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Civil Law – I DJS Mains 2014
Civil Law – I
Time: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 200
All questions are compulsory.
You are allowed 15 minutes reading time i.e., from 8.45 AM to 9.00 AM, before the examination begins, during which you should read the question paper if you wish, highlight and/or make notes on the question paper. However, you are not allowed, under any circumstances, to open the answer sheet and start writing during this reading time.
You should answer Part-A and part-B Questions in separate answer sheets. If any question of Part-A is attempted in Part-B answer sheet or vice versa, it would not be evaluated.
Support your answers with relevant provisions of law, legal principles and case law.
Question 1. 'A' (hereinafter, "the plaintiff), claiming himself to be the sole proprietor of the firm 'A & Co.' sued 'X' & Co., a registered firm (hereinafter 'the defendant') in January 2000, for recovery of a sum of Rupees fifty lakhs with interest pendente lite and future interest. The plaintiff claimed in the plaint that the firm 'A & Co.' had been dissolved by way of dissolution deed dated 01.01.1985, adduced in evidence as document 'Exhibit P-3' , whereby the asset of loan advanced to the defendant, with right of its recovery, had fallen to the share of the plaintiff 'A' now the sole proprietor of the firm 'A & Co.' The suit is contested by the defendants. At the trial, following facts are proved:
'A & Co.' was a partnership firm with two partners 'A' and 'B', constituted on 01.01.1980 through partnership deed, document 'Exhibit P-1, and was engaged in the business of providing finance and consultancy for new business ventures.
On 01.01.1990, 'A & Co.' had entered into an arrangement with the defendant through document 'Exhibit P-2' indicating that thereby financial support had been extended for its new hotel business in the sum of Rupees fifty lakh, repayable by sharing of monthly profits from the business in equal proportion with interest calculated at 12% per mensem, subject to the loan in entirely being liquidated within ten years, if necessary by selling off the other assets of the defendant.
The document 'Exhibit P-3 is proved to be a fabricated document prepared on a stamp paper which was issued in the year 1999.
The firm 'A & Co.' was got registered in January 1991 by 'A' and 'B' on the basis of document 'Exhibit P-1' and was dissolved in December 1999, by way of dissolution deed dated 01.12.1999, adduced in evidence as document 'Exhibit D-P, whereby the asset of loan advanced to the defendant, with right of its recovery, had fallen to the share of 'A' as the sole proprietor of the firm 'A & Co.'.
The document 'Exhibit P-2' shows that the words and expression 'partner' (to describe 'A', the signatory on behalf of 'A & Co.',) and 'per annum' originally typed out had been overwritten by 'proprietor' and 'per mensem' respectively, but the changes had not been authenticated by either side.
The defendant argues that:
The suit cannot be maintained by 'A' as the loan was advanced by the firm which was not registered.
The alterations in the document 'Exhibit P-2' were unauthorized and rendered the liability thereunder unenforceable.
Since the plaintiff had relied on a fabricated document, he had not come with clean hands and so was not entitled to the discretion or relief.
The plaintiff seeks the suit to be decreed and argues that:
The firm had been got registered subsequently.
The alterations were corrections carried out with agreement of both sides.
The claim was for enforcement of right to sue to realize the money of the dissolved firm and so could not be defeated.
Decide. (40 Marks)
Question 2. Chanda (hereinafter "the plaintiff or "the purchaser") has filed suit Kamla (hereinafter "the defendant" or the seller") for specific performance of agreement to sell her two-storied house (hereinafter "the suit property"). The defendant pleaded that the agreement stood annulled and the earnest money forfeited as the plaintiff had failed to perform her part of the agreement. The following facts stand proved at the trial:
The agreement was executed on 26.08.2011 for sale of the suit property for total consideration of Rupees 10,00,000 (Ten lakh only), out of which Rupees 1,00,000 (One lakh only) was paid as earnest money at the time of agreement, on the following terms:
Rupees 8,00,000 (Eight lakh only) shall be paid within a period often days only from the date of agreement and the balance at the time of registration of sale deed.
The seller would get the first floor vacated by tenant and hand over the vacant possession of said portion with title deeds to the purchaser by 30.09.2011.
The seller shall apply immediately for permission to sell from Income Tax authority and after obtaining such clearance execute the sale deed on or before 31.10.2011, handing over at that stage the vacant possession of the remainder of the suit property to the purchaser.
Failure to execute and get registered the sale deed within the stipulated period on part of seller would confer on the purchaser right to get double the amount of earnest money as damages.
Failure on the part of the purchaser to pay the balance sale consideration and get the sale deed executed and registered within the specified period would entail forfeiture of earnest money and the agreement being treated as null and void by the seller.
The defendant got the first floor vacated by the tenant on 20.09.2011. The remainder of the suit property was already in her possession.
On 10.09.2011, the plaintiff sent a notice stating that ready money was available for purchase of the property calling upon the defendant to complete the sale. The defendant sent a reply on 15.09.2011. taking the stand that since the amount of Rupees 8,00,000 (eight lakh only) was not paid within ten days of the agreement, the agreement stood annulled and earnest money forfeited. On 24.09.2011, the plaintiff sent response reminding the defendant of liability under the agreement to hand over vacant possession of the first floor by 30.09.2011 and calling upon her to comply well before or latest by said date and obtain the further part consideration of Rupees 8,00,000 (Eight lakh only) from the plaintiff. The plaintiff submits that suit for specific performance is bound to be decreed since in such agreements time is not of essence of the contract and compensation would not afford adequate relief.
The defendant prays for dismissal arguing that:
The agreement is not specifically enforceable since it provided for liquidated damages.
Time was of the essence of the contract and since payment was not tendered within the period specified in the agreement it had become null and void.
The plaintiff was never ready and willing to perform her part of the Contract and so was not entitled to any relief.
Write Short notes on any three of the following: (30 Marks)
Conditions and warranties in sale of goods.
Time of passing of property in sale of goods.
Compensation for breach of Contract.
Contract in restraint of trade.
Injunction is a discretionary relief.
PART-B
Question 1. 'L' owns a house having three bedrooms (with attached bathrooms), a drawing cum dining room and a kitchen in which she resides with her husband 'H' and twenty two years old son (her only child) 'S'. 'L' files an application under Section 21 of the Delhi Rent Control Act, 1958 seeking permission from the Rent Controller (RC) for letting out two bed rooms in her house to 'T' for his residence for a limited period of 2 years at a monthly rent of Rs. 3400 since she did not require them for the said period, as 'S' was going for higher studies to Pune. 'T' appears before the RC and makes a statement on oath and files an affidavit giving his consent for creation of limited tenancy. The RC grants 'L' permission for limited tenancy.
'L' dies before expiry of the period of tenancy. After expiry of the period of limited tenancy 'H' and 'S' as legal representatives of 'L' file an application under Section 21 of the Delhi Rent Control Act, 1958 for a direction to the RC to place them in vacant possession of the rented premises. 'T' contests the Application on the following grounds:
'L' had stated that she required after 2 years however she herself had accommodation which was sufficient for herself and her family so the permission obtained by her was vitiated by fraud;
The stay of 'S' in Pune was admittedly extended for six months as he had to repeat a paper, showing that the present there was no necessity of the premises;
Section 21 application of seeking permission for limited tenancy was not signed by 'T';
Proposed agreement of tenancy writing submitted along with the application under Section 21 seeking permission to let out the premises was not a registered one and;
After the death of 'L' there existed no cause of action.
Decide the application
In the above facts in case the tenancy was not a limited tenancy and the two rooms were let out to 'T' as office-cum-residence and 'L' in her life time had filed and eviction petition under Section 14(1)(e) of the Delhi Rent Control Act, 1958 on the ground that she has no other accommodation and the tenanted premises are required bona fide by her as one bed room is required for her son who is of marriageable age but nevertheless dependent on her financially and the other bedroom for guests who frequent her house. Can 'L' succeed in the face of 'T's contention that the accommodation available with 'L' was sufficient for her and her family and that the purpose of letting was not purely residential?
Decide in the light of rival contentions. (40 Marks)
Question 2. 'W' a workman in a factory was returning home on his bicycle in the night when he rode over a live wire because of which he was electrocuted to death. The widow of 'W' brought an action for damages against the State Electricity Board claiming that the Board could not escape from its liability to pay damages as this was a case of strict liability. It was contended by the State Electricity Board that one person 'C' had taken a wire from the main supply line in order to siphon the energy for his own use and the said act was done without notice of the Board and that the line got unfastened from the hook and fell on the road over which the deceased rode the bicycle, accordingly liability could not be fastened on the State Electricity Board as the reason for the unfortunate incident was "an act of stranger".
Distinguish between absolute and strict liability. In the above case is the principle of strict liability applicable?
Question 3. Write Short notes on any three of the following: (30 Marks)
Adoption by female Hindu.
Distinction between void and irregular marriages under Muslim Law.
Dower under Muslim Law.
Desertion as a ground for divorce under the Hindy Marriage Act, 1955.
Female Hindus Property Rights under Section 14 of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956


Discussion in 'This or That? (MFT only)' started by sblehm, Dec 3, 2010.
With the current price of the G1 on Amazon I am tempted to get one. The main reason I am thinking about it, other than the lens (which from what I understand is great) is the built in EVF. I have about 5 manual focus lenses that are at best tricky to focus on the LCD, so I am hoping the the EVF will help me in that area. I just am not sure getting another camera body is the answer.
The VF-2 is really nice. If you go for a G1 you lose in-body image stabilization and you'll need to get used to a different user interface. There's also the question of how much do you want to carry with you. Two bodies means you can have two different lenses with you that you can switch between quickly. It also means more bulk. VF-2 can easily be taken off and pocketed when you don't need an EVF or want to be a little less conspicuous.
At least, that is whaht i do at the moment, and I love my G1 (the build-in EVF is great). Of course I cannot compare with the external VF for the Oly, but focussing with my manual lensen on my GF1 (LCD or VF1) is a disaster. The body feels also better, has a better grip to use with manual lenses.
The tilt feature on the VF-2 is great.
That plus the IBIS for your MF lenses (and the jpeg output...).
I've only had the VF-2 a couple of days, at first it looked a little silly, but I really like it. Just prefer it was mounted where the pop up flash is...... Being able to remove it, pop the 20 F1.7 on and have a really little camera is super as well.
So you really feel the benefit of IBIS with Oly + MF lenses is exaggerated? I've read about it so many times that I've come to accept it as The Truth.
Three months ago, I bought a G1 body to go with my EPL1, thinking that I would use it for manual lenses. I have probably shot less than 100 pictures with the G1. I always seem to grab the EPL1 with whatever combination I think I will need. While I actually prefer the feel and operation of the G1, I find that going back and forth two cameras is not optimal, for me, principally because my time for photography is rather limited. So I have been considering this morning whether to list the G1 (no lens) for sale, and whether it is better to do so now or to wait until some weeks after the holidays.


10 Portraits of Female Soccer Players from different Arab countries.
Lia Darjes is a German photographer, living and working in Berlin and Hamburg. She did several great projects, including Konvertieren and I escaped miserable Syria. This time, however, I wish to present her small series 10 Portraits of female soccer players from different Arab countries.
For more of Lia's work, go to her official website.
Electrify Baghdad – Let there be light.
Nedim Kufi is an Iraqi-Dutch visual artist. He was forced to leave his hometown of Baghdad in 1990 following the chaos of the First Gulf War. He is currently participating in 3D artistic visualization and environmental design for architectural projects in the Netherlands and Germany. He works with mixed media ranging from paper and flowers to earth and ceramics, in order to develop a close relationship between the disciplines of printing, etching, sculpture, and design. With his frequent use of grids in his artwork, Nedim draws on the Islamic tradition of repetition and patterning.
His project Electrify Baghdad (2008) is an amazing video work. Kufi digitally manipulated a Google Earth satellite view of Baghdad at the time of the "Shock and Awe" terror attacks in 2003. During the course of the attack, the city experienced major black-outs as a result of failing electrical systems. The explosions of bombs and missiles looked like brief pulsations of light. We could see that every neighborhood was targeted. The radar scans and military helicopters sweeping across the screen were signs that the city was under military surveillance. Towards the end of the video, as the city descends into total darkness, the artist "relights" the city transforming it into a brilliant tapestry of many points of light. Metaphorically, not only is Baghdad brought out of the darkness but also into the light of the Spirit. Electrify Baghdad is an absolutely beautiful video that communicates the artist's profound spiritual orientation. And – it brings hope.
Kufi has done some great projects, and I'll be sure to write more about his work sometime in the future. In the meantime, see more at Iraqi artists in exile (StationMuseum).
I've already written about Fairuz, the great Lebanese singer and one of the most admired singers in the Arab world. Fairuz is an icon, and just like in her song Baadak ala bali (You're still on my mind) – will continue to stay on the minds of her numerous fans.
So, to honour Fairuz, I've gathered a nice collection of her records (in photos). Enjoy.
For more of Fairuz and her lovely tunes – go to Fairuz YouTube channel.
A Child's View from Gaza – censored drawings.
The art was submitted by Gazan children depicting their lives and experience during the 22-day Israeli attack on Gaza in 2008-2009, during which over 1,100 Palestinians died including hundreds of children.
The drawings featured in A Child's View from Gaza serve as part of the historical record of the horror inflicted on the Palestinian people during Operation Cast Lead as experienced by Gaza's children. Photos of the aftermath and the recent efforts by pro-Israel groups to censor the children's art are also highlighted in the book (the exhibition continues to be postponed or cancelled in some places – like it was postponed in Fredericton, Canada in 2013. "This would appear to have been done by adults certainly not by six year olds, and/or done by children under the direction of adults," said Israel Unger, a protestor of the exhibit).
Well, I am making sure you get atleast a part of the exhibition virtually – here are some of the drawings.
For more on this book and exhibitions, go to MECA (Middle East Children's Alliance).
Fictionville Studio has a new project, and it is a unique one!
Riding on the success of their best-selling book, Shahnameh, The Epic of the Persian Kings, they've have partnered with paper engineer extraordinaire, Simon Arizpe to create a magical and dynamic new pop up book, based on the art and stories of our Epic Shahnameh. They are creating the very first pop up book based on a traditional Iranian story to delight the imaginations of readers all over the world. The story of Zahhak: The Legend of the Serpent King is destined to kick off this new series of pop up books.
They need a little help with this lovely project, so be sure to check it out and – share it, spread the news, donate (1 $ can help too).
Dinka: The Legendary Cattle Keepers of Sudan.
Thirty years of work on the African continent have carried Carol Beckwith and Angela Fisher across 270,000 miles and through remote corners of 40 countries in exploration of more than 150 African cultures. In the process, this team of world-renowned photographers has produced fourteen widely acclaimed books and made four films about traditional Africa. They have been granted unprecedented access to African tribal rites and rituals and continue to be honored worldwide for their powerful photographs documenting the traditional ceremonies of cultures thousands of years old.
Their book Dinka: Legendary Cattle Keepers of Sudan, was the fruit of a 30-year study documenting the vanishing people in war-torn Sudan. It is a window into the past, present, and future of an extraordinary egalitarian pastoral people, and arguably the greatest cattle keepers of the African continent. It is a true celebration of one culture.
Here are some of the incredible images.
For more of their amazing work and more on this book, go to Carol Beckwith & Angela Fisher official website.
Pipe Dreams: The oil stories from Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey.
A pipe dream is a fantastic hope that is regarded as being impossible to achieve. This book is dedicated to the people of Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey, linked by the oil pipeline and their fading hopes for a better future. Besides corporate public relations campaigns, little photographic evidence exists about the impact the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline had had on Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey. This book portrays life as it is lived, with no commercial or public relations agenda. It 'un-smiles' the calendar smiles of corporate propaganda and sheds fresh journalistic light on this geopolitically important region.
For more of Effendi's great work, go to her official website.


1963 House Bill 0519. An Act To Adjust The Wages Of Female Correction Officers, And Female Assistant Deputy Superintendents In The Correction Department.
Title 1963 House Bill 0519. An Act To Adjust The Wages Of Female Correction Officers, And Female Assistant Deputy Superintendents In The Correction Department.


Cloud is one of the developing advances that is soaring to new never before seen levels of innovation. Internet services and Voice over IP are also evolving and becoming cloud-based. Previously the phone framework began with copper wires and links. Presently it has increased in size and has started supporting web administrations for better correspondence.
As a jump forward, these web-based VoIP frameworks have moved to a vastly improved idea called cloud and these are known as facilitated PBX services. There are numerous service providers who offer these services at a reasonable rate but only remain one of the most competitive in this space.


This 4-star hotel is 0.1 mi (0.1 km) from Monterey Bay and 0.2 mi (0.2 km) from San Carlos Beach - The Breakwater.
SureStay Hotel by Best Western Buena Park Anaheim in Buena Park on Hotels.com and earn Rewards nights.
In addition, we will review G5 drawdowns, G5 and COD interactions, and timely and accurate system reporting.Monterey Marriott hotel is located in the heart of historic downtown, making it an ideal choice for your business, recreation and meeting needs.
Public officials, policy makers, business owners and educators come together for the 2nd edition of the Monterey Bay Sustainable Hospitality Summit to inspire the local area to strive in. Read 759 genuine guest reviews for SureStay Hotel by Best Western Buena Park Anaheim. We will also provide information regarding how to disburse or return funds if improper payments occur or if a student regains eligibility. Moderator.
Upon check in, they offered complimentary cookies to kids, which was a good touch.
Parents of prospective pirates should review details of the Portola Pirates program and book the first leg of the adventure today.
With a prime location a relaxing spa and a microbrewery on-site the non-smoking offers a top-notch stay just a short walk from the waterfront Portola Hotel and Spa.It is a 3 day event organised by Destination Marketing Association International and will.
Enjoy treadmills, elliptical cross trainers, free weights and much more.
The Portola Hotel and Spa, located in historic downtown, features traditional spa facilities and a year-round outdoor pool.
Famed 17 Mile Drive and Pebble Beach Golf Course are three miles from t.
It provides private parking on site and is ideally positioned for sightseeing, with Monterey Bay Aquarium a short drive away.
After your treatment or workout in the adjacent fitness center, you can relax on the sundeck overlooking the Pacific.Recent guests gave this hotel a verified guest score of 4 out of 5.


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Aileen's Tipperary Home
Aileen McCarthy lives with her husband John in a 1976-built three bedroom bungalow in Cullen village, County Tipperary. Five years ago she was diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and she had to give up her job with the HSE as a result.
Annual fuel savings
Homes upgraded
Prior to the retrofit works, her home was heated by an open fire with a back boiler. In wintertime she had to burn mainly coal in order to keep the radiators warm. "Last winter I was spending €60 a week for coal alone. That's a lot per week," says Aileen. "Now, when you come in from the wind and the rain, to have the comfort, it's wonderful." The benefits for Aileen have gone beyond saving money on her energy bills. Aileen's GP says he's noticed a difference in her:
"He's very happy with me," she says, "although he doesn't see me often now!" At her first lung specialist checkup following the home renovations, there was no further deterioration in her lung capacity and this has been hugely positive for her. The upgrades cost €50,370 and the estimated fuel savings are €3,200 per year.
Renovation works for both homes include:
External wall and atic insulation, new window and doors, demand control ventilation, removal of existing open fire and airtightness measures, air to water heat pump and low temperature radiators, energy monitoring and low energy lighting.
This was part of a larger project that brought together a range of community buildings, including:
The local GAA club and tennis club
Local authority projects
Business and educational facilities
20 private family home upgrades
The lead applicant for this project was Tipperary Energy Agency

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Marfa Journal, the magazine that took its name from a desert Texan town, has turned into Marfamily.
Like the title that birthed it, Marfamily remains focused on contemporary art and fashion with the same exclusive yet outsider ambience. What are the differences? Well, it's now in a square format with a glossy board cover to freshen things, and inside things are a little more broken up, with the hint of something more conceptual. But it remains essentially the same arch, progressively decadent journal we've all grown to love. Don't miss it.


CAMI Automotive Inc. (CAMI) in Canada, the automobile manufacturing joint venture company of the Suzuki Motor Corporation (Suzuki) and the General Motors Corporation (GM), started export of the SUV "XL7" to Latin America.
The "XL7", a midsize crossover SUV that accommodates up to seven persons, was launched at New York Auto Show in April 2006 and its sales has started in the U.S. and Canada since October 2006. The XL7 has 3.6 litre, DOHC, V6 engine which is produced in the Sagara Plant.
The CAMI currently produces three SUVs, the Suzuki "XL7", the GM "Chevrolet Equinox" and the GM "Pontiac Torrent" and its total production plan of the "XL7" in 2007 is 45,000 units.


On the 1st of August I went to our friend's Zack and Sarah's wedding which was at the Middleton Lodge in Richmond. The venue was absolutely gorgeous and the wedding itself was so special and beautiful. I loved every minute of it and was so grateful to share their special day with them both.
On the 3rd of August I went bowling at Washington with a few of my friends from college. We decided to go into the VIP lounge which meant we got our own booths to ourselves and comfy leather sofas to sit on.Even though I'm so bad at bowling and I always have to have the bumpers up I was so excited to play. Of course in the end I lost! After bowling we decided to go for a drive and ended up at Penshaw Monument, which is such a pretty monument with the most amazing views.
On the 6th of August I went to the cinema to see The BFG with Chloe. When we got to the cinema we ordered our tickets and purchased obligatory tango ice blast's before heading to our screen. We just so happened to be the first ones in the cinema screen so we chatted before more people arrived and the cinema adverts started. I really enjoyed the film and it was definitely a step up from the original movie, the graphics were so good making The BFG and all the other giants look so realistic, it was amazing! Me and Chloe were gutted that the scene in which Sophie and The BFG drink all the Frobscottle resulting in them fly around the room wasn't included in the new film, however despite that it was still really good. After we had been to the cinema we decided to go and get a Dominos to eat when we got back to Chloe's, we ordered garlic doughballs and a medium garlic butter chicken pizza to share.
On the 8th of August I went to Infinite Air in Durham with some of my friends. Infinite Air is a trampoline park which has airbags, dodgeball courts, basketballs areas and many more. It was so much fun and I would definitely recommend checking it out if you happen to live nearby. After we had been to Infinite Air we decided to go out for somewhere to eat and ended up in Nandos. I went for my usual order which is a Double Chicken Burger with Chips and a refillable drink.
On the 16th of August I went to Beamish with my family for the day. If you want to find more about my trip to Beamish then check out this post A Day Out In Beamish.
On the 17th of August I went to the Metro Centre with my mam, dad and 2 sisters. After trekking around all the shops we ended up getting hungry and we decided to go to Bella Italia for something to eat. I ordered Mini Garlic Ciabatta Bites for my starter and then the Pollo Caesar which is crispy flatbread filled with Chicken, Lettuce, Cheese and Caesar dressing for my main. I loved the starter and I will definitely get it the next time I visit Bella Italia. I did also enjoy my main, however I don't think I would repurchase it again in the near future.
On the 19th of August I went to Darlington with Amelia for a long overdue catch up. We decided to look around all the shops before stopping for a mid shopping snack at Starbucks. I went for the Chocolate Chip Cream Frappuccino and a Brownie and Amelia went for a Decaf Mocha Cookie Crumble Frappuccino. It was so nice to see her after so long and have a massive catch up about everything that has happened since the last time we saw one another.
On the 24th of August I went to Chiquito's with my mam, dad and sister Esther for our tea. It happened to be my first time ever at Chiquito's which is a surprise considering my love for Mexican food. Despite my love for Mexican food I didn't actually order anything remotely Mexican and I decided to go for the Hero Burger which is burger filled with Pulled Pork, Chorizo, Cheese, BBQ Sauce and Chipotle Mayo and comes alongside fries.
On the 27th of August I went to see Catfish & The Bottlemen in Newcastle Times Square. I absolutely love Catfish and I have been obsessed with their new album ever since it was released. so I was so excited to get the chance to see them live. As I expected the concert was amazing and Catfish were unreal as ever, I definitely didn't want the night to end.
On the 28th of August after the night time church service we had a BBQ and campfire on the field behind our church. I ate so many burgers and toasted some many marshmallows, that by the end of the night I was very full.


Proudly serving the Inland Empire and surrounding area since 1976 professional personal same day delivery within a 15 mile radius almost always available. We are happy to arrange delivery to anywhere in the GREAT USA !!! where delivery is available through our huge Floral Network !!! We look forward to seeing you soon !!!


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2019 BEP print series for Apollo 11 milestone
By Arthur L. Friedberg
Published: Dec 24, 2018, 3 AM
The Bureau of Engraving and Printing is offering three prints for 2019 commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 lunar mission.
Images courtesy of Bureau of Engraving and Printing.
The Apollo Program was the result of concerted efforts by three presidential administrations. Though the BEP cannot issue a commemorative bank note for the anniversary, it developed the prints as a way of honoring the event.
The 50th anniversary of the July 20, 1969, Apollo 11 moon landing will provide a cornucopia of numismatic offerings during the course of the year.
Even though it is not even remotely possible that the United States would issue a commemorative bank note for the event, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing has devised for itself a creative and colorful way to join the festivities.
Inside Coin World: What is 'eye appeal,' and why is it important?: Steve Roach illustrates why eye appeal is an important consideration, because a pretty coin is always a better purchase than an ugly one, in his cover feature exclusive to the January 2019 Coin World.
A three-piece 50th Anniversary Commemorative Engraved Print Collection opened for subscriptions at noon on Dec. 20, with deliveries of the first print scheduled to start the week of Jan. 21.
The three prints are titled "Mission," "The Eagle Has Landed," and "Giant Leap." Each color card shows a scene from the moon mission and a BEP vignette.
The first card, "Mission," represents the U.S. space program leading up to the first manned lunar landing. It has an embossing of the Apollo 11 capsule atop its Saturn V rocket at launch and a portion of the lunar surface, with an engraving of President John F. Kennedy and the inscription, "We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard." Kennedy famously called for a manned landing on the moon in a speech given Sept. 12, 1962. That speech prompted the Apollo missions that would realize his dream in the Apollo 11 flight.
The second card, "The Eagle Has Landed," recalls Neil Armstrong's first message from the lunar surface and features an engraving of President Richard M. Nixon with an inscription from Nixon's July 20, 1969, conversation with the astronauts while two of them were on the moon, "Because of what you have done, the heavens have become a part of man's world. As you talk to us from the Sea of Tranquility, it inspires us to redouble our efforts to bring peace and tranquility to Earth." The card also has an engraving of the "Buzz Aldrin on the Moon" photograph taken July 20, 1969 (source for the design on the reverse of the U.S. Mint's 2019 Apollo 11 50th Anniversary commemorative coins). The reflection in astronaut Aldrin's helmet shows astronaut Neil Armstrong, the American flag, and the lunar lander. The lunar module is behind Aldrin. A view of the lunar surface is embossed, with planet Earth in the sky beyond.
"Giant Leap" is the third card. An image of Armstrong's lunar footprint (now on the obverse of the commemorative coins) is embossed in this card's portion of the moon's surface, his famous words, "One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind," and an engraving of the astronaut looking at the American flag, combine to capture the historic moment seen and heard around the world.
The prints are priced at $17 each. Subscribers are guaranteed to receive the full print collection for a total price of $51. After the first card in January, "The Eagle Has Landed" and "Giant Leap" prints will ship in spring and summer 2019, respectively. Together, the cards form a panorama.
BEP products are sold through the U.S. Mint. The Mint does not accept orders by mail, but all products may be ordered by telephone, toll free, at 800-872-6468 and through the U.S. Mint's online store, https://catalog.usmint.gov/.
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Metabolic Disorders /
Disorders of Calcium Metabolism /
Eclampsia in Small Animals /
Hypocalcemic Tetany in Horses
Parturient Paresis in Cows
Parturient Paresis in Sheep and Goats
Eclampsia in Small Animals
Hypocalcemia in Small Animals
(Postpartum Hypocalcemia, Periparturient Hypocalcemia, Puerperal Tetany)
Jean A. Hall
, DVM, PhD, DACVIM, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University
Last review/revision Jul 2022 | Modified Oct 2022
Eclampsia (periparturient hypocalcemia) is characterized by progressive neurologic signs including tremors, ataxia, and disorientation; eventually followed by seizures, coma, and death. It occurs most commonly in small-breed dogs that are nursing large litters, especially at peak lactation, 2–3 weeks after whelping. Hypocalcemia may also occur during parturition and may precipitate dystocia. A presumptive diagnosis is based on signalment and clinical signs; confirmation requires measurement of serum calcium concentration. A total serum calcium concentration < 7 mg/dL is confirmatory. Treatment depends on the severity of neurologic signs but usually requires IV administration of calcium gluconate.
Eclampsia is an acute, life-threatening condition that usually occurs at peak lactation, 2–3 weeks after whelping. Small-breed bitches with large litters are most often affected. Hypocalcemia may also occur during parturition and may precipitate dystocia.
Etiology and Pathogenesis of Eclampsia in Small Animals
Hypocalcemia most likely results from loss of calcium into the milk and from inadequate dietary calcium intake. This imbalance in calcium metabolism occurs because calcium mobilization from bone into the serum pool is insufficient to compensate for the efflux of calcium via the mammary glands during lactation. Heavy lactational demands from large puppies or a large litter are often noted. The incidence is higher in small breeds of dogs, although eclampsia can occur in any breed, with any size of litter, and at any time during lactation. Rarely, it occurs during late gestation in bitches. Although uncommon in queens, hypocalcemia may occur during early lactation. In dogs, supplementation with oral calcium during pregnancy may predispose the animal to eclampsia during peak lactation, because excessive calcium intake during pregnancy causes downregulation of the calcium regulatory system and subsequent clinical hypocalcemia when calcium demand is high.
Inadequate production of parathyroid hormone (PTH) during the hypocalcemic crisis is not responsible for eclampsia in dogs. In dairy cows with a similar condition, parturient paresis Parturient Paresis in Cows Parturient paresis (milk fever, hypocalcemia, paresis puerperalis, parturient apoplexy) is a disease of adult dairy cows in which acute hypocalcemia causes acute to peracute, afebrile, flaccid... read more , production of PTH is adequate; however, the pool of osteoclasts for PTH to stimulate is not. The small osteoclast pool results from feeding a high concentration of dietary calcium during the nonlactating period, which suppresses secretion of PTH by the parathyroid gland and stimulates secretion of calcitonin by parafollicular C cells. Hypocalcemia at parturition interferes with the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, which is normally mediated by extracellular calcium entering presynaptic nerve terminals through voltage-gated calcium channels and triggering the fusion of acetylcholine-filled synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic nerve terminus. The paresis observed in cattle, rather than the tetany evident in dogs, is probably results from a combination of factors. Cows often have concurrent mild hypermagnesemia. Magnesium is a calcium-channel antagonist and plays a key role in modulating any activity governed by intracellular calcium fluxes. Cows also have increased volatile fatty acids (which are inhibitory at neuromuscular synapses), and the threshold potential at neuromuscular junctions is higher in cows than in dogs.
In dogs with hypocalcemia, unlike cows, excitation-secretion coupling is maintained at the neuromuscular junction. The low concentration of calcium in the extracellular fluid has an excitatory effect on nerve and muscle cells because it lowers the threshold potential (voltage level at which sodium channels become activated) so that it is closer to the resting membrane potential. With hypocalcemia, sodium channels become activated (opened) by very little increase in membrane potential from their normal, negative level. Therefore, the nerve fiber becomes highly excitable, sometimes discharging repetitively without provocation rather than remaining in the resting state. The probable way that calcium ions affect sodium channels is that calcium ions bind to the exterior surfaces of the channels. The positive charge of these calcium ions alters the electrical state of the sodium-channel protein, thus altering the voltage level required to open the channel. Because of the loss of stabilizing membrane-bound calcium ions, nerve membranes become more permeable to sodium ions and require a stimulus of lesser magnitude to depolarize. Tetany occurs as a result of spontaneous repetitive firing of motor nerve fibers. Hypoglycemia can occur concurrently.
Clinical Findings of Eclampsia in Small Animals
Panting and restlessness are early clinical signs of eclampsia. Mild tremors, twitching, muscle spasms, and gait changes (stiffness and ataxia) result from increased neuromuscular excitability. Behavioral changes such as aggression, whining, salivation, pacing, hypersensitivity to stimuli, and disorientation are common. Severe tremors, tetany, generalized seizure activity, and finally coma and death may occur. Hyperthermia may occur in severe cases. Prolonged seizure activity may cause cerebral edema. Tachycardia, hyperthermia, polyuria, polydipsia, and vomiting sometimes occur. Historically, the bitch has been otherwise healthy and the neonates have been thriving.
Although hypocalcemia usually occurs postpartum, clinical signs can appear prepartum or at parturition. Mild hypocalcemia may contribute to ineffective myometrial contractions and slow the progression of labor without causing other clinical signs.
Heavy panting may produce a respiratory alkalosis. Ionized calcium is the physiologically available fraction of calcium; it is affected by protein concentration, acid-base status (alkalosis favors protein binding of serum calcium and will decrease blood concentrations of the biologically important ionized calcium, thus exacerbating hypocalcemia), and other electrolyte imbalances. Thus, the severity of clinical signs may not correlate with total calcium concentration.
Diagnosis of Eclampsia in Small Animals
Presumptive diagnosis based on signalment and clinical signs
Confirmatory diagnosis based on results of measurement of serum calcium concentration
Diagnosis is often based on signalment, history, clinical signs, and response to treatment. A pretreatment total serum calcium concentration of <7 mg/dL in dogs or < 6 mg/dL in cats confirms the diagnosis; noting that reference values vary between laboratories. However, in many cases IV treatment with calcium is started before serum calcium concentration is known. A serum biochemical analysis is useful to exclude concurrent hypoglycemia and other electrolyte imbalances. Prolongation of the Q–T interval and ventricular premature contractions may be evident on an ECG.
Differential diagnoses include other causes of seizures, such as hypoglycemia, toxicoses, and primary neurologic disorders such as idiopathic epilepsy Congenital and Inherited Cerebral Disorders in Animals Anencephaly means that the brain is largely absent at birth. It is a rare disorder but is seen sporadically in calves; the cause is unknown. Because the pituitary gland may also be absent, prolonged... read more or meningoencephalitis Meningitis, Encephalitis, and Encephalomyelitis in Animals Meningitis, encephalitis, and encephalomyelitis are terms used to describe inflammatory conditions of the meninges, brain, or brain and spinal cord, respectively. These inflammatory processes... read more . Other causes of irritability and hyperthermia, such as metritis Metritis in Small Animals Metritis is postpartem infection of the uterus. Predisposing causes include prolonged delivery, dystocia, and retained fetuses or placentas. Escherichia coli is the most common bacterium... read more and mastitis Mastitis in Small Animals Mastitis is inflammation of the mammary gland(s) associated with bacterial infection. It occurs in postpartum bitches and less commonly in postpartum queens. Rarely, mastitis is seen in lactating... read more , should also be excluded. If the parathyroid glands are functioning normally, serum PTH will be increased in the face of hypocalcemia. Low or undetectable serum PTH concentration in a hypocalcemic animal is strongly suggestive of primary hypoparathyroidism Hypoparathyroidism in Dogs Hypoparathyroidism of various causes is primarily recognized in dogs and is characterized by insufficient PTH secretion by parathyroid glands. Deficiency of PTH results in an inability to adequately... read more . A commercially available human intact-PTH assay has been validated in both cats and dogs; PTH-calcium curves are also similar in cats and dogs.
Treatment and Prevention of Eclampsia in Small Animals
Guided by the severity of neurologic signs
Administration of IV calcium gluconate with appropriate monitoring
Slow intravenous administration of 10% calcium gluconate—0.5–1.5 mL/kg over 10–30 minutes (5–20 mL is a typical dose)—is an effective treatment for eclampsia, usually resulting in clinical improvement within 15 minutes. Muscle relaxation should be immediate.
During administration of calcium, heart rate should be carefully monitored by auscultation or ECG for bradycardia or arrhythmias. Adverse effects resulting from too rapid administration of calcium include bradycardia, shortening of the Q–T interval, and premature ventricular complexes. If an arrhythmia develops, calcium administration should be discontinued until the heart rate and rhythm are normal; then administration can be resumed at half the original infusion rate.
It is important to base the dosage of calcium on a calculation of elemental (available) calcium because different products vary in the amount of calcium available. The dosage of elemental calcium for hypocalcemia is 5–15 mg/kg per hour. Calcium gluconate, 10%, contains 9.3 mg of elemental calcium/mL. Calcium chloride, 27%, contains 27.2 mg of elemental calcium/mL. Thus, for 10% calcium gluconate the dosage is 0.5–1.5 mL/kg per hour, IV; and for 27% calcium chloride the dosage is 0.22–0.66 mL/kg per hour, IV. Calcium gluconate 10% solution versus calcium chloride, may be recommended due to a perception that the former is of somewhat lesser (but not without) risk for tissue injury if inadvertent extravasation occurs.
Once the animal is stable, the dose of calcium gluconate needed for initial control of tetany may be diluted in an equal volume of normal (0.9%) saline and given subcutaneously every 8 hours to control clinical signs. (Calcium chloride cannot be given subcutaneously.) Alternatively, 5–15 mg of elemental calcium/kg per hour can be continued intravenously. This protocol effectively supports serum calcium concentrations while waiting for oral vitamin D and calcium treatment to have effect. Ideally, serum calcium concentrations should be maintained at>8 mg/dL. Serum calcium concentrations of <8 mg/dL indicate the need to increase the dosage of parenteral calcium, whereas concentrations of>9 mg/dL suggest that it be decreased. The aim of longterm treatment is to maintain the serum calcium concentration at mildly low to low-normal concentrations (8–9.5 mg/dL).
The bitch may remain nonresponsive after correction of hypocalcemia if cerebral edema has developed. Cerebral edema, hyperthermia, and hypoglycemia should be treated, if present. Fever usually resolves rapidly with control of tetany, and specific treatment for fever may result in hypothermia.
It is best not to let puppies or kittens nurse for 12–24 hours after the bitch or queen is treated for hypocalcemia. During this period, they should be fed a milk substitute or other appropriate diet; if mature enough, they should be weaned. If tetany recurs during the same lactation, the litter should be removed from the bitch or queen and either hand-raised (<4 weeks old) or weaned (>4 weeks old).
After the acute crisis, elemental calcium at 25–50 mg/kg per day orally in three or four divided doses is given for the remainder of lactation. Again, the dose of calcium is based on the amount of elemental calcium in the product (eg, calcium carbonate tablets contain 295 mg elemental calcium/1-g tablet). In dogs, the dosage is usually 1–4 g/day, in divided doses. In cats, the dosage of calcium is ~0.5–1 g/day, in divided doses. Longterm maintenance treatment with oral vitamin D and oral calcium supplementation usually requires a minimum of 24–96 hours before an effect is achieved. Hypocalcemic animals should, therefore, receive parenteral calcium support during the initial posttetany period. Calcium carbonate is a good choice because of its high percentage of elemental calcium, general availability in drugstores in the form of antacids, low cost, and lack of gastric irritation. The dosage of calcium can be gradually tapered to avoid unnecessary treatment; commercial pet food usually contains sufficient calcium to meet the needs of dogs and cats. However, to avoid acute problems of hypocalcemic tetany, oral calcium supplementation should continue throughout lactation.
Vitamin D supplementation is used to increase calcium absorption from the intestines. The concentration of serum calcium should be monitored weekly. The dosage of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) is 0.03–0.06 mcg/kg per day. Calcitriol has a rapid onset of action (1–4 days) and a short half-life (<1 day). Iatrogenic hypercalcemia is a common complication of this treatment. If hypercalcemia results from overdosage, it can be rapidly corrected by discontinuing calcitriol. The toxic effects resolve in 1–14 days. This is a much briefer period than that observed with the use of dihydrotachysterol (1–3 weeks) or ergocalciferol (vitamin D2; 1–18 weeks).
Corticosteroids lower serum calcium and, therefore, are contraindicated. They may interfere with intestinal calcium transport and increase urinary loss of calcium.
Owners should be warned that eclampsia is likely to recur with future pregnancies. Preventive steps to consider in the bitch include feeding a high-quality, nutritionally balanced, and appropriate diet during pregnancy and lactation; providing food and water ad lib during lactation; and supplementing feeding of the puppies with milk replacer early in lactation and with solid food after 3–4 weeks of age. Oral calcium supplementation during gestation is not indicated and may cause rather than prevent postpartum hypocalcemia. Calcium administration during peak lactation may be helpful in bitches with a history of eclampsia.
Signalment is key to the diagnosis of eclampsia; typically a small-breed dog nursing a large litter at peak lactation
IV administration of 10% calcium gluconate to control neurologic signs is usually required for treatment.
Membrane potentials and action potentials. In: Hall JE, ed. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th ed. Elsevier; 2021:63–78.
Gonzales K. Periparturient Diseases in the Dam. Vet Clin North Am: Sm Anim Pract. 48(4):663–681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2018.02.010
Also see pet health content regarding disorders of calcium metabolism in dogs Disorders of Calcium Metabolism in Dogs Calcium is an essential component of the skeleton, and it has important functions in muscle contraction, blood clotting, enzyme activity, the nervous system, and hormone release, among others... read more and cats Disorders of Calcium Metabolism in Cats Calcium is an essential component of the skeleton, and it has important functions in muscle contraction, blood clotting, enzyme activity, the nervous system, and hormone release, among others... read more .


Muskoka Algonquin Healthcare has hit an even higher standard than before.
Accreditation Canada has given MAHC its top rating: Accredited with Exemplary Standing under the Qmentum accreditation program.
Taking part in the accreditation process is voluntary. The rating comes after a survey by an Accreditation Canada team at both Huntsville District Memorial Hospital and South Muskoka Memorial Hospital last month.
The five person team evaluated more than 2,400 standards, looking at all aspects of the organization. MAHC says the survey took four days during which it met 100 per cent of all Required Organization Practices and 98.4% of the high priority and other criteria.
Taking part in the process is "about constantly improving the quality of care provided to patients by ensuring the organization is meeting national standards of care," says MAHC Chief Executive Officer Natalie Bubela.
MAHC previously held the status of Accredited.
"This award is the direct result of every team member's commitment to high-quality care and patient safety and a designation that everyone at MAHC can be proud to be a part of. It is a true testament to our commitment to providing safe, high-quality health services," added Bubela.
MAHC's next accreditation will take place in 2022.


text:
if DarkRP then
	local Command = VH_CommandLib.Command:new("Job", VH_CommandLib.UserTypes.Admin, "Set the job of or demote the player(s).", "")
	Command:addArg(VH_CommandLib.ArgTypes.Plrs, {required = true})
	Command:addArg(VH_CommandLib.ArgTypes.String, {required = false})
	Command:addAlias({Prefix = "!", Alias = {"setjob", "demote"}})

	Command.Callback = function(Sender, Alias, Targets, Job)
		for _, ply in ipairs(Targets) do
			if Alias == "setjob" then
				RunConsoleCommand( "rp_"..string.lower(Job or "citizen"), ply:Nick())
			else
				RunConsoleCommand( "rp_citizen", ply:Nick())
			end
		end

		if Alias == "setjob" then
			VH_CommandLib.SendCommandMessage(Sender, "set the job of", Targets, "to "..(Job or "Citizen"))
		else
			VH_CommandLib.SendCommandMessage(Sender, "demoted", Targets, "to Citizen")
		end

		return ""
	end

	local Command = VH_CommandLib.Command:new("Arrest", VH_CommandLib.UserTypes.Admin, "Arrest or unarrest the player(s).", "")
	Command:addArg(VH_CommandLib.ArgTypes.Plrs, {required = true})
	Command:addAlias({Prefix = "!", Alias = {"arrest", "unarrest"}})

	Command.Callback = function(Sender, Alias, Targets)
		local Success, Toggle = VH_CommandLib.DoToggleableCommand(Alias, {"arrest"}, {"unarrest"}, {""})

		for _, ply in ipairs(Targets) do
			if Success then
				RunConsoleCommand( "rp_arrest", ply:Nick())
			else
				RunConsoleCommand( "rp_unarrest", ply:Nick())
			end
		end

		VH_CommandLib.SendCommandMessage(Sender, (Success and "" or "un").."arrested", Targets, "")

		return ""
	end

	local Command = VH_CommandLib.Command:new("Money", VH_CommandLib.UserTypes.Admin, "Add or set the players money.", "")
	Command:addArg(VH_CommandLib.ArgTypes.Plr, {required = true})
	Command:addArg(VH_CommandLib.ArgTypes.Number, {required = true})
	Command:addAlias({Prefix = "!", Alias = {"setmoney", "addmoney"}})

	Command.Callback = function(Sender, Alias, Target, Amount)
		if Alias == "setmoney" then
			RunConsoleCommand("rp_setmoney", Target:Nick(), Amount)
		else
			Target:addMoney(Amount)
		end

		VH_CommandLib.SendCommandMessage(Sender, "armed", Targets, "")

		return ""
	end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
by a2zcamerablog · Published November 2, 2021 · Last modified November 8, 2021
History of Jerusalem, Israel
According to allcitycodes, the name Jerusalem is first attested in the Egyptian texts of condemnation of the 12th dynasty, in the Amarna letters it is "Urusalim". The Hebrew form "Yerūšālēm «was vocalized» Yerūšālayim «,...
Several fronts The split among Assad's opponents has often been called "the regime's strongest card". The armed uprising against the regime crystallized in three main fronts that fought as much or more against each other...
The civil war in Syria has soon raged for nine years. At the beginning of 2020, it was estimated that at least 380,000 people lost their lives, and the death toll continues to rise. Millions of...
The flag of Qatar is made of chocolate brown cloth with a wide white stripe on the leech; the two colors are separated from each other in a zigzag line with nine white triangles....
Buddha's teachings, views on life and rebirth Buddhism is a common term for the teachings of the Buddha, a "doctrine of the Savior." After the death of the Buddha, some of his followers gathered...
Tantra Buddhism
The development of Tantric Buddhism began around the 3rd century in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and in South India, and was partly Hindu, but is now primarily a Tibetan-Buddhist phenomenon. The Tibetan Buddhism Vajrayana or...
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Experience the amazing and unique mountain landscape of the world's largest highland, Tibet Tibet, the roof of the world, the largest plateau on earth, and a land shrouded in mystery – an obvious country...
Weather and Climate in Sri Lanka
When to travel to Sri Lanka? In Sri Lanka you will experience, as in many of the other Asian countries, a variation in the weather. When to travel to Sri Lanka therefore largely depends...
Experiences on a Round Trip in Sri Lanka
Water sports Sri Lanka is surrounded by the Indian Ocean and the Sinhalese benefit greatly from this. In addition to commercial fishing, the sea is used extensively for water sports of all kinds. Both...
The Golden Temple in Dambulla Already at the entrance to the Golden Temple, the opulence of the place will make you close your eyes. On the roof of the temple sides a giant gold-plated...
Places to Visit in Sri Lanka
You must experience these in Sri Lanka Sigiriya Klippen Sigiriya Klippen is a cultural treasure without equal, which even UNESCO has recognized as worth visiting. On round trips in Sri Lanka, Sigiriya is an...
Colorful, unique and original Sri Lanka exudes a peaceful atmosphere in the greenest imaginable surroundings with a lush highlands, exciting national parks, strong cultural experiences in the cozy towns and of course the beautiful...
by a2zcamerablog · Published June 9, 2021 · Last modified June 8, 2021
Before Departure to Sri Lanka
Read about passports, visas, vaccinations and the practicalities In Sri Lanka, an impressive journey awaits, where you can combine a beach holiday with unique culture, and where you can also experience the lush nature...
by a2zcamerablog · Published June 8, 2021
Culture in Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan culture has for many years been influenced by the Western world due to the colonial era in the country. Combined with a widespread use of English and busy tourist areas, one can...
by a2zcamerablog · Published May 25, 2021 · Last modified May 26, 2021
Urban Development of Ashgabat since Independence of Turkmenistan
Overview Although numerous buildings from the Soviet era can still be found in the cityscape of Ashgabat, the buildings that were built after independence now dominate. Because for more than 20 years the city...
by a2zcamerablog · Published April 13, 2021 · Last modified October 9, 2021
Sights in Thailand
The holiday country Thailand belongs to Southeast Asia, is framed by the Indian Ocean, which divides here into the Andaman Sea and the Gulf of Thailand. The bustle of the capital Bangkok and strongholds...
Cambodia – A Journey Through Time
Cambodia is known for its impressive Angkor Wat temple complex. One could spend days discovering the mystical surroundings. However, a Cambodia trip offers even more highlights. Immerse yourself in the history of the Khmer...
Yunnan – The Land South Of The Clouds
Nowhere in the world will you find such a cultural and geographical diversity as in the Chinese province of Yunnan! Experience the Yunnan Plateau with its jagged and snow-capped peaks or the tropical forests...
According to Countryaah, Uzbekistan is a Central Asian state and is best known for its importance for the Silk Road. The old trade route connected China with the Mediterranean. Silk, spices, precious metals and...


text:
One Step Closer, and Looking at Wainwright's Cy Chances
Quite the game last night, wasn't it? Wow.
First, and most importantly, the Cardinals beat the Reds 7-3 thanks to their most productive inning all season: six straight hits (including an infield single from Yadi!) in the fourth that was capped by the first-ever grand slam from Skip Schumaker to give them six serious runs before there was even an out. During his second at-bat of the inning, Albert singled again to drive in the seventh run. And, with Chris Carpenter pitching, those were more than enough runs.
Ah, yes, Carp. No, there's not (yet!) a feud here over his displeasure with Brendan Ryan delaying the bottom of the first inning. (Thanks, C70!) But, really, haven't there been plenty of comments made throughout this season about a lack of fire and spark on the team, how they're just business-like out there and act like they don't really care? Then how can you complain when Carp understands the importance of this particular game and series, is all amped and ready to go, gets ticked when he has to wait because the guy who's always the last one to the field anyway (based on our observations last week) delays his start of the inning and Carp lets him know about it later? Angela made a good point during the game: that it might not have been noticed at all were it not for the ESPN cameras focused on the dugout. But the look of fear on Brendan's face that the camera did capture … yeah, the Hyperactive Puppy won't be doing that again!
I could go on and mention the Jim Edmonds trade (who's next, Walt?) or Brandon Phillips (think he'll be regretting those comments?) but instead will switch gears a bit to talk about tomorrow afternoon's starter, Adam Wainwright. After his brilliant two-hit shutout last Friday against the Marlins, he's continuing to reassert his position as one of the top National League pitchers. So what are his chances for winning a well-deserved Cy Young Award this season? That's exactly what I explored for Baseball Digest, which you can find here.
With all the drama and entertainment that the first game of this series provided, it's hard to know what to expect tonight. Here's to Jaime bouncing back from his outing-we-want-to-forget last Tuesday and providing another dominating performance again tonight. Because a win will bring those magic words "first place" back once again …
Go Cardinals!!
Skip Schumaker Adam Wainwright, Baseball Digest, Brendan Ryan, Chris Carpenter, Skip Schumaker
← First-Place Showdown	Words? Meet Actions →
4 responses to "One Step Closer, and Looking at Wainwright's Cy Chances"
Erika August 10, 2010 at 9:44 AM
>but it was like yelling at a puppy… Carp, the "Poky Little Puppy" abuser! =) Brendan did deserve a scolding and it was unfortunate the cameras showcased it, but I do appreciate Carp's intensity. So, you won't hear me complaining about Carp's hot temper – even if it is taken out on poor Brendan! ;)Looking forward to tonight's game! I enjoy watching Scott Rolen and Jimmy Edmonds. Even though they're Reds, they still have a spot in my heart. The Reds however, do not. Go Cardinals!!
UnHoly Diver August 10, 2010 at 12:07 PM
>The two things you never, ever, ever do in life: tug on Superman's cape, and p.o. Carp.
>Erika, "Poky Little Puppy" abuser??!?!UnHoly Diver, excellent points — especially the last one.
Susan August 12, 2010 at 7:51 AM
>I am making this comment after the series has been completed. There is no doubt about fire and spark now, is there. (A backhanded thank you to Brandon Phillips.)


NVIDIA has quietly updated its product pages to include the first graphics card from the GeForce 300-series line.
Don't get too excited, though, as the first 300-series product is a low-end solution that's currently available to OEMs only. Dubbed the GeForce 310, the card isn't based on the upcoming Fermi architecture and is instead a basic GT200-series card with a GPU clocked at 589MHz and 16 stream processors clocked at 1,402MHz.
Look familiar? It should do, as it's little more than a rebranded GeForce 210. As far as we can tell, there's no physical change, despite the massive jump in model number.
Seems as though NVIDIA might be padding out the low-end GeForce 300-series range with rebranded 200-series cards. Meanwhile, the company's first DirectX 11 cards, based on the all-new Fermi architecture and expected to fill the mid-range and high-end segments, are rumoured to have been delayed until the first quarter of fiscal 2011.
You really would have thought they would've learned from the last renaming furore that this sort of consumer misleading practice is not welcome and damages their reputation further.
with minor changes, but still.


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Tagged with " Ed Oliver"
Alabama born MATT WHITECLOUD is loving being Oceanside at WMBF in Myrtle Beach. He's the newest member of the creative services Writer Producer club. Matt was in ED OLIVER's office and said he comes from a news background. A graduate of Jacksonville State, he's worked at a small indie operation before getting picked up by the NBC affil in Vanna White's hometown. Well Dunne! Matt.
Out Omaha way, BRANDON BARTLING is hard at work doing Topicals for the Gray-owned NBC affiliate, WOWT. Brandon has come, of sorts, since he also did an internship at WOWT. Thanks to CSD VIC RICHARDS for the heads up. Well Dunne! Brandon.


New York-based Chilean filmmaker Sebastián Silva was the big winner at 2015 Outfest. His film Nasty Baby (pictured left) took home the top prize for Best U.S. Dramatic Feature. This is Silva's third English-language film— Crystal Fairy & the Magical Cactus and Magic Magic made festival rounds in 2013. Silva made his big splash on the film scene in 2009 with his critically acclaimed film The Maid.
Nasty Baby premiered earlier this year at the Sundance Film Festival and it also won the Teddy Award (award for best LGBT-themed feature film) at the Berlin International Film Festival. The film follows gay couple Freddy (Silva) and Mo (Tunde Adebimpe) as they try and conceive a baby with their friend Polly (Kristen Wiig).
In the screenwriting category Carlos Ciurlizza and Mauricio Hoyos' Peruvian-American feature Sebastian, won Best Screenwriting in a U.S. Dramatic Feature. The drama tells the story of Sebastian who returns to his hometown to care for his ill mother, forcing him to come to terms with his past.
A few Latin-American films took home top-prizes in the Short Film sections as well. Mexican filmmaker Roberto Fiesco was awarded Best Dramatic Short for Tremulo. The Artistic Achievement Award went home with Mexican director Rigoberto Pérezcano for Carmín Tropical and New York-based filmmaker Ángeles Cruz, won the Audience Award for Dramatic Short for his film The Letter.
The 2015 Outfest LGBT Film Festival took place July 9-19 in Los Angeles, California.


Would you be interested in enhancing your knowledge and skills in the public health domain? Would you be interested in putting hands on practice by performing actual applications of the health concepts?
Public Health will provide you with the skills and knowledge that need to be implemented in public health throughout not only European context, but also the international one. The aim of the course is to improve people's health by explaining them with the strategies that are employed to conduct new products and services, changes in public policies, reducing inequalities in health and many others.
This course is intended for students who would be interested in making wider health implications. Moreover, this course will give the students the chance to apply all the theories that they learn into practice and thereby, enhancing their knowledge of the most commonly discussed topics in the health care domain.
Care about not only their well-being, but also the whole population.
Want to make wider health implications.
Have already worked or wish to work in the public health field.
What are the public health concepts that are recently discussed in the health care domain?
During the first week, the students will get familiar with certain definitions that are used in the public health domain, as well as being able to describe them in epidemiologic terms.
The students will be given an assignment that will test their knowledge of the public health terminologies.
During this week, the students will be introduced to the main research methods that are used in the clinical research domain, where the students will get a firm background of the benefits of utilizing each of these methods.
The students will be introduced to the techniques that are employed in the health and research process. The students will get familiar with the basic concepts that are used in clinical research, which may include trial phases and trial designs will be highlighted.
Week 05: The students will conduct a full research that will help them in identifying some of the major causes of bias in clinical research, as well as finding statistical methods that they can use to verify data.
The students will be getting familiar with the main strategies that are used to enhance health promotion and health protection in order to meet the public health standards.
The students will discuss the strategies that are employed for health promotions.


text:
About Work Thinking Contact
Seeing past the 'core customer': Channel-blurring means retailers should embrace complexity — and even paradox
By Joe Bona:
Like novelists intent on creating lively protagonists, today's retailers love to pen vivid descriptions of the all-important "core customer." In all likelihood, you have heard or even given presentations that rely on this kind of language: "Her name is Cindy," says the specialty store executive. "She's 37, works in the insurance business and has 2.3 kids. Her husband, Dale, is an IT whiz. He hates going to the mall and has just started doing online shopping with his beloved iPad."
This approach is popular for a reason. By leveraging in-depth data, retailers can figure out exactly what types of shoppers are most likely to make repeat purchases at their stores. Detailed composite characters like Cindy can then be used to help them shape more effective approaches to merchandising, marketing, branding and customer-service. And yet, in its single-minded focus on one type of shopper, the "core customer" concept tends to ignore one of today's most prominent retail trends: channel-blurring.
Just a few years ago, the retail business was characterized by bright lines between one sector and another: If a place had fueling stations and coolers full of drinks, you knew it was a convenience store. If it had a pharmacy and was located on its own corner, its core business was obviously to sell prescription and over-the-counter drugs. During this (relatively) stable era, the Walmarts and Costcos of the world were always out on the strip by themselves, and tenant lineups at regional malls were eminently predictable.
These formerly bright lines are fading fast. Channel-blurring is occurring to a remarkable degree in many sectors of the retail industry. Malls that once relied on upscale, fashion-forward tenant lineups are now welcoming the likes of Costco and Target to backfill vacated department store spaces. Walgreens, which has been looking more like a convenience store with each passing year, aims to put e-vehicle fueling stations in its parking lots, making that resemblance even more striking.
Convenience stores, once known for that shriveled hot dog of indeterminate age, are transforming into something akin to a quick-serve restaurant, replete with cafés and prepared meals. Even Goodwill is cleaning up its stores and moving into nicer neighborhoods. And as retailers like Walmart broaden their appeal to more well-heeled shoppers, their counterparts on the luxury end are building outlet stores and wooing shoppers from lower tax brackets.
So what is happening here? When Wall Street and the housing bubble collapsed in 2008, consumers' spending priorities shifted. Relatively affluent shoppers began checking out the likes of Walmart or Big Lots for the first time. Wine aficionados went to see if their favorite brands were cheaper at Costco, which they were. And landlords began welcoming extreme value retailers like Dollar Tree to centers that were once off limits to such tenants.
The net effect is that more retailers now understand that their stores are not necessarily for one type of person alone, no matter what name we give her. Indeed, cross-shopping among store formats and price-points is rare only among the very rich and the very poor. Cindy might be perfectly content to buy her husband an anniversary present at Nordstrom, but then hit T.J. Maxx for a small token of affection for one of her girlfriends. Thus, retailers would do well to think harder about how they can appeal to the heterogonous mix that is their customer base. Walmart did this by ramping up quality and cleanliness while preserving its emphasis on price. Duane Reade, the New York pharmacy chain, has done a fantastic job of reaching out to a broad array of shopper types using everything from organic foods to high-quality cosmetics. Department stores like Nordstrom are making lower-priced goods more visible in their stores, without skimping on atmosphere or top-notch customer service.
In the "new normal" of today's economy, shoppers will continue to be circumspect about how they spend, and old channels will keep on blurring. This will make cookie-cutter approaches even more outdated. Embracing complexity — or even, at times, paradox — is a must. While your brand might have been founded on other attributes, it is still possible to introduce, say, more value or convenience. But it is also possible to lose credibility by being too heavy-handed with this approach. Your niche, in other words, still has to be your strength. Retailers who try too hard to be all things to all people can overreach, just as those who focus too much on an ideal "core customer" can miss valuable opportunities with the rest of us.
Awareness of channel-blurring also will be more important for some retailers than others. Will a 19-year-old male be shopping at a women's fashion retailer like Chico's for any reason other than holidays or birthdays? Not likely. But for a wide variety of less-specialized retailers, it makes sense to see how innovative and creative you can be in broadening your appeal. Indeed, social networking and other technological tools make this more viable today than ever.
Are we saying au revoir to Cindy, then? Not really. Instead, think of it as a bonjour! to all those new classes of customers who will be strolling into the store.
http://www.chainstoreage.com/article/seeing-past-'core-customer'-channel-blurring-means-retailers-should-embrace-complexity-and-e
Written by Dustin Longstreth
Dustin Longstreth
Dustin is a purpose-driven strategy and marketing leader with extensive experience building high-performance teams, driving growth, and creating brand value. In his role at CBX, He is dedicated to helping clients maximize the cultural and commercial impact of their brands.
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Power is central to politics at all levels. This program looks at how it influences decision-making in the political process.
The four themes provide some answers to important questions.
Who holds power in Australia?
What conflicts arise through the unequal distribution of power?
What means do Australians have to influence the decision-making process?
The first theme, Exercising Power, shows varying degrees of power being exercised in Australian settings: from the Crown to the actions of ordinary people. The second theme examines the workings of Australian democracy, including our constitution, the parliament, judiciary, legislative and electoral processes. Four key issues are examined in the third theme: Aboriginal land rights, immigration, unemployment and nuclear disarmament/peace. And finally, the program looks at the power of the media and its effect on society and government.
Curriculum Links: Legal Studies; Politics; Australian History; SOSE/HSIE: Civics & Citizenship, Human Rights, Social Justice.


Nayia is one of the partners of Nobel Trust and is serving as the managing director of the firm. She has more than 15 years of experience in professional services focusing on taxation and business consulting. She is extensively involved with marketing and business development constantly seeking new markets/services in which to expand the business. Nayia is an "all-rounder", results-orientated professional with high business acumen and dedication to client service. Before joining Nobel Trust she worked in London and Cyprus with a Big4 accountancy firm and an international corporate services firm.
Nayia holds a BSc in Accountancy with Law from the University of East Anglia, UK and is a Fellow Chartered Accountant (member of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales. She is also a member of the ICPAC and STEP and holds a Diploma in Company Direction from the Institute of Directors in the UK.
Nayia is an open-minded person, ready to listen to and embrace new ideas and opinions. Whenever she has something in her mind, she will go all the way to get it done irrespective of constraints. She works hard but also plays hard and her energy and enthusiasm is a driving force to those around her. Despite her ambition and determination to achieve her goals, she does not fail to be sensitive and empathetic in her relationships with people.
Participating in a 14-hour hiking adventure to reach "Drakolimni" ("Dragon Lake"), an alpine lake at an altitude of 2050 meters on the mountains of Epirus, Greece. During the hiking she felt at several instances that she had reached her limits and that she could not go on, but the challenge of reaching the destination kept her going even at times when her physical powers were abandoning her. Limits do not really matter when there is a will to achieve what appears to be the impossible!
It's a family-like environment which promotes freedom of expression and creativity. It's a company which encourages you to "be yourself" and capitalises on the talents of each individual member of the team. It's a place full of positive energy which drives you to achieve more and excel in what you do.


We are rapidly approaching the end of the tax year, so if you are a higher rate tax payer or have a business or company with a year-end coming up, now is the time to act.
There are a number of things you can do to reduce your tax bill.
From 6 April 2016, the rate of tax on dividends is changing and this is likely to have the biggest impact on small, owner-managed companies who tend to draw a small salary with the balance of their income as dividends.
The first £5,000 of dividends received will be tax-free.
Then basic rate taxpayers will pay 7.5% on their dividends.
Higher rate taxpayers will pay 32.5% on their dividends.
Additional rate taxpayers will pay 38.1% on their dividends.
For companies that structure their affairs to withdraw the "ideal" amount to avoid any personal tax, it will now cost around £2,200 per annum in personal tax. This will also put a lot of people into the payments on account regime for personal tax, which will have cash flow implications too. Payments on account for personal tax will need to be made every 6 months.
So, if you have the available profits within your company, it would be a good idea to pay yourself an extra dividend before 5 April, particularly if you haven't utilised your full basic rate tax band.
Expenditure on "plant and equipment" for your business/company qualifies for 100% tax relief in the year of purchase up to an annual spend of £200k. This includes tools/equipment, vans, computer equipment, bikes and many other assets (but excluding cars). So if you spend £20,000 on a new van, it will reduce your corporation tax bill by £4,000.
As an unincorporated business or sole trader, the saving could be higher depending on your prevailing rate of tax. Make sure these large purchases are made before your business or company year-end to get the full cash flow benefit of the tax savings.
It is highly likely that the tax savings on pension contributions will be attacked in the budget next month.
If you are a higher or additional rate tax payer and have surplus cash then it seems that now has never been a better time to make an additional pension contribution and get tax relief at 40% or 45%.
It is expected that not only will the rate of tax relief be reduced but that the annual contribution limits will be slashed too.
As a limited company, pension contributions can be made subject to the annual limits. They must also be seen as a reasonable amount in view of the Director's/employee's remuneration package to qualify for corporation tax relief.
There is no expectation that the rate of tax relief on pension contributions made by a company will change.
If your business is likely to incur any other costs, such as staff bonuses, make sure these costs are incurred before the year-end to make sure you benefit from the tax savings sooner rather than later.


NVidia has recently WHQL certified "verde" notebook drivers: 258.96. In the past, drivers from NVidia have refused to install without hacking the INF or waiting for a boot camp update, which happens about once a year.
This time, though the drivers installed happily with no complaint. Woot!
I also grabbed the latest NForce drivers which contain Ethernet, SMBus and Away Mode drivers for my 2009 MacBook Pro Unibody. The SMBus and Away Mode drivers are related to power management. Who knows, maybe they will improve my battery life.


We warmly welcome you to Asfordby Hill Primary School and hope that our website gives you an insight into our wonderful community.
Our visitors comment that Asfordby Hill is a friendly, caring and nurturing environment. We aim for all our pupils to achieve high standards in all areas of life by offering a creative and exciting curriculum. This provides everyone with opportunities to develop interests and talents and become happy, lifelong learners.
Of course we value our close partnership with parents and recognise the school's place in the wider community. We actively seek and encourage positive collaboration with all who can help us develop as a place of excellence and enjoyment.
If you are a prospective parent considering Asfordby Hill for your child, we would love to hear from you and give you a guided tour.
The School's Governors form a dedicated team who support and oversee the development of the school. They meet very regularly, carrying out visits to the school and reporting to parents through an annual report and open meeting. They are also happy to discuss the school with parents, and elected Parent Governors are always available for consultation.


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text:
To authors
1 . 2015
Organ "bioengineering", stem cells and scientific integrity in surgery
Sergey L. Dzemeshkevich
Keywords:bioethics, bioengineered trachea, transplantology
Clin. Experiment. Surg. Petrovsky J. – 2015. – N 1. – Р. 80–85.
The first issue of our journal in 2013 was opened by an exceptional in depth and analysis article by Professors P. Tischenko and B. Yudin on integrity in scientific research [1]. It was fundamental for the Editorial Board to indicate our level of evalution of scientific results offered to the reader.
That is why we could not help but be interested in the discussion that took place in the pages of one of the most prestigious surgical journals: Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery [2]. The core item of the discussion is that Professors P. De- laere and D.Van Raemdonch considered unreliable the medical data on the first bioengineered organ - the trachea. The author of this technique, Professor P. Macchiarini, on the other hand, is convinced that the results of his experimental studies and clinical experience allow him to speak confidently about tissue engineering of such a complex (anatomically, morphologically and functionally) organ as the trachea.
The author of this comment has comprehensive experience in the engineering of enzyme-treated decellularized vascular xeno-bioprostheses, acellular allogeneic and xenogeneic heart valves with reduced immunogenicity, in experimental studies of the processes of morphological adaptation of synthetic and biologic implants [3]. The general conclusion of these works is the following: all bioprostheses with reduced immunogenicity or vascular grafts of increased porosity have the long-term viability, but nonetheless remain lifeless carcass material. Any tissue engineering construct is out of the question here.
This information and point of view were expressed in the debate to Professor P. Macchiarini during his report on the results of tracheal tissue engineering at the Academician B.V. Petrovsky National Research Center of Surgery (NRCS). The keywords of Professor P. Macchiarini's report were as follows: bioengineered construct, in-situ bioreactor, stem cells, angiogenesis stimulators, nanotechnology.
However, taking into account the reports on several successful transplantations of the tracheal allografts engineered according to P. Macchiarini's technique in clinical practice of some other hospitals, we decided to conduct such surgery in our Center (Prof. V.D. Parshin). The patient's consent and the positive decision of our Center's Committee on Bioethics were received. Professor P. Macchiarini was directly involved in the surgery. The tracheal allograft was engineered and delivered from an Italian labora- tory.
Clinical observation
Patient I., 25 y/o female (medical history # 30,298,333) was admitted to the Academician B.V. Petrovsky NRCS with the diagnosis of tracheal stenosis for transplant program examination on 25 of October, 2010. Complaints on admission: ex-ertional dyspnea, choking when eating, headaches, sleep disorders, memory impairment, past episodes of seizures. From the case history: in April, 2006 she got a severe head injury, broken shins in a car accident. Craniotomy was performed for cerebral coma and progressive brain edema and tracheostomy was placed for prolonged mechanical ventilation. The patient recovered consciousness 8 months after injury. Tracheostomy healed on its own, but a month later stridor appeared. In a hospital of Shanghai (China) a tracheal mesh stent was placed. In the period from 2007 to 2010 granulation tissue removal and endoscopic recanalization of the trachea were repeatedly performed. In September, 2010 the patient was consulted at an Israeli clinic where conservative treatment including hormones was continued. In NRCS X-ray examination showed a mesh tracheal prosthesis 6 cm in length and 1.5 cm in diameter at the level of C7–T4. Echocardiogram results revealed no pathology: heart cavities were not expanded, the valves were not changed. VC was within normal limits. Generalized tracheal obstruction; tracheal stenosis were revealed. Disruptions in the structure and function of the abdominal cavity organs were not found. MRI of the brain showed cystic glial changes in the right temporo-parietal region. Bronchoscopy: the vocal folds were mobile, scar line changed, partially missing. There was a moderate narrowing of the trachea 1 cm from the subglottic larynx. Further a longitudinal scar was visible on the front wall, cartilaginous rings were not visualized. Below that there was a scar deformation and narrowing up to 8 mm and then tapering to 6×7 mm. Then over 2.5 cm further on the tracheal lumen narrowed to 9×8 mm due to granulation tissue, mucus in the area being hyperemic with the fibrous plaque. Both tracheobronchial angles were involved in this process. Because of severe subtotal stenosis of the trachea in the cervical, cervical-thoracic and thoracic parts, the council considered it expedient to offer the patient transplantation of the trachea on the vascular pedicle. There were no contraindications to that procedure.
Subsequently the decision was taken to trans- plant the tracheal allograft prepared according to P. Macchiarini's technique using the technology of regenerative medicine. On 04 of November, 2010 tra- cheal bougienage and endoscopic recanalization by removing granulation tissue were performed. On 06 of December, 2010 preparing for reconstructive surgery the patient's bone marrow was harvested and preserved. The total volume of bone marrow obtained was 300 ml. On 07 of December, 2010 transplantation of a tracheal allograft engineered according to the method of Regenerative Medicine (Fig. 1) was performed (Professor Parshin V.D. with the participation of Professor P. Macchiarini). The deformed trachea was removed almost completely. A section of the mucosa was taken from the resected trachea and divided into pieces of 3×3 mm for further placement on the inner surface of the donor trachea. The suspension of mononuclear cells of the patient's bone marrow was inserted into the wall of the decellularized trachea at the rate of 1 ml per each two tracheal half-rings. Also erythropoietin, Neupogen, TGF were applied to the graft wall. After completion of the anastomoses, a self-expanding mesh stent overlapping the anastomoses was placed into the lumen of the graft. The greater omental pedicled flap was prepared through an upper median laparotomy, transposed to the tra- chea and fully wrapped around the graft.
Fig. 1. General view of allo- trachea bioprosthesis made in the Italian laboratory. Injection of mononuclear cell suspension
The description of pre-transplant morphology of the allo-trachea: necrotic changes of soft tissues without inflammatory reaction and degenerative changes in the hyaline cartilage were revealed in the donor trachea (Fig. 2, 3).
Fig. 2. Fragment of tracheal bioprosthesis before surgery: no epithelial lining, cartilaginous tissue dystrophic changes in the form of "speckled" pattern of ground substance and individual chondrocytes cytoplasm vacuolation are presented. Van Gieson's stain. × 50.
Fig. 3. Fragment of tracheal bioprosthesis before surgery: hyaline cartilage degeneration, chondrocytes vacuolation and karyopyknosis. Autolysis of soft tissue graft. No inflammatory infiltration. Hematoxylin and eosin stain. × 100.
Hospital and remote post-transplant periods
The patient was extubated on the second day after surgery. The therapy protocol included hormones, erythropoietin, Neupogen. Bronchoscopy on the 15th day after surgery: the lumen of the trachea was satisfactory, the anastomoses were airtight, the graft walls were covered with a thin layer of fibrin.
On 21 of January, 2011 endoscopic removal of the endoprosthesis was performed because of its partial destruction. In the lumen of the graft there were small overgrowth of dense granulation tissue on the front semicircle near the anastomoses and grayish masses with the changed endoprosthetic mesh inclusion eas- ily peeling off the graft's wall on the back semicircle.
24 of January, 2011. The patient was discharged to outpatient treatment.
21 of February, 2011. Emergency hospitalization to remove the remnants of the endoprosthesis because of its dislocation. Tracheoscopy: the lumen at the proximal anastomosis was narrowed down to 3×5 mm by granulation tissue proliferation. In the place of the removed prosthesis the tracheal wall had a mesh-like surface with bleeding granulation on the membranous part; it was not possible to judge about revascularization and epithelialization of the cartilage.
07 of March, 2011. Stenosis of the tracheal graft, stridor at rest, intubation and tracheoscopy: there were overlapping and narrowing of both anastomoses throughout the graft. A day later the patient was extubated.
10 of March, 2011. Due to severe cicatricial and granulation stenosis, emergency endoscopic tracheal stenting was performed.
25 of March, 2011. The next self-expanding tracheal stent insertion.
25 of April, 2011. Due to late cicatricial tracheal stenosis both laryngoplasty and tracheal resection with T-shaped tube placement were performed. Histological examination of the donor tracheal wall revealed the masses of granulation tissue in various stages of its formation, inflammatory infiltration. The epithelial lining was missing. Cartilage and muscle tissue was not found; fibrous tissue with mature vessels.
In subsequent months, the change of T-shaped tube and electrocoagulation of tracheal granulation tissue above the tracheal bifurcation were repeatedly performed.
29 of February, 2012. The next time we changed the T-shaped tube we found lumenal narrowing of the entire trachea; during cough the trachea collapsed almost completely due to the convergence of the front and back tracheal walls, indicating the lack of almost any natural framing of the donor tracheal allograft.
Thus, the data presented in this article confirm the viewpoint of P.R. Delaere and и D. Van Raemdonch that the information about creating a "new" bioengineered trachea is not a proven fact. Transplantation of a donor trachea made and used in clinical practice as described by Professor P. Macchiarini eventually led to the graft's stenosis due to scarring and granulation tissue formation without signs of preservation of native tracheal structure and function. One clinical observation, which we have, is not scientific basis for the findings and conclusions, of course. At the same time, we cannot help but support the view that the manipulation of modern terms in surgery gives our patients unreasonable expectations and undermines the authority of science and medicine.
P.S. But life goes on. And recently Professor P. Macchiarini has received a grant from the Russian Science Foundation to create a "bioengineered" esophagus.
1. Tishchenko P.D., Yudin B.G. Fair dealing for scientific studies. Klinicheskaya i eksperimental'naya khirurgiya. Zhurnal imeni akademika B.V. Petrovskogo [Clin Experiment Surg Petrovsky J]. 2013; Vol. 1: 5–12. (in Russian)
2. Delaere P.R., D. Van Raemdonck. The trachea: The first tissue-engineered organ? J Thoracic Cardiovasc Surg. 2014; Vol. 4: 1128–31.
3. Macchiarini P. Reply to the Editor. J. Thoracic Cardiovasc. Surg. 2014; Vol. 148 (1): 365–6.
4. Dzemeshkevich S.L., Konstantinov B.A., Gromova G.V. et al. The mitral valve replacement by the new type bio prostheses (features of design and long-term results). J Cardiovasc Surg. 1994; Vol. 35 (1): 189–93.
MD, Professor (Moscow, Russia)
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