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Synthesis and Characterization of Ti-Si-C-N Nanocomposite Coatings Prepared by a Filtered Vacuum Arc with Organosilane Precursors
By Seunghun Lee, P. Vijai Bharathy, T. Elangovan, Do-Geun Kim and Jong-Kuk Kim
Submitted: February 29th 2012Reviewed: June 26th 2012Published: September 27th 2012
Home > Books > Nanocomposites - New Trends and Developments
Seunghun Lee
Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon, Republic of Korea
P. Vijai Bharathy
T. Elangovan
Do-Geun Kim*
Jong-Kuk Kim
*Address all correspondence to: dogeunkim@kims.re.kr
NanocompositesNew Trends and DevelopmentsEdited by Farzad Ebrahimi
Nanocomposites - New Trends and Developments
Edited by Farzad Ebrahimi
Many deposition tools such as magnetron sputtering, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), arc ion plating (AIP), and filtered vacuum arc (FVA) have been introduced for synthesizing nanocomposite films. Table 1 summarizes previous works of nanocomposite coatings. Nanocomposites based on TiN have been investigated dominantly with the incorporation of silicon or carbon contents. The incorporation methods such as an alloy arc cathode, addition of reactive gas, and additional magnetron sputtering have been used to deposit ternary or quaternary composition nanocomposite films. The magnetron sputtering and PECVD have been firstly used to grow nanocomposite films due to the simplicity of controlling a composition ratio becuase precise control of additional components is important to make a nanocomposite structure. For example, Ti-Si-N nanocomposite films have showed the maximum hardness at Si content of 9±1 at.% [1]. After that, a vacuum arc discharge has been applied to the nanocomposite coatings becuase the vacuum arc process has many advantages against other CVD or PVD processes. A vacuum arc plasma exhibits high ionization ratio more than 90%. Also the ion energy in a vacuum arc is in the range of 10-100 eV. Hence, the effect of ion energy on the film structure appears significantly [2]. Nevertheless, the vacuum arc method cannot avoid the problem of macro particles. Macro particles generated from arc spots are the main drawback of the vacuum arc process. The macro particles form micro cracks or pin holes, resulting in a bad corrosion resistance when coatings are exposed in some corrosive environments.
In FVA, magnetic filters have been introduced to transport plasma except the macro particles. The filters transport charged particles selectively using electromagnetic fields. However, neutral macro particles collide with a wall by an inertia drift. Main issues are the efficient removal of the macro particles and the minimization of ion loss through a magnetic filter wall. The effective way to reduce the macro particles is based on the spatial separation of the trajectories of macro particles and ions [3]. If the magnetic field is curved such as the field inside a curved solenoid, electrons follow the curvature. The electrons are said to be magnetized. In contrast, ions are usually not magnetized because the gyration radius of ion is much larger than that of electron. Nevertheless the ions are forced to follow the magnetic field lines due to the electric fields between electrons and ions. Therefore ions and electrons are transported along magnetic field lines [4]. Various FVA methods have been widely applied to the nanocomposite deposition without any macro particle problems. Magnetic filtering technology removes efficiently the macro particles and result in a smooth film surface [5,6].
Method Material Hardness Ref.
Arc Ti-Si-N 45 GPa [1]
Arc Ti-Al-N/Cr-N 37 GPa [7]
Arc Ti-Al-Si-N 34 GPa, 42.4 GPa [8,9]
Arc Ti-Al-N 35.5 GPa [10]
Arc, magnetron sputter TiN-Cu, CrN-Cu, MoN-Cu 27-42 GPa [11]
Arc, magnetron sputter Ti-Si-N 45-55 GPa [12,13]
FVA, magnetron sputter Ti-Si-N 45 GPa [14]
FVA, magnetron sputter, E-beam evaporation Ti-Cr-N,Ti-B-C 43.2 GPa [15,16]
FVA Ti-Si-N 40.1 GPa, [17]
PECVD Ti-Si-N 3500 HK(kg/mm2), 40 GPa [18,19]
PECVD Ti-Si-C-N 48 GPa [20]
Magnetron sputter Ti-Si-N 38GPa, 45 GPa [22,23]
Nanocomposite coatings by various methods.
Several studies found the maximum efficiency and the optimum condition for the curved magnetic filters. An analysis of plasma motion along the toroidal magnetic field has been shown that plasma that is transported by the magnetic field in a guiding duct should satisfy the following relation [24],
B>MiV3/ZeaE1
where Mi is the ion mass, Vo is the translational velocity, Z is the charge multiplicity of the ion, e is the electron charge, and a is the minor radius of the plasma guiding duct. The transport of heavy metal ions having an energy of even a few tens of eV requires strong magnetic field above 1 Tesla to fulfill the inequality in Eq. (1). However, it is practically impossible to provide a stable burning of the direct current arc discharge in the strong magnetic field. Therefore, it is reasonable to consider heavy-element plasma flow transport in a curvilinear system with crossed electric and magnetic fields using the principles of plasma optics as a guide [25,26]. In this case, the required magnetic field is determined by the following condition, ρe< a <ρi, where ρe and ρi are the electron and ion Larmor radius, respectively. The required field is significantly lower than the fields defined by the expression in Eq. (1). Electron Larmor radius is
re= (mekTe)1/2/ eBE2
where me is the electron mass, k is Boltzmann constant, and Te is the electron temperature.
Note that electrons are only magnetized, while the ions are not. The electrons move along the magnetic field lines. Due to the highly conductive plasma, the magnetic field lines are equi-potentials. Considering a plasma diffusion in vacuum, electrons have higher mobility than ions due to smaller mass except at a sheath boundary. However, electrons expand with the same velocity as ions because electrostatic forces keep the electrons and ions together. And a cross field diffusion is given by the Bohm formula, DB= kTe/16B, though the cross field diffusion coefficient, D, is proportional to B-2 in the classical theory[27].
Anders mentioned about the criterion of system efficient, Ks, which is generally considered as the ratio of the total ion flow at the exit of the system, Ii, to the arc discharge current, Ia, as follows,
Ks=Ii/IaE3
The system coefficient is typically 1% [6]. There is a general agreement that the transport efficiency is maximized by focusing the plasma into the duct and biasing the duct to a positive potential of 20 V. Predictions of the available maximum transmission vary between 11 and 25% depending on the ion energy [28]. In practice, the transport of plasma produced by pulsed high current arcs (HCA) was showed that the system coefficient was 7% [6]. For linear FVA, the maximum value of the system efficiency reached 8% when arc current Ia was adjusted in the range of 100–110 A and the magnetic filter field was ~ 20 mT [29].
To supplement the accuracy of system coefficient, a particle system coefficient, Kp, is proposed to eliminate the influence of the various ion charge states by considering the mean ion charge state, Zav, of the used metal as follows.
Kp=Ii/ZavIaE4
Because the average ion charge state is taken into account, the particle system coefficient is more closely related to the deposition rate [30]. However this can be particularly insufficient for filter optimization when the system used a graphite cathode that generates solid rebounding macro particles.
The problem has been solved by the numerical calculation of the particle trajectories using a two-dimensional approximation [31]. In the calculation, it assumes that the macro particles are solid spheres, the inner surfaces of the plasma guide, and the intercepting fins are smooth, the repulsion of particles from a guiding duct wall is partially elastic, the particles are emitted froma cathode spot with equi-probability in any direction. The computing results make it possible to estimate the ratio of the pass of macro particle flow,Nex, to the flow, Nent, generated by the cathode spot. The ratio Nex/Nent characterizes the likelihood of an macro particle passing through the system. The results of simulations indicate that the absence of a direct line-of-sight between the cathode and the substrate is not always sufficient to provide the required degree of macro particle removal from the plasma. The results of computations performed for various magnetic filters are presented in Table 2 [27].
Filter type Knee (45°) Torus (45°) Rectang. Dome Torus (90°) Retil. Radial Wide apert.
Nex/Nent [%] (predicted) 1.7 25.0 17.0 1.7 0 4.4 0 0
Transport [%] (measured) 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 1.5 1.8 8.4 ~6.0
Fitlering (Nex/Nent) and transporting properties of magnetic plasma filters [27].
There are various types of filters as shown in Fig. 1[32]. Most types are used magnetic fields to transport plasma without macro particles. Several types only use the collisional reduction of macro particles. In most cases a plasma is transported from the cathode to the substrate, and the droplets are eliminated by a plasma transportation wall, guiding duct. Many review papers of the filtered arc system and technology have been reported [6,33-38]. A typical filtered arc system with its different electromagnetic plasma transportation duct or droplet filter configurations is shown in Fig. 1(a)–(h). Electromagnetic coils transporting plasma in the out of line of sight direction can be positioned in the chamber, instead of placing them outside of the filter duct. The off-plane double bend filter is nicknamed FCVA and is now commercially available [39,40]. Most FAD units have electromagnetic coils outside of the plasma duct and have baffles inside the duct wall. However, some types have freestanding coils inside the plasma duct or the chamber. Other interesting filters have been developed. Examples are shown in Fig. 1(i)–(l). In the Venetian-blind filter, the plasma passes between the vane lamellae, and the droplets are caught or reflected by the lamellae [41,42]. A coaxial filter is operated with a large current pulse, and the plasma is driven by a self magnetic field [43]. An electrostatic filter can be used with a pulsed arc having a laser trigger [44]. However, recently only the laser triggered arc is used without the electrostatic filter. Mechanical filters can be used in a pulse arc [45], which may also be used in pulsed laser deposition [46].
Various types of filter systems [32]. (a) Rectilinear. (b) Bent. (c) Rectangular. (d) Knee. (e) Torus. (f) S-shape. (g) Off-plane double bend. (h) Dome. (i) Venetian blind. (j) Co-axial (pulse). (k) Electrostatic filter with laser trigger (pulse). (l) Mechanical pulse.
2. Nanocomposite Films Prepared by a FVA With an Organosilane Precursor
2.1. Basic Configuration of Deposition System for an Organosilane Incorporated FVA
Ti-Si-C-N quaternary nanocomposite coatings were prepared by using a filtered vacuum arc deposition system. Figure 2 represents the schematic diagram of the FVA coating system. The deposition system consists of a water-cooled cathode and anode, plasma guiding duct, and magnet coils. The diameter and height of the chamber is 800 and 650 mm, respectively. The vacuum arc discharge from cathode emits high energy (~ 60 eV) ions and generates dense plasma above 1013 cm-3. An arc spot also makes neutral macro particles, which cause several problems such as rough surface, pinhole, and micro cracks in coatings. To remove the macro particles the plasma guiding duct and magnet coil were used. Coaxial magnetic fields about 15 mT were generated by six magnetic coils. The pumping system consists of rotary pump (900 l/min) and oil diffusion pump (1500 l/s). The ultimate pressure of deposition chamber was 2 × 10-6 mTorr by using rotary and diffusion pumps. MKS mass flow controllers were used to regulate the flow rate of tetramethylsilane (TMS) (99.99%), argon (99.999%) and nitrogen (99.99%) gases.
The samples are mounted on the rotational substrate holder with a rotational speed of 3 rpm for the deposition of the coatings. The deposition process consisted of Ar ion bombardment cleaning, Ti(100 nm)/TiN(200 nm) interlayer deposition to improve an adhesion strength. The thickness of the Ti-Si-C-N nanocomposite coating was about 0.4 to 0.6 μm. The experimetal details are shown in Table 3.
Structural characterization of as-obtained samples was done by X-ray diffraction (Shimadzu XRD-6000, Cu Kα radiation λ = 1.5406 Å, scanning rate 1° min−1) and transmission electron microscopy (JEOL JEM-3100 FEF-UHR, 300 kV). The crystallite size was determined by Scherrer formula and lattice parameter of coating was calculated by Bragg law for the cubic system.
Elemental analysis and chemical nature of coatings were performed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), using a VG Scientific ESCALAB 250 spectrometer with a Mg Kα X-ray source. Hardness are assessed by means of a nanoindentation system (MTS, nano indenter XP) using a Berkovich diamond indenter. Coating hardness was determined from the loading and unloading curves employing depth-sensing hardness testers. The applied load was gradually increased to 3000 μN at a loading rate of 150 μN/s, and was held at this maximum value for 10 s. Testing was done using the constant-displacement-rate mode until a depth of 200 nm was reached and the values from fifteen indents were averaged for each condition. Adhesion strength was measured by a scratch tester (J&L, Scratch Tester). The applied load on the diamond tip (tip radius 200 μm, conical angle 120°) was continuously increased at a rate of 0.25 N/s, while the tip advanced at a constant speed of 0.05 mm/s.
Experimental schematics of filtered vacuum arc with organosilane vaporizations.
Arc voltage 24 V
Arc current 60 A
Duct voltage 25 V
Duct current 43A
Substrate voltage 0 ~ -400 V
Base pressure 2.3×10-6 Torr
Total pressure 8.2×10-4Torr
Deposition rate 9-38 nm/min
N2 flow rate 50 sccm
TMS flow rate 10 sccm
Substrate Temperature < 150˚C
Experiment details.
2.2. Ti-Si-C-N Nanocomposite Film Prepared by a FVA With TMS Gas
2.2.1. Composition and Chemical Analysis
XPS analysis is used to identify a chemical composition on the surface of the nanocomposite coating. Surface pre-sputtering eliminated the surface oxide at air-exposed samples. The elemental compositions for Ti, Si, C and N as a function of TMS flow rate from 5 to 20 sccm are given in Fig. 3. A strong increase of the Si (2.1±1 to 12.2±1 at. %) content is observed up to the TMS flow rate of 20 sccm. Ti and N content showed decreasing trend from 18.8±1 to 9.83±1 at.% and 24.8±2 to 19.14±2 at. %, respectively. Whereas the carbon content remained constant in the range of 31± 2 at. %.
The XPS spectra of of Ti 2p, Si 2p, and N 1s are shown in Fig. 4. Fig. 4 (a) depicts the XPS spectrum of Ti 2p. The characteristic doublet of Ti 2p3/2 and 2p1/2 are clearly observed. The Ti 2p3/2 peak position shows positive shift from 460.85 eV, which reveals a good agreement value of 460.5 eV for TiN. This peak position shifts to higher value at silicon content of 3 at. % and then it moves to lower binding energy (BE) side at silicon content at 8 at. %. The second peak position Ti 2p1/2 is showing at 455.15 eV matching with Ti- nature bonding position of TiN. It is well known that TiNx has flexible chemical states governed by the compactness of other small non-metal atoms filled in the octahedral voids of titanium [47]. Fig 4 (b) shows the high resolution spectrum of N 1s region. The three peaks correspond to 398.5, 396.8 and 400.6 eV, are in agreeing with the binding energies of Si3N4, TiN and TiC, respectively. With increasing silicon content the N1s peak position showeda negative shift from 396.8 to 396.6 eV. Fig 4 (c) shows Si 2p spectra peaks, which are observed at 101.8, 101.1 and 102.8 eV, are attributed to the Si3N4, the Si (2p)–C, and Si (2p)–O bonds, respectively. The incorporation of TMS at low Si content (2 at.%) results in Si3N4 formation, whereas SiC formation is dominant at the high Si content (12 at.%). The reason is that CH3 in TMS is not dissociated perfectly in arc plasma so the carbon content are incorporated and react with Si contents. From the XPS results, it was concluded that Si in Ti–Si–C–N coatings existed mainly as amorphous silicon nitride with some silicon carbide.
Chemical composition of Ti-Si-C-N nanocomposite films as a function of TMS flow rate.
XPS spectra of Ti-Si-C-N nanocomposite films. (a) Ti (2p), (b) Si (2p),(c) N (1s).
2.2.2. Microstructure Analysis
X-ray diffraction (XRD) is used to investigate the crystalline phases of the Ti-Si-C-N coating. Figure 5 shows the XRD pattern of Ti-Si-C-N coating with different silicon contents. The Ti-Si-C-N nanocomposite coatings with silicon content range of 2.1 to 16.2 at. %, exhibit the diffraction peaks at the angles of 2θ = 36.01°, 43.63° and 50.79° which are corresponding to (111), (200) and 220) TiCN reflections respectively [14,48-52]. These positions of the three peaks are coinciding with the values obtained in the JCPDS card [53]. Also, peak is observed at 38° that are attributed to the diffraction of stainless steel, which is the substrate. No signals from the phase formation of Si3N4 or from titanium silicide can be observed [54,55]. Note that the amorphous phase Si3N4, deduced from the XPS results analysis, has been confirmed with the XRD measurement.
The crystalline size of the Ti-Si-C-N coating is calculated from the TiN (111) diffraction peak. The TiN (111) peak is fitted by using a Gaussian function to calculate the crystallite size from FWHM by using Scherrer equation. Adding Si, the crystallite sizes decreases from 3 to 2 nm, which shows that nanocrystalline phases are formed. It representsthat the addition of silicon could reduce the grain coarsening in the Ti-S-C-N nanocomposite coatings.
Figure 6 shows HRTEM picture acquired on the Ti-Si-C-N coating contain 3 at. % of Si. The lattice spacing of these crystallites is 0.212 nm. The amorphous phase has an irregular shape and a boundary surrounding the TiN nanocrystallites. The growth direction of (111) plane is clearly identified in this image. The image shows the fine grain structure and reveals that these fine grains are largely oriented in the direction of growth. An arrow indicated the growth direction. TiN nanocrystals with an average grain size of about 10 nm were separated by less than 1 nm thick brighter Si3N4 tissues. Fig. 6 (b) shows a STEM image of Ti-Si-C-N coating and the intensities from Ti, Si, C, and N obtained from an EDX line scan acquired from the STEM image. In the matrix, the Ti and the Ti signals are high and small for silicon small signals are observed from the XRD, XPS and TEM analysis results, it could be confirmed that the Ti–Si-C–N coating obtained in this experiment consisted of nanosized TiN crystallites surrounded by thin amorphous phase of Si3N4 [56].
X-ray diffraction patterns at various Si contents from 2 to 12 at. %.
HRTEM image of Ti-Si-C-N at 3 at.% of Si content.
2.2.3. Mechanical Properties
The nano-indentation technique permits to extract the surface mechanical properties from depths of nanometers. Hardness can be calculated using Oliver and Pharr method [57]. The hardness decreases with increasing the depth of indentation at extremely small depths. This indentation sizes effect is expected for soft metal films and has been related to strain gradient plasticity. In the present study, nano-hardness of the Ti-Si-C-N coatings was obtained as a function of depth up to a maximum depth of 180 nm. The steel substrate hardness is around 2 GPa and Young's modulus is 200 GPa as obtained by nano-indentation experiments. Load versus indentation depth curves from multiple experiments by using the same maximum load and from 25 different sample locations were averaged and standard deviations were calculated and reported. Figure 7 represents the hardness of Ti-Si-C-N coatings as a function of displacement into surface. The hardness values of Ti-Si-C-N coatings are 18, 35, 32 and 27 GPa at a contact depth of 40 nm at 2.1, 3, 7 and 8 at. % of Si, respectively. The maximum hardness of ~35 GPa is obtained for the silicon content of 3 at. %. The hardness value of 48 GPa was achieved adding 10 at.% Si and 30 at.% C by Dayan Ma et.al [58]. Also he was explained it with carbon contents. Suddeep mabiraham et. al [49] also achieved the hardness of the Ti-Si-C-N films at the Si content of 9.2. at % with maxiumum hardness around 55 GPa achieved with Si content of 8.9 at.%. by using PVD method in [59]. So far many people have been reported the hardness of the Ti-Si-C-N coating at above 5 at. % of the silicon content. Present results show that the maximum increases in hardness for Ti-Si-C-N coating within 3 at. % of silicon, which proves such hardening effects, is known to occur in transition metal nitride systems with a few at. % of silicon content and this increased hardness effect due to hindrance effect of the segregated Si3N4 on TiN grain boundary sliding which is the predominant deformation mechanism in nanocrystalline materials [60]. On the other hand, the hardness reduction with a further increase in Si content is observed [58]. The decrease in hardness is due to increasing contributions from the soft substrate.
Nano indentation of Ti-Si-C-N films with 3 at. % of Si.
2.2.4. Adhesion Properties
Scratch tests with ramping loads up to 100 N were conducted on the films deposited on stainless steel substrates. The critical load required to cause the first delamination at the edge of the scratch track (adhesive failure) characterizes the adhesion properties of coatings. Optical microscopy of the films subjected to the scratch tests (Not shown here). The critical loads obtained for the above four coatings were 37, 44, 33 and 30 N, respectively. Strong acoustic signals were observed for the critical load exceeding 30 N. The lowest value of COF of 0.16 is obtained for the hardest film with Si content of 2.1 at.% and it is 0.17- 0.22 for the rest of nanocomposite films and agrees with the literature [59, 61]. For FVA deposition, the intrinsic energy of ions emitted from a cathode source is considerably higher as compared to the evaporated or sputtered atoms. This higher ion energy up to 60 eV condenses deposited film and enhances adhesion. Beside that the friction coefficient and penetration depth versus force show several inflections for the Ti-Si-C-N with 8 at. % Si.
2.3. Substrate Bias Effects on Ti-Si-C-N Nanocomposite Films
2.3.1. Structural Properties
The deposition rate of Ti-Si-C-N nanocomposite coating was found to decrease gradually from 18 to 8 nm/min, when the bias voltage increased from 0 to −400 V. The decreasing trend of deposition rate has been explained on the basis of removal of impurities and densification of films due to the energetic ion bombardment when increased substrate bias voltage [62].The XRD diffraction of Ti-Si-C-N nanocomposite coating for different substrate bias voltage is as shown in Fig. 8. It matches well with the ICDD PDF 42-1489 revealing the NaCl type crystal structure. However, the diffraction peaks are shifted towards the higher angle side indicating the presence of compressive stress in the coatings [63]. At zero bias voltage, coating shows predominant presence of (111) and (200) orientations. With increase in substrate bias, (220) was found to dominate the spectra especially at substrate biases of − 300 V and − 400 V. This behavior has been observed in binary, ternary and quaternary coatings and is attributed to the decrease in sputtering rate at higher substrate bias. There is no further detail of the Ti-Si-C-N coating with effect of bias voltage by using FVA system. These result show that substrate bias voltage has a strong influence on the structural properties of the deposited films and will be correlated with changes in hardness of the coatings. Fig. 9 shows the calculated lattice parameters from the XRD pattern for TiN peak position using equation (1). The lattice constant of TiN changes from 4.31599 to 4.24762 Ǻ with the different substrate bias voltages. For −100 V bias voltage, TiN films are over stoichiometric corresponding to the highest lattice parameter (ICDD PDF 42-1489) a =4.29 Ǻ). The shift could be attributed to higher residual stress in the coatings and changes in the composition of the coating. The calculated lattice parameter was shown 4.24762 Ǻ at −400 V, it is slightly lower than that of the value reported standard lattice parameter. Usually these kinds of stress with increasing bias voltage are commonly observed in thin films grown by physical vapour deposition methods. With increasing bias voltage, the ion bombardment encouraged mobility of atoms was major effect which implies that the decreasing trend of the stress because of enhanced annihilation of defects [64].
X-ray diffraction patterns of Ti-Si-C-N nanocomposite coatings various substrate bias voltage.
Lattice parameter of the Ti-Si-C-N nanocomposite coatings various substrate bias voltage.
2.3.2. Texture Orientation
The changes in the preferred orientation of Ti-Si-C-N nanocomposite coating as a function of the substrate bias are qualitatively estimated in terms of texture coefficients (TC). The TCs, determined by TC = Im(hkl)/I0(hkl)/(1/n){Im(hkl)/I0(hkl)} for (111) and (220) reflection [65], as a function of substrate bias are shown in Fig 10. Where Im(hkl) is the observed intensity of the (hkl) plane, I0(hkl) is the standard data (JCPDS) of the (hkl) plane, and N is the total number of diffraction peaks. When the TC value is larger than 1, a preferred orientation exists in the sample. The texture coefficient of the (111) orientation is significantly higher than that of the (220) orientation in the substrate bias range 0 to −100 V. When deposited lower film thickness it has been shown that the influence of surface prevails over strain energy and (100) orientation expected, but it is higher film thickness have (111) orientation expected with vice versa [66]. However we observed the contrary result compared to other researchers for nitride coatings with substrate bias. This may be due to the ion input energy or channeling effect is not the major role for the change of orientation between (111) and (220) plane. At −300 V, the trend of texture has completely changed from (111) to (220) and texture coefficient value shows extensively higher value than that of the (111) and it was maintained at the higher bias voltage of -400 V. It attributed to the mutual effects of both Ti and Si elements for preferred growth orientation of the Ti-Si-C-N nanocomposite coating at higher substrate bias voltage.
Figure 10.
Texture Coefficient of the Ti-Si-C-N nanocomposite coatings various substrate bias voltage.
2.3.3. Chemical Composition and Analysis
To determine the composition of the Ti-Si-C-N nanocomposite coating, XPS analysis has been performed. The samples are sputtered with argon ions to remove the oxide top layer. Even though we found uniform oxygen concentration with respect to substrate bias voltage, could be due to the TMS gas which is used in the present studies. With increasing the negative bias voltage from 0 to −300 V, the silicon concentration increased from 5.17 to 8.14 at. %. Silicon has lower electro negativity than carbon; amorphous carbon atom bonded to a silicon atom attracts electrons from the silicon atom, which condense the Si-H bonds. The number of silicon atoms attached to Si-Hx is predicted to increase as silicon content increases in the Ti-Si-C-N nanocomposite coating [67]. In contrast, decreasing trend was observed for carbon content in the range from 40 to 24 at. %. It may be due to carbon atom is lighter than the Si atom and also the energy of the Ar ion increases with cause to build strong bombarding to the substrate with increasing bias voltage. Further with increasing substrate bias voltage about −400V, the silicon concentration shows decreasing trend in the range of 4 at.%, it is also lower value than substrate bias voltage range of silicon content from 0 to -300 V. The N and Ti content are seen to be almost independent respect to the substrate bias.
The chemical state of the Ti-Si-C-N nanocomposite coating was analyzed by the XPS measurements and is as depicted in Fig. 11. Fig 11 (a) depicts the C 1s peak spectra shows five component's namely, C1, C2, C3, C4 and C5 were observed in the spectrum zone. The two peaks of C1 (at 285.7 eV) and C2 (at 284.5 eV) corresponded with the position of C-N and C=C phase formation. Another three peak were peaks observed C3 (at 282.5 eV), C4 (at 281.2 eV) C5 (at 288.4 eV) corresponded with the position of Ti-C phase formation. As compared Ti-C peak position, the C=C peak position accounts for only a small fraction of the total C1 spectra, indicating that a small fraction of C atoms are bonded to Ti atoms, and most of the C atoms exist as amorphous carbon [68,69]. Fig 11(b) depicts the Si 2p peak spectra shows three components namely S1, S2 and S3 were observed in the spectrum zone. These two peaks of S1 (at 100.8 eV) and S2 (at 102.3 eV) corresponded with the position of SiC and Si3N4 phase formation. Another one of weak component was observed at about S3 (at 102.8 eV) corresponds to Si-O bonds. The peak intensity gradually increased with an increase of bias voltage, which implies that increasing trend of silicon concentration. Fig. 11(c) depicts the N1s 2p peak spectra shows three components namely N1, N2 and N3 were observed in the spectrum zone. These two peaks of N1 (at 398.28 eV) and N2 (at 396.64 eV) corresponded with the position of Si3N4 and TiN phase formation. Another one of the weak component at about N3 (at 400.8 eV) corresponds to C-N bonds. The formation of Si3N4 phases was confirmed by XPS analyses for nanocomposite coatings. Figure 12 shows the HRTEM image of Ti-Si-C-N nanocomposite coatings deposited at a bias voltage of −100 V. These coatings are nanocomposite coatings of TiN nano-crystalline (black area) embedded in an amorphous matrix, which are clearly distinguished from the particles by high-resolution TEM image. The SAED patterns in the TEM analysis did not reveal any crystalline silicon nitride. Finally from the XRD, TEM and XPS result together confirmed that the Ti-Si-C-N coatings had nanocomposites structure of nanosized TiN crystallites embedded in an amorphous Si3N4 matrix.
XPS spectra of Ti-Si-C-N nanocomposite coatings with various substrate bias voltage (a) C (b) Si and (c) N.
HRTEM image of Ti-Si-C-N coating at -100 V.
2.3.4. Nano Mechanical Properties
Figure 13 shows the effect of substrate biasing on the hardness of Ti-Si-C-N nanocomposite coating. It was clearly seen that the hardness increases initially with the increase in the indentation depth upto 30 nm. After that the hardness starts to decrease with increase in the penetration depth and finally attains saturation. This saturation in hardness value is observed in all the coatings. Hence this clearly indicates that at higher penetration depths, the obtained hardness may be due to the substrate effect. Hence, as per the Oliver-Pharr [70], the extracted hardness values are only from the 10 % of the film thickness. Hence, for the un-biased Ti-Si-C-N coating,at the depth of about 30 nm, the peak hardness was found to be 49 GPa. A maximum value of 49 GPa has been obtained for the coatings deposited at a substrate bias of − 100 V. This peak in hardness value is well corroborated with XRD, XPS and TEM studies. Furthermore increasing trend of hardness with bias voltage have been also studied many researchers by using different PVD synthesis methods. Usually enhancement of the packing density in plane of (111) were improved with increasing the substrate bias voltage and also from in our XRD pattern already confirms about orientation (111) has been formed at this bias range of coating. It is well known resultant microstructure of the film depends on the ion bombardment [71], and this in turn affects the hardness of the film. Also from the TEM analysis we have confirmed nanocrystalline phase formation with amorphous phase formation in this range of bias (−100 V) coating, it may be another reason for peaking hardness at this range of nanocomposite coating. Finally with increase the substrate bias the energy of the bombarding ions increases, causing structural modification, which is responsible for changes in the level of the hardness. However, a drastic drop of hardness observed from 49 to 20 GPa over the range −100 and −200 V was observed. The film hardness between −200 to −300 V substrate biases remained constant at a value of about 18.5 GPa. We already pointed out in our XRD result shows the preferred orientation of (220) and stress formation with more defects this causes decreasing hardness. Therefore we can conclude that the hardness of nanocomposite coating depends directly on the substrate bias of nanocomposite coating in this present studies.
Nanohardness as a function of displacement into surface at various substrate voltages.
3. Summary
Ti-Si-C-N nanocomposite thin films on stainless steel were prepared by using FVA technique at constant gas mixture of argon and nitrogen flow rate with room temperature. The nanocomposite films with silicon content in the range of 2.1 to 16.2 at. % was prepared on stainless steel substrate with different TMS gas using FVA technique. From the XRD pattern, we have confirmed nancomposite structure like nc-TiCN/a-Si3N4 formation. The nanocrystallite size of the samples decreases with the silicon content. Nanohardness measurement indicated a peak hardness of ~49 GPa and Young's modulus of ~245 GPa for the films with Si content of 3 at.%. All these results show that Ti-Si-C-N nanocomposite coatings are suitable for surface coatings applications requiring low roughness, moderate hardness and low friction coefficient.
In the variation of substrate bias, we found (111) orientation at lower bias voltage range from 0 to − 100 V, whereas the (220) orientation has confirmed at higher bias voltage range from −200 to −400V. XPS result of Ti-Si-C-N coatings has confirmed the formation of nc-Ti(C)N/a-Si3N4 phase with respect bias voltage. The highest hardness around at 49 GPa has achieved phase at the bias voltage of -100 V. Further increasing voltage the hardness was decreased due to stress and orientation behavior on this coating. By changing the bias voltage to change microstructure and chemical natural of the films and to improve tribological applications such as hardness and adhesion properties, it shows promising future in industrial fields.
2.Nanocomposite Films Prepared by a FVA With an Organosilane Precursor
3.Summary
Seunghun Lee, P. Vijai Bharathy, T. Elangovan, Do-Geun Kim and Jong-Kuk Kim (September 27th 2012). Synthesis and Characterization of Ti-Si-C-N Nanocomposite Coatings Prepared by a Filtered Vacuum Arc with Organosilane Precursors, Nanocomposites - New Trends and Developments, Farzad Ebrahimi, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/51059. Available from:
Nanocomposites
Study of Multifunctional Nanocomposites Formed by Cobalt Ferrite Dispersed in a Silica Matrix Prepared by Sol-Gel Process
By Nelcy Della Santina Mohallem, Juliana Batista Silva, Gabriel L. Tacchi Nascimento and Victor L. Guimarães
Finite Element AnalysisNew Trends and DevelopmentsEdited by Farzad Ebrahimi
Finite Element Analysis in Dental Medicine
By Josipa Borcic and Alen Braut


THIS IS NOT A SCANNER. This is a feeder accessory for certain Epson scanners.
Espon web site shows compatibility with Perfection 2480, Perfection 2580, Perfection 3490, & Perfection 3590 scanners.
Scans a stack of up to 24 4" x 6" photos or business cards. (Scanner sold seperately).
PLEASE CONFIRM COMPATIBILITY with your equipment before you order.


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Stronghold Crusader 2 est un jeu vidéo de stratégie en temps réel développé et édité par Firefly Studios sorti le  sur PC.

Le jeu fait suite à Stronghold: Crusader, sorti en 2002, et qui est, selon le concepteur principal chez Firefly Studios, Simon Bradbury, . Firefly Studios est l'auto-éditeur du titre.

Système de jeu
La première démo du gameplay a été présentée aux journalistes lors de l'E3 2013, et le premier trailer du système de jeu, montrant des phases pré-alpha du jeu, a été exposé à la gamescom 2013. La démo et le trailer ont présenté plusieurs nouveaux aspects que le jeu va introduire à la série.

Caractéristiques
Le jeu est le premier de la série Crusader à proposer un moteur graphique 3D, il conservera cependant tous les éléments du jeu 2D d'origine tout en ajoutant de nouvelles fonctionnalités telles que de nouvelles unités comme « le cruel conducteur d'esclave », de nouveaux adversaires IA bonifiés, des événements dynamiques sur la carte comme une nuée de sauterelles, ainsi que de nouveaux visuels, une nouvelle interface de bataille, et des améliorations du moteur comprenant des effets, des animations et une physique en temps réel.

Une toute nouvelle fonction pour la série est le mode coopératif multijoueur, dans lequel 2 joueurs prennent le contrôle d'un seul château en unissant leurs actions et ressources tout en luttant contre des ennemis communs.

Stronghold Crusader 2 comprendra au lancement à la fois une campagne historique solo sur les Croisés et sur les Arabes. Le jeu sera principalement basé sur le jeu d'escarmouche, similaire au titre original Stronghold Crusader. Ceci inclura, comme dans le jeu original, des « itinéraires d'escarmouche » ; dans lesquels les joueurs doivent se battre dans un ordre particulier, dans des cartes liées d'escarmouche avec différents « set-up ». Le jeu devrait être plus basé sur la guerre avec un peu de gestion de la popularité des paysans.

Personnages et unités
Est également annoncé, quelques-unes des nouvelles unités du jeu, dont le nombre est porté à 10, comprenant le Templier, le Sergent des Croisés, le Guérisseur, le Derviche et plus. Le jeu mettra également en vedette 8 caractères à la sortie du jeu, comprenant le Calife (qui est apparu dans le Stronghold Crusader original et il conçoit ses châteaux et organise ses tactiques de combat de manière semblable dans Crusader 2), le Shah, le roi des esclaves, Saladin et Richard Cœur de Lion ; avec 8 autres personnages destinés à apparaître après la sortie du jeu.

Extras
Comme avec les titres précédents de la série, il y aura un éditeur de carte complet pour les joueurs afin  de créer et de partager des cartes personnalisées pour le jeu. Robert Euvino, qui a travaillé sur les titres précédents de la série, a composé une tout nouvelle bande sonore pour le jeu.

Notes et références

Lien externe

Jeu vidéo de stratégie en temps réel
Jeu vidéo se déroulant au Moyen Âge
Jeu vidéo développé au Royaume-Uni
Jeu Windows
Jeu vidéo sorti en 2014
Jeu Firefly Studios
Jeu vidéo se déroulant pendant les croisades

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Kick Off Your July 4th Celebration With These Awesome Recipes…We've Got You Covered!
We always volunteer to host our annual Independence Day party, but planning a party for that many people can get stressful pretty quickly…. To make your July 4th party prep as easy as possible, we rounded up our favorite, tried-and-true recipes that are perfect for backyard barbecues and easy entertaining. If you love all things red, white and blue, we know you'll love these dishes!
One of our favorite things about this recipe is the look of surprise on people's faces when we explain that the secret ingredient is Dr. Pepper. That's right, one can of soda and this sauce is transformed into something seriously, lip-smackingly good…we love it and you will too!
8. Stay Cool With This Tasty Watermelon And Feta Salad!
Looking for a refreshing salad to get you through the summer? We've got an unexpected contender for you here, that uses watermelon as the heart of the dish. Complemented by feta and mint, it's the perfect choice!
Pulled pork is one of our all-time favorites, and we love it even more when it's crazy flavorful and super easy! You saw our awesome Dr. Pepper BBQ sauce and this is a second recipe that uses that same good stuff. For meat that's tender and packed with flavor, this is the easiest meal you've ever made!
With just five base ingredients, this bread requires no kneading and no waiting for hours while it rises. Who knew bread this good could be so easy to make?!
5. Once You Try This Lime-Grilled Chicken, You'll Never Go Back!!
While chicken is one of those things we make all the time, we never get tired of it because there are so many different ways to spruce it up…in fact, this recipe – packed with zesty lime and spices – is one of our favorites!
4. This Fun And Fruity Drink Is The Easiest Way To Take Your Party To The Next Level!
This is our favorite trick to bump a casual get-together up to a swinging summer party?! A cute and cool drink – with or without alcohol – that will get everyone into the spirit of things!
3. They Don't Have To Be Fried To Be Delectable…We Made These Snacks In The Oven!
We've got a major soft spot for onion rings, but wrangling with a vat of frying oil is really not our jam….that's why we bake them! You get the same tasty flavor without all the hassle (or the grease), so what's not to love?!
2. This Classic Summer Dessert Will Make You Drool – Just Make Sure To Make Extra, 'Cause It Goes Quickly!
Nothing beats the smell of a fruit cobbler baking in the oven and this recipe will make your home smell amazing and will warm you up from the inside out!
1. We Love These Honey-Baked Wings…They've Got Some Kick!
While buffalo wings and other spicy variations get a lot of attention, these honey-baked wings have stolen our hearts and appetites and earned their place in the spotlight…maybe that's because of the Jack Daniel's honey whiskey we threw into the mix!


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Emergency care (24 hrs) Donate
About the RMH
RMH Medical Voices: oral histories with our senior doctors
Lived memories provide an insight into events and activities that are not recorded in written records. The hospital is actively preserving some of these lived memories through oral history recordings with its senior medical staff.
Interviews with staff active from the 1930s to the 1960s were captured in the mid-1990s during research for the hospital's history book The Ever Open Door. A project is currently underway to capture the memories of those medical staff practising during the establishment and growth of various medical specialities from the 1960s onwards.
Listen to edited recordings with these doctors as they recount their impressions and experiences. To listen to the full audios or read the written transcripts, contact RMH Archives.
Melbourne Health gratefully acknowledges the support of the Victorian Government and Public Record Office Victoria for making this project possible.
Dr John Andrews - Nuclear Medicine Physician
Dr John Andrews was born in England in 1927 and served as a Navigation Officer in the British Merchant Navy from 1942-48 before completing his medical studies from London Hospital Medical College in 1955. From 1955-57 he held resident appointments at the London Hospital in Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Morbid Anatomy, and General Medicine and Pediatrics at Dover and Folkstone Hospitals. He was also an Out Patient Registrar in Medicine at the London Hospital in 1958 before migrating to Australia in 1959.
Following a time in medical practice in Launceston and Adelaide, he moved to Melbourne to undertake radiotherapy training and work becoming a Specialist in Radioisotopes and then Director of Nuclear Medicine at the Royal Melbourne Hospital from 1966-92. He completed his Doctor of Medicine at the University of Melbourne University in 1979.
'Over the years therefore I have taken an interest in differing facets of history in general, and medical history in particular, leading to a permanent interest in the subject and the appreciation of why it is important to value past medical achievements in the development of the physician.'
He was also lecturer to medical students at the University of Melbourne and a Consultant on Radiation Safety and Nuclear Medicine to the Victorian Health Department. Among his many professional memberships, in 1969 he was a founder and President of the Australian and New Zealand Society of Nuclear Medicine, and Chair of their Accreditation Board. In addition, he was a member of the committee and lecturer for the Nuclear Medicine Technologists training course of the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology. He is the author or co-author of more than 100 publications in Australian, British and American Journals, including several papers as part of yearbooks of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology.
Dr Andrews was a member of foundation Committee, State Coordinator and Vice President of the Medical Association for Prevention of War and the Australian delegate for the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize presentation awarded to the International Physicians for Prevention of Nuclear War.
He retired from the RMH in 1992 but then worked part-time at Monash Medical Centre and the Royal Children's Hospital in Nuclear Medicine until 2000.
Listen to interview extracts
Dr John Andrews was interviewed by historian Sarah Rood on 5 July 2017. Listen to three edited excerpts of this interview where he recounts: firstly, the techniques and equipment used in Nuclear Medicine; secondly, his achievements in this area; and lastly, his role in the establishment in the Medical Association for Prevention of War which lead to the Nobel Peace Prize in 1985.
Dr John Andrews - Nuclear Medicine
Dr John Andrews - Achievements
Dr John Andrews - Anti-war stance
John Thomas Andrews: Curriculum Vitae, RMH Archives
J.T. Andrews: My time at the Royal Melbourne Hospital, RMH Archives
Dr John Andrews: 'My interest in medical history" in Health and History, Volume 10, No 2, page 129
Dr Anne D'Arcy - Emergency Physician
Dr Anne D'Arcy was Director of the RMH Emergency Department from 1978 to 1995, and had a distinguished career in accident and emergency services both in Australia and overseas. Born in 1938, she completed her medical studies at the University of Melbourne in 1961. She spent two years working as a junior doctor at St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, before going to Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia for three years, as a doctor and lecturer. She returned to Melbourne in 1967 and worked as a sessional medical officer in casualty departments at the Royal Children's Hospital, Preston and Northcote Community Hospital (PANCH) and the Queen Victoria Hospital, as well as taking general practice sessions.
In 1976, Dr D'Arcy became Director of Casualty Services at PANCH, and the following year was made Director of Emergency Services at Dandenong and District Hospital. She then became Director of Emergency Services at the Royal Melbourne Hospital in 1978, at a time when she was the only full-time specialist physician, and emergency medicine had not emerged as an important specialty in hospitals.
She was also a short-term consultant with the World Health Organisation on Trauma and Emergency Care in Malaysia in 1986, and in 1987, represented the Australasian Society for Emergency Medicine at meetings in the USA with the Society of Teachers of Emergency Medicine and the University Association of Emergency Medicine. In 1984 she was foundation Vice-President of the Australasian College of Emergency Medicine, a position she held until 1989.
After retiring from her position at RMH in 1995, Dr D'Arcy for eight weeks was the medical officer on the ship Aurora Australis on a trip to Antarctica. At other times, she was a District Medical Officer at Derby Hospital, Western Australia, with the Royal Flying Doctor Service and remote area clinics; and relieving in Emergency Departments at Mildura Base Hospital, Queen Elizabeth Medical Centre and The Valley Private Hospital.
Her career achievements included being a Foundation Fellow of the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine, a Fellow of the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners, and receiving the prestigious Women's Achiever Award from the Women Chiefs of Enterprise in 1992.
Dr Anne D'Arcy was interviewed by historian Sarah Rood on 16 August 2017. Listen to two edited audios with her as she recounts her experiences as a female doctor in the 1960s and 1970s and also what attracted her to working in emergency medicine.
Dr Anne D'Arcy - Emergency Department
Dr Anne D'Arcy - female doctor
Dr Anne D'Arcy by Joseph Epstin in Emergency Medicine Australasia, Volume 3, number 1, March 1991, pages 20-21
RMH Archives
Professor Howard Eddey - Surgeon
Born in 1910, eminent surgeon, teacher and administrator, Professor Howard Eddey, undertook his residency at the Royal Melbourne Hospital in 1935-36 following his graduation from the University of Melbourne's Medical School in 1934. A period at St Bartholomew's Hospital in London followed during which he gained his fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons in England, winning the prestigious Hallett Prize in 1938.
During the Second World War he served in the Australian Army Medical Corps and was captured by the Japanese after the fall of Singapore and spent time in prisoner of war camps. During his time in captivity he wrote notes and drew detailed anatomical diagrams on scrap paper that later became the basis for a key anatomy text that was used by generations of medical students.
He returned to the Royal Melbourne Hospital after the war as an honorary surgeon, and also held appointments at Prince Henry's and the Alfred hospitals. In addition, he was a lecturer in surgical anatomy at the University of Melbourne from 1950-65, and was Dean of the RMH's Clinical School from 1965-67. As a clinician he gained an impressive reputation as a head and neck surgeon. In 1966, the University of Melbourne established a clinical school at the Austin Hospital and Howard Eddey become its foundation Professor of Surgery. From 1972-75 he was Dean of the Clinical School at the Austin and Repatriation Hospitals and from 1972-77, a member of the Board of Management of the Austin Hospital.
He was regarded as an outstanding teacher and, through his role with the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons helped surgical education in South East Asia through examinations and lectures. He was a member of the College's Board of Examiners from 1958-73, and was Chairman of the College's Council from 1968-73. He served on many other bodies, including the Cancer Institute and the Anti-Cancer Council. He was made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1974. In the years prior and after his retirement as Professor of Surgery, he was involved with medico-legal work and was highly regarded for his opinion and expertise until the mid-1980s. He died in 2004.
Professor Howard Eddey was interviewed by historian Dr Alan Gregory on 27 October 1994. Listen to an edited extract of his interview as he talks about the RMH as a desirable hospital for honorary medical staff to both build their private practices and assist the poor and underprivileged.
Professor Howard Eddey - RMH desirable for honoraries
Michael Eddey, Howard Eddey obituary Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery, sighted 8 Nov 2017
Howard Eddey, Biographical Entry, Plarr's Lives of the Fellow Online, Royal College of Surgeons, England, sighted 8 Nov 2017
The Austin Hospital Clinical School: Twenty-five years of patient care, teaching and research 1966-1991, Chiron, 1992, page37
Dr Joy Frew - Anaesthetist and Blood Bank Physician
Joyce Frew, nee Bell, graduated from the University of Melbourne's Medical School in 1937. In 1940, she married Dr John Frew, a fellow graduate of the medical course, becoming Lady Frew upon his knighthood in 1980. Sir John Frew had a life-long association with the Royal Melbourne Hospital, from RMO in 1936, Medical Superintendent 1938-41, Subdean of the Clinical School 1947-55, Honorary Physician 1946-72, Consultant Physician 1972-85, and member of the Board of Management 1954-79 including President from 1973-79.
Dr Joyce Bell, as a Resident Medical Officer at the Royal Melbourne Hospital in 1938- 39, worked in the Casualty Department and as an anaesthetist. During World War II she worked in private practice in anaesthetics as well as one session a week at the RMH, and one session at the Blood Bank, which started in her hospital ward in 1938.
She was involved in the establishment of the Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service and she worked as an honorary medical officer with this service for more than forty years. Her other major activity was with the Royal District Nursing Service, again over many years, holding executive positions throughout this period. She died in 1999.
Dr Joy Frew was interviewed by historian Dr Alan Gregory on 8 March 1995. Listen to three excerpts as she recounts her experiences as a female resident in Casualty in the late 1930s, her work with the blood bank, and anaesthetics in the 1940s.
Dr Joy Frew - Anaesthetics
Dr Joy Frew - blood banking
Dr Joy Frew - female residents in casualty
University of Melbourne Medical School Society, Chiron, Volume 2, number 1, 1988, page 24
Frew, Sir John Lewtas, College Roll, The Royal Australasian College of Physicians
Frew, Sir John Lewtas, Australian Dictionary of Biography
Dr Bryan Gandevia - Respiratory Physician
Respiratory physician and medical historian, Bryan Gandevia was born in 1925 and died in 2006. A University of Melbourne medical graduate in 1948, he undertook residency at the Royal Melbourne Hospital before enlisting in the Royal Australian Army Medical Corps serving in the British Commonwealth Occupation Force in Japan and later in Korean War.
From 1951-54 he had postgraduate appointments at the RMH in pathology, clinical medicine and clinical studies supervision, obtaining his Doctorate in Medicine. From 1954-57 he held research fellowship appointments at the Brompton Hospital for Diseases of the Chest and at Hammersmith Postgraduate Medical School in London. Five year in private practice back in Melbourne followed, until in 1963 he was appointed as Associate Professor of Medicine, University of New South Wales, and Chairman of the Department of Respiratory Medicine at Prince Henry and Prince of Wales Hospitals.
Here he was part of a team which managed to turn the infectious diseases hospital into a centre of excellence. He developed an interest in occupational health including industrial health surveys and asbestosis- related disease. He held his university and hospital appointments until his retirement in 1985, after which he returned to private practice until 1998.
Gandevia had a long standing interest in medical history which began when he was a medical student. His research and publication on the history of medicine in Australia had a profound influence on the development of knowledge in this field, and in 1986, he was a founding member, and President, of the Australian Society of the History of Medicine. In 1985 he was made a Member of the Order of Australia for his work as a Trustee of the Australian War Memorial from 1967-83.
Dr Bryan Gandevia was interviewed by historian Dr Alan Gregory on 16 June 1995. Listen to an edited extract as he discusses the early use of the drugs penicillin, cortisone and chloromycetin.
Dr Bryan Gandevia - early use of certain drugs
Brenda Heagney, "Obituary: Bryan Harle Gandevia", Health and History, Volume 8, No 2, 2006
Professor William Hare - Radiologist
William Hare was born in Ballarat in 1923 and educated at Geelong Grammar, winning a scholarship to Trinity College to study medicine at Melbourne University. But in fourth-year in 1946, he was one of 12 medical students to contract tuberculosis. He spent five years in hospital and was probably one of the first patients in Australia to receive Streptomycin which saved his life. Upon regaining his health, he returned to his studies and graduated MBBS from the University of Melbourne in 1951. He then spent his residency at the Royal Melbourne Hospital in 1952-53 followed by a two-year period as Radiology Registrar. Further studies followed as he completed a Doctor of Medicine and gained a Diploma of Diagnostic Radiology. Appointment to the RMH as an Assistant Radiologist, after which he rose rapidly becoming Director of Radiology in 958.
As Director of the RMH Department of Radiology from 1958–88, he recognised the need for strong academic leadership in radiology and was instrumental in the creation in 1963 of the University Department of Radiology and the Edgar Rouse Chair of Radiology, the first radiology chair in Australia. As inaugural Chair appointed in 1965, Professor Hare established radiology teaching of undergraduate and postgraduate students, greatly elevating the standard and practice of radiology in Australia.
A world authority in interventional uroradiology he established many practices adopted since worldwide. He served on the Council of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists (RANZCR) from 1960-71 and as the College's President in 1986-87 and in 1971, was foundation President of the Asian and Oceanian Society of Radiology.
Counted among his many accolades were the RANZCR 1958 Thomas Baker Travelling Fellowship, the 1963 Rouse Travelling Fellowship and the College's Gold Medal, its highest honour. He was made an Officer of the Order of Australia in 1990 for his outstanding service to medicine, particularly in the field of radiology. He served on many national and State government department and hospital research committees including the Radiation Safety Committee of the Health Department.
In his later years Professor Hare worked tirelessly to advance the discipline of radiology through his wise counsel and continued teaching, the creation of the Bill Hare Travelling Fellowship and in securing valuable philanthropic funds for the RMH's Radiology department. Professor Hare died in May 2013.
Professor William Hare was interviewed by historian Dr Alan Gregory on 14 August 1996. Listen to edited accounts of his experiences as a tuberculosis patient from 1946 to 1950, a condition he contracted while he was a medical student; and also developments in radiology.
Professor William Hare - developments in radiology
Professor William Hare - TB from 1946 to 1950
Obituary of Professor Emeritus William Samuel Calhoun Hare by Professor Patricia Desmond, RMH Department of Radiology, June 2013, in RMH Archives
Professor W.S.C. Hare, Chiron, Volume 2, no 2, 1989, page 44
Obituary by Brian Tress and Lindy Hare, The Sydney Morning Herald, 20 July 2013
Dr John Hayward - Thoracic Surgeon
Renowned thoracic surgeon, John Hayward, was an outstanding figure in the establishment of cardiothoracic surgery in Australia. Born in 1910, he was a gifted student and his education was marked by scholarships and prises and he graduated from the University of Melbourne's Medical School in 1933 with first class honours in all subjects.
After residency at the Royal Melbourne Hospital, he worked as surgical clinical assistant at the hospital for two years, also teaching pathology and physiology whilst gaining his Doctor of Medicine in 1936 and Master of Surgery in 1937. Specialised training in thoracic surgery in London and the Brompton Hospital followed. In 1941 he joined the Royal Australian Army Medical Corps, serving in the Middle East and New Guinea.
He was the first Honorary Thoracic Surgeon at the Royal Melbourne Hospital, appointed in 1945 until his retirement in 1966, however after this time he continued his work at the Heidelberg Repatriation, Austin, Royal Women's and Preston and Northcote Community hospitals. In addition from 1975-85, he was Medical Officer for the Department of Veterans Affairs. Together with Sir Edward 'Weary' Dunlop he developed new techniques in oesophageal surgery and was expert in closed cardiac surgery, in particular surgery of mitral value disease. A brilliant teacher, he is remembered by a host of medical students and surgical trainees for his clarity, enthusiasm and vibrant, resonant voice.
Active outside the hospital, he was a member of Convocation of the University of Melbourne from 1971-79 and a member of the University Council from 1979-83. His loyalty to the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons extended over many years including foundation membership of the Thoracic Section and membership of the Court of Examiners from 1967-76. He also received honorary life membership of the Australian Physiotherapy Association for his support of thoracic physiotherapy and the profession in general, particularly in the years following World War II.
In 1955 he led a team of self-contained Australian medical units to New Guinea, where there was a high mortality rate from tuberculosis. In 1959, under the Colombo plan, he led another team on a lecture tour to Malaya, Thailand and Burma, and subsequently he accepted a number of their surgical trainees on his unit. John Hayward died in July 1999.
Dr John Hayward was interviewed by historian Dr Alan Gregory on 14 and 16 November 1994. Listen to edited excerpts of his interview where he discusses clinical training in the 1930s and the setting up of the thoracic surgery unit in 1946.
Dr John Hayward - medical training and honoraries 1930s
Dr John Hayward - setting up thoracic surgery unit
University of Melbourne Medical School, Chiron, 2000
Australian Physiotherapy Association Victorian, Branch Newsletter, September 1999
Obituary, The Age, 3 Aug 1999
Plarr's Lives of the Fellows Online, Royal College of Surgeons of England
Dr Margaret Henderson - General Physician, Respiratory Physician
Margaret Henderson, OBE MBBS (Melb) MD (Melb) FRCP (London) FRACP, was born in 1915. A much loved and respected member of the medical staff of the Royal Melbourne Hospital, she graduated MBBS from the University of Melbourne in 1938, was appointed a Resident Medical Officer at the RMH for 1939-40. In 1941 was awarded a Doctor in Medicine and worked in medical research and general practice. During World War Two she served as a captain in the Australian Military Forces in 1942-43, and from 1945-46 was with the Red Cross in Malaysia in a civilian relief unit.
Following a time working in London and Switzerland, she became an Honorary Outpatient Physician at the RMH in 1947, and in 1959, became the first woman on the Senior Medical Staff upon her appointment as Honorary Physician to Inpatients, a pioneering appointment she held until 1975.
A highly regarded physician in general internal medicine with specialist interests in respiratory and thoracic medicine, she worked in the hospital's special lung clinic. She was regarded as an outstanding teacher much sought after by medical students and residents and played a major role as head of one of the RMH general medical units for many years. Upon her retirement in 1981, she was appointed an Honorary Consultant to the RMH.
In addition to her work at the RMH, she was Honorary Physician to the Queen Victoria Hospital from 1943-60 and Medical Officer to Janet Clarke Hall at the University of Melbourne for many years. She also provided outstanding service to the management committee of the Royal District Nursing Service for 18 years.
She received an OBE for her services to medicine in 1976, and in 2005 was made Consultant Emeritus at the RMH, becoming only the second person to receive this honour. In 2012, Dr Henderson was appointed Doctor of Medical Science (honoris causa) by The University of Melbourne. Her strength of character and uncommonly perceptive mind ensured her wide recognition and high regard throughout the medical profession. She died in 2017.
Listen to interview extract
Dr Margaret Henderson was interviewed by historian Sarah Rood on 5 June 2017. Listen to three edited accounts with her: how she became interested in respiratory medicine in the late 1940s; her appointment and role as the first woman on the hospital's honorary / senior medical staff; and her impressions of the Royal Melbourne Hospital's conditions and organisational and governance structure following World War Two.
Dr Margaret Henderson - hospital after the war
Dr Margaret Henderson - appointment to honorary medical staff
Dr Margaret Henderson - interest in respiratory medicine
Alan Gregory: The Ever Open Door: A History of the Royal Melbourne Hospital, Hyland House, 1998
University of Melbourne, Citation for the award of Doctor of Medical Science (Honoris Causa), sighted 9 Oct 2017
Professor Richard Larkins - Endocrinologist
Richard Larkins medical research and clinical work was largely in the area of diabetes and endocrinology. Born in 1943, after graduating as dux of his year at Melbourne Grammar, he studied at the University of Melbourne where he graduated as the top student in 1966 with a Bachelor of Medicine and a Bachelor of Surgery. From 1967, his clinical training was at The Royal Melbourne Hospital before he became Assistant Endocrinologist in 1970, his first specialist position. During this period, Larkins carried out research in obesity and after his fourth paper was published in Nature in 1972, he was awarded his Doctor of Medicine by the University of Melbourne. An overseas Churchill Fellowship and Medical Research Council Fellowship followed at Hammersmith Hospital, London from 1972-1974, where he was awarded a PhD by the University of London.
Larkins returned to Melbourne in 1974, and from this time until 1977, was Physician to Outpatients and Senior Associate in the University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, at The Royal Melbourne Hospital. Following this, he was appointed as First Assistant, then Reader, in the University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, at the Repatriation General Hospital, Heidelberg. In addition from 1979, he was also Director of the Endocrine and Metabolic Unit at the Repatriation General Hospital.
In 1984, Professor Larkins was appointed to the James Stewart Chair of Medicine and Head, Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital. In addition, he directed the hospital's Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology. In 1998, he was appointed Dean of the Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences at the University of Melbourne. From 2003 to 2009 Professor Larkins was Vice-Chancellor of Monash University and in February 2017, Chancellor of La Trobe University.
An outstanding researcher, clinical teacher, physician, and inspiring academic manager and leader, Professor Larkins was a member of the Prime Minister's Science, Engineering and Innovation Council from 1977-2000, and from 1997-2000, was Chairman of the National Health and Medical Research Council.
In 2002, he was made an Officer of the Order of Australia for service to medicine and health: as an advocate of increased investment in research, as a contributor to health policy reform, and as an initiator of innovative medical programs and the provision of training opportunities for medical officers in the Oceania region. In 2003, he was honoured with inaugural Consultant Emeritus title at the Royal Melbourne Hospital, and 2014 he was inducted into the RMH Research Hall of Fame.
Professor Richard Larkins was interviewed by historian Dr Alan Gregory on 31 January 1997. Listen to two edited accounts as he recounts his early interest in endocrinology; and balancing hospital and university work.
Professor Richard Larkins - interest in endocrinology
Professor Richard Larkins - balance uni and hospital work
Larkins, Richard Graeme - Biographical entry, University of Melbourne, History of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, 2012
Professor Richard Lovell - Epidemiologist
Richard Lovell was the inaugural University of Melbourne, James Stewart Professor of Medicine at the Royal Melbourne Hospital from 1955 to 1983. Born in 1918, and educated at St Mary's Hospital in London where he was awarded his Licentiate, Royal College of Physicians and Member, Royal College of Surgeons in 1941. Following this, he enlisted in the Royal Naval volunteer reserve and spent the next five years as a naval surgeon. After war service, he completed his medical training, graduating Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery in 1946, and Doctor of Medicine in 1949. From 1947, he worked at Brompton Hospital, London before rejoining St Mary's Hospital in 1950 as a lecturer, during which time he developed an interest in epidemiology.
In 1955, Professor Lovell was appointed as Professor of Medicine at the University of Melbourne based at the Royal Melbourne Hospital. Here he created a culture of basing clinical practice on evidence thereby enhancing medical teaching with increased quality and new rigor. Charming, warm and witty, Professor Lovell was an outstanding and committed teacher who allowed members of his team to pursue their own lines of investigation and research. Formal presentations were supplemented by informal brainstorming meetings in which his insight and novel approach frequently led his colleagues to new lines of thought.
During his time as Professor of Medicine, Lovell made advances in research into high blood pressure and optimal treatment of heart attack. His early recognition of the value of cadaveric renal transplantation in the treatment of end stage renal failure led, in collaboration with Professor of Surgery Maurice Ewing, to the successful introduction of kidney transplants into routine medical practice in Australia. Another initiative was combining the results of several medical studies to determine the effectiveness of particular therapies in preventing death following myocardial infarction: a technique later known as meta-analysis.
In 1978, Professor Lovell was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia in recognition of his service to medicine. He retired from the University in 1983, but continued to contribute to medical research through work as an epidemiologist and administrator with the Anti-Cancer Council of Victoria. In addition, from 1982-1988, he was the inaugural Chair of the Medical Research Ethics Committee of the National Health and Medical Research Council. He died in 2000.
Professor Richard Lovell was interviewed by historian Dr Alan Gregory on 24 November 1994.
Listen to edited excerpts from this interview as he talks about the early days of the Department of Medicine at the RMH, and his research activities into both malignant hyperpyrexia and blood pressure.
Professor Richard Lovell - early days in Department of Medicine
Professor Richard Lovell - blood pressure research
Professor Richard Lovell - Malignant Hyperpyrexia
Obituary, Cancer Forum, Volume 24, No 2, July 2000, page 159
Professor Ian Mackay - Immunologist
Professor Ian Mackay was among the first to recognise autoimmunity and he was a pioneer in the development of immunosuppressive treatment for autoimmune diseases. Research by Mackay and Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet in the late 1950s and early 1960s led to the publication in 1963 of the then definitive book on the topic, The Autoimmune Diseases.
Mackay defined major autoimmune diseases of the liver and devised life-saving protocols for autoimmune hepatitis as well as many other expressions of autoimmunity such as gastritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis.
Ian Mackay was born in 1922 and graduated in Medicine from the University of Melbourne in 1939. His time working in a number of Victorian hospitals was disrupted by nine months spent in a sanatorium for tuberculosis. He also spent time in post-war Germany as a medical officer at a displaced person camp examining refugees for possible migration to Australia.
In 1950 he went to London and developed an interest in hepatology and undertook medical research into liver disease both in the UK and later in the USA, before his move to the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research in late 1955. At WEHI, he was Head of the Clinical Research Unit from 1963 until his retirement in 1987. The Unit, a joint initiative between WEHI and the RMH, was where he and his team undertook research in autoimmunity as well as cared for patients with autoimmune diseases.
Research included searching for sensitive diagnostic markers of autoimmunity and attempting to develop simple tests for the measurement of immune function.
After his retirement from WEHI and RMH, he established an Autoimmunity Laboratory at Monash University to expand the existing research on autoimmunity and mitochondria. An author of over 700 articles on clinical and experimental research on autoimmunity, in 1981 he was awarded a Member of the Order of Australia for service to medical research.
In 2001 he was awarded the Centenary Medal for service to Australian society and science in biochemistry and molecular biology and in 2014 he was inducted into the RMH Research Hall of Fame.
Professor Ian Mackay was interviewed by historian Sarah Rood on 12 February 2018. Listen to edited excerpts from this interview as he talks about his research on liver disease, the major impacts on research he observed during his working life, and working with Sir Ian Wood, Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet and Sir Gustav Nossal.
Professor Ian Mackay - liver disease research
Professor Ian Mackay - major changes in DNA, diagnostic radiology and computing
Professor Ian Mackay - working under Wood, Burnet and Nossal at WEHI
Senga Whittingham, Merrill J Rowley and M Eric Gershwin: 'A tribute to an outstanding immunologist – Ian Reay Mackay', Journal of Autoimmunity, Vol 31 (3), 2008, pages 197-200
Professor Ian Mackay, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research website, sighted 26 November 2018
Sir Benjamin Rank - Plastic Surgeon
Benjamin Rank was born in Heidelberg, Melbourne in 1911, educated at Scotch College and graduated in Medicine from the University of Melbourne in 1934. After initial experience as a Resident at the Royal Melbourne Hospital in 1935-36, he travelled to England for surgical training in the new and challenging speciality of plastic and facio-maxillary surgery. In 1940, he enlisted in the Army, and in 1941, was sent to Egypt to establish a plastic and facio-maxillary surgical unit at the 2nd Australian General Hospital. In 1942, he returned to Melbourne to set up a similar unit at the Heidelberg Military Hospital.
In 1946, he was appointed Honorary Plastic Surgeon in charge of the newly established Plastic and Facio-maxillary Unit at the Royal Melbourne Hospital, a position he held until 1966. In addition, he was the Foundation Chairman to the hospital's Board of Post-Graduate Medical Education from 1968-75; Medical Advisor on Policy and Development to the Board of Management from 1971-76; and a member of the hospital's Board of Management from 1976-82.
In 1963, he established the Victorian Plastic Surgery Unit at the Preston and Northcote Community Hospital. From 1955, Rank was a Councillor of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons and was its President in 1966-1968. In 1958, he was appointed Sims Commonwealth Professor of Surgery and in 1965 he became the only overseas President of the British Association of Plastic Surgeons. In 1984, he was instrumental in the establishment of Interplast, a partnership between Rotary clubs in Australia and the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons offering plastic surgical expertise and training to South Pacific and Asian nations.
Rank was made a Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George in 1955 for his work in training Asian surgeons under the Colombo Plan, was knighted by the Queen in 1972, and made a Knight Commander of the Order of St. John in 1988. Meticulous, creative, a master planner with a sharp intellect and enormous tenacity, Rank is regarded as one of the pioneers of plastic and reconstructive surgery in Australia. He died in 2002, and in 2014 he was inducted into the RMH Research Hall of Fame.
Sir Benjamin Rank was interviewed by historian Dr Alan Gregory on 4 November 1994. Listen to an edited account of how he became interested and gained his first position in plastic surgery in England in the late 1930s.
Sir Benjamin Rank - introduction into plastic surgery
Obituary in Chiron, Volume 4, Number 5, June 2002
Obituary in The Australian 4 Feb 2002
Dr Ron Rome - Obstetrical Surgeon
Ron Rome undertook his medical training at the University of Melbourne graduating in 1934, during which time he attended the Royal Melbourne Hospital as a medical student.
Following graduation, after a short period at the Alfred Hospital, Dr Rome spent much of his career at the Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne. He was a Resident Surgeon in 1937, Medical Superintendent from 1938-40. War service during World War II followed with attachments to field ambulances and hospitals in the Middle East. He returned to the Royal Women's Hospital as an Honorary Assistant Surgeon in 1947, following which he was appointed an Honorary Obstetrical Surgeon from 1948-70. In addition, he was member of their Board of Management from 1966-70 and Chairman of the Executive Medical Staff in 1967-70. He retired from private practice in 1978.
His particular clinical interest lay in the problem of diabetes in pregnancy, and in this, through the establishment and Head of the Diabetic Clinic he exerted a great influence throughout Victoria, achieving widely acclaimed results in standards of clinic practice. He also display a wide concern for the welfare of nursing staff and medical students and served on many Royal Women's Hospital committees including the Advisory Committee and fundraising activities.
Dr Ron Rome was interviewed by historian Alan Gregory on 7 November 1994. Listen to extracts of his memories of medical changes during his lifetime; and blood banking and the establishment of regional centres in Victoria.
Dr Ron Rome - blood banking
Dr Ron Rome - improvements in medicine in his time
Royal Women's Hospital Annual Report 1970
Royal Women's Hospital Archives
Dr Thomas Steel - General Physician, Respiratory Physician
Born in March 1912, Thomas 'Tammy' Steel was educated at Scotch College and the University of Melbourne, graduating in Medicine in 1935. He served as a Medical Officer at the Royal Melbourne Hospital in 1936-37, and moved to the Royal Children's Hospital in 1938, the year he gained his MD degree. As a medical officer at the Austin Hospital in 1939-40, he developed his interest in chest disease, in particular the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. From 1940-46 he served in the Australian Army Medical Corps in the Middle East and New Guinea and Australia specialising in the treatment of chemical warfare injuries.
In 1946, he was appointed Honorary Physician to Outpatients at the Alfred Hospital and in 1947 travelled to London on a Nuffield Fellowship for further postgraduate training, returning to Melbourne to private practice as a Consultant Physician. His particular interests were in thoracic and respiratory medicine. In addition to his duties at the Alfred Hospital, he was appointed a Consultant to the Repatriation General Hospital, Heidelberg, and to Heatherton Sanatorium.
Active in both teaching and clinical care at the Alfred Hospital until 1972, he was also appointed to the hospital's Board of Management in 1962, retiring in 1983. He was an active member of the Thoracic Society of Australia, serving on the Victorian State Committee from1958-64, with an appointment to the Melbourne Medical Postgraduate Committee from 1956-1969. At that time he was appointed as Chief Medical Officer in Victoria of the AMP Society until 1985.
He was a wise counsellor and beloved physician known for his devoted and willing service to his patients. He died in December 2000.
Dr Tom Steel was interviewed by historian Dr Alan Gregory on 14 March 1995. Listen to two excerpts as he recounts his memories of residency in 1936-37; and blood transfusions in the mid 1930s.
Dr Tom Steel - blood transfusions 1936 - 1937
Dr Tom Steel - resident 1936 - 1937
J. M. Gardiner, Thomas Heron Steel, College Roll, The Royal Australasian College of Physicians, sighted 28 Sept 2017
Alfred Healthcare Group Heritage Committee, Faces and Places, Volume 1, 1996
Dr Douglas Stephens - Paediatric Urologist
Born in 1913, for much of his long and distinguished career, Frank Douglas Stephens was a world authority on patho-embryology of developmental processes in congenital abnormalities in the foetus and new-born. His research led to major advances in the treatment of and surgical procedures for abnormalities of bowel, urinary and genital organs.
Graduating in medicine from the University of Melbourne in 1936, he undertook residencies at the Royal Melbourne Hospital in 1936-38 and later the Royal Children's Hospital. During World War Two he enlisted as a surgical specialist in a forward operating field ambulance in the Australian Infantry Forces. He was awarded a Nuffield research fellowship in 1947 and headed to London to spend three years at the Hospital for Sick Children (now Great Ormond Street Hospital), where he began studies of major congenital anomalies affecting the quality of life of children. Returning to Melbourne in 1950, he continued his clinical and surgical research at the Royal Children's Hospital becoming Director of Surgical Research in 1958, as well having an appointment as an honorary paediatric surgeon at the Royal Women's Hospital. From 1975-86, he worked in the United States with joint appointments as a Paediatric Urologist at the Children's Memorial Hospital in Chicago and Professor of Urology and Surgery at the McGaw Medical Centre of the Northwestern University.
In 1976 Stephens was awarded the Sir Denis Browne Gold Medal from the British Association of Paediatric Surgeons, in 1986 the Urology Award of the American Academy of Paediatrics, and in 1987 he was made an Officer of the Order of Australia. In addition, he held a number of honorary positions at the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, including Councillor, Treasurer from 1969-75 and editorial secretary of the college journal for 16 years. He died in 2011.
Douglas Stephens was interviewed by historian Dr Alan Gregory on 4 April 1995. Listen to two edited excerpts where he talks about the tradition of medical families at the hospital and his impressions as a resident living-in at the hospital in the 1930s.
Douglas Stephens - medical families
Douglas Stephens - residents lived-in at Lonsdale Street
Frank Douglas Stephens, Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, sighted 28 September 2017
Obituary, The Age, 4 January 2012
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The Fraunhofer Institute for Organic Electronics, Electron Beam and Plasma Technology FEP, a leading provider of research and development in the field of electron-beam applications, acted as an external partner in the preparation of the "Applications of Particle Accelerators in Europe" brochure (APAE), part of the European EUCARD 2 support project. The brochure gives a very clear picture of the current status of how particle accelerators are being applied, outlining the current challenges, and making highly relevant recommendations for action in the research sector and industry.
Already our Greek forebearers thought about questions that still move human beings today (especially in physics), namely what is it that fundamentally holds the world together? Particle accelerators were developed at the beginning of the last century for this purpose, and they have helped us investigate many things, including the structure of matter, elementary particles, and their interactions.
The best-known example of the particle accelerator is the world's largest one, located at CERN. However, far more additional accelerator facilities exist than one would suspect. There are over 17,000 systems that serve a wide variety of applications, including several hundred in research and over 7,000 in medicine.
A core area of expertise for over 25 years at the Fraunhofer FEP has been the comprehensive development of electron-beam technologies and the use of accelerated electrons for widely varying applications in surface treatment and finishing.
electrons can produce great benefits when applied in traditional areas such as metal treatment and the automotive industry, as well as in sectors of the economy that seem unusual at first glance, such as agricultural seed treatment, and more recently in medicine and pharmacology. In addition to technological development, the Fraunhofer FEP has also made a name for itself over the decades in the design and construction of complete, customer-specific electron-beam systems.
It was therefore natural that the Institute was invited to participate in the APAE working group. The APAE brochure resulting from the eponymous working group is meant to comprehensively inform industrial and political decision-makers about the status and potential of diverse types of particle accelerators and their applications, as well as their benefits in the fields of health, manufacturing, energy, security, safety, and materials analysis. It explains very vividly the current state of the technology and the wide range of applications for particle accelerators that the public usually perceives as being restricted to large research facilities.
By contrast, the many well-established industrial technologies that are based on electron-beam sources, for example, are largely unknown. One successful example here is the long-term use of mobile agricultural seed treatment systems that can be adaptably configured and employed at seed facilities.
Moreover, the brochure identifies future development priorities as well as the funding and educational needs in these sectors, and highlights the importance of particle accelerators for research and industry in Europe and their resulting impact on current social challenges.
Experts from the sciences, research, and industry worked interdisciplinary as co-authors of the brochure. Frank-Holm Rögner, head of the department "EB Processes" at Fraunhofer FEP, played a major role in the development of the subchapter entitled "Accelerators and Industry - Very Low-Energy E-Beams".
The first ARIES annual meeting will take place from May 22-25, 2018 in Latvia's capital at Riga Technical University. The project partners will exchange information there on topics such as current and future designs, electron-beam technologies and their applications.
At the same time, the Fraunhofer FEP is continuing its development and optimization of technologies for new applications along with the precisely tailored hardware components and designs for them. A main focus of the development activities of Fraunhofer FEP is the combination of the environmentally friendly aspects of the low-energy technology with energy-efficient and economical design of process chains for our customers.
The brochure is free and can be downloaded as a PDF from any of the project partners.


Beautiful handmade beaded gemstone jewelry. Large variety of purple and lavender beaded necklaces using amethyst, lepidolite, sugilite and other purple gemstones. Handmade with our own unique jewelry designs. Necklaces suitable for casual, conservative or formal wear.
Chevron amethyst is a banded combination of clear quartz and amethyst. The bands often form a V shape.
Consists of: chevron amethyst 15 mm and 17 mm faceted barrel shape beads, amethyst 5-6 mm rondelles and 6 mm rounds.
The clasp is a sterling silver lobster.
Consists of: 12 mm, 10 mm, 8 mm sugilite gemstone beads and tiny 2.5 mm sterling silver beads.
Color: mottled with shades of dark purple, light purple, bright orchid and occasional gray.
Clasp: silver plate box style.
Consists of: 8mm (about 3/8 inch) round ametrine gemstone beads with clear seed bead spacers.
Color: various shades of pale purple, lavender, and occasional yellow.
Clasp: silver plate lobster hook.
Length: 18 inch two strand or 36 inch single strand.
Consists of: 10 mm mottled purple gemstone beads, phosphosiderite 8 mm round and 6 mm rondelle beads, Bali sterling silver daisy and rondelle spacers.
Color: dark purple, light purple, orchid.
Clasp: sterling silver S hook.
#1033 Handmade Purple Lepidolite Necklace $54 SOLD available with different clasp. Contact us.
Consists of: 4 mm and 6 mm light to medium purple amethyst beads.
The clasp is a small silver metal toggle.
Size range is from 4mm to 6mm. The rice is 1/2 inch long.
Tip: The color of the lepidalite jasper jewelry is mottled with lavender to purple and gray to white.
The amethyst is dark purple and lavender. The purples do not show well in the photos.
Size range from 4mm to 10mm. The oval is almost 1/2 inch long.
Tip: Use with necklace #165 to combine strands or increase length.
This necklace has a lot of dark purple.
with 2.5 mm sterling silver round spacers.
tiny sterling silver tubes and round beads.
The chalcedony looks blue in daylight.
Length: 22 1/2 inches including pendant.
The sugalite pendant is 1 3/4 inches long and 1 3/8 inches wide.
Consists of: purple crazy lace agate graduated rondelles and sterling silver spacers.
The largest rondelle is 7/8 inch.
Consists of: 1/2 inch lavendar lamp glass with pink flowers, small amethyst gemstone rondelles, rose color seed beads.


text:
Q: Allow full urls starting with http, https or www in ping I often have the problem that I have a URL and want to ping the domain of that address.
Is there an option to allow ping to use only the domain part of a URL that is given as an argument?

A: You could do all of those transformations in bash, with parameter expansion:
pingd() (
  domain=$1

  # allow 'http' or 'www' to match any upper- or lower-case versions
  # (bash version 4.4-alpha and later)
  shopt -s nocasematch

  # strip any leading http(s)
  domain=${domain/#http:\/\/}
  domain=${domain/#https:\/\/}

  # strip any leading user:pass@
  domain=${domain/#*:*@/}

  # strip the trailing slash onwards
  domain=${domain/%\/*/}

  # strip any trailing port
  domain=${domain/%:*/}

  # strip any remaining leading www
  domain=${domain/#www./}

  ping "$domain"
)

Examples (with echo ping instead of just ping, to demonstrate):
$ pingd 'http://user:pw@www.example.com:80/some/path/url?data&and#hash'
ping example.com
$ pingd 'http://www.stackexchange.com'
ping stackexchange.com
$ pingd 'http://www.stackexchange.com/help'
ping stackexchange.com
$ pingd 'https://www.stackexchange.com'
ping stackexchange.com
$ pingd 'https://unix.stackexchange.com'
ping unix.stackexchange.com
$ pingd 'https://unix.stackexchange.com/'
ping unix.stackexchange.com
$ pingd 'https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/428989/allow-full-urls-starting-with-http-https-or-www-in-ping'
ping unix.stackexchange.com
$ pingd 'www.example.com'
ping example.com

A: A fast solution to get the domain part without "http://" would be by setting browser.urlbar.trimURLs to false in Firefox's about:config, so you can more easily copy only the domain part of a URL.
But you can add a function pingd like this to your ~/.bashrc:
function pingd {
      ping $(echo "$1" | sed -e "s/[^/]*\/\/\([^@]*@\)\?\([^:/]*\).*/\2/" | sed "s/^www\.//")
}

works with:
pingd "http://user:pw@www.example.com:80/some/path/url?data&and#hash"

PING example.com
  ...

If the url doesn't contain & nor ! it also works without quotes

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