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Music of the Minor Modes
by Adam Johnson | Jun 20, 2018
The prior post concerned the three major modes which are designated by their major 5ths. The minor modes are similarly designated by their minor 5ths. Each has a unique history and flavor, but they share the familiar minor darkness of emotion in common. From the bittersweetness of the Dorian, the tense power of the Phrygian, to the floating lunacy of the Locrian, they all hold a distinct place as one of our seven modern modes.
Mode II: Dorian
The first minor mode is the second of seven modes (three major and 4 minor) – named Dorian. In C major the sequence of notes begins on D: D, E, F, G, A, B, C, D. It's intervals are very similar to the natural minor scale (known as the Aeolian), but it has a raised 6th note. This raised 6th is the peculiarity of the Dorian mode that gives it a special feel, wistful but not tragic, due to the brighter interval from the raised 6th. The sequence of steps is W, H, W, W, W, H, W (with W being whole-step and H being half-step) laid out in a symmetrical manner with the three wholetones in the middle bordered by halftones and ending on each with a whole tone.
The Dorian scale derives its name from the Dorian Greeks, who are mentioned in Homer's Odyssey as living on the island of Crete. It was a scale during the Greek period and one of the church modes of the Middle Ages, as well as existing in a current modern form. Russian composer Mily Balakirev (1837-1910) gave prominence to the Dorian mode when studying the structure of folk songs and dubbed the mode the "Russian minor." Tracks of recent era seem to have a dark but hopeful sense to them, sad but not crushingly desolate. To me, at least, these songs share a common sound and I suppose it's because they all employ the Dorian mode: "Scarborough Fair" by Simon and Garfunkel, "Eleanor Rigby" by the Beatles, "Purple Haze" by Jimi Hendrix, "Evil Ways" by Santana, and "Who Will Save Your Soul" by Jewel. If your in the mood to compose something in this vein, play around with the Dorian mode.
Mode III: Phrygian
Phrygian, the second minor mode, is the third of the seven modes. In C major the sequence of the notes begins on E: E, F, G, A, B, C, D, E. Like the Dorian mode, the Phrygian is nearly identical to the Aeolian, but with a flat 2nd, giving the interval a dark and tense feel. This note sequence is especially tasty for metal tracks as with "Wherever I May Roam" by Metallica. This flat 2nd gives the Phrygian it's unique characteristics, unexpected by most modern listeners accustomed to the normal whole step from the first to the second notes in both the normal major and minor scales (Ionian and Aeolian), giving an impending negative mood.
Interestingly, it has the same notes as F minor, a common key in horror scores. The sequence of steps is H, W, W, W, H, W, W, and its sequence gives mysterious sounding mode and also coined the "Gypsy mode." The notes constitute an E minor chord OR an E major, which with a C major scale played on top is reminiscent of "Spanish Music" as guitarist John Heussenstamm demonstrates:
The Phrygian mode is named after the ancient kingdom of Phrygia in Greece. Its music contributed to Greek musical traditions through Greek colonies and the mode is associated with combat and war. In fact, according to scholars the ethnic name Phrygian describes the wild and passionate people of the mountainous regions in Anatolia. It would make sense then, that the music derived from this mode does not fit neatly into the traditionally common Western Ionic/Aeolian box, being of the strange and the wild. Also, it's not surprising that it lends itself to heavy metal with it's wildness and power.
Mode VI: Aeolian
The Aeolian is the third minor mode, the sixth of the seven modes. Its series of pitches corresponds to the natural minor scale in Western music. In 1547, music scholar Henricus Glareanus first named and described the Aeolian in his treatise on music Dodecachordon. He added to the eight church modes that had dominated for 600 years to include newer major and minor modes and the Aeolian was one of the four (the others being Hypoaeolian, Ionian, and the Hypionian). The Aeolian used A as its tonic and matches the current minor of C major: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, A with flats on the 3rd, 6th, and 7th. As with the other modes, Aeolian was named after an ancient Greek ethnicity – the inhabitants of Aeolis on the Aeolian Islands.
The sound and feel of the Aeolian mode, ie the minor scale, is commonly known even among non-musicians. It quite simply is the opposite of the major scale. While the major scale, the Ionian, is bright, happy, cherry and optimistic, the Aeolian is dark, sad, foreboding, and heavy. Often songwriters will move from a major scale to its minor counterpart during a transition or bridge. Again, it is striking that simply by rearranging the exact same notes from Ionian to Aeolian one can create an incredibly different sound and feel. REM's "Losing My Religion" is in Aeolian, the natural minor:
Mode VII: Locrian
The fourth minor mode is the Locrian, the final of the entire seven modes. The triad based on its tonic is a diminished chord and is dissonant from B to F and termed a "tritone" – an interval of three whole tones. B is the tonic with the intervals H, W, W, H, W, W, W and the notes B, C, D, E, F, G, A, B. While Glareanus in 1547 happily added Aeolian to the canon of acceptable modes, the Locrian was left out, as it attempts to resolve on the B and creates the dissonant tritone. The mode is named after the Greek regions of Locris. Yet while the name Locrian harkens back to this era, it is rarely used and finding examples of its use difficult.
The dissonant tritone was not accepted into music for centuries as it fell under the label "diabolus in musica," meaning the devil in the music. The tritone, and hence the Locrian, was forbidden until the Baroque era when it was used within limit. The sound of the Locrian can be sinister and unsettling as it is used over half-diminished chords and has the same pitches as B-flat Aeolian and D-flat Ionian. It uses notes and combinations of notes not in the norm of western music and tends to be avoided unless perhaps one wants something very horrific and disturbing. Some musicians, heavy metal of course, do use the mode as a scale to build riffs such as in "Sandman" by Metallica as noted by Christopher Smith on "What are some of pieces that use the Locrian mode" on quora.com.
Smith goes on to explain that, as stated, the Locrian mode doesn't sit well with Western ears, but that it is used frequently in the music of South Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa. He mentions that some Egyptian and Persian melodies in the folk tradition adhere to the Locrian mode. He writes further that three techniques have been used to solve the resolution problem with the chord cadence in the Locrian. 1. Just end on an octave note, not a final chord. 2. Use a minor chord to end instead of the diminished, but only in the final chord. 3. End on a flat 6th chord which suits as an ending yet leaves the piece feeling not quite resolved. In Western music though, it can be used to rock as with this demo of "In Your Words" by Lamb of God.
Because of this open-ended and unappealing feel of the Locrian mode, it has been called a "theoretical mode." In other words, it exists in theory just as fine and dandy as the other modes, but in practice it is not widely used. It comes down to theory. In this case since the Locrian does not have a perfect 5th it sounds basically terrible and is unable to resolve if one intends to adhere to it perfectly, which essentially no one does. The mode is reminiscent of the Lydian major mode in that it floats rather than grounds itself. And, perfectly, Bjork, who uses the Lydian mode a bit in "Possibly Maybe," also uses the Locrian in "Army of Me" briefly in the bassline. This makes sense of course as Bjork is the quintessential experimenter.
What is striking about these modes and their unique characters and the emotions that they elicit is this: they point to a pre-existing structure and pull us toward obeying that structure. A perfect fifth is a necessity, at least in Western music, or it sounds dissonant. Why? As with Hans Jenny's work discussed in another blog post here on Cymatics, there is evidence of pre-existing order that humans are tapping into. To me, it's the same question I ask regarding math. Did we invent math or did we discover it? Did we invent music or did we discover it?
The Secret Power of Music: The Modern – Part II
by Adam Johnson | Apr 26, 2018
Welcome to Part II of this blog discussion on David Tame's The Secret Power of Music. Part I explained Tame's main point of the initial part of his book. Namely, that music among the ancients, that philosophies that can be traced up to the present time, was considered an essential part of the source of the universe and a way for the divine to manifest in human beings, and for humans to spread the goodness and harmony of the universe on earth. While Tame's book covers many aspects and variations of music across world cultures throughout time, it boils down to two conflicting musical conceptions: the divine and ordered nature of music among the ancients up to the 19th century vs. the individualistic and disordered conception and creation of music since then. The second part of Tame's book drifts from classical music into the experimentalism of the 19th and 20th centuries and ends in discussions of jazz, "computer music," and rock and roll. While in the end, it is rather obvious that Tame's affection lies in the divinely inspired music of the ancients, the book in its entirety is worth understanding as it covers a broad swath of musical inventiveness.
Onward from the ancients
Tame moves from ancient China, which regarded music as an expression of "god" into the Middle Ages, Baroque, and Classical music. While he admits creativity and inventiveness throughout these ages, his main point that adheres all is that in each period music continued to be viewed as a means to promote spirituality among mankind as in the Middle Ages and/or at the very least to elevate the nature of humanity. As for the Middle Ages, music was used by the church to spread Christian ideals. During this time, the Church was the primary means of sustaining "serious music. Tame mentions the use of "plainsong," is music sung without accompaniment, such as Gregorian chants. The liturgy was used as text for the vocals and thus religious and ideals were taught and reiterated through music. An example of plainsong:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Kyrie_XI_%28Orbis_Factor%29_sample.ogg
In addition, "organum" developed on top of plainsong with the addition of a second harmonic voice. It was the beginning of polyphonic music and spread quickly throughout Europe, employed religiously in great cathedrals. In this case, the power of music was used to sway congregations toward the ideals of the Catholic church:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Ex_organum.ogg
Both plainsong and organum inspired the subsequent classical and romantic composers to create out of altruism and ideals of sanctity. Like the ancient Chinese mentioned in Part 1, Western music was meant to inspire a connection between the human world and the greater cosmos or "God."
Constrained but innovative in the 18th and 19th centuries
Stieler, Joseph Karl: Beethoven with the Missa solemnis Ölgemälde, 1819
From here Tame briefly covers the music of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. His main point is that the music of Haydn, Mozart, Bach, and Beethoven were saturated with the goal of spreading "spirituality, joy, and brotherhood." Bach's Brandenburg Concertos were replete with divinity in the perfect mathematical harmonies, their gorgeous melodies, and powerful rhythms that mirrored the vibrations of the greater universe. According to Tame, Mozart, as a Free Mason, ensured that Masonic symbolism and spiritual ideals were embedded in his work which culminated in the Magic Flute. Beethoven's work, which called secular by some, is also renowned as spiritual in nature. His nine symphonies relate to transcendence and his five final string quartets understood to be mystical. Still, throughout the 19th century, the power of music continued to be used for "higher" moral purposes.
However, at the end of the nineteenth century, Tame further explains that the higher purpose of music began to go astray. The beginnings of change were brought on by experiments with technique, not a purposeful harnessing of the power of music for other purposes. Western music, though it had been used for centuries by the Church and for "morality" nevertheless did not have a code requiring musicians to play only certain music, as did the ancients. Therefore, over time, innovations occurred, led by the likes of Bach, Beethoven, and Wagner. Their musical experiments were met with criticism and Tame mentions Beethoven's Grosse Fuge as a target of tradition. He created alternative parts to sway the critics and only after many decades that his avant-garde work was appreciated. During this time, composers introduced new instruments, increased rhythmic complexity, used tones more freely and modulated freely, though still obeying traditional rules of tonality. Wagner did modulate himself into a freedom from key in his later works as Tame notes.
The 20th century unleashes a new understanding: Art for art's sake
The Secret Power of Music undergoes a major shift at this point as it delves into the musical developments of the 20th century. At this point, Tame states that composers no longer created music with a philosophical or moral purpose. But, instead, had different artistic reasons to create. Music was now drifting away from it's spiritual based moorings and instead focused on the mental, emotional, and even physical elements of human experience. Human intellectualism began to replace the sacred math and spiritual symbolism of the past. Instead of experimenting to improve the quality of their music, the great age of experimentation began, experimenting for its own sake. Tame describes the "vertical" line of music in the past, from human to the heavens, as being replaced with a "horizontal" line from human to human. Here Tame covers one of the first realist composers Mussorgsky (1839-81) who emphasized connecting with the "people," the real world of mankind. Tame likens him to the 19th century Jack Kerouac, a beat poet who emphasized individualism and a lack of rules. Tchaikovsky is mentioned next as a tortured artist due to his homosexuality (apparently according to Tame) who further expressed the personal emotions of anguish in his music. And, through him, we reach Igor Stravinsky and his Rite of Spring, which is heralded as revolutionary. The main focus when studying this work is academic, which Tame bemoans as lacking any sense of spirituality. At this point, the author seems to be implying that all sense of the "true power" of music has been stripped away.
The caging of music
Unsurprisingly, the book turns to perhaps the most influential 20th-century composer, John Cage (1912- ). Tame describes the power of Cage's musical efforts – his plethora of produced sounds, his prominence and length of his career, the sub-movements he inspired, and Cage's own philosophy as the "arch-enemy of spiritual idealism." Undeniable, Cage took the creation of music to never before considered and unforeseen levels. His first renowned work, Imaginary Landscape No.1 (1939) is a composition for "for records of constant and variable frequency, large Chinese cymbal and string piano." This piece marks a great departure from past orchestral compositions in that it was not meant to be played live, rather recorded and broadcast, and it only required four people rather than a full orchestra. The composition is six minutes in duration with one movement. Two performers controlled turntables of variable-speed, one a muted piano, and one a Chinese cymbal at a constant tempo (another variation from music of the past which utilized changes in tempo.)
Cage of course continued to experiment and actively worked to deconstruct musical notions of the past. In the 1942 Credo In Us Cage required the use of a record player that would play a classical piece in tandem with jazz or other contemporary music. The performer was required to lift the needle from time to time, chopping apart the classical piece throughout. During the 1940s, Cage fully introduced the "prepared piano." These pianos were altered by placing objects inside, resting on strings which included pieces of wood, nuts and bolts and other hardware. For this he is most famously known. Cage also reveled in composing by chance, using dice and alter computer-generated randomness. Cage himself deserves, of course, an entire book, surely have been written.
At this point, I can lend a story of my own. Yes me, the author of this blog. In college I was fortunate enough to witness a performance of a Cage piece at the Kennedy Center in Washington DC. My music theory professor brought us there as he knew it could be our only change to ever see Cage speak, as he was there that evening. There are two are distinct moments that I remember. One, Cage recalled a mishap on stage once in which he was too near a massive speaker which suddenly emitted massive feedback and he lost his hearing for a few days. When asked how he felt about the experience, Cage said something akin to: "Wonderful, I got to hear a really really loud sound." The second moment was during the Q&A when a music student asked Cage if he had any advice for an aspiring composer to which he replied, "You have to love sound. You have to love sound with your whole heart." That is the power of music, in all it's deafening force and all of its allure.
Throughout The Secret Power of Music, it becomes apparent where Tame stands. While his book is an excellent and detailed explanation of the evolution of music, he criticism of revolutionary thought in the 20th century falls a bit flat. While Tame attempts to paint 20th century music as some sort of fall from grace, a tumbling of human morality away from the divine, it is clear that Tame's own biases shine through.
From the Mind to the Page: A Composer's Tips for Optimizing your Creative Process: Part 2
by admin | Dec 23, 2015
By Lukas Stanley
If you haven't already read Part One of this article, I would recommend reading that first. It can be found here: http://blog.shockwave-sound.com/2015/07/from-mind-to-page-composers-tips-for.html
In Part One, I discussed how to make the most of your creativity by effectively setting a writing schedule that coincides with your creative peaks during the day, having a plan when you sit down to compose, and how to go about setting up some of the fundamentals in a new piece of music. But there are more ways to enhance your creative output both in quality and quantity than just having a schedule and picking what key to write a piece in.
In this article, Part 2, I will discuss a topic that plagues composers, young and experienced alike, without effective strategies to combat them: The pre-compositional process. I will also give a disclaimer here that I a primarily create art music, although many of these strategies could easily be applied to commercial music or any other genre.
Pre-Composition
Let's get down to it. I have some bad habits as a composer, habits that make it difficult sometimes to write music. Hopefully this article is a place where you can learn from my mistakes, because I've spent a lot of time figuring out how to write better quality music more efficiently. I have found myself resorting, in the past, to sitting down with pencil (or computer mouse) in hand, blank staves in front of me, waiting expectantly for a good idea to jump out of my head onto the page. As if I'm going to start writing notes in measure one, write them in order until the piece is over, and have a satisfactory piece of music sitting in front of me. If you have ever tried this you will probably agree that it is a difficult way to get the creative juices flowing. What you need to start is a concept, an overarching idea, of what the project looks like. The more ideas you can get down in this stage, called the "pre-compositional process," the less work you have to do when actually writing the music out and getting to that final product. Below are seven strategies that I have collected from professors, friends, and my own experiences on how to pre-compose. I have tried all of these to varying degrees of success, but not every process works for every composer, or even for every piece of music, so I'm sharing all of them with you in hopes that at least one might make you a better creator of sound.
1. Graphic Overview
Have you ever found yourself with a really great idea for a piece of music, but by the time you start writing it the initial idea starts to lose focus? If I were a music doctor, I would probably diagnose you with a forethought deficiency. One method of pre-composition that I have found to be particularly effective at combating this is a graphical overview. This is a really good way to get down a large quantity of general ideas, without becoming bogged down by the specificity of melodic or harmonic plans. You can use lines and other symbols to indicate instruments, register, textures, and essentially any other musical components that you think of, over a linear timeline. This way you can see the shape of a whole piece from the start, and then gradually fill in specific notes, and work gradually towards a final piece of music. This is also a common technique used in the analysis of 20th century art music, because textures and large formal ideas are often easily represented by chronological graphical representation. An example of such that I found useful in the past can be seen in this visual analysis of Stockhausen's Gesang der Jünglinge (1956), uploaded to YouTube by user carlintuitive: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7HD-95knVQ
2. Word Sketch
A word sketch is something that works well for people who organize their thoughts better in writing than in images, although this method can easily be combined with a graphic sketch. This method involves creating a written outline of a piece, identifying key sections of the piece and subsequent detail in as much depth as you need. For example, you might indicate under a section titled "Development" that the strings enter with an ominous diminished chord while the trumpet plays a blaring melody in the upper register. This particular syntax does not indicate specific notes or harmonies, but it does evoke a clear musical image and mood that will be easily recalled when you are filling in all the details later.
3. Sample Mock-up
This method of precomposition is different than the others listed in this article because it relies on using pre-existing music to create new musical forms. Essentially what this method accomplishes is the creation of a temp track for your music. Begin by thinking of what kind of mood or style of music you would like to evoke with your own piece. Then find a piece of music that already accomplishes this. Cut an excerpt that represents the duration you want for your own piece from this one into your favorite digital audio workstation (DAW).
Continue in this manner for each section of your piece and splice them together with crossfades or other appropriate transitions, and in no time you can have an overview of the shape of the piece you want to create. This is a very fast way to work, and to draw clear inspiration from existing music that you enjoy and wish to emulate. The risk of this method is the same as working with any temp track: it is easy to become limited by the pre-existing musical materials. If you use this method, use it only as a quick, initial step into something that involves more of your original content.
4. Emotive overview
Similar to a word sketch, an emotive overview is something that I have used specifically for collaborative projects. For example, if I were writing a five minute cue in conjunction with a visual media (film or TV), how the music makes the listener feel is going to be very important. If they should feel at ease, stressed out, pumped up, etc., these are all emotive cues that are vital to take into account during the pre-compositional process. Create a sequential map of how the audience should feel over the given duration and make some decisions on how you are going to get there, particularly if the changes in mood are abrupt or there are a lot of them. This also holds true for concert music. In the absence of a multimedia presentation (i.e. traditional concert music), the emotive content almost needs to be more blatant because there aren't visuals enforcing extra-musical ideas on the observers.
5. Motivic Outline
Jumping right into writing some music down is great if you just came up with a great melody or musical fragment. How you take that motive and manipulate it over time though, is what separates amateur music from professional music. Even a short motive of four notes, when properly placed temporally and masterfully manipulated can drive an entire piece of music. If you don't believe me, listen to the first movement of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony. So what you can do is take your motive, and make a list of all the possible ways to manipulate it: transpositions, reordering of notes, retrograde, inversions, rhythmic expansions and contractions, etc. Decide on what versions of the motive you like and how you want to present them over time. Whether you are writing EDM, indie-rock, or neo-classical art music, melody is going to be a driving factor and having a clear picture of how to treat it over time is something to think about up front. This will save you many headaches as you set out to write.
6. Meet with Performers
If you are writing concert music, as I primarily do, meet with performers that play the instruments you are writing for, particularly if you are not familiar with the instruments. This is a good opportunity to build connections and learn what different performers are capable of, because in the rapidly expanding world of extended techniques there are an infinite number of sonic possibilities for instrumentalists. Not only will you be able to test some preliminary compositional ideas with them, but the collaborative nature of such a meeting might also provide you with further inspiration and direction on a piece of music. I have found this method to be particularly useful in my own experience, having recently written a piece for solo bassoon this way. It was severely lacking in direction, but then I met with a bassoonist, talked over some ideas I had for the piece, and within 24 hours the entire thing had been written.
7. Brainstorming
A lot of what has already been said in this article about the pre-compositional process could be categorized as "brainstorming." However, going beyond strategies for starting to write a piece, actually brain-storming should not be overlooked. Give yourself enough time without distraction to just think about music. Let your mind wander and have liberty to stumble upon interesting inspirations and ideas. In a world that moves very fast technologically, we are often too overwhelmed by notifications, emails, and deadlines to just stop and think for a few minutes. In part one of this article, I talked about how Tchaikovsky would go on a walk every morning, feeding the birds and enjoying nature as he gathered compositional inspiration. It was an integral step in his pre-compositional process. I would highly recommend doing something of similar effect – it will clear the mind in a way that more easily permits creativity. I can almost guarantee that you will find yourself writing more effective music if you do this.
Don't spend too much time on this part of the process. If you can, get it all out in one sitting. Breaking up a pre-compositional session might result in losing a train of thought that could take days or weeks to get back, if at all.
Pre-writing is also a great anti-writer's block strategy. If the piece is well-laid out ahead of time, it's going to be a lot less likely that you will hit a wall and not know what to do.
Don't be afraid of trial and error. One of the best parts about living in the digital age is the flexibility we have when it comes to creativity. If you want to hear what two melodic ideas sound like when they are overlapped, just drag them on top of each other in your DAW or engraving software and play it back. It takes virtually no time at all, and simply experimenting with positioning, layering, and effects can sometimes lead to really interesting and unexpected results. Chances are, no one else is watching you compose. If you end up with something that sounds like garbage, just Ctrl+Z and try something else, no harm done.
I hope that you have found some new strategies here to begin writing your own music and I wish you the best of luck in your compositional endeavors!
About the Author: Lukas Stanley is a composer, violist, and music educator in Michigan. As an active composer since 2006, his works are written primarily for local concert performances. However, he is also passionate about creating new music for film, video games, and other collaborative projects. To find out more or to contact Lukas, visit his website at www.lukasstanley.com
Mechanical Rights administration and stock music / production music
As I'm writing this article, my target audience is composers / musicians who would like to get into the business of writing music for stock music / production music, and who does not yet fully understand the way in which the administration of your Mechanical Rights through an organization such as GEMA, MCPS, STEMRA etc. basically prevents you from being able to sell / license your music as stock music.
To manufacture a disc that contains music, you need to obtain the Mechanical Rights.
First of all, what are Mechanical Rights administration organizations?
Many composers, at one time or another, decides to join one or more societies or organizations that help them to police and administer their rights as a composer. Such organizations include ASCAP, BMI, SESAC, PRS, MCPS, GEMA, SIAE, BUMA/STEMRA, TONO, APRA and many others.
Some of these organizations administer Performing Rights (meaning your right to some income when your music is performed in public or broadcast on TV/Radio), whilst other organizations administer Mechanical Rights (meaning your right to some income when your music is duplicated on physical media such as DVD, Blu-Ray, CD).
Then there are some organizations that administer both Performing Rights and Mechanical Rights.
Mechanical Rights is where the conflict with stock music / production music happens.Why? Because the license sold by the stock music website / production music library overlaps with the exclusive administration that you have assigned to the Mechanical Rights organization when you joined them as a member.
When a stock music site / production music library sells a track to a customer, they sell a license which allows the customer to put the music in a film/game, and then to go ahead and make physical copies of this film/game. For example, at Shockwave-Sound.com when you buy the Standard License for a track, you may put the music to a film/game and then manufacture up to 5,000 copies of that product. For more than 5,000 copies, you need the Extended License. Most other stock music sites operate with something similar, although perhaps slightly different license configurations. The stock music site sells a license to the customer, which includes mechanical reproduction rights.
The issue here is that, if you are a member of an organization that administers your Mechanical Rights, then that organization has the exclusive administration of your Mechanical Rights, and that organization is the only one that can issue such a license.
With Performing rights this problem doesn't come up, because the stock music site doesn't get involved with the performing license. The License that the stock music site sells is a Sync License (the right to put your music to film or other media) and a Mechanical License (the right to reproduce physical copies of that film or other media).
If that film should end up being broadcast on TV or in a cinema, your Performing Rights organization should collect performing royalties for you and you will get these royalties from your Performing Rights organization — but this doesn't really affect the stock music customer / user in any way, because these royalties come from annually paid blanket license fees that broadcasters pay to the Performing Rights organization in their own country.
To sum up, if you are a member of an organization that administers your Mechanical Rights, you cannot have your music sold as stock music / production music from Shockwave-Sound.com or from other stock music sites. Any company that sells your track to a customer and thereby allows that customer to manufacture physical copies of your music, is doing so in violation of the exclusive Mechnical Rights administration that you have assigned to the Mechanical Rights organization when you signed the contract with them.
When I first started out in the stock music business, I was both the composer and also the stock music business owner. I was a member of PRS (Performing Rights Society) and MCPS (Mechanical Copyright Protection Society) which are the UK organization for Performing Rights and Mechanical Rights respectively.
One day I got a telephone call from an Italian customer. She had licensed my music track from my website, used it in a film, had the film put to DVD, manufactured 10,000 copies of that film in a professional DVD pressing plant, and a few weeks later she received a huge invoice from SIAE, the Italian organization who looks after both Performing Rights and Mechanical Rights in Italy. The bill she got was for Mechanical Reproduction Rights for 10,000 copies of my music, and the bill was many times larger than the amount that she had paid me to license the music from my stock music site.
It was this episode that really made me sit up and force myself to learn about these different rights and organizations, and how they affected my ability to license my music as stock music. After a bit of to and from, I believe I managed to talk MCPS into letting the client off the hook so she didn't have to pay after I explained the whole thing as a misunderstanding to MCPS and SIAE, the Italian rights collections society.
I ended up quitting my MCPS membership but remaining a member PRS. Since then, I've had no problem. Since terminating my contract with MCPS, there is no longer any organization that has the exclusive administration of my Mechanical Rights.
In USA, I believe all three societies: ASCAP, BMI and SESAC are all Performing Rights based and do not administer Mechanical Rights (somebody correct me if I'm wrong?)
In the UK, the organization for Performing Rights is called PRS For Music and the organization for Mechanical Rights is called MCPS. If you are a member of PRS, you may want to check if you also joined MCPS at the same time.
In Italy you're dealing with SIAE and in Germany you have GEMA, and I believe both of these are organizations that take care of both Performing Rights and Mechanical Rights, so really if you are member of SIAE or GEMA, you can't have your music sold as stock music — although you may be able to sign a special addendum to the Agreement that you have with them, which would make them administer only your Performing Rights, and not your Mechanical Rights – you need to contact GEMA/SIAE to inquire about this.
In the Netherlands, I believe BUMA is for the Performing Rights and STEMRA is for Mechanical Rights, so you may want to make sure that you have signed a contract only with BUMA, and not with STEMRA.
Sweden, Denmark and Norway each have their own organizations for Performing Rights (STIM, KODA and TONO respectively), but they share one Mechanical Rights organization called Ncb (Nordic Copyright Bureau) which administers Mechanical Rights. So if you want to try to sell your music as stock music, make sure you're not in Ncb.
If you have specific and confirmed information about similar situations with the organizations in other countries than the ones I have mentioned above, please feel free to comment below. If it's good info, I will include it here in the main article too.
Orchestral MIDI Arrangements
by admin | Oct 21, 2014
The absolute beginner's guide to the Orchestral MIDI Mockup
By Thomas James Slater
Like many composers in the more analog field of pencil and paper, I was entirely unaware of the other side of music production. For years I thought that the bleep and bloop of midi, compliments of my music notation software, were all I could get from a computer and the only way to get a decent recording was to have it performed on stage. As I discovered a few years ago, this is most assuredly not the case.
Rather than give a long history of the leaps and bounds of music production and midi innovation, I'm going to go over the basics of producing a midi mockup in a short amount of time for the least amount of money. This is written chiefly for aesthetic purposes in mind, not to learn how to navigate any particular software. Now that we know that, let's get down to it shall we? First on our checklist are what I consider a couple essentials. You'll need a sequencer (listed below). Ideally you want a program that is specifically good at midi sequencing. While pro tools is an audio champion and industry standard for recording audio, you may find it lacking for midi sequencing.
Secondly, a midi input device. Usually this is in the form of a keyboard of 49, 61 or 88 keys. Smaller keyboards may be quite limiting for impromptu realization of wider orchestration, so I recommend the larger ones. You don't need anything fancy mind you, no need for a vast array of buttons, triggers, knobs or nozzles. Since these are not synthesizers, you won't need them and the ones with the extra gizmos are going to cost you more.
Thirdly, the sample software. If you buy Logic, it comes with a library that will be good enough to start with. If you buy something like Digital Performer, then you'll have to buy separate software.
There are many options to choose from insofar as instrument samples (listed below). They all have their positives and their negatives, you can find samples of any of them online. For future reference, when referring to midi mockups, samples refer to wavetable patches available in a given library. These are actual instruments that have been recorded and are loaded into a particular samples library. Each patch is then triggered by your midi controller at your discretion. If you're new to this and your budget is small because you're a student, just starting as freelance or a little of both then this is all you need to get started.
Now that you're set up in your studio, you should probably take some time to get to know it. Test out all of your samples, note what samples sound especially good in your library. In doing this you can get a good feel of a sample library, and you get a good knowledge of what you can possibly do with it. For instance, when testing out Garritan's jazz & big band sample library, I found I absolutely loved the solo clarinet on it. I wouldn't have known that if I didn't explore the samples first. Get to know your sequencer too, you can probably get away with only knowing a few key things about it to get started. Among them are velocity control, quantization, and midi limiting.
Next, what is your goal with orchestration? Do you intend to use real instruments in the final production of the score? If you are, you probably don't need to be quite as meticulous about your mockup for this is merely for either a director or a producer. If not, then there are a lot of details to pay attention to.
What we'll focus on now is for all of you you who are making the mockup the final score. If you're new to this, you're probably used to sequencing the music in notation software such as Sibelius or Finale. This is a fine method to begin with, I use this method for more contrapuntal work to make sure my lines are clear. I'm sure if you've chosen the import method you may be disappointed at first, but don't fret. All is not lost.
You may find your mockup 'too precise', articulations and dynamics have suddenly disappeared or there's an ineffable 'something' that just takes the fun out of the music. This is no surprise, as you've turned a computer performance into another computer performance! Those crescendos that you once had in your notation software may not have necessarily made an appearence in its general midi export. You'll have to draw those in yourself. I use digital performer to do this, and in its midi editor I can open the tools menu and draw a parabola for the rising and volume of volumes. This arc is a more 'human' crescendo than a straight line in my opinion. A similar option exists in any of the prescribed sequencers.
Your articulations are suddenly gone aren't they? What was a staccato passage is now a smear of notes. Oh bother. This is where sequencing separates a little bit from notation. For that passage you will either need one of two things: 1. a seperate staccato patch loaded or 2. what is called a 'keyswitch' sample. This means that a change in samples is registered by a key at the left end of the midi controller keyboard. However, let us assume the former and you load in a staccato version of the instrument into your sampler. Now you have two patches loaded up of your instrument. A legato and a staccato. You can move that staccato passage down to it via the midi editor, hear it play back. This is of course valid for any change, be it from legato to marcato, stopped horn to horn rip, or bartok pizzicato to harmonics.
Now that we have our articulations and dynamics fairly under control, let us move on to the 'human quality' of the performance. If you've imported your midi, you may find that it's 'too robotic'. If you've played in the music via the midi controller, then you may find it's a little 'too human'.
When I posit 'too human', this means that the timing may seem a bit off after you record with the midi keyboard into the sequencer. Even if you have a fantastic sense of tempo, it will most likely not be as perfect as you like. Latency of even 5ms can make a track lose musicality. The other problem is inconsistent dynamics. If you have a less expensive midi controller, the keys won't be weighted and so it will be difficult to get a steady sense of dynamics.
Between those two deficiencies, it won't sound remotely professional in that state. That's ok! We can fix that!
Let's get a hold of those timings first. In your midi editor there is an option to 'quantize' your notes. Quantize means aligning notes to a particular setting set by the user. This may take some practice to do well. Based on the quantizing settings, you set the detail in how much you want to quantize. The side effects include: making shorter notes too long, you ended up with entirely the wrong rhythm you intended and/or it just becomes too precise. One last bit of advice on durations: full instrument sections never change notes at exactly the same time. I find it sounds smoother if I have a slight overlap of the notes in the sequencer.
So if you're happy with your note durations, let us move on to velocity (or dynamics) after recording in through a midi controller. There are a few methods to get a good sound you'll like. You may try, most tediously, to change the value of every single note between 0 and 127. I wouldn't suggest doing this until later, and even then only if you really need to. A better idea would be to select a passage that you want to change the volume of, select it, then find in your midi editor the way to 'limit' the velocity of all the notes in that passage. This method is especially good if a passage you're editing doesn't change volume that much. There's very little fuss. Once again, this is something to try a few times until you get a good feel for how it affects the patches you have loaded. I tend to aim fairly high in volume for this, highest for strings, a little softer than that for woodwinds, and then brass where velocity typically effects timbre and brass instruments naturally stand out more anyway. For crescendos, as I've suggested earlier, a parabola curve is typically available in the midi sequencer of your choice. Don't just take my word for it, experiment! Insofar as midi, there is only one step left: Freeze! Before you can bounce down those tracks you must convert them to wavs in order for you to bounce those tracks into a single audio track. If you're happy with your midi mix, go right ahead. Remember though, it's easier to fix individual errors in midi than trying to bounce down your tracks first. This is also the point where you should do any mixing then mastering (which I highly recommend) but that's another article entirely. There are many more wonderful things you can do with midi mockups, but we'll save those techniques for another day!
Sound clips MP3:
Orchestral Mockup before work
Orchestral Mockup after work
Recommended Sequencers
These are what I like from most to least for symphonic mockups only, by no means are they best to worst. It is merely my list of tastes, your tastes may differ. For midi I tend to use a mac, but I do quite like Cubase on PC. Apologies to Linux users, I don't know the software well enough to recommend anything in particular.
Digital Performer
Recommended virtual instruments
East West Quantum Leap — If you're on a budget, the silver edition will be for you. I've had the gold edition for years.
LA Scoring Strings — I am quite a fan of this package as well. These samples may leave your jaw hanging.
Garritan Personal Orchestra — The least expensive, yet it can pack a punch.
There are more out there and I'm sure some are nice, so by all means check around!
About the author: Thomas James Slater
is an American composer and sound designer active in the video game industry.
His credits include include Guitar Hero 3, Tony Hawk's Proving Ground, as
well as a number of flash games and short films. He is currently working
on a Cyberpunk MMO based on the Tad Williams Otherland series of books.
He currently resides in Singapore. his personal website: http://tjslater.tumblr.com


Watching Indigo & Lily play together is so funny and one of the many joys of having them in our family. The big dog little dog scenarios are hilarious and Lily just doesn't get that she is 1/8 the size of Indigo. She's always the instigator!
It's also amazing to see how gently Indigo plays with Lily. We always watch them closely, however, just in case! I apologize in advance for the fuzzy quality of the video ... I'm still trying to figure this whole iPhone upload to YouTube thing out!
Happy Dog Lovin' & Dog Playin'!


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Box office: 'G.I. Joe: Retaliation' tops Thursday on its way to big debut weekend
by: Dave Lewis March 29, 2013
Audiences are already saying "Yo Joe!" at the box office at the start of Easter weekend.
Jon M. Chu's action sequel "G.I. Joe: Retaliation" took in an estimated $10.5 million on Thursday, one day before the opening of new films such as Tyler Perry's "Temptation" and "The Host" (from "Twilight" author Stephenie Meyer).
"Retaliation" also pulled in $2.2 million from Wednesday midnight showings.
With returning star Channing Tatum and franchise newbies Dwayne Johnson and Bruce Willis, the sequel to 2009's "G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra" will likely earn somewhere around $45 million in its North American debut. The studio is hoping it will crack the $100 million mark globally this weekend.
"Cobra" debuted to $54.7 million and ended up with a solid $150 million domestic gross. The lower-budgeted "Retaliation" won't earn as much in its opening frame, but could eventually top its predecessor's total.
"Retaliation," which was delayed for six months in order to be converted to 3D and beef up Tatum's role, also stars D.J. Cotrona, Byung-hun Lee, Adrianne Palicki, Jonathan Pryce, Elodie Yung, Ray Park, and Ray Stevenson.
Topics: #Channing Tatum, #The RockTags: ADRIANNE PALICKI, box office, Bruce Willis, Byunghun Lee, CHANNING TATUM, COBRA, DJ COTRONA, DWAYNE JOHNSON, ELODIE YUNG, GI JOE, JOHN CHU, jonathan pryce, RAY PARK, RAY STEVENSON, retaliation, the rock

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Rakul Preet as Avantika in Manmadhudu 2: The actress looks hot in her free spirited avatar in the teaser
The makers of Nagarjuna Akkineni starrer Manmadhudu 2 have released the second teaser introducing Rakul Preet Singh as Avantika. Check it out
Written By Khushboo Ratda 276423 reads Mumbai Updated: July 9, 2019 08:15 pm
For the first time ever, a big hero film has a special teaser for an actress. The makers of Nagarjuna Akkineni starrer Manmadhudu 2 have released the second teaser introducing Rakul Preet Singh as Avantika. The second teaser of Manmadhudu 2 is out and it sees Rakul in yet another gorgeous and free-spirited avatar after her last film De De Pyaar De. The one-minute and five-seconds teaser showcases Rakul in different avatars who is ambitious and living her life on her own rules. The teaser also showcases her relationship with Nagarjuna, which is quite cute and fun.
The makers of Manmadhudu 2 have also got in a few glimpses of the characters, Lakshmi and Vennela Kishore in the video. Directed by Rahul Ravindran of Chi La Sow fame, the teaser of the film, which was released last month, received immense response and fans are eagerly looking forward to see Nagarjuna's casanova avatar. The romantic-comedy also features Vennela Kishore, Lakshmi, Rao Ramesh, while Samantha Akkineni and Keerthy Suresh will make special appearances. Sequel to the 2002 blockbuster film Manmadhudu, the second part is expected to be fun-filled.
When you laugh at yourself for making Casper in the name of A Snowman #caughtinthemoment @rahulr_23 captures #manmadhudu2diaries #glacier3000
A post shared by Rakul Singh (@rakulpreet) on Jun 29, 2019 at 6:10pm PDT
Jointly produced by Akkineni Nagarjuna and P Kiran under Manam Enterprises and Anandi Art Creations banners, Manmadhudu 2 is all releasing on August 9, 2019.
What do you think about Rakul's character as Avantika in the new teaser from the film? Let us know in the comments section below.
Credits :YouTube
Avantika
Rakul Preet
Manmadhudu 2: Rakul Preet shares a cute photo 'to chase the blues away' as she shoots in Switzerland
Samantha Akkineni joins Nagarjuna and Rakul Preet for Manmadhudu 2 in Portugal


Here are Mr Vitamins most popular and informative posts on Sleep. Check what's right for you – and remember to ask for our naturopath's expert advice. Sleep Well!
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Experts respond to PISA 2018 results
by Brett Henebery 06 Dec 2019
Australia's 15-year-olds have fallen to meet the OECD average in mathematics skills – for the first time in the assessment's history.
The PISA 2018 report, released found that 54% of students attained the National Proficient Standard in mathematical literacy, compared to between 58% and 91% of students in countries that performed higher than Australia, and equal to the OECD average.
The Australian Mathematical Sciences Institute (AMSI) says urgent action is needed to strengthen the teacher workforce and reverse Australia's falling mathematical performance.
'A wake-up call for all Australians'
While unfortunately not surprised by the report, AMSI Schools Program Manager, Janine Sprakel said Australia needed to get real on the issues impacting mathematics performance to ensure it remained economically and socially competitive on the world stage.
"This data should be a wake-up call for all Australians," Sprakel said.
"It is critical we act now to reverse this trend starting with measures to address out-of-field mathematics teaching and strengthen the primary and secondary teacher workforce".
Sprakel said it was worrying that students were entering senior high school unlikely to pursue high level calculus-based maths subjects into Year 12.
"Only 29.6% of Year 12 students participated in high-level mathematics in 2018, a trend that looks certain to continue," she said.
Sprakel said this represents "a significant loss for the Australian economy" in terms of capability and skills needed in the future.
The report found that the gap between high and low maths performers also continues to increase, with persistent inequality putting regional and remote students at risk of falling even further behind.
"It is deeply concerning to see that 45% of students in remote schools perform poorly in mathematical literacy," Sprakel said.
"This locks them out of opportunities and has the potential to put the brakes on their futures leading to disadvantage that will likely follow them into adulthood".
However, with countries like Sweden and the UK showing improvements since 2015, the good news is there is growing evidence that interventions can work.
"As we look to reverse trends here in Australia, it would be worth understanding what is working so well for these countries. To see how we can learn from their success," Sprakel said.
'Give teachers a greater voice'
In Australia, 58% of students attained the National Proficient Standard in scientific literacy, compared to between 60% and 90% of students in countries that performed higher than Australia, and 52 per cent across the OECD on average.
Nine per cent of Australian students were considered high performers in scientific literacy (achieving Levels 5 or above) compared to 12% in Singapore and 32% in the top performing country, B-S-J-Z (China).
The difference between Australia's highest and lowest performing students was 330 points, compared to the OECD average of 307 points.
The Australian Science Teachers Association (ASTA) said a solution to arresting or reversing this decline must be inclusive of teachers as key change agents, whilst being holistic and multi-faceted to reflect the complexities and inequities of contemporary education.
"As an organisation, we stand with our teachers. Our member associations in each state and territory actively champion our profession and the people who work within it," Incoming ASTA President, Nathan Curnow said.
"They provide a range of rich and targeted opportunities to empower teachers and build their capacity through professional learning in response to changing circumstances".
He said ASTA is calling on the government "to ensure teachers of science have a voice in the continued national discourse that will be required to address and reverse these trends long term".
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Why parents distrust the education system
One in three parents feel ill-equipped to support their children's education, a new report shows
How to guide uncertain students to future goals
Studies show that many secondary students are unsure of their future. Here's some tips on how they can be given a sense of direction
Compass to sponsor Educator Leaders Summit 2020
The Educator speaks to Compass CEO John de la Motte about why the company has chosen to sponsor the event


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Don't Be a Jerk and Get the Most Out of Your Prostitution
We hear a lot about the poor treatment of women in prostitution, but we seldom hear much about the men who are involved in the same thing. There are, however, a large number of male prostitutes as well, all of whom have suffered from abuse at the hands of other men.
One of the things that johns do is to beat up on the streetwalkers they see around. If you know anyone who has been robbed or attacked by a john, then you know that it happens more often to women than to men. That's why johns will sometimes attack or rob the prostitutes that are nearby just to cause them to go away. A john will go after these guys just for kicks, but it does happen on a regular basis.
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In a lot of cases, johns will continue to be violent towards the prostitutes, because they know that if they don't beat you, they will be arrested. and serve time in jail.
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"Sayang". This is a common reaction towards undergraduates who need to extend college. What people don't realize is that when they tell us our extension is a waste, our experiences are being disregarded. Our narrative becomes glossed over with projections from the preceptor who had a different situation. They tend to forget that their beliefs and values aren't necessarily the same as ours.
The concept of college has become a pressure cooker. Our identity has become identified as our grades, our outputs in comparison to someone else's, the number of years we took college, and even the program we decided to take. The definition of what a successful college student is has been very rigid: graduating with honors, having distinguished works, graduating within four years, being in the sciences, and so on. The criteria is so boxed in that it sometimes traps the potential of an individual just to adhere to these standards.
What seems to be forgotten is that college is supposed to be about education. It is the nurturing of an individual's passions, ambitions, skills, and interests. With the way these impositions are being insisted on us, our sentiments are often dismissed. That is not supposed to be the case.
College should encourage growth, not constrict it. The point should be about enriching oneself rather than just aiming for particular standards. We should be given the chance to explore where we find growth and purpose, where there is a sense of belonging. In the end, our work will be defined by our ethics, abilities, and application of knowledge rather than the number of years it took to get us there.
Education is a right, after all. Students must feel that they are getting the education they want and deserve. We shouldn't bear a feeling that we went to college just to attain a diploma under an imposed number of years. College should not feel like a cage that we are trying to escape from; but a place of learning, expanding networks, and being with people who care about the same passions that we do. In that sense, taking the time to understand what we're doing is important in order to fully realize our aspirations.
In the end, we can never be fully prepared for the future, but we might as well equip ourselves the best way we can to face what is to come head on. If you can do it in four years or less, you're graduating in time. If you took six years or ten years, you are still graduating in time. We will all graduate in time—in our time—the time when we are ready and a little more sure of ourselves than when we were just starting college. However long it will take us will never define who we are. Some don't even graduate at all. But eventually, we will figure things out; we have to, anyway.
The pressure that surrounds graduating has become so toxic that it has obscured the real meaning of education. Education is not about finish lines; it is something that does not end in the first place. College is not supposed to work like a time bomb, but like a place that promotes development and learning. What has to be realized in those years is who we are, and how we're going to work our way through the world with what we gain in our institutions.
You know what is best for you. You are not the number of years you took to graduate in college. You are barely your diploma. What is you, rather, is what happened in those years – what it took to get there: your self-discoveries, your interactions, your struggles and heartaches, your persistence, your realization of your competencies, your development. You are entitled to your growth—it is you who is working on it anyway—and that growth is beyond what any number can encapsulate.
CBCP Marks November 22 as "Red Wednesday"


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CP reports best ever year, quarter, December for Canadian grain transport
See all news January 4, 2021 Calgary
Canadian Pacific (TSX: CP) (NYSE: CP) moved 31.32 million metric tonnes (MMT) of Canadian grain and grain products in 2020, more than any prior calendar year in its history, the company announced today. At year's end, CP also completed its best ever quarter and best ever December for hauling these commodities.
"Hard-won achievements like these require commitment and focus across the supply chain, but special credit must go to CP's customers and their dedicated employees," said Joan Hardy, CP Vice-President Sales and Marketing Grain and Fertilizers. "Their work to create a safe, efficient supply chain is an essential ingredient in our ability to deliver Canada's crops to consumers at home and around the world."
In the fourth quarter of 2020, CP moved 8.84 MMT of Canadian grain and grain products, which beats 2020's second quarter, the previous record, by 5.1 percent. December 2020 totals came in at 2.84 MMT, beating out the previous record set in 2019 by 13.6 percent.
CP continues to invest in its grain fleet with additional hopper cars coming into service each week. CP has added more than 3,700 new hopper cars to its fleet via purchase or lease. The new high-efficiency railcars carry 15 percent more grain by volume and 10 percent more by weight compared to the older cars they are replacing.
CP voluntarily publishes a weekly Canadian grain and grain product supply chain scorecard. The scorecard outlines CP's performance for the previous grain week and includes, when necessary, detailed information on any internal or external factors affecting grain movement. More information is available on CP's website.
Note on forward-looking information
This news release contains certain forward-looking information and forward-looking statements (collectively, "forward-looking information") within the meaning of applicable securities laws. Forward-looking information includes, but is not limited to, statements concerning expectations, beliefs, plans, goals, objectives, assumptions and statements about possible future events, conditions, and results of operations or performance. Forward-looking information may contain statements with words or headings such as "will", "anticipate", "believe", "expect", "plan", "should" or similar words suggesting future outcomes.
This news release contains forward-looking information relating, but not limited to, our operations, priorities and plans, the impacts of COVID-19 on CP's business, anticipated growth in our high-capacity hopper car fleet, and capital expenditures, shipment capacity and completion.
The forward-looking information contained in this news release is based on current expectations, estimates, projections and assumptions, having regard to CP's experience and its perception of historical trends, and includes, but is not limited to, expectations, estimates, projections and assumptions relating to: North American and global economic growth; commodity demand growth; agricultural production; commodity prices and interest rates; performance of our assets and equipment; sufficiency of our budgeted capital expenditures in carrying out our business plan; our ability to complete our capital and maintenance projects on the timelines anticipated; applicable laws, regulations and government policies; the availability and cost of labour, services and infrastructure; the satisfaction by third parties of their obligations to CP; the anticipated impacts of the novel strain of coronavirus (and the disease known as COVID-19); and capital investments by third parties. Although CP believes the expectations, estimates, projections and assumptions reflected in the forward-looking information presented herein are reasonable as of the date hereof, there can be no assurance that they will prove to be correct. Current conditions, economic and otherwise, render assumptions, although reasonable when made, subject to greater uncertainty.
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text:
Asia Company and Markets
France offers Rafale fighter to Oman - sources
MUSCAT, Feb 11 (Reuters) - France is proposing that Oman replaces its ageing fleet of Jaguar ground attack aircraft with Rafale combat planes built by Dassault Aviation AVMD.PA, French diplomatic sources said.
The offer was made by visiting French President Nicolas Sarkozy during a meeting and dinner on Tuesday with Sultan Qaboos bin Said on the second stage of a Gulf tour, they said.
Oman wants to replace a fleet of almost 20 Anglo-French Jaguars, in service with the Royal Air Force of Oman for around 30 years.
France is looking for a first export customer for the multi-role Rafale but is expected to face competition in Oman from rivals including the EADS-built EAD.PA Eurofighter.
Sarkozy is on a three-nation visit to Oman, Bahrain and Kuwait, countries which tradiitionally buy strategic hardware from the English-speaking world.
"These are by tradition Anglo-Saxon countries -- fine, but France has its own cards to play," Sarkozy told journalists before meeting the Sultan of Oman.
"I am not going to leave here empty-handed. We are sowing seeds and then we will fight to defend our companies and bring back contracts," he said. (Reporting by Emmanuel Jarry, editing by Dan Lalor)


These are a perfect appetizer to bring to a party and introduce skeptics to the wonders of venison. They are great hot or cold. They are always gone within about 5 minutes of putting them out.
Cut the venison into strips and place in container with lid. Cover the meat with teriyaki sauce. If the sauce doesn't cover the meat, add water until all pieces are submerged. Place in fridge and let marinate for 4 to 8 hours (the longer the meat marinates, the more tender it will be).
After marinating, put meat on skewers, threading well enough so the meat won't fall off when cooking.
Clean out the container and put the meat on the skewers back in it.
Pour the cup of sesame seeds over the meat, cover, and shake so that the seeds cover all the meat.
Place the skewers on the grill. By the time you've put the last one down, it will be time to flip. They generally take 3 to 5 minutes to cook.
Combine all the ingredients in a saucepan and bring to a boil, stirring constantly to allow the sauce to thicken. Once it reaches a boil, take it off the heat and let it cool. If it looks too thick, add the cold water until it's the consistency you want.


Examining the role of physical space in shaping the societal sense of the meaning that property holds and the laws that govern property.
Discussing how historical perspectives and preservation law influence the use and meaning of property in a modern context.
Exploring the influence of physical space on the experience of race, class, gender, and sexuality groups.
Exploring the changing and competing uses of physical space and how these uses impact societal development and influence the law.
The speakers are: Anthony Baker (Atlanta's John Marshall Law School); Stephen Clowney (University of Arkansas College of Law); Lia Epperson (American University Washington College of Law); Elizabeth Glazer (Hostra University Law School); Jamila Jefferson-Jones (Barry University School of Law); Adam G. Kirk, Esq.(HunterMaclean); Kali Murray (Marquette University Law School); Connie Pinkerton (Savannah College of Art and Design); Marc Poirier (Seton Hall School of Law); Amanda Reid (Florida Coastal School of Law); Marc Roark(Savannah Law School); Caprice Roberts (Savannah Law School); Jeffery Schmitt (Florida Coastal School of Law) and me.
I'm super excited about the conversation. I'm going to talk about just how much property law has changed over the nearly two centuries since the Candler Hospital was built. The building's lived through the eras of Native removal, slavery, and Jim Crow and now it's a place for learning law. I going to turn from the building's history and the traditional concept of property to focus on some of the progressive possibilities of property -- from the anti-feudal tradition that is deeply rooted in American law (and some of its contemporary elements, such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Fair Housing Act, and the rebalancing of rights between landlords and tenants by statute) to common law doctrines that help non-owners, such as the right to trespass on unfenced (and unmarked) land, easements by implication and prescription, implied servitudes, and doctrines that help free owners from control by their neighbors, such as restrictions on burdensome servitudes.
The Savannah Morning News has a nice article about the conference here. I am sure the conversation will be great and I hope to return with some more photos of Savannah.
Update As of August 2015: Here is my paper, Re-integrating Spaces: The Possibilities of Common Law Property.


text:
Cinema Project One war ein Kino-Open Air im Münchener Olympiastadion, das vom 18. bis zum 29. Mai 2005 stattfand.

Auf einer über 800 m² großen Leinwand, der größten mobilen Leinwand der Welt, wurden verschiedene Kinofilme wie Hitch – Der Date Doktor oder Traumschiff Surprise gezeigt. Idee und Umsetzung kamen vom Ingenieur Franz Kober.

Einzelnachweise

Olympiastadion München
Filmfestival in München
Veranstaltung in Am Riesenfeld
Veranstaltung 2005

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


It was September 4, 2006, around 10:30pm and I was in our dining room writing an email to some dear friends of mine to request that in the next few weeks, they'd send emails or give calls to my mom. I knew it was going to be hard on her. From where I was sitting, I could hear her crying in my parents' bedroom.
I was leaving for Mexico the next day. Not just for a short trip. I was moving there.
My heart broke for her. It was of course sad for me too, but I knew it was going to be hard on my mom (and my whole family too– but especially for her)– and that was harder for me than my own sadness of leaving. I finished my email and then spent some time with my mom comforting her and trying to make it easier.
It was at that point that I began learning the lesson that the Lord will give you grace for whatever He has called you to.
He did give me grace. I remember arriving in the Mexico City airport the next night. I was going through customs, getting ready to meet the training missionaries waiting for me. And I thought, Oh goodness, what have I done?
I laugh now. But it was a big leap of faith for me! My family came to visit me 4 months after I moved to Mexico and I think that trip gave us all peace to move on. It never became "easy" to say goodbyes, but we learned how to process through the emotions of the hard times of being away.
Anywho, where's this coming from? Well, more than a year ago, I went for coffee with a good friend of mine. As we were walking there, she mentioned that counting the cost for moving overseas would be high for her, as she had a little one she was taking away from the grandparents. I agreed with her, imagining what it must be like, but honestly– not really understanding.
I've been thinking a lot about that conversation the last few weeks.
Because now I understand. Even now, having my little one be so far away from her grandparents is hard. And we're only states away! We try to keep them involved, sending them pictures and videos of what's going on, skyping to let them coo at her. I know that it's difficult for them. The excitement of getting my little one's passport in the mail is bittersweet for them.
Again, the Lord will give grace for whatever He has called you to. For us, He will give us the grace to transition to a foreign land and patiently learn how to share His love with a people who do not speak our language. For my parents, I know He has a different type of grace for them to accept their dear ones being taken away. It's a good thing the Holy Spirit is called the Comforter.
When we were taking the Perspectives Course, during the History Section, I was continually amazed at the fervor and tenacity of the missionaries of two and three centuries ago. Man, they were the real deal. They left and didn't come back. They didn't have Skype. They didn't have telephones or Priority Mail. They didn't have hospitals or even translation dictionaries. They often packed their belongings in coffins they purchased. There was no turning back.
They counted the cost. They caught the vision of a passionate, saving God who wanted His Rescue and Redemption broadcast to the very ends of the earth. They knew their Savior who was the Greatest Missionary ever, who sacrificed His life to give them life. And they knew it was all worth it. The pain of leaving home. The difficult journey. The hours of study to be able to communicate. Sickness. Loneliness. Death.
They heard their Savior calling them from distant lands where He wanted His Kingdom to go. And they followed.
Honestly, my plight doesn't seem so terrible when I consider them. In fact, I usually feel like a wuss. The ache of only being able to see each other via Skype makes me thankful that we have the privilege and comfort to be able to see each other via Skype.
But, nonetheless, I must consider: is it worth it? Do I have what it takes to finish the call? It's unwise to just jump into it, like the parable Jesus told. We must consider– is it worth it? And if it is: am I willing?
Well. If I want to be a disciple of Christ, then I must be willing to give up all. If I am to be His child, I must recognize that all is my Father's anyhow. My call (and yours as well) as His follower is to be a disciple maker, and if I am to obey, then I must take my assignment sheet and find out where it is I am assigned. I really can't be His disciple if I won't obey Him in all.
Our assignment happens to be in a different location than my parents' and siblings'. For them, the cost (in this situation) is submitting to God's will and releasing us with grace to be obedient to the Lord's call.
The wonderful thing though is that it's not something we go about in our own strength. The Lord goes with us, gives us power, gives us grace. He sustains us, encourages us, pushes us further. And for whatever "sacrifice" we are called to make, He is always generous and gracious with us.
So, after zig-zagging across the mountain a few times, it comes down to the fact that we must keep our eyes fixed on Jesus. He is so worth it all. It's hard, yes. But if we love Jesus, we must obey Him. And when we obey Him, He is pleased.
Those are my thoughts lately. The truth of it gives me peace, but it doesn't take away the emotions. Still, I'm thankful for Skype.
In 2000, I took my first mission trip with Teen Mania to India. Rewind about 6.5 months. I felt SOOO compelled that I had to go on a missions trip that summer (cool story, perhaps for another day). I had a catalog of the trips available through Teen Mania and I had spent about a week trying to get my mom to take a look at it. Finally, the moment had come and we were sitting in the living room and I was a bit nervous.
That was all I needed to hear. I got her to sign the parental consent on the application, got my recommendations from people and sent it in. I spent the next month dreaming every night of what it would be like and was elated when I got my acceptance packet. I had from February till May to raise about $3000. God miraculously provided in unexpected ways. My whole family grew during the process and in June, my mom tearfully kissed me goodbye as she sent her little 15 year old off across the world.
God did amazing things that summer. People got saved as we went out and evangelized. Crippled people walked, the blind and deaf were healed. I prayed for a little 6 year old boy who had never walked and after a prodding from the Holy Spirit, I prayed for him a second time and he walked. At that site, people now responded to the call to believe in Jesus.
Fast forward 6 years later. I'm 21, it's January 2 and I'm sitting in my pastor's living room telling him I feel called to move to Mexico. He said– Janine, if you feel God is calling you to go, you need to obey Him. He later encouraged me in what were some next steps I needed to take.
The most daunting part of the process for me was raising support. This time it wasn't a "one-time amount" but monthly support. It was more of a commitment from people. It was a bit awkward for me now.
I remember telling someone that I called it "draising"… because there was no fun in it. It was hard to ask for support, but "unfortunately" it was how I was going to be able to minister in Mexico and follow God where He was calling.
-You don't have to feel guilty about support raising.
-Support raising is ultimately the Lord's responsibility. There are people that He is calling to participate, to join their hearts in the vision. So, really, my responsibility is "vision casting", not support raising.
-Just because there are manipulative people out there doesn't mean that support raising is manipulative.
-Support raising means that you can give your time freely.
-If you don't have enough support, it can really affect you– your health, your longevity as a missionary, your ability to minister, the reputation you show for the Kingdom of God.
Well, to begin with, smack my forehead at the thought of people sending support letters to people they don't know. Please don't ever do that!
But beyond that… there was a lot of subjects that seemed to come up in this post and the following comments. Those weren't all the comments, by the way. I, of course commented too, but that'll be for another day.
First, I thought– gee, a lot of people seem to have these thoughts! All of a sudden, I felt really vulnerable. Wow, is this the impression people have of me?? Honestly, I was a bit hurt. Not offended, but hurt. But I also realized that this post provided a great opportunity. More on that later.
No one likes generalizations. While I have heard stories of unfaithful missionaries, there are countless others I know personally who gave up great jobs to go on the field, who lived a minimalistic lifestyle, who suffered lack on the field…yet who were faithful.
While a missionary should absolutely live simplistically, I'd like to add: so should the person at home. I know personally, I used to have the idea that missionaries live dirt poor lifestyles, and that's just the way that it is. But I think it has become synonymous that missions means poverty. So with that mindset, the idea of a missionary looking stylish seems wrong. The idea of a missionary with an iPhone seems shameful. The idea of a missionary providing something nice for their child seems wrong….
Right. Before we judge others, we may want to take a look at our own lifestyles and see if it reflects a lifestyle that is advancing the kingdom of God (and there are many of those here in America who are living that lifestyle, I just wanna say). We shouldn't hold others to a lifestyle that we ourselves aren't willing to live with. But I'll not touch this subject any further for the time being.
In later blogs (because this has brought up a LOT of conversation between my husband and I), I will share personal testimonies of being on the field with lack, my own struggle with the idea of support raising, and things I learned on the field from missionaries.
We also realized that usually, people don't realize the costs that go into being on the field– things you don't even think of– like self-employment tax. Did you know that to be a missionary, you usually have to pay self-employment tax? Mine came out to about $800 a year. Anyway, we felt it was important for people to see the breakdown of budgets, as originally commented on in the initial post. So, we want people to have access to our budget– and if you have questions about it, you can feel free to ask. Because what seems perhaps like an unnecessary expense to you may in fact be necessary on the field. So, if you want to see it, please email us or meet with us. We'd love to dialogue.
There are many more blogs coming and perhaps even a video blog from my husband, as he has his own story to share. So stay tuned!


(IUCr) COMCIFS-L: Standard X- name prefix?
Subject: Standard X- name prefix?
work, or temporary additions not defined in the current dictionary.
with "X-"? (I wouldn't be too surprised if there is a "X-Ray..." name.
Next by Date: Re: Standard X- name prefix?
Next by thread: Re: Standard X- name prefix?


text:
The White "Clinker" [short story, 16 February 1918]
8 April 2014 · Leave a Comment
[Editor: A short story published in Aussie: The Australian Soldiers' Magazine, no. 2, 16 February 1918.]
The White "Clinker."
To-morrow, old man! There's a place where to-morrows don't exist. There's no to-morrows there! No to-days, no Mondays, no Tuesdays, no Good Fridays nor bad Fridays, nor any days at all! When you touch gravel inside a detention gaol, old son, its just TIME — TIME — hung, drawn and quartered into lumps o' work, and physical jerks! It's a brick kiln, that place, kid, and its damnably clean, logical and well-thought out in its arrangements. The law and order architects thought of most things, old son, and cut out anything sugary.
My son, that place is the quintessence of wowserism! A sky-pilot yapping about the future would be wasted there — there's nothing else to think about — it's all Future! . . . 'Cept once, there was ONE To-day. And number thirty-two made it. And he made — well — Thirty-two was on C3 landing, a row of little grey homes for naughty swaddies, and long sentence cusses at that — beauties, every one, my son, the very salt of the clink.
He had broken pretty nigh every written and unwritten law, and there wasn't a white spot on his military body.
When Thirty-two got going at his cell work, sandbag stabbing, I could just see his head through my top grating, and I timed my work by him. Why? Well, we weren't out for cutting each other's throats by speeding up with cell work and you can't get any warmer by turning out sand-bags at break-neck speed.
Silence! Silence! Yes, silence, old son, that was our worst punishment, and who could blame us if we found out ways and means of communicating.
Bang! bang! bang! went the cell doors. Thirty-two toed his mark and stood at attention. "Work out!" snarled old Clickety, the warder.
With a clatter, the rifles, utensils, and finished work were piled on the landing. Bang! bang! bang! went iron doors again; a jangle of keys, a shuffle of slippered feet, and we were free to enjoy fifteen minutes of what? — nothing!
Carefully screening my actions from the peephole, I rolled a beech-leaf toilet paper cigarette, and succeeded in getting a light from an improvised tinder and steel. The smoke was carefully directed down the ventilator. By holding my arm in front of the light, I could cast a shadow on Thirty-two's table. Five times I signalled, but Thirty-two made no response.
Something up, eh! Unusual for Thirty-two. Was a warder watching? It was always risky for Thirty-two to signal back for he had to face the peephole in the door. No, it could not be that, for he had his back turned towards me. Dopey or homesick, perhaps. Poor old Thirty-two! He had done two years of doubling to the tune of the drill sergeants, and had earned four months' remission of sentence. Could he carry on until his time was up? I often doubted it. The warders socked the boot into him more than ordinary. So, oh, Mr. Thirty-two, that's the joy, is it? A letter, eh? Wondering whether it was safe to read it, eh? Who has given it to him? Who has managed to crib a pencil? After a weak fight against the lure of the forbidden fruit, he opened the letter.
No. Thirty-two's luck was out, old son. The corridor warder had glimpsed him through the ventilator on the upper landing.
"Wot's yer little game now, Thirty-two? Don't yer move till I get down there!" Old Clickety the warder got down thirty-six steps from the top landing in twelve steps — I counted them. Thirty-two remained sitting! His luck was out alright!
A jangle of keys, a bolt was shot back, and I could just see the leering dial of old Clickety as he faced Thirty-two. "Gimme that letter!" he demanded. Thirty-two toed his inspection mark and stood to attention. "Gimme that letter!"
Not a word from Thirty-two. "Look 'ere! if you don't gimme that letter and tell me who wrote it, you'll get a D.C.M. as well as lose yer remission!"
No move from Thirty-two. "So that's it, is it? You think you'd like another year in His Majesty's Hotel, eh! Right oh, old cock! I'll see as how you get a pressing invitation. The menu'll be bread straight and water cocktail for a while. En if I finds out who's got that pencil, you'll be having company." Thirty-two never moved or spoke. He might look to be a poor specimen of humanity, a sort of cuss that fits a prison suit to perfection, but he held on dead tight to that letter. Whatever he was guilty of, he wouldn't peach on a pal.
"Strip!" snarled out old Clickety's voice.
He knew something about making a search, did old Clickety, but after about a quarter of an hour of it, he gave up the task.
Bang went the iron door again, the bolt was shot home, and Thirty-two looked up at me and actually smiled. Yes, my God, Thirty-two smiled, and spat out the remains of his letter!
He wasn't all black that clinker.
E. Shonk.
Aussie: The Australian Soldiers' Magazine, no. 2, 16 February 1918, pages 10-11
D.C.M. = District Court Martial
peach = inform, dob in
sky-pilot = a member of the clergy, especially a military chaplain
wowser = someone who is puritanical, bigoted, censorious, or overly moralistic, particularly those who aim to force their morals upon others (in the past, the word was especially applied to temperance campaigners)
[Editor: Added closing quotation mark after "remission!"]
Filed Under: short stories and anecdotes Tagged With: Aussie magazine issue 2, publication Aussie: The Australian Soldiers' Magazine, short story, SourceIACLibrary, year1918


text:
Drukarnia pijarska – drukarnia założona w Warszawie w 1682 roku przez rektorów szkoły pijarów warszawskich Wojciecha Haligowskiego i Benedykta Zawadzkiego.

Historia
Wyposażenie drukarni odziedziczone zostało po drukarni Elerta oraz po drukarni Schreibera po 1692 roku. Dzięki przywilejom królewskim nadanym w 1694 i 1701 roku oraz wstawiennictwa prymasa Teodora Potockiego z 1733 roku, drukarnia posiadała monopol drukarski na terenie Warszawy, prawo tłoczni urzędowej, pozwolenie na druk gazet oraz zwolnienie z podatków. Drukarnia działała pod szyldem Sacrae Regiae maiestatis et Republicae et Scholarum Piarum. Do roku 1717 była jedyną drukarnią warszawską. Wydawano w niej głównie: druki urzędowe i sejmowe, gazety, czasopisma i kalendarze.

W 1717 roku pijarzy utracili część przywilejów na rzecz jezuitów. Od 1757 roku mieli pozwolenie na druk czasopism francuskich i niemieckich. Wydawali dzieła naukowe, publicystykę i literaturę piękną (głównie autorów pijarskich). W swojej drukarni wydali m.in.:
Volumina Legum (t. 1-6, 1732-1739, 1782)
Ordinatio typographiae Varsaviensis S. Konarskiego (1753)

Wydawali również dzieła Locke'a, Owena, La Fontaine'a oraz gazetę Nowiny Polskie (od stycznia 1729 roku), przekształconą w Kurier Polski (w grudniu 1729 roku). Podczas działalności Komisji Edukacji Narodowej wydawali podręczniki szkolne i druki akcydensowe. Przy drukarni istniała księgarnia. Drukarnia została zlikwidowana po III rozbiorze Polski.

Kierownictwo

Drukarnią kierowali kolejno księża prefekci:
Bonawentura Raciborski (1732)
Walenty od św. Kunegundy (1734)
Felicjan Piaskowski
Alojzy Pregler (1751-1761)
ks. Tarczewski
Filip Zdziebłowski (1781-1791)
Szymon Bielski (od 1792)

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Bibliografia Literatury Polskiej – Nowy Korbut, t. 4 Oświecenie, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, Warszawa 1966, s. 117

P


text:
Q: Import csv files to google sheets from shiny apps.io download I have built a shiny apps.io server that takes csv files from the shiny apps project folder and renders them as simple tables with a download handler for each.
My department want to display / manipulate these tables in Tableau (don't ask why). This is a little tricky as they do not play well together. As a middle-ground, I have attempted to use google sheets. The workflow therefore is:

*

*shiny app.io publishes tables

*google sheet reads url of download handler (ie right click - copy link address)

*Tableau reads in table from google sheets

The issue is that the url of the download button is unique based on each session, usually in the format:
https://shinyapps.io/app/session/session_id/download/downloadPlot
Meaning google sheets cannot be pointed to it as every visits url is unique.
Is there a way to keep the download csv url static? Perhaps by changing the arguments passed to the download handler or using a different widget?
I have attempted to use embedded html using tags$a but the issues remains the same.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange