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Sunday, August 2, 2020 | History
6 edition of Neuropsychological Interventions found in the catalog.
Neuropsychological Interventions
Clinical Research and Practice
by Paul J. Eslinger
Published January 24, 2005 by The Guilford Press .
Neurology & clinical neurophysiology,
Neuropsychology,
Psychology & Psychiatry / Neuropsychology
This edited book will be of interest to child psychiatrists. The title was somewhat misleading because the interventions reviewed were much broader than neuropsychological interventions. For example, Thomas Owley reviewed the use of pharmacological interventions for autism spectrum disorders in order to demonstrate concepts relevant to the Author: Harry Bawden. This book was intended to address ideas, methods, and models associated with current research in neuropsychological intervention and results as well as current thinking about specific neuropsychological deficits and their remediation. To accomplish this, the Author: Kathleen Saine, C. Munro Cullum.
If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to reset your passwordAuthor: Michael R. Trimble. Neuropsychological interventions for treatment of brain injury should only be focused on the person that actually experienced the injury. C. Of the few interventions that have been developed and studied, results show that families and caregivers can benefit from receiving skilled interventions to help them better understand the effects of the Author: Samantha L. Backhaus, Summer L. Ibarra.
Neuropsychological assessment after brain injury usually involves an interview and a number of tests. These look at a range of things such as memory, problem-solving skills, intellegience, attention and concentration. The assessment is most often conducted by a Neuro-psychologist. A psychologist with special knowledge and expertise in brain. Addressing the critical issues in community re-entry in a very practical manner, this book is suitable for all members of a community re-entry or brain-injury rehabilitation team. Traumatic Brain Injury Rehabilitation: Practical Vocational, Neuropsychological, and Psychotherapy Interventions provide.
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Neuropsychological Interventions by Paul J. Eslinger Download PDF EPUB FB2
"This book is a timely and worthy contribution to the field. Each author has hewed to the editor's charge to evaluate neuropsychological interventions 'clinically and scientifically.' The result is a comprehensive treatment of current problems and practice in neuropsychological rehabilitation that is 5/5(2).
"The book's title captures its essence: A lovely combination of the latest scholarly research on a wide range of neuropsychological interventions combined with practical guidelines for the clinician. Rarely does one find this combination in such a readable and useful : Guilford Publications, Inc.
"This book is the most comprehensive textbook on neuropsychological rehabilitation and the first to adopt a global perspective. In accessible chapters, it addresses the state of the art of evidence-based neuropsychological interventions and innovative therapeutic approaches in a wide range of clinical populations, covering the whole lifespan/5(4).
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS: CLINICAL RESEARCH AND PRACTICE Edited by Paul J. Eslinger New York: Guilford Press Price £ ISBN 1‐‐‐7. Rehabilitation has often been regarded as the missing link of the cognitive : Vaughan Bell, Peter Halligan.
Neuropsychological Interventions: Clinical Research and Practice.P. Eslinger, ed. New York: The Guilford Press, pages. I had the good fortune to learn about and practice brain injury rehabilitation during the early s under the mentorship of Dr. George Prigatano. Neuropsychological Assessment and Intervention for Youth serves to fill this significant void in the professional literature.
This comprehensive text translates basic brain science into Neuropsychological Interventions book clinical assessments and interventions for : Neuropsychological Rehabilitation provides useful introductory material and background information on various disorders, assessments, and rehabilitative interventions for adult and geriatric populations This book is essential for psychologists or clinical neuropsychologists who have a strong interest in understanding the current medical aspects of neuropsychological rehabilitation.
Review of the hardback:'The book should appeal to a wide audience, providing a concise review across a broad range of neuropsychological disorders and related issues. By summarising the latest evidence and frequent discussion of 'future directions' the book provides an interesting picture of the current state of paediatric neuropsychology.'.
"This book is the most comprehensive textbook on neuropsychological rehabilitation and the first to adopt a global perspective. In accessible chapters, it addresses the state of the art of evidence-based neuropsychological interventions and innovative therapeutic approaches in a wide range of clinical populations, covering the whole lifespan.
Book Description. This is a second edition of the highly popular volume used by clinicians and students in the assessment and intervention of aphasia. It provides both a theoretical and practical reference to cognitive neuropsychological approaches for speech-language pathologists and therapists working with people with aphasia.
The book is comprised of 14 chapters (12 from North America and 2 from Europe) in three sections namely Foundations of Neuropsychological Interventions; Models of Intervention for Neuropsychological Impairments, and Future Directions (only 1 chapter in this section).
The book is sound and contains some helpful and clinically relevant : Barbara Wilson. Neuropsychological Assessment. Neuropsychological assessment is particularly useful in detecting mild cognitive changes in the absence of obvious neuroimaging abnormalities or other neurological features and in determining whether these are likely to have an organic basis, in the differential diagnosis (based on the pattern of deficits) of conditions causing cognitive impairment, in.
For neuropsychological impairments, it is still an early time for such analysis, but there is increasing convergence of such evidence from these chapters, recent books, articles, and even an evidence-based analysis of cognitive rehabilitation." Rarely am I as excited about a book as I was reading Neuropsychological Interventions.
It provides Author: Rose Lynn Sherr. Neuropsychological Interventions for Individuals with Brain Injury The second edition of this book provides an updated guide for health professionals working with individuals recovering from. Outcomes of neuropsychological interventions of stroke Article Literature Review (PDF Available) in Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology 16(3) March with Reads.
Foundations of neuropsychological interventions --Approaching interventions clinically and scientifically / Paul J. Eslinger and Michael V. Oliveri --Theoretical bases for neuropsychological interventions / Anna M. Barrett and Leslie J.
Gonzalez-Rothi --Neuropsychological assessment for treatment planning and research / Thomas F. Bergquist and. Neuropsychological assessment generally includes assessment of a number of functional domains that are, based on clinical evidence, associated with functional systems of the brain.
This is considered important for the development of hypotheses and potential interventions (L. Hartlage & Telzrow, ; Whitten, D'Amato, & Chitooran, Child Neuropsychology, 2 nd Edition, is vital reading for school, clinical child, and counseling psychologists as well as neuropsychologists.
The book also provides rich background and practical material for graduate students entering these fields. Assessment: This comprehensive, clinically focused book is tremendously helpful in understanding pediatric neuropsychological interventions and the empirical basis for these treatments.
While there is no instruction for implementing neuropsychological interventions, it is an indispensable guide to choosing appropriate : $ Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Neuropsychological Interventions: Clinical Research and Practice by Sarah Ward, Maureen Downey-Lamb, Ian Robertson and Martha Glisky (, Hardcover) at the best online prices at eBay.
Free shipping for many products!. Interventions Written Language Disorders Interventions in Written Language Conclusion 11 Brief and Comprehensive Neuropsychological Assessment of Alcohol and Drug Abuse Arthur Macneill Horton Jr.
and Arthur Macneill Horton III Overview Brain Structures Related to .Get this from a library! Pediatric neuropsychological intervention: a critical review of science & practice. [Scott J Hunter; Jacobus Donders;] -- Pediatric neuropsychology is the practice of understanding and elucidating brain-behavior relationships as applied to children and adolescents.
This volume examines trends in the assessment and.The neuropsychological evaluation is one such method. This article is meant to serve as an introduction to neuropsychology and neuropsychological evaluations and how they can be helpful to physical, occupational, and speech therapists in developing and guiding interventions.
akikopavolka.com - Neuropsychological Interventions book © 2020


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How much calcium do I need every day?
If you are age 19 to 50, get 1,000 mg (milligrams) of calcium every day.
If you are age 51 or older, get 1,200 mg of calcium every day.
If you are pregnant or lactating, get 1,300 mg of calcium every day.
If you are ages 19 to 70, get 1,000 mg of calcium every day.
If you are age 71 or older, get 1,200 mg of calcium every day.
Kids ages 1 to 3 need 700 mg of calcium every day.
Kids ages 4 to 8 need 1,000 mg of calcium every day.
Kids ages 9 to 18 need 1,300 mg of calcium every day.
Calcium can help prevent osteoporosis (weak bones).
Osteoporosis ("os-tee-oh-puh-ROH-sis") is a disease that makes your bones weak and more likely to break. Some people don't know they have it until they break a bone.
One in 4 women and 1 in 20 men over the age of 65 in the U.S. have osteoporosis. Calcium helps to keep your bones strong and less likely to break.
The best way to get enough calcium is to eat foods with calcium every day.
For more ideas, check out this list of foods that are high in calcium.
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Last fall I was approached by a local artist, Bonnie Bews, with an idea of promoting more Muskoka artists to the public. A small group of us gathered to discuss a way to make this happen and ARTrail Muskoka PURPLE BANNER was born. We've drawn together 67 regional artists to create a year-round, self-guided art tour for the public with the publication of a full-colour brochure listing the participating art studios and artist run galleries. The brochure is arranged by areas with a map that provides each business location. Our pamphlets can be picked up throughout Muskoka.
Each Art Studio / Artist-run gallery will display a Purple Banner placed in front of their location when they are open. When the PURPLE BANNER is out, the artist is in!
For more information visit www.ARTrailMuskoka.ca, Facebook page, Instagram or email artrailmuskoka@gmail.com or call 705-205-0119.
CONNECTIONS, being held at the Orillia Museum of Art and History (OMAH), 30 Peter Street South, Orillia, runs until April 14. This is the 23rd Annual International Women's Day exhibit to be hosted by OMAH. My painting, GENESIS is part of this collection of women's art.
My painting, Mallards at Sunset, is part of the current show.
At other times throughout the year, we'll be open by chance or appointment.
Currently, we have Maureen's exceptional stained glass designs shimmer with colour and magic. You must see Conel's one-of-a-kind artisan furniture to truly appreciate the fine workmanship. Pat Whittle's encaustic paintings offer a soft, dreamy quality and demonstrate Pat's love of colour and texture. Wendie's paintings reflect her love of nature and concern for the environment.
To keep tabs on our developments, check this page or our FACEBOOK PAGE.
Gift Certificates, 2019 Calendars, Framed Art Cards, Paintings, Jewellery by Pat Whittle and Soull Kreations, Blank Greeting Cards, Limited Edition Prints, Artisan Designed furniture and serving pieces, Stained Glass.
Starting on May 21, 2015, a selection of my paintings has been on display and available for purchase at Oliver's Coffee located at 203 Manitoba Street, Bracebridge, Ontario.
Stop by for great, locally roasted coffee and scrumptious menu items in the warm, welcoming atmosphere of Oliver's Coffee.
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Many thanks to John English and Jenna Smith!
Thanks to Don and Susan Smith for providing another Bracebridge location to display and sell my art.
Visit Unique Muskoka at 28 Manitoba Street for a fine selection of Muskoka artisan products and to pick up the newest edition of Unique Muskoka magazine!
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Vernon Jordan Receives An Executive Leadership Council's Heritage Award
1 Posted by Walter Opinde - June 28, 2019 - BLACK MEN, CIVIL RIGHTS, LATEST POSTS
BY WALTER OPINDE
Vernon Eulion Jordan Jr. is an African American business executive and civil rights activist in the U.S. A leading figure in the Civil Rights Movement, he was chosen by President Bill Clinton as a close adviser. Born on 15th August, 1935, Jordan has become known as an influential figure in American politics. Vernon Jordan was born in Georgia, to Mary Jordan and Vernon E. Jordan Sr.; he has a brother, Windsor. He is the cousin of James Shaw, a musician who is professionally billed as The Mighty Hannibal.
The Executive Leadership Council's 14th Annual Recognition Dinner, calling him an "African-American corporate pioneer," honored the civil rights legend and 1957 DePauw University graduate Vernon E. Jordan Jr. with the Alvaro Martins Heritage Award. Named after ELC's beloved founding member, the award honored Jordan for preserving the Council's legacy. The corporate leadership event, which was co-sponsored by ExxonMobil and Reebok Human Rights Foundation, to place on Thursday night, 3rd October, 200s, at the Marriott Wardman Park Hotel in Washington, D.C.
The fundraising awards gala, "Remembering Our Legacy, Building Our Future," highlighted the pioneering achievements of African-American corporate leaders, past and present, and showcase ELC programs that are building the pipeline of African-American leaders at every level of corporate America. Founded in 1986, ELC is the nation's premier organization of senior-level African-American corporate executives in Fortune 500 companies.
Besides Jordan, the event honored Stan O'Neal, president, chief operating officer, and CEO-designate of Merrill Lynch & Company, with the Achievement Award for career achievements in corporate America; and Verizon received the Corporate Award for advancing corporate diversity.
Vernon Jordan is currently senior managing director of Lazard Frères & Co., and has recently been cited as one of "The Top 50 African-Americans on Wall Street" by Black Enterprise magazine and as one of America's most powerful black executives, by Forbes. The former president of the National Urban League and executive director of the United Negro College Fund, Mr. Jordan has enjoyed a distinguished career as a corporate executive, civil rights attorney, and adviser to leaders in public policy, higher education and business, including former President Bill Clinton. A year before his memoir, Vernon Can Read! was released to much acclaim. Prior to joining Lazard Fréres, Jordan was a senior executive partner with the law firm of Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer, Feld, LLP where he practiced general, corporate, legislative and international law. A news release noted that "he is a graduate of DePauw University and the Howard University Law School."
Read more of the story via:
http://www.depauw.edu/news-media/latest-news/details/12277/
http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/social-sciences-and-law/social-reformers/vernon-eulion-jordan-jr

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Can't get path from Raw folder - java.nio.file.NoSuchFileException I'm trying to get the path to .txt file inside my res/raw folder but I keep getting a NoSuchFileException and I'm unsure what I'm doing incorrectly.
public static final String PATH_TO_BINARY_CONTRACT = "android.resource://com.example.testproject/raw/binary_code";
Uri uri = Uri.parse(Constants.PATH_TO_BINARY_CONTRACT);
        try {
            byte[] encoded = Files.readAllBytes(Paths.get(uri.getPath()));
        }catch (Exception e){
            Log.e(TAG, "onCreate: ", e);
        }

This keeps throwing a  java.nio.file.NoSuchFileException: /raw/binary_code
What am I doing incorrectly?

A:
I'm trying to get the path to .txt file inside my res/raw folder

There is no path. A resource is a file on your development machine. It is not a file on the device.
To read in the contents of a raw resource, call openRawResource() on a Resources object. You get a Resources object by calling getResources() on any Context.

A: Try this:
Uri pathUri = new Uri.Builder()
                     .scheme(ContentResolver.SCHEME_ANDROID_RESOURCE)
                     .authority(context.getPackageName())
                     .path(String.valueOf(R.raw.binary_code))
                     .build();

Then use this:
File file = new File(pathUri.getPath());  //create path from uri

But I still don't understand why you would want to do this. I haven't tried this yet. But I got the Uri of a .ogg file in my res/raw folder like this. But it should work for you.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


One of the first things that I needed to figure out when I started training and learning about #Gsuite is WHAT is the difference between extensions, apps, and add-ons?
At the #GAFESummit, thanks to the #EdTechTeach, I learned to distinguish between them and found some amazing new tools and toys.
Chrome Extensions – Best thing since sliced bread!!! Extensions are essentially small programs that alter the functionality of your chrome browser. But this just seems like such a basic definition for such big actions. Many chrome extensions work in both Google Chrome and in Google Drive (depending on what they are created to do).
The picture above shows some of my chrome extensions.
"Awesome Screenshot" that allows me to take screenshots of what I am working on (I used for the picture above).
I also have this extension called tab scissors that allows you to split up the tabs into different a browser window…Ok, so funny story… While writing this I tried this extension out. Now I am trying to figure out how to get my browser tabs all back into one browser bar. NO LAUGHING! I might take this extension off!
EasyBib – I soooooo wish I had this back during my graduate programs!
Funny side note…I also somehow got rid of my search bar on chrome. So extensions can be fun, but take the time to read instructions and pay attention to the changes you have made. I was messing around with so many extensions that it took me a bit to realize what I did. This goes back to my post about having enough knowledge to make me truly dangerous!
Add-ons are tools created by third-party developers. They are available for docs, sheets, and forms. You can get add-ons while in docs, sheets, or forms pages.
EasyBib is a must have add-on. It is an automatic bibliography and citation generator.
There are doc tools, tools for adding math equations, and so much more!
Apps are programs that are created and can be run on any platform that has chrome. There are photo editors, microsoft office applications, music creation, and so much more!


Helpful Tip from the Garden Geeks: You might consider white clover a weed, but a living mulch like this holds big benefits for fruit producing plants. Living mulches smother other weeds, and at the end of the season, you can plow them under to feed the soil. Worried about it overtaking your garden? Plant a cover that will die off at the seasons end, like crimson clover. Ask someone at your local extension office to recommend a living mulch that is right for your vegetable gardens.


Continuing my casual, ambling, aimless exploration of Boston tuneage with the Paley Brothers' one and only LP, an eponymous number from 1978.
Super-duper clean-cut power pop not dissimilar to the Ramones' bright, breakneck punk, but with more blue-eyed charm and less leather-clad bluntness. Actually, they covered Richie Valens' "Come on Let's Go" with the Ramones.
And they, too, attempted a collaboration with Phil Spector, though it went extra bad for them and led to their breakup. Apparently. One song was squeezed out from that union, however, a Spector-penned, expectedly kitschy fifties throwback titled "Baby Let's Stick Together," which had previously been performed by Dion.
After the split, one of the boys, Jonathan, joined the Nervous Eaters, a group Ric Ocasek got involved with during the nascent days of the Cars. The Cars connection came to the fore while the Brothers were still functional, though: they taped a couple songs with a band that included Elliot Easton, and that stuff eventually came into the world on a 7-inch, in 1981, credited to the Young Jacques. Novelty surf rock situation.


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La deixada en suspens, final de suspens o cliffhanger (derivat de l'anglès cliff -penya-segat- i hang -penjar-) és un terme que representa les escenes del final d'un episodi d'una sèrie de televisió, còmic, pel·lícula, llibre o qualsevol altre tipus d'obra de la qual s'espera una altra entrega, i que es caracteritzen per generar la intriga o shock necessari perquè l'audiència s'interessi per conèixer-ne el resultat o desenvolupament a la següent entrega.

L'efecte pot ser generat per un conjunt d'escenes o simplement una imatge, acció o frase segons el mitjà o tipus d'història. Algunes sèries de televisió solen acabar amb l'advertiment "Continuarà..." (o en anglès "To be continued"), i després comencen el següent episodi amb un resum de la deixada en suspens.

Originalment es van utilitzar en la literatura pulp i en els radiodrames. D'allà passaren als serials de cinema i còmics, i recentment, a la televisió i fins i tot, als videojocs. La situació més comuna és introduir una deixada en suspens al final d'una temporada, encara que també n'hi ha al final o enmig d'un episodi. Aquesta tècnica ha aconseguit gran popularitat gràcies a la televisió, ja que amb l'emissió de les sèries en diverses temporades, els guionistes introdueixen aquest recurs per atraure el públic, i així mantenir a l'espectador interessat fins al desenllaç de la situació, que es produirà en una temporada següent. Algunes vegades, també s'usa per involucrar un personatge, que no continuarà la següent temporada, en una situació molt perillosa deixant la possibilitat que mori.

Història
La idea d'acabar un conte en un punt on el públic resti intrigat fins a la conclusió, que es donarà en un altre moment, ha estat utilitzada des que s'expliquen històries. Per exemple, aquest és el tema principal de l'antologia Les mil i una nits, on la reina Xahrazad explicava un conte cada dia al seu marit, el rei Shahryar, per tal d'evitar la seva execució l'endemà al matí. La reina començava un conte abans d'anar a dormir i el deixava en un punt on el rei es veia forçat a posposar l'execució si volia saber el final. L'endemà, la reina acabava el conte i en començava a explicar un altre per evitar la mort l'endemà. També trobem balades xineses com la de Liu chih-yuan chu-kung-tiao, que acabaven cada capítol amb un element d'intriga per tal de mantenir en suspens a l'audiència.

Anys més tard, aquestes deixades en suspens van començar a aparèixer com a element de novela serial decimonònica, sorgida a partir de 1840. Charles Dickens va ser un dels autors pioners en publicar narració serial.

Una de les novel·les de Dickens que més repercussió van tenir en els lectors per l'ús d'aquesta tècnica va ser el cas de The Old Curiosity Shop, publicada al mitjà de comunicació The New Yorker. Els lectors van arribar a un punt d'estar tan intrigats per la continuació de l'obra que el 1841 alguns es van revoltar al dic del port de Nova York, mentre esperaven el vaixell britànic que portava la següent entrega, cridant: "El petit Ned és mort?". L'impacte de les obres fragmentades de Charles Dickens va influenciar molt la novel·la serial a partir de la dècada de 1860.

No obstant això, el terme cliffhanger va ser originat per l'autor Thomas Hardy el 1873 a la a novel·la A Pair of Blue Eyes, quan un dels protagonistes de l'obra (Henry Knight) va quedar penjat d'un penya-segat (cliff i hanger en anglès) i l'autor va acabar la narració en aquest punt, per crear intriga en els lectors. Cal destacar el fet que a l'època aquestes novel·les es publicaven en forma d'entregues, apareixia un capítol per mes, i per tal d'assegurar l'interès en l'obra, Hardy utilitzava l'esmentada tècnica per generar interès al públic. Això va convertir-se en l'arquetip de cliffhanger (deixada en suspens) en la prosa victoriana.

Aquest recurs va fer-se molt popular a principis del segle XX al cinema i més endavant a les sèries televisives. A la dècada de 1910, Nova Jèrsei era el centre de la producció fílmica dels Estats Units i els penya-segats encarats a Nova York i el riu Hudson eren comunament utilitzats en les pel·lícules com a escenaris, cosa que facilitava l'ús de la deixada en suspens com en la novel·la de Thomas Hardy.

La pel·lícula muda Les proeses de Paulina, de l'any 1914, és la més coneguda de les què van ajudar a popularitzar el terme cliffhanger. Aquesta producció, la qual s'emetia un capítol cada setmana, sovint acabava un capítol amb l'actriu Pearl White, qui interpretava la Pauline, penjant d'un barranc.

Pel que fa a la televisió, es tracta d'un recurs d'utilització força recent, a principis dels anys 80. Les primeres sèries de televisió que van utilitzar aquesta tècnica van ser l'australiana Number 96 i les estatunidenques Soap, Dallas i Dynasty.

Usos moderns
Les deixades en suspens s'utilitzen sovint en sèries de televisió, sobretot telenovel·les.

Diverses telenovel·les australianes, com The Number 96, The Restless Years i Prisoner, acabaven cada temporada amb una catàstrofe més important que l'anterior, com per exemple un personatge que és disparat als darrers segons de l'episodi de tancament.

Les deixades en suspens s'utilitzen habitualment en anime i manga. A diferència dels còmics de superherois nord-americans, el manga japonès inclou amb més freqüència deixades en suspens. Aquest és el cas del manga shōnen, especialment els publicats per Weekly Shōnen Jump, com ara Bola de drac, Shaman king i One Piece.

Cal destacar que Doctor Who es va escriure en un format serialitzat que normalment acabava amb cada episodi amb una deixada en suspens. En els primers anys de la sèrie, els episodis finals de cada sèrie tindrien un final fragmentat que passaria a la següent sèrie. Com a curiositat, en la primera part de Dragonfire destaca per tenir un final fragmentat que implicava que el protagonista literalment penjava d'un penya-segat.

Les deixades en suspens eren poc comuns a la televisió estatunidenca abans del 1980, ja que les cadenes de televisió preferien la flexibilitat dels episodis de transmissió en qualsevol ordre. La comèdia de situació Soap va ser el primer programa de televisió estatunidenc que va utilitzar una deixada en suspens: al final de la primera temporada (el 1978). A partir d'aquí, les deixades en suspens van passar a convertir-se en un element bàsic de les telenovel·les nord-americanes. L'èxit de la sèrie Dallas, de 1980, sobretot a l'episodi "Qui va disparar a J.R.?" ("Who Shot J.R.?" en anglès) va contribuir al fet que la deixada en suspens es convertís en un element narratiu habitual a la televisió nord-americana. Una altra deixada en suspens destacada va ser a l'episodi "Massacre de Moldàvia" de la sèrie Dynasty, el 1985, que va impulsar les especulacions durant els mesos d'estiu sobre qui va viure o morir quan gairebé tots els personatges van assistir a un casament on uns revolucionaris van disparar amb una metralladora.

Generalment les deixades en suspens es donaven en sèries, que resolien el conflicte en el següent episodi, que s'emetia en un període curt, com una setmana. Encara que es va utilitzar una deixada en suspens a més llarg termini en les pel·lícules de La guerra de les galàxies, a Star Wars episodi V: L'Imperi contraataca (1980), en la qual Darth Vader va revelar a Luke Skywalker que era el seu pare i quan la vida de Han Solo estava en perill després que fos congelat. Aquestes trames es van deixar sense resoldre fins a la següent pel·lícula de la sèrie tres anys després.

Les dues maneres per mantenir als espectadors enganxats a les produccions audiovisuals consisteixen a involucrar personatges en una situació de suspens, possiblement de vida o mort, o en presentar una situació inesperada o sorpresa. Les deixades en suspens també s'utilitzen per deixar oberta la possibilitat que un personatge sigui assassinat a causa que l'actor no continuï interpretant el paper.

A vegades, els escriptors que no saben si se'ls encarregarà una nova sèrie o temporada s'encarreguen d'introduir deixades en suspens de manera deliberada amb l'esperança que els espectadors exigeixin saber com es resol la situació. Com va ser el cas de la segona temporada de Twin Peaks, que va acabar en una deixada en suspens que va generar una gran incertesa sobre el destí del protagonista, però aquesta deixada en suspens no va poder salvar la sèrie, i es va donar un final no resolt.

La deixada en suspens s'ha convertit en un element bàsic en la producció de continguts audiovisuals amb continuïtat. Fins a tal punt, que els escriptors de sèries ja no senten que els conflictes han de ser resolts immediatament quan es mostra el següent episodi. La sèrie dramàtica True Blood destaca pel gran ús de deixades en suspens. No només les temporades conclouen amb situacions de suspens, sinó que gairebé tots els episodis acaben en una deixada en suspens, després o durant un moment molt dramàtic.

De vegades, una pel·lícula, un llibre o una temporada d'un programa de televisió acaba amb la derrota de l'antagonista principal abans que un segon antagonista, més poderós, faci una breu aparició (convertint-se en el malvat de la següent pel·lícula, llibre o temporada).

En alguns casos, es finalitza una obra amb una deixada en suspens, de manera que es produeix un final obert que manté als espectadors intrigats pels possibles finals. Alguns casos són: La novel·la Smilla's Sense of Snow de Peter Hogg i la novel·la de ficció científica de Michael Flynn The Forest of Time.

Referències

Televisió
Tècniques de cinema

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Apple Wireless Technology team listings, found by Light Reading, ask for software engineers who have experience with a handful of key voice signal technologies, which could mean the company is developing a voice over LTE (VoLTE) or brand voice over IP (VoIP) solution, industry insiders say.
Although no the current iteration of the iPhone supports LTE, telecommunications that carry the device has already begun the deployment of faster next generation network in the U.S. Verizon, for example, had LTE capable phones when the iPhone 4S was launched.
There has been speculation as to what architecture to use when Apple starts offering mobile voice services on expected future 4G LTE phones, but the announcements of new jobs give an idea of what the company might be planning.
One listing asks for an engineer experienced in Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) and VoIP-related protocols, along with the familiarity of wireless standards including GSM/UMTS, CDMA and IMS. Of particular interest is the requirement of IMS, as this is the architecture that the major wireless carriers in the United States are implementing or planning to implement in their 4G LTE networks.
In fact, Apple is probably doing these contracts, just because it plans to work closely with its carrier partners. The skill sets that Apple is looking for fit in well with VoIP scheme operators' plan to use for their next-generation voice services. Apple is looking for experienced engineers with a set of protocols that may seem incomprehensible to most people, but are well-known to telecom engineers.
It is not known whether Apple will fully rely on IMS for communications in future products, as it would put more power into the hands of the telcos, but it seems that the company is at least experimenting with the idea. One possible solution that is compatible with IMS, without fully supporting the architecture could be a more palpable option, especially for a company like Apple that emphasizes a consistent user experience across multiple devices.
Future iPhones will require SIP-based clients to communicate with those carriers' IMS systems, so it is logical that Apple is hiring experts for its development.
"Whatever Apple does, it will want voice to work on their mobile devices and phones," said Dean Bubley, founder of the consulting firm Disruptive Analysis Ltd. "Any voice platform will need a non- -SIM mode like an over-the-top extension of IMS. Apple would not want a completely different voice experience on iPhone and Wi-Fi only iPad. "


Mike Killbreath hosts The Morning Gazette Radio Show weekdays from 8 am until 9:30 am on CCNRadio.net and he hosts The Daily Gazette Sports Weekend Show every Saturday from 10 am until noon, and The Daily Gazette Sports Night Show weekdays from 6 pm until 7 pm.
Tony Perkins is a nationally-syndicated columnist and the long-time President of Family Research Council. He also hosts a radio program known as Washington Watch on CCNRadio.net. His show airs weekdays at 11 pm with replays the next morning at 7 am. The program also airs at 7 am every Saturday and every Sunday.


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Most drugs in clinical trials against COVID-19, such as chloroquine phosphate, can be made cheaply.
FeatureChina/AP Images
Would-be coronavirus drugs are cheap to make
By Robert F. Service Apr. 10, 2020 , 6:50 PM
Science 's COVID-19 reporting is supported by the Pulitzer Center.
With a vaccine for the novel coronavirus still likely 1 year or more away, the first weapon against the virus could be one of the drugs now in clinical trials with COVID-19 patients. A new analysis out today shows that many of these drugs, which are currently manufactured or in development to treat other diseases, can be made for $1 a day per patient, or less. If any prove effective against the novel coronavirus, a coordinated international effort will be needed to ensure they are made affordable for people worldwide, the researchers argue.
Scientists worldwide are conducting clinical trials on at least a dozen potential treatments for COVID-19. Some compounds have been on the market for decades, such as chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine used to combat malaria and lupus. That makes it relatively straightforward to estimate the minimum cost of making them, says Andrew Hill, a drug pricing specialist at the University of Liverpool.
Is France's president fueling the hype over an unproven coronavirus treatment?
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These drugs don't target the coronavirus—they target us
'This is insane!' Many scientists lament Trump's embrace of risky malaria drugs for coronavirus
For the new analysis, out today in the Journal of Virus Eradication, Hill and colleagues reprised a strategy he previously used to estimate the cost of drugs to treat HIV and hepatitis C. They started with an India-mandated database that includes the cost per kilogram of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) shipped in and out of the country, a major hub for generic drug production. To those figures, they added in additional costs for formulating APIs into medicines, packaging, and a 10% markup for the companies manufacturing the drugs. For eight of the nine candidate COVID-19 treatments analyzed the estimated cost was less than $1.50 per day per person treated and from $0.30 to $31 for a full course of treatment. The bottom line is clear, Hill says. "All of these drugs are fundamentally really cheap to make." (Hill's team was unable to estimate the cost of one compound, Tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, because it is currently made only in small quantities.)
Today, however, these drugs aren't always cheap to buy. They retail for between $0.20 and $510 per course in countries that strictly hold down drug costs, such as India and Pakistan, but between $19 to $18,610 per course in the United States, Hill and his colleagues report.
Jessica Burry, a pharmacist with Doctors Without Borders, worries that high pricing of COVID-19 treatments would amount to rationing, putting them off-limits for poorer patients and countries. "Rationing drugs because of high prices and limited supply will only serve to prolong the pandemic," says. "What good is a lifesaving drug if you can't afford it?"
Hill notes that most of the drugs his group evaluated are off patent, and thus could be manufactured cheaply by generic drugmakers. But some of the antivirals in the COVID-19 clinical trials are proprietary. As the debate over drug pricing for coronavirus drugs is already heating up, one flashpoint is remdesivir, a drug from Gilead Sciences that appears to inhibit an RNA-copying polymerase the new coronavirus uses to replicate. Hill's team estimates that 1 day's supply of the drug could be manufactured for $0.93.
Manufacturing cost of potential coronavirus drugs
Though most drugs currently in clinical trials to fight COVD-19 can be made cheaply, they can sell for hundreds of times the price.
Estimated cost price (course)
Estimated cost price (day)
Remdesivir (10 days) $9 $0.93
Favipiravir (14 days) $20 $1.45
Lopinavir/ritonavir (14 days) $4 $0.28
Hydroxychloroquine (14 days) $1 $0.08
Chloroquine (14 days) $0.30 $0.02
Azithromycin (14 days) $1.40 $0.10
Sofosbuvir/daclatasvir (14 days) $5 $0.39
Pirfenidone (28 days) $31 $1.09
A. Hill et al., Journal of Virus Eradication , 2020
But patent protection and limited supplies could send its price soaring, some groups fear. On 30 March, Doctors Without Borders and nearly 150 other civil society organizations sent an open letter to Gilead CEO Daniel O'Day asking "that Gilead take immediate actions to ensure rapid availability, affordability, and accessibility of its experimental therapy remdesivir for the treatment of COVID-19." The authors implored Gilead to forgo patent protection for the drug and allow generic manufacturers to add to the supply. Gilead's Corporate Affairs and General Counsel Brett Pletcher responded today that Gilead is already ramping up production sharply. The company is also exploring a partnership with UNICEF to distribute the drug globally, Pletcher wrote the groups in a letter made public by the company.
One model for distributing a coronavirus drug quickly and cheaply comes from ongoing parallel efforts to provide HIV and tuberculosis drugs, run by the Global Fund and the U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDs Relief. Each organization pools financial contributions from governments worldwide or U.S. government agencies, respectively, and use the money to negotiate cheap prices for generic drugs that are then distributed to countries in need—an approach that has been hailed for saving tens of millions of lives. David Nash, a physician and pharmaceutical industry expert at Jefferson College of Population Health, says that model could work with coronavirus as well. "I would not reinvent the wheel here." Nash says international drug pricing experts should begin to set up such an initiative to mass produce and distribute coronavirus medications, adding that they should move fast. "We ought to start the conversation now in anticipation of the results of the clinical trials."
doi:10.1126/science.abc1943
Robert F. Service
Bob is a news reporter for Science in Portland, Oregon, covering chemistry, materials science, and energy stories.
Email Robert


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Tag Archives: election reform
This Deserves Full-Throated Support
January 19, 2019 Public Policy and GovernanceBrennan Center, election reform, H.B. 1Sheila
So long as Republicans continue to control the Senate–and a know-nothing buffoon continues to occupy and degrade the Oval Office–this bill is unlikely to become law.
That's too bad, because it gets to the essence of our genuine "national emergency."
The bill, which is known as H.R. 1, or the For the People Act, and was sponsored by Rep. John Sarbanes (D-Md.), would create a more responsive and representative government by making it easier for voters to cast a ballot and harder for lawmakers to gerrymander, by transforming how campaigns are funded to amplify the voices of ordinary Americans, and by bolstering election security and government ethics.
Rather than treating structural issues hindering democratic decision making in separate proposals, the bill addresses a number of the systemic weaknesses that enable political game-playing and "dirty tricks"– voting rights, gerrymandering, campaign finance reform, and ethics.
The Brennan Center description of the measure (linked above) highlights several of the most important provisions–restoring the Voting Rights Act, ensuring that everyone in the country gets at least two weeks within which to cast an early ballot, campaign finance reforms, and a requirement that all voting machines have paper trails. Among the most important are measures affecting voter registration and discouraging gerrymandering:
Streamlining Voter Registration: H.R. 1 would bring Automatic and Same-Day Voter Registration to voters across the country. Automatic Voter Registration (AVR) is a transformative reform under which eligible voters are automatically registered when they provide information to the government at the DMV or other government agencies, unless they opt out. Since 2015, 15 states and the District of Columbia have approved AVR, leading to big gains in registration. If adopted nationwide, AVR could add as many as 50 million new voters to the rolls. Same-Day Registration (SDR) allows eligible voters to register at the polls on Election Day, making it less likely that voters will be disenfranchised by last-minute registration problems. It is already offered in 16 states. Combined with AVR, SDR would solve most of the serious registration problems voters experienced in 2016 and 2018….
Gerrymandering Reform. H.R. 1 would curb extreme partisan gerrymandering by ensuring that states draw congressional districts using independent redistricting commissions whose members represent diverse communities across the state, by establishing fair redistricting criteria, and by mandating greater transparency for the redistricting process.
Taken as a whole, this bill would make considerable progress toward ensuring fair elections with results that accurately reflect the will of the voters. In a sane world, opposing it would be tantamount to opposing motherhood and apple pie–so why do I say that Republicans will never let it see the light of day?
The answer to that (entirely rhetorical) question is obvious to anyone who follows political news: without gaming the system, today's GOP cannot win enough votes to control the House or Senate. If not for the Electoral College, the party–at least as it exists today– would rarely if ever win the White House.
America desperately needs a grown-up GOP, one that's able to compete for votes in fair elections. While we wait for the emergence of such a party, however, we need fair elections.
Passing this bill would be a major step in that direction.
If I Had a Magic Wand….
November 21, 2016 Education / Youth, Public Policy and Governancecivic education, education reform, election reform, votingSheila
Yesterday, I wrote that America's governing systems no longer work properly. I believe the original, basic premises of our approach to self-government remain sound, but our "delivery systems," the mechanics of representative democracy, have become corrupted.
With effort, those can be changed. One of the great benefits of America's constitutional system is its flexibility. Despite persistent cries of alarm from so-called "textual originalists," our legal system has continued to work because it has been remarkably adaptable to "new facts on the ground."
It is undeniable, however, that our 200+ year old ship of state has taken on some barnacles.
Compromises intended to keep slave states happy (the Electoral College, for example) are poorly adapted to modern notions of democratic fairness; early allocations of federalist jurisdiction are increasingly ill-suited to a mobile, connected population. Etc.
Assuming (as I do) that Trump's election presages a period of turmoil and civic unrest during which many laws and institutions will be challenged and found to be unworkable, or understood to be hopelessly outmoded, what changes should we try to effect once the fever breaks?
Here are a few I think have merit:
We should establish a national, nonpartisan commission to administer elections under uniform standards. Many countries have such agencies. It would maintain voter rolls (we have no idea what turnout actually is, because there is a lag time during which states don't know when a voter moves, or dies, and there are great disparities between states in record-keeping, purges, etc.), establish uniform times for polls to be open, prevent voter suppression efforts, and generally insure a fair and equal election process.
We should get rid of the Electoral College, gerrymandering and Citizens United.
At the local level, we should sharply limit the positions that are elected. There is no reason to elect coroners, recorders, auditors, township trustees and the like. Some of these positions may no longer be needed; those that are should be appointed by Mayors or County executives. Similarly, Governors should appoint Attorneys General and Superintendents of Public Instruction. Making a chief executive responsible for these administrative positions would improve accountability and decrease political infighting.
There are a number of steps we might take to increase vote turnout and make election results more closely reflect the popular will. We can make election day a holiday, and/or vastly increase voting by mail. (America is highly unlikely to make voting mandatory, as it is in Australia, but we might consider a "none of the above" option.)
In addition to such mechanical "fixes," we need a population that is at least minimally civically-literate. The emphasis upon STEM education is all well and good, but it should not be allowed to crowd out the humanities and especially civics education. "We the People" or an equivalent high-quality civics curriculum should be required for high school graduation.
And I want to put in a plug for a "New GI Bill": Upon graduation from high school, students would enroll in a one-year program of civic service and civic education. Upon satisfactory completion of that year, the government would pay for two years of college or other post-secondary training. The program would be open to everyone, but marketed heavily to the poor and disadvantaged.
We have massive amounts of research confirming that most Americans—rich or poor—know embarrassingly little about the economic and governmental structures within which they live. This civics deficit is far more pronounced in poor communities, where civics instruction (as with other educational resources) is scarce. Because civic knowledge is a predictor of civic participation, one result is that poor folks don't vote in percentages equal to those of middle-class and wealthy Americans.
When people don't vote, their interests aren't represented.
Giving students from disadvantaged backgrounds an opportunity for post-secondary education—and conditioning that opportunity on a year of civic learning and civic service—would do two extremely important things: it would give those students the civic skills they need in order to have a meaningful voice in the democratic process; and it would reduce the nation's currently unconscionable level of student loan debt.
Those are my beginning agenda items. I'm confident that there are numerous other ideas for reconstituting and revitalizing America's politics and our commitment to the goal of e pluribus unum.
We're in the middle of a very painful lesson in what isn't working; let's start considering what would.


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Volodea Vâlcov (n. 1916, Bolgrad – d. 1952) a fost un fotbalist și antrenor român, fratele mai mic al lui Colea Vâlcov și Petea Vâlcov. Cei trei au fondat una din cele mai titrate echipe din fotbalul interbelic basarabean, Mihai Viteazul Chișinău. Au câștigat de 5 ori titlul de campioană a României cu Venus București, în anii 1932, 1934, 1937, 1939 și 1940. A decedat din cauza unei tuberculoze. A fost antrenorul echipei naționale într-un meci cu Egipt.

Note

Nașteri în 1916
Fotbaliști români
Antrenori români de fotbal
Antrenori ai echipei naționale de fotbal a României
Decese în 1952


As our students grow older, learning self-management techniques related to Bullying and Conflict continues to be important!
Grade 4 and 5 learners are seeing what encompasses "Bullying" (see previous blog post), as well as understanding it can involve Social, Physical, or Verbal actions. Additionally, Cyberbullying (any bullying that takes place electronically or through social media) is explored. Finally, students learn about what to do when Bullying is occurring, as well as how to manage themselves when in conflict with friends/peers so that it doesn't turn into a bigger problem.
Then, students engage in a large group "test" to assess their learning and leave space for questions to be answered by Dr. K! This can be a confusing topic for many students, so much discussion time is left for students who are curious about certain situations and how to handle it.
Our Grades K-3 are currently working on a unit that involves understanding what being a Global Citizen entails! We discuss that being a Global Citizen involves respecting 1) All People (we are all special regardless of hair color, ethnicity, favorite food, brothers/sisters, etc.), and 2)THE EARTH!
Further, we watch an animated version of The Giving Tree, and discuss throughout the story how the tree helps the boy. This shows us how useful and, thus important, trees are. Then, the students all design their own leaf to add to Dr. K's tree that includes one way they can help to save the Earth. My tree is sure to be very colorful and full of great ideas!


International broadcast stations have already covered Uruguay's nasty player, Luis Suarez, and his habit of biting fellow soccer players, so I won't go into that here. FIFA is going to care of him, right?
However, inspired by a friend's recent Facebook status where she noted that Mexican fans in Los Angeles, California, over-celebrated Mexico's win over Croatia, I feel compelled to share my thoughts.
The recent events in Los Angeles regarding soccer fans' reaction to Mexico's victory over Croatia at the 2014 World Cup in Brazil were perpetrated, to sum it up concisely and succinctly, by una bola de nacos! (a bunch of hooligans!) This is exactly how many of us Mexicans felt as we watched the disturbing news reports coming out of LA on the evening of this significant win by Mexico's team to move forward in the FIFA World Cup.
I wish there was a way fans could control their emotions — especially when they feel obliged to destroy property or hurt each other as was the case in LA.
It's shameful, really, because as a native Mexican it embarrassed me to witness my countrymen behave so barbarically in the USA. But, I am not surprised. Did you see how the fans in Mexico reacted? Take a look at what they did.
As my friend pointed out, there are immigrants living in Los Angeles from each of the 31 countries playing in this year's World Cup, but only the Mexicans behaved in a very un-sportsman like manner. It's actually the epitome of sore winners.
Why must our third world mentality seep into the lives some have forged for themselves in an industrialized and civilized country that is hosting them?
Rise up to these occasions with dignity, not in violence! It is also sad, that from my friend's same post, I surmised that all Mexicans were being judged by the behavior of a few. Latinos living in the USA are 22 million strong, in a variety of immigration statuses, but a large contingency nonetheless. The poorly judged reactions of those few who chose to take to the streets and vandalize other people's property should not reflect on an entire minority class.
It's true that for all the years one lives in a country that is not their native land, they never completely shake off their roots. I was asked if I feel Mexican first, though I've lived in this country more than half of my life. The is answer is, yes. In my case, being born and raised south of border is something that is seared into my soul and it will never go away. I got rid of the accent and adopted most of this country's good habits; a work ethic, respect for others and their property, and to follow the law. Sadly, these simple things can be dispensed with in my native Mexico and many think they can do and behave the same here as they did back home.
I'm afraid you can't have it both ways, compadres, so choose your allegiance and stick to it. Don't ruin it for everyone.
Let' s try to show our host country that though we are free to celebrate our cultural backgrounds here, we are not free to behave like we did in the country we decided to abandon for an improved life up north; a more civilized existence with access and recourse to justice.
Don't abuse your hard-earned privilege, amigos, because you give us all a bad a name. Now, let's do like FIFA will (hopefully) do with Luis Suarez and put a leash on this animalistic behavior.
Where you also disgusted by these actions?


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An Amateur At Best
My Writings On My Passions - History, Languages, Some Movies, Technology, Architecture, Life, Blah Blah Blah.
The Titles and Names of Timur
Ottoman Sultan Beyazid imprisoned by Amir Timur, painted by Stanisław Chlebowski.
The two were life long rivals and engaged in voluminous epistolary diplomacy before finally going for each other's jugular
A rose by any other name ....... still has thorns. :)
Timur – 1336 AD to 1405 AD The phenomenally phenomenal Amir Timur (as he is known in Asia) or Tamerlane / Timur Lane / Timurlane (as he is known in the West) was, besides being a world conqueror and a decimate-or of dynasties, also a very superior diplomat. Further he also had a keen sense of literature and history coupled with a firm belief in the efficacy of display and showmanship(there are stories of him drinking boar's blood just before meeting enemy ambassadors as a preliminary custom before the commencement of the assault, only to vomit out this imbibed fluid in front of the ambassadors thereby fooling them into believing him to be ill at the point of imminent death; this of course would lull the enemy into underestimating Timur's capacity to win the ensuing engagment and Timur would subsequently have the upper hand during the actual battle).
These facts ensured that he cultivate a host of names and titles to impress his position and status on other lesser mortals. These titles actually tell us quite a lot about Timur's life, personality, achievements, and desires.
But before I enumerate all of his names and titles a little something about the name Timur. According to the memoirs of Timur, the Malfuzat-i-Timuri a.k.a Tuzik-i-Timuri, the name Timur is derived from the Quran. One week after his birth (during his Aqiqa ceremony) his parents took the new born baby to a highly revered Sufi saint by the name of Hazrat Sheikh Shamsh Ud Deen.
The Sheikh was at the time reading from the Quran and was on the 16th verse of the 67th chapter (Surah Al Mulk). The verse reads
"Do you feel secure that He, Who is over the heaven (Allah), will not cause the earth to sink with you, then behold it shakes (as in an earthquake)?"
The last word of the verse in question is Tamoor (to shake) and Sheikh Shamsh Ud Deen promptly named the boy Timur.
However it should also be kept in mind that Timur was a common Turko-Mongol name for that time and in most of the Turko-Mongol dialects it meant "Iron".
Now there are at least 12 names and titles used by Timur throughout his career which have been acknowledged in Timur's own memoirs as well as those of others, official and unofficial court chronicles, on coinage, in diplomatic correspondence and firmans, in Khutbas (Friday sermons in mosques), histories, and of course also in popular imagination.
Please note that I have transliterated most of these names and titles for proper pronunciation. However the most commonly accepted spellings have also been provided. These are not arranged in any order of prefrence.
1.Abul Mansoor – Father of the Victorious
Name given by Timur's Pir Sheikh Zain Ud Deen Abu Bakr in a letter from the Pir to Timur. This name was not commonly used by Timur or for him and it seems to be more of a guidance and motivation from a guru than anything else.
Mansoor is the passive particle of the Arabic toot word "N S R" (victory) نصر.
2.Abul Fateh – Father of Victory
Name given to Timur by the Ottoman Sultan Bayazid I in diplomatic epistolary correspondence. Timur and Sultan Bayazid I were life-long arch rivals and continued to exchange letters and ambassadors throughout their lives. Although initially there was a surfeit of titles and complimentary honours between the two however later on the exchanges were more recriminatory and denigrating in nature. Abul Fateh is obviously an early title used by Sultan Bayazid I for Timur and hence it was a purely diplomatic title. There will be more on Bayazid I later.
"F T H" is Arabic for Victory and also for Opening فتح. FTH is also a highly auspicious root in Islam as it is the root for the name of the first and most sacred (for many) chapter of the Quran – Surah Fatih. Hence for Muslim it always carries immensely strong religious connotations as well.
3.Abul Ghaazi – Father of the Religious Warrior
Later day title adopted by or conferred upon Timur during his campaign in Hindustan in 1398 AD, adopted to acknowledge his shedding of Hindu blood by the river basin loads. Although Timur used this title (as did all of his descendants from the Timurid and Mughal dynasties) he could scarcely have laid any serious claim to it as almost all of his campaigns were against Sunni Muslims (Timur himself being a Sunni Muslim).Herat, Tabriz, Isphahan, Shiraz, Damascus, Aleppo, Baghdad, Ankara these and hundred of other such cities laid waste by Timur were all Islamic cities with Muslim rulers and a Muslim populous. As a matter of fact Timur even accepted an ambassador from king Henry III of Castille to plot a campaign against Bayazid I and the Ottomans.
Ghaazi was retained as a popular title by all the Great Mughals though in most circumstances they did not often perform the duties entailed by the traditional meaning of Ghaazi.
The word Ghaazi / Ghazi comes from the Arabic word Ghaza غزا and originally primarily denoted a warrior indulging in war for prize money and spoils (the established and legitimate way of payment for warfare in Arabian culture ). Though soon after the revelation of Islam it took on the meaning of a religious warrior fighting infidels and this has been its traditional meaning ever since.
4.Ameer – Commander
All through his reign Timur ruled on the pretext of being a representative of and subservient to the Chagtai Khanate branch of Ghengis Khan. He plundered, fought, killed, annexed, destroyed all in the name of rebuilding the Mongol empire of Ghengis Khan. Being an Ameer of the Chagtai princes legitimized whatever he did in the eyes of all those around him. That's how he started his career as an empire builder (a campaign in Transoxia on behalf of the Chagtai circa 1360 AD) and that is also how it ended (in a campaign against the Chinese in 1405 AD). In fact he did manage to win over and concatenate most of the western half of the Chagtai Khanate. However he could never even get a foot through the door of the eastern half which was being ruled over by the Chinese.
Timur's soldiers and generals always referred to him as Ameer and he himself was very fond of this title. Often while rallying troops and also before launching into attacks he utilized this title. Amir Timur or Emir Timur is also how he is referred to in modern Central Asia where he is a much respected and loved figure.
Ameer comes from the Arabic root "A M R" أمر which means to command or order or in some rare cases to suggest. It has been a common titles for generals and commanders throughout the history of Islam all across the length and breadth of the Islamic world. As a matter of fact the English language word Admiral is a Crusade-era western borrowing from the Arabic title "Ameer Al - Bahar" (Commander of the Sea)
5.Goorkaan – Son in Law
Let the timidity (?) of this name not fool you (if it does in the first place). Timur hailed from the Balras clan (a highly "Turkified" Mongol clan) and he and his troops adhered to many aspects of their Mongol culture and law despite being Muslims in religion and Turkic in language. In
Mongol culture Goorkaan was a title awarded to the most respected leader from amongst all the tribes who would be voted in to head the tribes. Sometimes a leader could designate a successor as his Goorkaan. This title was often used in the Khutbas read in the name of Timur.
Goorkaan or Gürkan is a very common name in Turkey and countries of Turkic influence though I am not sure if this means exactly the same as the old Mongol usage.
6.Saahib-i-Qiraani – Lord of the Fortuitous Conjunction
Saahib-i-Qiraani or Sahib-i-Qirani or Sahib Ul Qiran was common title for Timur in official and court chronicals of his times as well as in the later Timurid and Mughal ones.
Saahib or Sahib is from Arabic "S H B" صحب and means lord. Qiraani means Fortuitous Conjunction. Though Qiraani or Qiran can also be related to the word horn ( also used for Dhul Qarnayan in the Quran ذل قرنين ).
It is said that at the time of the birth of Timur Jupiter and Venus were in conjunction and this is the raison d'etre of this title. Timur is referred to as Saahib-i-Qiraani whenever the Timurid and Mughal princes and chroniclers needed to use a tone of awe and whenever there was a need to impress divine acceptance of Timur's success and destiny. For example the Akbarnama speaks of Timur mostly as Sahib-i-Qirani though that could also be in order to reinforce the beneficence of Akbar's (a descendant of Timur) own fortuitous birth stars on the reader.
This title was also often represented on Timur's personal standard during battles. It was supposed to represent Timur's great luck in battle and also the divine assistance which was accorded to him for utterly vanquishing his enemies. Hence it worked as a terror tactic for the enemies and as a motivation for his own troops and commanders. Sahib-i-Qiraani also often enetered the Khutbas read in the name of Timur.
Sahib-i-Qiran is also often used as a title for Amir Hamza (prophet Muahmmad's uncle) in the Persian and Urdu versions of the Hamzanama (the tales of Amir Hamza) but a stand alone Sahib-i-Qiran would almost always refer to Timur.
7.Khaaqaan – Emperor Of China
This is the most disputable title used by Timur. Khaaqaan was a title traditionally used by the Emperor of China. Ghengis Khan and his descendants divided their conquered lands into four Khanates (or kingdoms), all were fragmented and lost soon after the passing away of second after Ghengis Khan. China too was one of the four Khanates and was ruled by a grandson of Ghengis Khan called Kublai Khan (the acknowledged last Great Khaaqaan of China). However by the 1360s China also slipped out of Mongol control due to bitter internecine conflict between the Mongols. Timur, who had always acted in the name of the descendants of Ghengis Khan, had long cherished to add this eastern section of the Khanates (China) to his empire and he decided to style himself as the rightful Khaaqaan, Emperor of China.
The Ming Emperor of China Hung Wu is said to have sent embassies on a grand scale to Timur to make him see the "error of his ways" to ask him to pay homage and tribute to the true Emperor of China (namely himself). Matters came to a head and Timur prepared an army of a quarter of a million to bring Emperor Hung Wu to submission. Facing the Central Asians was the Chinese army of a million soldiers. It is said that around one-fifth of the world's population would have been directly affected by this war. However Timur died soon after he began the march towards China and suddenly it was all over. The war never took place and the dispute of the title of the real Emperor of China was never resolved. Khaaqaan was often used in the Khutbas read in the name of Timur.
Interestingly Babur ( fifth in line of descent from Timur) also used Khaaqaan as one of his titles. Hence obviously even more than a 125 years later the old wound was still festering and egos were even higher than before.
Alittle about the title itself. It seems to have been derived from the Altaic word Qa'an. Qa'an قا آن is not to be confused with Khan خان Although both are probably derivatives of the same root. Qa'an means a supreme overlord as opposed to Khan which means village or tribal ruler. Now interestingly in Uighyar and Turkic grammar there is a rule which forces a "g" sound to be inserted between any two successive vowels. This resulted in the Qa'an becoming Qaagaan in the proto-Turkic languages and the Chinese title could be a borrowing from this.
For more discussion on the etymology of Khaaqaan click here
China History Forum on Khaqan / Khan / Qan
8.Paadshah – Master of Kings
Timur took on the title of Padshah much later in his career as a conqueror. He "became" the Padshah after subjugating Iran, Turan (Central Asia north of Iran), Rum (Turkey and Anatolia), Syria, and Hindustan. Hence obviously after the year 1400 AD.
This comes from Persian. Etymologically it is derived from Pati (Master) and Shah (King). Padshah being adopted as a title by Timur, a Central Asian Turkic monarch, was novel but not entirely unexpected. In the time and place of Timur Persian had long replaced Turkic languages in the realm of culture and education and was fast catching up with Turkic in the world of private communication as a fitting alternate.
Paadshah too was promptly appended to the long list of Timur's titles in the Khutba.
Paadshah was used by all the Mughal rulers. Babur was the first Timurid prince after Timur to move away from the established title of Mirza (denoting a prince or king of Timurid descent) and to style himself as Paadshah However Humayun had it changed to Baadshah as he did not feel it correct to use Paadshah as a term in Hindustan where it could lead to embarrassment owing to the fact that Paad is a North Indian word for flatulence.
Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, who also used Paadshah as a title, got an extensive chronicle of his reign written which is known as the Padshahnama.
9.Geetee Staani – Winner of the World
I know the least about this title. It is Persian though these words find currency in many Turkic languages as well. This title is said to have been given to him by the official court chroniclers of his time as well as those of the Mughal era. Giti Staani is also how Mughal emperor Shah Jahan often referred to his illustrious ancestor Timur.
10 .Sultaan – Powerful
Sultaan is probably the most commonly used (and abused) title for a king in the Islamic world. In fact from Tangiers to Taiwan and all in between the one title which everybody understands is Sultan.
Sultaan comes from the Arabic " S L T N" سلطن. Sultan denotes power or powerful. The term probably gained currency once the Abbassid Khalifs started dishing out official certificates of regency to various generals and war lords to rule. These certificates of "power" to represent the Khalif and rule according to the laws of Islam were thought of as infallible decrees from the highest authority in Islam and at least theoretically could not be questioned by anyone. Anybody who wanted to rule needed such a certificate from the Khalif. Theoretically the Khutba could be read in the name of a king only after he had received confirmation from the Khalif..
Sultaan would have been adopted early on by Timur to make a point of his being an "approved" ruler. Though at the time (1360s-1390s) the Khalifat was based in Cairo (under the protection of the Mamlukes of Egypt)and it had already been sapped of the last remaining semblance of power about 400 hundred yeas back, still being called a Sultaan would have been important for Timur as the Ottoman Sultaan Bayazid I was ever ready to join forces with the Mamluke Sultaan against Timur. Hence approval by the Khalif became important. This was also a standard part of the Khutba read in Timur's name.
This desire to get acceptance from the Khalif was also what made Muhammad Tughlaq of Delhi request robes of honour again and again from the Khalif in the 1340s – 1350s and hence no Sultaan anywhere could have peace of mind till he actually did receive a token approval from the Khalif of Islam.
In Hindustan Sultaan can used only for a man and Sultaana for a woman whereas in most of the Islamic world Sultaan may refer to either a man or a woman. In many cultures it forms a part of the name itself.
11 .Iskandar Ul Ahad – Alexander of the Age
Alexander has been and will always remain the epitome of martial achievement for Asians. Timur was just another in a long list of monarchs big and small who desired to bask in the glory of Alexander's legacy by liking their actual or fancied conquests to those of Alexander. It seems to be one of Timur's favourite titles. Hundreds of kings have styled themselves as Alexandar of the Age and often there were many kings flaunting this title simultaneously.
Iskandar is the Central Asian / Persian version of the name Alexander. Persian denies a "s" sound at the beginning of a word to be followed by anything other than a vowel. In case this happens then an "i" sound be prefixed to the "s". Hence what is called as Sikandar in Hindustan will always be Iskandar in Persian.
Ahad is Arabic for era عهد.
12.Khusroo – Name of the last great Persian King - "Beautiful"
Khusroo or Khusrau was the last great Sassanian king. He died in 570 AD and the love stories of Khusroo and Shirin are immortal. He had many military achievements against his name and he conducted many building projects as well.
To know more click here
Wikipedia Khosrau I
Here it is important also to note that unlike many of his contemporaries Timur or his chroniclers never laid any claims to him being the Khalif of Islam. However one court historian Nizam Ud DinShami did refer to Timur as the "Refuge of the Khalifat" in Zafarnama. Of course Akbar, and some other Mughals did stake a claim to the title of Khalif of Islam but that's a different story....
To know more
1. Timur -
Wikipedia Timur
2. First half of Timur's career
The rise of Timurlane
3. On Timur and Timurid culture
Life of Timur
4. Autobiography of Timur
Malfuzat-i-Timuri
This is a quick-ish post and probably has many mistakes so I seek your forgiveness.
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Schoenbeck: Annette Bosworth Is a Fraud
All you nice out-state Republicans getting post cards from Base Connect, pay attention....
Pat Powers continues to dismiss my investigation and criticism of fake Senate candidate Annette Bosworth as hysterical sexism. He'll have a harder time dismissing prominent Republican Lee Schoenbeck, who dismisses Bosworth in language easily as harsh as mine.
Powers reports that Bosworth has responded to the revelation of a campaign worker who quit over legal and ethical concerns and who is still owed back wages (a claim backed up by Bosworth's last FEC filing, page 119, Debts and Obligations: Ethan Crisp, $2,000) with evasive meme-nuttiness:
This is the repeating story of America. Have you ever read the book Atlas Shrugged by Ayn Rand? I feel like Dagny Taggert [Annette Bosworth, quoted by Pat Powers, "The Experience of a Lifetime, or Lesson for a Lifetime: Crisp Unpaid, Atlas Shrugs," Dakota War College, 2014.03.09].
Lee Schoenbeck, Republican candidate for District 5 House and leading light within the South Dakota GOP, flunks Bosworth on literature and politics:
Well I have read Atlas Shrugged, and Dr Bosworth, you're no Dagny Taggert. You are the kind of fraud that caused Atlas to Shrug [Lee Schoenbeck, comment, Dakota War College, 2014.03.09].
Ayn Rand was a fraud, too (see also here, here, and here), but that's not the point!
Like Lee, I've read Atlas Shrugged. Like Lee, I know Dagny Taggart was an honest, successful businesswoman who paid her employees. Like Lee, I know Annette Bosworth is none of those things.
And like Lee, I describe Annette Bosworth with the word fraud.
Rand Memo to Ryan: Abortion Is a Moral Right
Via Jezebel...
Given how often Paul Ryan said he rereads Ayn Rand, I wonder how he could have missed Rand's position on abortion:
An embryo has no rights. Rights do not pertain to a potential, only to an actual being. A child cannot acquire any rights until it is born. The living take precedence over the not-yet-living (or the unborn).
Abortion is a moral right-which should be left to the sole discretion of the woman involved; morally, nothing other than her wish in the matter is to be considered. Who can conceivably have the right to dictate to her what disposition she is to make of the functions of her own body? [Ayn Rand, "Of Living Death" The Objectivist, October 1968, excerpted at AynRand.org]
Ayn Rand is right. Embryos and fetuses are not people. A woman's right to have an abortion takes precedence over the rights of non-persons imagined by Paul Ryan.
Conservative on Ryan: Rand and Religion Don't Change My Vote
South Dakota hard-right blog P&R Miscellany responds to left-wing cries (including my own) for right-wing consistency with this defense of Paul Ryan (recycling this National Review spin from April 2012) from charges of fealty to the atheist Ayn Rand. The Displaced Plainsman catches P&R trying to hide from the real issue. The problem, says LK, is not that Ryan is an atheist (no one says he is, and it's certainly not in my interest to encourage voters to reject a candidate because he's an atheist); the problem is that Ryan bases his worldview and his policies on Ayn Rand's philosophy. Yes, Ayn Rand was an atheist, but much, much worse, Rand preached a "relentless, single-minded dedication to one's passions" that flies in the face of community and Christianity.
I find P&R's Ryan apologetics worthy of some line-by-line. First, P&R tries to get Ryan out from under the onus of Rand fanaticism:
To be sure, Ryan finds some of Rand's moral arguments for capitalism and individualism as opposed to collectivism quite helpful and has said so. He did say that he "tried to make my interns read [Atlas Shrugged]." While I'm personally with the interns who did not read it (Rand is, in my opinion, largely unreadable, tendentious, boring, and worse), this is a far different thing than adopting wholesale Rand's objectivism. As this Politico piece makes clear, even when he was doing that he was not endorsing objectivism or atheism but individualism and capitalism as morally defensible [P&R, "Ryan and Rand: Not So Close as Charged," P&R Miscellany, August 12, 2012].
P&R recognizes, as made clear in his own subsequent comment, as made clear by Ryan's own recent spin, that conservatives must keep Rand from becoming the issue. But Rand is the issue. The clearest proof of Ryan's fealty to Rand is Ryan's own words to a 2005 meeting of the Atlas Society, an Ayn Rand fan club:
I grew up reading Ayn Rand and it taught me quite a bit about who I am and what my value systems are, and what my beliefs are. It's inspired me so much that it's required reading in my office for all my interns and my staff. We start with Atlas Shrugged. People tell me I need to start with The Fountainhead then go to Atlas Shrugged [laughter]. There's a big debate about that. We go to Fountainhead, but then we move on, and we require Mises and Hayek as well [Paul Ryan, address to Atlas Society, 2005].
Ryan acknowledges that Rand's books played a significant role in forming his value system. He acknowledges that he required his interns and staff to read Rand's two biggest books. He is deep enough into Rand that he knows the internal debate among Randians about which novel new recruits ought to read first.
Ryan also told the Atlas Society that he consulted Rand's writings religiously:
It's so important that we go back to our roots to look at Ayn Rand's vision, her writings, to see what our girding, under-grounding [sic] principles are. I always go back to, you know, Francisco d'Anconia's speech (at Bill Taggart's wedding) on money when I think about monetary policy. And then I go to the 64-page John Galt speech, you know, on the radio at the end, and go back to a lot of other things that she did, to try and make sure that I can check my premises so that I know that what I'm believing and doing and advancing are square with the key principles of individualism... [Ryan, 2005].
Ryan knows Rand's characters and parables. He treats her novels like Scripture, "checking his premises" for consistency with Rand's words. Ryan's knowledge of Rand is no casual acquaintance with a pop culture figure. It's serious attention. By his own words, Ryan is a Randian.
P&R admits Rand's philosophy is "immoral." To preserve his conviction that the Ryan-Romney ticket deserves his support, P&R must toss principle in favor of "anyone but Obama"-ism:
But a lot of Republicans are Christians and Protestants. If the left can destroy Ryan by tarring him as an atheist in the same way that they keep reminding us of Romney's Mormonism, then they can demotivate the GOP base. This will help to preserve Obama, including his attacks on religious freedom, his raw assertions of executive power, his devastating economic policies, and all the rest.
Frankly, I wouldn't care if Ryan were an atheist. Such irreligion would still be preferred to Obama's religious infatuation with government and the fiscal bankruptcy to which it is driving us. None of the candidates for president and vice president share my religious beliefs. There are two Catholics (both vice-presidential candidates), one Mormon, and one Black Liberation/Christo-Marxist (Obama). Religiously, I think they're all wrong [P&R, August 12, 2012].
A Christian conservative admits he'd rather have an atheist in office than the clearly Christian Barack Obama. Wowza! I guess all that talk about how the Founding Fathers created a Christian nation and said we couldn't govern without Christian principles really is just campaign chatter. We're making progress here!
As P&R throws religion out the window, he begs us to prioritize other values:
But Ryan and Romney are right on the economics, right on their appraisal of human nature, right on their understanding of how business and government work, right on the public morality they wish to uphold and defend, right on the limited nature of government and the U.S. Constitution... [P&R, August 12, 2012].
P&R is in la-la-land on the specifics. Ryan-Romney preach trickle-down economics disproven by the Bush tax cuts. Their every-man-for-himself thinking pales as public morality compared to President Obama's understanding that we have obligations to each other within community. And no one is preaching limited government; Romney and Ryan just want government to interfere in different realms (ask anyone with a uterus). But in general, I can get on board with P&R's declaration that the church you go to matters much, much less (if at all!) than other principles that guide one's public policies.
P&R then makes clear the ability of the right wing (of all humanity, really) to will itself to the outcomes it preconceives:
I'm not voting for pope or pastor. I'm not voting for God, either. I'm voting for president and vice-president and nothing Ryan has said that I'm aware of dampens my enthusiasm for him in the least [P&R, August 12, 2012].
In other words, Paul Ryan can cite a radical atheist egoist as the basis of his policy making, can indoctrinate other people in that egoist's bad literature, can even get his own Catholic theology grossly wrong, and good conservatives will still line up and vote for him.
Fine. As I said to Taunia last night, I don't like fighting a religious war. You can't win. But P&R and the Right's "anyone but Obama" rationalizations make me willing to fight the religious war with the objective not of victory but of cease-fire. I will accept the argument P&R makes, that we aren't voting for God, pope, or pastor. I will accept his argument that it doesn't matter what religion a candidate professes or shuns.
But I offer the cease-fire on two conditions:
No Republican ever again mentions Jeremiah Wright.
No Republican may say, insinuate, or countenance without rebuttal accusations that Barack Obama is a Muslim (not that there'd be anything wrong with his being a Muslim, but we're talking truth here).
If Republicans accept that cease fire, then we will have made immense progress to talking real, practical issues.
If they don't accept that cease fire, then the GOP will crush itself with the Romney-Ryan, Mormon-Rand ticket.
Cognitive Dissonance: Conservatives Embrace Paul Ryan's Atheist Ayn Rand Politics
Rep. Paul Ryan drew hosannas from the Rom-Paul announcement crowd in Norfolk yesterday by wheezing, "Our rights come from nature and God, not from government." Of course, the Battleship Irony in front of which Ryan said these words wouldn't have been around to secure those rights if we hadn't instituted a big government among men to build those big guns.
And Paul Ryan's philosophical godmother, avowed atheist Ayn Rand, would say God had nothing to do with it:
Ayn Rand said religion is "evil," a "sign of a psychological weakness." Ever the Nietzschean überfrau, Rand said, "I am the creator of a new code of morality... not based on faith."
Paul Ryan says that Randian morality does "a fantastic job of explaining the morality of capitalism, the morality of individualism." As we've discussed previously, Ryan cloaks his Randian-atheist political philosophy in Catholicism, and does so shabbily and theologically wrongly.
I suppose I should be happy. For the first time ever, a major American political party will nominate two non-Christian cultists for the Presidential ticket. Mitt Romney is a Mormon who rejects the basic completeness of the Bible. Paul Ryan is a pretend Catholic who bases his politics on the atheist writings of weird demi-tyrant Ayn Rand. Conservative men of faith are twisting themselves into pretzels of religious tolerance to declare Paul Ryan a good choice. For those of us seeking to prove that atheists are Americans, too, the Ryan nomination could shout, "Mission Accomplished!"
But as I've told some right-wing correspondents who try to paint me into the tolerance corner, I don't consider tolerance a primary value. I don't tolerate deliberate philosophical dishonesty. And Catholic Paul Ryan's public piety, paired with his willingness to turn Ayn Rand's selfish atheism into public policy, is deliberate philosophical dishonesty. For the next three months millions of faithful Republicans will commit similar dishonesty, telling themselves that Paul Ryan, who embraces an atheist philosophy, who writes a budget to take from the poor and give to the rich, affirms that America is an exceptional Christian nation. Ugh.
As an atheist, I reject Paul Ryan's selfish Randian values. If I were a Christian, I'd do the same.
Related: John Nichols of The Nation says Romney has ceded the floor to Ryan, making the election a referendum on the Ryan politics that now define the Republican Party and giving us a harder right ticket than we've seen since Goldwater-Miller 1964, "when the true believers got a nominee, a platform and 39 percent of the vote." In 1964, Ayn Rand endorsed Goldwater, although she got mad when she perceived he went soft.
Ayn Rand's Atheism Worse Than Mine
My favorite Anglican fount of wisdom, Father Tim, reminds me indirectly that I don't have to make any excuses to my conservative neighbors about being an atheist... not as long they keep worshipping Ayn Rand:
The Economist's Good Guru Guide says, "Ayn Rand—the heroine of America's libertarian right—described her philosophy as 'the concept of man as a noble being, with his own happiness as the moral purpose of his life, with productive achievement as his noblest activity, and reason as his only absolute'" [Gary Moore, "Ayn Rand: Goddess of the Great Recession," Christianity Today, 2010.08.27].
Sounds like nefarious secular humanism to me.
Like The Economist, most observers see Rand as a political and economic philosopher. I believe she was first and foremost an anti-Christian philosopher. She didn't understand the faith. But she knew that Moses was a lawgiver, that Christ told us to "render unto Caesar," and that Paul told us to pay taxes and to "honor and respect" government leaders (Rom. 13). So she had to get rid of Christianity in order to get rid of government.
Rand once declared, "I want to be known as the greatest champion of reason and the greatest enemy of religion." Randian evangelist Leonard Peikoff preached that "every argument for God and every attribute ascribed to him rests on a false metaphysical principle" [Moore, 2010].
Enemy of religion?! I've never declared myself that. I don't mind religion all that much, at least not when folks do it right... or when they put on good potato suppers.
Moore's article is chock full of sharp observations that make one thing clear: atheist Ayn Rand poses a greater threat to your Christian faith and moral compass (not to mention the healthy, regulated free market Adam Smith envisioned) than I ever will. Rand does not believe in any moral obligation to your fellow man. I do. So did that carpenter from Nazareth.


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Moving solids out of a sump requires a balance between a correctly sized pump, discharge pipe size, static discharge height, sump size & design. Remember, even if you select the correct pump type and size, you can still have issues with the pump system not functioning correctly and you will be heading down to the hardware store to purchase a new batch of shovels.
If you are interested in learning more on how we can help you with your sump pumps and sump pump systems, we have some of the best people in the industry that know how to tackle these problems.
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