Everyday on Twitter, innovative and creative people use their accounts to create positive social change and highlight conversations that are important to their community.
Between 1 October and 12 December 2018, Twitter saw more than 70 lakh Tweets in relation to the #AssemblyElections2018.
Events Celebrate India's Independence Day with Twitter and Twitter Lite!
Twitter Launches Twitter Lite Google Play App, Introduces More Ways To Celebrate India's 72nd Independence Day!
A blog post on #KarnatakaElections conversations.
Events #EduTweet: A 'Twitter for Educators' program launched in India!
To encourage people to vote and light up more conversations on the platform, we launched a special election emoji for the #GujaratElection2017.
A smooth transition between administrations is one of President Pranab Mukherjee's top priorities, and digital is a key pillar in today's Internet age.


But if you're just setting out on the path to content marketing nirvana, I have one piece of advice: be a wolf and not a sheep. While our woolly friends are content to follow the herd, wolves are highly focused. You've seen them on wildlife documentaries; working in teams to isolate a lone animal, then acting decisively when the time was right.
This is what effective strategy for content marketing looks like, only with less biting. Wolves don't waste energy on just any old prey. They're single-minded, targeting only the individual that will make the easiest lunch. And that's exactly what you should do: think about a single customer before you even start any blogging or social media activity.
It's likely that more than one type of person buys your product. Not all road bikes are bought by middle-aged men in lycra (MAMILs), although it sometimes seems that way. But focusing on just one customer for the next six months will help you grow your sales.
As Byron Sharp, Professor of Marketing Science at the University of South Australia, explains in his book How Brands Grow, "You must understand heterogeneity and cater for the differences". In other words, segment your market and focus on the group of people most likely to buy from you.
You'll already have information about your customers, but there are plenty of places to gather more. If you're after purely quantitative market research, then data.gov.uk has a large range of publicly available free datasets. Google Trends and Google Public Data Exporter both collate online data, and are easily accessible. Services like Statcounter and Statista also offer free trials, and some freely available data.
Another nifty tool is YouGov Profiles. Search an existing brand, personality or object. YouGov will then spend a few moments building you an aggregated profile of the average consumer based on your search. The kind of information provided ranges from basic demographic to personality and lifestyle factors. You can even discover what other brands are popular with the average consumer, and what media they consume.
The next step involves deciding which channel to use, so that the customer you're targeting is likely to engage with you. This might mean you don't use social media at all. You might not need to blog either, and that's absolutely fine.
After a lot of problems at the start, effective customer profiling helped us create a successful comedy night in a crowded market. We found the right way to reach 30-something couples in search of a fun night out, and stopped using social media altogether.
Once you have a customer in mind, and a clear idea of exactly where to address them, you can decide on what to say. Your message will be shaped by the channel, and the customer's needs, both of which you will have spent time thinking about.
This is why content marketing should be 80 per cent thinking, because once you've done the thinking, it becomes obvious what to say. I don't believe you can decide your message until you know who you're talking to, and where they're going to be. Otherwise, it'd be like being asked to write a best man's speech in English, only to be told you're addressing a science convention in Japan.
By channelling your inner wolf, you'll go on to write content tailored to your target customer. You'll look at the world, and write something just for them. And unlike the unfortunate elk caught by a wolf pack, they'll thank you for it.
I wrote a book about a more predatory approach to content marketing. You can get a copy here.


Cute Caption - if You are looking for CUTE CAPTION for Instagram then this is the Right place to find out Best Cute Caption, we also share Best Caption.
Maybe she's born with it.
You think this is a game?
Make them stop and stare.
We all start as strangers.
Girls are like, no makeup!
Truth is, I'm crazy for you.
And everyone can see that but you.
now let me give myself one more.
All you need is love! And a tiara. And maybe a cookie.
I'm on a seafood diet, I see food and I eat it.
Posted pic on Instagram, and she didn't like it.
Girls are like, caught off guard but still cute.
Girls–be as picky with your men as I was with this selfie.
As beautiful on the inside as I am on the outside.
Being single is smarter than being in the wrong relationship.
Never let anyone treat you like you're ordinary.
Stop looking for happiness in the same place you just lost it.
Flawless has 7 letters thus does meeeeee. Incident? I think not.
Text me back or I'll find you.
Be more of you, and less of them.
Be yourself, there's no one better.
Being happy never goes out of style.
It's not a phase mom, it's who I am.
Life is better when you're laughing.
Be a stiletto in a room full of flats.
I act like I'm ok, but I'm really not.
Beauty is power, a smile is its sword.
At least this balloon is attracted to me!
I changed all my passwords to Incorrect.
Don't be like the rest of them, darling.
Have a cup of positivitea.
Just hanging with my Friends!
Today I am excited about everything.
Life is made of small moments like this.
I'm tired with this day, I need a new one.
I'm not failed, my success is just postponed.
My attitude depends on people in front of me!
Being yourself is the prettiest thing you can be.
Beauty beings the moment you decide to be yourself.
The happier you are the more beautiful you become.
There can be no positive result through negative attitude.
Beauty only gets attention, but personality captures the heart.
version of yourself on the inside and out.
Strong women rule the world.
Practice like you've never won.
Dreams don't work unless you do.
Fall seven times. Stand up eight.
If you got eyes, look at me now.
Don't study me you won't graduate.
Some days start better than others.
There. I joined Instagram. Happy now?
Cinderella never asked for a prince.
Bio under construction..check back soon!
Nobody notices what I do until I don't do it.
Admit it.. Life would be boring without me.
Life is too short. Don't waste it copying my Bio..
I smile because I have no idea what is going on.
I still don't understand Instagram, but here I am.
I'm going to update my Bio..but better you focus on your own.
I didn't want to steal my bio and was too lazy to write one on my own.
No matter how you feel, get up, dress up, show up and never give up.
Do not try to be someone who is completely different from the inner you.


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text:
Explore Search Results: tagged with Anxiety reduction
The Effects of Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction on Nurse Stress and Burnout: A Qualitative and Quantitative Study, Part III (Journal Article)
Joanne Cohen-Katz,
Susan D. Wiley,
Terry Capuano,
Debra M. Baker,
Shauna L. Shapiro,
Lynn Deitrick
Part III of the study on mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) describes qualitative data and discusses the implications of the findings. Study analysis revealed that nurses found MBSR helpful. Greater relaxation and self-care and improvement in work and family relationships were among reported benefits. Challenges included restlessness, physical pain, and dealing with difficult emotions.
Zotero Tags:
Burnout,
Health care,
Health care professionals, well-being of,
Nursing,
Relationtionships,
Self-care,
Zotero Collections:
Contemplation by Applied Subject,
Heath Care Workers & Organizations and Contemplation,
Health Care and Contemplation
The efficacy of mindfulness-based stress reduction in the treatment of sleep disturbance in women with breast cancer: An exploratory study (Journal Article)
Shauna L Shapiro,
Richard R Bootzin,
Aurelio J Figueredo,
Ana Maria Lopez,
Gary E Schwartz
Objective: The diagnosis of breast cancer, the most common type of cancer among American women, elicits greater distress than any other diagnosis regardless of prognosis. Therefore, the present study examined the efficacy of a stress reduction intervention for women with breast cancer. Methods: As part of a larger, randomized, controlled study of the effects on measures of stress of a mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) intervention for women with breast cancer, the current analyses examined the effects on sleep complaints. Results: Analyses of the data indicated that both MBSR and a free choice (FC) control condition produced significant improvement on daily diary sleep quality measures though neither showed significant improvement on sleep-efficiency. Participants in the MBSR who reported greater mindfulness practice improved significantly more on the sleep quality measure most strongly associated with distress. Conclusion: MBSR appears to be a promising intervention to improve the quality of sleep in woman with breast cancer whose sleep complaints are due to stress.
Breast cancer,
Sleep,
stress reduction,
Electroencephalogram asymmetry in response to the approach of a stranger and maternal separation in 10-month-old infants (1987, Journal Article)
Nathan A. Fox,
Richard J. Davidson

We recently reported the presence of reliable asymmetries in frontal-brain electrical activity in infants that distinguished between certain positive- and negative-affect elicitors. In order to explore the degree to which these asymmetries in brain activity are associated with individual differences in affective response, 35 ten-month-old female infants were presented with a stranger-approach, mother-approach, and maternal-separation experience while an electroencephalogram (EEG) from the left- and right-frontal and left- and right-parietal scalp regions was recorded and facial and other behavioral responses were videotaped. Changes in frontal-EEG asymmetry reflected behavioral changes between conditions. In addition, individual differences in affective response to separation were related to differences in frontal-brain asymmetries. These findings indicate that lawful changes exist in asymmetries of frontal-brain activation during the expression of certain emotions in the first year of life and that individual differences in emotional responsivity are related to these measures of brain activity.

*Electrical Activity,
*Emotional Responses,
*Frontal Lobe,
*Individual Differences,
*Separation Anxiety,
Davidson lab,
An empirical study of the mechanisms of mindfulness in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program (2009, Journal Article)
James Carmody,
Ruth A. Baer,
Emily L. B. Lykins,
Nicholas Olendzki

S. L. Shapiro and colleagues (2006) have described a testable theory of the mechanisms of mindfulness and how it affects positive change. They describe a model in which mindfulness training leads to a fundamental change in relationship to experience (reperceiving), which leads to changes in self-regulation, values clarification, cognitive and behavioral flexibility, and exposure. These four variables, in turn, result in salutogenic outcomes. Analyses of responses from participants in a mindfulness-based stress-reduction program did not support the mediating effect of changes in reperceiving on the relationship of mindfulness with those four variables. However, when mindfulness and reperceiving scores were combined, partial support was found for the mediating effect of the four variables on measures of psychological distress. Issues arising in attempts to test the proposed theory are discussed, including the description of the model variables and the challenges to their assessment. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 65: 1–14, 2009.

Context: Intention/Motivation/Expectation,
Psychiatry and Contemplation,
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction / Cognitive Therapy,
Psychotherapy and Contemplation,
Evaluation of the Mental Health Benefits of Yoga in a Secondary School: A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Trial (Journal Article)
Sat Bir S. Khalsa,
Lynn Hickey-Schultz,
Deborah Cohen,
Naomi Steiner,
Stephen Cope
The goal of this study was to evaluate potential mental health benefits of yoga for adolescents in secondary school. Students were randomly assigned to either regular physical education classes or to 11 weeks of yoga sessions based upon the Yoga Ed program over a single semester. Students completed baseline and end-program self-report measures of mood, anxiety, perceived stress, resilience, and other mental health variables. Independent evaluation of individual outcome measures revealed that yoga participants showed statistically significant differences over time relative to controls on measures of anger control and fatigue/inertia. Most outcome measures exhibited a pattern of worsening in the control group over time, whereas changes in the yoga group over time were either minimal or showed slight improvements. These preliminary results suggest that implementation of yoga is acceptable and feasible in a secondary school setting and has the potential of playing a protective or preventive role in maintaining mental health.
Adolescence,
Adolescent,
Community and Environmental Psychology,
Health Informatics,
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention,
Health Psychology,
Psychiatry,
Public Health/Gesundheitswesen,
Resilience,
K-12 Education and Contemplation
The Evaluation of a Mind/Body Intervention to Reduce Psychological Distress and Perceived Stress in College Students (2002, Journal Article)
Gloria R. Deckro,
Keli M. Ballinger,
Michael Hoyt,
Marilyn Wilcher,
Jeffery Dusek,
Patricia Myers,
Beth Greenberg,
David S. Rosenthal,
Herbert Benson

Abstract The authors examined the effect of a 6-week mind/body intervention on college students' psychological distress, anxiety, and perception of stress. One hundred twenty-eight students were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 63) or a waitlist control group (n = 65). The experimental group received 6 90-minute group-training sessions in the relaxation response and cognitive behavioral skills. The Symptom Checklist-90-Revised, Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Perceived Stress Scale were used to assess the students' psychological state before and after the intervention. Ninety students (70% of the initial sample) completed the postassessment measure. Significantly greater reductions in psychological distress, state anxiety, and perceived stress were found in the experimental group. This brief mind/body training may be useful as a preventive intervention for college students, according to the authors, who called for further research to determine whether the observed treatment effect can be sustained over a longer period of time.

Clinical trial,
Cognitive behavioral therapy,
College students,
Education, higher,
Psychological distress,
Relaxation Therapy,
Higher Education and Contemplation,
Evaluation of a Wellness-based Mindfulness Stress Reduction Intervention: A Controlled Trial (Journal Article)
Kimberly A. Williams,
Maria M. Kolar,
Bill E. Reger,
John C. Pearson
Medicine, mind-body,
Mindfulness meditation,
Well-being,
Health Care and Contemplation,
Psychology and Contemplation,
Science and Contemplation
Evidence for coordinated functional activity within the extended amygdala of non-human and human primates (Journal Article)
Andrew S. Fox,
Steven E. Shelton,
Cory A. Burghy,
Marilyn J. Essex,
Richard J. Davidson,
Ned H. Kalin
Neuroanatomists posit that the central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce) and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) comprise two major nodes of a macrostructural forebrain entity termed the extended amygdala. The extended amygdala is thought to play a critical role in adaptive motivational behavior and is implicated in the pathophysiology of maladaptive fear and anxiety. Resting functional connectivity of the Ce was examined in 107 young anesthetized rhesus monkeys and 105 young humans using standard resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) methods to assess temporal correlations across the brain. The data expand the neuroanatomical concept of the extended amygdala by finding, in both species, highly significant functional coupling between the Ce and the BST. These results support the use of in vivo functional imaging methods in nonhuman and human primates to probe the functional anatomy of major brain networks such as the extended amygdala.
Amygdala,
Fear,
Humans,
Image Processing, Computer-Assisted,
Macaca mulatta,
Magnetic Resonance Imaging,
Evolving Conceptions of Mindfulness in Clinical Settings (2009, Journal Article)
James Carmody

A number of issues important to the clinical utility of mindfulness require systematic study. These include the most parsimonious definition of mindfulness for clinical purposes, how mindfulness is best described to be most approachable to patients, and the extent to which mindfulness shares common mechanisms with other mind-body programs. The discussion includes a brief review of the transition of mindfulness from traditional into clinical settings as well as the components commonly contained within clinical descriptions of mindfulness. A model based on facility in the use of attention is proposed, and a description of mechanisms by which attentional skill may lead to the recognition of internal associational processes and account for psychological outcomes is given. Using constructs already familiar to patients, an attention-based conception may also be more accessible to patients than more elaborate descriptions and have greater utility in identifying commonalities that mindfulness training may have with other mind-body programs.

Context: Philosophical and cultural belief systems,
Context: Social and environmental settings,
Mindfulness-based stress reduction,
Cultural Belief Contexts,
Environmental Context,
Follow your breath: Respiratory interoceptive accuracy in experienced meditators (Journal Article)
Jennifer Daubenmier,
Catherine E. Kerr,
Margaret E. Kemeny
Attention to internal bodily sensations is a core feature of mindfulness meditation. Previous studies have not detected differences in interoceptive accuracy between meditators and nonmeditators on heartbeat detection and perception tasks. We compared differences in respiratory interoceptive accuracy between meditators and nonmeditators in the ability to detect and discriminate respiratory resistive loads and sustain accurate perception of respiratory tidal volume during nondistracted and distracted conditions. Groups did not differ in overall performance on the detection and discrimination tasks; however, meditators were more accurate in discriminating the resistive load with the lowest ceiling effect. Meditators were also more accurate during the nondistracted tracking task at a lag time of 1 s following the breath. Results provide initial support for the notion that meditators have greater respiratory interoceptive accuracy compared to nonmeditators.
Interoceptive accuracy,
Interoceptive awareness,
Kerr lab,
Frontal brain asymmetry and immune function (Journal Article)
D. H. Kang,
R. J. Davidson,
C. L. Coe,
R. E. Wheeler,
A. J. Tomarken,
W. B. Ershler
The relation between brain activity and the immune system was evaluated by assessing immune responses in 20 healthy women who manifested extreme differences in the asymmetry of frontal cortex activation. One group showed extreme and stable left frontal activation; the other group showed extreme and stable right frontal activation. As predicted, women with extreme right frontal activation had significantly lower levels of natural killer cell activity (at effector:target cell ratios of 33:1 and 11:1) than did left frontally activated individuals. This difference did not extend to two other immune measures, lymphocyte proliferation and T-cell subsets. However, higher immunoglobulin levels of the M class were observed in the right frontal group. In this study, the immune patterns could not be accounted for by plasma cortisol levels, anxiety- and depression-related symptomatology, or recent health histories. These findings support the hypothesis that there is a specific association between frontal brain asymmetry and certain immune responses.
Antibody Formation,
Arousal,
CD4-CD8 Ratio,
Dominance, Cerebral,
Frontal lobe,
Hydrocortisone,
Immune System,
Immunocompetence,
Killer Cells, Natural,
Lymphocyte Activation,
Psychoneuroimmunology
Frontal brain asymmetry predicts infants' response to maternal separation (Journal Article)
N. A. Fox
Examined whether certain features of infant temperament might be related to individual differences in the asymmetry of resting frontal activation. EEG was recorded from the left and right frontal and parietal scalp regions of 13 normal 10-month-old infants. Infant behavior was then observed during a brief period of maternal separation. Those infants who cried in response to maternal separation showed greater right frontal activation during the preceding baseline period compared with infants who did not cry. Frontal activation asymmetry may be a state-independent marker for individual differences in threshold of reactivity to stressful events and vulnerability to particular emotions.
Anxiety, Separation,
Child Psychology,
Crying,
Electroencephalography,
Functional Laterality,
Infant,
Frontal brain asymmetry in restrained eaters (2002, Journal Article)
Jaime R. Silva,
Diego A. Pizzagalli,
Christine L. Larson,
Daren C. Jackson,

It is well known that the eating patterns that restrain chronic dieters (restrained eaters) can be disinhibited by anxiety, which in turn has been associated with relative right frontal brain activity in independent electroencephalographic (EEG) studies. Combining these two lines of evidence, the authors tested the hypothesis that chronic restrained eating is associated with relative right frontal asymmetry. Resting anterior brain asymmetry and self-reported measures of anxiety and depression were collected in 23 restrained and 32 unrestrained eaters. As hypothesized, groups differed in tonic frontal activity, with restrained eaters showing more relative right frontal activity. Furthermore, relative right frontal activity was associated with greater self-reported restraint. Right-sided prefrontal asymmetry may thus represent a diathesis associated with increased vulnerability toward restrained eating.

*Anxiety,
*Dietary Restraint,
*Major Depression,
A functional magnetic resonance imaging predictor of treatment response to venlafaxine in generalized anxiety disorder (Journal Article)
Paul J. Whalen,
Tom Johnstone,
Leah H. Somerville,
Jack B. Nitschke,
Sara Polis,
Andrew L. Alexander,
BACKGROUND: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) holds promise as a noninvasive means of identifying neural responses that can be used to predict treatment response before beginning a drug trial. Imaging paradigms employing facial expressions as presented stimuli have been shown to activate the amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Here, we sought to determine whether pretreatment amygdala and rostral ACC (rACC) reactivity to facial expressions could predict treatment outcomes in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). METHODS: Fifteen subjects (12 female subjects) with GAD participated in an open-label venlafaxine treatment trial. Functional magnetic resonance imaging responses to facial expressions of emotion collected before subjects began treatment were compared with changes in anxiety following 8 weeks of venlafaxine administration. In addition, the magnitude of fMRI responses of subjects with GAD were compared with that of 15 control subjects (12 female subjects) who did not have GAD and did not receive venlafaxine treatment. RESULTS: The magnitude of treatment response was predicted by greater pretreatment reactivity to fearful faces in rACC and lesser reactivity in the amygdala. These individual differences in pretreatment rACC and amygdala reactivity within the GAD group were observed despite the fact that 1) the overall magnitude of pretreatment rACC and amygdala reactivity did not differ between subjects with GAD and control subjects and 2) there was no main effect of treatment on rACC-amygdala reactivity in the GAD group. CONCLUSIONS: These findings show that this pattern of rACC-amygdala responsivity could prove useful as a predictor of venlafaxine treatment response in patients with GAD.
Anxiety Disorders,
Cyclohexanols,
Delayed-Action Preparations,
Facial Expression,
Gyrus Cinguli,
Middle Aged,
Pattern Recognition, Visual,
Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors,
GAD, Meta-cognition, and Mindfulness: An Information Processing Analysis (2002, Journal Article)
Adrian Wells

In this commentary I discuss the integration of mindful procedures in cognitive therapy of generalized anxiety disorder (CAD) and attempt to answer questions concerning the effects of mindfulness on information processing and on mechanisms purported to maintain CAD in the meta-cognitive model of this disorder. Different techniques that promote mindfulness can be identified, including mindfulness meditation and attention training. These techniques are intended to disrupt repetitive styles of dysfunctional thinking. I argue that the effect of mindfulness strategies on information processing in emotional disorder can be conceptualized in meta-cognitive terms as (a) activating a meta-cognitive mode of processing; (b) disconnecting the influence of maladaptive beliefs on processing; (c) strengthening flexible responding to threat; and (d) strengthening meta-cognitive plans for controlling cognition. Although mindfulness meditation may have general treatment applications, the meta-cognitive model of CAD suggests caution in using this treatment in CAD. It is unclear which dimension of worry should be targeted, and mindfulness meditation does not contain information that can lead to unambiguous disconfirmation of erroneous beliefs about worry.

Cognition,
Generalized anxiety disorder,
Information processing,
Metacognition,
Cognition and Contemplation,
Hippocampal morphometry in depressed patients and control subjects: relations to anxiety symptoms (Journal Article)
B. D. Rusch,
H. C. Abercrombie,
T. R. Oakes,
S. M. Schaefer,
R. J. Davidson
BACKGROUND: Although it has been hypothesized that glucocorticoid hypersecretion in depressed patients leads to neuronal atrophy in the hippocampus, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) -based morphometry studies of the hippocampus to date have produced mixed results. METHODS: In our MRI study, hippocampal volumes were measured in 25 depressed patients (13 with melancholia and 12 without melancholia) and 15 control subjects. RESULTS: No significant differences in hippocampus volumes were found between any of the subject groups, although within subjects right hippocampal volumes were found to be significantly larger than left hippocampal volumes. Additionally, right and total (left + right) hippocampal volumes in control and depressed subjects were found to be positively correlated with trait anxiety as measured by the state/trait anxiety inventory. CONCLUSIONS: Because our subject group is younger than those in studies reporting hippocampal atrophy, we conclude that longitudinal studies will be necessary for investigation of the lifelong course of hippocampal volumetry.
Atrophy,
Case-Control Studies,
Depressive Disorder,
Depressive Disorder, Major,
How Does Mindfulness Meditation Work? Proposing Mechanisms of Action From a Conceptual and Neural Perspective (Journal Article)
Britta K. Hölzel,
Sara W. Lazar,
Tim Gard,
David R. Vago,
Ulrich Ott
Cultivation of mindfulness, the nonjudgmental awareness of experiences in the present moment, produces beneficial effects on well-being and ameliorates psychiatric and stress-related symptoms. Mindfulness meditation has therefore increasingly been incorporated into psychotherapeutic interventions. Although the number of publications in the field has sharply increased over the last two decades, there is a paucity of theoretical reviews that integrate the existing literature into a comprehensive theoretical framework. In this article, we explore several components through which mindfulness meditation exerts its effects: (a) attention regulation, (b) body awareness, (c) emotion regulation (including reappraisal and exposure, extinction, and reconsolidation), and (d) change in perspective on the self. Recent empirical research, including practitioners' self-reports and experimental data, provides evidence supporting these mechanisms. Functional and structural neuroimaging studies have begun to explore the neuroscientific processes underlying these components. Evidence suggests that mindfulness practice is associated with neuroplastic changes in the anterior cingulate cortex, insula, temporo-parietal junction, fronto-limbic network, and default mode network structures. The authors suggest that the mechanisms described here work synergistically, establishing a process of enhanced self-regulation. Differentiating between these components seems useful to guide future basic research and to specifically target areas of development in the treatment of psychological disorders.
Positive psychology,
Vago lab,
How long does a mindfulness-based stress reduction program need to be? A review of class contact hours and effect sizes for psychological distress (2009, Journal Article)
Ruth A. Baer

The mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) program was designed to be long enough for participants to grasp the principles of self-regulation through mindfulness and develop skill and autonomy in mindfulness practice. It traditionally consists of 26 hours of session time including eight classes of 2-1/2 hours and an all-day class. The circumstances of some groups exclude them from participating in this standard form and a number of trials have evaluated programs with abbreviated class time. If lower program time demands can lead to similar outcomes in psychological functioning, it would support their utility in these settings and might lead to greater participation. However, the effect of variation in class hours on outcomes has not been systematically studied. To obtain preliminary information related to this question we examined effect sizes for psychological outcome variables in published studies of MBSR, some of which had adapted the standard number of class hours. The correlation between mean effect size and number of in-class hours was nonsignificant for both clinical and nonclinical samples and suggests that adaptations that include less class time may be worthwhile for populations for whom reduction of psychological distress is an important goal and for whom longer time commitment may be a barrier to their ability or willingness to participate. However, the standard MBSR format has accrued the most empirical support for its efficacy and session time may be important to the development of other kinds of program outcomes. The result points to the importance of empirical studies systematically examining this question. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 65: 1–12, 2009.

Improving academic performance and mental health through a stress management intervention: Outcomes and mediators of change (Journal Article)
Edmund Keogh,
Frank W. Bond,
Paul E. Flaxman
Two hundred and nine pupils were randomly allocated to either a cognitive behaviourally based stress management intervention (SMI) group, or a non-intervention control group. Mood and motivation measures were administered pre and post intervention. Standardized examinations were taken 8–10 weeks later. As hypothesized, results indicated that an increase in the functionality of pupils' cognitions served as the mechanism by which mental health improved in the SMI group. In contrast, the control group demonstrated no such improvements. Also, as predicted, an increase in motivation accounted for the SMI group's significantly better performance on the standardized, academic assessments that comprise the United Kingdom's General Certificate of Secondary Education. Indeed, the magnitude of this enhanced performance was, on average, one-letter grade. Discussion focuses on the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.
Examinations,
K-12 education,
Stress management,
K-12 Education and Contemplation,
Education and Contemplation,
Low-anxious, high-anxious, and repressive coping styles: Psychometric patterns and behavioral and physiological responses to stress (1979, Journal Article)
Daniel A. Weinberger,
Gary E. Schwartz,

A long-standing problem in stress research has been that individuals' reports of their tendencies to become anxious are often inconsistent with relevant behavioral and physiological indices. This study investigated the distinction between (a) truly low-anxious Ss, who report low trait anxiety on the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale and low defensiveness on the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, and (b) repressors, who report low anxiety but high defensiveness. These groups were compared with a moderately high-anxious one. Heart rate, spontaneous skin resistance responses, and forehead muscle tension were recorded from 40 male college students during a phrase association task. Significant differences in the 3 physiological measures as well as in 3 behavioral ones (reaction time, content avoidance, and verbal interference) all indicated that the repressors were more stressed than the low-anxious Ss despite their claims of lower trait anxiety. The high-anxious group exhibited a 3rd pattern suggesting an intermediate level of anxious responding. These data document the need to distinguish between repressors and truly low-anxious persons in research concerned with relations between self-reported anxiety and behavioral and physiological responses to stress. (42 ref)

*Coping Behavior,
*Physiological Correlates,
*Repression (Defense Mechanism),
*Stress Reactions,
Human Males
"Maybe I Made Up the Whole Thing": Placebos and Patients' Experiences in a Randomized Controlled Trial (Journal Article)
Ted J. Kaptchuk,
Jessica Shaw,
Lisa A. Conboy,
John M. Kelley,
Anthony J. Lembo,
Eric E. Jacobson
Patients in the placebo arms of randomized controlled trials (RCT) often experience positive changes from baseline. While multiple theories concerning such "placebo effects" exist, peculiarly, none has been informed by actual interviews of patients undergoing placebo treatment. Here, we report on a qualitative study (n = 27) embedded within a RCT (n = 262) in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Besides identical placebo acupuncture treatment in the RCT, the qualitative study patients also received an additional set of interviews at the beginning, midpoint, and end of the trial. Interviews of the 12 qualitative subjects who underwent and completed placebo treatment were transcribed. We found that patients (1) were persistently concerned with whether they were receiving placebo or genuine treatment; (2) almost never endorsed "expectation" of improvement but spoke of "hope" instead and frequently reported despair; (3) almost all reported improvement ranging from dramatic psychosocial changes to unambiguous, progressive symptom improvement to tentative impressions of benefit; and (4) often worried whether their improvement was due to normal fluctuations or placebo effects. The placebo treatment was a problematic perturbation that provided an opportunity to reconstruct the experiences of the fluctuations of their illness and how it disrupted their everyday life. Immersion in this RCT was a co-mingling of enactment, embodiment and interpretation involving ritual performance and evocative symbols, shifts in bodily sensations, symptoms, mood, daily life behaviors, and social interactions, all accompanied by self-scrutiny and re-appraisal. The placebo effect involved a spectrum of factors and any single theory of placebo—e.g. expectancy, hope, conditioning, anxiety reduction, report bias, symbolic work, narrative and embodiment—provides an inadequate model to explain its salubrious benefits.
Anxiety reduction,
Clinical Psychology,
Conditioning,
Expectancy,
Irritable bowel syndrome,
Patient–physician relationship,
Placebo,
Placebo controls,
Placebo effect,
Randomized controlled trials,
Report bias,
"Maybe I Made Up the Whole Thing": Placebos and Patients' Experiences in a Randomized Controlled Trial (2009, Journal Article)
T. J. Kaptchuk,
C. E. Kerr

Patients in the placebo arms of randomized controlled trials (RCT) often experience positive changes from baseline. While multiple theories concerning such "placebo effects" exist, peculiarly, none has been informed by actual interviews of patients undergoing placebo treatment. Here, we report on a qualitative study (n = 27) embedded within a RCT (n = 262) in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Besides identical placebo acupuncture treatment in the RCT, the qualitative study patients also received an additional set of interviews at the beginning, midpoint, and end of the trial. Interviews of the 12 qualitative subjects who underwent and completed placebo treatment were transcribed. We found that patients (1) were persistently concerned with whether they were receiving placebo or genuine treatment; (2) almost never endorsed "expectation" of improvement but spoke of "hope" instead and frequently reported despair; (3) almost all reported improvement ranging from dramatic psychosocial changes to unambiguous, progressive symptom improvement to tentative impressions of benefit; and (4) often worried whether their improvement was due to normal fluctuations or placebo effects. The placebo treatment was a problematic perturbation that provided an opportunity to reconstruct the experiences of the fluctuations of their illness and how it disrupted their everyday life. Immersion in this RCT was a co-mingling of enactment, embodiment and interpretation involving ritual performance and evocative symbols, shifts in bodily sensations, symptoms, mood, daily life behaviors, and social interactions, all accompanied by self-scrutiny and re-appraisal. The placebo effect involved a spectrum of factors and any single theory of placebo – e.g. expectancy, hope, conditioning, anxiety reduction, report bias, symbolic work, narrative and embodiment – provides an inadequate model to explain its salubrious benefits.

Placebo effect. Placebo controls. Randomized controlled trials. Placebo. Acupuncture. Irritable bowel syndrome. Patient -physician relationship. Expectancy. Conditioning. Anxiety reduction. Report bias. Embodiment. Ritual
Meditation lowers stress and supports forgiveness among college students: A randomized controlled trial (2008, Journal Article)
Doug Oman,
Carl E. Thoresen,
Thomas G. Plante,
Tim Flinders

Objective and Participants: The authors evaluated the effects on stress, rumination, forgiveness, and hope of two 8-week, 90-min/wk training programs for college undergraduates in meditation-based stress-management tools. Methods: After a pretest, the authors randomly allocated college undergraduates to training in mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR; n = 15), Easwaran's Eight-Point Program (EPP; n = 14), or wait-list control ( n = 15). The authors gathered pretest, posttest, and 8-week follow-up data on self-report outcome measures. Results: The authors observed no post-treatment differences between MBSR and EPP or between posttest and 8-week follow-up ( p > .10). Compared with controls, treated participants ( n = 29) demonstrated significant benefits for stress ( p < .05, Cohen's d = -.45) and forgiveness ( p < .05, d = .34) and marginal benefits for rumination ( p < .10, d = -.34). Conclusions: Evidence suggests that meditation-based stress-management practices reduce stress and enhance forgiveness among college undergraduates. Such programs merit further study as potential health-promotion tools for college populations.

Easwaran's Eight-Point Program,
Forgiveness,
Meditation as Medicine: A Critique (Journal Article)
Wakoh Shannon Hickey
In this article the author examines the use of meditation as an aid to conventional medicine, examines the increased research on the subject, and offers a critique of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR), the therapeutic meditation method developed by molecular biologist Jon Kabat-Zinn. A number of topics are addressed including Kabat-Zinn's perception of MBSR as Buddhist meditation without a religious element, the moral framework of yoga and meditation, and the lack of interaction and community in the practice of MBSR.
Alternative medicine,
Buddhism,
Contemplation, critical evaluation of,
Kabat-Zinn, Jon,
Meditation, therapeutic use of,
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT),
Yoga, teaching of,
mindfulness-based cognitive therapy,
Mindfulness and heart rate variability in individuals with high and low generalized anxiety symptoms (Journal Article)
Annette M. Mankus,
Amelia Aldao,
Caroline Kerns,
Elena Wright Mayville,
Douglas S. Mennin
Abstract Mindfulness has been incorporated into several treatment approaches for psychopathology. Despite the popularity of this approach, relatively few empirical investigations have examined the relationship between mindfulness and autonomic indicators of flexible emotion regulation, such as heart rate variability (HRV). Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) has been associated with both low levels of mindfulness and HRV. In this investigation, we examined the relationship between HRV and mindfulness in the context of elevated generalized anxiety (GA) symptoms—an analog for GAD—by examining whether GA level moderated this relationship. HRV was collected while participants completed self-report measures of GA and trait mindfulness. GA level interacted with mindfulness in the prediction of HRV; in the high GA, but not low GA group, mindfulness was positively associated with HRV. This suggests that for individuals with high GA, mindfulness may enhance parasympathetic influences on the heart rate. We address the limitations of the current investigation and suggest avenues for future research on mindfulness-related changes in tonic and phasic HRV over time.
Heart rate variability,
Physiology and Contemplation,

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Israel IDF Army officer COAT JACKET POLICE size : L OR XL. IT IS IN GOOD CONDITION BLUE COLOR... PIT TO PIT 60 CM = 24. LONG - TALL 73 CM = 29.2.
AND SLEEVES 66 CM = 26.4. 50 % COTTON + 50% NYLON OUT SIDE. WAS MADE IN THE YEAR OF 2009. BY ITSELF IT IS LIKE 1KG / 2.3LB.
The item "Israel IDF Army officer COAT JACKET POLICE size L OR XL" is in sale since Sunday, March 11, 2018. This item is in the category "Collectibles\Militaria\Other Militaria". The seller is "wildeshlomi" and is located in haifa. This item can be shipped worldwide.


Wahama's Travis Kearns, right, hands the baton off to teammate Brady Bumgarner (526) during the final leg of the Class A 4x200m relay event held at Laidley Field in Charleston, W.Va.
OVCS senior Rachel Sargent (34) hits a spike attempt over a Mars Hill blocker during Game 4 of the 2016 OCSAA state championship match at the Maxwell Center on the campus of Ohio Christian University in Circleville, Ohio.
Rather it be in Ohio or in West Virginia, there were still plenty of miles racked up in getting to state tournaments within the Ohio Valley Publishing area this past school year.
Mason, Meigs and Gallia counties collectively produced over 80 state qualifying individuals during the 2016-17 campaign, with a whopping 70 of those coming in non-team competitions.
In fact, only the Ohio Valley Christian girls volleyball team, as well as the Gallia Academy tennis duo of Pierce Wilcoxon and Miguel Velasco, advanced to the state level in some sort of group sport.
Mason County — which did not have a single team advance to a state tournament — did lead the tri-county area with an impressive 57 student-athletes competing at the highest levels in the Mountain State.
Point Pleasant led all of the 10 local high schools with 37 individual state qualifiers, with Wahama coming in second place with its 20 state advancees. PPHS was also the only school to have at least one state qualifier in the fall, winter and spring seasons.
Spring proved to be the most productive season in the OVP area as 53 student-athletes advanced to state in either tennis or track and field, with the latter producing all but four of those qualifiers.
The meets held at Laidley Field and Jesse Owens Memorial Stadium also led to a total of nine podium finishes between the two states … which will very likely be discussed in a little more detail later this week.
PPHS sent 22 track and field athletes to the Class AA championships, while Wahama qualified 16 for the Class A meet at Laidley Field.
Meigs led all of the Ohio programs with four entrants at Jesse Owens, while Gallia Academy had three and River Valley accounted for one in the Division II meet. Eastern had three athletes compete in the Division III championships.
Wilcoxon and Velasco lost their opening round match in the state tournament, but did finish the year as sectional champs and regional runners-up on their way to the Lindner Family Tennis Center.
Point sophomore Dawson Wilson finished the boys tennis season with a 17-3 record and made it to the semifinal round in third singles, while PPHS junior Bailey Barnett ended the girls year with a 15-7 mark after dropping a second singles semifinal in Charleston.
The winter months brought the second-best showing from the tri-county region, particularly in the sport of wrestling — which accounted for all 16 state appearances.
Point Pleasant led the charge with 11 qualifiers in the Class AA-A event at Big Sandy Superstore Arena, while WHS added another four to that same state tournament. GAHS also had a single grappler advance to the OHSAA championships at Value City Arena in Division II.
The Big Blacks came away with three podium finishes and a pair of state runner-up efforts from Grant Safford (182) and George Smith (113). Andrew Roach also placed third at 195 pounds for PPHS.
Kaleb Crisenbery earned Ohio's lone podium spot in the winter after placing eighth in the D-2 meet at 145 pounds. Wahama came away with no podium finishes, but did score a point at the state level for the ninth time in 11 years.
The Lady Defenders — the lone full squad to advance to a state tournament — put together a volleyball season for the ages after winning its first 19 matches of the year.
OVCS eventually rolled through the Ohio Christian Schools Athletics Association field and found itself in the championship game against Mars Hill Academy. The Lady Defenders ultimately dropped a five-game decision and ended the campaign with a 23-2 overall record.
Eastern junior Jessica Cook qualified for her third consecutive Division III cross country final at National Trail Raceway, while sophomore Luke Wilson earned his first berth and also became the first PPHS boy to advance to the state CC meet since 2009.
Junior Bryce Tayengco also advanced to the state golf tournament for Point Pleasant, making him the first Black Knight to appear in Tornado since the duo of Erik Allbright and Opie Lucas went in 2011.


text:
Statue of former Ethiopian leader Haile Selassie destroyed 'by group of 100 people' in Wimbledon park
Comments Off on Statue of former Ethiopian leader Haile Selassie destroyed 'by group of 100 people' in Wimbledon park
A statue of former Ethiopian leader Haile Selassie has been destroyed in a south west London park.
The incident in Cannizaro Park in Wimbledon, which is being investigated by police, was carried out on Tuesday evening by a group of around 100 people, according to an eyewitness.
It appears to be linked to unrest in Ethiopia sparked after Hachalu Hundessa, a famous singer cherished by people of the country's Oromia region, was shot dead earlier this week.
Riots saw a statue of 19th-century leader Ras Makonnen, the father of Selassie, Ethiopia's last emperor, torn down in the nation's capital Addis Ababa.
Wimbledon resident Andrew Morris said he saw the mostly male group while out for a walk with his dog Archie.
"As soon as I got out of the car I heard all this noise and thought there must be some festival going on or an unauthorised rave or something," the 53-year-old said.
The statue after it had been destroyed (PA)
"I heard the statue being smashed up, but didn't actually see it happen.
"They weren't some rabid mob, they looked pretty calm… I didn't think they were in danger of attacking anyone.
"These other guys ripped a sign out of the ground and started smashing that to pieces – it didn't even say anything but obviously they were just in the mood."
Mr Morris said the group were carrying fliers that had Oromo slogans on.
After the group had left the park, police arrived and Mr Morris was questioned by an officer.
The Met Police said enquiries are ongoing and no arrests have yet been made after they were called to a report of criminal damage at 5.10pm on Tuesday.
Emperor Haile Selassie escorts Queen Elizabeth as she leaves the Ethiopian Embassy in 1954 (Associated Newspapers)
Mr Morris said he did some research online when he got home and read about the death of Hundessa.
Hundessa was famous for singing about the rights of the Oromo people and had been a prominent voice in anti-government protests that led to a change in leadership in 2018, with Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed taking office.
"People are saying (the statue being removed) is racist but it's a domestic political thing," Mr Morris said.
"I don't condone what they did but I can see what their beef is – it's not just vandalism for the fun of it.
"Part of me thinks all the statue toppling is a little bit pointless as it's history, and yet for them, it might be quite cathartic.
"But it is a shame to lose that little piece of Wimbledon."


text:
Q: How to protect project file in ubuntu server? We have ubuntu server 18.04 installed. We want our team to work their project from the server only so that they cannot save the file in their local pc. Is it feasible to make it work in that way. If above questions seems to unclear then lets me make clear from the following example.
Assume that we have three guys on team namely A, B and C. A works for software development, B works for Mobile Development and C works for database development. Now we want all this guys (a,b and c) able to work from our server so that they cannot take that file at home or share to anyone or able to save either in their own personal local pc. Is it feasible to make the team work in that way ? Please advise

A:
Now we want all this guys (a,b and c) able to work from our server so that they cannot take that file at home or share to anyone or able to save either in their own personal local pc. Is it feasible to make the team work in that way ? Please advise

No. To quote Bruce Schneier:

Digital files cannot be made uncopyable, any more than water can be made not wet.

This is always true. They can copy the text, or they can snap a photo of the monitor and do an OCR of the code. If they can view it, you have to assume that they can copy it.
If that is not OK, you should hire programmers you can trust.
If you have high security requirements, you may require that the coders surrender cell phones and other devices before entering a secure compartment, where they will use a computer that they can't plug USB devices into...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Don't 'Free From' Cakes Taste Horrible?
It is a common misconception that, because there are certain ingredients missing, the quality won't be as good. In some cases that is true but, if the missing ingredients are substitued correctly, the taste and texture is just as good if not better. If made well it should be very difficult to be able to tell the difference between a free from cake and a regular cake.
Why are your cakes more expensive than supermarket ones?
I get asked that regularly. If you go into most supermarkets you will find free from products, but they are mass produced and therefore the ingredients are bought in bulk quantities. The items are produced in very large batches in factories, therefore they are able to be sold in large quantities keeping the costs down. Fairy free cakes are homemade in smaller amounts, with fresh ingredients, do not include any preservatives unlike the supermarkets and are made by hand to order. It is generally agreed that homemade cakes taste better than shop bought ones and the delights of Fairy Free Cakes are no exception.
If you take eggs out how does it hold together?
When can I start eating my cakes?
Please store your products in a cool place outside of the fridge as sponge cakes dry out in the fridge, however, in hot temperatures products with buttercream should be kept in the fridge and then transferred to a cool place or counter for approx 30 mins to soften before eating.
How long do the cakes keep for?
We suggest that all products are consumed on day of delivery to ensure quality and freshness however if kept in an airtight container, in a cool place, will last for a few more days. Cookies and brownies will last a bit longer if you can resist them.
copyright © Fairy Free Cakes, all rights reserved.


framing wall on sloped floor --- where to shim?
I am finishing part of my basement. The basement floor (poured concrete) is sloped.
For instance, in one 8' section of the basement where I want to frame a wall, distance from floor to bottom of ceiling joist transitions from 76 1/2" to 75 3/4". This is due to floor sloping.
Question: Should I build the 8' wall in place with different height studs? Or should I build a square wall on the floor 1 1/2" too short (in the shortest section) and then stand the wall into place and slide in a second top plate? With this method I will need to shim the wall pretty dramatically. Even with a double top plate, there will be a gap of around 3/4" on one end. I am using 3" framing nails.
Another possibility is to build a non-square wall on the floor and again use a double top place. This is probably the easiest thing for me to do; the only awkward aspect is that the wall I be assembling on the floor will not be square. This method will not require shimming if I measure correctly.
I built the stud wall for my entire basement in place. Nailed the top plate to the joists, concrete nail gunned the floor plate to the concrete and then measured, cut, and toe-nailed individual studs between the plates. There's just too much room for error when trying to fit floor built framing up against a wall with a top and bottom limit.
I am not an expert, and I am just trying to share my experience.
- If you only plan to finish part of the basement and only frame that area, you will find that framing that area first will make your task of leveling that area difficult because your back or elbows will be against the framed wall when you are trying to level the area near the framed wall.
- You may have problem nailing the baseboard trim or quarter round into the bottom framing wood in area where you have raised the floor with leveling compound or concrete. The nail can easily miss the mark. You may need to add wood block on top of the bottom framing wood as a nailer to get around with this problem.
- Leveling compound or concrete may enclose the side of some of the bottom frame. This makes the bottom framing wood to retain moisture longer than it would be otherwise (in case we have a slight moisture coming up from the basement floor), and may not allow the bottom framing wood to dry. That may or may not be a problem.
If you don't intend to level the floor, you may want to frame it in place instead of preparing the frame on the floor and raise it up. The reason is that the floor may be going up and down having many small peaks and valleys and is not in a gentle slope, and this is hard to tell if the floor has peaks and valleys without using a spring or a long piece of straight wood (I cannot tell just by my eyes). If we prepare the frame on the floor, we may find that the frame may get stuck at the bottom middle section because the floor has a small peak in that area. On the other hand, if the floor is smooth and has a gentle slope, you may be able to prepare the unsquare frame on the floor and raise it up (following one of the tip that Tom in "This Old House" suggested to prepare an unsquare frame). This is probably easier and faster this way (I haven't tried this myself).
A paltry 3/4" variance over 8 ft. "dramatic"?
You haven't dealt with many old houses I'd bet!
Build it in place with every stud custom cut.
Even new houses this isn't particularly unusual.
Our previous house had everything 1" out of vertical over 8". Never noticed until I actually stuck a level on it.
Or build and erect a stud wall, sloped or not, and shim as required. It's quicker. And I _hate_ toe-nailing (toe-screwing too ;-).
3/4" isn't excessive for shimming on a non-load-bearing wall.
You have received all the responses. All will work. This wall only has to support the wall covering.
I would not try to level the floor.
1. Build in place with all that toe nailing 2. or assuming you have room to maneuver the completed wall, build it to the height of the shortest point and shim at the top for the gaps. 3. Or layout your top and bottom plates, marking stud locations. measure and cut each stud, nail them to the top plate in the normal manner. Secure the bottom plate and then lift the top plate and studs into position, and toenail the bottom portion of the studs.
Any of the three will work just fine if using a nail gun. Before trying number one practice toe nailing over your head with a hammer.
Thanks for all of the helpful comments! I started building the walls in place and toe nailing as I go.
Did I miss something? My math came up with 3/4" difference.
I'd make the frame square. Build it...shim the one end (either wood... or fill it after the wall is up with some poured concrete).
Nor will the verticals. They'll all be at a slight angle at the floor. Not a big deal in this particular case. But not the best solution either. You want the verticals as square-fitting as possible.
Shower Stall WALL and FLOOR Tile - Mortar or Adhesive???
How quick can I jack up a floor structure?
how thin can the wall of a bungalow be, yet still meet thermal requirements?


text:
1908 Ad Ivory Soap Fable Apologies to Aesop Geo Ade Moral Economize Laundry EM2
This is an original 1908 black and white print ad for Ivory Soap.
This 103+ year old Item is rated Very Fine +. Moderate aging throughout. No creases. No natural defects. Some moderate surface rub. No tears. Moderate water stain - left margin. Please note that there is rub and bleed-through from the print on the reverse.
Product Type: Original Print Ad; Black / White
Grade: Very Fine +
Ivory Soap.
The worldÕs biggest advertiser all began with one product: Ivory Soap.
James Norris Gamble, son of cofounder of Procter and Gamble, had aspirations of breaking into the Castile soap market; so, in 1878, he purchased a soap formula from a competitor. After refining the soap, Gamble began selling his ÒWhite Soap.Ó
In 1879, an employee at the factory had accidentally left his soap mixing machine on while he was on a lunch break. This caused an excess amount of air to be mixed into the soap. When the manager decided the soap had not been detrimentally compromised, the boxes of soap were shipped. Just weeks later Procter and Gamble received an influx of orders requesting more of the Òfloating soap.Ó
Some time later, Harley T. Proctor, son of cofounder of Procter and Gamble, changed the name of the soap from ÒWhite SoapÓ to ÒIvory SoapÓ when he was inspired by a bible reading (Psalms 45:8) during church, which incorporated the term ÒIvoryÓ into the text. In 1879, the product was trademarked as such.
In 1882, Procter and Gamble appropriated a vastly substantial advertising budget (around $11,000Ña very large sum at the time) to market the Ivory soap product nationally. The very first Ivory soap advertisement was featured in a religious weekly publication called the Independent. The soap was marketed as a laundry soap with all of the same qualities as a luxury toiletry soap. In efforts to stand out among fierce competitors, the company incorporated purity claims into its advertising. Additionally, Procter and Gamble capitalized on its floating property, which informed consumers of its convenience in being able to locate the soap in the laundry washtub. The company also utilized an interactive advertising campaign, which encouraged consumers to write in about their experiences with the soap, as well as creative and unusual uses for it. The categories were split into two books and published for the masses. Later, Procter and Gamble created a marketing promotion that included a miniature soap cake, which could be attached to a watch chain for convenient access.
During the 1930s, Compton Advertising, employed by Procter and Gamble and later absorbed by Saatchi & Saatchi, incorporated Ivory Soap radio programs into its advertising. In 1938, Life Can be Beautiful made its debut, followed by Against the Storm in 1939, and Brave Tomorrow and I Love a Mystery in 1943.
During the 1950s, Ivory Soap expanded its scope by introducing dishwashing detergent. During the 1980s, the company came out with Liquid Handsoap, followed by its line of body wash in 1996.
Copyright 2016, Period Paper LLC
Keywords specific to this image: Vintage Advertising
EM2A9C08


text:
Pitching and Defense
Chad Dotson
I agree, and am pleased, with the thrust of this story at reds.com, which is that the Reds aren't having to focus primarily on pitching for the first off-season in recent memory. That's a great development for this organization. Sure, there are holes to be filled (particulary in the bullpen), but the pitching is in better shape than it has been in years.
I threw up in my mouth a little bit when I read this, though:
Since late last season, the Reds have gradually made an offensive transformation, from a veteran power-laden team to a younger one that wants to rely more on speed and manufacturing runs.
That often means a lot of low-scoring games, and for that strategy to succeed, the pitching will have to be better than it has been the last several years.
Ugh. "A lot of low-scoring games". Is this 1969?
I always knew the Cardinals were girly
Off-Season Game Thread: Reds Rewind Classics
Blame Chad for creating this mess. Chad launched Redleg Nation in February 2005, and has been writing about the Reds ever since. His first book, "The Big 50: The Men and Moments That Made the Cincinnati Reds" is now available in bookstores and online, at Amazon, Barnes & Noble, and wherever fine books are sold. You can also find Chad's musings about the Cincinnati Reds in the pages of Cincinnati Magazine. You can email Chad at [email protected]
Thanks, Aaron
Chris Garber
Trade Deadline Stories


Get prepared for the festival season with our rain-proof fashion tips.
Are you heading to a music festival this summer? If so, you're probably dreaming of blue skies and dancing in a field but as we know, good weather is not always guaranteed.
With the weather so changeable at the moment, a parka jacket is definitely an essential for the festival season. The perfect parka should be lightweight and easy to fit into your backpack – like this hooded parka from New Look.
At £19.99, this parka is something that you can wear time and time again.
The key to dressing for a typical British summer is to layer up. A hoodie like this blue one from Primark can help keep you warm on a cold evening and bring a laidback look to any outfit. With a price tag of just £7, this hoodie is hard to pass up!
A pair of denim shorts are an essential in any festival wardrobe. These from Primark feature embroidered detailing on the hem and will give you that Coachella vibe even if it's pouring it down!
This pair won't set you back too much at just £12.
Embrace the bohemian trend by packing something like this cotton blouse from H&M. This lightweight blouse features delicate detailing and would look chic when paired with a pair of denim shorts. Not bad for £9.99!
Just because you're in a field in the middle of the UK, it doesn't mean that you should rule out a dress. Some of the best festival looks are when festival goers edge up a feminine dress.
This floral dress from Primark will look effortlessly cool paired with a denim jacket or parka. At just £10, it's great value.
Of course, you can't go to a festival without a sturdy pair of wellies. These knee high wellies from New Look come in at £19.99 – pair them with some thick socks and you'll be festival ready!
If you're lucky, the sun might just make an appearance, so make sure to pack some sunglasses. Round rimmed ones like this peach pair are big at the moment, or you could make a fashion statement with these 'Hello Sunshine' glasses. Both are from Primark and come in at just £3.
For advice on which sunglass will suit your face shape, check out our blog.
In the day, you'll need a small bag to pack in all of your essentials. Take this black duffle bag from Primark, for example. It'll be able to hold necessities like water, food and money. At just £9, this bag is a bargain.
A festival look wouldn't be complete without a flower crown – pick up one like this from Primark for just £3.
Want to know how to save money this festival season? Check out our blog.


text:
Events | gigs | Music
Mayer Hawthorne at Band on the Wall
Mayer Hawthorne has over 100 million plays on YouTube, Spotify and all those other Internet sites. His sophomore album How Do You Do earned him a Grammy nod. And if he got a vote for every SoundCloud follower he has (five million), he could get elected Senator somewhere. Mayer DJed in Michigan at the height of Detroit hip-hop. He was there. Before Em blew, when Dilla was still alive. He was spinning records and making rap beats. Now he's making soul records and rappers are sampling him.
By Steven Pankhurst | September 8th '16
Venue: Band on the Wall
Date: Friday 18th November
Tickets: https://bandonthewall.org/events/mayer-hawthorne-live/
Mayer's been digging in the crates and you can hear the influences in his music. A touch of Shuggie Otis here, some Bob Marley there, a sprinkle of Sly Stone…
On his fourth full-length album, Man About Town, Hawthorne is back to handling the lion's share of production. He also played damn near every instrument on the album and penned every track. His songwriting pulls from his life and observations; his heartache and joy. Sometimes it's groovy, other times he's vulnerable and sincere.
Robert Glasper Experiment at Band on the Wall


text:
Article on Long-Term Data Management Published in Special Deepwater Horizon 10-Year issue of Shore & Beach
MARCH 30, 2020 — NOAA's Office of Response and Restoration and the Restoration Center are pleased to announce a new publication in the journal Shore & Beach that highlights our work and leadership on long-term data management in the Gulf of Mexico.
Restored dunes on the Florida Gulf Coast. Image credit: U.S. Department of Interior.
The paper in this special Deepwater Horizon 10 year dedicated issue highlights the summary of collaborative work, findings, and recommendations from two workshops and over two years of working groups led by NOAA and involving experts from over 30 organizations including State, Federal, non-governmental organizations, and restoration practitioners.
OR&R and Restoration Center jointly sponsored and led the workshops and working groups, which were facilitated by Dr. Nancy Kinner, co-Director of the Coastal Response Research Center (CRRC) at the University of New Hampshire. All workshop reports and presentations are available on the CRRC website.
Scientists from several key organizations including the National Academies of Science Engineering and Medicine, Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Council (RESTORE Council) and NOAA's National Center for Environmental Information provided leadership on the workshops and working groups, with PhD candidates Kathryn Keating (LSU) and Missy Gloekly (UNH) as lead authors on the paper.
For more information, please contact NOAA co-authors Ben.Shorr@noaa.gov and Mike.Peccini@noaa.gov.
Last updated Friday, April 3, 2020 4:34pm PDT


Do you have a team and are you sponsoring?
We look for team members who produce great fingerboard videos. We like videos that are fun to watch. It's about more then tricks, it's about showcasing your tricks. Thanks for contacting us and we look forward to seeing your videos.
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Commentary| Volume 27, ISSUE 1, P6-8, January 01, 2021
Rational for meta-analysis and randomized treatment: the COVID-19 example
Didier Raoult
IHU Méditérannée Infection, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
MEPHI, IRD, Aix Marseille Univ, AP-HM, Marseille, France
IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
Published:October 21, 2020DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.10.012
Previous ArticleHas the door closed on hydroxychloroquine for SARS-COV-2?
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My opinion is that hydroxychloroquine has become the symbol of a struggle between practising physicians and methodologists [
Has the door closed on hydroxychloroquine for SARS-COV-2?.
], and the Western world against the rest of the world [
Million M.
Roussel Y.
Raoult D.
Chloroquine and COVID-19: a western medical and scientific drift?.
Eur J Intern Med. 2020; 78: 4-5
]. This leads to great confusion in the literature between, on the one hand, the advocates of an empirical approach based on the sensitivity of bacteria, viruses or parasites to anti-infectious agents in vitro and the rational use of these anti-infectious agents in patients, and, on the other hand, the analysts who, taking up the various studies, are more specifically interested in the form of the studies to determine the existence of biases. Recently, hydroxychloroquine, from my point of view, became a paradigm of such conflict.
For example, when testing hydroxychloroquine, exclusion of patients without confirmed diagnosis is for us a major issue. In contrast, several studies do not consider this parameter to be essential [
Randomised evaluation of COVID-19 therapy (Recovery).
University of Oxford, 2020
https://www.recoverytrial.net/files/recovery-protocol-v6-0-2020-05-14.pdf
Ann Intern Med. 2020; 173: 623-631
], including a large study testing the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis [
Boulware D.R.
Pullen M.F.
Okafor E.C.
A randomized trial of hydroxychloroquine as postexposure prophylaxis for covid-19.
N Engl J Med. 2020; 383: 517-525
]. This inclusion criterion is mandatory for me. In addition, there are considerable differences in dosing regimens as there is no standard dosing regimen: the Recovery Trial gave a theoretically toxic dosage at baseline (2.4 g), others use 200 mg daily, while we prescribe, in my institute, 600 mg daily, as in Q fever or Whipple's disease [
Gautret P.
Kaplanski G.
Camoin-Jau L.
Colson P.
Fenollar F.
Natural history of COVID-19 and therapeutic options.
Exp Rev Clin Immunol. 2020; (In press)
]. Also, it is important to compare the duration of treatment. Entering hospital data with a hydroxychloroquine yes/no answer does not tell much about the treatment. These are major problems with the inclusion criteria in big data studies.
The stage of the disease at which treatment is given is critical. Two reviews explain that there are four stages in the disease [
McCullough P.A.
Kelly R.J.
Ruocco G.
Lerma E.
Tumlin J.
Wheelan K.R.
Pathophysiological basis and rationale for early outpatient treatment of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection.
Am J Med. 2020; 7 (S0002-9343(20)30673-2)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.07.003
]. There is a first virological stage, when the antiviral drugs can be effective, a second viro-immunological stage, when the immunological reaction aggravates the patient's condition and is associated with abnormal coagulation phenomena including anti-phospholipid antibodies [
Bertin D.
Brodovitch A.
Beziane A.
Hug S.
Bouamri A.
Mege J.L.
Anti-cardiolipin IgG autoantibodies are an independent risk factor of COVID-19 severity.
Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1002/art.41409
], a third stage that is exclusively or almost exclusively immune, also called the cytokine storm, and finally a fourth stage, resulting from multiple pulmonary and visceral injuries. Thus, each stage probably corresponds to different therapeutic strategies. Finally, evaluation of the therapeutic efficiency in all infections of the lung is usually performed after 3 days of treatment. Mixing patients of different stages, with different doses and durations of treatment, may result in a false result known as "Simpson's paradox" [
Janket S.J.
Ackerson L.K.
Diamandis E.
Simpson's paradox in proof-of-concept studies.
Nat Med. 2019; 25: 1640
]: studying separate groups of patients from the same study may result in opposite conclusions. Some French studies exclude patients who are treated while they have already been hospitalized for 2 days [
Mahévas M.
Tran V.T.
Roumier M.
Chabrol A.
Paule R.
Guillaud C.
Clinical efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with covid-19 pneumonia who require oxygen: observational comparative study using routine care data.
BMJ. 2020; 369: m1844
], which is difficult to understand. For sure, a key element is the delay between the start of disease and implementation of the treatment.
Finally, we need outcomes that are measurable and not too dependent on circumstances. Transfer to the critical care unit is dependent on local management and possibilities. Hospitalization is not a good criterion either. The decision to hospitalize is not based on objective criteria, but rather reflects a management strategy or bed availability rather than a clear clinical reality. These are reflections that have arisen from our experience here having followed more than 6000 people with this disease [
Lagier J.C.
Cortaredona S.
Giraud-Gatineau A.
Outcomes of 3,737 COVID-19 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin and other regimens in Marseille, France: a retrospective analysis.
Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020; 36: 101791
]. Evaluation of outcome, as in other infectious diseases, can be clinical with objective measures (death) or biological. In fact, viral loads allow better appreciation of the effectiveness of an antiviral treatment (especially in AIDS and hepatitis C) than the design of the study. Indeed, the incontestable objective factors are death and viral load, which are measurable elements and which do not (or only slightly for PCR) depend on the observer or the circumstances. Of course, they may not be linked directly, but both report on some objective efficacy of the treatment.
Thus, if we look at the practice of care using two therapeutic reference books as a reference, Conn's current therapy book [
Kellerman R.
Conn's current therapy.
1st ed. Elsevier, Philadelphia2019
] and the Bennet Dolin Blaser book [
Bennett J.E.
Dolin R.
Blaser M.J.
Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases.
8th ed. Elsevier, Philadelphia2014
], there are very few cases of treatable infections where randomized studies have been able to modify or allow the management of infectious diseases. In bacteriology, antibiotic testing drives therapeutics. In virology, viral load drives therapeutics, as for AIDS or hepatitis C. In parasitology, for therapeutics, effects (for malaria) have also been biologically measured. Thus, in contrast to the asserted dogma, there are very few examples of currently followed therapeutics in infectious diseases that have been determined by randomized double-blind studies [
Anglemyer A.
Horvath H.T.
Bero L.
Healthcare outcomes assessed with observational study designs compared with those assessed in randomized trials.
Cochrane Syst Rev. 2014; 4MR000034
]. Methods of randomized trials have dogmatically become the reference standard, but are controversial [
Woodcock J.
Ware J.H.
Miller P.W.
McMurray J.J.V.
Harrington D.P.
Drazen J.M.
Clinical trial series.
N Engl J Med. 2016; : 2167
Frieden T.R.
Evidence for health decision making – beyond randomized, controlled trials.
Bédécarrats F.
Guérin I.
Roubaud F.
Randomized control trials in the field of development – a critical perspective.
Oxford University Press, London2020
]. Currently randomized trials have been severely criticized including in cardiology and cancer therapy [
Kuss O.
Legler T.
Börgermann J.
Treatments effects from randomized trials and propensity score analyses were similar in similar populations in an example from cardiac surgery.
J Clin Epidemiol. 2011; 64: 1076-1084
Edwards J.P.
Kelly E.J.
Lin Y.
Lenders T.
Ghali W.A.
Graham A.J.
Meta-analytic comparison of randomized and nonrandomized studies of breast cancer surgery.
Can J Surg. 2012; 55: 155-162
]. A recent giant review by the Cochrane Library (including 1583 meta-analysis covering 228 medical conditions) fails to show any superiority of randomized studies versus observational studies in many healthcare outcomes [
]. It is not established therefore that there is evidence of a superiority of randomized studies. The very existence of meta-analysis highlights that there are discrepancies between the different randomized studies, which proves that these studies did not eliminate biases [
Bouillabaisse or fish soup: the limitations of meta-analysis confronted to the inconsistency of fecal microbiota transplantation studies.
Clin Infect Dis. 2020; 70: 2454
]. Indeed in this journal, as for hydroxychloroquine, it was reported that one meta-analysis demonstrates no effect of hydroxychloroquine on COVID-19 infection [
Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020; 27: 19-27
] and the other the opposite [
Dubourg G.
Chabrière E.
Clinical efficacy of chloroquine derivatives in COVID-19 infection: comparative meta-analysis between the big data and the real world.
New Microbe. New Infect. 2020; 38 (eCollection 2020 Nov): 100709https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100709
]. However, meta-analysis exemplified the role of the sponsor in the biases, as shown by us for probiotics [
Publication biases in probiotics.
Eur J Epidemiol. 2012; 27: 885-886
To evaluate observational studies, after analysing the significance of each factor, including therapy, on the outcome, it is possible to carry out multivariate analysis that tests the independence of the factors or to carry out propensity scores that should in principle neutralize a number of factors [
], or at least those that are known. Indeed, it has been well accepted for a very long time, within the framework of Simpson's paradox [
Stang A.
Poole C.
The ongoing tyranny of statistical significance testing in biomedical research.
], that not all equivocal factors are necessarily recognized, and that sometimes the addition of studies that are all in favour of one therapy gives an inverse result when combined, due to a bias in the number of people included. This paradox is well known and shows that it is impossible to fight bias mathematically and that it is necessary to have knowledge of the disease and formulate a hypothesis before interpreting massive studies [
All in all, there is no indisputable science of therapeutic trials and their evaluation. It cannot be said that significant progress has been made in the practice of care by randomized trials in infectious diseases. They have generated a new specialty, particularly in the medical world, which is that of methodologists and analysts who, by definition, are convinced that their method is the best. In principle, over the history of hydroxychloroquine, depending on the studies that one decides to exclude, one is likely to retain one hypothesis or another.
In conclusion, there are currently nearly 100 publications available in the literature evaluating, through randomized or observational studies, or big data analyses, the effect of hydroxychloroquine on patients generating opposite results. In order to be useful, a study, whatever the mode used, must first contain only patients whose diagnosis has been formally confirmed. Secondly, the stage of the disease must be specified. The effect of drugs, in most viral diseases (such as zoster, for example), is different: at the beginning, where antivirals are effective; at the time of the inflammatory reaction, where corticosteroid therapy is effective; and at the time of necrotic lesions, where no treatment is effective.
Thirdly, the dosage of the drugs used must be clearly stated, as well as the duration of treatment.
Fourth, anti-infective treatment cannot be evaluated unless there has been an opportunity to give it for 3 days or more for drugs with a relatively short half-life.
Fifth, treatment can only be compared with data that are the same, whatever the conditions and circumstances, and that do not lead to subjective or ad hoc evaluations; then, the primary objectives must be death and disappearance of the virus.
Sixth, the patients should be compared in the high-risk groups, including age, lymphopenia and level of oxygen dependence.
These elements constitute the basis, whatever the method of inclusion chosen (randomized or not) or the method of analysis. This represents, in my opinion, the medical basis of therapeutic evaluation. Moreover, the data processing and the redaction of the paper, in my opinion, must absolutely be carried out by neutral structures, having no conflict of interest, and not by the pharmaceutical industry and be available, at the latest, 1 year after the publication of the work in order to be evaluated by the other teams.
No funding.
University of Oxford, 2020 (Available at:)
Published online: October 21, 2020
Received in revised form: October 9, 2020
Received: September 21, 2020