text:
package org.maltparserx.parser;

import org.maltparserx.core.exception.MaltChainedException;
import org.maltparserx.core.helper.HashMap;
import org.maltparserx.core.propagation.PropagationManager;
import org.maltparserx.core.symbol.SymbolTable;
import org.maltparserx.core.symbol.SymbolTableHandler;
import org.maltparserx.core.symbol.TableHandler;
import org.maltparserx.core.syntaxgraph.DependencyGraph;
import org.maltparserx.core.syntaxgraph.LabelSet;
import org.maltparserx.core.syntaxgraph.edge.Edge;
import org.maltparserx.parser.history.GuideUserHistory;
import org.maltparserx.parser.history.action.GuideUserAction;
import org.maltparserx.parser.history.container.ActionContainer;
import org.maltparserx.parser.transition.TransitionTable;
import org.maltparserx.parser.transition.TransitionTableHandler;
/**
 * @author Johan Hall
 *
 */
public abstract class TransitionSystem {
	private HashMap<String, TableHandler> tableHandlers;
	protected TransitionTableHandler transitionTableHandler;
	protected ActionContainer[] actionContainers;
	protected ActionContainer transActionContainer;
	protected ActionContainer[] arcLabelActionContainers;
	protected PropagationManager propagationManager = null;

	public TransitionSystem() throws MaltChainedException {	}

	public abstract void apply(GuideUserAction currentAction, ParserConfiguration config) throws MaltChainedException;
	public abstract boolean permissible(GuideUserAction currentAction, ParserConfiguration config) throws MaltChainedException;
	public abstract GuideUserAction getDeterministicAction(GuideUserHistory history, ParserConfiguration config) throws MaltChainedException;
	protected abstract void addAvailableTransitionToTable(TransitionTable ttable) throws MaltChainedException;
	protected abstract void initWithDefaultTransitions(GuideUserHistory history) throws MaltChainedException;
	public abstract String getName();
	public abstract GuideUserAction defaultAction(GuideUserHistory history, ParserConfiguration configuration) throws MaltChainedException;

	protected GuideUserAction updateActionContainers(GuideUserHistory history, int transition, LabelSet arcLabels) throws MaltChainedException {
		transActionContainer.setAction(transition);

		if (arcLabels == null) {
			for (int i = 0; i < arcLabelActionContainers.length; i++) {
				arcLabelActionContainers[i].setAction(-1);
			}
		} else {
			for (int i = 0; i < arcLabelActionContainers.length; i++) {
				if (arcLabelActionContainers[i] == null) {
					throw new MaltChainedException("arcLabelActionContainer " + i + " is null when doing transition " + transition);
				}

				Integer code = arcLabels.get(arcLabelActionContainers[i].getTable());
				if (code != null) {
					arcLabelActionContainers[i].setAction(code.shortValue());
				} else {
					arcLabelActionContainers[i].setAction(-1);
				}
			}
		}
		GuideUserAction oracleAction = history.getEmptyGuideUserAction();
		oracleAction.addAction(actionContainers);
		return oracleAction;
	}

	protected boolean isActionContainersLabeled() {
		for (int i = 0; i < arcLabelActionContainers.length; i++) {
			if (arcLabelActionContainers[i].getActionCode() < 0) {
				return false;
			}
		}
		return true;
	}

	protected void addEdgeLabels(Edge e) throws MaltChainedException {
		if (e != null) {
			for (int i = 0; i < arcLabelActionContainers.length; i++) {
				if (arcLabelActionContainers[i].getActionCode() != -1) {
					e.addLabel((SymbolTable)arcLabelActionContainers[i].getTable(), arcLabelActionContainers[i].getActionCode());
				} else {
					e.addLabel((SymbolTable)arcLabelActionContainers[i].getTable(), ((DependencyGraph)e.getBelongsToGraph()).getDefaultRootEdgeLabelCode((SymbolTable)arcLabelActionContainers[i].getTable()));
				}
			}
			if (propagationManager != null) {
				propagationManager.propagate(e);
			}
		}
	}

	public void initTransitionSystem(GuideUserHistory history) throws MaltChainedException {
		this.actionContainers = history.getActionContainerArray();
		if (actionContainers.length < 1) {
			throw new ParsingException("Problem when initialize the history (sequence of actions). There are no action containers. ");
		}
		int nLabels = 0;
		for (int i = 0; i < actionContainers.length; i++) {
			if (actionContainers[i].getTableContainerName().startsWith("A.")) {
				nLabels++;
			}
		}
		int j = 0;
		for (int i = 0; i < actionContainers.length; i++) {
			if (actionContainers[i].getTableContainerName().equals("T.TRANS")) {
				transActionContainer = actionContainers[i];
			} else if (actionContainers[i].getTableContainerName().startsWith("A.")) {
				if (arcLabelActionContainers == null) {
					arcLabelActionContainers = new ActionContainer[nLabels];
				}
				arcLabelActionContainers[j++] = actionContainers[i];
			}
		}
		initWithDefaultTransitions(history);
	}

	public void initTableHandlers(String decisionSettings, SymbolTableHandler symbolTableHandler) throws MaltChainedException {
		transitionTableHandler = new TransitionTableHandler();
		tableHandlers = new HashMap<String, TableHandler>();

		final String[] decisionElements =  decisionSettings.split(",|#|;|\\+");

		int nTrans = 0;
		for (int i = 0; i < decisionElements.length; i++) {
			int index = decisionElements[i].indexOf('.');
			if (index == -1) {
				throw new ParsingException("Decision settings '"+decisionSettings+"' contain an item '"+decisionElements[i]+"' that does not follow the format {TableHandler}.{Table}. ");
			}
			if (decisionElements[i].substring(0,index).equals("T")) {
				if (!getTableHandlers().containsKey("T")) {
					getTableHandlers().put("T", getTransitionTableHandler());
				}
				if (decisionElements[i].substring(index+1).equals("TRANS")) {
					if (nTrans == 0) {
						TransitionTable ttable = (TransitionTable)getTransitionTableHandler().addSymbolTable("TRANS");
						addAvailableTransitionToTable(ttable);
					} else {
						throw new ParsingException("Illegal decision settings '"+decisionSettings+"'");
					}
					nTrans++;
				}
			} else if (decisionElements[i].substring(0,index).equals("A")) {
				if (!getTableHandlers().containsKey("A")) {
					getTableHandlers().put("A", symbolTableHandler);
				}
			} else {
				throw new ParsingException("The decision settings '"+decisionSettings+"' contains an unknown table handler '"+decisionElements[i].substring(0,index)+"'. " +
						"Only T (Transition table handler) and A (ArcLabel table handler) is allowed. ");
			}
		}
	}

	public void copyAction(GuideUserAction source, GuideUserAction target) throws MaltChainedException {
		source.getAction(actionContainers);
		target.addAction(actionContainers);
	}

	public HashMap<String, TableHandler> getTableHandlers() {
		return tableHandlers;
	}

	public TransitionTableHandler getTransitionTableHandler() {
		return transitionTableHandler;
	}

	public PropagationManager getPropagationManager() {
		return propagationManager;
	}

	public void setPropagationManager(PropagationManager propagationManager) {
		this.propagationManager = propagationManager;
	}

	public String getActionString(GuideUserAction action) throws MaltChainedException {
		final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
		action.getAction(actionContainers);
		TransitionTable ttable = (TransitionTable)getTransitionTableHandler().getSymbolTable("TRANS");
		sb.append(ttable.getSymbolCodeToString(transActionContainer.getActionCode()));
		for (int i = 0; i < arcLabelActionContainers.length; i++) {
			if (arcLabelActionContainers[i].getActionCode() != -1) {
				sb.append("+");
				sb.append(arcLabelActionContainers[i].getTable().getSymbolCodeToString(arcLabelActionContainers[i].getActionCode()));
			}
		}
		return sb.toString();
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
The Royal Mallows are a fictional Irish regiment mentioned in the works of Arthur Conan Doyle.

By its title it appears to have been a Royal regiment, thus it probably had royal blue facings on their uniforms and a royal blue field for their Regimental Colours. The first battalion is described as "the old 117th", i.e. the 117th Regiment of Foot. From its high seniority number, it could possibly have been one of the Honourable East India Company's European regiments absorbed by the British Army and designated as Irish regiments in the 1881 Childers Reforms.

By the term "Mallow" it refers either to the town of Mallow, County Cork (Gaelic >Magh Ealla, "Plain of the Swans") or to a flowering plant of the Mallow family. Therefore, its regimental badge might either be a Swan or a stylized Mallow Plant (or both).

The short story "The Green Flag" mentions that the regimental depot is at Fermoy, so the regiment could be assumed to be raised in County Cork, part of the province of Munster, the recruiting ground of the real-life Royal Munster Fusiliers.

In Arthur Conan Doyle's Works

In "The Adventure of the Crooked Man" the victim, James Barclay, was Colonel of the Regiment, which was at the time based at Aldershot. Barclay had risen from Private to Sergeant on merit and was commissioned as an officer in the regiment due to his bravery during the Indian Mutiny (1857-1858).
In "The Green Flag", the patriotic Irish troops of the Royal Mallows rally to protect a small green Fenian banner during a battle of the Mahdist War. The Royal Mallows is partly inspired by the Connaught Rangers which recruited in the West of Ireland.
Professor Moriarty's second in command, Sebastian Moran, was inspired by John O'Connor (North Kildare MP), who was born in Mallow.

The "Real Life" Royal Mallows

The North Cork Rifles, a real-life British Army Militia unit on the Irish establishment, were headquartered in Mallow. They were the 9th (Militia) Battalion of the 60th King's Royal Rifle Corps from 1881 to 1908 and thus used the same cap badge as the KRRC.

The regiment is also called the Royal Munsters in "The Adventure of the Crooked Man", meaning it might be a battalion of the Royal Munster Fusiliers.

In Media

In the Granada television series The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes episode The Crooked Man, the Royal Mallows are portrayed as a Lancer Regiment with navy blue jacket with red facing colours and navy blue overalls with two yellow pinstripes down the legs.

References

"The Adventure of the Crooked Man"
"The Green Flag"

3

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Five displaced by Bluff Avenue fire in Schenectady Sunday
By Brian Lee | May 17, 2021
PHOTOGRAPHER: File Photo
SCHENECTADY – Five people were displaced by a fire Sunday afternoon at 615 Bluff Ave. in the Mont Pleasant neighborhood.
In an interview Monday, Assistant Fire Chief Don Mareno said the back porch was on fire upon firefighters' arrival just after 3 p.m., and people were inside when firefighters arrived.
Police officers were requested and helped evacuate the building because at least one resident did not want to leave.
The fire was reported at 3:06 p.m., and firefighters were at the scene within two minutes. The assistant chief credited firefighters for their quick work extinguishing the blaze in eight minutes.
There was smoke and water damage to the first- and second floor and attic, but the fire itself was contained to the back porch, Mareno said
Power to the home was shut off, and so the Northeastern New York Chapter of the American Red Cross was requested to assist the displaced individuals, Mareno said.
In a statement, the Red Cross said it provided financial assistance which can be used for shelter, food, and clothing to three adults in one family and two adults in another. Volunteers also offered health services and emotional support. One resident was eligible for veterans' services.
The single-alarm fire remains under investigation by the Schenectady Fire Department.
Saratoga Springs mayor unveils plan to save money on legal services
Categories: News, Schenectady County
MVP Arena ready to host Capital District Mayor's Cup hockey games

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Wall Street to open lower as optimism over trade talks ...
Trade and growth fears spark dash for safe havens
MMRSS
NVXGAL
TMP-income
This is the age you'll be most unhappy — and the No. 1 happiest country in the world (it's NOT America)
Fed up at 50? You're not alone.
"There is growing evidence from around the world that prime-age adults are struggling, and especially so if they have low levels of education," Dartmouth College economist David Blanchflower wrote in a study released Monday. "This is particularly apparent in the United States that has seen a rapid rise in deaths of despair, principally down to drug poisonings and suicide."
'All of this is happening with unemployment rates at historic lows in many countries with rates below 4%.'
—David Blanchflower, economist at Darmouth College
Blanchflower looked at 41 countries using multiple data sets to show how unhappiness reaches a peak in midlife.
"Many people are hurting," he wrote. "All of this is happening with unemployment rates at historic lows in many countries with rates below 4%, including the Czech Republic (2.2%), Germany (3.1%), Hungary (3.5%), Israel (3.4%), Japan (2.4%); Malta (3.4%); Iceland (3.5%); Mexico (3.6%); the Netherlands (3.5%), Norway (3.9%), Poland (3.2%), South Korea (3.5%), U.S. (3.5%) and U.K. (3.8%)."
Source: 'Unhappiness and age, a working paper by David Blanchflower
Blanchflower found an inverted happiness curve on 15 measures of unhappiness, including being in despair, anxious, sad, sleepless, lonely, tired, depressed, tense, under strain and more. He offered some theories as to what's behind this "unhappiness curve": First, people learn to adapt to their strengths and weaknesses, he said, "and in midlife quell their infeasible aspirations."
The only group that began to decline in optimism in their 70s were less-than-college-educated white people.
—'Unhappiness and age,' a working paper by David Blanchflower
Second, people compare in midlife, but perhaps unlike Instagram-scrolling FB, +1.77% millennials, they don't despair at their peers' lives. With the hindsight of time, they get a truer, more contextualized picture of people's lives. They may think, "I have seen school-friends die and come eventually to value my blessings during my remaining years," he said.
Third, Blanchflower said studies suggest that optimistic people live longer and show that "while both women and blacks became more optimistic in the '70s due likely to rights improvements, the only group that began to decline in optimism were less-than-college-educated whites — or less than high school in those days — precisely when the first wave of manufacturing declined happened."
In a separate report released last year, Finland was No. 1 out of 156 countries on the 2019 "World Happiness Report," followed by Denmark, Norway, Iceland, the Netherlands and Switzerland. The U.S. trailed at No. 19. The top countries ranked highly on all the main factors found to support happiness: caring, freedom, generosity, honesty, health, income and good governance.
Finland was No. 1 out of 156 countries on the 2019 'World Happiness Report,' followed by Denmark and Norway.
"Governments set the institutional and policy framework in which individuals, businesses and governments themselves operate," the authors wrote. "The links between the government and happiness operate in both directions: What governments do affects happiness and, in turn, the happiness of citizens in most countries determines what kind of governments they support."
The "World Happiness Report" polled 1,000 residents per country by research organization Gallup. Where necessary, Gallup seeks the permissions of national, regional and local governments. "Happier people are not only more likely to engage in politics and vote, but are also more likely to vote for incumbent parties," the report concluded.
More from MarketWatch
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text:
Historical Highlights of South Hills Country Club
On April 20, 1920, a group of businessmen and South Hills residents, under the enthusiastic leadership of Mr. C.L. Cooke, called a meeting in the Old Chatham Hotel, downtown Pittsburgh, to present objectives of organizing and developing a Country Club for the South Hills area on 78 acres of land lying Southerly at the intersection of Route 51 and Brownsville Road. At a meeting called on April 23, 1920 it was decided that the new Club would be called "South Hills Country Club" and the membership would be limited to 230 members with all those joining before May 1, 1920 considered Charter Members.
At the next meeting held May 6, 1920 at the Brentwood Municipal Building it was announced that 207 applications had been received. It was decided that the Initiation Fee for Charter Members would be $100.00 plus War Tax. Ground-Breaking ceremonies were held June 12, 1920.
On November 8, 1920, it was decided to increase the membership to 350 active members and 50 life members.
The golf course itself had been laid out and started early in the year of 1919; a rough layout without a name but played by a few that had the privilege before South Hills Country Club was organized and registered in 1920. Opening day of the golf course was May 10, 1920. It was played as a 9-hole golf course from 1920 through 1923. On May 1, 1924, it became a full-fledged 18 hole course.
In June 1938 disaster struck in the form of a fire. By October 1938 a contract was placed for rebuilding the Club. The Club was closed and all help dismissed from November 1938 until the formal reopening in April 1939.
Due to gasoline rationing during the war, the Clubhouse was closed from December 1, 1942 until March 31, 1943.
In 1944 the idea of a yearbook was adopted, known as the South Hills Country Club Roster to this day.
In 1956 a beautiful Swimming Pool was added to the Country Club complex.
A complete renovation of our swimming pool facility was completed in May of 2004.
South Hills now has one of the finest swimming complexes for our members to enjoy of any club in the area.
The lower level dining areas of the Clubhouse were renovated during 2009 updating our Mixed Grille Room to the Tavern on the Tee! The Tavern opens onto a beautifully landscaped patio which is also used for casual dining.
In 2012 the Main Floor of the Club went through extensive renovation updates. The entrance was expanded to be more inviting and have a chic modern feel. The Ballroom was updated with state-of-the-art technology, but has kept its tasteful elegance. The Lounge went through a transformation making it a sophisticated yet warm and intimate space. The focal point is a dramatic stone fireplace that is set off by the magnificent windows and stunning wood accents. The Dining Room's rich warm colors and graceful draperies add a refined style to the attractive space.


Tap The Thumbnail Bellow to See Related Gallery of "Blue Brown Comforter Sets Amazon Com 8 Pieces Beige And Stripe 104 19"
Image Title: Blue Brown Comforter Sets Amazon Com 8 Pieces Beige And Stripe 104 19. Filename: blue-brown-comforter-sets-amazon-com-8-pieces-beige-and-stripe-104-19.jpg. Image Dimension: 350 x 350 pixels. Images Format: jpg/jpeg. Publisher/Author: Werner Fadel. Uploaded Date: Tuesday - December 12th. 2017 12:48:26 PM. Category: Architecture. Image Source: dornob.com.


Come home to your Rocking chair front porch, 3 bedroom 2.5 bath plus bonus with a side entry 2 car garage on 2 acres in a cul-de-sac. This home will check off all of your wants in a home. Formal Living room with hardwood floors, Dining Room with Plantation shutters and hardwood floors. Enjoy preparing meals in the beautiful kitchen with granite countertops, gas range, glass cabinets, breakfast with bay window. Enjoy nights in the great room with a wood burning stove and ceiling fan, Upstairs features a large master bedroom, 2 additional bedrooms and a spacious bonus room. Outdoors play areas feature a large deck, firepit and lots of open spaces for outdoor activities plus a creek. Fenced area as well. This home has it all.


text:
Q: Tag inside of beautifulsoup not working this code does not print the list of companies as reqiured.
It does not reach inside first tag
If i write "print 'text' " inside first tag it does not print it.
BeautifulSoup is working for a different code written for different sites.
Any suggestion why is it not working?
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import urllib
request = urllib.urlopen('http://www.stockmarketsreview.com/companies_sp500/')
html = request.read()
request.close()
soup = BeautifulSoup(html)
for tags in soup.find_all('div', {'class':'mainContent'}):
    for row in tags.find_all('tr'):
        for column in row.find_all('td'):
            print column.text

A: I have BeautifulSoup 3 and this seems to work correctly:
import BeautifulSoup as BS
import urllib
request = urllib.urlopen('http://www.stockmarketsreview.com/companies_sp500/')
html = request.read()
request.close()
soup = BS.BeautifulSoup(html)

try:
   tags = soup.findAll('div', attrs={'class':'mainContent'})
   print '# tags = ' + str(len(tags))
   for tag in tags:
      try:
         tables = tag.findAll('table')
         print '# tables = ' + str(len(tables))
         for table in tables:
            try:
               rows = tag.findAll('tr')
               for row in rows:
                  try:
                     columns = row.findAll('td')
                     for column in columns:
                        print column.text
                  except:
                     e = 1
                  #   print 'Caught error getting td tag under ' + str(row)
                  # This is okay since some rows have <th>, not <td>
            except:
               print 'Caught error getting tr tag under ' + str(table)
      except:
         print 'Caught error getting table tag under ' + str(tag)
except:
   print 'Caught error getting div tag'

I believe you'd need to replace 'findAll' with 'find_all'.
Output looks like this:

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
General Dynamics F-111A
COMBAT LANCER F-111A at Takhli Royal Thai Air Force Base in September 1968. It is loaded with 24 500-pound bombs. (U.S. Air Force photo)
Capt. Fred De Jong in the cockpit of an F-111A. Already a veteran of an F-105 100 mission tour, De Jong was one of a handful of aircrew to combat test the F-111A in 1968. (U.S. Air Force photo)
F-111A receiving fuel from an aerial tanker. Unlike other tactical strike aircraft bombing North Vietnam, the F-111A had enough range that it did not normally need to be refueled in flight. (U.S. Air Force photo)
A 474th Tactical Fighter Wing F-111A aircrew stands in front of their aircraft before a mission. In September 1972, the 474th TFW deployed 48 F-111As to Thailand. (U.S. Air Force photo)
F-111A with a full load of 16 800-pound cluster bombs. (U.S. Air Force photo)
1st Lt. William Wilson, an F-111A weapon system officer in the 429th Tactical Fighter Squadron, ejected over North Vietnam when his aircraft was hit during a Linebacker II mission. After evading for five days, Wilson was captured. Wilson and the pilot, Capt. Robert Sponeybarger, were both released at the war's end. (U.S. Air Force photo)
The F-111A could change the angle or "sweep" of its wings in flight. This image shows three different wing positions. With the wings swept forward, the F-111A had more lift to carry heavier loads, and it could land or take off at a slower speed. With the wings swept back, the F-111A could fly at very high speeds. (U.S. Air Force photo)
Unofficial "Roadrunner Par Excellance" award given to Maj. Peter Gamage, an F-111A pilot in the 430th Tactical Fighter Squadron, at the end of his tour in 1973. (U.S. Air Force photo)
F-111A in Southeast Asia
At the start of Operation Rolling Thunder in 1965, the U.S. Air Force did not have an all-weather precision fighter-bomber. The highly-advanced F-111A provided this vital capability. Introduced to combat prematurely in 1968, the F-111A later returned triumphantly to play a key role in Linebacker operations over North Vietnam in 1972.
The poor weather common over North Vietnam prevented visual bombing by USAF fighters during Rolling Thunder. Although B-52s could bomb through clouds, they were not used around Hanoi for political and military reasons. The Air Force tried other bombing methods, but none worked well.
The revolutionary "swing-wing" F-111A offered the answer. Its sophisticated terrain-following radar automatically flew the aircraft at a very low level, even over hills and mountains. The F-111A's advanced attack radar provided excellent bombing accuracy. Developing its complicated systems, however, delayed the F-111A's operational use.
Harvest Reaper/Combat Lancer (1967-1968)
In 1967 Det 1, 428th Tactical Fighter Squadron, began testing pre-production F-111As under the code name Harvest Reaper. Though problems remained, the USAF sent six of these F-111As to Thailand in March 1968 for operational tests called Combat Lancer.
Combat Lancer F-111As flew single aircraft precision strikes at night or in poor weather at low altitude. The enemy had little or no warning because the F-111A crews did not have to visually see the target to hit it, and they could strike on the first pass. Highly praised by its crews, the F-111A did not need aerial tankers, fighter cover or surface-to-air missile (SAM) protection like other aircraft.
Though the F-111A showed great promise, it had serious problems. Accidents or malfunctions caused the loss of three F-111As and four crewmembers in 55 combat sorties (one mission by one aircraft equals one sortie). After the third aircraft loss, combat testing ended.
Triumphant Return: Linebacker Operations and Beyond (1972-1975)
By 1972, the F-111A was thoroughly tested, technical issues had been resolved, and the aircraft was fully operational. The F-111A and its crews performed brilliantly and with great success during Operations Linebacker and Linebacker II. They struck heavily-defended enemy airfields and SAM sites. Between October 1972 and March 1973, F-111A crews flew over 4,000 combat sorties but lost only six aircraft in combat.
The F-111A also had one last important role to play in Southeast Asia. In May 1975, Cambodian communists hijacked the SS Mayaguez. Search aircraft could not locate the missing ship, but an F-111A crew used the aircraft's powerful radar to find it. An F-111A also sank one of the communist gunboats guarding the hijacked ship.
Click here to return to the North Vietnam: Linebacker and Linebacker II Overview.
Related Fact Sheets
North Vietnam: Rolling Thunder
General Dynamics F-111A Aardvark
Boeing B-52D Stratofortress
Final Combat: The Mayaguez Incident at Koh Tang


John Warren Trezevant, the seventh child of John Farquhar Trezevant and Annie Vick Trezevant, was born on August 22, 1877, near Warsaw, Franklin Parish, Louisiana. He was called Warren by the family. He grew up in the family's dogtrot house on Hickory Ridge, on what is now La. Rt. 859.
John and Annie Trezevant had ten children, six boys and four girls. Three of the boys died as young children. The oldest son, James Vernon Trezevant, became a medical doctor who practiced in West Carroll Parish and served as a state representative from there in the 1898 and 1900 sessions. He died unmarried at age thirty-five. Warren's surviving younger brother, Charles Norman Trezevant, is profiled below.
Three of Warren's older sisters each married and had children of their own. His immediate older sister, Julia Emma Trezevant, died unmarried at age nineteen. He was reported to have taken her death with great difficulty.
Warren's schooling was probably typical for his time. His father, John Trezevant, made sure that his children were educated to the extent possible. He set up a school on his own property, which ultimately became Central High School, the high school for Franklin Parish. The Franklin Sun of August, 1989, reported: "In 1884 J. F. Trezevant, realizing the necessity of some form of education for his children and for the children of the neighbors, erected a one-room building on his farm. He then secured the services of S.W. Bearsford as the first teacher. The first enrollment did not exceed eight pupils. Among these pupils were Charles Trezevant, Warren Trezevant, and Ernest Pennebaker." I don't know when Warren's schooling ended. He was certainly literate and always enjoyed reading the newspapers.
On January 22, 1903, Warren married Eula Benton Foster in Crowville, Franklin Parish. Reverend Atlanta Moore, the Methodist minister, officiated, and the wedding was witnessed by Samuel Beresford, Warren's former teacher. Warren was twenty-five; Eula was nineteen.
Eula Benton Foster was born April 23, 1883, in Rocky Springs, Claiborne, Mississippi. She was the daughter of Columbus Homer Foster (1855-1947) and his second wife, Tennessee Elizabeth Drexler (1856-1887). Eula was the fifth of five daughters. Her mother died when Eula was four, and she was raised by her maternal uncle, Thomas Edwin Drexler (1855-1935) and his wife Lucy Hudson Drexler (1853-1926). To her they were "Uncle Tom" and "Auntie," who lived in Franklin Parish near Winnsboro. Eula was taught at home by "Auntie" and attended a local school for only three months. When she was thirteen she went to "finishing school" at the Natchez Female College for ten months. She then spent two sessions at the Louisiana Industrial Institute at Ruston. The Institute, which had been established in 1894, became the Louisiana Polytechnic Institute in 1921, and was subsequently referred to as Louisiana Tech. It was unusual for a young woman to attend college at all in those days.
After their marriage Warren and Eula lived near Lamar in Franklin Parish, on land Warren had been given by his father or bought from his mother. As a child in the early 1950s, I was driven to the site to see their first house, which was derelict by then. Eula referred to the place as Poverty Point. She later said that they were so poor that for their first Christmas dinner they ate squirrel. Their two sons, Thomas Drexler Trezevant and Foster Farquhar Trezevant, were born at the Lamar house.
Warren continued to farm. In the 1914 family genealogy book he is listed as a "planter." He was too old to be drafted into the military during World War I. In 1919 the family moved into the town of Delhi in Richland Parish, where he ran a general store. About 1930 they moved out of Delhi to an 18-acre farm a few miles north on Hwy. 17. Eula called it Bide-A-Wee.
The property was given to Eula by her uncle, Thomas Drexler. It is interesting to note that the place was probably located near the original Deerfield plantation where Warren's grandfather, James Peter Trezevant (1815-1860) had settled in 1852.
Like so many family at that time, the Trezevants were hit very hard by the Great Depression. In 1936 Warren had to declare insolvency. Meanwhile, Eula had received one-ninth of the estate of her uncle, Thomas Drexler, who died in 1935. To protect her inheritance she filed a Petition and Oath on March 28, 1936, to have her assets separated from any of her husband's so that she could not lose her existing and future properties.
Warren farmed on their home place and leased out portions of it. He also managed other properties that Eula (and possibly he) had inherited. As luck would have it, some of their property was part of the Delhi oil field, and around 1945 oil and gas were discovered on that property. For the remainder of their lives Warren and Eula could count on modest royalty payments.
Warren lived at Bide-a-Wee in Richland Parish until his death at age eighty-nine on April 6, 1966. Eula stayed in the home as long as she could but then moved to a nursing home in Tyler, Texas, to be near her younger son, Foster. She died there on January 27, 1977, at age ninety-three. Warren and Eula were buried in the Masonic cemetery in Delhi.
Eula Trezevant was quite literate. She read books of all sorts, did the family correspondence, and encouraged education as much as possible. It was she who kept in touch with the extended families connected to the Trezevant family—Foster, Drexler, Montgomery, Griffin, Ragland – and reported on their doings. She kept the records up to date, preserved papers and memorabilia, and passed on as much legacy as she could. The family can thank her for our having all the historic documents and items we now possess.
The family memorabilia had been passed down to John Warren Trezevant, as he was the only son of John Farquhar Trezevant who had surviving sons, Thomas Drexler Trezevant and Foster Farquhar Trezevant. Foster Trezevant had only one son, Robert Warren Trezevant (1941-present). I am that son; hence much of the family memorabilia was passed down to me.
"Beresford, Sidney W." Public Member Tree, Ancestry.com. www.ancestry.com (accessed November 15, 2013).
McMurry, Juanita. "It happened 50 years Ago in The Sun." Franklin Sun. August 2, 1989.


A scaffold is a handy resource on the construction site, but if it is improperly used, it can become a danger to your employees. Before your employees use the scaffolding, it is important that you review safety standards with them. In addition to that, here are some other safety measures to keep in mind when using a scaffolding.
Even if you and your employees used the scaffolding the day before and there were no problems, you should never use it again without first taking the time to prep it again. Every day, the scaffolding's legs and braces need to be checked.
Ensure that the locks are in place and that every other component, such as the guardrails, is properly installed and secured.
The area in which the scaffolding is being used also needs to be checked. Ensure that there are no wires hanging over the area and that all obstructions have been removed. Remember, there is an electrical risk associated with using a scaffolding around overhanging wires.
If any scaffolding is in need of replacement or repair, tag it with an "Out of Service" label. This will signal to your employees that it is hazardous to use that particular scaffold.
Each person that has to work using the scaffolding has to wear safety equipment. In this instance, safety equipment means a hard hat and sturdy no-slip shoes.
For added safety, consider using a fall arrest system. The system would use a body harness, lifeline, and various other components to keep an employee safe in the event that he or she falls while on the scaffolding. Always double-check each component of the fall arrest system before using it.
Although you and your employees might be focused on completing the project in a certain time period, never compromise safety for speed. While working on the scaffolding, employees need to work at a slow, steady pace. Working faster can lead to careless mistakes that can cause an accident.
Emphasize to your employees the importance of avoiding quick, sudden movements. This can cause the scaffolding to sway or even lead to an employee falling.
There are many other techniques that you can use to keep your employees safe while using scaffolding. Consult with companies that provide scaffolding for rent and review the state and federal worksite safety requirements to provide the safest work environment for your employees.


The Beta85X is lightweight, fast, 2S-3S compatible whoop drone.
The Beta85X is lightweight, fast, 2S-3S compatible whoop drone. The FC features an MPU6000 Gyro and a fast F4 processor. The FC features on onboard OSD and support smart audio for control of the VTX. The 4in1 ESC with BLHeli_32 firmware is 2S-3S (3S recommended) compatible and supports upto DSHOT 1200. The 4in1 ESC supports 16A continuous and 25A bursts.


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Russian Aircraft Corporation MiG, o RSK MiG, es una sociedad anónima rusa. Anteriormente Oficina de Diseño Mikoyán y Gurévich (), o simplemente Mikoyán, es una oficina de diseño de aeronaves militares, principalmente aviones de caza.

Historia
Antiguamente era una oficina de diseño (OKB) soviética, fundada por Artiom Ivánovich Mikoyán y Mijaíl Iósifovich Gurévich como «Mikoyán y Gurévich», con el prefijo de oficina MiG. Después de la muerte de Mikoyán en 1970, el nombre de Gurévich fue eliminado del nombre de la oficina, sin embargo el prefijo continuó siendo MiG. La firma MiG también opera varias plantas de fabricación.

En 2006, el Gobierno de la Federación de Rusia fusionó el 100 % de las acciones de Mikoyán con Iliushin, Irkut, Sujói, Túpolev y Yákovlev dando lugar a una nueva compañía denominada Corporación Aeronáutica Unida, donde Mikoyán y Sujói fueron colocadas dentro de la misma unidad operativa.

Desde 2010, MIG ha entrado en déficit.

Lista de aviones MiG

Cazas y cazabombarderos
 MiG-1, 1940
 MiG-3, 1941
 MiG-5, 1941
 MiG-7, 1944
 MiG-9, «Fargo», 1947
 MiG-13 (Mikoyan-Gurevich I-250), 1945
 MiG-13, 1950
 MiG-15, «Fagot», 1948
 MiG-17, «Fresco», 1954
 MiG-19, «Farmer», 1955
 MiG-21, «Fishbed»
 MiG-23, «Flogger-A», 1974
 MiG-25, «Foxbat», 1966
 MiG-27, «Flogger-D/J», 1973
 MiG-29, «Fulcrum», 1983
 MiG-31, «Foxhound» , 1983
 MiG-35

Experimentales
 MiG-8, 1945
 Mikoyan MiG-110, 1995
 Mikoyan-Gurevich I-270, 1946
 MiG-AT, 1992
 MFI objekt 1.44/1.42, 1986-2000

Rumores
Los aviones MiG más conocidos son los que fueron producidos en la antigua Unión Soviética, durante la guerra Fría; como resultado de esta, existen muchos rumores falsos acerca de los aviones de la oficina MiG en occidente.
 Los aviones que aparecen en la película estadounidense Top-Gun son realmente F-5 estadounidenses pintados con un mimetismo al estilo URSS llamados MiG-28, a pesar de que la designación de aviación rusa asigna números impares a cazas, y números pares a bombarderos.
 En la película de Águilas de acero 2, los supuestos «MiG» rusos que llegan a la base —porque poseen dos toberas— son en realidad Phantoms estadounidenses.
 En la película Águilas de acero 1 los MIG 23 son en realidad aviones IAI Kfir aunque, en los radares de F-16  los iconos tienen la forma de auténticos MiG-23.
 El avión MiG-31 de la película Firefox es un diseño ficticio para la película.
 El avión MiG-37 «Ferret-E» es una maqueta de plástico que fabrica la compañía italiana Italeri.
 Los MiG-33 y MiG-35 en realidad son MiG-29 mejorados.

Otros aviones
 El MiG-8 y el MiG-110 no son cazas aunque verdaderamente existen.
 El MiG-105 «Spiral» fue diseñado para ser un interceptador orbital, como su contemporáneo estadounidense Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar. Ambos programas fueron cancelados.

Todos los modelos de caza MiG siempre llevan un número impar, ya que el sistema de designación soviético reservaba los números pares para aviones de bombardeo y transporte.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial de MiG

Fabricantes de aeronaves de Rusia
Empresas de defensa de Rusia


ANAHEIM – The Ducks haven't had much to pat themselves on the back about. A great deal of their misery has been caused by the San Jose Sharks.
But Anaheim's 4-2 victory over the Western Conference leaders Sunday night at Honda Center salvaged a shred of dignity for the Ducks, who avoided getting swept by their Pacific Division rivals in a six-game season series for the third time.
Teemu Selanne scored his 599th goal to help the Ducks snap a five-game winless streak that for all intents and purposes has put them out of playoff contention.
Anaheim eliminated San Jose in the first round last year in the playoffs as the eighth seed in the conference after the Sharks entered the postseason with the NHL's best record for the first time in franchise history.
The Sharks and Ducks each sent eight players to the Olympics, tying for the most in the league, but the teams are separated by 26 points in the standings.
"This year, they've had our number, so it's nice to at least get one off of them," captain Scott Niedermayer said.
Selanne gave the Ducks a scare early in the third period, when his head and left shoulder slammed into the end boards after he failed to convert a pass from Saku Koivu and lost his balance.
Selanne remained on the ice hunched over for a couple of minutes before making it back to the dressing room under his own power, but did not return. The club is calling it an upper-body injury, but gave no further details, and said Selanne will undergo tests today.
Ducks center Ryan Getzlaf also left the game early in the third after reinjuring his left ankle, the same one that bothered him just before the Olympics.
He's listed as day-to-day and will be evaluated today as well.


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Matilda is a cave! Squatter's Filmnight
Caveman | 15.06.2006 14:31 | Culture | Free Spaces | Social Struggles | Sheffield
Film Night on Friday 16th June in Matilda, starting 19.30h.
Featuring the classical squatter movie Themroc (see beneath) and more delightful films.
Themroc (1972)
A film by Claude Faraldo
Themroc (Michel Piccoli) goes to work one morning, the same as every morning, but there's a difference this time - as the day draws on, Themroc realises he's had enough of the same old routine. While up a ladder to paint the outside of an office block, he ogles the secretary being dictated to by his boss, then his boss catches him and calls him into his office. This causes Themroc to snap, and he walks out with plans to send himself back to the stone age...
http://www.thespinningimage.co.uk/cultfilms/displaycultfilm.asp?reviewid=509
Themroc is fired by his boss. He goes into a toilet cubicle and grunts and growls loudly, like a mad dog. On his way home he enters a subway station. He walks down the line into the tunnel, howling at the passing trains. Themroc arrives home and is greeted at the door by his sister, who has her breast showing. He fondles her and she seems to like it. He then gets a sledgehammer and knocks a huge hole in the wall of his flat. He throws out his television and other appliances onto the forecourt below. He enters and leaves his flat via a rope ladder dangling from the hole. Soon, other neighbours start to knock holes in their walls, too.
The police eventually arrive, some in riot gear. Themroc and his sister throw anything they can find in the house at them in the forecourt below. The police throw tear gas cannisters in Themroc's flat, but he soon gets rid of them and gleefully throws them back and forth with his neighbours, who are all now behaving like Themroc.
http://www.wayney.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/themroc.htm


text:
Palmarès

Olimpiadi invernali
  a  nel pattinaggio di figura a coppie.

Mondiali
  Argento a Lubiana 1970 nel pattinaggio di figura a coppie.
  Argento a Lione 1971 nel pattinaggio di figura a coppie.
  Argento a Calgary 1972 nel pattinaggio di figura a coppie.
  Argento a Bratislava 1973 nel pattinaggio di figura a coppie.
  Argento a Monaco di Baviera 1974 nel pattinaggio di figura a coppie.

Europei
  Argento a Leningrado 1970 nel pattinaggio di figura a coppie.
  Argento a Zurigo 1971 nel pattinaggio di figura a coppie.
  Argento a Göteborg 1972 nel pattinaggio di figura a coppie.
  Argento a Colonia 1973 nel pattinaggio di figura a coppie.
  Bronzo a Zagabria 1974 nel pattinaggio di figura a coppie.

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni


Our Meal Plans for 2019-2020 offer incredible choice, flexibility and value!
You can add Flex Dollars to your account at any time for other things on campus such as printing services, laundry and to use at the Bookstore. The Meal Plan dollars cannot be used to purchase taxable beverages and snacks (e.g. carbonated beverages, potato chips, granola bars) unless you purchase these items as part of a meal. The Taxable dollars included in the packages above are intended to be used to purchase taxable beverages and snacks when you are not purchasing them as part of a meal. You can add additional Taxable dollars to your YU-card at any time.
Meal Plan dollars will be available as of August 31, 2019 and any unspent Meal Plan dollars will be transferred to the Taxable account at the end of the Meal Plan term on April 26, 2020. Any unspent Meal Plan dollars may be used in subsequent years to purchase food on a taxable basis if you remain enrolled at York U. Meal Plan and Taxable dollars are non-refundable and cannot be transferred to the Flex account. See Terms and Conditions for details.
The program fee provides a number of benefits to Meal Plan holders including an on campus vendor coupon booklet (valued at $80), on-campus food specials, exclusive events and festive dinners and other offers. The program fee in non-refundable.


Divine first name was found 1165 times in 34 different countries.
Surname Divine is used at least 3027 times in at least 27 countries.
Gender of firstname Divine is 81% feminine and 19% masculine.
Books: "Diviners" "Divine evil" "Divine Justice" "Divine Blood" "Divine comedy" "Divine fantasy" "Divine Evil" "Divines (Les)" "Diviners (Diviners 1)" "The divine message" "Divine comedies: poems" "The divine invasion" "The Divine Fire"


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Three woman who devoted their lives to God at a young age, accomplishing many wonderful things, and became Catholic saints. – affordable boarding schools and schools for troubled youth.
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Three Courageous Women Who Became Saints
Home » Three Courageous Women Who Became Saints
Courageous Women Who Became Saints
There are so many saints that we admire, and often the ones we hear of most are great men such as St. Valentine, St. Peter, and St. Joseph. Some people are unaware of the great stories that lie behind female saints. Beyond the Holy Mother, there are women who have done incredible things for those around them, all without a thought of what it might mean for them. While there are many, many more, here are three female saints that are largely revered by those both Christian and not:
St. Joan of Arc, Patron Saint of Soldiers and France
Joan was very young, only twelve years old, when she began hearing voices, telling her of God's plans for her. The voices, she explained, belonged to Saint Michael, Saint Margaret, and Saint Catherine. She was to lead an army to reclaim France from England and in full support of Charles the VII, who was then uncrowned. It was her job to see that he receive his rightful place at the throne. At seventeen, Joan approached Prince Charles and pledged her support, and Charles sent her to fight for France. She helped to win numerous battles in an age where women were rarely treated as human, let alone as an equal with men.
Joan's courage inspired and encouraged the men that she led. Charles, thanks to Joan and her army, was crowned the king of France, but soon forgot who helped him to get there. In May of 1430, Joan was captured by the allied Burgundy-English faction and put in prison. For a year she was persecuted and constantly interrogated, and the men wanted her to deny ever hearing from the saints—something she still insisted was happening. When Joan refused to capitulate, she was condemned to be executed. Exactly a year after her capture, in May of 1431, she was burned at the stake in front of a large crowd of people. She was 19.
St. Catherine of Alexandria, Patron of philosophers and preachers.
There are many legends surrounding Catherine, and she has been revered as a pinnacle of beauty and purity. Catherine was born a princess in a pagan family, and converted to Christianity at the young age of 14. She was well educated and very intelligent, stumping even older male scholars when they tried to debate with her. Catherine converted many people to Christianity, and a horrifying number of them were executed because of it.
Catherine maintained that she had a vision of the divine mother, Mary, and refused to rescind on that claim, or her belief in Christianity. She was imprisoned and scourged, then eventually beheaded. It is unclear what her exact age was at the time. Hers is one of the voices that Joan of Arc insisted she heard.
St. Clare of Assisi, Patron of Sore Eyes
Clare was born in the year 1194 in Italy. Her parents wished for her to marry at a young age—some accounts say at 12 years, others at 15 years—and she declined, insisting that she wanted to wait until she was 18. However, at 18, she decided that she wished to devote her life to God and the church. She heard the friar, St. Francis of Assisi, preach and felt compelled to follow him. She snuck away from her home while her parents were away and joined St. Francis on his journey out of town. She chopped her hair and went with Francis to the Benedictine Convent. Her father and brothers stormed the place, determined to take her back, but she grasped the altar and stayed insistent that she stay. She revealed her shorter locks and determination to remain. Just over two weeks later, her sister, Agnes, joined Clare at the convent.
Clare remained with St. Francis the rest of his life, living a poor and humble lifestyle. She cared well for her fellow sisters/nuns, and was faithful in prayer and deeds. Her face was often described as full of light after she returned from praying, and cardinals, bishops, and even popes sought her advice. She died at the age of 59.
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We can also help you in your search for other boarding schools for behavior, residential schools, military boarding schools or faith-based boarding schools. Trinity Teen Solutions, Inc. (TTS) is an adolescent, all girl, Christian Residential Treatment Center that specializes in treating mental health, substance abuse and co-occurring disorders. Trinity utilizes state of the art, evidence-based therapeutic techniques that have been proven and are widely accepted in the industry to be effective for treating adolescent girls. Some examples of the evidenced based therapies utilized in our therapy sessions are; Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), Eye-Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT), and Seeking Safety which is a specific program for treating trauma and substance abuse in adolescent women. Your daughter will participate in individual therapy, family therapy, and group therapy, under the supervision of a licensed professional counselor on a daily basis. She will also be seen by a psychiatrist for medication management on a weekly basis.By combining evidence based therapy in a Christian environment your daughter will be challenged to develop a new perspective on her life. Her healing begins when she is able to forgive herself and others, is able to recognize how precious and unique she is, sees and respects the value of her own life, and begins loving herself the way Christ loves her. Unlike other Christian Residential Treatment Centers, Trinity Teen Solutions is a small-all-girl, family centered atmosphere, complete with 24/7 supervision by highly qualified and trained staff. This small, loving environment provides a safe place for your daughter to rapidly build trust, feel comfortable about opening up about her issues, and begin the process of healing and overcoming her behavioral issues. She will be able to proficiently be able to develop and practice new coping skills so upon her discharge she will feel comfortable using the new tools she has acquired. A Christian residential therapeutic school for rebellious and out of control girls, girls with behavioral issues or academic failure.
Three woman who devoted their lives to God at a young age, accomplishing many wonderful things, and became Catholic saints.
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These men served during the First World War and we think one of them is listed on the Castleton Presbyterian Church Roll of Honour. He was featured in a lantern slide exhibition shown to the Castleton Congregation in December 1918. Do you recognise any of these men? Might one of them be a relation? Maybe you recognise the uniforms, or one of them looks like your dad? Was he from the York Road area of Belfast? Let us know in the comments below if you have any clues or hints to who they might be.
This entry was posted in Group Photos and tagged Alexandra, Belfast, Castleton, History, Lantern Slides, Presbyterian Church, The Great War, World War One, York Road. Bookmark the permalink.
Royal Army Medical Corps in what i believe to-be Sheep skin clothing. great pic.


Dreaming of Italy, my TEFL Internship in Rome!
Home >> TEFL Blog >> Dreaming of Italy, my TEFL Internship in Rome!
By Dina – United Kingdom.
I like to think of myself as a well-travelled, cosmopolitan woman. I grew up in London, one of the most diverse cities in the world. I worked for many years in the UK and Dubai within the corporate world of Banking, and Oil and Gas. But after many years, the spark that attracted me to the dynamic and fast paced nature of corporate HR, seemed to have changed. It was time for a new challenge, and a new experience that would compliment what I have already achieved.
It's never too late to learn new skills, and it's certainly always important to constantly push yourself to try new things. That's why I decided to sign up for the TEFL Internship in Italy.
What better than coupling a new challenge, with a new city, full of potential, new sights, sounds and experiences!
What more can I say… Not only is it the "Eternal City", the city of dreams, romance, architectural beauty, and of course great food. Rome and its people have a passion, a passion for life, for food, for fashion, and for living! I fell in love with Rome and the first time I visited at university, and to be able to live as a local for 3 months and get a chance to learn Italian, was a dream that I wasn't going to pass by.
Internships are an unrivalled way to experience the culture in the workplace, and of your new host city. Taking the initiative to intern or study abroad puts you above your competition, exposing you to work experience, on-the-job training, international work practices and the language. By doing the TEFL course in Rome I will gain an accredited qualification recognised worldwide. Whether you are a recent graduate, or looking for a new career path, this will be an unforgettable and life changing experience!
I am Peruvian and I need a bit more information regarding the visa paperwork needed to study at your place.
Hi Carol, we´ve just sent you an email.


text:
La Calle 28 es una estación en la línea de la Séptima Avenida-Broadway del Metro de Nueva York de la división A del Interborough Rapid Transit Company. La estación se encuentra localizada en Chelsea, Manhattan entre la Calle 28 y la Séptima Avenida. Es utilizada las 24 horas por los trenes del servicio  y, durante las madrugadas, por el servicio .

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Station Reporter — 1 Train

Chelsea (Manhattan)
Estaciones de la línea de la Séptima Avenida-Broadway
Transporte de Manhattan
Estaciones de ferrocarril de Estados Unidos inauguradas en 1918
Estaciones de tren y metro en el Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos de Manhattan
Séptima Avenida (Manhattan)


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text:
Нурлан Байузакович Ермекбаев (1 января 1963, Шымкент, Южно-Казахстанская область, Казахская ССР) — государственный деятель Республики Казахстан, Чрезвычайный и Полномочный Посол, кандидат политических наук. Министр обороны Республики Казахстан с 7 августа 2018 года по 31 августа 2021 года, воинское звание генерал-лейтенант. Владеет казахским, русским, китайским, английским языками.

Биография
С 1980 по 1981 — учёба на факультете химического машиностроения Московского института химического машиностроения (машины и технология переработки полимеров в изделия и детали). В период обучения был старостой учебной группы.

Весной 1981 года был призван в Вооружённые Силы СССР и принят в Военный Краснознамённый институт МО СССР (Восточный факультет). В период обучения состоял в ВЛКСМ, занимая должность секретаря комсомольской организации курса, был принят в члены КПСС.

По отзывам однокурсников, будучи курсантом, проявлял склонности к организаторской работе, изучению тактики и основ оперативного искусства, иностранных языков и занятиям спортом.

В 1986 году с отличием окончил Военный Краснознамённый институт МО СССР (при начальнике Института генерал-полковнике Магомеде Танкаеве, б. комдив 10-7 и 106 дивизиями ВДВ, б. командующий Северной группой войск в Польше) получив специальность «офицер со знанием китайского и английского языков».

С 1984 по 1985 — служебная командировка в составе военной миссии СССР в Народной Республике Ангола.

С 1986 по 1991 — в Вооружённых силах Советского Союза проходил воинскую службу на офицерских должностях в Ошской области Киргизской ССР, Восточно-Казахстанской и Алматинской областях Казахской ССР.

С обретением Республикой Казахстан независимости с 1991 по 1996 год работал во внешнеэкономических организациях, в том числе за рубежом.

В 1996 году окончил Казахскую государственную архитектурно-строительную академию по специальности «Инженер-экономист» (заочно).

С 1996 до 2001 года на руководящей работе в бизнес-структурах, возглавлял представительство ОАО «Народный банк Казахстана» в Пекине.

С 2001 до 2004 года состоял на дипломатической службе в КНР, Сингапуре. Был первым руководителем Дипмиссии Республики Казахстан в Сингапуре.

В 2004—2007 годах руководил вновь созданным Центром внешней политики Администрации Президента РК, был советником Президента РК.

C 2007 до 2010 года являлся заместителем министра иностранных дел РК.

С 2010 до 2012 года — помощник Президента РК по международным вопросам.

В разные годы руководил деятельностью рабочей группы по разработке стратегических документов, в частности Концепции внешней политики, участвовал в разработке Стратегии национальной безопасности, Концепции строительства и развития Вооружённых Сил.

В период с 2012 по 2014 возглавлял Посольства Республики Казахстан в КНР, а также Вьетнаме, КНДР (по совместительству).

С 2014 по 2016 годы работал помощником Президента — Секретарём Совета безопасности Республики Казахстан.

По информации независимых наблюдателей при Нурлане Ермекбаеве проведена реорганизация Аппарата Совета безопасности и был создан Отдел обороны. Некоторые эксперты отмечают активную роль Н. Ермекбаева в создании Министерства оборонной и аэрокосмической промышленности, в некоторых публикациях его также называли автором идеи создания в Республике Казахстан компании «Самрук» по образцу сингапурского холдинга «Темасек».

В 2016 году — Президент Казахстана Нурсултан Назарбаев (после резонансных террористических актов в Актобе и Алматы) принял решение создать специальное Министерство по делам религий и гражданского общества, поручив возглавить новый участок работы своему помощнику — Секретарю Совета безопасности Нурлану Ермекбаеву.

С 2016 по 2018 годы, за время пребывания Н. Ермекбаева в должности министра по делам религий и гражданского общества, реализован ряд инициатив: Президентом РК утверждена Концепция государственной политики в религиозной сфере; в Парламент направлен проект Закона о религиозной деятельности. В начале 2018 года инициировано переименование Министерства по делам религий и гражданского общества в Министерство общественного развития[5].

В апреле 2018 года в период вновь назначен на должность помощника Президента — Секретаря Совета безопасности, в которой состоял до августа 2018 года.

7 августа 2018 года назначен Министром обороны Республики Казахстан.

В 2019 году окончил курсы повышения квалификации по программе «Военное искусство» при факультете академии Генерального штаба Национального университета обороны имени Первого Президента Республики Казахстан — Елбасы.

18 марта 2019 года с учётом предыдущего опыта военной службы Указом Президента Республики Казахстан присвоено воинское звание генерал-майор.

6 мая 2020 года Указом Президента Республики Казахстан присвоено воинское звание генерал-лейтенант.

По информации из открытых источников, под руководством Н. Ермекбаева Министерством обороны начаты новые проекты развития и разработан ряд стратегических документов военного планирования, впоследствии утвержденных Президентом. Это такие документы как Концепция развития Вооружённых Сил, Национальный проект «Безопасная страна.

Некоторые военные аналитики связывают работу Н. Ермекбаева на посту министра обороны с акцентом на усиление военной разведки, Сил специальных операций (ССО), инициированием новой модели службы в резерве.

Также на период его руководства оборонным ведомством пришлось решение о закупе турецких боевых дронов  Anka, большегрузных транспортных самолётов   A-400 компании «Эйрбас» и российских зенитно-ракетных комплексов «Бук».

При нём во время пандемии COVID-19, в Казахстане, по мнению некоторых экспертов, в борьбе с пандемией чрезмерно широко и интенсивно применялась армия вместо сил гражданской защиты.

Отставка
31 августа 2021 года освобождён от должности министра обороны Республики Казахстан на основании поданного рапорта с прошением об отставке после пожара и взрывов на складе боеприпасов Жамбылской области Казахстана.

Позднее Н. Ермекбаев объяснил, что к отставке его подтолкнуло понятие чести офицера и генерала, что добровольная отставка означает признание политической ответственности, а настоящих виновников пусть определят следствие и суд.

С января 2023 года занимает должность заместителя Генерального секретаря Шанхайской организации сотрудничества

Кандидат политических наук, автор нескольких десятков статей, соавтор книги «Казахстан и страны мира».

Почетный профессор Национального Университета обороны Казахстана.

Имеет дипломатический ранг — Чрезвычайный и Полномочный Посол РК.

Хобби
Спорт (рукопашный бой, выполнил норматив кандидата в мастера спорта в 1988 г.).

В декабре 2021 года переизбран Председателем Всеказахстанской Ассоциации рукопашного боя, которым являлся с августа 2018 года.

Читает лекции студентам, слушателям и преподавателям высших учебных заведений.

Награды
 Орден «Курмет»
 Орден «Парасат»
 Медаль «Участнику локальных конфликтов. Ангола»
 Медаль «За труд на благо области» («Облысқа сіңірген еңбек үшін», распоряжением акима ЮКО № 1-267 от 29.10.2012 г.)
 Медаль «За вклад в развитие оборонной и аэрокосмической промышленности»
 Медаль «70 лет Вооруженных сил СССР»
 Медаль «За оказание интернациональной помощи Анголе»
 Нагрудный знак «Благодарность Президента Республики Казахстан»
 Нагрудный знак «Союз ветеранов Анголы»
 ряд других юбилейных медалей и нагрудных знаков
 Памятная медаль  «За образцовое исполнение служебных обязанностей в период Чрезвычайной ситуации»
 Ведомственная медаль «Ел корганы»

Примечания

Ссылки
 Обращение Министра обороны РК
 Тәрбие жұмысы ұйымдастыру туралы — Нұрлан Ермекбаев
 Об организации воспитательной работы — Нурлан Ермекбаев
 Наша главная задача с вами воспитать настоящего патриота и защитника — Нурлан Ермекбаев
 Н. Ермекбаев на zakon.kz
 85 % казахстанцев выражают неприятие деструктивных идей — Ермекбаев
 Нурлан Ермекбаев: «Мы говорим не о секуляризации, а о защите конституционного принципа светского государства, каким является Казахстан»
 «Степень запретов в религиозной сфере Казахстана ничтожно мала»
 В молодости пост на yvision.kz

 Фактор Ермекбаева
 Отставка министра обороны — шаг достаточно неординарный для представителей постсоветских элит

Государственные деятели Казахстана
Послы Казахстана в Китае
Послы Казахстана во Вьетнаме
Послы Казахстана в КНДР
Министры обороны Казахстана
Выпускники Военного института Министерства обороны СССР
Выпускники Казахской головной архитектурно-строительной академии


Changes used to happen slowly, now people deal with change daily. Globalization and technology have taken us to a new level of complexity, rate of change, connectivity and mobility. These changes in work and life have a two-way effect, presenting risks and opportunities, advantages and disadvantages, to employers and employees. How does this affect the psychological contract?
Changes used to happen slowly in business in the last century. They were anticipated and introduced gradually across the civilised world. People had time to assimilate them, learn to work with them and make the best use of new technology.
In today's world, as the rate of change of the social, technical, economic and political landscape accelerates, people are expected to deal with change every day. New technology explodes onto the scene almost daily.
Towards the end of the millennium, and certainly in the new millennium, workers became more mobile and enabled by modern technology, speed of change accelerated and markets globalized.
The world of work has now changed more than it has changed since the Industrial Revolution. Globalization and technology have changed everything we were familiar with, taking us to a new level of complexity, rate of change, connectivity and mobility.
Social connectivity and technological empowerment has changed our relationship to old-style corporate models. The free market and traditional capitalism have been seen to fail, and work has changed forever.
People now work in call centres rather than factories, they work in virtual teams , many jobs are outsourced and offshored, everything is online, many people work from home, job for life no longer exists, people expect to have several short careers, lifelong learning is expected, there is a vast amount of employee legislation, pensions are no longer rock-solid. Everyone is connected by technology, employees have ownership, work life balance is taken seriously, there is more equal parenting, social networking is a key part of many people's lives, social communities are important, and email changes everything.
Against this backdrop people's relationships with their employers have altered significantly from a generation ago, and greatly affects what is known as the psychological contract.
What is the psychological contract?
According to Wikipedia the psychological contract is a concept developed by organizational scholar Denise Rousseau. It represents the mutual beliefs, perceptions, and informal obligations between an employer and an employee. It sets the dynamics for the relationship and defines the detailed practicality of the work to be done. It is distinguishable from the formal written contract of employment which, for the most part, only identifies mutual duties and responsibilities in a generalized form.
The Psychological contract reflects the realities of the situation as perceived by the parties, and may be more influential than the formal contract in affecting how employees behave from day to day. It effectively tells employees what they are required to do in order to meet their side of the bargain and what they can expect from their job.
The term 'psychological contracts' or 'emotional contracts', describe the process of agreeing with the other person what they should do and the expectations linked to the responsibility. People can only be held responsible for something to which they have agreed, and will be more committed to delivering a responsibility if they've actively agreed to it. They might expect to be involved in discussions about time-scale, resources, budget, purpose and method.
Certain responsibilities are effectively agreed implicitly within people's job descriptions or employment contracts. But tasks that you choose to delegate will not be, in which case specific discussion should take place to establish a proper agreement or 'contract' between you and the other person.
The changes in work and life have a two-way effect; they present risks and opportunities, advantages and disadvantages, to employers and employees.
Workers are increasingly mobile, flexible and adaptable – they no longer continue working for the same employer for as long as the employer needs them. Good workers can easily find alternative employment. They are not limited to working in their local town, or region, or not even in the same country. Geographical location is irrelevant, for many workers, and will become more so.
In past times, trade unions were the vehicle for people-power. Connectivity via the internet and modern social networking enables awareness and mobilisation of groups of people on a level of sophistication and scale we are only beginning to understand.
Workers used to rely on employers for access to technology, now employers will progressively depend on employees for its deployment.
Employees depended on their employer to advance their learning and skills, and therefore their value in the employment market. Now employees are able to control their own learning and development, and a sense of self-sufficiency is developing.
Managers historically focused on retaining customers. Now they will have to re-focus and concentrate just as much on retaining good staff, with the right skills.
A new generation of workers has been conditioned not to expect a job for life. They expect and accept variety and change, where previous generations expected routine and security. They have access to substantial new technologies which will continue to evolve in favour of the individual, rather than the organization.
Leaders now need to lead differently to retain the best people, and to develop better relationships and reputation among staff, customers and opinion-formers.


For a SELECT statement, you have to specify the list of what will be selected. It can be objects of three types: fields of the tables and views marked by the user, aggregate functions, and arbitrary constructions entered manually.
To specify what field the function is applied to, mark the field or a group of fields in the list, then select the function that will be used and press the button opposite the group of functions with an arrow on it.
Use the DISTINCT button in case you have to select only unique values for the marked field. You can also specify aliases for columns of the results. To set or clear them, use the AS button and the edit box next to it.


text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{intro}

To execute algorithms on a quantum computer, one must prevent the accumulation of errors by monitoring and correcting them in control hardware. The monitoring is made possible by a nonlocal encoding of the quantum information in a redundant set of qubits, allowing for repeated measurements via auxiliary (ancilla) qubits without collapsing and destroying the quantum superposition of the logical degrees of freedom~\cite{Lid13,Ter15}. Parity-check measurements produce strings of bits, the so-called error syndrome, that must be decoded to infer the correction which should be applied to the logical qubits.

For an important class of error correcting codes, the syndrome identifies the end points of an error chain in a space-time graph of ancilla measurements. (See Fig.~\ref{repcode}.) The dimensionality of space can differ; it equals 1 in the repetition code~\cite{Sho95,Ste96}, 2 in the surface code~\cite{Bra98,Fow12a,Kel15}, and 3 for topological cluster states~\cite{Rau07}. The identification is not unique: there is in general no unique way to construct a chain of error events consistent with a given syndrome (the decoding problem). One approach to decoding refers to the optimization problem of minimum-weight perfect matching on a graph, which may be solved by the ``blossom'' algorithm~\cite{Edm65,Fow15} in polynomial time. The blossom decoder is sub-optimal~\cite{Fow13,Del14,Hei16,Bai17}, but it performs sufficiently well for current quantum hardware to achieve the fault-tolerance threshold~\cite{Obr17}.

The weights that govern the optimization problem can be readily obtained if one has a calibrated model of the sources of error in the system~\cite{Fow12}. Such an error model may not be available, and moreover the error rates may vary in time during the quantum computation. This complication has motivated the search for an adaptive decoder, that would infer the weights from the syndrome without requiring updates of the error model~\cite{Fow14,Com14,Fuj14,Ors16,Huo17}. Since the syndrome depends nonlinearly on the weights, this inversion problem is nontrivial --- a  recent approach~\cite{Huo17} employs a machine learning algorithm to learn the weights from the measured data.

Here we show that the inversion can be actually carried out by purely algebraic means: The covariance of measurements on pairs of ancillas exactly determines the weight of their matching. We demonstrate the method on the repetition code with time-dependent error rates.

\section{Quantum error correction and the repetition code}
\label{QECrepetition}

To set the stage, we summarize the elements of quantum error correction~\cite{Dev13,Ter15} that we need in what follows. The expert reader may skip this section.

A quantum error correcting code stores quantum information nonlocally in an array of physical qubits, such that it is protected from local errors (bit flips or sign flips). The encoded state $|\psi\rangle$ evolves for a cycle time $\delta t$, after which a set of `stabilizer' measurements is carried out. The stabilizers project $|\psi\rangle$ onto a state $|\psi'\rangle$ that may differ from $|\psi\rangle$ if an error occured during the cycle. The outcome of the stabilizer measurements, called the syndrome, identifies the error and allows for a correction. It is crucial that the stabilizer measurements do not measure the degrees of freedom of $|\psi\rangle$ in which the relevant quantum information is stored, otherwise this information will be lost upon projection.

\begin{figure}[tb]
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{repcode}}
\caption{\textit{Panel a:} Space-time circuit of a $d=5$ quantum repetition code. Five data qubits (green) are entangled with four ancilla qubits (black) by means of a {\tt CNOT} gate ($\oplus$). The ancillas are measured at the end of each cycle (blue boxes, spaced by $\delta t$, with measurement outcomes $\pi_i(t)$, $i=1,2,3,4$). A bit flip (red X) produces an error chain (red line) with end points on an ancilla measurement or on the boundary of the array. \textit{Panel b:} Syndrome ${s}_i(t)=\pi_i(t)\oplus\pi_i(t-2\delta t)$ corresponding to the error events in panel a). The measurements that are connected by an error chain can be separated in space, in time, or in both space and time. \textit{Panel c:} Alternative matching consistent with the same syndrome. The minimum weight decoder associates a weight to each error chain and finds the matching with the smallest total weight.
}
\label{repcode}
\end{figure}

The simplest example of error correction via stabilizer measurement is a one-dimensional array, in which a logical qubit is encoded into $d$ data qubits via $|0\rangle_{\rm L} = |00\cdots0\rangle$, $|1\rangle_{\rm L}=|11\cdots1\rangle$. In a classical setting, this would correspond to a distance-$d$ repetition code, for which one would compare the value of adjacent bits to identify up to $(d-1)/2$ bit flips. A quantum parity check achieves this goal without collapsing the superposition $|\psi\rangle=a_0|0\rangle_{\rm L}+a_1|1\rangle_{\rm L}$ onto the state $|0\rangle_{\rm L}$ or $|1\rangle_{\rm L}$. The parity-check measurements are performed on $d-1$ ancilla qubits, which are entangled with pairs of data qubits (see Fig.\ \ref{repcode}). Each ancilla measures the stabilizer operator $Z_iZ_{i+1}$ ($i=1,2,\ldots d-1$, with $Z\equiv\sigma_z$ a Pauli matrix). The stabilizer does not distinguish between the states $|0\rangle_{\rm L}$ and $|1\rangle_{\rm L}\rangle$ and thus preserves their quantum superposition. A bit flip error of qubit $j$ ($X_j$ error) is detected by the stabilizer measurements $Z_j Z_{j+1}$ and $Z_{j-1}Z_{j}$, which change their value from $+1$ to $-1$. A decoder may infer the underlying error from this signature and correct it without needing to measure qubit $j$ itself (which would collapse the state).

The stabilizer measurements in cycle $t$ form a binary parity-check vector $\vec{\pi}(t)$. The error syndrome
\begin{equation}
\vec{s}(t)=\vec{\pi}(t)+\vec{\pi}(t-2\delta t)\label{spidef}
\end{equation}
is defined such that an error event is signaled by a nonzero element $s_i(t)=1$. A single error event is not sufficient to diagnose an error, as $Z_i Z_{i+1}$ would trigger an error event for either $X_i$ or $X_{i+1}$. To identify which qubit flipped we match pairs of error events. As indicated in Fig.~\ref{repcode}, the match can be between error events that are separated in both space and time, at the end points of an error chain from ancilla $i_0$ at time $t$ to ancilla $j_0$ at time $t+n\delta t$. The error chain may terminate at the boundary of the lattice (corresponding to errors on the boundary data qubits), so some error events may remain unmatched.

This simple description to detect bit flips in a repetition code can be extended to the detection of both bit flips and phase flips ($X_i$ and $Z_i$ errors) and by encoding in 2D and 3D (surface codes and topological cluster states). The generic feature of this class of stabilizer codes is that the decoding entails the pairwise matching of error events in a space-time graph. The method of adaptive quantum error correction presented in the next section applies to this general setting, while for a demonstration we will return to the repetition code.

\section{Weight inference from error syndromes}
\label{weightinference}

\subsection{Formulation of the inversion problem}
\label{formulation}

We collect the binary output of the stabilizer measurements in the error syndrome $\vec{s}(t)$. The discrete time variable $t$ counts the error correction cycle and the elements of the vector $\vec{s}$ identify the ancilla qubits. For $N$ ancillas and $T$ cycles there are a total of $NT$ variables $v_i\in\{0,1\}$, arranged as vertices in a space-time graph. (See Fig.\ \ref{fig_graph}.) An error event corresponds to $v_i=1$, while $v_i=0$ if the ancilla has not detected an error.

\begin{figure}[tb]
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.4\linewidth]{graph}}
\caption{Space-time graph showing a pair of vertices $v_{i_0}$, $v_{j_0}$ connected by an edge $e_{i_0j_0}$. A few other vertices and connecting edges are also shown, as well as edges that connect a vertex to a boundary ($e_{i_0i_0}$ and $e_{j_0j_0}$). The line thickness of an edge $e_{ij}$ is proportional to the probability $p_{ij}$ that a single error affects the ancilla qubit measurements on vertices $i$ and $j$. We seek to determine these probabilities from measurements of the error syndrome.
}
\label{fig_graph}
\end{figure}

The vertices are pairwise connected by undirected edges $e_{ij}\equiv e_{ji}\in\{0,1\}$ such that $e_{ij}=1$ with probability $p_{ij}$. We allow for $i=j$, the edge $e_{ii}$ connects a vertex to the boundary of the graph. We say that the edge is \textit{on} or \textit{off} depending on whether $e_{ij}=1$ or $0$. The state of a vertex depends on the edges according to
\begin{equation}
v_{i}=\tfrac{1}{2}\bigl[1-(-1)^{\sum_{j}e_{ij}}\bigr].\label{vieijrelation}
\end{equation}
Each edge that is \textit{on} toggles its vertex between the states $0$ and $1$, so that $v_i=1$ if an odd number of connecting edges is \textit{on}.

The $p_{ij}$'s are probabilities of a single-qubit error that correlates ancilla measurements $i$ and $j$. Correlations of ancilla measurements due to uncorrelated multiple-qubit errors are described by weights $w_{ij}$. The weight $w_{ij}$ for $i\neq j$ is determined from the $p$'s by following all paths through the graph from $i$ to $j$:
\begin{equation}
w_{ij}=-\ln\left(p_{ij}+\sum_n\sideset{}{'}\sum_{k_1,k_2,\ldots k_n}p_{ik_1}p_{k_1k_2}\cdots p_{k_nj}\right).
\end{equation}
The prime in the sum indicates that the path should not pass through the boundary ($i\neq k_1\neq k_2\cdots\neq k_n\neq j$). For a boundary weight $w_{ii}$ the path terminates on the boundary,
\begin{equation}
w_{ii}=-\ln\left(p_{ii}+\sum_n\sideset{}{'}\sum_{k_1,k_2,\ldots k_n}p_{ik_1}p_{k_1k_2}\cdots p_{k_nk_n}\right).
\end{equation}
These sums over error chains can be carried out in terms of the matrix $A_{ij}=(1-\delta_{ij})p_{ij}$ by matrix inversion \cite{Obr17},
\begin{equation}
e^{-w_{ij}}=\begin{cases}
[(1-A)^{-1}]_{ij}&\text{if}\;\;i\neq j,\\
\sum_{k}[(1-A)^{-1}]_{ik}p_{kk}&\text{if}\;\;i= j.
\end{cases}\label{weightprelation}
\end{equation}

Given a set of error events ${\cal V}=\{v_i|v_i=1\}$ the minimum-weight perfect matching decoder searches for a subset ${\cal M}=\{e_{ij},w_{ij}\}$ of weighted edges such that each vertex in ${\cal V}$ is connected either to one other vertex in ${\cal V}$ or to the boundary, at minimal total weight $\sum_{\cal M}w_{ij}$.

Modern implementations \cite{Fow15} of the blossom algorithm \cite{Edm65} solve this optimization problem efficiently given an error model: A physical model for qubit errors from which the error probabilities $p$ and hence the weights $w$ can be calculated. Here we consider the opposite approach: can we infer the weights from the measured error syndromes, without an underlying error model? This is an inversion problem for Eq.\ \eqref{vieijrelation}, where we seek to reconstruct the statistics of the edges $e_{ij}$ from the measured statistics of the vertices $v_{i}$. The inversion is possible, in spite of the nonlinearity of Eq.\ \eqref{vieijrelation}, as we now show.

\subsection{Solution for edges connecting pairs of vertices}
\label{solutionlinked}

We first consider a pair of distinct vertices $i_0\neq j_0$, connected by an edge $e_{i_0j_0}$. (The case of a single vertex connected to the boundary will be dealt with later.) We define
\begin{equation}
E_{i_0\backslash j_0}=\tfrac{1}{2}\bigl[1+(-1)^{\sum_{j\neq j_0}e_{i_0 j}}\bigr].\label{Pi0j0}
\end{equation}
In words, $E_{i_0\backslash j_0}$ equals 1 or 0 depending on whether the vertex $i_0$ has an even or an odd number of connecting edges that are \textit{on} --- excluding the connection to vertex $j_0$. Note that the sum over $j$ includes $j=i_0$, it only excludes $j=j_0$.

We then rewrite Eq.\ \eqref{vieijrelation} for vertex $i_0$ as
\begin{equation}
v_{i_0}=e_{i_0j_0}E_{i_0\backslash j_0}+(1-e_{i_0j_0})(1-E_{i_0\backslash j_0}).\label{vi0def}
\end{equation}
Similarly, for vertex $j_0$ one has
\begin{equation}
v_{j_0}=e_{j_0i_0}E_{j_0\backslash i_0}+(1-e_{j_0i_0})(1-E_{j_0\backslash i_0}).\label{vj0def}
\end{equation}
Since $e_{i_0j_0}=e_{j_0i_0}=e^2_{i_0j_0}$, the product ({\tt AND}) of $v_{i_0}$ and $v_{j_0}$ equals
\begin{align}
v_{i_0}v_{j_0}={}&(1-e_{i_0j_0})(1-E_{i_0\backslash j_0}-E_{j_0\backslash i_0})\nonumber\\
&+E_{i_0\backslash j_0}E_{j_0\backslash i_0},\label{vi0vj0}
\end{align}
while the binary sum ({\tt XOR}) equals
\begin{align}
v_{i_0}\oplus v_{j_0}&\equiv v_{i_0}+ v_{j_0}\;\text{mod}\;2\nonumber\\
&=E_{i_0\backslash j_0}+E_{j_0\backslash i_0}-2E_{i_0\backslash j_0}E_{j_0\backslash i_0}.\label{vi0plusvj0}
\end{align}

By construction, all three variables $e_{i_0j_0}$, $E_{i_0\backslash j_0}$, and $E_{j_0\backslash i_0}$ are statistically independent. We denote the average by $\langle\cdots\rangle$, with
\begin{equation}
\langle e_{i_0j_0}\rangle=p_{i_0j_0}\label{ei0j0average}
\end{equation}
by definition. The averages of the $E$'s are unknown, but they can be eliminated by combining the four equations \eqref{vi0def}--\eqref{vi0plusvj0}. We thus arrive at
\begin{align}
&p_{i_0j_0}(1-p_{i_0j_0})=\frac{\langle v_{i_0}v_{j_0}\rangle-\langle v_{i_0}\rangle\langle v_{j_0}\rangle}{1-2\langle v_{i_0}\oplus v_{j_0}\rangle}.\label{linkedp}
\end{align}
The left-hand-side is symmetric under the exchange $p_{i_0j_0}\leftrightarrow 1-p_{i_0j_0}$. We may safely assume that the error probabilities are $<1/2$, resulting in the probability
\begin{equation}
p_{i_0j_0}=\frac{1}{2}-\sqrt{\frac{1}{4}-\frac{\langle v_{i_0}v_{j_0}\rangle-\langle v_{i_0}\rangle\langle v_{j_0}\rangle}{1-2\langle v_{i_0}\oplus v_{j_0}\rangle}}.\label{linked}
\end{equation}
This is an exact relation between the probability of an edge and correlators of the pair of connected vertices. These correlators are measurable from the error syndrome, without any prior knowledge of the error model.

\subsection{Solution for boundary edges}
\label{solutionboundary}

The probability $p_{i_0i_0}$ of an edge $e_{i_0i_0}$ connecting the vertex $v_{i_0}$ to the boundary cannot be determined by a correlator, since there is nothing to correlate with. We do have access to the average
\begin{align}
\langle v_{i_0}\rangle&=1-p_{i_0i_0}-(1-2p_{i_0i_0})\langle E_{i_0\backslash i_0}\rangle,\label{vi0average}\\
E_{i_0\backslash i_0}&=\tfrac{1}{2}\bigl[1+(-1)^{\sum_{j\neq i_0}e_{i_0 j}}\bigr]\nonumber\\
&=\tfrac{1}{2}+\tfrac{1}{2}\prod_{j\neq i_0}(1-2e_{i_0j}).\label{Ei0i0def}
\end{align}
Using again the independence of the variables, we find
\begin{equation}
p_{i_0i_0}=\frac{1}{2}+\frac{\langle v_{i_0}\rangle-1/2}{\prod_{j\neq i_0}(1-2p_{i_0j})}.\label{boundary}
\end{equation}
So once the probabilities $p_{i_0j}$ for non-boundary edges are determined from Eq.\ \eqref{linked}, we can use Eq.\ \eqref{boundary} to obtain the probability of a boundary edge.

\section{Implementation of the adaptive decoder}

\subsection{Convergence in the large-time limit}

We test the adaptive decoder on the repetition code of Fig.~\ref{repcode}, for a bit-flip error model: at the end of a cycle of duration $\delta t$ each qubit $i$ is flipped independently with probability $\gamma_i$. The time-dependent density matrix of the quantum circuit is calculated using the  {\tt quantumsim} simulator of Ref.\ \onlinecite{Obr17}.

We implement the blossom decoder without any prior knowledge of the error probabilities, using Eqs.~\eqref{linked} and~\eqref{boundary} to determine them from the measured syndrome data. We assume local sources of error and set $p_{ij}\equiv 0$ for ancilla measurements $i$ and $j$ that are not connected by any local error. In a nonlocal situation, \textit{e.g.} because of non-negligible crosstalk, a proliferation of negligibly small error probabilities can be avoided by setting $p_{ij}\equiv 0$ when the deviation from zero is statistically insignificant.

The adaptive decoder needs sufficient syndrome data in the training stage to estimate the probabilities. Since $p_{ij}$ is the mean of a Bernoulli random variable with variance $\sigma_{ij}^2=p_{ij}(1-p_{ij})$, the statistical uncertainty $\delta p_{ij}$ in the estimation after $N=t/\delta t$ error cycles is of order
\begin{equation}
\delta p_{ij}=N^{-1/2}\sqrt{p_{ij}(1-p_{ij})}.\label{eq:stderr}
\end{equation}
The requirement that $\delta p_{ij}\ll p_{ij}\ll 1$ implies that a minimum of
\begin{equation}
N_{\rm min}\simeq 1/\bar{p}
\end{equation}
measurements are needed for a reliable estimation of error probabilities of typical magnitude $\bar{p}$. After the training stage the probabilities are inserted into Eq.\ \eqref{weightprelation} to determine the weights which are passed to the minimum-weight perfect matching (blossom) decoder for error correction.

As a figure of merit we introduce a testing stage after the training stage in which we calculate the probability $\epsilon_{\rm adaptive}(N)$ of a logical error per cycle using the adaptive decoder trained on $N$ rounds of data. The error rates are calculated following the method of Ref.~\onlinecite{Obr17}, measuring the average logical qubit fidelity over 100 cycles. The combination of training and testing is repeated a few hundred times to obtain an accurate value of $\epsilon_{\rm adaptive}(N)$. We compare this with the probability $\epsilon_{0}$ that would follow from a blossom decoder with pre-determined weights calculated from the error model. The relative error
\begin{equation}
\Delta=\epsilon_{\rm adaptive}/\epsilon_0-1\label{eq:reldecerr}
\end{equation}
measures how well the adaptive decoder has converged to the ideal blossom decoder.

Results are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:convergence}, for a depth $d=3$ repetition code with uniform single-qubit error rate $\gamma_i=5\cdot 10^{-3}$. We observe a power law convergence $\Delta\propto N^{-\alpha}$ with $\alpha\approx 1.2$. (We do not have an analytical result for this exponent.)

\begin{figure}[tb]
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{depth3convergence}}
\caption{Convergence of the adaptive decoder towards the ideal blossom decoder, as determined by the relative decoder error $\Delta$ as a function of the number of cycles $N$ used to estimate the error probabilities in the training stage. Each data point with error bars results from the repetition of $400$ training stages, the inset shows the statistics for one particular data point. The dashed line through the data points is a guide to the eye.
}
\label{fig:convergence}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Performance in a time-dependent environment}

\begin{figure}[tb]
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{Medium_fluctuations_no_bars}}
\caption{Performance of the adaptive decoder in the presence of a fluctuating noise ($d=3$, $\gamma_i=0.005$ for data qubits, $\gamma_i=0.005+0.005\sin(\pi t/10^4\delta t)$ for ancilla qubits) using three different time windows $T=N\delta t$ for the error estimation. The average over 200 training stages is compared to a blossom decoder (black) with optimally chosen weights at every point in time. Small time windows suffer from sampling error, but adapt quickly to changing error rates, while a decoder with a larger time window lags behind. The optimal time window that balances the two effects is around $T=2000\,\delta t$ in this case.
}
\label{fig:fluctuations}
\end{figure}

The adaptive decoder can be readily applied to sources of noise that vary in time, by recalibration of the weights as time proceeds. We implement this by estimating the error probabilities at time $t$ from the syndrome data in the time interval $(t-T,t)$. The optimal time window $T=N\delta t$ should not be too short in view of the statistical error~\eqref{eq:stderr}, and it should not be too large in view of the variation $\omega T p_{ij}$ of the probabilities in the time-dependent environment (with characteristic frequency $\omega$). The sum of these sources of error is minimized for
\begin{equation}
N_{\rm opt}\simeq(p_{ij}\omega^2\delta t^2)^{-1/3}\Rightarrow\delta p_{ij}^{\rm opt}\simeq p_{ij}^{2/3}(\omega\delta t)^{1/3}\label{eq:opt_timewindow}.
\end{equation}
The adaptive decoder fails if the noise fluctuates too rapidly to acquire sufficient data for the probability estimation. The condition $\delta p_{ij}^{\rm opt}\ll p_{ij}$ implies an upper bound
\begin{equation}
\omega_c\simeq \bar{p}/\delta t
\end{equation}
on the frequency of the noise variations that is adaptable for a typical error probability $\bar{p}$.

We test the adaptive decoder in the presence of time dependent errors by taking $\gamma_i=\gamma_0$ for the data qubits and $\gamma_i=\gamma_0(1+\sin\omega t)$ for the ancilla qubits (with $\gamma_0=5\cdot 10^{-3}$ and $2\pi/\omega=2\cdot 10^4\,\delta t$). The predicted optimal time window at this frequency, for $\bar{p}=5\cdot10^{-3}$, is $N_{\rm opt}\approx1265$. As shown in Fig.\ \ref{fig:fluctuations}, when a larger window $N\gg N_{\rm opt}$ is used, the decoder experiences a time lag in determining optimal weights; for a smaller window $N<N_{\rm opt}$ the weight estimation is degraded by sampling errors.

\section{Conclusion}
We have demonstrated that it is possible to analytically calculate the underlying error probabilities from measured error syndromes in a broad class of stabilizer codes. As this requires inverting a set of non-linear equations, it is surprising that it should be possible at all, let alone with such small overhead. Because the inversion is exact, the convergence of our adaptive decoder to the ideal blossom decoder should be optimal in the absence of additional information about the error rates. This implies that fluctuations faster than a critical frequency $\omega_c$ are uncorrectable; we have estimated $\omega_c\simeq \bar{p}/\delta t$, with $\bar{p}$ the single-qubit error probability and $\delta t$ the duration of one error-correction cycle. Such rapid fluctuations will contribute relatively more to the logical error rate of a quantum error correcting code than slow fluctuations to which the decoder can adapt.

It would be interesting for future work to test the adaptive decoder on more complex noise models, where the optimal window must be chosen for an entire noise frequency spectrum, instead of for a single frequency. We expect white noise to be significantly worse for quantum error correction than $1/f$ noise, due to the much larger contributions from high frequencies. Future work could also extend our results to simulations of the surface code or topological cluster states.

\acknowledgments

This research was supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO/OCW) an ERC Synergy Grant, and by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI), Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA), via the U.S. Army Research Office grant W911NF-16-1-0071. The views and conclusions contained herein are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies or endorsements, either expressed or implied, of the ODNI, IARPA, or the U.S. Government. The U.S. Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for Governmental purposes notwithstanding any copyright annotation thereon.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Mark Moser
Region President – East
Mark Moser was promoted to Region President – East with Republic National Distributing Company (RNDC) in October 2019. He is responsible for the overall development and performance of the RNDC business in Florida, South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, and D.C.; as well as the National Distributing Company (NDC) business in Georgia and New Mexico.
Prior to this role, Mark was the Executive Vice President of NDC in Georgia and also managed the NDC business in New Mexico.
Mark started his career with the distributor tier in 1990 as a Division Manager of Wine in Dallas, Texas before advancing to the position of Vice President, where he led the wine and spirits teams for North Texas. In 2000, he relocated to Houston to assume the top leadership position of Executive Vice President. Mark held that position until 2007 before being promoted to the role of Executive Vice President of RNDC Arizona.
In 2011, Mark was selected to lead a joint venture between RNDC and Young's Market Company in Arizona. During his tenure, he played a significant role in leading the Arizona team in a very competitive market, while growing market share and strengthening its position in this strategic state.
Prior to joining the distribution tier, Mark worked for the E. & J. Gallo Winery for five years in multiple markets including Kentucky, Texas, Colorado, and New Mexico.
Mark is a graduate of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill with a Bachelor of Science in Industrial Relations. He has 35 years of industry experience, beginning with the E. & J. Gallo organization in 1985.
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