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TV Review 4th June 2015 7th June 2015
SHERLOCK HOLMES (BBC, 1965-68)
by Frank Collins
The game's afoot
In the pantheon of celebrated Sherlock Holmes adaptations there is one BBC television series that tends to get overlooked. In 1965 the BBC produced a series of faithful adaptations of 13 Conan Doyle Sherlock Holmes stories starring Douglas Wilmer and Nigel Stock. The series is perhaps unfairly eclipsed by the colour series made by the BBC two years later starring Peter Cushing, fewer episodes of which survive, and the Granada series that consumed much of the 1980s and 1990s, and the energies of actor Jeremy Brett.
However, you can judge Wilmer's and Stock's celebrated interpretations for yourselves when the BFI release the remaining episodes of Sherlock Holmes on a 4-DVD set this month. Previously available as a Region 1 set, this new release features commentaries, interviews and using the remaining archive footage, the reconstruction of two episodes.
Before and since Holmes has been reinterpreted many times on radio, film and television with the latest incarnations being the Guy Ritchie action films, the contemporary re-staging of the characters and stories in Steven Moffat's hugely successful Sherlock and the CBS police procedural Elementary featuring Jonny Lee Miller. Holmes and Watson are a very prolific presence among the roll call of iconic British literary myths–including King Arthur, Robin Hood, Dracula–that have continued into the 21st Century, joining modern legends such as James Bond, Harry Potter and The Doctor.
Adapting the Holmes canon was not a new undertaking for the BBC. It had broadcast a six-episode Sherlock Holmes series in 1951, starring Alan Wheatley, and a series of radio adaptations with Carleton Hobbs in the lead role that spanned 80 episodes between 1952 and 1969. Bringing Holmes back to BBC television originated from staff director Vere Lorrimer's approach to Head of Light Entertainment Tom Sloan.
Douglas Wilmer as Sherlock Holmes
Sloan discovered, rather remarkably, that the rights from the Conan Doyle estate were available and, by sheer coincidence, when he suggested a Holmes series to Head of Drama Sydney Newman, Newman revealed a Sherlock Holmes story was due to be included in a series of one-off drama pilots called Detective. (1) As the Radio Times of May 14 1964 exclaimed, 'No series with a title like Detective could possibly afford to ignore the father of all fictional detectives – the man with the deer-stalker and the 9.25 pipe, the Sage of Baker Street–Sherlock Holmes himself.' (2)
Newman's motive for producing Detective was to find a replacement for the highly successful Maigret series, starring Rupert Davies, which had concluded a run of 53 episodes in December 1963. Detective's most successful try-outs would be considered for a full series and, underlining the Maigret connection, were each introduced by Davies 'in character' as Maigret.
Prior to Detective's production in late 1963 and early 1964, the BBC had secured the options on five Holmes stories and 'The Speckled Band', transmitted 18 May 1964, was chosen to represent the detective in the anthology. Newman and his producer David Goddard recruited Robin Midgley to direct and Giles Cooper as scriptwriter. Midgley had previous form, having produced and directed many of the Holmes radio adaptations featuring Carleton Hobbs, and Cooper had adapted the Maigret stories for television. (3)
Newman determined that each of the Detective instalments would be headed by a star actor and producer Goddard contracted established stage and screen actor Douglas Wilmer to play Holmes in 'The Speckled Band' with a view that he would continue in any series that developed from the pilot. Wilmer was described by the Radio Times as, 'a Conan Doyle enthusiast who has coveted the part since the start of his acting career' and who bore 'an uncanny physical resemblance to Holmes as drawn by Sydney Paget to illustrate the original Strand Magazine stories.' (4)
Wilmer had featured on the big screen in historical epics Cleopatra (1963) and The Fall of the Roman Empire (1964) but had also carved out a successful radio and television career. He was familiar with the Conan Doyle stories and, as he later expounded in his biography, felt that previous interpretations of the character had never fully embraced the darker side of Holmes: 'I decided I would paint him warts and all. He was a towering and commanding figure, often forbidding and silent. Such men cast great shadows. They can be intimidating and inspire fear.' However, Wilmer also acknowledged that, even though he thought the scripts should mention it, in 1964 the viewing public was not ready for a television series to describe 'anything so utterly depraved as a cocaine habit.' (5)
Joining Wilmer to play the redoubtable Dr John Watson was Nigel Stock, a recognisable British character actor fresh from supporting roles in Brighton Rock (1947), The Dam Busters (1955), The Battle of the River Plate (1956 with Wilmer), Victim (1961) and The Great Escape (1963). Stock managed to imbue Watson with many of the qualities of Doyle's 'old campaigner' and offered something of an antidote to the buffoonish Watson, despite the appeal of Nigel Bruce's performance, seen opposite Basil Rathbone's Holmes in the film series of the 1930s and 1940s.
Anthony Read, who adapted 'The Red Headed League' and took over as script editor on the series in September 1964, further underlined to writer Duncan Ross, who had submitted what would be an unused adaptation of 'The Sussex Vampire' that he should: 'keep away from the Basil Rathbone/Nigel Bruce interpretations which we firmly eschew.' (6)
Wilmer and Stock's immediate rapport with the characters, the atmospheric location filming in Dorking and BBC Birmingham's economic but effective studio production derived a suitably Gothic melodrama from Conan Doyle's story. A highlight of the pilot is the encounter between Holmes and poker-bending Dr Grimesby Roylott, featuring a volcanic performance from Felix Felton. Under Midgley's direction, Felton had previously appeared in a radio adaptation of the story with Liane Aukin as the heroine Helen Stoner. She also reprised her role in the television version.
'The Speckled Band' was a notable success with viewers and the BBC optioned eight further Conan Doyle stories for the series that followed in 1965. However, negotiations with the Conan Doyle estate now came with an added pressure. They wanted to see the BBC make the series on film and, enthusiastic about Holmes's export potential, enter a co-production deal with an American network, and thus have a greater say in the selection of cast and crew.
The BBC were not keen as a significant financial outlay would be required to shoot on film and complete the series before any guarantee of a sale and they rejected the idea that an American network should therefore be allowed to interfere with what original script editor John Gould saw as a quintessentially English series. (7)
Another issue, which would gradually have a significant impact on the writing of the series and Wilmer's decision not to continue when the BBC commissioned a second series, were the negotiations over rehearsal time, scripts and directors. The BBC originally agreed to Wilmer's request for scripts to arrive three weeks in advance of production and that the series would be handled by a small group of directors to maintain quality and style, including the pilot's Robin Midgley.
Sherlock Holmes's 12 episodes were eventually made with the standard studio VT and location film inserts, although as restoration expert Peter Crocker explains in the notes accompanying this DVD set, the 405-line VT recordings were transferred to 35mm for editing and broadcast.
The adaptations were divvied out to several writers, including Giles Cooper, Clifford Witting, Jan Read, Vincent Tilsley, Nicholas Palmer and Anthony Read (Read took over from original script editor John Gould and inherited a pile of scripts that would need revising or rejecting). Midgley was not amongst the directors hired to make the episodes and Wilmer was somewhat aggrieved that many of the episodes were handed to inexperienced youngsters.
Jan Read's 'The Man With The Twisted Lip' commenced production in September 1964 with location filming in Wapping and studio recording at Television Centre. With production continuing on 'The Abbey Grange' in October, Anthony Read had to completely rewrite the script for 'The Red Headed League' two days prior to its November studio recording when Harry Green's version was rejected. Indeed, Wilmer recalled the problems with the script in Stage Whispers and told the BBC he 'had not the smallest intention of appearing in such drivel.' He strongly recommended the script editor simply 'have a good look at Doyle and just copy out the excellent dialogue, as written.' (9)
Further scripting problems affected 'The Devil's Foot'. Wilmer observed that Giles Cooper's script ran short of the 50 minute slot by some significant margin and he and Stock had to write additional material at the last minute. 'The Devil's Foot' boasted some excellent location filming in Cornwall, undertaken in December 1964, and the Radio Times recalled Nigel Stock entertaining the cast and crew with a bagpipe recital beneath Wilmer's bedroom window. (10)
The series opening episode, 'The Illustrious Client' was also completed in December and was the first episode to use the Baker Street exterior set specially built at Ealing Studios. Filming and recording continued into January and February 1965 on 'Charles Augustus Milverton' and 'The Copper Beeches'–where director Gareth Davies had to track down an Old English Mastiff to perform as the guard dog of the house and discovered there were only six of the breed left in the UK. (11)
The week prior to the 20 February transmission date of the series heralded a press launch at the Sherlock Holmes pub.
As the series began on BBC One, the rest of Sherlock Holmes continued to be recorded through to April 1965, concluding with 'The Bruce-Partington Plans', 'The Retired Colourman' (negotiations with Boris Karloff to guest star as Barker unfortunately came to nothing) and 'The Disappearance of Lady Frances Carfax'. The latter's Swiss setting was provided by some extensive location filming in the French town of Montreuil-sur-Mer. (12)
'The Illustrious Client', boasting a Radio Times cover, received some mixed reviews. While the Sherlock Holmes Society of London praised the adaptation and Wilmer's and Stock's performances, the BBC's Director of Television Kenneth Adam informed Sydney Newman that the BBC Board and the Director General were disappointed that the episode had not lived up to the promise of the pilot.
The format of the series, established so effectively in 'The Speckled Band', is certainly consolidated by 'The Illustrious Client'. Two very broad performances from guest stars Peter Wyngarde, providing a ripe German accent as the serial womaniser Baron Gruner, and Rosemary Leach, plunging into Cockney melodrama as the vengeance seeking Kitty Winter, tend to dominate over the quieter, subtler work from Wilmer and Stock.
Far better is 'The Devil's Foot', despite the scripting problems, and it expands the series out of the often poky studio settings with its Cornwall location filming. Patrick Troughton is also a highlight as the poisoner Mortimer Tregennis hoist by his own petard by the scheming Dr. Sterndale. It's also here that Wilmer's adjustments to his performance as Holmes begin to emerge. He had rewatched his performance in 'The Speckled Band' and told the Radio Times in April 1965: 'when I saw it again five months later I thought my portrait of Holmes was incomplete and in places inaccurate; too smooth, urbane and civilised. I've realised that he is a much more primitive person, more savage and ruthless.' (13)
Stock's chemistry with Wilmer isn't quite as well developed as the later relationship between him and Peter Cushing in 1968's colour series but as the series progresses both actors refine and define their characters. Their portrayals are appealing but very self-contained. Stock's Watson certainly paved the way for the excellent work that David Burke (who makes an early television appearance in 'The Beryl Coronet') and Edward Hardwicke would put into their portrayals of Watson in the Granada series. Wilmer offers a definitive portrayal of Holmes for the times, which now provides an antithesis to Jeremy Brett's own brilliant but often extravagant embellishments.
The series is blessed with further outstanding guest roles. Patrick Wymark and Suzanne Neve are perfect casting in 'The Copper Beeches'. Wymark encapsulates Jephro Rucastle's snarling but suave cruelty as he forces Neve's Violet Hunter to stand in as his imprisoned daughter Alice. He uses her to convince the man watching from the road Alice is no longer interested in seeing him and to prevent the couple from benefiting from her mother's will. Tucked away in the episode are lovely turns from Michael Robbins as the drunken servant Toller and horror icon-to-be Sheila Keith as employment agency owner Miss Stoper.
Sadly, only the final reel of 'The Abbey Grange' remains in the archive (and this wasn't presented on the previous Region 1 DVD of the Wilmer series) and the first 25 minutes of the adaptation are here represented by Douglas Wilmer reading the opening half of the story to camera. What we do eventually see is a well made, atmospheric adaptation with Nyree Dawn Porter effulgent as the tormented Lady Brackenstall desperately waiting for lover Captain Croker to rescue her from a violent husband.
As played by the hawkish Peter Madden, Inspector Lestrade makes the first of six appearances in the series with Giles Cooper's adaptation of 'The Six Napoleons'. It's notable how elements of light comedy flavour this, 'The Red Headed League' and 'The Retired Colourman.' In Cooper's version of the former James Bree provides a very appealing performance as Dr. Barnicot, the Napoleon enthusiast whose destroyed plaster bust of the French Emperor provides the catalyst to Holmes' investigations.
Wilmer did not return when a second series option was taken up.
'The Man With The Twisted Lip' establishes the series proper. It's an evocative and effective adaptation and Anton Rodgers provides a suitably sympathetic performance as business debtor turned beggar Neville St. Clair. There's some splendid location filming in Wapping photographed by Dick Bush, one of the best film cameramen working at the BBC at the time.
However, viewers were more concerned about the correct depiction of an opium den, according to the Radio Times letters page, than what was then the common practice of asking a Caucasian actor (in this instance Danish-English Olaf Pooley) to 'black up' and play ethnic stereotypes like the Lascar. The series' growing confidence can also be seen in 'The Beryl Coronet' in which Leonard Sachs's (familiar to viewers as the tongue twisting MC of The Good Old Days) banker Alexander Holder, safe-keeping a beryl-encrusted crown, falls victim to David Burke's unscrupulous villain George Burnwell.
Another incomplete episode in the archives is 'The Bruce-Partington Plans'. The first 25 minutes of the episode exist and are here supplemented by surviving audio and the shooting script. It works very well and the engrossing adaptation features a smashing performance from Derek Francis as Holmes' brother Mycroft and well-known television character actors John Woodnutt, Gordon Gostelow and Allan Cuthbertson add quality to director Shaun Sutton's ensemble casting. A shame we can only see half of it.
'Charles Augustus Milverton' is dominated by Barry Jones' turn as the 'most dangerous man in London', the reptilian master blackmailer Milverton. He's definitely the highlight, as is Stephanie Bidmead as Lady Farningham, a former victim who is observed seeking her violent revenge by Holmes and Watson while they are breaking into Milverton's safe to destroy the blackmailer's evidence. In the last act, there's also some lovely comedy between Watson, Holmes and Inspector Lestrade when Holmes acknowledges that Lestrade's description of one of the 'burglars' seen trespassing on Milverton's estate matches that of Watson. Stock's comedy timing and reaction is particularly satisfying.
The series concludes with two fine episodes, 'The Retired Colourman' and 'The Disappearance of Lady Frances Carfax' both of which benefit from excellent location filming. One of the best of the series, 'The Retired Colourman' features the legendary Maurice Denham as the supremely grumpy miser Josiah Amberley and the story refreshingly provides Stock with an opportunity to shine as Watson. The last episode of the series is also not without a superb supporting cast, including Ronald Radd, Joss Ackland and Roger Delgado, here playing the hotel manager Moser.
Sadly, Wilmer did not return when a second series option was taken up, a decision buoyed by a successful repeat run of the first series in summer 1966. Although Head of Series Andrew Osborn asked Wilmer to return, the actor declined. His experience of the production treadmill on the first series, the fact that some of his demands had not been met about script availability and director approval and the BBC's decision to cut the production time for each episode of the next series down to ten days, and thus reduce the rehearsal time, had all left him rather unimpressed.
In Stage Whispers, he recalls that John Neville (a fine Holmes in the 1965 film A Study in Terror) and Eric Porter were approached to co-star with Nigel Stock before the BBC settled on Peter Cushing (having played Holmes in Hammer's Gothic take on The Hound of the Baskervilles in 1959) to bring Doyle's anti-hero to colour television in 1967. But that's another story…
For now, Holmes purists can return to these episodes. They are an interesting counterpoint to the Granada series of the 1980s, where money was clearly lavished on sets and location work and many liberties were taken in stretching stories out, and their pace is probably best described as very genteel in comparison to contemporary television but these faithful, if rather economic, adaptations are worth viewing for the Wilmer and Stock interpretations of the Doyle characters. There is also a generous selection of extra features to complete a very welcome DVD release.
Commentaries. Toby Hadoke moderates five audio commentaries: with director Peter Sasdy on 'The Illustrious Client', Douglas Wilmer on 'The Devil's Foot' and 'Charles Augustus Milverton', director Peter Cregeen on 'The Abbey Grange', and actors Trevor Martin and David Andrews on 'The Red Headed League'.
Alternative Spanish audio presentation of The Speckled Band. The Spanish export version, entitled 'La banda de lunares', if you are so inclined.
Alternative title sequence for The Illustrious Client. Apparently Peter Wyngarde requested his name to be included in the title sequence when the series was sold abroad, feeling he should share and benefit from equal billing with Wilmer and Stock.
The Abbey Grange episode partial reconstruction of the two 25-minute film reels. Only the second survives and here 95-year-old Douglas Wilmer reads the opening half of the story to accompany the surviving footage.
The Bruce-Partington Plans episode partial reconstruction. The first reel exists of the episode and the remainder of the episode is represented by an audio recording mixed with extracts from the shooting script.
Douglas Wilmer…on Television (22 mins). A convivial conversation with Wilmer in which he discusses his casting as Holmes and his determination to play him as an unsympathetic, vain and dangerous character. He recalls various aspects of the pilot and series, from snake wrangling in 'The Speckled Band', his desire to see its director Robin Midgely continue directing the series, to the work of Shaun Sutton compared to the many 'pup' directors on the series and the uneven quality of the scripts. Nigel Stock is fondly remembered by Wilmer as a loyal support during a time when Wilmer was very unhappy with the production of the series and he amusingly recounts the arguments with Patrick Troughton about Catholicism and working with other guest actors such as Joss Ackland. Wilmer then reflects on his days at RADA and the Old Vic and his debut at the BBC, working with Rudolph Cartier, making 1958's The Diary of Samuel Pepys, acting with Nigel 'Tom' Kneale, and the Royal Court and film versions of One Way Pendulum. The interview brings us up to date with his recent cameo in the Steven Moffat and Mark Gatiss series Sherlock.
(1) Alan Barnes, Sherlock Holmes – The Complete Film and TV History
(2) 'Detective – The Speckled Band', Radio Times May 14 1964
(4) 'Sherlock Holmes', Radio Times February 18 1965
(5) Douglas Wilmer, Stage Whispers – The Memoirs
(7) Ibid
(10) 'Dr. Watson Takes Over', Radio Times April 29 1965
(11) 'The Copper Beeches', Radio Times March 4 1965
(12) Alan Barnes, Sherlock Holmes – The Complete Film and TV History
(13) 'Douglas Wilmer as Holmes', Radio Times April 8 1965
Disc Data
BBC 1964-1965. BFI Cat No. BFIV2040 | Cert 12 | Monochrome | English language with optional hard of hearing subtitles | 650 mins approx | Original broadcast aspect ratio 1.33:1 | 4 x DVD9 | PAL | Dolby Digital 1.0 mono audio (192bps)
1960s, BBC
Frank Collins
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President of Brazil Jair Bolsonaro waves to supporters during a campaign rally on August 31, 2022 in Curitiba, Brazil.
Heuler Andrey/Getty Images
By Ciara Nugent and Billy Perrigo
Updated: September 5, 2022 2:24 PM EDT | Originally published: September 5, 2022 1:28 PM EDT
Meta is failing to stop a Jan. 6-style movement gaining traction on Facebook and WhatsApp in Brazil, a rights group has warned in a new report.
Campaigning for Brazil's next presidential election is currently underway, with the first round of voting scheduled for October 2. Jair Bolsonaro, the country's rightwing populist president, has embraced comparisons to Donald Trump throughout his tenure and is now drawing from the former U.S. President's 2020 playbook as he lags behind his leftwing opponent Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.
In recent months Bolsonaro has sought to sow doubt about the validity of Brazil's democratic processes, warning repeatedly of the risk of fraud, and alleging without evidence that the country's electronic voting system is vulnerable to interference. In speeches he has said that "only God" can remove him from office. Some of Brazil's key military officials have echoed his claims of possible fraud, sparking fears that the world's seventh most populous country could be vulnerable to a military coup if Bolsonaro is defeated at the polls in October.
"If need be," Bolsonaro said at an election rally in June, "we will go to war."
Content questioning the validity of the upcoming election is spreading rapidly on social media, according to a new report titled "Stop the Steal 2.0" that was shared exclusively with TIME by the non-profit watchdog SumofUs. The spread of this content is contributing to a Jan. 6-style movement gaining traction in Brazil—and Meta, which also owns Brazil's most widely-used messaging platform WhatsApp, is not doing enough to prevent it, according to SumofUs. The findings echo those of another report published by Global Witness in mid August, which found that Facebook repeatedly approved ads containing falsehoods about the Brazilian election.
Social media's role in Brazil's elections
The impact of social media on Brazilian politics is hard to overstate. Some 83% of Brazilians get their news online, including via social media, according to the Reuters Institute. WhatsApp is the most popular platform in Brazil, with 78% of people using it regularly; Facebook is used by 67% of the population. "Bolsonaro is the first Brazilian president, probably one of the few leaders in the world, who governs by social media, much more than Trump ever did," says Thomas Traumann, a Brazilian journalist and political analyst who served as a spokesperson for Dilma Rousseff, one of Bolsonaro's predecessors as president.
In the report shared with TIME, SumofUs identified posts, ads and private messages on Facebook and WhatsApp that it said contributed to "inciting a violent coup." The report also identified ads from Bolsonaro supporters spreading electoral disinformation, with targets including Brazil's Supreme Court and Bolsonaro's political opponents. SumofUs claims that other ads posted on Facebook in August broke Brazilian laws about political advertising outside of the official campaign period.
Many of the posts called on Brazilians to take to the streets on Sept. 7, Brazil's independence day, in a planned show of force that the SumofUs report warns could become "a repeat of January 6."
"Meta has learned absolutely nothing since January 6 in the U.S.," says Flora Rebello Arduini, a campaign manager at SumofUs and the author of the report. "We are seeing ads that are pushing not just for a violent coup in the country, but also narratives discrediting the electoral processes in Brazil."
SumofUs identified 16 "problematic" Facebook ads that promoted the Sept. 7 rally, including one that included a picture of a combat knife along with military gloves and goggles. Together, the 16 ads were viewed by Facebook users more than 615,000 times, the report says. (Meta removed the ad with the combat knife before publication of the report, but an identical post on a smaller page is still online, according to SumofUs.) Rebello Arduini says while the report's sample size is small, the ads it details are "just the tip of the iceberg" of the narrative being developed across social media.
Rebello Arduini adds that Facebook appears to be blind to the wider significance of the Sept. 7 movement, addressing posts on a case-by-case basis rather than as part of a coordinated threat to Brazilian democracy. "You cannot assess specific isolated pieces of content or ads without actually putting them in the context of the country," she tells TIME. "One size doesn't fit all, unfortunately."
Bolsonaro's supporters are also using WhatsApp to undermine confidence in the election, according to the report. SumofUs monitored three large group chats on the platform over a one-week period and found memes inciting violence on Sept. 7. "A war is not won in hours," one example reads. "Sept. 7 is just the beginning […] Want freedom? FIGHT. Want your job? FIGHT. Want to protect your family? FIGHT."
"We cannot comment on a report that we have not been given access to," a Meta spokesperson said in a statement. "We've prepared extensively for the 2022 election in Brazil, working closely with local electoral and law enforcement officials. We remove content and accounts that constitute a credible threat to public or personal safety." In mid-August, Meta announced it was banning ads that question the legitimacy of the upcoming election, and announced plans to activate an "election operations center" closer to voting day to "identify potential threats in real time and speed up our responses."
"The concern of violence on the street is absolutely real," says Katie Harbath, Facebook's former head of elections who spent time in Brazil for the company during the 2018 election campaign in which Bolsonaro swept to power. Harbath says Facebook has, however, noticeably improved its policies since the last election, by rolling out labels that point users to reliable information from the electoral board, and improving its AI systems for detecting harmful language.
"What has not changed is the difficult question about where you draw the line with some of this content, and the question of when something rises to the level of imminent harm," says Harbath, who now leads a tech policy consultancy called Anchor Change. "To me, that's a story of how AI is not nuanced enough yet to know the difference between when somebody says, 'let's take to the streets and defend our democracy,' whether they are intending to be violent or not."
Meta's own policies may be making it harder for researchers to point out the company's flaws. Harbath cautioned against taking the small sample sizes in the SumofUs report as proof that its findings are just the tip of an iceberg. But the report's authors told TIME that Meta had made it harder for them to do more wide-ranging research by rejecting their requests to access CrowdTangle, a tool that allows researchers to monitor the reach of posts and hashtags. Meta is reportedly planning to shutter CrowdTangle, following a slew of bad press stemming from researchers' and journalists' use of the tool. "That limits the ability of researchers to better look through what's happening on the platform," Rebello Arduini, the author of the SumofUs report, told TIME. "Facebook is again closing the circle and limiting the possibilities for researchers, civil society, and academics."
As tensions rise on social media, Brazilian political analysts now worry that even if Sept. 7 remains peaceful, the election could end very badly. "I don't expect a coup attempt on Sept. 7," says political analyst Traumann. "Bolsonaro wants to show the people are behind him, and then we'll see what happens on Oct. 2. The danger will come on election day, the days before, and the days after."
Write to Ciara Nugent at ciara.nugent@time.com and Billy Perrigo at billy.perrigo@time.com.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Die Kirche Hl. Großmärtyrer Dimitri (serbisch: Црква светог великомученика Димитрија, Crkva svetog velikomučenika Dimitrija)
in der Stadt Šamac, früher Bosanski Šamac genannt, ist eine serbisch-orthodoxe Kirche im Norden von Bosnien und Herzegowina.

Die dem Hl. Großmärtyrer Dimitri geweihte Kirche, wurde von 1925 bis 1934 erbaut und ist die Pfarrkirche der Pfarreien Šamac I und II im Dekanat Modriča-Gradačac der Eparchie Zvornik-Tuzla der Serbisch-Orthodoxen Kirche.

Lage
Die Kirche steht in der Hauptstraße Ulica Cara Dušana 25, im westlichen Zentrum, der um die 5.500 Einwohner zählenden Stadt Šamac in der gleichnamigen Opština im nördlichsten Bosnien an der Grenze zu Kroatien. Bei Šamac mündet der Fluss Bosna in die Save, die hier die Grenze zwischen den beiden Ländern bildet.

Die Opština Šamac liegt in der Republika Srpska, dem überwiegend serbisch bewohnten Landesteil Bosniens und der Herzegowina. An der gegenüberliegenden Straßenseite steht die römisch-katholische Herz-Jesu-Kirche. Unweit der Kirche steht auch das Krankenhaus der Stadt und die Stadtmoschee.

Geschichte

Die alte Kirche der Stadt
1879 wurde die erste serbische Schule in der Stadt eröffnet. 1882 wurde aus dieser alten Schule die erste Serbisch-orthodoxe Kirche von Šamac erbaut, diese befand sich etwas östlich der heutigen Kirche. Sie musste in den frühen 1920er Jahren wegen Baufälligkeit abgerissen werden.

Bau und Einweihung der heutigen Kirche
Als Ktitoren (Stifter) der neuen heutigen Kirche gelten Mara Aleksić und Tošo Stavrić.

Frau Mara Aleksić schenkte für das Seelenheil ihres verstorbenen Ehegatten, der Kirchgemeinde der Stadt ein Bauland von 10.000 m². Dort befindet sich heute der Serbisch-orthodoxe Friedhof von Šamac mit der Kapelle Hl. Großmärtyrer Zar Lazar und alle serbischen Neumärtyrer  erbaut von 1993–1994. Die alte Friedhofskirche wurde im Bosnienkrieg 1992 von kroatischen-bosniakischen paramilitärischen Einheiten zerstört. Die ältesten Grabmäler auf dem Friedhof stammen aus dem 19. Jahrhundert.

Der Bau der Kirche begann am 17. Juni 1925. Am 9. August des gleichen Jahres, weihte der Priester Dimitrije Dimitrijević, mit dem Segen des Bischofs der Eparchie Šabac Mihailo (Urošević) in Serbien die Kirchenfundamente ein. Bischof Mihailo (Urošević) hatte zu jener Zeit die Administration der Eparchie Zvornik-Tuzla inne.

Nach neunjähriger Bauzeit wurde die Kirche am 25. November 1934 vom damaligem Bischof der Eparchie Zvornik-Tuzla Nektarije (Krulj) feierlich eingeweiht. In der Kirche wird ein wertvolles Evangelium aufbewahrt aus dem Jahre 1939 das in Russland gedruckt wurde.

Zweiter Weltkrieg und Jugoslawische Sozialismuszeit
Im Zweiten Weltkrieg (1939–1945) wurde die Kirche schwer beschädigt. Von 1968 bis 1970 wurde sie renoviert, damals wurde auch das 200 m² große Pfarrhaus erbaut mit einem großen Festsaal.

1990er Jahre
Im Bosnienkrieg (1992–1995) wurde die Kirche Hl. Großmärtyrer Dimitri durch Granaten und Gewehrkugeln der kroatisch-bosniakischen Armee schwer beschädigt. Von 1998 bis 2000 wurde die Kirche renoviert, damals wurde ein neuer Kirchboden aus Granitsteinen und mit Fußbodenheizung gelegt, die Fassade erneuert und die Kirche bekam neue Fresken.

Balkanflut 2014
Bei der großen Überschwemmung auf dem Balkan (Balkantief Yvette) im Mai 2014 erlitt die Kirche großen Schaden. Die wertvollen 26 Ikonen des akademischen Malers Roman Petrović und Kirchenbücher wurden schwer beschädigt. Auch die anderen Kirchen der Kirchgemeinde in den umliegenden Dörfern wurden schwer beschädigt.

Der entstandene Schaden in der Kirche beläuft sich auf 380.000 bosnische KM, ungefähr 190.000 Euro. Die Beseitigung der Schäden läuft schleppend voran.

Architektur

Baustil und Baudimensionen
Die Kreuzkuppelkirche mit den Dimensionen 18,18 х 16,3 m ist aus Kleinziegeln im serbisch-byzantinischen Stil erbaut worden und mit Kupferplatten abgedeckt worden. Die Kirche besitzt eine große Hauptkuppel inmitten des Kirchenschiffs an der Kreuzung der Seitenarme der Kirche und zwei kleinere Kuppeln an der Westseite der Kirche, die die Hl. Dreifaltigkeit symbolisieren.

Das Kirchengebäude besitzt eine Altar-Apsis im Osten, jeweils eine Konche an der Nord- und Südseite und einem freistehenden 37 m hohen Kirchturm neueren Datums mit vier Glocken. Der Kirchturm besitzt die Dimensionen 12 х 12 m und wurde am 8. November 2007 vom damaligem Bischof der Eparchie Zvornik-Tuzla Vasilije (Kačavenda) eingeweiht.

Die Ikonen, Fresken und die Ikonostase
Von 2009 bis 2012 wurde das Kircheninnere von Nikola Đurović aus der serbischen Stadt Kosjerić neu mit byzantinischen Fresken auf Trockenmörtel verziert. Die neue Ikonostase aus Nussbaumholz wurde von Simo und Đorđe Krstanović beide aus Šamac stammend, nach dem Entwurf des Architekten Bogdan Đukić aus Tuzla geschnitzt.

Die alten künstlerisch wertvollen Ikonen im Barock-Stil der alten Ikonostase wurden vom akademischen Maler Roman Petrović aus der bosnisch-herzegowinischen Hauptstadt Sarajevo in der Öl auf Leinwand Technik gemalt. Die neuen Ikonen auf der neuen Ikonostase wurden von Nikola Đurović gemalt.

Gemeindeleben der Kirchgemeinde Šamac

Kirchbücher
Die Kirch- bzw. Gemeindebücher der Gemeinde werden seit deren Gründung im Jahre 1879 geführt. Genauso werden die Taufbücher und die Bücher der Vermählten seit dieser Zeit geführt. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurden die Bücher von den kommunistischen Behörden entwendet. Später wurden sie allerdings zurückgegeben, wobei es zu Verlusten kam. Informationen fehlen zu den Jahre 1913–1917 und 1948–1952.

Kirchenchor
Die Kirche besitzt seit 1994 ihren eigenen Kirchenchor. Der Kirchenchor Heruvimi (Cherubimi) feiert als seine Slava, einen der bekanntesten und wichtigsten Heiligen der Serbisch-orthodoxen Kirche, den Heiligen Vasilije Ostroški den Wundertäter. Leiter des Kirchenchors ist der Lehrer Rade Bosić.

2012 gewann der Chor die goldene Medaille beim Chorwettbewerb, zu den im Mai stattfinden geistlichen Festlichkeiten der Stadt Bijeljina im Osten Bosniens und Herzegowinas.

Caritative und Freizeitliche Angebote
Die kirchlich-caritative Frauenorganisation der Serbisch-orthodoxen Kirche das Kolo srpskih sestara wurde 1993 gegründet. Ihre Vorsitzende ist Đurđina Bosić und die Organisation trägt den Namen Kosovska djevojka in Šamac.

Die Jugendgemeinschaft zum Hl. Sava von Serbien wurde 2008 gegründet und nimmt bei humanitären Hilfen und geistlichen Veranstaltungen teil. Die serbische Falkengemeinschaft zum Hl. Basilius dem Großen wurde 1993 von Priester Jovo Lakić gegründet. Diese Gemeinschaft hält die traditionellen Gewohnheiten der Serben am Leben. 2010 wurde auch eine Ikonenmalerei gegründet.

Priester der Kirche

19. Jahrhundert
In chronologischer Reihenfolge werden die Priester der Pfarrei Šamac aufgezählt. Erster Priester war Jaćim Stefanović von 1879 bis 1883, 1883 waren Đorđe Stefanović und Đorđe Petković Pfarreipriester. Von 1893 bis 1896 war Tošo Đokić Pfarreipriester. Ihm folgte von 1896 bis 1902 Stevan Popović.

20. Jahrhundert
Von 1902 bis 1933 war Dimitrije Dimitrijević Pfarreipriester der sich maßgeblich für den Bau der heutigen Kirche einsetzte. Auf Priester Dimitrijević, folgten von 1934 bis 1938: Svetozar Popović und Vojislav Gajić. Von 1938 bis 1939 diente in der Pfarrei Strahinja Svitlić. Während des Zweiten Weltkrieges gab es keine Serbisch-orthodoxen Priester in der Stadt. Nach dem Krieg diente Svetozar Lazarević aus dem Dorf Crkvina in der Pfarrei. Ihm folgte Dimitrije Blažić.

Von 1950 bis 1967 folgte Stojan Tasić. Ab 1968 bis 1970 war Pfarreipriester Sofronije Rakitić. Milan Pajkanović war von 1970 bis 1975 Priester. Đoko Jović folgte von 1975 bis 1980. Dragan Kainović von 1980 bis 1991.

21. Jahrhundert
Von 1991 bis 2012 war Jovo Lakić Pfarreipriester. Und jetziger Pfarreipriester seit 2012 ist Miodrag Stevanović.

Quelle
 Artikel über die Kirche auf der Seite der Eparchie von Zvornik-Tuzla, (serbisch)
 Artikel über die Flutschäden auf der Seite Glas Regije, (serbisch)

Kirchengebäude der Eparchie Zvornik-Tuzla
Serbisch-orthodoxes Kirchengebäude in Bosnien und Herzegowina
Erbaut in den 1930er Jahren
Demetrioskirche
Šamac
Kreuzkuppelkirche

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Government has so far disbursed 52 per cent of funds allocated to its Planting for Food and Job programme as at the end of first half of the year.
Out of a total GH¢700 million, allocated for the implementation of the programme, the government has disbursed GH¢365.60million to fund various components of the programme to ensure its success.
Mr Ken Ofori-Atta, the Minister for Finance, said this when he presented the 2018 mid-year fiscal policy review to Members of Parliament on Thursday.
The Finance Minister noted that, a range of crops was added to those cultivated in 2017 during the 2018 cropping season.
"Groundnut has been added to the legumes category while cabbage, cucumber, lettuce and carrot have been added to the vegetable category, he said.
He said government was implementing a myriad of growth-enhancing, job-creating and social intervention programmes to better the lives of Ghanaians as well as achieve relevant Sustainable Development Goals.
Mr Ofori-Atta said a total of 6,000 metric tonnes (mt) of improved seeds 70 percent of target of maize, rice, soya bean, sorghum, groundnut and vegetables have been distributed across the country.
He indicated that in addition to the above, 120,000 bundles of cassava sticks were distributed mainly in cassava growing areas to facilitate the planting of more cassava for food and jobs in the community and the country as a whole.
The sector Minister said fertilizer companies had been engaged for the supply and distribution of 270,000mt of both organic and inorganic fertilizer at 50 percent subsidised prices.
He said as at the end of June, this year, a total of 124,000mt of fertilizers were supplied to farmers.
He said the biometric registration to bring farmers registered under the programme to 500,000 from the initial 201,000 registered in 2017, was currently ongoing in the country.
Mr Ofori-Atta said the evaluation of bids have been completed for the construction of 30 new warehouses to be equipped with seed cleaners, dryers and weighing scales in strategic Districts in the Ashanti, Brong Ahafo, Volta, Northern, Upper East and Upper West Regions.
He added that the programme was given a further boost with the distribution of 216 pickups and 3,000 motorcycles and protective clothing to the District Agricultural Departments and Agricultural Extension Agents across the country.
He said Cabinet has also granted approval to the recruitment of 2,700 Agricultural Extension Agents to augment the depleting number of Extension Agents in the system.
Meanwhile, touching on the stimulus package for industries, the sector Minister indicated in the 2018 budget, the Ghana EXIM Bank was expected to provide an amount of GHc236m to revamp distressed but commercially viable industries.
He noted that the bank had disbursed US5.1 million dollars to the pharmaceutical and textile industries, adding that, the Universal Merchant bank had also disbursed GH¢2million to the aluminium industry.


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Periodontics and Prosthodontics
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Vitamin D Stimulates Epithelial Cell Proliferation and Facilitates Wound Closure via A Cathelicidin Independent Pathway In Vitro
Nazzal A1, Tipton DA2*, Karydis A1, Slominski A3 and Stein SH1
Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
Department of Bioscience Research, Craniofacial Research Center, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
David A. Tipton
Department of Bioscience Research
Craniofacial Research Center, College of Dentistry
University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
Received date: March 18, 2016; Accepted date: April 09, 2016; Published date: April 12, 2016
Citation: Nazzal A, Tipton DA, Karydis A, et al. Vitamin D Stimulates Epithelial Cell Proliferation and Facilitates Wound Closure via A Cathelicidin Independent Pathway In Vitro. Periodon Prosthodon. 2016, 2:2.
Visit for more related articles at Periodontics and Prosthodontics
Objective: An important property of vitamin D is its ability to induce the antimicrobial peptide, LL-37, a human cathelicidin. LL-37 also promotes innate immunity, reduces levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and stimulates proliferation and migration of epithelial cells. Despite its beneficial effects, vitamin D can cause hypercalcemia. In this study, effects of vitamin D and a non-calcemic vitamin D analog on gingival epithelial cell proliferation and LL-37 production, and in an in vitro wound healing model, were determined.
Methods: Human gingival epithelial cells were exposed to vitamin D [1,25(OH)2 D3] or an analog [20(OH)D3]. Effects on cell viability (activity of a mitochondrial enzyme), proliferation (incorporation of BrdU into DNA) and LL-37 production (by ELISA) were determined, and effects on wound healing were evaluated in vitro via a "scrape" wound healing model. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Scheffe's F procedure for post hoc comparisons.
Results: Vitamin D and the analog had no significant effect on viability, and both increased LL-37 production. Vitamin D, but not the analog, increased proliferation (~50% increase; p<0.03). Neutralizing anti-LL-37 did not significantly alter proliferation. Vitamin D and the analog significantly increased the rate of in vitro wound closure, which was not affected by the presence of the neutralizing LL- 37 antibody, indicating other mechanisms besides LL-37 were responsible for the increase rate of wound closure.
Conclusion: While vitamin D and the vitamin D analog increased production of LL-37 20-30%, the increased rates of in vitro wound closure caused by vitamin D and the analog, and stimulation of cell proliferation by vitamin D, probably occur through mechanisms other than LL-37 production.
Vitamin D; Vitamin D analog; Cathelicidin LL-37; Antimicrobial peptide; Wound healing; Proliferation
A variety of pathways for the "perioprotective" function of vitamin D have been elucidated. An important property of vitamin D is its ability to induce the antimicrobial peptide, human cathelicidin LL-37 [1-3], and increase expression of the genes coding for microbial pattern recognition receptors [4]. LL-37 has the ability to eliminate microbes through diverse mechanisms, which might play a key role in restricting the development of resistant bacterial strains [5]. In addition to its anti-microbial activities, LL-37 has been demonstrated to elicit a plethora of pleiotropic effects. LL-37 has the ability to strengthen the innate barrier, reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines, and stimulate proliferation and migration of epithelial cells [5,6]. LL-37 has also been reported to inhibit in vitro osteoclastogenesis and down-regulate expression of osteoclast genes [7]. Monocytes, neutrophils and subsets of T lymphocytes have chemotactic receptors that respond to LL-37 [8]. LL-37 induces proliferation and migration of human epithelial cells and enhances activities which promote wound healing [8-10]. The topical use of vitamin D in psoriasis (chronic inflammatory skin disease) has been shown to increase LL-37 levels and suppress the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12/23, IL-1α, IL-1β, and TNF-α [11].
A potential role of vitamin D in periodontal health is supported by many different findings. Variant polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor gene are associated with an increased risk for periodontal disease and tooth loss [1,12]. Patients with sufficient serum baseline values of vitamin D had significantly better clinical attachment gains and pocket depth reductions following periodontal surgery when compared to patients who had lower baseline values of vitamin D [13]. McMahon et al. using the active form of vitamin D, found that increasing its concentration was directly related to an increase in the amount of human cathelicidin LL-37 produced by gingival epithelial cells. Incubation of these cells in the presence of vitamin D with the periodontal pathogen, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, led to a significant increase in antibacterial activity [14].
In longitudinal studies, patients taking supplemental doses of vitamin D were found to have better periodontal clinical parameters than those not taking vitamin D supplements [15-17]. These patients had been taking supplements for an average of 10 years, and they had statistically significantly improved probing depths, less attachment loss and less bone loss than those patients not taking supplementation. All this emerging evidence suggests that vitamin D has an important role in influencing the immune response, wound repair, and antimicrobial activity, which may prove beneficial in the management of chronic inflammatory diseases, such as periodontitis. Vitamin D may prove efficacious as an adjunct to traditional periodontal therapy due to its ability to induce LL-37 production in periodontal tissue.
Preliminary evidence for the effect of vitamin D deficiency on periodontal surgery outcomes demonstrated less clinical attachment gain after surgery compared with control patients [13]. Other studies showed that vitamin D and vitamin D analogs were actually anti-proliferative agents and may be useful in anti-cancer therapy [18-20]. These differences may be due to the local environment, the concentration of vitamin D being used, and the effects on multiple cellular functions.
Vitamin D, despite its well-demonstrated beneficial properties, can cause hypercalcemia [21], but there are analogs, including 20hydroxyD3 (20D3), which are equally as potent as vitamin D but do not cause hypercalcemia [22,23]. The purpose of this study was to determine potential benefits of vitamin D and the non-calcemic 20D3 vitamin D analog on oral wound healing, via production of LL-37. The amount of LL-37 produced by a gingival epithelial cell line was measured following in vitro stimulation with vitamin D or 20D3, and the effects of both on proliferation and in vitro wound healing, via LL-37, were evaluated. The hypothesis tested was that vitamin D and 20D3 regulate gingival epithelial cell function through the induction of LL-37 which may facilitate oral wound healing.
Human gingival epithelial cell line
Human gingival epithelial cells (S-G) [24] were obtained from Dr. Kasten's FH, East Tennessee State University, Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN [25-27]. These cells have been used in several published studies [28-32]. The cells were grown in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM; Gibco; Grand Island NY), supplemented with 10% (v/v) newborn calf serum (NCS) (Gibco) and 100 μg/ml gentamicin (Sigma-Aldrich; St. Louis, MO) (termed growth medium) at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air.
Vitamin D, vitamin D analog, and anti-LL-37
1,25(OH)2D3 and the analog, 20(OH)D3, were kindly provided by Dr. Slominski (University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis TN). Vitamin D or the analog (5 μg) were solubilized in absolute ethanol to make 0.1 mM stock solutions, and then stored at -80°C. Neutralizing anti-human LL-37 (mouse monoclonal antibody, IgG1, low endotoxin) was obtained from Hycult Biotech Inc., (Plymouth Meeting, PA), and an isotype control mouse monoclonal antibody was obtained from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN).
Effect of vitamin D and vitamin D analog on cell viability
Effects of vitamin D and vitamin D analog on S-G epithelial cell viability were assessed by determining their effects on the ability of the cells to cleave the tetrazolium salt (3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) (MTT) to a formazan dye, using a kit from Boehringer Mannheim Corp. (Indianapolis, IN). These solutions were made by diluting stock vitamin D or analog solutions in DMEM containing 100 μg/ml gentamicin (DMEMgent) so that the final ethanol concentration was 1%. To obtain conditioned media, the cells were seeded at 2.5 × 104 cells/well in 96-well plates, in growth medium and cultured for 48 hours at 37°C to achieve complete attachment and spreading of the cells. The growth medium was then removed, and the wells were washed once with PBS and then DMEM-gent with or without vitamin D or the vitamin D analog (0.1 nM-1 μM; final ethanol concentration: 1%) was added. Control medium was DMEM-gent containing 1% ethanol. After an exposure period of 6 days, MTT was added to the cells at a final concentration of 0.5 mg/ml and incubated for 4 hr at 37°C. Purple formazan crystals produced from the MTT by metabolically active cells were solubilized by overnight exposure to a solubilization solution provided in the kit, at 37°C. Absorbance was read at 540 nm using a microtiter plate spectrophotometer (SPECTROstarNano; BMG Labtech GmbH; Offenburg, Germany). Results were expressed as % control (A540nm in cells exposed to DMEM-gent only).
LL-37 production
Production of LL-37 was measured in S-G-conditioned media using a commercially available ELISA kit (Hycult Biotech). To obtain conditioned media, the cells were seeded at 2.0 × 105 cells/well in 24 well plates, in growth medium and cultured for 48 hours at 37°C to achieve complete attachment and spreading of the cells. The growth medium was then removed, and the wells washed once with PBS and then DMEM-gent with or without vitamin D or the vitamin D analog (0.1 nM-100 nM; final ethanol concentration: 1%) was added. Control medium was DMEM-gent and 1% ethanol. After incubation for 1-6 days, the cell supernatants were harvested and assayed for LL-37, per the procedure outlined in the kit. The sensitivity of this ELISA is 0.1 ± ng/ml.
Proliferation was determined by measuring the incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) into cellular DNA. This technique is based on the incorporation of the pyrimidine analogue BrdU instead of thymidine into the DNA of proliferating cells. After it is incorporated into DNA, BrdU is detected by immunoassay, using a colorimetric BrdU Cell Proliferation ELISA (Boehringer Mannheim Corp., Indianapolis, IN). S-G cells (2.0 × 103) were seeded into wells of 96-well plates, and cells were cultured in growth medium for 48 h at 37°C to achieve complete attachment and spreading of the cells. This medium was removed and serum-free DMEMgent was added and incubated for 24 hr to render the cells synchronous and quiescent (G0-arrested) [33]. The medium was then removed and DMEM-gent containing 0.1% NCS and vitamin D or the analog were added to the cells for 4 days (so that the final concentration of EtOH was 1%). Control medium was DMEMgent containing 0.1% NCS and 1% EtOH. BrdU was then added to the cells and incubated for 4 hr. The cells were fixed and their DNA denatured to improve the accessibility of the incorporated BrdU for detection by an anti-BrdU peroxidase-conjugated monoclonal antibody (which has no cross-reactivity with any endogenous cellular components such as thymidine, uridine, or DNA). Peroxidase substrate was added, and the colored reaction product measured by determining absorbance at 450 nm using a microtiter plate spectrophotometer. The absorbance values directly correlate to the amount of DNA synthesis and thereby to the number of proliferating cells. The data were expressed as % control (Abs. 450 nm in cells exposed to DMEM-gent containing 0.1% NCS and 1% EtOH).
Effects of neutralizing anti-LL-37 on proliferation
S-G cells (2.0 × 103) were seeded into wells of 96-well plates, and cells were cultured in growth medium for 48 h at 37°C to achieve complete attachment and spreading of the cells. This medium was removed and serum-free DMEM-gent was added and incubated for 24 h to render the cells synchronous and quiescent. The medium was then removed and DMEM-gent containing 0.1% NCS and vitamin D or the analog (1 × 10-8 M), with or without neutralizing anti-LL-37 or the isotype control antibody, were added to the cells for 4 days. Final EtOH concentration in these solutions was 1%, and control cultures were exposed to DMEM-gent containing 0.1% NCS and 1% EtOH. Some cultures were exposed to neutralizing LL-37 or control antibody only. In all cultures, final ethanol concentration was 1%. Antibodies were added in estimated 6-, 10-, or 20-fold molar excess (~1.3 x 10-9 M, 2.2 x 10-9 M, and 4.4 × 10-9 M, respectively) over LL-37 levels [estimated based on previous experiments (above)]. After this incubation period, BrdU was added and the assay was carried out as described above.
In vitro wound assay
Wound assays were performed as previously described [8,34,35] in order to assess the effects of vitamin D and the analog on the migration potential of S-G cells. Briefly, S-G cells were grown to confluency in growth medium to create monolayers in 24-well tissue culture plates. Cells were serum starved with DMEM gent containing 0.1% NCS for 4 hours after reaching confluency and then a wound was created in each well with a sterile 200 μL pipet tip. The wounded monolayers were washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline in order to remove any detached or loose cells. The cells were then treated with 10 nM of vitamin D or the analog in combination with a neutralizing antibody or the isotype control antibody at 37°C and 5% CO2 in DMEM-gent containing 0.1% NCS for 12 hours. A time lapse microscope (Zeiss AXIO Observer Z1, Zeiss 102404853, Jena, Germany) was used for the wound assays. The 24-well plates were placed on a motorized stage equipped with an environmental chamber and maintained at 37°C and 5% CO2. Time-lapse images were collected with an Axio Cam MRC camera every 30 minutes using the Zeiss AxioVision software (Zeiss). Images were compiled to generate QuickTime movies. The same fields of the wound margin were photographed and compared at the different time points, during the 12-hour viewing period, and the distance covered by the cells in the wound area was calculated for each condition using Image 1.38 J × software (NIH; Bethesda, MD). Wound assay experiments were repeated three times with duplicate samples for each condition.
All experiments were performed with triplicate samples, unless otherwise noted. Data values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation and analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and multivariate analysis variance (MNOVA), and Scheffe's F procedure for post hoc comparisons, using StatView® software. Two blinded examiners (AN and AK) measured the distance travelled by the S-G cells in the wound assays and the intra- and inter-examiner reliability was assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) using the IBM® SPSS® statistics software (Version 22). The intraexaminer reliability for the assessment of the distance travelled by the S-G cells at 6 and 12 hours was 0.940 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.731-0.988] for blinded examiner AN. The interexaminer reliability for the assessment of the distance travelled by the S-G cells at 6 and 12 hours was 0.91 (95% CI 0.658-0.976) between examiners AN and AK.
Effects of vitamin D and vitamin D analog on cell viability
The effects of vitamin D and the vitamin D analog on cell viability were measured before determining their effects on other cellular functions. Exposure of S-G epithelial cells to both vitamin D and the analog at concentrations from 0.1 nM to 1 μM for 6 days had no significant effect on cell viability (Figure 1). While there was a trend of increasing activity with increased concentrations, these changes did not reach statistical significance. IC50 values for vitamin D and the analog were >1 μM. Previously, it was found that ethanol at ≤ 2.5% had no significant effect on S-G viability S. (Cho, D. Tipton, M. Dabbous, unpublished studies). We also tested DMEM containing 1% ethanol in the present study for effects on cell viability, and again, it did not have significant effects (data not shown). Therefore, in subsequent experiments, vitamin D and analog stock solutions made in absolute ethanol at 100x strength and diluted 1:100 in medium, so that the cells were exposed to 1% ethanol. Control media also contained 1% ethanol.
Figure 1: Effect of Vitamin D and Vitamin D Analog on Cell Viability. Cells were seeded at 2.5 × 104 cells/well in 96 well plates in growth medium. After 48 hr incubation at 37°C to achieve complete attachment and spreading of the cells, the medium was removed, the wells were washed with PBS, and vitamin D or the analog in serum-free DMEMgent was added and incubated for 6 days. Cytotoxicity was determined by measuring effect on the ability of the cells to cleave the tetrazolium salt MTT to a colored formazan dye. Absorbance was read at 540 nm using a microtiter plate spectrophotometer. Results of multiple experiments with triplicate samples were expressed as % control (A540nm in cells exposed to DMEM-gent only) + standard deviation.
Effects of vitamin D and vitamin D analog on LL- 37 production
Control cultures of S-G cells produced 839 ± 20 pg/ml LL-37 after 6 days in culture. The effects of vitamin D and the analog, at concentrations of 0.1 nM to 100 nM, are shown in Figure 2, which shows the results of multiple experiments, expressed as percent control. While most concentrations of vitamin D and the analog increased LL-37 production in the range of 20-30%, these increases did not reach statistical significance. Similar results were seen at exposure times of 1 and 3 days (data not shown).
Figure 2: Effects of vitamin D and vitamin D analog on LL-37 production. Production of LL-37 was measured in S-Gconditioned media using ELISA. The cells were seeded at 2.0 × 105 cells/well in 24-well plates in growth medium and cultured for 48 hours at 37°C to achieve complete attachment and spreading of the cells. The medium was removed, the cells were washed with PBS, and then DMEM-gent, with or without vitamin D or the analog (0.1- 100 nM) was added. After 6-day incubation, amounts of LL-37 in the cell supernatants were measured by ELISA. Results of multiple experiments with triplicate samples were expressed as % control ± standard deviation.
Effects of vitamin D, vitamin D analog and neutralizing anti-LL-37 on proliferation
Vitamin D and the analog (0.1 nM -100 nM) were tested for their effects on S-G proliferation by measuring incorporation of BrdU into DNA (Figure 3). Concentrations of vitamin D from 0.1 nM to 10 nM increased proliferation, with a maximum at 10 nM (~50% increase; p<0.03), but the highest concentration caused ~15% decrease in proliferation, which was not significantly different from control. In contrast, the vitamin D analog caused no change or decreases in proliferation (~10-20%), which were not significant.
Figure 3: Effects of vitamin D and vitamin D analogue on proliferation. S-G cells (2 × 103) were seeded into wells of 96-well plates, and cultured for 48 h in growth medium to achieve complete attachment and spreading of the cells. This medium was removed and serum-free DMEM was added and incubated for 24 h to render the cells synchronous and quiescent. The medium was then removed and the cells were cultured for 4 days in DMEM containing 0.1% NCS with or without vitamin D or the analog (0.1 nM-100 nM). BrdU was added to the cells and incubated for 4 hours. The BrdU detection assay was carried out and absorbance was read at 450 nm. Results of multiple experiments with triplicate samples were expressed as % control ± standard deviation.
The effects of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody specific for human LL-37 (and an isotype control antibody) are shown in Figure 4. In these experiments, the cells were exposed to 10 nM vitamin D or analog, with or without the antibodies. In the presence of 20-fold molar excess anti-LL-37, there was no significant effect of the neutralizing antibody or the isotype control on proliferation (Figure 4). This was also true when the antibody was tested at 6-fold and 10-fold molar excess (data not shown).
Figure 4: Effect of neutralizing anti-LL-37 on proliferation. S-G cells (2 × 103) were seeded into wells of 96-well plates, and cultured for 48 h in growth medium to achieve complete attachment and spreading of the cells. This medium was removed and serum-free DMEM was added and incubated for 24 h to render the cells synchronous and quiescent. The medium was then removed and the cells were cultured for 4 days in DMEM containing 0.1% NCS with or without vitamin D or the analog (10 nM), with or without neutralizing anti-LL-37 (NAb) (in estimated 20- fold molar excess over LL-37 levels) or the isotype control antibody (cIg). BrdU was added to the cells and incubated for 4 hours. The BrdU detection assay was carried out and absorbance was read at 450 nm. Results of multiple experiments with triplicate samples were expressed as % control ± standard deviation.
The results of the wound assay for gingival epithelial cell migration with vitamin D or the analog with and without the neutralizing antibody and the isotype control antibody, are shown in Figure 5 (normalized data shown from three independent experiments). Both time and treatment had a statistically significant effect on the distance travelled by S-G epithelial cells (p<0.001 and p<0.05 respectively). No difference was detected between all the vitamin D or the analog treatment modalities with or without the neutralizing antibody. The distance travelled with all the treatments of vitamin D and the analog were statistically significantly increased (p<0.05) at 12 hours compared to the ethanol control (approximately 3.36 fold). Although all treatments resulted in increased distance travelled by the S-G cells at 6 hours compared to the ethanol control (by approximately 3.03 fold), only the vitamin D analog group with the neutralizing antibody reached statistical significance at 6 hours (p<0.05).
Figure 5: In Vitro Wound Healing Assay. S-G cells were grown to confluency to create monolayers in 24-well tissue culture plates. Cells were serum starved with 0.1% serum for 4 hours after reaching confluency and then a wound was created in each well with a sterile 200 μL pipet tip. The cells were then treated with 10nM of vitamin D or the analog in combination with anti-LL-37 (NA) or the control antibody (IgG) and cultured for 12 h. A motorized time lapse microscope was used for the wound assays equipped with an environmental chamber and maintained at 37°C and 5% CO2. Time-lapse images of the same fields of the wound margin were collected every 30 min. during the 12 h viewing period, and the distance covered by the cells in the wound area was calculated for each condition. 1,25 D3 (Vitamin D), 20 D3 (Vitamin D analog), IgG (Control Antibody), NA (Neutralizing Antibody), EtOH (1% ethanol control). *At 6 hrs p< 0.05 between 1,25 D3+IgG and EtOH, and 20 D3+NA and EtOH, no significant difference between 1,25 D3+NA and EtOH or 20 D3+IgG and EtOH; ** At 12 hours p< 0.001 between 1,25 D3+IgG and EtOH, 1,25 D3+NA and EtOH, 20 D3+NA and EtOH, and 20 D3+IgG and EtOH.
Vitamin D and the vitamin D analog both stimulated LL-37 production by the S-G epithelial cells used in this study. Studies have shown that vitamin D exerts its effects on many tissues throughout the body because nearly every tissue displays the vitamin D receptors [36]. LL-37 is known to have a pleiotropic effect and has variety of physiological functions, including antimicrobial activity [5,6,14], strengthening the innate barrier [5], inhibiting osteoclastogenesis [7], suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines, and enhancing anti-inflammatory markers [5]. Studies have shown that individuals with aggressive periodontitis had a local deficiency of LL-37 [37]. In the present study both vitamin D and the analog appeared to increase the stimulation of LL-37, which may offer benefits to patients with aggressive periodontitis.
Conflicting reports are emerging on whether vitamin D is proproliferative or anti-proliferative. Vitamin D appears to be antiproliferative in tumor cell lines [18,20,38,39] but stimulates proliferation in other types of cells [36,40,41]. When vitamin D and noncalcemic vitamin D analogs are used in the treatment of hyperproliferative skin disorders such as psoriasis, they have anti-proliferative effects [42]. Other studies have shown that vitamin D results in epidermal hyperplasia of human and mouse skin [41,43]. These conflicting reports may be related to the type of cell studied, concentration effects, factors present in the local environment, the medium being used, or the amounts of growth factors in the medium [41]. The analog used in this study previously was shown to have an anti-proliferative effect on tumor cells [18] and it also was slightly anti-proliferative to S-G epithelial cells.
The present study showed that vitamin D has a biphasic effect on gingival epithelial cell growth in vitro. Concentrations less than or equal to 10 nM stimulated cell proliferation under the conditions used in this study. However, 100 nM vitamin D suppressed cell growth. Similar results have been demonstrated in other studies [44]. The vitamin D analog used in this study did not follow this pattern of effect on proliferation, and actually appeared to be anti-proliferative in most concentrations used with this cell line. Although the analog did not stimulate proliferation, it demonstrated the same increase of wound closure as did vitamin D, indicating the mechanism of wound closure may involve an increase in the migratory capacity of the cells, rather than increased growth rates.
Vitamin D has been shown to be beneficial in wound healing [45]. Many proposed mechanisms of the benefits of vitamin D in wound healing involve the activation of the vitamin D receptor and increased production of human cathelicidin LL-37. The increase in LL-37 may prove to be beneficial due to its ability to exert an antimicrobial effect and to reduce production of proinflammatory cytokines. In this study, we could not confirm that LL-37 is necessary to increase the rate of wound closure in an in vitro setting. Mechanisms other than LL-37 stimulation which cause an increase in the proliferation and migration of cells treated with vitamin D have been suggested. For example, Molinari [36] showed that an increase in proliferation and migration occurs in vitamin D supplementation involving a mechanism of vitamin D-induced eNOS dependent nitric oxide production. More investigation is needed to determine whether the increase in epithelial wound closure caused by vitamin D or the analog involves the nitric oxide pathway in S-G cells.
Our work showed that the vitamin D and the vitamin D analog increased the rate of wound healing in an in vitro model, with approximately 3.36 fold increase in wound closure at 12 hours compared to the control. This was not dependent on LL-37, and in the case of the analog, the increased rate of wound healing was not related to proliferation. Wong et al. have shown that vitamin D promotes vascular regeneration through mechanisms involving a chemotactic effect on angiogenic myeloid cells [46]. They suggested that a positive effect of vitamin D on re-endothelialization may be a consequence of promoting endothelial migration. Kogawa showed that vitamin D augmented the cell migration of giant cell tumor of bone [47], and Bakdash demonstrated that vitamin D increased migration of CD14+ dermal dendritic cells [48]. All this emerging evidence that vitamin D affects cell migration may suggest that the gingival epithelial cells used in this study showed an increase rate of wound closure when supplemented with vitamin D or the vitamin D analog due to an increase in the migration of the cells, regardless of the levels of LL-37.
The reason an analog was used in this study is that there has been controversy concerning the adequate amount of vitamin D required by individuals. Recent studies suggest that the daily required amount of vitamin D should be elevated to maximize its beneficial health effects. The Office of Dietary Supplements recommends that serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in the serum should be greater than 50 nmol/L and the Institute of Medicine reported that levels above 125 nmol/L may potentially have adverse effects. The concentration of vitamin D used in this study was 10 nmol/L, which is 5 fold less than the optimum physiologic level. The major concern of elevated levels of vitamin D is related to hypercalcemia [49-51]. Animal studies involving vitamin D have shown that serum concentrations of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 of 2.5 micromol/L can be accompanied by hypercalcemia [18,50]. Studies have demonstrated the efficacy of analogs of vitamin D (20-hydroxyvitamin D2 and 20-hydroxyvitamin D3), which has the ability to activate the vitamin D receptor yet not induce any significant elevation of serum calcium levels in animal models [18,52]. While 2 μg/kg of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 25 hydroxyvitamin D2 induced significantly elevated amounts of calcium in the serum in an animal study, doses of up to 30 μg/kg of 20 hydroxyvitamin D3 did not significantly alter serum calcium levels [18]. The use of such analogs may prove advantageous in a clinical setting in order to maximize the benefits of vitamin D without subjecting the patient to hypercalcemia.
Although the vitamin D did cause a significant increase in the proliferation of the cell line at a concentration of 10 nM, this was not the case for the vitamin D analog which at some concentrations was anti-proliferative. Vitamin D and the vitamin D analog in this study at concentrations of 10 nM both increased LL-37 production, as well as the rate of in vitro wound healing, characteristics which may prove to be beneficial in conjunction with traditional periodontal treatment modalities when treating periodontal disease.
This work was done in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Dental Science (AN). The authors thank the University of Tennessee College of Dentistry Alumni Endowment Fund and The Tennessee Dental Association Foundation for their support for this research project. Partial support of the NIH grant 1R21AR0666505-01A1 (AS) is also acknowledged. The authors thank Dr. Franklin Garcia-Godoy, senior executive associate dean or research, for the use of the time lapse microscope (Zeiss AXIO Observer Z1, Zeiss 102404853, Jena, Germany) which was used for the wound assays.
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Inagaki K, Krall EA, Fleet JC, Garcia RI (2003) Vitamin D receptor alleles, periodontal disease progression, and tooth loss in the VA dental longitudinal study. J Periodontol 4: 161-167.
Bashutski JK, Eber RM, Kinney JS, Benavides E, Maitra S, et al. (2011) The impact of vitamin D status on periodontal surgery outcomes. J Dent Res 90: 1007-1012.
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Miley DD, Garcia MN, Hildebolt CF, Shannon WD, Couture RA, et al.(2009) Cross-sectional study of vitamin D and calcium supplementation effects on chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol 80: 1433-1439.
Alshouibi EN, Kaye EK, Cabral HJ, Leone CW, Garcia RI (2013) Vitamin D and periodontal health in older men.J Dent Res 92: 689-693.
Boggess K, Espinola J, Moss K, Beck J, Offenbacher S, et al. (2011). Vitamin D status and periodontal disease among pregnant women. J Periodontol 82: 195-200.
Wang J, Slominski A, Tuckey R, Janjetovic Z, Kulkarni A, et al. (2012) 20-Hydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits proliferation of cancer cells with high efficacy while being non-toxic. Anticancer Res 32: 739-746.
Chen J, Wang J, Kim T, Tieu EW, Tang EKY, et al. (2014) Novel vitamin D analogs as potential therapeutics: metabolism, toxicity profiling, and anti-proliferative activity. Anticancer Res 34: 2153-2163.
Janjetovic Z, Tuckey R, Nguyen M, Thorpe E, Slominski A (2010) 20,23-Dihydroxyvitamin D3, novel p450scc product, stimulates differentiation and inhibits proliferation and NF-kB activity in human keratinocytes. J Cell Physiol 223: 36-48.
Carroll M, Schade D (2003) A practical approach to hypercalcemia. AmFam Physician 67:1959-1966.
Slominski AT, Kim TK, Shehabi HZ, et al. (2012) In vivo evidence for a novel pathway of vitamin D3 metabolism initiated by P450scc and modified by CYP27B1. FASEB J 26: 3901-3915.
Slominski A, Semak I, Zjawiony J, et al. (2005) The cytochrome P450scc system opens an alternate pathway of vitamin D3 metabolism. FEBS J 272: 4080-4090.
Smulow J, Glickman I (1966)An epithelial-like cell line grown in continuous culture from normal adult human gingiva. ProcSocExpBiol Med 121: 1294-1296.
Kasten FH, Pimeda LFR, Schneider PE, Rawls HR, Foster TA (1989)Biocompatibility testing of an experimental fluoride releasing resin using human gingival epithelial cells in vitro. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol 25: 57-62.
Kasten FH, Seileu K, Nefert RM (1990) Quantitative evaluation of human gingival epithelial cell attachment to implant surfaces in vitro. Int J Restor Dent 10: 69-79.
Rawls HR, Starr J, Kasten FH, Murray M, Smid J, et al. (1990) Radiopaque acrylic resins containing miscible heavy metal compounds.Dent Mater 6: 250-255.
Tipton DA, Hamman NR, Dabbous MKh (2006) Effect of myrrh oil on IL-1β stimulation of NF-kB activation and PGE2 production in human gingival fibroblasts and epithelial cells.Toxicol In Vitro 20: 248-255.
Tipton DA, Lewis JL (2008) Effects of a hindered amine light stabilizer and a UV light absorbed used in maxillofacial elastomers on human gingival epithelial cells and fibroblasts.J Prosthet Dent 100: 220-231.
Tipton DA, Lyle B, Babich H, DabbousMKh (2003) In vitro cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory effects of myrrh oil on human gingival fibroblasts and epithelial cells. ToxicolIn Vitro 17: 301-310.
Babich H, Tipton DA (1999) In vitro cytotoxicity of bisphenol A to human gingival epithelial S-G cells.In VitroMolToxicol 12: 233-244.
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Frantz C, Karydis A, Nalbant P, Hahn KM, Barber DL (2007) Positive feedback between Cdc42 activity and H+ efflux by the Na-H exchanger NHE1 for polarity of migrating cells. J Cell Biol 179: 403-410.
Molinari C, Rizzi M, Squarzanti DF, Pittarella P, Vacca G, et al. (2013) 1α,25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) induces NO-dependent endothelial cell proliferation and migration in a three-dimensional matrix. Cell PhysiolBiochem31: 815-822.
Puklo M, Guentsch A, Hiemstra PS, Eick S, Potempa J (2008) Analysis of neutrophil-derived antimicrobial peptides in gingival crevicular fluid suggests importance of cathelicidin LL-37in the innate immune response against periodontogenic bacteria. Oral MicrobiolImmunol 23: 328-335.
Bernardi RJ, Johnson CS, Modzelewski RA, Trump DL (2002) Antiproliferative effects of 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and vitamin D analogs on tumor-derived endothelial cells. Endocrinology 143: 2508-2514.
Chung I, Han G, Seshadri M, Gillard BM, Yu WD, et al. (2009) Role of vitamin D receptor in the antiproliferative effects of calcitriol in tumor-derived endothelial cells and tumor angiogenesis in vivo. Cancer Res 69: 967-975.
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Michael Collins is a Certified Public Accountant and award winning columnist writing for The Mountain Press, since 2013. He is an active member of the Tennessee Society of Certified Public Accountants as well as the Society of Professional Journalists and was recently honored with a Golden Press Card Award for his columns appearing markets of under 25,000 readers.
In addition to maintaining multiple blogs he is a an investor in cryptocurrency and maintains the Crypto Tax Center to share what he has learned about the income tax implications of investing, holding and spending Bitcoin and other alternative cryptocurrencies.
The information contained on this blog is for general discussion and exploratory purposes only. Tax scenarios can vary widely and the information shared for discussion may not be appropriate for your specific tax situation nor even in your best interest. With the ever-changing environment of cyber currencies and pending legislation, the information shared on this blog may become outdated or inaccurate at any time. If you believe any of the scenarios presented might be applicable to you, you should consult with a local tax professional to ensure that you are following all laws and regulations related to your tax reporting requirements.


BioPulse International Inc. will develop a multiple tumor-specific cancer vaccines based on its dendritic cell cancer vaccine technology. BioPulse expects to begin clinical trials of the tumor-specific cancer vaccines outside the US in the first quarter, to be followed by clinical trials inside the US. These new vaccines will potentially offer additional alternatives to cancer patients.
Cancer vaccines that have been under investigation by BioPulse previously utilized only patient-specific tumor antigens. This approach provides a customized and specific vaccine product for each patient. The new tumor-specific vaccines utilize a combination of tumor antigens designed to target a class of tumors. This strategy potentially allows for a single vaccine to be useful to a variety of patients that share a common tumor type.
"The significance of this development is that it offers the potential of an off-the-shelf vaccine that can be available immediately to a cancer patient," said Loran Swensen, president of BioPulse. "For some patients, tumor-specific vaccines may be sufficient. In other cases, a combination of tumor- and patient-specific cancer vaccines may be warranted."
Several biotech companies are researching cancer vaccines using bio-engineered tumor antigens. The BioPulse tumor-specific cancer vaccine technology is based instead on natural tumor antigens, consistent with the BioPulse approach of utilizing the best that nature and biotechnology have to offer. The company reported that pre-clinical studies have been promising. Biopulse expects to begin clinical trials of the tumor-specific cancer vaccines outside the united states in the first quarter of 2001, to be followed by clinical trials inside the united states.


Feb. 16, 2018 1:30 a.m.
The Oak Bay Beach Hotel has ranked tenth among the top 25 hotels in Canada in the 2018 TripAdvisor Travellers' Choice Awards. The hotel has been in the top 25 hotels in Canada multiple times since reopening in 2012.
Now in their 16th year of awards, TripAdvisor has highlighted the world's top 8,095 properties in 94 countries and eight regions worldwide. Five of the top 10 hotels in the country are located in British Columbia.
The awards recognise exceptional accommodations that received the highest marks for overall experience, including service, amenities and value, from travellers worldwide.
The annual awards celebrate hotel winners in 10 categories, including Top Hotels Overall, Luxury, Bargain, Small, Best Service, B&Bs and Inns, Romance, Family, All-Inclusive and Value for Money. The hallmarks of Travellers' Choice hotels winners are remarkable service, value and quality.
TripAdvisor, with over 570 million reviews and opinions covering the world's largest selection of travel listings worldwide, provides travellers with the wisdom of the crowds to help them decide where to stay, how to fly, what to do and where to eat.


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Starting Pistol for the Arms Race
Written by Chomu Press Admin on December 14, 2015 - 0 Comments
2015 is drawing to a close. It's been a while since our last release, Brendan Connell's The Galaxy Club, and even longer since 2011's debut from Justin Isis, I Wonder What Human Flesh Tastes Like. But now we are ready to present the follow-up collection from Justin Isis, Welcome to the Arms Race, officially released on the 16th of December, and we believe the wait has been more than worth it.
Where I Wonder What Human Flesh Tastes Like gave us an off-kilter, twenty-first century update of decadence set in Japan, Welcome to the Arms Race ranges across the globe and through time, taking readings for a map of human and post-human destiny with before-and-after snapshots at whose centre is the singularity. It's science fiction, Jim, but not as we know it. Take your position at the starting line by picking up a copy here.
(Those of you who are interested in buying books as Christmas gifts, please see details below.)
Kristine Ong Muslim describes the new release as follows:
In Welcome to the Arms Race, Justin Isis, as usual, dazzles with his rendition of shattered reality where deeply damaged characters kick up their heels as they revel in their self-inflicted agonies. There's just no letting up—from depravity involving a squid to the relentless mirroring of our deep-seated anxieties in 'The Heart of a Man,' from cosmic horror in 'The Willow' to the tortuous psychedelia in 'M-FUNK VS THA FUTUREGIONS OF INVERSE FUNKATIVITY.' Another terrific collection of stories from Chômu Press.
There is a brief, recent interview with Justin Isis, talking about his new collection, at the Compulsive Reader website, here. Justin Isis will also be the interviewee for our next Chômu Press e-mail interview, so, if you are not already signed up, please do subscribe in order to receive updates and exclusive interviews.
Welcome to the Arms Race is already in stock at Amazon U.S., but for those in the U.K. who wish to be more certain of receiving a copy in time for Christmas, Chômu Press will, for a very limited period, be taking orders directly. Simply make a payment for £15 (per copy) for U.K. orders by clicking the following link. (Sadly, we are unable to make this offer outside of the U.K., but if you do live in other countries and would like to enquire about special delivery options, please write to info at chomupress dot com with the subject heading "Christmas Arms Race" and we will do what we can to meet your needs.) This offer is open until 1.00 p.m (GMT) Tuesday the 15th. Unfortunately, we cannot guarantee that the books will arrive before Christmas, but they will be sent by 'rush' service with no charge for postage. Otherwise, for readers in the U.K., please remember that The Book Depository, who stock Chômu books here, advise that Tuesday the 15th is the last day to make orders for Christmas delivery. (The Book Depository also offers free worldwide delivery, but cannot guarantee that orders will now arrive in time for Christmas.) Welcome to the Arms Race is also stocked by Jeff'n'Joys, Cold Tonnage, Blackwell's and other retailers to be announced.
For e-book readers, Chômu are making the following seasonal offer: The e-book of Revenants by Daniel Mills will be available free through Kindle for the whole of the 21st of December, 2015. Of Revenants, Daniel Mills's debut novel, Booklist's Joanne Wilkinson wrote:
Readers [of Revenants] are swept into the towering forests of colonial New England right along with the settlers as Mills calls up both the majesty of stately oaks and chestnuts and mist-laden scenes of terrified Native American women and children who were slaughtered where they stood. Otherworldly fiction from a promising new talent.
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Huskies Open Indoor Season Placing Second at Bowdoin Invitational
Senior Ryan Storey earned a second-place finish in the high jump at the Bowdoin Invitational clearing 6-2 3/4.
BRUNSWICK, Maine – The University of Southern Maine Huskies men's indoor track and field team opened its 2012-13 season by finishing second in the Bowdoin College Invitational at Farley Field House Saturday afternoon.
The Huskies totaled 87 points in the 18-event meet. Host Bowdoin came in first with 181 points. Bates College was third with 63, followed by St. Joseph's College (Maine) in fourth with 32, and UMaine Farmington in fifth with 6.
Senior All-American Ben Manning (Jericho, VT/Mount Mansfield Union) highlighted several solid performances by winning the men's 3,000-meter run with a time of nine minutes, 8.13 seconds.
The USM men's 4 x 400 meter relay team also took home a first-place finish, crossing the finish line in a time of 3:31.91.
Freshmen Tony Sen (Portland, Maine/Deering) and Zach Miller (Rochester, NH/Spaulding) each turned in two second-place finishes. Sen finished second in the 60-meter hurdles in a time of 9.05 seconds, and placed second in the long jump, clearing 6.18 meters (20-3 ½). Miller placed second in the 60-meter dash with a time of 7.31, and also in the 200-meter dash with a time of 23.85.
Freshman Jeremy Collins (Standish, Maine/Bonny Eagle) finished second in the 400 meters (51.54), and senior Ryan Storey (Cumberland, Maine/Greely) placed second in the high jump with a jump of 1.90 meters (6-2 ¾).
Southern Maine returns to action when it hosts the USM Invitational at the USM Field House on January 5 (12:00 p.m.).
University of Southern Maine37 College Avenue, Gorham, ME 04038 (207) 780-4141 1-800-800-4USM
Fri, 01/17 | Men's Ice Hockey vs. Norwich T, 2-2 (Final - OT) BX | V
Fri, 01/17 | Women's Ice Hockey at Becker L, 4-3 (Final) RC | BX | V
Wed, 01/15 | Men's Basketball at Plymouth St. L, 99-80 (Final) RC | BX
Wed, 01/15 | Women's Basketball at Plymouth St. W, 69-52 (Final) RC | BX
Tue, 01/14 | Men's Ice Hockey at Bowdoin L, 6-3 (Final) RC | BX | V
Sat, 01/11 | Men's Ice Hockey vs. Saint Anselm L, 4-1 (Final) RC | BX | V
Sat, 01/11 | Men's Basketball at Castleton W, 81-67 (Final) RC | RC | BX
Sat, 01/11 | Women's Basketball at Castleton L, 67-54 (Final) RC | BX
Sat, 01/11 | Men's Indoor Track & Field Reggie Poyau Invitational 62 pts; 4th among 12 teams (10:00 am) RC | R
Sat, 01/11 | Women's Indoor Track & Field Reggie Poyau Invitational 69 pts; 3rd among 12 teams (10:00 am) RC