Q. Regarding Cardinal McCarrick, who has been ordered by Pope Francis to conduct "a life of prayer and penance" before a Church trial is held, does anyone know exactly what that penance would be? Could McCarrick go to his confessor and seek absolution, like any other practicing Catholic? — J.G., Arizona.
A. Yes, Cardinal McCarrick could go to his confessor and seek absolution, like any other Catholic, but we don't know what an appropriate penance would be. We would hope that it would be something commensurate to the great harm he did to those he sexually abused and to the Church he betrayed not only with his immoral sexual predation, but also by running interference for pro-abortion Catholic politicians.
His most egregious action in the latter case was his concealing and then misrepresenting a letter he received in 2004 from Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger, then prefect of the Vatican's Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.
Q. When did the custom of genuflecting and kissing the bishop's ring originate, and when did we begin to address bishops as "excellency"? Is this still expected today? — T.R.G., via e-mail.
A. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, the custom of genuflecting, that is, bending one or both knees to the floor or ground as a sign of reverence for the Eucharistic Presence of Jesus, originated early in the sixteenth century and was the customary practice of all Catholics until recent decades when Catholics seem to do everything in the presence of the Blessed Sacrament except genuflect.
Of course, Catholics should always bend their knee, or make a reverent bow if unable to genuflect, when entering or leaving the church as a sign of reverence and recognition that Jesus is present there in the tabernacle.
As for kissing a bishop's ring, we're not sure exactly when that custom began. According to James Charles Noonan Jr.'s book The Church Visible, the ring as a symbol of episcopal authority first appeared in the third century. "Later," he said, "the ring took the additional symbolic meaning of a bishop's marriage to the Church and his spiritual parentage over the faithful of his diocese. The power of the ring is significant, as it binds priests and the faithful to the bishop and his teaching on all spiritual matters" (p. 323).
Noonan said that "formal protocol requires that everyone genuflect when they kiss a cardinal's ring. Although it is proper to do so, it is not always possible, and often due to nervousness or excitement, one might forget to do so. In any case, a bow would be acceptable, followed by a proper greeting. It is best to follow the cardinal's lead. He, of course, should always take care to put the individual at ease, while simultaneously reserving the dignity of his position" (p. 326).
The same respect should be accorded to archbishops and bishops, said Noonan, adding that "although protocol procedures may seem somewhat obsolete or arcane, they are set to recognize the dignity of the position of the prelate, as well as the role or function that he performs within the Church" (Ibid.). One does not see this protocol observed as much today, and it will surely be impacted by the recently disclosed immoral activities of some cardinals and bishops.
The word "excellency" goes back to the thirteenth century and is a title of honor given to certain high officials, such as governors, ambassadors, and Catholic bishops. It is usually preceded by "his" or "your." It should still be used today when addressing a prelate or writing to him, as in "Your Excellency" for a bishop, "Your Eminence" for a cardinal, or "Your Holiness" for the Pope.
Q. Did former Communist Bella Dodd, who reportedly recruited some 1,100 Communists, some of them homosexuals, into Catholic seminaries, ever reveal any specific names? — R.B.K., Virginia.
A. Not that we know of. Bella Dodd was a key Communist Party organizer in the New York area during the Thirties and Forties, working with labor councils and the New York City Teacher's Union and influencing their policies. She was expelled from the Communist Party in 1949 and later testified before the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee and the House Committee on Un-American Activities. She returned to the Catholic Church in 1952 under the direction of then-Msgr. Fulton J. Sheen.
For a more recent account of the homosexual subculture in seminaries during the eighties and nineties, see chapter 4 of Michael Rose's book Goodbye! Good Men, which has a foreword by Alice von Hildebrand. Rose in the year 2000 interviewed dozens of seminarians, former seminarians, recently ordained priests, seminary faculty members, and vocations directors representing some 50 dioceses and 22 major seminaries. He found that the so-called priest shortage or vocations crisis was caused in large part by the rejection of solid Catholic men who upheld the Church's teachings on women priests, sexual morality, and homosexuality.
Chapter 4 of the book details the horrifying situation where homosexuals on the faculty or among the seminarians made life miserable for seminarians who refused to approve or participate in homosexual activity. Not only were these good men forced out of the seminaries, but their homosexual harassers went on to Ordination, which may account for the revelations in recent years of predatory behavior by homosexual priests and bishops. Goodbye! Good Men helps to explain the predicament the Church faces today.


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Pick up the ball and run! Come out and join us for flag, no contact rugby. Flag Rugby is Coed, and no prior experience is necessary. Members of Blackwater Rugby will teach participants drills, skills, and how to play this fun, non-contact, version of rugby. So mark your calendars for these four Saturday's and get your spring started out right.


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Kamaraj Nagar is a residential area of Pondicherry Town in the Union Territory of Puducherry, India.

It is surrounded by Chinna Subrayapillai Street in the east, Kazhini (Paddy Fields) in the south, Government Primary Health Center and Sollai Counder Street in the North and Church of Our Lady of Good Health in the West. Kamaraj Nagar is cool and greenery with Concrete roads.

Old Name for Kamaraj Nagar is Pudavaikaran Thope. As the name indicates this area was once a thope (garden) property of a textile merchant which in Tamil called as Pudavaikaran Thope.

Streets of Kamaraj Nagar

There are only 4 streets in Kamaraj Nagar. First and Second Cross bisects Third and Fourth Cross perpendicularly.

First Cross

This street once hold Government Branch Library, Ariyankuppam and Bharath English High School. Annual Day Function of Bharath English High School was celebrated here. Also Vimco Volleyball Tournament held many times in the ground opposite to the School.

Second Cross

Anganvadi(preschool),Ariyankuppam is located in this street

Third Cross

The first brick build house of Kamaraj Nagar was constructed in this street in the year 1980. During those period, when there is no water supply network to this area, Water pipe was extended by this house owner on his own expenses from nearby point which at 200 feet from his premise. Now entire  Kamaraj Nagar have all facilities including Concrete Roads, Electricity, Water Supply, Telephone Network and Cable Network.

Fourth Cross

Government Training Institute located here giving training to ladies in the field of Dressmaking and Tailoring.

Getting There

Kamaraj Nagar is just 300 meters from Ariyankuppam Bus Stop. One can reach Ariyankuppam by any Local bus from Pondicherry to Veerapattinam. Also you can catch any bus to Bahoor, Karaiyamputhur, Madukkarai from Pondicherry running via Ariyankuppam.

References

External links
Kamaraj Nagar Portal

Cities and towns in Puducherry district
Ariyankuppam
Monuments and memorials to Kamaraj

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Does Mitt Romney need to drop the hammer on Obama and his policies.
In recent days, the presidential campaign has become more heated, with Obama's campaign manager even claiming that Romney has committed a crime. Do you think Romney needs to push the issues harder at Obama?
Pat Whitley talks restaurants throught New England!
Pat praises and zings restaurants throughout New England.
Diabetes and how your pharmacist can help.
How to properly manage diabetes and how to look for the early signs.
The late Edward Kennedy apparently had quite a gallivant through Central and South America in the swinging 1960s while his brother was President. Recently released FBI files show that Kennedy rented out an entire Chilean brothel and met with Communists across Latin America -- and rubbed a few shoulders the wrong way in the process. Howie asked does anyone care?


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Home » History » The Early Middle Ages, 284–1000 » HIST 210 - Lecture 11 - Frankish Society
- Frankish Society
Professor Freedman considers the Merovingians as an example of barbarian kingship in the post-Roman world. In the absence of a strong government, Merovingian society was held together by kinship, private vengeance, and religion. Kings were judged by their ability to lead men in war. Gregory of Tours believed that the violence characteristic of Frankish society was useful insofar as the kings wielded it to back up threats of supernatural retribution for bad actions. Professor Freedman ends with a brief summary of the decline of the Merovingians.
What Holds Society Together?
Gregory of Tours
The Bishops and the King
The Basis of Merovingian Power
The Church in Frankish Society
The End of Merovingians
HIST 210 - Lecture 11 - Frankish Society
Chapter 1: What Holds Society Together? [00:00:00]
Professor Paul Freeman: So today is an exciting day, because the papers are due, because the midterm is soon, but most of all, because we're finishing up our talk on the Merovingians. Questions? Comments? Cat names?
So the Merovingians. Remember that the reason we're studying them is as an example of barbarian kingship, barbarian states, and the post-Roman world. "Post-Roman" meaning that the Roman Empire is gone, but the society is not completely severed. Its connections with the Roman tradition are not severed. This is most obvious in the Church and the survival of Latin learning, bishops, Christianity, literacy. But even though we seem to be in an environment of rather primitive, and even, we could use the word loosely, barbarian kings, I hope that we'll see that within Gregory's narrative, there is evidence of a kind of royal administration and a certain sense of purpose.
We are entering a period in which we have to start asking, "what held society together?" This becomes a question when two things start to fail. One is the government. Where it's really not clear that there is a government, other than powerful people plundering less powerful people. And the other factor is when the people themselves don't really believe that there is any force holding their society together, anything that they unconsciously give deference to.
So we're all familiar with what are called now "failed states." That is, polities that have an official existence, but that cannot seem to keep the most basic form of order within their borders, whatever those borders may be. So unfortunate states like Somalia, or no longer, but ten years ago, Liberia, Sierra Leone, were examples of failed states. And this is a phenomenon that has grown in the contemporary world.
In the Middle Ages– and here we're talking about the period from the collapse of Roman authority in the West in the fifth century until at least the twelfth century– there are various kinds of societies that are held together. They're not as anarchic as Somalia, actually. But they are not held together by government in the sense that we understand it. They are held together partly by informal social networks and ties. Things like kinship, family, private vengeance, religion.
But by having to ask the question "What holds society together?" you are already making a kind of statement about the sort of society you're talking about. I would say that the United States has, for most of its history, been a polity in which this kind of question didn't have to be asked. It's not that people loved the government, or even particularly deferred to it. But that in their everyday life, in their everyday gestures and in their everyday assumptions, they assumed that they were protected. They normally did not have to go out with a weapon in order to feel that they would not be robbed. There are exceptional communities where that's not been true.
But generally speaking, you could assume that the police or the police forces intimidated criminals or potential evildoers. You would, you know, send your bills in by mail, assuming that they would arrive, that a government agency would take care of the transport of them. You might try not to pay as much taxes as you perhaps owed, but you wouldn't really try to just be under the radar of the government, because you would assume that you couldn't do that. You would have to make some kind of tax payment. And on and on. Educating your children, signing up for Social Security, being part of a community.
The mark of privilege, then, historically, is not having to think about the ties that hold your society together. If you had to come up with a standard with which to measure human happiness, that might not be such a bad one.
Now, there are other forms of human happiness. Total independence. The idea of the person who lives out somewhere on the farm and is completely self-sufficient, has all of the food that they need, either that they catch or cultivate, lives in some kind of wonderful climate in which the food grows on trees. Dreams of authors of the nineteenth century in Europe and America about the South Sea Islanders.
So we have in our imagination the idea of living a blissful life without any particular social ties, or only the most casual ones. But I think we all know that usually, such an existence, when it, in fact, exists at all, is an invitation for someone else to plunder it and to steal it. Part of the reason for social ties is company. Part of the reason for social ties is protection.
So when asking what held Barbarian societies together, we're asking something that's more than just a banal question of medieval sociology. We're asking a question about the fundamental nature of a society that is not so unsuccessful as people think. You know, again, nobody wakes up in 560 AD saying how unfortunate it is that they're alive in the Dark Ages. They didn't call it the Dark Ages. They didn't think it was the Dark Ages. And it wasn't the Dark Ages, I hope to show.
Chapter 2: Gregory of Tours [00:07:20]
Now, Gregory of Tours is a great source because he gives a lot of very miscellaneous information. He's perhaps a source who likes violence, though. He likes violence for reasons we were talking about last week. He wants to show that on the one hand, the life of human beings is terrible and full of outrage and violence, but that it is redeemed by God's solicitude. And that those people who recognize God's power, as manifested through bishops, saints, the rites of the church, will, if not prosper always in this life, at least receive a reward that is commensurate with their loyalty to God.
Gregory is a pessimist. One of the reasons– one of the themes that guides this work– I was going to say one of the reasons he wrote this work, but I don't want to kind of venture that far out. One of the aspects that unites this work is a sense of the decline of the Franks, from the model, Clovis, to the fools that he feels he has to deal with, like Chilperic. Three generations– the generation of Clovis, the generation of Clovis's sons, the generation of Clovis's grandsons. Each one worse than the one before it.
So if he had grudgingly acknowledged that the sons of Clovis fulfilled, in some sense, a mission in accord with God's plan, he was much more clearly hostile to this third generation of Merovingian leaders. He says at one point in a part that is not in Murray, "To this day, one is still amazed and astonished at the disasters which befell these people." And I think I mentioned this little passage before. "We can only contrast how their forefathers used to behave, and how they themselves are behaving today."
So he is scolding the current generation and exalting the older ways. He is scolding them for their violence. But what about the fact that, as we emphasized, Clovis was violent? What he's really scolding them for, then, is not violence as such, but violence channeled to unproductive ends. Violence is inevitable, in Gregory's world. Violence in defense of the true faith is not only acceptable, but necessary in order to defend that.
And Gregory's interest, as I hope I'll show, in the true faith, is not just a defense of Christianity as a religion, but Christianity as the thing that holds society together. If you asked Gregory what holds society together, he would give some kind of answer on the order of the bishops, the saints, the supernatural, the Church. And then if you said, "Well, what is the role of the king in this?" It's basically to terrorize people. To make sure that the mere threat of divine vengeance is backed up by threats of a more immediate sort. Throughout the history of the Franks, although not excerpted so much in the edition we're using, there are examples of people who hold God, Saint Martin, or the bishop, or some other saint in contempt, and who pay for it, often with their lives.
So in Gregory's official presentation of events, any defiance of God is met with a thunderbolt. But he's not actually a fool. I know in the dark moments of 2 AM, reading Gregory, that thought may have crossed your mind. And I know that you repressed it very quickly, and it's evil of me even to raise it.
But lest you think that he's just a credulous guy who lived in the sixth century AD and whatever, he is perceptive, and he understands that most people, most of the time, thunderbolt of God notwithstanding, need something a little more immediate to whip them into shape. That is, to follow a kind of basic civil order. And that is supposed to be the ruler. So it's fine for the ruler to be violent. And it's even OK if some people get caught in the jaws of the state, if we can call it that, or let's say, the jaws of the king, who should not have been punished.
Chapter 3: The Bishops and the King [00:12:27]
But look at the people he's dealing with. He's dealing with people who were violent, as well as kind of silly and quixotic. He has this little conversation with Chilperic that reminds one of pseudo-learned people, bloodthirsty dictators with pseudo-learning, on the order of Muammar Gaddafi. People who sort of study some stuff, and decide that they're experts on it because they're able to terrorize their population.
"So Chilperic issued a circular"– this is on page 111– "a circular to the effect that the Holy Trinity was to refer not to distinct persons, but only God. That it's unseemly for God to be called a person, like a mortal of flesh and blood. He also declared that the Father is the same as the Son, and the Holy Spirit is the same as the Father and Son." Well, you know, people had died, and they certainly had written huge controversial works, and had lots of councils over this issue. And this is not right. Nobody actually really believes this in Christianity.
"This is how it appeared the prophets and patriarchs, he said, and this is how the law itself proclaimed Him." Meaning Christ. And he then tells Gregory, "OK. This is the law I want you and the other members of the church to believe." And Gregory said, "Give up this false belief. You must observe the doctrines passed onto us by other teachers of the Church, who followed in the footsteps of the apostles, the teaching furnished by Hilary and Eusebius, and the confession you yourself made at baptism."
He's got to say this. I mean, he is very courageous to say this to the king. But the king– it is like somebody who is extremely powerful denying very basic scientific facts. Stalin tried to impose the biological theories of Lysenko, which basically went against the consensus of evolutionary biology at the time. So this kind of pseudo-learning is a feature of people who, since they're being acclaimed as geniuses and as leaders, assume that their expertise carries over to all sorts of fields.
Well, the king grows angry. He says, "It's quite obvious that I regard Hilary and Eusebius as my bitterest opponents on this issue." Not only have Saints Hilary and Eusebius been dead for years, but they're saints, they're theologians. You know, it would be like me saying, "Well, obviously Charlemagne and Clovis are my enemies." A statement that is ridiculous.
And note Gregory's response: "It would suit you better to watch out you do not make God or his saints angry." And that could really serve as one of the themes of the entire work. "For you should know that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are all distinct in person." And then he goes on to the theological justification.
And then the king's response is, "I'm going to find some people smarter than you are." And Gregory says, "Such a person will not be smarter, but an idiot. Anyone who wants to follow what you propose would be an idiot." "Grinding his teeth at this response, he said, no more." And another bishop is consulted. So the king gives this up. And then he starts writing a treatise on the alphabet and wants to add some letters, and tells the teachers that the educational system needs to be modified to include these letters.
Well, I go into this digression to show you, first of all, Chilperic actually is literate. He is actually educated. He's at least educated enough to have half-baked ideas, and that's more than some kings of this time and later will be. He tried writing poetry, as well. He also tried to depose Gregory as bishop, which is in some later books.
Chapter 4: The Basis of Merovingian Power [00:16:39]
Who are these people, then? What is the basis of their power? The kingship is, in large measure, based on inherited status. The Merovingian family had an aura of sacredness and prestige that made it impossible to conceive of anybody not of their bloodline ruling. This power is partly the prestige of Clovis, who is seen as really the father of his people, bringing them into what would become France, or the Land of the Franks, and converting to Christianity.
But a lot of the prestige is what might be called "pre-Christian." The long hair. The riding around in carts, four-wheeled carts. And we've seen that the long hair is quite crucial. Once it's cut in a humiliating manner, the representative of the family loses some crucial kind of prestige.
Remember that choice presented to Queen Clotilde: the scissors or the sword. You want your grandchildren scalped, or at least, given a military haircut, or– actually, a monastic haircut, in this context – or do you want them killed? And she is so angry at this that she, in fact, says "killed." That shows you, at least, the humiliation that is involved in this haircutting.
These kings also practice something on the order of polygamy. They are Christians, but they are still tribal leaders in a society in which the possession of the women, in the plural, is a sign of status. One passage that describes a number of different things fairly usefully is on page 58. And this is the marriage. And again, it seems random when you're reading through it, but then that's the point of lecture, is to highlight the seemingly random, isn't it.
On page 58, Chilperic's wives: "Chilperic asks for Brunhilda"– this other, Visigothic queen of one of his brothers– "asks for the hand of her sister, Galswinthe, although he already had several wives." OK. So he promises the envoy he will put away the other wives. He will renounce them, and he will be married only to Galswinthe. And so with these assurances, her father sent his daughter, as he had send the first, along with a great deal of wealth. This is what's called a dowry, D-O-W-R-Y, a payment made by the bride's family to the groom.
"When she came to King Chilperic, she was received with great honor and made his wife. And, for the time being, his love for her was considerable, for she had brought great treasure." OK. It's not a, you know, a "we both like horseback riding" kind of relationship, although they probably did.
"But because of his love for Fredegunde"– who is another wife, a low-status wife, a wife who didn't bring him much money, but who was mesmerizing, or beautiful, or certainly had a hold over him. "Because of his love for Fredegunde, whom he had before, a disgraceful conflict arose to divide them. Galswinthe had already been converted to the Catholic creed." That is, she had been a Visigothic princess raised as an Arian. She's now been converted.
"She complained to the king of the wrongs that she constantly had to endure, and said that he no respect for her. Finally, she asked him to give her her freedom to return to her native land if she left the treasures that she had brought him."
Which seems like a reasonable deal. "But he made up various excuses, he mollified her with sweet words, and in the end, he had her strangled by a slave, and he himself found the corpse on the bed."
Why didn't he just let her go, keeping the treasure? Um, humiliating, probably. Better to kill her. Why didn't he do what he said he did? You know, he's a barbarian ruler.
"After her death, God revealed a great sign of his power. A lamp burned before her tomb, suspended by a cord. Without anyone touching it, the cord broke, and the lamp fell to the pavement. The hard pavement gave way before it, and the lamp, as it had landed on some kind of soft substance, was buried in the middle and not all broken. To those who saw it, this did not happen without a great miracle."
Well, as miracles go in Gregory of Tours, this is pretty pedestrian. A freak accident. The lamp breaks, the exterior breaks, but the actual lamp part does not. But it is a sign in Gregory, and these things don't happen at random in Gregory.
"The king wept over the body, and then after a few days, took Fredegunde back again as his wife. When he did this, his brothers attributed Galswinthe's killing to his orders and toppled him from power."
The editor points out that probably they didn't, actually. This is a little bit too pat, and it may be a case of Gregory arranging the world so that the evil get punished in ways that they ought to, rather than in the ways that they do or don't.
But nevertheless, the portrait is of a polygamous king, a king who accumulates treasure, a king who is unscrupulous enough to kill his wife, does not seem to hide it very much. However, vengeance is taken on him both by supernatural powers and by natural forces.
So in talking about the bases of kingship, we have blood, and then war leadership. I have tried not to overemphasize the violence of this society, but it is a society in which war leadership is one of two major criteria of political leadership, the other being spiritual leadership, that we're going to talk about towards the end of the lecture.
The loyalty of the king's entourage was based on his ability to reward them with plunder. Remember that King Chlothar goes out to fight the Saxons, but the Saxons actually give him a good deal, and offer to give up a lot of their territory. And he says to his men, "I think this is a reasonable thing. The Saxons are pretty well armed. They're going to negotiate with us." It's on pages 50-51.
But the men won't accept that. They haven't come on this military expedition for political reasons. They want plunder. And so they force him, they threaten to kill him if he doesn't lead them into battle.
So in certain respects, we're back to the situation of Clovis. On the one, hand he seems very powerful. On the other hand, he seems intimidated by his followers. And this is an accurate picture of the position of rulership at this time. The king has to reward his followers. Because they're not following him for reasons of abstract political loyalty. They're not Merovingian patriots. They don't have a national anthem. They don't have a flag. They have a pledge of allegiance, but it's a private pledge of allegiance, of warrior to warrior.
He has two ways of rewarding them– plunder or land. He can't pay them a salary, because the economy does not produce revenue in quite this way. It does, but it doesn't produce enough to reward soldiers in the way they want to be. Therefore, a successful leader is one who leads his troops into victory in battle. If he doesn't expand his possessions, if he doesn't lead them successfully, he's going to have to start giving away lands that belong to the king, or to the state, if we can call it that. And once he starts doing that, he's going to start having an erosion of his own revenue to the weakening of his dynasty and his power.
For the time being, in the world of Gregory of Tours, the kings are wealthy. There is a description of an extraordinary dowry sent with a princess named Rigunth, beyond the page assignments that you read. And there was so much stuff that "it took fifty wagons to carry the gold and silver and other ornaments." "The Franks offered many gifts, some giving gold, some silver, many giving horses, and most garments." "The mother of the princess brought so much gold and silver and garments that when the king saw it, he thought he was left with nothing." Ha ha ha.
In fact, the quantities of gold, silver, silks and other fine fabrics are quite impressive. Kings are very wealthy. And they're wealthy because of plunder, but also because of taxes. If you read Gregory carefully, you will see that the kings are collecting taxes. In order to collect taxes, you've got to have some sort of records. You've got to know where people are. You've got to have a kind of a register of property.
I'm distinguishing taxes from plunder. You can plunder your own people. That is, you can just ride around and take cattle that happen to be passing by, or burn people's farms, or shake them down, you know, threaten to cut off their ears if they don't cough up a certain amount of money in treasure. The problem with that is, of course, you start killing your own economy, and even Barbarian kings recognize that. But they do then have a kind of administration.
And here again, we have an interesting interaction of what might be called the practical and the superstitious. The death of Chilperic's son by dysentery, described on page 105. There's a serious epidemic. The epidemic is, of course, announced by portents. Whoever heard of an epidemic disease that wasn't preceded by comets, or eclipses, or, you know, heavenly phenomena? "While the kings were quarreling again, dysentery affected nearly all of Gaul. High fever with vomiting, extreme pain in the kidneys, headaches, and neck pain, saffron-colored or even green vomit. Some people thought it was a secret poison." Blah blah blah. It affected children. "We lost children so sweet and dear to us, whom we sat on our laps, or carried in our arms, and nursed with such care."
Chilperic's younger son became sick. When they saw that the end was near, they baptized him. He was doing a little better when his older brother named Clodebert was stricken by the same disease. Now, these are the children of Fredegunde, the lower-status but extremely powerful concubine, wife, whatever you want to call her.
"And Fredegunde, seeing that they were in danger of death, became repentant." And she says,
"For a long time, the divine goodness has endured our evildoing. Often it has rebuked us with fevers and other afflictions, and repentance did not follow. Look, now we are losing our sons. The tears of the poor, the laments of widows, and the sighs of orphans are killing them. We are left without a reason for gathering up anything. We pile up riches and do not know for whom we gather it. Our treasury will be left without an owner, full of plunder and curses. Were our storehouses not already overflowing with wine, were our barns not already full of grain, were our treasuries not laden with gold, silver, precious stones, necklaces, and the rest of the trappings of emperors? Look, we are losing what we held to be even more beautiful. Now please, come, let us burn all the unjust registers."
In other words, let's burn the tax registers. Let's burn the records we have of who owes what. "And let what was sufficient for your father, King Chlothar, be sufficient for us."
"And then she ordered brought forward the registers that Marcus"– we don't know who he is– "had delivered from her cities. She had them thrown in the fire and then turned to the king," who's not eager to have his registers burned, but finally he does. And they stop future assessments. And the kids die anyway. "After this, King Chilperic was generous to cathedrals, basilicas, and the poor." He's sort of learned his lesson.
But it's very interesting, this idea that what is killing their children is the vengeance of God, and that the poor, the widows, the orphans, the people that they have oppressed, have a kind of power of vengeance by mobilizing this supernatural force.
On the one hand, this is a regular old story. People, when they are faced with difficult situations, often pray, often promise, make some sort of deal. Get me out of this, oh Lord, and I will A) never do it again, B) do something else, C) I'll be really grateful. And sometimes it appears to work, and sometimes it doesn't. But it is a perfectly understandable emotion. But the belief that supernatural forces affect politics, the belief in the political leaders themselves, the knowledge that they are evil, and that God has, at least for a while, committed this evil is very, very powerful, and very, very uppermost in the mind of even an uneducated and, as Gregory himself demonstrates, normally thoroughly unscrupulous character like Fredegunde.
So what makes a good ruler, according to Gregory? Not peacefulness, since he believes the job of the ruler is to inflict fear, at the minimum, and damage, more likely. At one point, he describes Theudebert, one of the sons of Clovis, one of the members of the second generation, the closest thing he has to a good ruler. He says of Theudebert, "He ruled his kingdom justly, respected his bishops, was liberal to churches, relieved the wants of the poor, and distributed many benefits with piety and goodwill." So he is a just ruler and an effective one. But after that, all of his good qualities amount to treating the Church well and treating the poor well, and the Church is supposed to represent.
Chapter 5: The Church in Frankish Society [00:34:20]
So in the remainder of the time, we should consider, what is the Church? What do we mean by the Church? Any questions so far?
The Church in this society is represented by bishops and monasteries. We will be talking about monasteries next week. The difference is that bishops rule from cities even if they are just a little shell remnants of Roman cities. Nevertheless, they rule from a population center. They are involved with ordinary people, or at least their administrative apparatus deals with regular life. Monasteries are more a retreat from regular life, where monks, as you'll read in the Rule of Saint Benedict, live in a kind of isolated community, renouncing the world.
Now, in actual practice, there would be more similarities than differences, particularly as these monasteries were involved with the world quite a lot. But it is the bishops that represent, to the extent that any aspect of society does, a continuation of the Roman order, a continuation of the notion that there is a kind of educated ruler of local society. So the bishops are members of prominent families. They're often members of Roman prominent family.
Remember that Gregory was Bishop of Tours? The great relic of Tours was the cape of Saint Martin. His family had been bishops of Tours because they were locally prominent under the Roman Empire and continued this prominence under the Merovingians. Not necessarily peacefully or easily. As I said, Chilperic tried to have him deposed, and you've seen the episode in which they don't get along very well. But nevertheless, his family, of what he calls senatorial rank, even though there's no Senate anymore, were locally quite prominent.
This relic that they guard is not the only reason for their power. But bishops, as well as monks, are associated with some kind of saint protector. And the saint protects churches that have relics of the saint. A relic could be a bone, like an arm or a jaw, or it could be a piece of clothing associated with the saint.
In the case of Saint Martin–Saint Martin it was a military figure, whose most famous act of piety was he was stopped by a beggar while on horseback, and he split his cloak with a sword, and gave part of it too clothe this beggar. And this relic itself, the cloak, or a cappa, was held by the church of Saint Martin of Tours. And indeed, it is thought that the word "chapel" comes from the word for "cape." It's sort of a sacred space within a church where, in this era, relics would have been kept. We'll talk a lot about relics and why they are powerful, but for now, I do want to talk about the mobilization of sacred power. Because we don't have to ask the question, well, did it really work? Did this really happen? Did Saint Martin really revenge himself on people who plundered lands belonging to him? The important thing is to realize that the conception of the saint is not merely that of a pious respect, but of fear of a living presence. Somebody who, although dead, is not dead in the normal understanding of the word "dead." The bishops and monks mobilize a kind of locus of sacred power.
Now again, at 2 AM, after you were done thinking that Gregory was a fool, it may have occurred to you that this sounds a lot like polygamy [correction: polytheism]. This seems to multiply deities. It seems to multiply the sites, the places where the sacred has an effect. And shame on you for such a thought. How can this be polygamous [correction: polytheistic], just because there seem to be a bunch of different people wielding sacred power? We don't have to deal with this. Certainly, there seem to be a lot of people, most of them not alive, wielding sacred power. And it's a rather threatening kind of power, at that.
The bishop is a religious leader. Some of them are religious leaders in the sense of powerfully religious forces, but most of them are more squires than preachers. That is, they are landowners, patrons, more or less generous to the poor or to the people of the area that they rule. It's not a religion of deep introspection. We don't have a lot of mystical thinkers in the sixth century. We don't have a whole lot of ethical concern, except for the notion of the poor as a collection of people with certain rights to the ear of God. "The poor" does not mean exactly what it means now– the marginal, the people below some kind of income level. It means basically ordinary people without any particular unusual power in society.
In certain respects, the Church is an aspect of the power of the king. In certain respects, it defies the king. Gregory himself, and his work is full of other examples of bishops who stand up to the ruler and remonstrate with the ruler. That is, scold the ruler. But they can't really do this by themselves. They have to mobilize at least the potentiality of a kind of power that goes beyond merely the prestige of their family or the prestige of their office.
So, for example– and again, this is something that's not in the Murray addition– an example of the power of Saint Martin. This is at a monastery, the Monastery of Latte, where some other relics of Saint Martin are kept. "A force of hostile troops approached and prepared to cross the river which runs by, so that they might loot the monastery of Latte." L-A-T-T-E. Latte, but I think it's pronounced "lot."
" 'This is the monastery of Saint Martin,' cried the monks. 'You Franks must not cross over here.' Most of those who heard this were filled with the fear of God and so withdrew." Oh, uh, I just thought it was a regular old monastery. Sorry. "Twenty of their number, however, who did not fear God, had no respect for the blessed saint, and they climbed into the boat and crossed the river. And driven on by the devil himself, they slaughtered the monks, damaged the monastery, and stole its possessions."
They made the, you know, gold and silver chalices, all of these properties that they had taken, "into bundles, and piled on their boat. Then they pushed off into the stream. But the keel began to sway to and fro, and they were carried round and round. They lost their oars, which might have saved them. They tried to reach the bank by pushing the butts of their spears into the bed of the river, but the boat split apart. They were all pierced through by the points of their own lances. They were killed by their own javelins. Only one of them remained unhurt, a man who had rebuked the others for what they were doing. If anyone thinks this happened by chance, let them consider the fact that one innocent man was saved among so many who were doing evil. After their death, the surviving monks retrieved the corpses from the bed of the river. They buried the dead bodies and replaced their own possessions in their monastery."
OK? So this is what happens to people who plunder monasteries. On the one hand, the story is useful for the fact that they plunder monasteries anyway. And without asking the question, did their boat really sink? We can see a notion of the violence of society being directed to illegitimate ends, and then being punished by the Church.
In terms of the question that we have been asking, what held society together, a lot of the answer has to be the church and its perceived mobilization of spiritual power. It's not the only answer, but it is an important aspect of the cohesiveness of a violent, but not completely unstable society.
Let me give you one more example. "Palladius inherited the office of count in the region of Javols." J-A-V-O-L-S. A quarrel ensued between him and Bishop Parthenius, in which this count insults the bishop, abuses him, accuses them of all sorts of crimes, and seized the property of the Church, which is, of course, what he really wanted to do.
They both go to the King's court. Palladius accused the bishop of being weak and effeminate. " 'Where are your darling boys,' cried he, 'with whom you live in shame and debauchery?' The vengeance of God soon brought an end to these attacks." The following year, Palladius lost his countship and became terrified that King Sigibert wanted him killed, and eventually he commits suicide.
"I find it hard to believe that this horrible deed could have been achieved without the help of the devil. For the first would was enough to kill him, unless the devil came to his assistance to give him strength to carry out his terrible plan through to the end. He stabbed himself twice. His mother rushed in, beside herself with grief, fainted in front of her son. The whole family bewailed his fate. He was buried at the monastery of Cournon, but not in Christian ground, and no mass was sung over him."
Moral of the story? And Gregory is great at telling you the moral of the story. "It is clear that this fate befell him only because he had wronged his bishop." OK? Message of the book– don't mess around with these bishops. This is a world in which spiritual power is effectively mobilized to social cohesion.
Chapter 6: The End of Merovingians [00:46:26]
Gregory dies in 594. I just want cast an eye forward, because we're going to pick the story up with the successors to the Merovingian dynasty, the Carolingians. Carolingians, retrospectively named for their most famous member, Charlemagne– "Carolus" in Latin. The Merovingian-Carolingian transition is in the middle of the eighth century.
So this dynasty had another 150 years or so after Gregory, and they continued to be involved in civil war. Eventually there was a terrible feud between our friend Fredegunde, wife of Chilperic, and Brunhild, married to Sigibert. Brunhild was sister of the murdered Galswinthe, whom Fredegunde had basically gotten murdered. So Brunhild tries to avenge her murdered sister. Sigebert makes war on Chilperic. Fredegunde hires assassins to kill Sigebert.
And you've seen that Brunhild married the wayward son of Chilperic named Merovech. Merovech eventually commits suicide. Brunhild, eventually after these guys pass from the scene, rules, and so does Fredegunde. Chilperic is assassinated. Fredegunde rules in the name of her son. And so, in fact, in the late sixth century, the rulers are these two powerful and feuding women. In 613, Chlothar the second, son of Fredegunde and Chilperic, capture the aged Queen Brunhild and had her torn apart by wild horses.
What is happening here, behind the unedifying drama of violence and feud within a dysfunctional family– dysfunctional, a word unknown in Merovingian Frankish, I'm pretty convinced– is that certain regions of the Frankish realm are identified. If you look on the last of the maps in the appendix to the Murray addition, you'll see reference made to the two regions that don't really correspond to today. One is Austrasia, which is a kind of land that encompasses the Rhine regions, Belgium, a bit of Holland, Northeastern France, and Neustria, which is more the heart of France. Paris, the Seine. These will become sort of two sub-realms of the Merovingian Frankish kingdom. And our people that we're going to be following towards the end of the course, the Carolingians, will be associated with Austrasia.
We turn to England for Wednesday. If you still have your papers and want to give them to us, please do so. I'll see you on Wednesday.
Gregory of Tours, pp. 75-120.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
JEZ LOWE Award-winning singer-songwriter from Co Durham + na-mara
Date/Time Sun 08 Feb 2015 7:45 PM
Price Online - £9 + 90p booking fee On The Door - £11
Website: http://www.jezlowe.com/
North East England songwriter Jez Lowe has performed, both solo and with the Bad Pennies, at concerts and festivals in Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand and Hong Kong.
His songs have been recorded by Fairport Convention, The Unthanks, The Dubliners, Liam Clancy, Bob Fox and many other musicians.
In 2008, Jez was nominated as Folk Singer of the Year in the BBC Folk Awards, following the success of Jack Commons' Anthem (2007). His CD Wotcheor! (2010) surpassed that success, becoming his most popular album yet.
Jez has contributed songs to BBC's award-winning The Radio Ballads, including The Ballad of the Great War, broadcast in 2014. With other special commissions like The Darwin Project and All Along The Wall, this has enabled Jez to expand his writing and performing styles.
Here's Jez singing "Another Man's Wife":
Described by Folk London as "elegant and skilled musicians", na-mara perform traditional songs and music from across the British Isles alongside their own songs and tunes, traditional songs from France and Quebec, and a wide variety of tunes from Asturias, Galicia, Brittany and northern France. They've performed their own songs about the Spanish Civil War at events commemorating the commitment of Britons who went to fight fascism in Spain in the 1930s.
Here they perform "The Bite" at Cambridge Folk Club:


How will i get export department job after having educational qualification of B.Com and MBA finance?
Career Options available after the experience in IT Industry including Jobs at PSUs and other leading firms?
Career growth in India after pursuing MBA degree or shipping and port logistic management? Do Non Marine background candidates have chance to fly high?
Re: Government jobs MBA with B.Com background? Information regarding career in government sector?
MBA degree will enhance your career in terms of job opportunities. Bank job is a good option after MBA. Being a post graduate you can try for either PO/Specialist officer positions in reputed nationalized banks. You should perform well in bank written examinations to secure jobs. If you clear written examination you will also need to attend GD and Personal Interview round. Apart from this, there are many government companies like SAIL, NTPC, NPCIL, BHEL etc which call in for Management trainee/ Assistant manager positions in specific departments as per their specialization streams. You should appear for PSU exams as part of this. If you are interested you can also get in to academic areas. You can clear NET exams conducted by UGC and apply for Lecturer/Assistant Professor positions in government colleges or Universities. You can also try for jobs in other government departments like Railways, Telecom, Civil services etc if interested.
In 1992 i left my school after doing 8,started teaching in anursery schoolfor 3 years,took tutions,started my own nursery for 6years,tutions continued till now.In 2010 i gave my 10 exam & in 2012 i gave 12 exam.Can i get a good job .Iwill be doing my graduation after my results are out but all this is not known to others.everyone think me to be well educated.I dont want people to know about all this.help me out.
As you have commerce background and after completing your MBA degree you will be eligible for getting jobs in various government sectors.
Apart from these you will be also eligible for getting jobs in these organisations too.
In these organisation you will be posted in financial departments or as a junior management trainee.
and in many more organisations.
Chances of better placement after qualifying NET exams and being MA/B.Ed qualified? I am a permanent teacher in government organisation.
Where to search for good job openings?


Eufora is the most natural, hollistic, performance product on the market. Eufora is based in certified organic Aloe Vera, which sets it apart from other brands instantaneously. All Eufora products meet the most meticulous standards in formulation, utilizing nearly 75 different natural plant extracts and essential oils, all of which are classified as renewable resources and considered biodegradable. Every 'promise' in Eufora's line is prescriptive and specific to each individual's needs. Eufora gives us the tools and information to carry on our mission to keep your hair healthy and beautiful from the inside out.


text:
// Copyright (c) 2003, 2010  Per M.A. Bothner.
// This is free software;  for terms and warranty disclaimer see ../../../COPYING.

package gnu.kawa.servlet;
import gnu.expr.*;
import gnu.mapping.*;
import gnu.text.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
import java.util.*;

/**
 * The generic framework for auto-configuring web page scripts.
 * This works using either a servlet (J2EE) engine, or using
 * the HttpServer built in to JDK 6.
 *
 * The implementation borrows ideas from Apache Jakarta Tomcat Jasper.
 *
 * @author Ivelin Ivanov
 * @author Tom Reilly
 * @author Per Bothner
 */

public class KawaAutoHandler
{
  /*private*/ static final String MODULE_MAP_ATTRIBUTE = "gnu.kawa.module-map";

  public static void run(HttpRequestContext hctx, CallContext ctx) throws Throwable
  {
    boolean saveClass = hctx.getRequestParameter("qexo-save-class") != null;
    Object mod = getModule(hctx, ctx, saveClass);

    if (mod instanceof ModuleBody)
      ((ModuleBody) mod).run(ctx);
  }

  public static Object getModule(HttpRequestContext hctx, CallContext ctx, boolean saveClass)
    throws Exception
  {
    String path = hctx.getRequestPath();
    // Adjust to relative to context.
    path = path.substring(hctx.getContextPath().length());
    Hashtable mmap
      = (Hashtable) hctx.getAttribute(MODULE_MAP_ATTRIBUTE);
    if (mmap == null)
      {
        mmap = new Hashtable();
        hctx.setAttribute(MODULE_MAP_ATTRIBUTE, mmap);
      }

    ModuleContext mcontext
      = (ModuleContext) hctx.getAttribute("gnu.kawa.module-context");
    if (mcontext == null)
      mcontext = ModuleContext.getContext();
    mcontext.addFlags(ModuleContext.IN_HTTP_SERVER);
    if (hctx.getClass().getName().endsWith("KawaServlet$Context"))
      mcontext.addFlags(ModuleContext.IN_SERVLET);
    ModuleInfo minfo = (ModuleInfo) mmap.get(path);
    long now = System.currentTimeMillis();
    ModuleManager mmanager = mcontext.getManager();
    // Avoid checking the disk too much
    if (minfo != null
        && now - minfo.lastCheckedTime < mmanager.lastModifiedCacheTime)
      return mcontext.findInstance(minfo);

    int plen = path.length();
    // Temporarily preset script-path to "" while doing getResourceURL.
    hctx.setScriptAndLocalPath("", "");
    // If the path matches a directory rather than a file, keep looking.
    URL url = (plen == 0 || path.charAt(plen-1) == '/') ? null
      : hctx.getResourceURL(path);
    Path absPath = url == null ? null : URLPath.valueOf(url);
    String upath = path;
    if (url == null || absPath.isDirectory())
      {
        if (url != null) // i.e. if path is a directory without final '/'.
          upath = path = path + '/';
        String xpath = path;
        for (;;)
          {
            int sl = xpath.lastIndexOf('/');
            if (sl < 0)
              break;
            xpath = xpath.substring(0, sl);
            upath = xpath + "/+default+";
            url = hctx.getResourceURL(upath);
            if (url != null)
              {
                hctx.setScriptAndLocalPath(path.substring(0, sl+1), path.substring(sl+1));
                absPath = URLPath.valueOf(url);
                break;
              }
          }
      }
    else
      {
        hctx.setScriptAndLocalPath(path, "");
      }

    if (absPath == null || absPath.isDirectory())
      {
        //	hctx.sendNotFound(path);
        String msg = "The requested URL "+path+" was not found on this server. "
          +hctx.getResourceURL("/")+"\r\n";
        byte[] bmsg = msg.getBytes();
        hctx.sendResponseHeaders(HttpRequestContext.HTTP_NOT_FOUND, null, bmsg.length);
        OutputStream out = hctx.getResponseStream();
        try
          {
            out.write(bmsg);
          }
        catch (IOException ex)
          {
            throw new RuntimeException(ex);
          }
	return null;
      }

    String urlString = url.toExternalForm();
    if (minfo == null || ! urlString.equals(minfo.getSourceAbsPathname()))
      minfo = mmanager.findWithURL(url);
    if (minfo.checkCurrent(mmanager, now))
      return mcontext.findInstance(minfo);

    mmap.put(path, minfo);

    InputStream resourceStream = absPath.openInputStream();
    if (! (resourceStream instanceof BufferedInputStream))
      // Not just a performance issue, since we need marks to be supported
      // for Language.detect below.
      resourceStream = new BufferedInputStream(resourceStream);

    Language language
      = Language.getInstanceFromFilenameExtension(path);
    if (language != null)
      hctx.log("Compile "+path+" - a "+language.getName()+" source file (based on extension)")
      ;
    else
      {
        language = Language.detect(resourceStream);
        if (language != null)
          hctx.log("Compile "+path+" - a "+language.getName()+" source file (detected from content)");
        else
          {
            if (path != upath)
              {
                String msg = "The requested URL "+path+" was not found on this server."
                  +" upath="+upath+".\r\n";
                byte[] bmsg = msg.getBytes();
                hctx.sendResponseHeaders(HttpRequestContext.HTTP_NOT_FOUND,null,  bmsg.length);
                OutputStream out = hctx.getResponseStream();
                try
                  {
                    out.write(bmsg);
                  }
                catch (IOException ex)
                  {
                    throw new RuntimeException(ex);
                  }
                return null;
              }

            String contentType = absPath.probeContentType();
            if (contentType != null)
                hctx.setContentType(contentType);

            // should set content length.
            long len = absPath.getContentLength();
            hctx.sendResponseHeaders(200, null, len);
            OutputStream out = hctx.getResponseStream();
            byte[] buffer = new byte[4*1024];
            for (;;)
              {
                int n = resourceStream.read(buffer);
                if (n < 0)
                  break;
                out.write(buffer, 0, n);
              }
            resourceStream.close();
            out.close();
            return null;
          }
      }
    InPort port = new InPort(resourceStream, absPath);
    Language.setCurrentLanguage(language);
    SourceMessages messages = new SourceMessages();
    Compilation comp;
    try
      {
        //comp = language.parse(port, messages, minfo);
        comp = language.parse(port, messages,
                              Language.PARSE_PROLOG|Language.PARSE_IMMEDIATE,
                              minfo);
        //comp.immediate = true;
        /*
        int dot = path.indexOf('.');
        if (dot < 0)
          dot = path.length();
        String name = path.substring(path.lastIndexOf('/')+1, dot);
        comp.getModule().setName(name);
        */
      }
    catch (SyntaxException ex)
      {
        if (ex.getMessages() != messages)
          throw ex;
        // Otherwise handled below ...
        comp = null; // Needed to avoid spurious compilation error.
      }

    Class cl = null;
    if (! messages.seenErrors())
      {
        ModuleExp mexp = comp.getModule();
        // FIXME - the env should probably be session-specific.
        Environment env = Environment.getCurrent();
        cl = (Class) ModuleExp.evalModule1(env, comp, url, null);
      }

    if (messages.seenErrors())
      {
        // FIXME: we could output a nice pretty HTML table of the errors
        // or show the script with the errors highlighted
        // In that case error message needs to be properly escaped,
        // and HTML headers added.
        String msg = "script syntax error:\n" + messages.toString(20);
        ((ServletPrinter) ctx.consumer).addHeader("Content-type", "text/plain");
        hctx.sendResponseHeaders(500, "Syntax errors", -1);
        ctx.consumer.write(msg);
        minfo.cleanupAfterCompilation();
        return null;
      }

    minfo.setModuleClass(cl);

    //if (saveClass)  FIXME
    //  comp.outputClass(context.getRealPath("WEB-INF/classes")+'/');

    return mcontext.findInstance(minfo);
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: How to set the key of a dictionary as the value of a variable? I have a few variables which are defined as:
function test() {
  var foo = 'bar'
  var dict = {
    foo: 'haha'
  }
  Logger.log(dict['foo'])  // haha
  Logger.log(dict[foo])    // undefined. I expected this to return 'haha'. But I was wrong.
}

Is it possible to create a dictionary that contains bar as its key using the variable foo?
I mean I want to get 'haha' by using the variable foo.

A: function test() {
  var foo = 'bar'
  var dict = {
    foo: 'haha',
    sec: foo
  }
  Logger.log(dict['foo'])  // haha
  Logger.log(dict[foo])    // undefined
  Logger.log(dict['bar'])  // undefined
  Logger.log(dict['sec'])  // bar - gets the variable foo
 }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
 Sunday 2008 Hindi 720p HDRip x264
 February 4, 2020  Bollywood Movies
Directed: Rohit Shetty
Released Date: 25 January 2008
Types: Action ,Comedy ,Mystery
Film Stars: Ajay Devgn, Ayesha Takia, Arshad Warsi
Plot: A woman investigates the mystery of what happened on a certain Sunday if her life that she has lost all recollection of. Sehar's world is turned upside-down when she gets a clue about the missing Sunday of her life, which points to a possible violent attack on her. Then A.C.P Rajveer takes up the mantle to sort out the complicated and jumbled up threads of Sehar's life. Rajveer tries to be an honest cop and his honesty contributes to encouraging a total ban on any criminal activity by the locals. In the process of solving Sehar's case it comes to light that on Sunday, different people interacted with Sehar and amongst them, one could be the accused. To name some, the lot includes 'Ballu,' the taxi driver and his friend Kumar, a struggling NSD actor, Ritu her close friend, a scary and suspicious character who resides in Sehar's society, and the group whom she had come across while partying at the discotheque.
Watch Online Download Torrent & Direct Link & G Drive Single Download Links
[ How to Download from linkshub ]
Note: If you Can't See the links Please Use VPN Thanks
Himanshu Joshi says:
February 5th, 2020 at 4:17 am (#)


text:
Tenisový turnaj WTA Texas Tennis Open 2012 se konal ve dnech 17. až 24. srpna v areálu Hilton Lakes Tennis & Sports Club v Grapevine u amerického Dallasu. Událost se hrála na otevřených dvorcích s tvrdým povrchem jako součást kategorie WTA International Tournaments. Odměny činily 220 000 USD.

Dvouhra

Nasazení hráček
  Angelique Kerberová (odstoupila)
  Jelena Jankovićová (finále)
  Roberta Vinciová (vítězka)
  Yanina Wickmayerová (2. kolo)
  Klára Zakopalová (1. kolo)
  Pcheng Šuaj (čtvrtfinále, skreč)
  Chanelle Scheepersová (čtvrtfinále)
  Sorana Cîrsteaová (čtvrtfinále)

 Jiná forma účasti v turnaji
Následující hráčky získaly divokou kartu do hlavní soutěže dvouhry:
  Jarmila Gajdošová
  Bojana Jovanovská
  Yanina Wickmayerová

Následující hráčky si zajistily účast v hlavní soutěži z kvalifikace:
  Eugenie Bouchardová
  Casey Dellacquová
  Mirjana Lučićová
  Pauline Parmentierová
  Emily Webleyová-Smithová – jako šťastná poražená

 Odhlášení
z dvouhry
  Angelique Kerberová (zranění levého ramena)
  Sabine Lisická (natažení břišního svalstva)
  Monica Niculescuová (zranění ruky)
  Xenija Pervaková
  Urszula Radwańská
ze čtyřhry
  Kiki Bertensová (zranění břišního svalstva)

 Skrečování
z dvouhry
  Kiki Bertensová (zranění břišního svalstva)
  Pcheng Šuaj (zranění pravého ramena)

 Pavouk

 Finálová fáze

 Čtyřhra
 Nasazené páry
  Iveta Benešová /  Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová (semifinále)
  Irina-Camelia Beguová /  Alizé Cornetová (čtvrtfinále)
  Jarmila Gajdošová /  Klára Zakopalová (čtvrtfinále)
  Marina Erakovicová /  Heather Watsonová (vítězky)'''

Pavouk

Reference

 Pavouk dvouhry
 Pavouk kvalifikace dvouhry
 Pavouk čtyřhry

WTA Tour 2012
Texas Tennis Open
Tenis v USA v roce 2012


text:
Without Jobs and Cash, Afghans Fear a Looming Financial Crisis
"I can hardly have enough money for day to day expenses, let alone for winter," says a man who used to work as a welder. The economy in Afghanistan was aid-dependent, and after the Taliban takeover, the prices have skyrocketed.
AFGHANOTES is the testimony of a team of Afghan journalists reporting the events and daily life in Afghanistan for Outriders since the Taliban swept into Kabul on August 15, 2021.
KABUL, Afghanistan – Afghans line up in front of a bank for hours as they try to get cash after the Taliban impose a withdrawal cap. A Taliban flog some of the people who are waiting. There are queues like these all over Kabul. Along with the social crisis, Afghans worry about what may become a looming economic crisis.
Afghan families are running out of savings. In this market in Kabul, next to a stand where a vendor sells grapes and apples, some people explain that they are desperate, without jobs, without cash, many just wait at home. Next to it, baby clothes and sandals are sold. There are hardly any women on the street.
"I can hardly have enough money for day to day expenses, let alone for winter," says Mohammad Nabi, a man who used to work as a welder. "During the past month, life has become harder and harder," he adds. He has six children. Three boys and three girls. Before the Taliban seized Kabul they were at school and university. Now they are at home.
"They have sent an order to working women not to return to their work until further notice," says Shekiba Akbari, a representative of people from the 6th district of Kabul city, who explains that "people's financial situation is below zero. They don't have food to eat."
"Although a general amnesty has been announced, people do not dare return to work," says Mohammad Dawood Nazari, a Kabul resident.
With the fall of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, many people in Kabul lost their jobs.
A large part of Afghanistan's economy depended on foreign aid, which was used for the day-to-day running of the government. After the Taliban takeover, donor countries, the IMF and World Bank have stopped funding Afghanistan, which has been one of the most aid-dependent nations for the last two decades.
Thousands of former security forces and thousands of former government employees are now jobless. Some of them have not been paid in the last months.
Industrial investors left the country.
Women are barred from working. Many of them were the sole breadwinner for their families.
People in Afghanistan are now in a state of great confusion. What will be their future?
On September 9th, the UN Secretary-General's Special Representative for Afghanistan, Ms Deborah Lyons, warned of a "looming crisis" in the country due to "billions of assets and donor funds have been frozen by members of the international community."
"The understandable purpose is to deny these funds to the de facto Taliban administration. The inevitable effect, however, will be a severe economic downturn that could throw many more millions into poverty and hunger," she said.
Afghans are trying to adjust their expenses with the new situation. It could lead the country to a major social and economic crisis. Meanwhile, posters like this appear on the walls of Kabul from people who are trying to buy and sell household appliances and personal items.


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ISRI members facing complicated labor law changes might get another chance to be heard on the matter now that the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) has signaled it may move to scale back the Obama-era rule expanding overtime eligibility.
In a development most have expected, as ISRI reported earlier this year, the DOL last week dropped its defense of the Obama administration's overtime rule, but indicated it will defend the agency's right to set a salary threshold on who qualifies for overtime pay in the future. This means that ISRI members may get the opportunity to help shape a revised rule in the near future through the public comment and rulemaking process.
Late last year, the DOL issued final rules on the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) overtime rules which amended the "white collar" exemptions of the FLSA and stipulated that the Labor Department will raise the threshold every three years going forward. The overtime rule would have doubled to $47,476 the salary threshold under which virtually all workers are guaranteed overtime pay if they work more than 40 hours per week. ISRI members and industry at large argued that this new rule would be quite disruptive and seriously damaging to a wide array of workplaces and employees.
The rule was set to take effect last December, but 21 states and various industry groups challenged the rule which resulted in the granting of a preliminary injunction by a federal judge in Texas that temporarily blocked the rule. The Obama administration appealed, leaving the Trump administration to decide whether to continue the appeal or drop it.
Overtime reform is not dead and ISRI members must remain engaged. Despite the latest developments, the Trump Administration has made it clear that it will continue on the path of overtime pay review. In briefs filed on June 30, 2017, DOL asked the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals to uphold the agency's legal authority to set a salary threshold for overtime pay eligibility. However, the agency also submitted a Request for Information to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) seeking public input on questions that will aid the agency in drafting a new overtime rule.
Labor Secretary Alexander Acosta told Congress earlier this year that an update to the overtime rule might be warranted, but that he had "serious questions" about the previous administration's efforts to double the salary threshold. That "goes far beyond a cost of living adjustment," Acosta said. He went on to say that an inflation-adjusted threshold would be about $33,000.
Many in the business community are concerned that the overtime threshold will adversely affect employers with limited revenues and could harm many affected employees as well. Creating a "one-size-fits-all" salary threshold for overtime eligibility across the country – inconsiderate of cost of living differences – would not be workable for many employers and, in fact, would harm many affected employees as well. Without sufficient time to plan for the increase, it is arguable that cuts and demotions will become inevitable, and workers will actually end up making less not more.
As the proposed rulemaking process takes hold, ISRI will continue to monitor the situation and call upon its members to engage at the appropriate time to ensure the needs of the recycling industry are heard. In the meantime, if you have any questions about the situation or overtime laws, contact ISRI Government Relations.


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Assurance review 1
Procurement 4
Grants administration 2
Policy development 1
Service delivery 1
(-) Remove Border filter Border
(-) Remove Centrelink filter Centrelink
Defence 8
Taxation 6
Treasury 6
Attorney-General's 5
Veterans' Affairs 2
Assurance review (Auditor-General Report No. 62 of 2016–17)
Malabar Headland: 2016 Lease between the Commonwealth of Australia and the New South Wales Rifle Association
The Auditor-General undertook a limited assurance engagement of the Department of Finance's management of the lease between the Commonwealth of Australia and the New South Wales Rifle Association over the Malabar Headland. The limited assurance engagement examined whether the management was, in all material respects, in accordance with the Commonwealth Property Management Framework.
Department of Finance; Department of the Environment and Energy
View Assurance Review
Published: Monday 10 April 2017
Conduct of the OneSKY Tender
The objective of this audit was to assess whether the OneSKY tender was conducted so as to provide value with public resources and achieve required timeframes for the effective replacement of the existing air traffic management platforms.
Airservices Australia; Department of Defence
Please direct enquiries relating to reports through our contact page.
Published: Thursday 30 March 2017
Replacement Antarctic Vessel
The objective of the audit was to assess whether the procurement by the Department of the Environment and Energy of a replacement Antarctic icebreaking vessel will provide value with public resources.
Cybersecurity Follow-up Audit
The audit objective was to re-assess the three entities' compliance with the 'Top Four' mandatory strategies in the Australian Government Information Security Manual (ISM). The audit also aims to examine the typical challenges faced by entities to achieve and maintain their desired ICT security posture.
Australian Taxation Office; Department of Human Services; Department of Immigration and Border Protection
Published: Monday 27 February 2017
The Australian Border Force's Use of Statutory Powers
The audit objective was to assess the establishment and administration of the Australian Border Force's framework to ensure the lawful exercise of powers in accordance with applicable legislation.
Department of Immigration and Border Protection
Published: Tuesday 14 February 2017
The Approval and Administration of Commonwealth Funding for the WestConnex Project
The objective of this audit was to assess whether appropriate steps were taken to protect the Commonwealth's interests and obtain value for money in respect to the $3.5 billion in Commonwealth funding committed to the NSW Government for the WestConnex project.
Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development; Infrastructure Australia
Published: Tuesday 7 February 2017
Monitoring Compliance with Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 Conditions of Approval: Follow-on audit
The objective of the audit was to assess the extent to which the Department of the Environment and Energy has implemented the recommendations from ANAO Report No. 43 2013–14 and strengthened its framework for the delivery of its regulatory activities.
Published: Tuesday 17 January 2017
Offshore Processing Centres in Nauru and Papua New Guinea: Contract Management of Garrison Support and Welfare Services
The audit objective was to assess whether the Department of Immigration and Border Protection adopted sound contract management practices for the delivery of garrison support and welfare services for offshore processing centres in Nauru and Manus Island.
Published: Thursday 24 November 2016
Reef Trust—Design and Implementation
The objective of the audit was to assess the effectiveness of the Department of the Environment and Energy's design and implementation of the Reef Trust.
Government Advertising: March 2013 to June 2015
The objectives of the audit were to:
assess the effectiveness of the ongoing administration of the Australian Government's campaign advertising framework; and
assess the effectiveness of the selected entities' administration in developing advertising campaigns and implementing key processes against the requirements of the campaign advertising framework applying at the time, and relevant legal and government policy requirements.
Department of Finance; Department of the Treasury; Department of Education and Training; Department of Immigration and Border Protection


A switch is an electrical component that can make or break an electrical circuit.
The most common switch is a manually-operated device with one or more sets of contacts connected to external circuits. Closing the contacts will complete the circuit and allow electricity to flow between them, opening the contacts separates them and interrupts the current. This familiar mechanism is typically used to turn lights, machinery and equipment on or off.
Switches come in a wide variety of types, with different mechanisms and methods of actuation. Switches can maintained (toggles, rockers) or momentary (pushbuttons), can be operated by different variables (temperature, flow, current, voltage, etc.), and can have different contact variations (single-pole, double-pole double-throw, etc.).


Try fishing in Homosassa and you'll discover one of Florida's best kept secrets. Famous for their Scallops and a couple of world record-breaking Tarpon, these waters aren't entirely overlooked—but they are underrated.
Undeveloped coastline and a rich ecosystem make this place one of the most scenic and productive fishing spots you can find nowadays. Manatees and other wildlife perouse the local waterways, along with a year-round population of game fish.
The waters may be crowded with fish, but not with fishermen. Out here, it's just you and the backcountry. Add to that a little Homosassa hospitality, and you've got everything you need for the perfect getaway.
Known as Florida's "Nature Coast," many consider Homosassa and the surrounding area to be the ultimate fisherman's paradise. Of course, this is a title that many places like to claim for themselves, but there's no denying that Homosassa is truly special.
The key to this fishery is its unique blend of habitats. Here you'll find 3 rivers running from fresh water springs directly into the Gulf of Mexico, feeding into various bays, mangroves, grass flats, and small marsh islands. The result is an estuary unlike any other in the state.
Beyond the flats and backcountry lie a series a bays, which give way to the seemingly endless Gulf of Mexico. Fishing out here could take you more than 100 miles offshore, where you'll discover yet another fishing paradise.
These two rivers are a choice location for inshore fishing and Scalloping. Both originate in freshwater springs and empty into the Gulf of Mexico, where the nearshore waters are sprinkled with marsh islands, grass flats, oyster bars, mangroves, and other rich habitats.
It's here, where the Homosassa and Crystal rivers meet the Gulf, that you can indulge in Florida's best Scalloping. The local Scallop season runs from July to mid September.
Anglers cast lines here for Redfish, Speckled Trout, Snook, Flounder, Black Drum, Sheepshead, and Mangrove Snapper throughout the year. You can also catch Jack Crevalle, Tripletail, Gag Grouper, Cobia, and Tarpon, depending on the season.
It's not uncommon to encounter Manatees, Bald Eagles, and other wildlife while traveling down these rivers, which makes fishing in Homosassa especially appealing to nature lovers and families with children.
Heading into Homosassa Bay and turning north brings you to the Saint Martins Keys. These mangroves are the best place to target Redfish in winter and summer, when they come to feed on multitudes of their favorite baitfish.
Yet another river that empties into the Gulf is the Chassahowitzka River, south of Homosassa. The surrounding area, also called Chassahowitzka (or "The Chass" for short), has a very distinct appeal to inshore game fish, which makes it one of the most productive fishing spots around.
Here, the bottom structure is made of flat-topped limerock islands, surrounded by seaweed meadows. The warm Florida sun heats the rock, which makes for some very cozy nooks and crannies. Fish moving inshore to escape cooler water in the Gulf like to get warm here. The surrounding seaweed hosts lots of baitfish, giving species like Redfish and Speckled Trout no reason to leave in a hurry.
South of the Chass sits Black Rock Hole, Homosassa's prime location for Tarpon fishing. It was here that James Holland Jr. landed his world record-breaking Tarpon in May 2001—a 202 lb whopper, the largest ever taken on fly. Most of Homosassa's Tarpon have been caught here ever since, mostly between April and June.
For a totally different Homosassa fishing experience, try fishing offshore in the Gulf. Twenty-five to 30 miles out, you'll find a wide variety of bottom fish biting near the wrecks and reefs. Common catches include Snapper, Grouper, Hogfish, Black Seabass, Triggerfish, and Amberjack, in addition to a few pelagic predators like Cobia and King Mackerel.
The season for Red Snapper typically opens from June to late July, and this is when you'll find some captains offering charters dedicated specifically to catching this species.
It takes about 40 minutes to an hour to reach the offshore fishing grounds, and you'd be hard pressed to find a captain in the area who runs trips any shorter than a full day.
Some 95-145 miles off the coast of Homosassa are "The Middle Grounds," a unique fishing spot where anglers hook into pelagic fish and bottom dwellers year-round.
With 50-100' ledges and depths ranging from 70-170 feet deep, this part of the Gulf never sees water temperatures below 70°F. Similar to the Chass, this attracts fish seeking warm water and baitfish—only these guys are much bigger!
Here you'll find a wide variety of Snapper, Grouper, Amberjack, Hogfish, Barracuda, Cobia, and more.
Homosassa fishing charters have some of the most affordable rates you can find for private charters in Florida. Inshore trip prices typically cover the first 2 passengers, with a fee of $50-$75 for each additional passenger.
Half day trips cost $300 or $350, while full day trips range from $400-$525.
Homosassa Scalloping charters range from $275-$350 for shorter trips (4-6 hours). Full day Scalloping trips and Scallop-fishing combo trips cost around $400.
Offshore fishing charters range from $800-$1,000 for a full day trip, and these rates usually cover the first 4 passengers. You can expect to pay $100 for each additional guest.
Red Snapper trips are generally $1,500-$1,600, depending on how far from shore you plan to fish.
Inshore fishing involves a variety of techniques such as spinning, drift fishing, baitcasting, and fly fishing. You can expect to use light tackle and bait such as Crabs, Shrimp, and small baitfish that inshore species regularly feed on. Depending on the species, popular artificials include small jigs, plugs, and flies.
Targeting adult Tarpon usually calls for heavier tackle (unless you are an experienced light tackle fisherman). You can use a 20-30 lb conventional outfit or equivalent spinning gear. Fly fishermen can use an 11 or 12-weight rod.
Offshore fishing in the Gulf mostly involves bottom fishing and trolling. Drift fishing, jigging, and bottom fishing near wrecks and reefs produces Snapper, Grouper, and other fish feeding near the seafloor. You're likely to troll near the wrecks and on your way out for Cobia, King Mackerel, and Barracuda.
Scalloping requires very little skill aside from the ability to swim. This involves diving into water 5 or 6 feet deep and collecting Scallops by hand. Plan to bring a snorkel, mask, and fins (some charters provide these, but extra fees may apply).
Anyone age 16 and older must have a Florida fishing license to go fishing or Scalloping in Homosassa. All licensed charter boats provide a fishing license for customers.
While you're likely to catch some fish year-round, certain species may be closed to harvest. The season for Gag Grouper opens from June through December. Red Snapper season changes annually, but you can usually expect it to open between June and July.
The Scallop season is also subject to change from year to year, but it usually opens in July and closes in mid or late September.
Your captain will help you to fish according to the regulations outlined by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Committee.
Fishing on the flats and in the rivers is perfect at the start of the year, when Redfish and Speckled Trout make their way inshore to keep warm. You might even head out to the Saint Martins Keys.
Great fishing for Redfish and Speckled Trout continues. You're likely to catch a variety of other species inshore, too, including Flounder, Black Drum, Sheepshead, and Snook.
Fishing for Speckled Trout gets even better in spring, and Cobia are starting to appear close to shore. Out on the reefs, you can catch Seabass, Hogfish, and some Grouper species.
The fishing in Homosassa is fantastic in April! Snook and Cobia are reaching their peak seasons, while Redfish and Speckled Trout are biting more than ever. Keep an eye out for Tarpon.
Tarpon fishing is in full swing by May. With average temperatures around 76°F, the weather is perfect for an offshore run to the reefs, where you might land Grouper, Hogfish, Amberjack, and much more.
June is the best time to head offshore, when the seasons for Gag Grouper and Red Snapper finally open to fishermen. Of course, there might be a record-breaking Tarpon inshore with your name on it.
Scallop season is open! Soon the rivers will be full of tourists eager to bring home a sack full of these mollusks. Inshore game fishing has never been better, with your choice of Tarpon, Snook, Redfish, and more.
The summer hype continues, with excellent fishing everywhere from the rivers to The Middle Grounds offshore. Redfish are peaking for the first time since spring, while the last of the Tarpon are giving anglers a run for their money.
Scallop season will be closing soon and you're not likely to find any Tarpon near Homosassa by the start of fall. But it's still a great time to fish for Snook, Cobia, Redfish, and other species inshore.
If the weather allows, this can be a great time to hit the reefs for Grouper, Seabass, and more. Fishing inshore will produce all the usual suspects, including Redfish, Speckled Trout, and Sheepshead.
Some of the biggest Redfish around here are caught in November, when the weather is nice and cool. Bottom fish will be biting more on the reefs, just be sure to check the weather forecast before heading out.
Winter is a great time to fish inshore for Redfish, Speckled Trout, Sheepshead, and other game fish. Average temperatures are around 60°F.
"Half Day trip with Capt. David"
Always book a top rated guide anytime you are going to a new area.
Sit back, Enjoy the ride & scenery of the Homosassa River....Once he positions the boat, be ready to have some fun & catch your fish...??
"8hour fishing trip with Captain Matt Locklear."
The only disappointment was there was no toilet on the boat. Everything was provided except food and drink.
Just bring snacks and drinks, you will have a great time.
What would you recommend to anglers fishing in Homosassa, Florida for the first time? What would you recommend to anglers fishing in Homosassa, Florida for the first time?