Mongolia's central bank left its policy rate unchanged at 14.0 percent, saying the monetary policy outlook favors future changes to interest rates.
The Bank of Mongolia (BOM) lowered its rate by 100 basis points in December following a sharp 450 point hike in August to help stabilize the exchange rate of the tugrik and preserve international reserves and thus financial stability.
The central bank noted Mongolia's inflation rate rose to 2.1 percent in February from 1.9 percent in January and is expected to rise further but still remain low and below its target due to slow economic activity, with the strength of China's economy the main factor.
Mongolia's inflation rate tumbled to a negative minus 0.2 percent in August last year and remained negative until November as meat prices fell by one-quarter and household incomes fell.
But the central bank said recent changes, such as an extension of the US$2.2 billion swap line with the People's Bank of China, had eased the pressure on short-term foreign payments and had a positive impact on the economy although there is uncertainty regarding the external sector and the budget.
Last month Mongolia reached staff-level agreement with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) on an three-year extended fund facility that includes a $440 million loan to help avert default on a $580 million bond repayment due this month by the state-run Development Bank of Mongolia (DBM).
In addition, the Asian Development Bank, the World Bank and other countries, such as Japan and South Korea, are providing financial aid, boosting the total financing package to around $5.5 billion.
As part of the agreement with the IMF, Mongolia has agreed that the DBM will operate in an independent, commercial manner and the central bank will not engage in quasi-fiscal activity.
The IMF also said it expects the BOM to continue with an appropriately tight monetary policy, aiming for price stability and first cut rates if external factors and inflation permits. A new law governing the central bank will help strengthen its mandate, governance and independence.
In its December inflation report, the central bank forecast inflation will remain low but relatively stable this year, with deflation continuing until the third quarter due to slow economic activity and low meat prices while exchange rate depreciation will help push up import prices.
The central bank's inflation target for 2016 and 2015 was lowered to 7 percent from 8.0 percent in 2013 and 2014, and 10 percent in 2012.
Mongolia's economy has been hard by the fall in its main export commodities, such as copper and coal, and a collapse in foreign investment.
The central bank expects coal to remain soft as China begins to replace coal with natural gas over the next five years and focuses on solar and wind energy while copper prices are also expected to remain soft for several more years.
The economy, which grew by an estimated 1.0 percent in 2016, was forecast by the central bank in December to expand by between 0.6 and 2.6 percent this year with inflation ranging from 1.9 to 3.9 percent.
By 2019 the IMF expects growth to rise to around 8 percent as mining projects take off, with foreign exchange reserves rising to US$3.8 billion - more than 6 months of imports - to levels seen in 2012 before the country was hit by external shocks.
In the fourth quarter of last year, Mongolia's Gross Domestic Product grew by an annual rate of 1.0 percent following contraction of 1.6 percent in the third quarter.
The exchange rate of Mongolia's tugrik has been depreciating since 2011 and fell over 20 percent from mid-2016 until early January this year.
Since then the tugrik has been slowly appreciating and was trading at 2,443 to the U.S. dollar today, up 1.6 percent since the beginning of this year and up 2 percent since a historic low on Jan. 9 of almost 2,493 to the dollar.


KARACHI – Suzuki Motor Corporation (SMC) Chairman Osamu Suzuki on Tuesday expressed his interest to invest $450 million in setting up a second production plant in Karachi.
A delegation of Suzuki Motors Corp on Tuesday called on Prime Minister Imran Khan at Prime Minister's Office.
The delegation included Mr. Osamu Suzuki, Global Chairman Suzuki, Mr. Kinji Saito, Mr. Masafumi Harano, Mr. Shigeo Takezawa, Mr. Yusuke Katto and Mr. Shafiq A Shaikh. Ambassador of Japan Mr. Takashi Kurai was also present during the meeting.
The Prime Minister while appreciating the contribution of Suzuki Motors in the automobile sector said that the present Government is committed to private sector development, investment promotion, improving ease of doing business and growth of manufacturing sector.
Once the factory is established the company will be able to manufacture additional 100,000 vehicles a year.
During the first four months of the current financial year 2018-19, the sales of Pak Suzuki Motor Company (PSMC) declined significantly by 8.3% as it sold only 42,914 units compared to 46,491 units sold during the same period last year.
The sale of Suzuki Mehran, Suzuki Bolan and Ravi declined by up to 23%, 22%, and 21% respectively in the last four months.
However, during the same period, Suzuki Cultus and WagonR supported the company as their sales enhanced by 9% and 21% respectively.


adisono.win Page 87: healthy food coloring pages for preschool. crow coloring page. saltwater fish coloring pages. captain underpants coloring book. wwe coloring games. the nightmare before christmas coloring pages.


This crunchy, cocoa-flavored ice-cream topping might not technically be magical, but it is amazingly easy.
These fluffy pancakes get an extra dose of nutrition (not to mention serious crunch) from a combination of poppy and sunflower seeds. Use any citrus you like for the batter, but we're especially fond of how oranges pair with the rosemary-infused maple syrup. All-purpose flour may be substituted for spelt, however we love the unique nuttiness that spelt brings to this recipe.
These decadent silver dollar-style pancakes are inspired by the classic British banoffee pie but are completely free from refined sugars—and they're gluten-free to boot. Sticky and sweet dried dates are soaked in hot water and blended to create the luxurious toffee-like "caramel." If you're feeling extra indulgent, whip up a batch of Coconut Whipped Cream to go on top.
Anyone who loves to dip their bacon or sausage in maple syrup will flip for these sweet and savory flapjacks. To complete the trilogy of perfect breakfast foods, we recommend topping your stack with a fried egg before diving in.
Some of your dinner party guests eat Paleo. Others don't. With this strategy, everybody's happy.
Because no one, and we mean no one, should have to turn down a bowl of hot, soupy noodles.
Great news—your vegan friend is coming over for dinner! And...so is your carnivore pal. Here, vegan bloggers tip you off on how to satisfy both.
Can the gluten-intolerant break bread with omnivores? Why yes, yes they can.
Still baking your eggs inside a piece of bread? It's time you gave your egg -in-a-hole the upgrade it deserves.
I was a savory breakfast lover in a rut. I was sick of eggs, and I couldn't exactly whip up a quiche on the weekdays. So what did I do? Breakfast salad.
Produce people don't relish the winter, which is, in most parts of the country, a fruit and vegetable wasteland.


Should ESP radius be rectangular, like the detection area?
circle-detection.patch (8.8 KB) - added by rhinocesaurus 10 years ago.
Changed all detection and mapping spells from 81x45 rectangle to radius 32 circle.
rect-telepathy.patch (2.1 KB) - added by rhinocesaurus 10 years ago.
Ok, this patch makes ESP rectangular. Moved the rectangular detection constants to defines.h, hope that's the best place to put them - I'm new at this.
IIRC, detection radii were changed to circular, but then changed back because rectangles overlap better (err, that is to say, they don't overlap as much). A 32-radius circle may be about the same size as a 81x45 rectangle, but it takes many more casts to cover the whole dungeon with a circle. I would go with the original suggestion, if at all.
When it doubt, make it a birth option!
I think that the detection size should get modified.
make the baseline from how strong/rare the spell/magic item is, and then modify with levels and spellcasting stat. even the durability could come into play, scroll of trap detection > staff > rod.
OK, so it seems like based on discussions with takkaria and lispy on IRC that it's better to leave detection circular (since circular radius is probably "more correct" but square detection areas are convenient). So rather than force consistency we're just going to leave it alone and close this issue.
rhinocesarus: Thanks for both patches, and sorry that they won't be committed.
Err... that is, leave ESP circular and detection rectangular.


text:
Publications > Working Paper Series
And Yet It Grows. Crisis, Ideology, and Interventionist Policy Ratchets
by Christian Bjørnskov and Martin Rode
WP 2017-05. Executive summary.
Discussions on the optimal level of government intervention in the economy have become very intense in recent years, especially following the 2008 financial and economic crisis. The hardships produced by this temporal economic downturn have led to some very heated debates among the economics profession on how much government should intervene in the economy to offset the negative effects for income and unemployment. Some prominent voices, such as Krugman (2012), or Piketty (2014), have recently argued for much more active government, postulating that current public sector size, or regulatory activity, are insufficient to overcome the long-term effects of what has also become known as the Great Recession.
Large increases in government spending were precisely the initial reaction to the 2008 crisis followed by practically all affected high-income countries, according to recent findings. In an attempt to offset the expansionary increase in government spending though, many OECD governments shortly afterwards designed deficit reduction policies that had exactly the opposite objective, namely to diminish the weight of the public sector in economic activity once again. As this concrete example highlights, the question whether crisis-driven increases in government size and regulation become permanent, whether they are purely temporary, or whether perhaps the overall effect is even negative, is a highly relevant and very contemporary question in economic policy.
Previous studies argue that economic crises may lead to more interventionist policies and bigger governments, but also cause deregulation and reductions of public sector size. Interestingly, the empirical evidence from cross-country studies on crisis and government size is equally mixed as the theoretical literature, with some authors finding that crises cause governments to tighten the interventionist grip on the economy, and others concluding that they are used as moments in which deregulation and less interventionist policy can be implemented. Given previous findings, our paper introduces an important innovation that has not been empirically tested in the existing literature. First, we argue that while economic crises do represent politically critical junctures and history will thus partly determine the political reaction, it is also a moment where more substantial change is possible, and whether or not governments implement more or less interventionist policies will depend on their core political ideology. Theoretically, the extent of stabilization policies undertaken should heavily depend on the political ideology of present authorities, due to the fact that views of government intervention and the market economy differ greatly across the ideological policy spectrum. Second, we argue that a transitional gains trap, as well as the democratic political dynamics of rent-seeking and lobbyism by interest groups, may prevent crisis policies from being rolled back when the crisis is over.
Employing a panel of 68 countries with Western political institutions observed between 1975 and 2010, we find that crises in general cause more interventionist policies when countries have centrist or left-wing governments. We find that crises in general cause more interventionist policies when countries have left-wing governments. These generate larger increases in the size of government, which appear mainly to be driven by surges in government final consumption and government transfers and subsidies. Likewise, socialist governments also increase economic regulation to a significant degree, while conservative or other right-wing governments seem to refrain from doing so. Finally, we encounter that more severe economic crises create stronger incentives for policymakers of all political ideologies to relax constraints on government spending and augment the regulatory activities of government, but these tendencies remain much stronger for left-leaning governments.
Interestingly, we find absolutely no evidence at all for heterogeneous policy reversals as a crisis reaction, meaning that all following increases in the size and scope of government present a somewhat permanent component, regardless of the political ideology of the incumbent government. It seems as if economic crisis acts as an event that permanently relaxes the ordinary political constraints on government, which especially left-wing administrations are prone to momentarily use to maximize government budgets and introduce tighter regulations on markets. Conversely, right-wing administrations tend not to reduce the size of government on their next ascent to power, thereby effectively creating policy ratchets. Roll backs of the public sector thus only seem to be possible during extended phases of economic growth.
To download the paper, please click on the icon below.
Wp 2017-05

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text:
Nutrient Requirements of Laboratory Animals,: Fourth Revised Edition, 1995 (1995)
Chapter: 5 Nutrient Requirements of the Hamster
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Suggested Citation:"5 Nutrient Requirements of the Hamster." National Research Council. 1995. Nutrient Requirements of Laboratory Animals,: Fourth Revised Edition, 1995. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4758.
Nutrient Requirements of the Hamster
Taxonomically hamsters are classified as a subfamily, Cricetinae, with 7 genera and 18 species in the family Muridae (Musser and Carleton, 1993). They are distributed throughout the Palearctic zone of Eurasia (Anderson and Jones, 1984). Original habitats of laboratory hamsters included clay deserts, shrub-covered plains, forested steppes, and/or cultivated fields.
Golden hamsters, Mesocricetus auratus, collected from a burrow 8 feet deep in a wheat field near Aleppo, Syria, were established as a colony of laboratory animals at the Microbiological Institute of Jerusalem in 1930. These animals were used to complete research on kala-azar delayed by the failure of Chinese hamsters to breed in captivity (Adler and Theodor, 1931). Adler took breeding pairs to Paris and London to establish colonies at research institutions there (Bruce and Hindle, 1934; Adler, 1948; Murphy, 1985). Breeding stock were distributed to investigators in India, Egypt, and the United States (Doull and Megrall, 1939; Poiley, 1950). Golden hamsters is the hamster species most frequently used in research (Hoffman et al., 1968; Siegel, 1985; Van Hoosier and McPherson, 1987), but very little is known about their nutritional requirements.
In the past 20 years, 7 additional hamster species have been used as laboratory animals. Animals identified as strain MHH:EPH are maintained in Hannover, Germany (Reznik et al., 1978; Mohr and Ernst, 1987). Mouse-like Chinese striped hamsters, Cricetulus barabensis, are used in research in cytogenetics, diabetes, and toxicology (Calland et al., 1986; Diani and Gerritsen, 1987). The large guinea-pig-like European hamster, Cricetus cricetus, formerly considered a pest in agricultural areas, is now a model for research in carcinogenesis. Dwarf hamsters, Phodopus campbelli and P. sungorus, of southern and western Siberia, are used in research in cytogenetics, carcinogenesis, diabetes mellitus, obesity, photoperiod changes, and social behavior (Pogosianz and Sokova, 1967; Hoffmann, 1973; Daly, 1975; Gamperl et al., 1978; Hoffmann, 1978. Steinlechner et al., 1983; Wade and Bartness, 1984; Pond et al., 1987; Ruf et al., 1991). Turkish hamsters, Mesocricetus brandti, are used in hibernation, taxonomy, and cytogenetics research (Lyman and O'Brien, 1977; Lyman et al., 1981, 1983; Todd et al., 1972). Colonies of the Romanian hamster, Mesocricetus neutoni , were established in Bucharest and used for research in cytogenetics and taxonomy (Hamar and Schutowa, 1966; Murphy, 1977; Popescu and DiPaolo, 1980). The Armenian, or migratory hamster, Cricetulus migratorius , is used on a limited basis in cytogenetics and oncology research (Lavappa and Yerganian, 1970; Cantrell and Padovan, 1987) (see Table 5-1).
BIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL CHARACTERISTICS
Unlike simple-stomached rats, mice, and guinea pigs, hamsters, like voles, have a stomach that consists of two distinct compartments: a keratinized, nonglandular forestomach (cardiac) separated from a glandular region (pyloric) by sphincter-like muscular marginal folds (Reznik et al., 1978) that control movement of ingesta from esophagus to duodenum. An embryological study has shown that the forestomach is gastric in origin and not an esophageal derivative (Vorontsov, 1979). The structure and function of the forestomach is similar to the rumen of herbivores (Takahashi and Tamate, 1976; Borer, 1985). Ingesta enter the forestomach from the esophagus and pass into the glandular stomach in 10 to 60 minutes (Ehle and Warner, 1978). Kunstyr (1974) noted that the concentration of microorganisms is higher in the forestomach than in the glandular region. Sakaguchi et al. (1981) demonstrated that the forestomach aids in the utilization of dietary urea.
The hamster cecum is a J-shaped structure with numerous lateral sacculations and has more volume than the stomach (Krueger and Rieschel, 1950; Magalhaes, 1968).
TABLE 5-1 Names, Characteristics, and History of Laboratory Hamsters
Genus and Species
Common Name or Origin
Adult Weight, g
Origin of Collection
Introduction Date
Cricetus cricetus
Common hamster
Mesocricetus auratus
Golden or Syrian
Aleppo, Syria
Mesocricetus brandti
Brandt's or Turkish
Turkey, Asia Minor
Mesocricetus newtoni
Newton's or Romanian
E. Romania
Cricetulus migratorius
Migratory or Armenian
United States, E. Europe
Cricetulus barabensis
Striped-back or Chinese
Wild, collected in Northeast China
Eurasia, United States
Phodopus campbellik
Campbell's or Siberian
Tuva, S. Siberia
Eurasia, N. America
Phodopus sungorusk
Dzungarian or Siberian
Variable; depends on season
Omsk, W. Siberia
a Reznik et al. (1978).
b Reznik-Schüller et al. (1974).
c von Frisch (1990).
d Adler and Theodor (1931).
e Lyman and O'Brien (1977).
f Murphy (1977).
g Cantrell and Padovan (1987).
h Yerganian (1977).
i Yerganian (1958).
j Hsieh (1919).
k Wilson and Reeder (1993).
l Pogosianz and Sokova (1967).
m Hoffmann (1978).
Hamsters, like guinea pigs and gerbils, eat regularly, at 2-hour intervals throughout the day (Anderson and Shettleworth, 1977; Borer et al., 1979). Wild hamsters gather and store grains and other food in underground burrows to ensure a constant source of food (Borer et al., 1979; Micheli and Malsbury, 1982; Carleton and Musser, 1984). Hamsters are adapted to running and digging and are active primarily during twilight and during the night.
The golden hamster has a gestation period of 15 to 18 days. Members of the Mesocricetus species are solitary animals that live in separate burrows with one or two chambers and entrances and exits; males and females meet only for breeding (Murphy, 1985).
Developmental and reproductive indices for three species are given in Tables 5-2 and 5-3, respectively. Young hamsters weigh 2 to 4 g at birth (see Table 5-4; Poiley, 1972). Average litter size is 11 (Slater, 1972), ranging from 2 to 16 (Anderson and Shina, 1972). Newborn hamsters are fetal in appearance—hairless, eyes and ears closed, and legs underdeveloped (Balk and Slater, 1987). Incisors are erupted at birth and young animals begin to eat solid food within 7 to 10 days (Balk and Slater, 1987). Hamsters weigh 40 g when weaned at 21 days (Poiley, 1972). Male hamsters are sexually mature at 42 days old, but females can breed as early as 28 to 30 days old (Selle, 1945; Balk and Slater, 1987). Litters with the greatest average number of pups are obtained from females 8 to 10 weeks old and males 10 to 12 weeks old (Robens, 1968; Balk and Slater, 1987).
EXAMPLES OF PURIFIED AND NATURAL-INGREDIENT DIETS
Two examples of purified diets and one of a natural-ingredient diet are presented in Tables 5-5 A-C, 5-6 A-C, and 5-7 A-C. These diets supported growth that was equivalent to the highest rates reported in our review of the literature. The two purified diets supported growth rates of 1.6 to 2.0 g/day. The natural-ingredient diet was selected from three that supported a growth rate of 1.9 g/day; of the three, it was intermediate in complexity.
Male and female golden hamsters consume, on average, 8.5 mL water/100 g BW/day; males consumed 5 mL water/100 g BW/day, while females consumed 14 mL water/100 g BW/day (Fitts and St. Dennis, 1981). Thompson (1971) recorded Chinese hamsters intake of water to be 11.4 mL/100 g BW/day for males and 12.9 mL/100 g BW/day for females. Water intake for golden hamsters was found to be 4.5 mL/100 g BW/day in males and 13.6 mL/100 g BW/day for females.
Little definitive work has been done on the energy requirement of the hamster, and few research studies include data on energy utilization. When fed a cereal-based diet containing 14.95 percent neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and 5.6 kcal gross energy (GE)/g diet (23.4 kJ/g diet), hamsters digested 45.2 percent of NDF and 81.5 percent of GE. Hamsters fed a 75 percent alfalfa meal diet that contained 40.6 percent NDF and 4.05 kcal GE/g diet (16.9 kJ/
TABLE 5-2 Developmental Indices for Golden, Chinese, and Siberian Hamsters
Biven et al., 1987
Incisors present
Balk and Slater, 1987
Ears open
Solid food eaten
Weaning age
Harkness and Wagner, 1983
Mature weights
95–150 female; 85–130 male
Chineseb
Moore, 1965
Smith, 1957
Calland et al., 1986
Weaning weights
15–17 female; 16–17 male
Avery, 1968
25 female; 35 male
Siberianc
Pogosianz and Sokova, 1967
Incisors erupt
Mature weight
30 female; 40–50 male
Cantrell and Padovan, 1987
a Golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus).
b Chinese hamster (Cricetulus barabensis) previously (C. griseus).
c Campbell's, Djungarian, or Siberian hamster (Phodopus campbelli) (Pogosianz and Sokova, 1967); Siberian Dwarf, Djungarian, or Dzungrian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) (Cantrell and Padovan, 1987).
g diet) digested the NDF and GE to the extent of 33.4 percent and 50.2 percent, respectively (Ehle and Warner, 1978). Arrington et al. (1966) reported that hamsters fed purified diets containing 12 and 16 percent casein had a total GE intake of 27 to 29 kcal/day (113 to 121 kJ/day) and gained 40 to 100 g over a 42-day period. Smaller hamsters (45 g) consumed 58 kcal/100 g BW/day (243 kJ/100 g BW/day), while larger hamsters (90 g) consumed 28 kcal/100 g BW/day (117 kJ/100 g BW/day). For a summary of energy balance in golden hamsters, see Borer (1985).
An optimal concentration of dietary lipid has not been established for the hamster, although they seem to thrive on diets containing 4 to 20 percent fat (w/w). Knapka and Judge (1974) fed weanling (21 days old) male and female golden hamsters natural-ingredient pelleted diets containing 3.1, 5.0, 7.3, or 9.2 percent crude fat for 35 days. The feed:gain ratio decreased with increasing concentrations of dietary lipid. A decrease in feed intake was not associated with increased concentration of energy in the diet. Mortality was 1.0 percent when the diet contained 3.1 and 5.0 percent lipid. Higher mortality, but greater weight gain, occurred with the higher fat diets. The authors concluded that the lipid requirement for maximal growth of hamsters is slightly higher than 5 percent, but maximal growth should not be the only criterion used to determine the optimal concentration of lipid supplementation. Hamsters were maintained for a year or longer on starch gel diets (e.g., Table 5-6A) that contained up to 20 percent fat, with no mortality attributed to the fat load. However, feeding hamsters this diet for maintenance at 10 to 12 g/day [about 25 kcal ME/100 g BW/day (105 kJ ME/100 g BW/day)]
TABLE 5-3 Reproductive Indices for Golden, Chinese, and Siberian Hamsters
Breeding age
8–10, female;
10–12, male
minimum, female
Selle, 1945
Slater, 1972
Litters/lifetime
Reproductive life
Parkening, 1982
16 ± 0.5
35–40 male 16 hours/light/day
150 male 8 hours/light/day
Iakovenko, 1974
Daly, 1975
b Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus and/or C. barabensis).
c Siberian Dwarf, Djungarian, or Dzungrian hamster (Phodopus sungorus ) (Pogosianz and Sokova, 1967; Cantrell and Padovan, 1987); Campbell's, Djungarian, or Siberian hamster (Phodopus campbelli) (Pogosianz and Sokova, 1967; Iakovenko, 1974).
tends to lessen obesity and the hypertriglyceridemia associated with allowing the animals free access to food (Hayes et al., 1993; K. C. Hayes, Brandeis University, personal communication, 1994)
Signs of Lipid Deficiency A review by Holman (1968) reported that weanling hamsters fed a fat-free diet showed a slow rate of growth, had pale kidneys, and developed ulcers at the mucocutaneous junction of the anus.
n-6 Fatty Acids
The requirement for n-6 fatty acids has not been determined for hamsters, but a deficiency has been demonstrated. Christensen and Dam (1952) found that feeding weanling hamsters a fat-free diet resulted in loss of hair, scaly skin, and development of a profuse secretion of cerumen (ear-wax)—a light-yellow, cholesterol-containing material. Signs of n-6 deficiency may be decreased by feeding hamsters a diet with 10 percent lard or a dietary supplement of 28 mg linoleic acid/day.
No studies are available on the distribution of n-3 fatty acids in hamster tissues or on the development of n-3 fatty acid deficiency. Three studies (Cunnane et al., 1985, 1986, 1987) were conducted in which ethanol was fed to hamsters with subsequent increases in n-9 fatty acids and decreases in the n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in liver triglycerides and phospholipids. Dietary treatments supplying a range of n-6:n-3 ratios were, predictably, found to influence tissue fatty acid composition in ethanol-fed and control hamsters.
TABLE 5-4 Growth of Golden Hamster Outbred Cr:RGH (SYR)
Weight, g
Age, days
NOTE: In 10 of the 12 age groups, the females are larger than the males. SOURCE: Poiley (1972).
TABLE 5-5A Rutten and de Groot Purified Diet for Hamsters
Amount, g/kg diet
200.0a
Mineral mix
10.0f
CaHPO4
DL-Methionine
a Acid-precipitated, containing: protein 89.1% (N × 6.38); moisture 8.9%; ash 4.67%; pH of a 10% aqueous suspension, 4.5.
b Ten percent of native wheat starch was replaced by pregelatinized wheat starch to provide pellets of suitable quality for feeding hamsters.
c No antioxidants were added.
d Dicacel, highly purified and bleached fibrous powder, consisting of 87–90% pure α-cellulose; average length of fibers ≈44 µm; water, 4%; ash, 0.12–0.15%; and lignin, 0.04%.
e See Table 5-5B. Rutten and de Groot mineral mix based on AIN-76A.
f See Table 5-5C. Rutten and de Groot vitamin mix based on AIN-76A.
SOURCE: Rutten and de Groot (1992).
TABLE 5-5B Rutten and de Groot Mineral Mix
Amount, g/kg
K3C6H5O·H2O
K2SO4
Manganese carbonate
MnCO3·H2O
FeC6H5O7·5H2O
ZnO·2CO3·4H2O
Cupric carbonate, basic
CuCO3(OH)2·H2O
KIO3
Na2SeO3·5H2O
Chromic potassium sulfate
CrK(SO4)·12H2O
CoCl2·6H2O
Sucrose powder
a Amount of element (boldface element in the formula) provided when 35 g of mix is added per kg diet.
In hamsters fed diets containing 65 percent lactose or fructose, a mortality rate of 22 percent was observed, but only a 6 percent mortality rate was observed for hamsters fed 71 percent glucose, and 3 percent mortality with 62 percent sucrose (Gustafson et al., 1955). Salley and Bryson (1957) reduced mortality by decreasing the sugar to 54 percent and substituting either cornstarch or cellulose.
TABLE 5-5C Rutten and de Groot Vitamin Mix
Amount, per kg
Retinyl palmitate/acetate
400,000.0 IU
4,000.0 IU
Cholecalciferol
All-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate
50.0 IU
Menadione Na-bisulfite
Thiamin-HCl
Pyridoxine-HCl
Nicotinic acid
Ca-d(+)-pantothenate
d(+)-Biotin
0.0006 g
0.00005 g
Myo-inositol
Sucrose powder to 1 kg
a Amount of vitamin provided as IU or g when 10 g of mix is added per kg of diet.
TABLE 5-6A Hayes Purified Diet for Hamsters
Cornstarch (or rice flour)
Mineral mixa
Vitamin mixb
Choline dihydrogen citratec
NOTE: Diets were fed as gel blocks, prepared by withholding from the formulation 60 g/kg of either rice flour or cornstarch and premixing it with 800 mL of water slowly heated to simmering to form a slurry that was then added to the remaining ingredients while mixing.
a Hayes Mineral Mix (Hayes et al., 1989). See Table 5-6B for composition of mix.
b Hayes-Cathcart Vitamin Mix. Mix modified based on K.C. Hayes, Brandeis University, personal communication (1993). See Table 5-6C for contents of mix.
c Used in place of choline chloride for increased stability.
SOURCE: Hayes et al. (1989).
TABLE 5-6B Hayes Mineral Mix
CaCO3
CaHPO4·2H2O
K2HPO4
MgSO4·7H2O
Manganese sulfate
MnSO4H2O
ZnCl2
Cupric sulfate
CuSO4·5H2O
Cr(C2H3O2)3
Na2SeO3
a Amount of element (boldface in formula) provided when 46 g mix is added per kg diet.
SOURCE: Hayes et al. (1989), modified to correct published errors per K. C. Hayes, Brandeis University, personal communication, 1993. For correct version, see Hayes et al. (1993).
TABLE 5-6C Hayes-Cathcart Vitamin Mix
g/kg mix
mg/kg dieta
Retinyl palmitate (500,000 IU/g)
18.0 (9,000 IU)
Cholecalciferol (400,000 IU/g)
1.2 (480 IU)
All-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate (500 IU/g)
180.0 (90 IU)
Ca-pantothenate
a When vitamin mix is added at 12 g/kg diet.
TABLE 5-7A Natural-Ingredient Diet for Hamsters
Alfalfa meal dehydrated (17% protein)
Corn, yellow dent ground grain
Soybean seed meal solv-extd (44% protein)
Dry beet molasses
Dibasic calcium phosphate
Ground limestone
Trace mineral mixa
a Trace mineral mix formulated by E. A. Ulman provides minerals (g/kg): manganese (MnO2) 300; ferrous iron (FeSO4·7H2O) 570; zinc (ZnO) 97; copper (CuSo4),4; iodine (KIO3), 4.7; cobalt (CoCl2·6H2O), 3. For use, 0.5 g of mix is added per kg diet.
b Vitamin mix designed by E. A. Ulman for use with cereal-based diets provides vitamins (g/kg) when added at 0.8 g/kg diet: vitamin A palmitate, 500,000 IU/g, 2.2; vitamin D, 250,000 IU/g, 4.7; vitamin E acetate, 500 IU/g, 52; menadione sodium bisulfite (62.5% menadione), 2.9; niacin, 19.5; Ca-pantothenate, 11.7; thiamin-HCl, 13.0; pyridoxin-HCl, 2.2; riboflavin, 4.4; folic acid, 2.9; biotin (1% in dextrose), 9.1; cyanocobalamin (1% in mannitol), 2.6; sucrose, 872.8 to give a total 1,000 g of mix.
c More stable than choline chloride.
SOURCE: Birt and Conrad (1981).
TABLE 5-7B Trace Mineral Mix
MnO2
FeSO4•7H2O
CuSO4
CoCl2•6H2O
a Amount of element (boldface in formula) provided when 0.5 g mix is added per kg diet.
SOURCE: Formulation by E. A. Ulman based on Birt and Conrad (1981).
With purified, fiber-free diets containing 64 percent carbohydrate, cornstarch was superior to glucose or sucrose in supporting survival (Ershoff, 1956). Rice starch supported higher growth rates than lactose (Dam and Christensen, 1961). Rogers et al. (1974) obtained satisfactory growth in a long-term study when animals were fed a gel diet containing 40 percent cornstarch and 21.9 percent sucrose. Hayes et al. (1989) observed that ''wet tail" could be prevented by inclusion of rice flour, fiber, or lactose in gel diets. The implication is that diarrhea and "wet tail," commonly encountered in hamsters fed purified diets, results from an insufficient amount of complex carbohydrates (fiber, starch) reaching the large bowel flora.
PROTEIN AND AMINO ACIDS
Compared to a ruminant, fermentative digestion in the hamster is not sufficient to alter the pattern of dietary amino acids enough to improve growth of hamsters fed proteins such as wheat gluten (Banta et al., 1975). It seems that hamsters can make limited use of urea as a source of
TABLE 5-7C Vitamin Mix
per kg dieta
Vitamin A palmitate 500,000 IU/kg
880.0 IU
Vitamin D2 50,000 IU/g
Vitamin E acetate 500 IU/kg
Menadione sodium bisulfite 62.5% menadione
Biotin (1% in dextrose)
Cyanocobalamin (1% in mannitol)
a Value when mix is added at 0.8 g/kg diet.
SOURCE: Formulation by E. A. Ulman based on Birt and Conrad (1981). This vitamin mix is designed to be used with cereal-based diets.
dietary nitrogen (Matsumoto, 1955; Sakaguchi et al., 1981). However, fermentative digestion seems to suppress the anticipated response to supplementation of amino acids expected to improve growth (Arrington et al., 1966; Banta et al., 1975) and to decrease the toxicity of high dietary concentrations of L-phenylalanine (Horowitz and Waisman, 1966).
No studies to determine requirements for single amino acids or mixtures of amino acids were found. Studies that focused on protein requirements used variations in natural-ingredient diets or, in a few cases, used a single protein product at a series of dietary concentrations (Table 5-8). Protein requirements for growth reported here were ob-
TABLE 5-8 Protein Requirements
Growth, g/day
Protein Source
Amounts, %
Corn, soybean, casein
Arrington et al., 1979
Ufnl:(SYR)a
Multiple natural-ingredients
Banta et al., 1975
Wayne Lab Blox
Birt and Conrad, 1981
Teklad
Corn-soybean
Corn-soybean-alfalfa
Feldman et al., 1982
Lak:LVG (Syr)a
Horowitz and Waisman, 1966
NOTE: In all studies, both males and females were used.
a Only groups identified as strains.
tained from studies that used both male and female 3- to 4-week-old hamsters weighing approximately 40 g. Growth rate varied from 1 to 2 g/day in experiments lasting 3 to 5 weeks in most cases. Arrington et al. (1979) found that diets containing 13.7 percent crude protein from mixtures of corn, soybean, and casein would support gains of 1.8 to 2 g/day in both male and female golden Syrian hamsters. Banta et al. (1975) reported growth rates of 1.8 to 1.9 g/day during a 6-week period using a natural-ingredient diet containing 20 percent crude protein. Birt and Conrad (1981) compared two commercial natural-ingredient diets with three formulated diets of increasing complexity and found that diets that contained 18 to 22 percent crude protein would support gains of 1.8 to 1.9 g/day in both male and female hamsters over a period of 6 weeks. However, Feldman et al. (1982) obtained maximum gains of only 1.2 g/day even when the natural-ingredient diets contained up to 24 percent crude protein. A natural-ingredient diet containing 18 percent crude protein should support growth rates approaching 2 g/day in weanling hamsters. Addition of semipurified proteins to natural-ingredient diets may reduce the amount of crude protein required to support the expected rates of growth.
In studies using semipurified sources of protein, Arrington et al. (1966) found that diets containing 18 percent casein resulted in growth of 1.4 g/day over 6 weeks. Additional experiments with diets containing 16 percent casein or soy protein isolate supported gains of 1.4 to 1.5 g/day in experiments lasting 5 weeks (Arrington et al., 1966). In another study using casein at 9, 18, or 25 percent of the diet, Horowitz and Waisman (1966) found that maximum gain (1.4 g/day) was obtained with 18 percent casein.
Variation in the age and size of hamsters used in the experiments reviewed make it difficult to determine whether lower rates of growth obtained when purified proteins were used is the result of the hamster or the diet. Addition of free amino acids to the diet to improve the dietary amino acid pattern and, hence, growth have not been successful. A form of encapsulated amino acid may be beneficial.
Two studies focused on diet and reproduction in hamsters (Birt et al., 1982; Birt and Conrad, 1981). In one study (Birt and Conrad, 1981), the effects of five natural-ingredient diets containing from 18 to 24 percent crude protein (see, for example, Table 5-7A) were compared over three breeding cycles; reproductive performance of hamsters fed corn-soybean or corn-soybean-alfalfa meal diets containing 18 percent crude protein was equal to or exceeded that of hamsters fed either of two commercial natural-ingredient diets containing 22 to 24 percent crude protein. In the other study (Birt et al., 1982), which used lactalbumin at 20 and 40 percent of the diet as the sole source of protein, reproductive efficiency (pups weaned per mating) was 20 to 40 percent that of identical females fed the commercial diet.
Although no recommendation is made for the amount of purified protein required to support reproduction, a natural-ingredient diet containing 18 percent crude protein is thought to meet the amino acid needs for reproduction in hamsters.
Given their widespread use as experimental animals, there is a remarkable paucity of information about the mineral requirements of hamsters.
MACROMINERALS
Calcium and Phosphorus
Normal bone formation occurred in hamsters fed diets containing 6.0 g Ca/kg and 3.5 g P/kg. In the absence of vitamin D, rickets was produced in hamsters fed 4.7 g Ca/kg and 2.0 g P/kg diet (Jones, 1945). Old female hamsters fed diets containing 4.0 g P/kg and 3.0, 5.0, or 7.0 g Ca/kg were in positive calcium balance only at the two higher calcium intakes. Young animals (52 days old) retained calcium when fed 3.0, 5.0, and 7.0 g Ca/kg diet (Kane and McCay, 1947). Stralfors (1961) obtained a 54 percent decrease in the incidence of dental caries in hamsters when the calcium content of the diet was increased from 4.0 to 6.0 g Ca/kg.
Sodium and Chloride
Rowland and Fregly (1988) reported that hamsters, unlike rats, were reluctant to ingest NaCl either spontaneously or after treatment with several natriogenic stimuli that were effective in rats. Furthermore, they noted that variations in intake of NaCl solutions made hamsters extremely refractory to either decreases or increases in functional mineralocorticoid activity.
No studies were located that specifically addressed the dietary requirements of the hamster for iodine, molybdenum, and selenium or for iron.
Iodine, Molybdenum, and Selenium
Iodine, molybdenum, and selenium are trace elements essential for normal growth in laboratory animals. Birt et al.
(1986) determined that male and female golden hamsters fed a diet containing 30 percent torula yeast as the protein source and 0.1 mg Se (as sodium selenite)/kg diet supported adequate growth, and 5 mg Se/kg is excessive. The iodine requirement may be met by 0.15 mg I/kg diet, and the molybdenum requirement by 0.10 mg Mo/kg diet. The selenium requirement may be met by 0.15 mg Se/kg diet for maintenance, 0.20 for growth and aging, and 0.40 for pregnancy and lactation.
Signs of Iodine Deficiency Hamsters fed iodine-deficient diets (10 to 25 µg/kg) for several months developed enlarged thyroids when compared to controls fed adequate iodine (7.6 mg/kg) (Follis, 1959, 1962).
Signs of Iron Deficiency Chandler et al. (1988) reported that mild iron deficiency can be induced in adult males by feeding them a diet containing 10 mg Fe/kg for several weeks. Carpenter (1982) reported that feeding females a low-iron diet (3 mg Fe/kg) during pregnancy resulted in low maternal weight gain and a high frequency of prenatal mortality compared to controls.
The vitamin A requirement of golden hamsters seems to be only slightly greater than that of the rat. Hamsters fed a purified diet containing 2 mg retinyl palmitate/kg diet (3.8 µmol/kg) grew as well as animals fed a commercial natural-ingredient diet (Rogers et al., 1974). The hamsters had normal serum vitamin A concentrations and a very modest accumulation of vitamin A in the livers. Based on these studies the minimum amount of retinol that will maintain a slightly positive vitamin A balance is approximately 1.1 mg/kg diet (3.8 µmol/kg diet).
Signs of Vitamin A Deficiency Omission of vitamin A from a 24 percent-casein diet resulted in deficiency signs in 6 to 7 weeks. Vitamin A-deficient animals developed abnormally and had coarse and sparse hair, xerophthalmia, and keratinized stratified tracheal lining (Salley and Bryson, 1957). Stomach ulcers formed in adult male hamsters fed a vitamin A-deficient diet for 7 months (Harada et al., 1982).
Signs of Vitamin A Toxicity Hamsters fed a diet containing 400,000 IU vitamin A/kg (419 µmol/kg) developed liver pathology and died within 42 to 91 days. Animals fed 100,000 IU/kg diet (105 µmol/kg) and lower concentrations (4,000 and 600 IU/kg) showed no toxic effects (Beems et al., 1987).
Overt signs of rickets did not appear within a 5-week period when hamsters were fed vitamin D-deficient diets that contained calcium and phosphorus in a ratio of 2:1 and calcium was included at 6 g/kg diet. Rickets may be induced in hamsters in the absence of vitamin D and when dietary calcium is 4 g/kg and phosphorus is 0.2 g/kg (Jones, 1945). No published reports on vitamin D deficiency or toxicity were found.
In spite of several studies on vitamin E deficiency in hamsters and their use as an animal to bioassay compounds for vitamin E activity, data are not available to provide a good estimate of the vitamin E requirement of hamsters. Bieri and Evarts (1974) found that a diet containing 2.1 µmol/kg RRR-α-tocopheryl acetate/kg was adequate to prevent testicular degeneration in the rat. However, plasma creatine phosphokinase (CPK) concentrations were slightly higher at this concentration of intake. With higher dietary concentrations (6.3 µmol/kg), plasma CPK concentrations were normal (Bieri, 1972). Unfortunately the more sensitive criterion of vitamin E adequacy, such as the in vitro red blood cell hemolysis assay, has not been investigated in hamsters. In the rat 6.3 µmol RRR-α-tocopherol/kg diet may be adequate to prevent overt signs of vitamin E deficiency, but this concentration is quite likely not adequate for optimal performance. Therefore, 42 µmol RRR -α-tocopherol/kg diet (27 IU/kg), which is required by the rat, is probably a more realistic value.
A few breeding colonies have reported a higher-than-expected incidence of spontaneous hemorrhagic necrosis, a fatal disease that affects the central nervous system of fetal hamsters. Keeler and Young (1979) found that a single intraperitoneal injection of 100 µmol of vitamin E on day 7 of gestation protects fetuses from this disease. The problem may arise from improper storage of diets, which leads to destruction of vitamin E.
Signs of Vitamin E Deficiency The absence of vitamin E in their diet causes hamsters to develop testicular degeneration. Feeding a hamster 21 µmol RRR-α-tocopheryl acetate/day restores normal weight and testicular histology. In contrast, rats are unable to reverse vitamin E-induced testicular degeneration (Mason and Mauer, 1975). Vitamin E-deficient hamsters show decreased growth and muscular dystrophy, which can be alleviated by administering high
concentrations of vitamin E (West and Mason, 1958). Weanling hamsters fed a vitamin E-deficient diet developed muscular degeneration and died within 2 weeks. Improvement occurred within 30 hours after a single dose of 1 mg α-tocopherol (Houchin, 1942).
No studies to ascertain the hamster's requirement for vitamin K could be found; however, Rogers et al. (1974) reported that a diet containing 4 mg menadione/kg (23 µmol/kg diet) was adequate for growth—the hamsters presumably received a considerable amount of vitamin K activity from coprophagy. No bleeding problems were reported. The Tolworth HS (Welsh) Warfarin-resistant strain of rats requires 1.77 µmol phylloquinone/kg BW/day (Greaves and Ayers, 1973). The vitamin K requirement of the hamster may be similar. Based on the requirement of the Tolworth HS (Welsh) Warfarin-resistant rat, 25 µmol phylloquinone/kg diet (11 mg/kg) should be a safe and adequate intake for hamsters.
Signs of Vitamin K Deficiency Adult male hamsters fed a vitamin K-deficient diet and housed in coprophagy-preventive cages showed a drop in prothrombin concentrations to 11 percent of control concentrations within 11 days. Treatment with chloro-K (2-chloro-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone), a vitamin K antagonist, at 1 to 5 mg chloro-K/kg BW decreased plasma prothrombin to 17 to 20 percent of control values. Hamsters are Warfarin resistant and require a large amount to reduce prothrombin production (Shah and Suttie, 1975).
Satisfactory growth of hamsters has been obtained with diets containing 0.82 µmol biotin/kg (Cohen et al., 1971) and 2.5 µmol biotin/kg (Rogers et al., 1974). A dietary concentration of 0.2 mg/kg (0.82 µmol/kg) seems to be a safe and adequate amount of biotin for hamsters. Under normal conditions golden hamsters do not require dietary biotin (Granados, 1968). Apparently, the biotin obtained through coprophagy is sufficient to meet the requirement.
Signs of Biotin Deficiency A biotin deficiency is induced by feeding hamsters a diet containing both raw egg white and sulfaguanidine. Biotin-deficient animals developed dull rough coats, encrusted eyes, depigmented hair, and jerky movements. Daily injections of 16 nmol biotin (3.9 µg), equivalent to 0.66 mg/kg diet (2.7 µmol/kg), reversed deficiency signs within 4 to 6 weeks (Rauch and Nuting, 1958). Ten adult female hamsters fed a purified diet containing 5.0 mg biotin/kg diet produced 118 normal live fetuses; but 11 animals fed a biotin-deficient diet had 20 live fetuses (Watanabe and Endo, 1989).
Hamsters fed a peanut meal diet deficient in choline developed poor appetite, reduced growth, and fatty livers (Handler and Bernheim, 1949). Investigators who fed hamsters diets containing more than 200 g casein/kg did not observe a requirement for choline (Hamilton and Hogan, 1944). Purified diets on which hamsters have achieved satisfactory growth have contained 14 µmol choline chloride/kg diet (Rogers et al., 1974) or 7.1 µmol choline bitartrate/kg diet (Cohen et al., 1971). Under most circumstances 1.8 g choline bitartrate/kg diet should provide a safe and adequate intake of choline.
Folates
Golden hamsters fed 2 mg folic acid/kg diet (Cohen et al., 1971) do not develop folate deficiency. Folate deficiency does develop when golden hamsters are fed a purified diet containing 60 percent sucrose or 1 percent sulfonamide with either cornstarch or sucrose as the carbohydrate. Hamsters resemble guinea pigs rather than rats in that a folate deficiency can be produced without the use of sulfonamide.
Signs of Folate Deficiency In hamsters given a folate-deficient diet, liver folates are decreased to 10 percent of control and blood PCV and hemoglobin values are decreased 20 percent. In the deficient animal, increases are seen in urinary excretion of formiminoglutamic acid and aminoimidazolecarboxamide (Cohen et al., 1971).
Granados (1968) has stated that hamsters do not require Myo-inositol for normal growth. Hamilton and Hogan (1944) also demonstrated that myo-inositol is not required for growth but is necessary for reproduction.
Young hamsters fed diets containing 20 percent casein do not require dietary niacin for growth (Hamilton and Hogan, 1944; Granados, 1951). Niacin is necessary, however, for normal reproduction and adequate litter size (Hamilton and Hogan, 1944).
Signs of Niacin Deficiency Hamsters fed a niacin-free, purified diet developed rough and denuded hair, suffered loss of weight and death. Hair quality and weight gain
improved with daily administration of 100 µg niacin (Routh and Houchin, 1942). Niacin supplementation does not improve growth of hamsters fed 20 percent casein (Hamilton and Hogan, 1944; Granados, 1951). However, niacin probably will be required in diets with low concentrations of protein or diets in which tryptophan is first limiting. Animals fed purified diets containing 81 µmol niacin/kg achieved satisfactory growth rates over 11 weeks (Cohen et al., 1971).
Routh and Houchin (1942), Hamilton and Hogan (1944), Granados (1951), and Cohen et al. (1963) identified pantothenic acid as a nutrient required for normal growth. Nevertheless, the requirement for this vitamin has not been quantified in the hamster. Concentrations of dietary Ca-pantothenate from 21 µmol/kg (Hamilton and Hogan, 1944) to 84 µmol/kg diet (Rogers et al., 1974) have been used in purified diets. None of the investigators indicated whether the type used was Ca-d-pantothenate or Ca-dl-pantothenate. Thus, 21 µmol Ca-d-pantothenate/kg diet (10 mg/kg diet) seems to be a safe and adequate concentration of pantothenic acid activity.
Signs of Pantothenic Acid Deficiency In the absence of pantothenic acid, hamsters lost weight, developed a red encrustation around the mouth, and died in 20 days. Daily injections of 15 µg Ca-pantothenate supported maintenance, but larger doses were needed for growth (Routh and Houchin, 1942).
Male weanling hamsters fed a pyridoxine-deficient diet for 2 to 3 weeks decreased their food and water intake and stopped growing. No quantitative requirement for vitamin B6 can be set at this time.
Signs of Vitamin B6 Deficiency In addition to weight loss, the hair of vitamin B6-deficient hamsters was unkempt, and crusted lesions were occasionally observed on lips and mouth. Increased xanthurenic acid was found in urine. Atrophy of lymphoid tissue, particularly in the thymus, is an outstanding pathological change (Schwartzman and Strauss, 1949). In the absence of vitamin B6, hamsters lose weight and develop an acrodynia-like condition around the mouth in less than 2 weeks. A daily dose of 3 µg pyridoxine cured the dermatitis and produced moderate growth (Rouch and Houchin, 1942).
Riboflavin is required for normal growth and development of hamsters, but no quantitative requirement has been established (Hamilton and Hogan, 1944; Granados, 1968). Deficiency signs did not occur in animals fed 20 mg/kg diet (Smith and Reynolds, 1961). Riboflavin depletion (measured by erythrocyte glutathione reductase) was produced in hamsters fed two concentrations of riboflavin—0.5 and 1.5 mg/kcal—in a liquid diet. Decreased growth was observed at the lower dose (Kim and Roe, 1985). Thus, a diet containing 15 mg/kg should be sufficient to support normal growth in hamsters.
Signs of Riboflavin Deficiency In the absence of dietary riboflavin, hamsters reduced their food and water intake, became inactive, showed stunted growth, and developed dull coats (Smith and Reynolds, 1961).
Thiamin is necessary for normal growth, but the specific requirement has not been established. Satisfactory growth has been obtained with purified diets containing 20 mg thiamin/kg diet (Arrington et al., 1966).
Signs of Thiamin Deficiency Hamsters fed 4 mg thiamin/kg diet developed a chronic deficiency (Salley et al., 1962). Hamsters fed a thiamin-deficient diet developed polyneuritis in 12 days. Oral administration of 3 µg thiamin/day reversed these signs in 2 days (Routh and Houchin, 1942).
Early reports concluded that vitamin B12 is not required for normal growth of golden hamsters (Scheid et al., 1950; Granados, 1951). Hamsters fed a diet high in soybean protein and cornstarch showed a mild vitamin B12 deficiency identified by the presence of distinctive metabolites (methylmalonic acid and formiminoglutamic acid) in urine (Cohen et al., 1967). Metabolic changes in deficient animals were corrected by feeding them a diet containing 10 µg vitamin B12/kg diet. The inclusion of inorganic cobalt (5 mg/kg diet) in the diet reversed deficiency changes and increased tissue storage of vitamin B12 (Tseng et al., 1976).
POTENTIALLY BENEFICIAL DIETARY CONSTITUENTS
Fiber-free diets containing high concentrations of purified sugars result in high mortality (Salley and Bryson, 1957). The substitution of cornstarch for glucose and sucrose or addition of 12 to 20 percent alfalfa to diets increased survival (Ershoff, 1956). Basal diets containing
starch or lactose may not require fiber additions because these ingredients support favorable microflora in the colon (Snog-Kjaer et al., 1963; Hayes et al., 1989). Microoorganisms present in the cecum and colon seem to be capable of degrading fiber sources (Banta et al., 1975; Vorontsov, 1979). Hamsters, like other rodents, practice coprophagy (von Frisch, 1990).
Early work suggested that golden hamsters do not require a dietary source of ascorbic acid (Clausen and Clark, 1943). Male hamsters fed a purified diet supplemented with 4.0 mg ascorbic acid/g diet gained 1.07 g/day with a food intake of 3.5 g/day. Growth curves overlapped; curves for supplemented animals were slightly above those of controls, which were fed diets containing no ascorbic acid. None of the animals weighed more than 96 g after 120 days. Poiley (1972) reported average male weight as 122 g at 112 days (Table 5-4).
Forty female hamsters fed a diet scorbutic for guinea pigs were given daily supplements of ascorbic acid in water by pipette according to the weight/dose chart of Dann and Cowgill (1935). Controls received this diet and an equal amount of water. At 70 days average weights were 105.6 g with a 0.3 mg dose, 99.4 g with a 0.65 mg dose, and 91.0 g with 0.9 mg dose per 100-g animal per day. Controls fed water and a diet scorbutic for guinea pigs averaged 88.5 g. Animals fed water and a diet supplemented with lettuce averaged 92.3 g (Hovde, 1950). Poiley (1972) reported, on average, females weighed 103 g at 70 days.
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Nutrient Requirements of Laboratory Animals,: Fourth Revised Edition, 1995 Get This Book
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In the years since the third edition of this indispensable reference was published, a great deal has been learned about the nutritional requirements of common laboratory species: rat, mouse, guinea pig, hamster, gerbil, and vole.
The Fourth Revised Edition presents the current expert understanding of the lipid, carbohydrate, protein, mineral, vitamin, and other nutritional needs of these animals. The extensive use of tables provides easy access to a wealth of comprehensive data and resource information. The volume also provides an expanded background discussion of general dietary considerations.
In addition to a more user-friendly organization, new features in this edition include:
A significantly expanded section on dietary requirements for rats, reporting substantial new findings.
A new section on nutrients that are not required but that may produce beneficial results.
New information on growth and reproductive performance among the most commonly used strains of rats and mice and on several hamster species.
An expanded discussion of diet formulation and preparation—including sample diets of both purified and natural ingredients.
New information on mineral deficiency and toxicity, including warning signs.
This authoritative resource will be important to researchers, laboratory technicians, and manufacturers of laboratory animal feed.
Overview 1–2
1 General Considerations for Feeding and Diet Formulation 3–10
2 Nutrient Requirements of the Laboratory Rat 11–79
3 Nutrient Requirements of the Mouse 80–102
4 Nutrient Requirements of the Guinea Pig 103–124
5 Nutrient Requirements of the Hamster 125–139
6 Nutrient Requirements of the Gerbil 140–143
7 Nutrient Requirements of the Vole 144–148
Appendix 149–153
Authors 154–156


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Home > Epl > Bournemouth coach Eddie Howe leaves club by mutual consent
Bournemouth coach Eddie Howe leaves club by mutual consent
Silver Emmanuel August 02, 2020 Epl
Eddie Howe the manager of Bournemouth looks on during the Premier League match between Burnley FC and AFC Bournemouth at Turf Moor on February 22, 2020 in Burnley, United Kingdom.
Bournemouth manager Eddie Howe has left the club by mutual consent.
The Cherries, who were relegated from the Premier League this season, announced the news on social media on Saturday.
"Eddie Howe has left #afcb by mutual consent," a tweet read. "It's been an unbelievable journey, thank you so much for the memories Eddie."
Howe represented Bournemouth as a player between 1994 and 2002, making 200 appearances. He then returned to the club in 2004 before retiring in 2007 – having stepped out another 53 times.
The 42-year-old was appointed caretaker manager in December 2008, with the club sitting on -17 points at the bottom of the Football League.
He secured safety for the south coast team and followed that season with promotion from League Two.
After a brief stint at Burnley, Howe returned to his former club and proceeded to achieve two further promotions in three seasons, leading the Cherries to the Premier League.
The side's five-year spell in the top flight came to an end last month when they finished 18th, one point behind Aston Villa.
Howe said: "Having spent a total of 25 years with the club as both a player and a manager, this decision is one of the hardest I've ever had to make.
"Now is the right time for the club to go in a new direction."
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Brose Bamberg 84
FC Barcelona Lassa 81
Local time: 20:00 ARENA NURNBERGER VERSICHERUNG
Brose Bamberg roars back to stun Barcelona
In one of the greatest comebacks in Turkish Airlines EuroLeague history, Brose Bamberg erased a 26-point deficit to edge FC Barcelona Lassa 84-81 on Wednesday night at Arena Nurnberger Versicherung. The German champs struggled early as Barcelona used a 2-25 run to lead 12-38 after 10 minutes, but Brose turned up the heat on defense and outscored the visitors in each successive quarter to claim a stunning victory. Brose won for the fourth time in five games to improve to 4-3 on the season. While lost its second straight game to fall to 2-5. Dorell Wright starred with 16 points, 7 rebounds, 5 assists and 2 steals for the winners. Ricky Hickman added 14 points, Bryce Taylor scored 13 and Augustine Rubit 10. After committing 7 turnovers in the first 10 minutes, Brose made only 3 the rest of the way. Rakim Sanders scored 11 first-quarter points for Barcelona and finished with 17. Adrien Moerman and Adam Hanga added 14 points apiece and Kevin Seraphin had 13 in defeat.
Brose opened well with threes by Aleksej Nikolic and Hickman, but Seraphin scored twice inside to put the visitors up 6-11. A Hanga layup in transition put Barcelona up 10-17 midway through the opening quarter. Thomas Heurtel racked up his fourth assist on a Moerman three that gave Barcelona a double-digit lead. The visitors continued to cruise with Sanders's jumper capping a 0-17 charge for a 10-30 lead. Rubit ended the Brose drought, but Barcelona was not done as Pau Ribas hit from downtown and Sanders converted a three-point play to end the quarter at 12-38. Maodo Lo scored for the hosts first in the second quarter. A Wright steal led to a Lo layup and Rubit made free throws to close the gap to 21-40. After the visitors rebuilt the difference to 26, Wright scored 8 points in just over two minutes and Brose ended the half on a 10-0 run to get within 37-49 at the break.
Rubit scored the first 4 points of the second half as Brose continued to close the gap. Heurtel tried to spark Barcelona with a jumper, but Luka Mitrovic scored on the offensive glass to make it 48-56 midway through the quarter. Moerman's third three of the game restored a double-digit lead for Barcelona, but back-to-back threes by Lo and Taylor brought the hosts within 56-63 and prompted a Barcelona timeout. The momentum remained with the hosts as Taylor produced a steal and two-handed slam and after Heurtel drained a three, Hickman bettered him with a four-point play to make it 62-66 through three quarters. Juan Carlos Navarro fed Seraphin for a slam to start the fourth quarter, but Wright made a three to cut the gap to 3. Rubit's layup got Brose within 1 with five minutes to go. And then Wright completed the comeback with a bank shot for a 75-74 lead. Zisis capped a 9-0 run with a jumper after which Barcelona called timeout. Heurtel tied the game at 77-77 jumper with 2:35 to play, but Taylor buried a triple at the other end. It came down to the final minute when Barcelona missed its last three shots and Bamberg came up with key rebounds to win it.
Referees: LAMONICA, LUIGI; BOLTAUZER, MATEJ; KOWALSKI, MARCIN
Brose Bamberg 12 25 25 22
FC Barcelona Lassa 38 11 17 15
2 HICKMAN, RICKY 32:47 14 2/7 2/8 4/4 2 2 4 1 1 1 2 6 12
3 WRIGHT, DORELL 30:18 16 2/5 3/5 3/4 2 5 7 5 2 2 3 25
6 ZISIS, NIKOS 24:45 9 4/7 0/1 1/2 1 1 4 1 2 3 1 6
7 NIKOLIC, ALEKSEJ 13:31 5 1/1 1/2 1 1 2 1 2 8
8 STAIGER, LUCCA 2:31 0/1 -1
9 MITROVIC, LUKA 13:41 8 4/7 3 3 6 2 2 1 2 1 9
12 LO, MAODO 15:50 7 2/4 1/3 2 2 1 1 1 1 3
16 OLINDE, LOUIS 1:19 1 1 1 2
21 RUBIT, AUGUSTINE 20:55 10 3/6 4/4 3 6 9 4 2 14
33 HECKMANN, PATRICK 3:43
43 RADOSEVIC, LEON 15:06 2 1/4 1 1 2 3 3 -2
44 TAYLOR, BRYCE 25:34 13 2/2 3/5 1 2 3 2 5 11
Head coach: TRINCHIERI, ANDREA
1 SERAPHIN, KEVIN 26:19 13 3/8 7/8 1 5 6 1 1 2 3 5 17
5 RIBAS, PAU 11:55 3 1/1 1 1 4 2 3 9
8 PRESSEY, PHIL 4:50 0/1 1 -2
9 HANGA, ADAM 29:20 14 2/2 2/4 4/4 2 2 3 2 1 1 5 2 16
11 NAVARRO, JUAN CARLOS 7:48 0/1 1 1 -1
13 HEURTEL, THOMAS 26:43 9 3/5 1/3 4 4 6 3 2 3 13
18 ORIOLA, PIERRE DNP - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
21 SANDERS, RAKIM 31:38 17 5/9 0/3 7/7 1 5 6 4 3 1 2 6 26
25 KOPONEN, PETTERI 7:46 1 1 1 1 1
30 CLAVER, VICTOR 15:49 3 1/3 4 4 1 2 1 3
44 TOMIC, ANTE 13:01 8 4/8 2 2 4 1 2 2 5
45 MOERMAN, ADRIEN 24:51 14 1/2 4/5 0/2 4 4 2 1 2 17
Totals 200:00 81 18/35 9/20 18/21 6 28 34 24 5 16 3 0 18 21 103
Head coach: ALONSO, SITO
TRINCHIERI, ANDREA
"It's the first time this has happened to me, down by [26] against a big team. First quarter was a nightmare. I believe that if I asked one of my players then 'What's your name?' He would have answered the wrong way. We were not ready to play. And then we put together a very effective second quarter on defense and then we started believing. I don't believe in miracles. That's not for basketball; that's for more important things. I believe that if you work hard and you believe in yourself, you can build opportunities. And that's what we did, we built opportunities to play this game. And then we believed in ourselves. We made big plays. Basically everybody helped the team. This is the biggest team win I can imagine, everybody put his name on this win, offense and defense."
ALONSO, SITO
"For me the report is very easy. We played excellent the first 10 minutes. And after playing very well, we are thinking we are a team and we are not this team. We are FC Barcelona, but to be FC Barcelona, you have to know the things you have to do individually and as a team. You have to have responsibility when you are winning by 26 and when you are losing by 20. After winning easily in the first 10 minutes, we were doing different things, not our regular things. One shot out of the time. One defense we allow because we are winning by 26. We are not using the fouls well. We are turning the ball because we are playing soft. One player has a problem and we are not helping him. Brose Bamberg, especially at home, have character and believed in the win. They are fighting all the way. And maybe we don't deserve to beat them with this kind of things. To be a strong team, everybody has to have more responsibility, starting with me. Individually we have to know the things we have to do and winning or losing, everybody has to follow the schedule."
MITROVIC, LUKA
"Craziest game I ever played in. I don't know if this is the biggest comeback win ever in the EuroLeague, but it is definitely one of the craziest games. We never stopped believing. The first quarter was a disaster. It went from the worst game ever to the best in 30 minutes. We started very bad but we woke up. Thanks to the fans for an amazing atmosphere. They helped us a lot, especially in those moments when we were coming back."
WRIGHT, DORELL
"That's what you live for as an athlete, as a basketball player. The atmosphere was crazy. Our guys battled. We didn't back down, so I commend all those guys. When you are getting your butt whooped like that, there is not much [Coach] can say other than pick up your energy, pick up your effort and get stops. And make the right passes. We started moving the ball, everybody started getting shots. And the crowd picked us up, it was great. They were definitely the sixth man. We appreciate those guys every night. Freak city. This is crazy for me. This is my first experience in the EuroLeague. That was great. "
HANGA, ADAM
"We played really well in the first half, especially in the first quarter, which was excellent - and then we stopped playing. I don't know what changed, but on offense, we didn't play with our rhythm and intensity. We didn't look for the options we usually look for. We lost a game which we should have won – and after the win against Madrid, I expected our confidence to be back with a win there. We are down again and have two very tough home games against Valencia, in which we have to play really well. People want to see Barcelona fighting for everything, so we have to play tough and with heart. We have to play much more physical, like we did today in the first half. We are able to do it, but I don't know why we cannot keep this level. I still have a lot of confidence in this team. We don't have much time to think about this loss. We have to win the next game."
REGULAR SEASON PLAYOFFS FINAL FOUR
Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6 Round 7 Round 8 Round 9 Round 10 Round 11 Round 12 Round 13 Round 14 Round 15 Round 16 Round 17 Round 18 Round 19 Round 20 Round 21 Round 22 Round 23 Round 24 Round 25 Round 26 Round 27 Round 28 Round 29 Round 30
Maccabi FOX Tel Aviv 72
Panathinaikos Superfoods Athens 93
Khimki Moscow Region 65
KIROLBET Baskonia Vitoria Gasteiz 105
Fenerbahce Dogus Istanbul 83
Crvena Zvezda mts Belgrade 59
AX Armani Exchange Olimpia Milan 103


Clean but you know I'm just not feeling it. Yes the detail level is fine but when things get too cluttered it struggles to keep up with the best. Technically it's a bit so so. Yes the detail level is fine but when things get too cluttered it struggles to keep up with the best.... The Sennheiser Momentum On-Ear headphones bring a dash of colour and are lighter both by weight and price compared to the original, leather-clad Momentum headphones from 2012.
* A review of the Sennheiser Momentum In Ears (self.headphones) Momentum In-Ears. Introduction. Alright to i got a pair specifically one week ago last year, they were my first pair of headphones which introduced me to the Hifi audio. The review is focused of the qualities from the IEMs from someone's point of view who barely had any experience with real Hifi expensive headphone, so don't... The Momentum in-ears are stylish looking headphones with sound to back up their looks. These in-ears have a V-shaped sound signature with deep bass, great details on the highs and slightly recessed yet still decent sounding mids.
I currently have to options, considering that I live in South Africa: I can buy the Audio-Technica ATH-M50x for R2000 Or I can get the Sennheiser Momentum in-ear for R1000 (half) This is... 27/09/2013 · The supra-aural (on-ear) Momentum adjusts its fit by sliding the earcups up and down, rather than having moving parts and adjusters built-in to the headband.
Easy to use. Momentum in Ear Wireless has a soft sheepskin cap attached to the neckline and feels really comfortable. On the left side are all function buttons: a three-button remote control, an on/off button, and a handsfree microphone.
It's gross to think about, but the fact of the matter is your headphones (especially the in-ear variety) can get pretty dirty with all that earwax and oil you expose them to.


text:
local current_folder = ... and (...):match '(.-%.?)[^%.]+$' or ''
local libquadtastic = require(current_folder.. ".libquadtastic")

-- Utility functions that don't deserve their own module

local common = {}

function common.trim_whitespace(s)
  -- Trim leading whitespace
  s = string.gmatch(s, "%s*(%S[%s%S]*)")()
  -- Trim trailing whitespace
  s = string.gmatch(s, "([%s%S]*%S)%s*")()
  return s
end

function common.get_version()
  local version_info = love.filesystem.read("res/version.txt")
  if version_info then
    return common.trim_whitespace(version_info)
  else
    return "Unknown version"
  end
end

function common.get_edition()
  local edition_info = love.filesystem.read("res/edition.txt")
  if edition_info then
    return common.trim_whitespace(edition_info)
  end
end

-- Load imagedata from outside the game's source and save folder
function common.load_imagedata(filepath)
  local filehandle, err = io.open(filepath, "rb")
  if err then
    error(err, 0)
  end
  local filecontent = filehandle:read("*a")
  filehandle:close()
  return love.image.newImageData(
    love.filesystem.newFileData(filecontent, 'img', 'file'))
end

-- Load an image from outside the game's source and save folder
function common.load_image(filepath)
  local imagedata = common.load_imagedata(filepath)
  return love.graphics.newImage(imagedata)
end

-- Split a filepath into the path of the containing directory and a filename.
-- Note that a trailing slash will result in an empty filename
function common.split(filepath)
  local dirname, basename = string.gmatch(filepath, "(.*/)([^/]*)")()
  return dirname, basename
end

local function export_quad(handle, quadtable)
  handle(string.format(
    "{x = %d, y = %d, w = %d, h = %d}",
    quadtable.x, quadtable.y, quadtable.w, quadtable.h))
end

-- Checks if a given string qualifies as a Lua Name, see "Lexical Conventions"
function common.is_lua_Name(str)
  local reserved = { ["and"] = true, ["break"] = true, ["do"] = true,
    ["else"] = true, ["elseif"] = true, ["end"] = true, ["false"] = true,
    ["for"] = true, ["function"] = true, ["if"] = true, ["in"] = true,
    ["local"] = true, ["nil"] = true, ["not"] = true, ["or"] = true,
    ["repeat"] = true, ["return"] = true, ["then"] = true, ["true"] = true,
    ["until"] = true, ["while"] = true,
  }

  -- Names (also called identifiers) in Lua can be any string of letters,
  -- digits, and underscores, not beginning with a digit.
  -- Any reserved keywords are not valid Lua names.
  -- http://www.lua.org/manual/5.1/manual.html#2.1
  return str and not reserved[str] and
         str == string.gmatch(str, "[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*")()
end

-- A slow but deterministic table iterator. Can only handle string and number
-- keys.
function common.det_pairs(tab)
  local numeric_keys = {}
  local string_keys = {}

  -- Collect keys
  for k in pairs(tab) do
    if type(k) == "number" then table.insert(numeric_keys, k)
    elseif type(k) == "string" then table.insert(string_keys, k) end
  end

  -- Sort keys separately. Note that this will lead to a deterministic order
  -- even though sort is not stable; since we sort the keys of a table, we know
  -- that there are no duplicates, since each key is necessarily unique.
  table.sort(numeric_keys)
  table.sort(string_keys)

  -- So, this is going to be a bit complicated. I want det_pairs to work the
  -- same way pairs works, so the function should return the next index and the
  -- associated value each time it is called with the current index.
  -- We have the two tables above with the numeric and string keys, but that
  -- alone isn't enough to quickly find index i+1, given index i. Instead, we
  -- can build a sort of linked list. Say we have the following indices that we
  -- want to encounter in exactly this order:
  -- indices = {1, 4, "a", "c", "ce", "f", "z"}
  -- We can build a table that, under each index, contains the next index:
  --
  -- first_index = 1
  -- next_index = {
  --   [1] = 4,
  --   [4] = "a",
  --   a = "c",
  --   c = "ce",
  --   ce = "f",
  --   f = "z",
  -- }
  --
  -- Note that there is no value for key "z", since "z" is the last index. Note
  -- also that it is easy to mix number and string indices. However, we do need
  -- to store the first index separately since the table itself does not tell us
  -- where to start.

  -- By choice, we iterate over numeric keys first, and then move on to string
  -- keys.
  local first_index
  local next_index = {}
  do
    local prev_index

    for _,v in ipairs(numeric_keys) do
      if not first_index then
        first_index = v
      else
        next_index[prev_index] = v
      end
      prev_index = v
    end

    for _,v in ipairs(string_keys) do
      if not first_index then
        first_index = v
      else
        next_index[prev_index] = v
      end
      prev_index = v
    end
  end

  -- We ignore the table that is passed to this function. This function will
  -- not work with any other function anyway.
  local det_next = function(_, index)
    if not index then
      return first_index, tab[first_index]
    else
      local i = next_index[index]
      return i, tab[i]
    end
  end

  -- Return the same things pairs() would return
  return det_next, tab, nil
end

local function escape(str)
  str = string.gsub(str, "\\", "\\\\")
  str = string.gsub(str, "\"", "\\\"")
  return str
end

local function export_table_content(handle, tab, indentation)
  local numeric_keys = {}
  local string_keys = {}
  for k in pairs(tab) do
    if type(k) == "number" then table.insert(numeric_keys, k)
    elseif type(k) == "string" then table.insert(string_keys, k) end
  end

  table.sort(numeric_keys)
  table.sort(string_keys)

  local function export_pair(k, v)
    handle(string.rep("  ", indentation))
    if type(k) == "string" then
      if common.is_lua_Name(k) then
        handle(string.format("%s = ", k))
      else
        handle(string.format("[\"%s\"] = ", escape(k)))
      end
    elseif type(k) ~= "number" then
      error("Cannot handle table keys of type "..type(k))
    end
    if type(v) == "table" then
      -- Check if it is a quad table, in which case we use a simpler function
      if libquadtastic.is_quad(v) then
        export_quad(handle, v)
      else
        handle("{\n")
        export_table_content(handle, v, indentation+1)
        handle(string.rep("  ", indentation))
        handle("}")
      end
    elseif type(v) == "number" then
      handle(tostring(v))
    elseif type(v) == "string" then
      handle("\"", v, "\"")
    elseif type(v) == "boolean" then
      handle(tostring(v))
    else
      error("Cannot handle table values of type "..type(v))
    end
    handle(",\n")
  end

  for _, k in ipairs(numeric_keys) do
    local v = tab[k]
    export_pair(k, v)
  end

  for _, k in ipairs(string_keys) do
    local v = tab[k]
    export_pair(k, v)
  end
end

function common.export_table_content(handle, tab)
  handle("return {\n")
  export_table_content(handle, tab, 1)
  handle("}\n")
end

function common.export_table_to_file(filehandle, tab)
  local writer = common.get_writer(filehandle)
  common.export_table_content(writer, tab)
  filehandle:close()
end

-- Clones table tab.
-- Values are deeply cloned. Can handle string and number keys.
function common.clone(tab)
  assert(type(tab) == "table")
  local clone = {}

  for k,v in pairs(tab) do
    if type(v) == "table" then
      clone[k] = common.clone(v)
    else
      clone[k] = v
    end
  end

  return clone
end

-- The name of the "exporter" that exports the quads as a quadfile.
common.reserved_name_save = "Quadtastic quadfile"

-- This is a table that exposes the default exporter in a way that is compatible
-- with custom exporters.
common.exporter_table = {
  name = common.reserved_name_save,
  ext = "lua",
  export = common.export_table_content,
}

function common.get_writer(filehandle)
  return function(...)
    filehandle:write(...)
  end
end

function common.serialize_table(tab)
  local strings = {}
  local function handle(...)
    for _,string in ipairs({...}) do
      table.insert(strings, string)
    end
  end
  common.export_table_content(handle, tab)
  return table.concat(strings)
end

return common

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub