at decadal time scales and their potential importance for future ozone recovery detection.
How to cite: Iglesias-Suarez, F., Wild, O., Kinnison, D. E., Garcia, R. R., Marsh, D. R., Lamarque, J.-F., Ryan, E. M., Davis, S. M., Eichinger, R., Saiz-Lopez, A., and Young, P. J.: Multi-decadal climate variability in the tropical stratosphere coupled to the Pacific, EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-3953, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-3953, 2021.
The MIPAS climatology of BrONO2: a test for stratospheric bromine chemistry
Michael Höpfner, Oliver Kirner, Gerald Wetzel, Björn-Martin Sinnhuber, Florian Haenel, Johannes Orphal, Roland Ruhnke, Gabriele Stiller, and Thomas von Clarmann
Besides chlorine, bromine is the major halogen species affecting stratospheric ozone with both anthropogenic and natural sources. Despite the significantly lower concentrations of bromine in the atmosphere, its potential for ozone depletion is similar to that of chlorine. An important prerequisite for the effectiveness of bromine ozone destruction cycles versus those of chlorine is the larger instability of bromine reservoir gases, especially the faster photolysis of bromine nitrate (BrONO2) compared to chlorine nitrate (ClONO2). With BrONO2 abundances in the stratosphere available from observations, (1) homogeneous, heterogeneous as well as photochemical processes involving bromine as implemented in atmospheric models can be assessed, and (2) independent information on the total stratospheric bromine content can be gained which is important, e.g. to analyse the amount of short-lived bromocarbons entering the stratosphere.
The first detection of BrONO2 in the atmosphere had been achieved by analysis of infrared limb-emission spectra from the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) on the Envisat satellite (doi: 10.5194/acp-9-1735-2009). On availability of improved infrared cross-sections, this was followed by the analysis of the behaviour of BrONO2 during sunrise and sunset through MIPAS balloon observations (doi: 10.5194/acp-17-14631-2017). Here we present a novel dataset of global stratospheric BrONO2 distributions based on the recently available MIPAS version 8 dataset of calibrated level-1b spectra. The altitude profiles of BrONO2 volume mixing ratios are zonally averaged in 10° latitude and 3-day bins, separated between day- and night-time observations, with a vertical resolution of 3-8 km between 15 and 35 km altitude for the whole MIPAS period from July 2002 until April 2012. The typical characteristics of this new dataset will be discussed. Furthermore, we will compare it to a multi-annual simulation of the chemistry climate model EMAC. Specific differences between observation and model simulation of BrONO2 will be highlighted and discussed by means of sensitivity 1-d model runs. Finally, a time series of the derived stratospheric Bry content normalized to the time of the entry into the stratosphere on basis of MIPAS age-of-air information will be discussed with regard to estimated uncertainties as well as independent observations.
How to cite: Höpfner, M., Kirner, O., Wetzel, G., Sinnhuber, B.-M., Haenel, F., Orphal, J., Ruhnke, R., Stiller, G., and von Clarmann, T.: The MIPAS climatology of BrONO2: a test for stratospheric bromine chemistry, EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-6322, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-6322, 2021.
Machine-Learning-Based Satellite-Corrected Global Stratospheric Ozone Profile Dataset from a Chemical Transport Model
Sandip Dhomse and Martyn Chipperfield
High quality global ozone profile datasets are necessary to monitor changes in stratospheric ozone. Hence, various methodologies have been used to merge and homogenise different satellite datasets in order to create long-term observation-based ozone profile datasets with minimal data gaps. However, individual satellite instruments use different measurement methods and retrieval algorithms that complicate the merging of these different datasets. Furthermore, although atmospheric chemical models are able to simulate chemically consistent long-term datasets, they are prone to the deficiencies associated with the computationally expensive processes that are generally represented by simplified parameterisations or uncertain parameters.
Here, we use chemically consistent output from a 3-D Chemical Transport Model (CTM, TOMCAT) and an ensemble of three machine learning (ML) algorithms (Adaboost, GradBoost, Random Forest), to create a 42-year (1979-2020) stratospheric ozone profile dataset. The ML algorithms are primarily trained using the Stratospheric Water and OzOne Satellite Homogenized (SWOOSH) dataset by selecting the UARS-MLS (1992-1998) and AURA-MLS (2005-2019) time periods. This ML-corrected version of monthly mean zonal mean TOMCAT (hereafter ML-TOMCAT) ozone profile data is available at both pressure (1000 hPa - 1 hPa) and geometric height (surface to 50 km) levels at about 2.5 degree horizontal resolution.
We will present a detailed evaluation of ML-TOMCAT profiles against range of merged satellite datasets (e.g. GOZCARDS, SAGE-CCI-OMPS, and BVertOzone) as well high quality solar occultation observations (e.g. SAGE-II v7.0 (1984-2005), HALOE v19 (1991-2005) and ACE v4.1 (2004-2020). Overall, ML-TOMCAT shows good agreement with the evaluation datasets but with poorer agreement at low latitudes. We also show that, as in different merged satellite data sets, ML-algorithms show larger spread in the tropical middle stratosphere. Finally, we will present a trend analysis from TOMCAT and ML-TOMCAT profiles for the post-1998 ozone recovery phase.
How to cite: Dhomse, S. and Chipperfield, M.: Machine-Learning-Based Satellite-Corrected Global Stratospheric Ozone Profile Dataset from a Chemical Transport Model, EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-9613, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-9613, 2021.
EGU21-10711
Investigating stratospheric circulation and chemistry changes over three decades with trace gas data from aircraft, large balloons, and AirCores
Johannes Laube, Elliot Atlas, Karina Adcock, Elise Droste, Pauli Heikkinen, Jan Kaiser, Rigel Kivi, Emma Leedham Elvidge, Andrew Hind, Thomas Röckmann, William Sturges, Max Thomas, Elinor Tuffnell, and Felix Plöger
Laube et al. (2020) investigated stratospheric changes between 2009 and 2018 with halogenated trace gas data (CFC-11, CFC-12, H-1211, H-1301, HCFC-22, and SF6) from air samples collected via aircraft and AirCores, and compared the mixing ratios and average stratospheric transit times derived from these observations with those from a global model. We here expand this analysis in three ways: firstly, by adding data from further traces gases such as CFC-115, C2F6, and HCFC-142b to broaden the range of tropospheric trends and stratospheric lifetimes, both of which help to assess the robustness of inferred long-term trends in the stratosphere; secondly, by increasing the temporal span of the observations to nearly three decades using new AirCore observations as well as reanalysed archived air samples collected on board high altitude aircraft and large balloons in the 1990s and 2000s; and thirdly, by investigating the fractional release factors and mean ages of air derived from the aforementioned species as measures of their stratospheric chemistry and the strength of the Brewer-Dobson circulation. In combination with model data from the Chemical Langrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) this unique data set allows for an unprecedented evaluation of stratospheric chemistry and dynamics in the mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.
Laube, et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 9771–9782, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9771-2020
How to cite: Laube, J., Atlas, E., Adcock, K., Droste, E., Heikkinen, P., Kaiser, J., Kivi, R., Leedham Elvidge, E., Hind, A., Röckmann, T., Sturges, W., Thomas, M., Tuffnell, E., and Plöger, F.: Investigating stratospheric circulation and chemistry changes over three decades with trace gas data from aircraft, large balloons, and AirCores, EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-10711, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-10711, 2021.
Atmospheric impacts of short-lived chlorinated species over the recent past: a chemistry-climate perspective
Ewa Bednarz, Ryan Hossaini, Luke Abraham, Peter Braesicke, and Martyn Chipperfield
The emissions of most long-lived halogenated ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) are now decreasing, owing to controls on their production introduced by Montreal Protocol and its amendments. However, short-lived halogenated compounds can also have substantial impact on atmospheric chemistry, including stratospheric ozone, particularly if emitted near climatological uplift regions. It has recently become evident that emissions of some chlorinated very short-lived species (VSLSs), such as chloroform (CHCl3) and dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), could be larger than previously believed and increasing, particularly in Asia. While these may exert a significant influence on atmospheric chemistry and climate, their impacts remain poorly characterised.
We address this issue using the UM-UKCA chemistry-climate model (CCM). While not only the first, to our knowledge, model study addressing this problem using a CCM, it is also the first such study employing a whole atmosphere model, thereby simulating the tropospheric Cl-VSLSs emissions and the resulting stratospheric impacts in a fully consistent manner. We use a newly developed Double-Extended Stratospheric-Tropospheric (DEST) chemistry scheme, which includes emissions of all major chlorinated and brominated VSLSs alongside an extended treatment of long-lived ODSs.
We examine the impacts of rising Cl-VSLSs emissions on atmospheric chlorine tracers and ozone, including their long-term trends. We pay particular attention to the role of 'nudging', as opposed to the free-running model set up, for the simulated Cl-VSLSs impacts, thereby demostrating the role of atmospheric dynamics in modulating the atmospheric responses to Cl-VSLSs. In addition, we employ novel estimates of Cl-VSLS emissions over the recent past and compare the results with the simulations that prescribe Cl-VSLSs using simple lower boundary conditions. This allows us to demonstrate the impact such choice has on the dominant location and seasonality of the Cl-VSLSs transport into the stratosphere.
How to cite: Bednarz, E., Hossaini, R., Abraham, L., Braesicke, P., and Chipperfield, M.: Atmospheric impacts of short-lived chlorinated species over the recent past: a chemistry-climate perspective, EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-12824, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-12824, 2021.
Ozone super recovery cancelled in the Antarctic upper stratosphere
Ville Maliniemi, Pavle Arsenovic, Hilde Nesse Tyssøy, Christine Smith-Johnsen, and Daniel R. Marsh
Ozone is expected to fully recover from the CFC-era by the end of the 21st century. Furthermore, because of the anthropogenic climate change, cooler stratosphere accelerates the ozone production and is projected to lead to a super recovery. We investigate the ozone distribution over the 21st century with four different future scenarios using simulations of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM). At the end of the 21st century, higher polar ozone levels than pre CFC-era are obtained in scenarios that have highest atmospheric radiative forcing. This is true in the Arctic stratosphere and the Antarctic lower stratosphere. The Antarctic upper stratosphere forms an exception, where different scenarios have similar level of ozone during winter. This results from excess nitrogen oxides (NOx) descending from above in stronger future scenarios. NOx is formed by energetic electron precipitation (EEP) in the thermosphere and the upper mesosphere, and descends faster through the mesosphere in stronger scenarios. This indicates that the EEP indirect effect will be important factor for the future Antarctic ozone evolution, and is potentially able to prevent the super recovery in the upper stratosphere.
How to cite: Maliniemi, V., Arsenovic, P., Nesse Tyssøy, H., Smith-Johnsen, C., and Marsh, D. R.: Ozone super recovery cancelled in the Antarctic upper stratosphere, EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-5376, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-5376, 2021.
Evaluating stratospheric ozone and water vapor changes in CMIP6 models from 1850-2100
James Keeble, Birgit Hassler, Antara Banerjee, Ramiro Checa-Garcia, Gabriel Chiodo, Sean Davis, Veronika Eyring, Paul Griffiths, Olaf Morgenstern, Peer Nowack, Guang Zeng, and Jiankai Zhang
Stratospheric ozone and water vapor are key components of the Earth system, and past and future changes to both have important impacts on global and regional climate. Here we evaluate long-term changes in these species from the pre-industrial (1850) to the end of the 21st century in CMIP6 models under a range of future emissions scenarios. There is good agreement between the CMIP multi-model mean and observations for total column ozone (TCO), although there is substantial variation between the individual CMIP6 models. For the CMIP6 multi-model mean, global mean TCO has increased from ~300 DU in 1850 to ~305 DU in 1960, before rapidly declining in the 1970s and 1980s following the use and emission of halogenated ozone depleting substances (ODSs). TCO is projected to return to 1960's values by the middle of the 21st century under the SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, SSP4-3.4, SSP4-6.0 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios, and under the SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios TCO values are projected to be ~10 DU higher than the 1960's values by 2100. However, under the SSP1-1.9 and SSP1-1.6 scenarios, TCO is not projected to return to the 1960's values despite reductions in halogenated ODSs due to decreases in tropospheric ozone mixing ratios. This global pattern is similar to regional patterns, except in the tropics where TCO under most scenarios is not projected to return to 1960's values, either through reductions in tropospheric ozone under SSP1-1.9 and SSP1-2.6, or through reductions in lower stratospheric ozone resulting from an acceleration of the Brewer-Dobson Circulation under other SSPs. In contrast to TCO, there is poorer agreement between the CMIP6 multi-model mean and observed lower stratospheric water vapour mixing ratios, with the CMIP6 multi-model mean underestimating observed water vapour mixing ratios by ~0.5 ppmv at 70hPa. CMIP6 multi-model mean stratospheric water vapor mixing ratios in the tropical lower stratosphere have increased by ~0.5 ppmv from the pre-industrial to the present day and are projected to increase further by the end of the 21st century. The largest increases (~2 ppmv) are simulated under the future scenarios with the highest assumed forcing pathway (e.g. SSP5-8.5). Tropical lower stratospheric water vapor, and to a lesser extent TCO, show large variations following explosive volcanic eruptions.
How to cite: Keeble, J., Hassler, B., Banerjee, A., Checa-Garcia, R., Chiodo, G., Davis, S., Eyring, V., Griffiths, P., Morgenstern, O., Nowack, P., Zeng, G., and Zhang, J.: Evaluating stratospheric ozone and water vapor changes in CMIP6 models from 1850-2100 , EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-15994, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-15994, 2021.
The response of the ozone layer under abrupt 4xCO2 in CMIP6
Gabriel Chiodo, William T. Ball, Peer Nowack, Clara Orbe, James Keeble, Moha Diallo, and Birgit Hassler
Previous studies indicate a possible role of stratospheric ozone chemistry feedbacks in the climate response to 4xCO2, either via a reduction in equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) or via changes in the tropospheric circulation (Nowack et al., 2015; Chiodo and Polvani, 2017). However, these effects are subject to uncertainty. Part of the uncertainty may stem from the dependency of the feedback on the pattern of the ozone response, as the radiative efficiency of ozone largely depends on its vertical distribution (Lacis et al., 1990). Here, an analysis is presented of the ozone layer response to 4xCO2 in chemistry–climate models (CCMs) which participated to CMIP inter-comparisons. In a previous study using CMIP5 models, it has been shown that under 4xCO2, ozone decreases in the tropical lower stratosphere, and increases over the high latitudes and throughout the upper stratosphere (Chiodo et al., 2018). It was also found that a substantial portion of the spread in the tropical column ozone is tied to inter-model spread in tropical upwelling, which is in turn tied to ECS. Here, we revisit this connection using 4xCO2 data from CMIP6, thereby exploiting the larger number of CCMs available than in CMIP5. In addition, we explore the linearity of the ozone response, by complementing the analysis with simulations using lower CO2 forcing levels (2xCO2). We show that the pattern of the ozone response is similar to CMIP5. In some models (e.g. WACCM), we find larger ozone responses in CMIP6 than in CMIP5, partly because of the larger ECS and thus larger upwelling response in the tropical pipe. In this presentation, we will discuss the relationship between radiative forcing, transport and ozone, as well as further implications for CMIP6 models.
How to cite: Chiodo, G., Ball, W. T., Nowack, P., Orbe, C., Keeble, J., Diallo, M., and Hassler, B.: The response of the ozone layer under abrupt 4xCO2 in CMIP6, EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-15283, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-15283, 2021.
The response of stratospheric ozone and dynamics to changes in atmospheric oxygen
Iga Józefiak, Timofei Sukhodolov, Tatiana Egorova, Eugene Rozanov, Gabriel Chiodo, Andrea Stenke, and Thomas Peter
Photolysis of molecular oxygen (O2) maintains the stratospheric ozone layer, protecting living organisms on Earth by absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation. The atmospheric oxygen level has not always been constant, and has been held responsible for species extinctions via a thinning of the ozone layer in the past. On paleo-climate timescales, it ranged between 10 and 35% depending on the level of photosynthetic activity of plants and oceans. Previous estimates, however, showed highly uncertain ozone (O3) responses to atmospheric O2 changes, including monotonic positive or negative correlations, or displaying a maximum in O3 column around a certain oxygen level. Motivated by these discrepancies we reviewed how the ozone layer responds to atmospheric oxygen changes by means of a state-of-the-art chemistry-climate model (CCM). We used the CCM SOCOL-AERv2 to assess the ozone layer sensitivity to past and potential future concentrations of atmospheric oxygen varying from 5 to 40 %. Our findings are at odds with previous studies: we find that the current mixing ratio of O2, 21 %, indeed maximizes the O3 layer thickness and, thus, represents an optimal state for life on Earth. In the model, any alteration in atmospheric oxygen would result globally in less total column ozone and, therefore, more UV reaching the troposphere. Total ozone column in low-latitude regions is less sensitive to the changes, because of the "self-healing" effect, i.e. more UV entering lower levels, where O2 photolyzes, can partly compensate the O3 lack higher up. Mid- and high-latitudes, however, are characterized by ±20 DU ozone hemispheric redistributions even for small (±5 %) variations in O2 content. Additional regional patterns result from the hemispheric asymmetry of meridional transport pathways via the Brewer-Dobson circulation (BDC). We will discuss the different ozone responses resulting from changes in the BDC. These effects are further modulated by the influence of ozone on stratospheric temperatures and thus on the BDC. Lower O2 cases result in a deceleration of the BDC. This renders the relation between ozone and molecular oxygen changes non-linear on both global and regional scales.
How to cite: Józefiak, I., Sukhodolov, T., Egorova, T., Rozanov, E., Chiodo, G., Stenke, A., and Peter, T.: The response of stratospheric ozone and dynamics to changes in atmospheric oxygen, EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-12783, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-12783, 2021.
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IAM is an AWS service that allows humans and programs to securely access AWS services and infrastructure.
When? At a specific time range.
IAM is not OS level user management tool. For OS level user management use LDAP or Active Directory Services.
AWS is not application level user management tool. For application level user management such as the users that registered on your eCommerce website, use Application User Repositories such as ASP.NET Identity Framework on windows or in case of Mobile apps, use AWS Cognito.
Every principal can have two sets of access keys.
Keep both old and new key sets active for some time while your programs update your keys.
Later delete old key set.
EC2 roles can be assigned to give access to processes on the EC2 to access AWS resources.
In fact it is a best practice to use the EC2 roles as opposed to using the Access Key (Access ID/Secret Access Key combo) inside the config files or hard coding in side the program code.
Also with this practice, no need to worry about access key rotation which is highly recommended otherwise.
Roles can be changed and policies can be modified without stopping the EC2 instances. New privileges will be effective immediately.
Cross Account Access: Provide access to IAM principals from another account. This is better practice than distributing Access Keys.
Users of trusted external systems such as Google/Facebook users can be granted access to AWS resources thru roles and temp security tokens. OpenId Connect (OIDC) protocol is used.