A therapeutic preparation consisting of three groups of spheroids containing an active medicinal substance. The first group of spheroids is uncoated and rapidly disintegrates upon ingestion to release an initial dose of medicinal substance a second group of spheroids is coated with a pH sensitive coat to provide a second dose and a third group of spheroids is coated with a pH independent coat to provide a third dose. A powder blend of active medicinal substance may be substituted for the first group of uncoated spheroids.
The therapeutic preparation may be utilized as a mixture of groups of spheroids in a capsule.
This is a division of application Ser. No. 836,033, filed Mar. 4, 1986, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,728,512, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 731,175, filed May 6, 1985, now abandoned.
This invention relates to pharmaceutical preparations for oral administration encapsulated in a capsule dosage form and more particularly relates to such therapeutic preparations comprising coated pellets or spheroids which release a dose of an active medicinal substance at different times in the digestive system of a patient.
Timed disintegration capsules for the sequential, timed release of medicinal substances into a patient's system are known in the art. Generally such capsules or tablets consist of particles containing the medicinal substance to be introduced into the system, and a coating over the particles of a material which is resistant to disintegration for a selected period of time. Such coating compositions are also referred to as enteric coating compositions, that is, compositions which are generally resistant to disintegration in the stomach, but which disintegrate in the intestine. Enteric compositions also include compositions which disintegrate slowly in the stomach such that the medicinal substance is not released until the capsule or tablet has reached the intestine of the patient. For example, coatings comprising bees wax and glyceryl monostearate; bees wax, shellac and cellulose; and cetyl alcohol, mastic and shellac have been proposed for use as slow release or timed release coatings for medicinal substances. Release of the medicinal substance by disintegration of the coating is generally controlled by varying the thickness of the coating or by altering its composition.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,809,918 discloses inert drug coated nonpareils which are enteric coated with a shellac-stearic acid mixture. U.S. Pat. No. 3,119,742 discloses coated drug crystals used as particulates for sustained release formulations. U.S. Pat. No. 2,921,883 discloses "Spansule," nonenteric coated spheroids designed for sustained release. U.S. Pat. No. 3,835,221 discloses oral delayed action "globules" coated with a mixture of polyvinylacetate and ethyl cellulose, useful as an "inert carrier core." F. W. Goodhart et al., Pharmaceutical Technology, page 64-71, April 1984, discloses the evaluation of Eudragit E 30 D as an aqueous film forming dispersion for controlled release of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride.
The prior art compositions have generally proved deficient in the case where the medicinal substance is extensively metabolized presystemically or has a relatively short elimination half-life resulting in sub-therapeutic plasma levels. Also, with many patients, the coatings are not disintegrated to the extent necessary to release the medicinal substance until the tablet or capsule has reached the colon and the medicinal substance is discharged from the system rather than absorbed by the intestine.
The present invention provides three repeated releases of a medicinal substance for once daily administration of those medicinal substances which are extensively metabolized presystemically or have relatively short elimination half-lives. This system results in superior oral bioavailability as compared to a continuous release system for a medicinal substance over a 6 to 24 hour period. The present invention also provides the convenience of not requiring the administration of divided doses during a 24 hour period and results in better patient compliance.
The medicinal agents useful in the invention are those that exhibit a significant presystemic metabolism or have a relatively short elimination half life that normally would be administered in divided doses two or more times a day. Such medicinal agents include the cardiovascular drugs such as propranolol hydrochloride, isosorbide dinitrate, isosorbide-5-mononitrate, pelrinone (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,505,910), acifran (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,244,958) verapamil hydrochloride, quinidine sulfate, the cerebral activators such as vinpocetine, Ay-30109 (see U.S. patent application Ser. No. 811,551, filed Dec. 20, 1985 by Jirkovsky et al., entitled 6,7,8,9-Tetrahydro-10-methylpyrido[1,2-a]indole-9-Amines and Derivatives Thereof (AHP-8728); the analgesics such as those disclosed and claimed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 726,197, filed Apr. 22, 1985, the antihistamines such as chlorpheniramine and bromopheniramine; and the decongestants such as pseudoephedrine and phenylpropanolamine.
In the case of medicinal agents having a significant pH dependent solubility profile, weak organic acids such as citric, tartaric, fumaric and glutamic acids may be added to the spheroid formulation to facilitate drug dissolution throughout the gastrointestinal tract.
The present invention also lies in the general area of timed disintegration coatings and represents a substantial improvement over the prior art compositions in that the time of disintegration is readily controllable and easily adjusted for release of a medicinal substance.
The present invention relates to a therapeutic composition comprising a pharmaceutical gelatin capsule containing (i) a powder blend of a medicinal substance and two groups of spheroids each containing the medicinal substance or (ii) three groups of spheroids each containing a medicinal substance, the alternative group of spheroids comprising uncoated spheroids containing a loading dose of the medicinal substance. In each embodiment, the second group of spheroids comprises pH sensitive coated spheroids containing a second dose of the medicinal substance and the third group of spheroids comprises double coated spheroids containing a third dose of the medicinal substance.
A further preferred aspect of the present invention relates to a therapeutic composition consisting of a pharmaceutical gelatin capsule containing three groups of spheroids wherein, (a) the first group of spheroids comprises an active medicinal substance admixed with non-water swellable microcrystalline cellulose, (b) the second group of spheroids comprises the medicinal substance in admixture with non-water swellable microcrystalline cellulose and is coated with a copolymer based on methacrylic acid and methacrylic acid methyl ester such as Eudragit S to the extent of 20% to 30% by weight of uncoated spheroids or polyvinyl acetate phthalate to the extent of 5% to 15% by weight of uncoated spheroids and preferably to the extent of 10% by weight and (c) the third group of spheroids comprises the medicinal substance in admixture with non-water swellable microcrystalline cellulose and is coated with (i) an undercoat to the extent of 2.5% to 5.5% by weight of uncoated spheroids selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose containing as a disintegrant sodium carboxymethylcellulose, such as AcDiSol, or sodium starch glycolate such as Explotab, wherein the AcDiSol is present to the extent of 10% to 60% by weight of the hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and the Explotab is present to the extent of 10% to 60% by weight of the hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose and an (i) overcoat comprising a neutral copolymer of polymethacrylic acid esters such as Eudragit E30D containing metallic stearates wherein the Eudragit E30D is present to the extent of 5% to 12% by weight of the uncoated spheroids and the metallic stearate is present to the extent of 9% to 16% by weight of the Eudragit E30D solids and preferably about 12.5% by weight of the Eudragit E30D solids.
A separate and distinct aspect of the present invention relates to the double coated spheroids used as the third dose of the active medicinal substance.
Suitable pharmaceutical excipients for the powder blend of the medicinal substance include lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, starch, calcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, stearic acid, magnesium stearate and disintegrants.
Eudragit S is a copolymer, anionic in character, based on methacrylic acid and methacrylic acid methyl ester. The ratio of free carboxylic groups to the esters is approximately 1:2. The mean molecular weight is 135,000. Eudgragit S is available as a lacquer solution in isopropyl alcohol and as a solvent free solid. It is known as methacrylic acid copolymer, Type B, N.F.
Eudragit E30D is a copolymer, neutral in character, based on polymethacrylic acid esters. The mean molecular weight is 800,000. Eudragit E 30 D is available as a 30% (28.5%-31.5%) aqueous dispersion. Both Eudragit S and Eudragit E30D are available from Rohm Pharma, D-6108 Weiterstadt 1, Dr.-Otto-Rohm-Str. 2-4, West Germany.
Metalic stearates include zince stearate, calcium stearate and magnesium stearate.
Explotab is a trade name for sodium starch glycolate. Sodium starch glycolate is the sodium salt of a carboxymethyl ether of starch. It is available from Edward Mendell Co., Inc., Route 52, Carmel, N.Y. 10512, U.S.A.
AcDiSol is a trade name for carboxymethylcellulose sodium. It is the sodium salt of a polycarboxymethyl ether of cellulose, available from FMC Corporation, 200 Market St., Philadelphia, Pa. 19103, U.S.A.
Other disintegrants such as Amberlite can be used instead of Explotab and AcDiSol.
Suitable grades of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose for use in the present invention are the Methocel brand, made by Dow Chemical Comany, Midland, Mich., U.S.A., grades E, F and K having a viscosity range of about 3500 to about 5600 cps and preferably a viscosity of about 4000 cps.
Also suitable grades of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose are the Metolose brand, made by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., grades 60 SH, 65 SH and 90 SH having a viscosity range of about 3500 to about 5600 cps and preferably a viscocity of about 4000 cps.
Methocel F is a grade of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose containing about 27 to 30% methoxyl content and from about 4.0 to 7.5% hydroxypropoxyl content calculated on the dried basis. Methocel K is a grade of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose containing about 19 to 25% methoxyl content and from about 4 to 12% hydroxypropoxyl content calculated on the dried basis.
The preferred grade of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose for use in the present invention is hydroxypropyl methylcellulose USP, 2910, 4000 cps (METHOCEL E4MP) which is a propylene glycol ether of methylcellulose containg not less than 28.0% and not more than 30.0% methoxyl content, and not less than 7.0% and not more than 12.0% hydroxypropoxyl content.
A suitable non-water swellable microcrystalline cellulose is, for example, the material sold as Avicel-PH-101 (available from FMC Corporation, American Viscose Division, Avicel Sales, Marcus Hook, Pa., U.S.A.).
The polyvinyl acetate phthalate, available from Colorcon, Inc., is the standard grade.
The spheroid coatings may further contain other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as binders, fillers, anti-adherents and the like.
A still further preferred aspect of the present invention relates to a therapeutic composition comprising a pharmaceutical hard gelatin capsule containing three groups of spheroids containing an active medicinal substance, wherein (a) the first group of spheroids comprising uncoated spheroids contains the medicinal substance for maximum release thereof within a period of two hours after ingestion, (b) the second group of spheroids comprising coated spheroids contains the medicinal substance in a spheroid core coated with a pH sensitive coat comprising a copolymer based on methacrylic acid and methacrylic acid methyl ester or polyvinyl acetate phthalate, the coat having and effective thickness to provide a maximum release of medicinal substance in a period of 2 to 6 hours after ingestion, and (c) the third group of spheroids comprising coated spheroids contains medicinal substance in a spheroid core coated with an undercoat of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and an overcoat of a neutral copolymer based on polymethacrylic acid esters containing metallic stearates, the coats having an effective thickness to provide a maximum release of medicinal substance 4 to 10 hours after ingestion.
The following examples are by way of illustration of the preferred embodiments of the therapeutic preparation of the present invention and its manner of preparation.
Propranolol hydrochloride (60 kg.) and microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel-PH-101; 40 kg.) were blended together in a 450 liter planetary mixer. Water (50 kg.) was added, and the mixer was run for 10 minutes until a homogeneous, plastic mass was obtained. The mass was extruded under pressure through a perforated cylinder to give cylindrical extrudates of nominally 1 mm. diameter.
The damp extrudates (in batches of 15 to 20 kg.) were placed in a spheronizer in which the rotating disc (diameter 68 cm.) rotated at 300 to 400 r.p.m. The rotation was continued for 10 minutes, and the resulting spheroids were then dried at 60° C. in a fluidized bed drier. The dried spheroids were passed over a 1.4 mm. screen, and those which passed through were subjected to a 0.7 mm. screen. The over-and under-sized spheroids were discarded.
The finished dosage form consists of a hard gelatin capsule containing a power blend of propranolol hydrochloride and two types of spheroids. The formulation particulars are based on 160 mg propranolol hydrochloride per capsule, although they can be designed to provide other dosage strengths.
The propranolol hydrochloride powder blend (or first group of spheroids) provides the loading dose, (e.g. 25 mg propranolol HCl).
(1) pH sensitive coated spheroids to provide a second dose (pH>6.5) e.g. 65 mg propranolol HCl.
(2) Coated spheroids to provide a third dose (4-10 hours post ingestion) e.g. 70 mg propranolol HCl.
Capsules were filled with the powder blend, pH-sensitive coated spheroids and coated spheroids on an encapsulating machine capable of dual filling powders and spheroids.
The finished dosage form consists of a hard gelatin capsule containing 3 types of spheroids. The formulation particulars are based on 160 mg propranolol HCl per capsule, although they can be designed to provide other dosage strengths.
Examples of in vitro release profiles are given in FIGS. 1-4. FIG. 1 represents the dissolution profile of the composite capsule formulation comprised of three separate doses, produced in Example 3. The dissolution profile was obtained using the United States Pharmacopeia Apparatus I at 37° C. and 100 RPM. The dissolution media was varied with time beginning with 0.1N HCl for 0 to 2 hours. From 2 to 4 hours the media was pH 6.5 phosphate buffer and from 4 to 24 hours the media was pH 7.5 phosphate buffer.
FIG. 2 represents the dissolution profiles of the first dose uncoated spheroids produced in Examples 2, 3 and 4 vs the powder blend of the first dose in Example 1. The dissolution profiles were obtained using the United States Pharmacopeia Apparatus I at 37° C. and 100 RPM. The dissolution media was 0.1N HCl.
FIG. 3 represents the dissolution profile of the second dose Eudragit S coated spheroids produced in Example 1, 2, 3 and 4. The dissolution profile was obtained using the United States Pharmacopeia Apparatus I at 37° C. and 100 RPM. The dissolution media was varied with time beginning with 0.1N HCl from 0 to 2 hours. From 2 to 4 hours the media was pH 6.5 phosphate buffer and from 4 to 24 hours the media was pH 7.5 phosphate buffer.
FIG. 4 represents the dissolution profile of the third dose produced in Example 3. The dissolution profile was obtained using a modification of the United States Pharmacopeia Apparatus I, at 37° C., 100 RPM, and water as the dissolution media.
FIGS. 5 and 6 represent the in vivo profiles of propranolol hydrochloride in two different human subjects dosed once a day with the composite capsule containing a total of 160 mg propranolol hydrochloride (FIG. 1) vs a total of 160 mg propranolol hydrochloride adminstered in four divided doses of 40 mg each. The individual components of the composite capsule are discernible as separate peaks in the plasma level profiles.
Vinpocetine hydrochloride (10.0 kg.) and microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel-PH-101); (80.0 kg.), citric acid monohydrate (10.0 kg) were blended together in a 450 liter planetary mixer. Water (100 kg.) was added, and the mixer was run for 10 minutes until a homogeneous, plastic mass was obtained. The mass was extruded under pressure through a perforated cylinder to give cylindrical extrudates of nominally 1 mm. diameter.
The damp extrudates (in batches of 15 to 20 kg.) were placed in a spheronizer in which the rotating disc (diameter 68 cm.) rotated at 300 to 400 r.p.m. The rotation was continued for 20 minutes, and the resulting spheroids were then dried at 80° C. in a fluidized bed drier. The dried spheroids were passed over a 1.2 mm. screen, and those which passed through were subjected to a 0.5 mm. screen. The over-and under-sized spheroids were discarded.
The finished dosage form consists of a hard gelatin capsule containing a powder blend of vinpocetine and two types of spheroids. The formulation particulars are based on 30 mg per capsule, although they can be designed to provide other dosage strengths.
The vinpocetine powder blend (or first group of spheroids) provides the loading dose, (e.g. 5 mg vinpocetine).
(1) pH sensitive coated spheroids to provide a second dose (pH>6.5) e.g. 12 mg vinpocetine.
1. Blend the Vinpocetine, Lactose. Microcrystalline Cellulose, Starch, Glutamic Acid, Sodium Starch Glycolate, Talc Triturate and the Sodium Lauryl Sulfate into the PK blender for 20 minutes with intensifier bar running.
2. Pass the Step #1 blend through a Fitz Mill using a #1B screen, medium speed, knives forward.
3. Return the granulation from Step #2 to the PK blender and add the Magnesium Stearate and blend for 2 minutes without the intensifier bar on.
Capsules were filled with the powder blend, pH sensitive coated spheroids and coated spheroids on an encapsulating machine capable of dual filling powders and spheroids.
The finished dosage form consists of a hard gelatin capsule containing 3 types of spheroids. The formulation particulars are based on 30 mg vinpocetine per capsule, although they can be designed to provide other dosage strengths.
Isosorbide dinitrate as a 50% triturate with lactose (60 kg) and microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH-101) (40 kg) are blended together in a 450 liter planetary mixer. Water (50 kg.) is added, and the mixer is run for 10 minutes until a homogeneous, plastic mass is obtained. The mass is extruded under pressure through a perforated cylinder to give cylindrical extrudates of nominally 1 mm. diameter.
The damp extrudates (in batches of 15 to 20 kg.) are placed in a spheronizer in which the rotating disc (diameter 68 cm.) rotates at 300 to 400 r.p.m. The rotation is continued for 10 minutes, and the resulting spheroids are then dried at 60° C. in a fluidized bed dried. The dried spheroids are passed over a 1.4 mm. screen, and those which pass through are subjected to a 0.7 mm. screen. The over-and under-sized spheroids are discarded.
The finished dosage form consists of a hard gelatin capsule containing a powder blend of isosorbide dinitrate and two types of spheroids. The formulation particulars are based on 40 mg per capsule, although they can be designed to provide other dosage strengths.
The isosorbide dinitrate powder blend (or first group of spheroids) provides the loading dose, (e.g., 14 mg isosorbide dinitrate (100%).
(1) pH sensitive coated spheroids to provide a second dose (pH>6.5) e.g. 13 mg isosorbide dinitrate (100%).
(2) Coated spheroids to provide a third dose (4-10 hours post ingestion) e.g. 13 mg isosorbide dinitrate (100%).
Capsules are filled with the powder blend, pH sensitive coated spheroids and coated spheroids on an encapsulating machine capable of dual filling powders and spheroids.
The finished dosage form consists of a hard gelatin capsule containing 3 types of spheroids. The formulation particulars are based on 40 mg isosorbide dinitrate per capsule, although they can be designed to provide other dosage strengths.
Pelrinone, prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,505,910 (10 kg.) and microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel-PH-101; 90 kg.) are blended together in a 450 liter planetary mixer. Water (60 kg.) is added, and the mixer is run for 10 minutes until a homogeneous, plastic mass is obtained. The mass is extruded under pressure through a perforated cylinder to give cylindrical extrudates of nominally 1 mm. diameter.
The damp extrudates (in batches of 15 to 20 kg.) are placed in a spheronizer in which the rotating disc (diameter 68 cm.) rotates at 300 to 400 r.p.m. The rotation is continued for 10 minutes, and the resulting spheroids are then dried at 60° C. in a fluidized bed drier. The dried spheroids are passed over a 1.4 mm. screen, and those which pass through are subjected to a 0.7 mm. screen. The over-and under-sized spheroids are discarded.
The finished dosage form consists of a hard gelatin capsule containing a powder blend of pelrinone and two types of spheroids. The formulation particulars are based on 15 mg pelrinone per capsule, although they can be designed to provide other dosage strengths.
The pelrinone powder blend (or first group of spheroids) provides the loading dose, (e.g. 3 mg pelrinone).
(1) pH sensitive coated spheroids to provide a second dose (pH>6.5) e.g. 6 mg pelrinone.
(2) Coated spheroids to provide a third dose (4-10 hours post ingestion) e.g. 6 mg pelrinone.
The finished dosage form consists of a hard gelatin capsule containing 3 types of spheroids. The formulation particulars are based on 15 mg pelrinone per capsule, although they can be designed to provide other dosage strengths.
1. A therapeutic composition for oral administration consisting essentially of a pharmaceutical gelatin capsule containing film coated spheroids, which spheroids prior to coating comprise 10% to 60% by weight of an vinpocetine in admixture with non-water swellable microcrystalline cellulose, and said film coating comprising (i) an undercoat selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose containing as a disintegrant carboxymethylcellulose sodium or sodium starch glycolate and (ii) an overcoat consisting of a copolymer based on polymethyacrylic acid esters containing metalic stearates.
(c) said second group of spheroids comprises film coated spheroids, which spheroids prior to coating comprise 10% to 60% by weight of vinpocetine in admixture with non-water swellable microcrystalline cellulose, and said film coating comprising (i) an undercoat selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose containing as a disintegrant carboxymethylcellulose sodium or sodium starch glycolate and (ii) an overcoat consisting of a neutral copolymer based on polymethacrylic acid esters containing metallic stearates, said second group of film coated spheroids being double coated with an effective thickness to provide a further delayed third dose of vinpocetine.
(c) said third group of spheroids comprises film coated spheroids, which spheroids prior to coating comprise 40% to 65% by weight of vinpocetine in admixture with non-water swellable microcrystalline cellulose and said film coating comprising (i) an undercoat selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose containing as a disintegrant carboxymethylcellulose sodium or sodium starch glycolate and (ii) an overcoat consisting of a neutral copolymer based on polymethacrylic acid esters containing metallic stearates, said second group of film coated spheroids being double coated with an effective thickness to provide a further delayed third dose of vinpocetine.
(c) said third group of spheroids contains 10% to 60% of the total dose of vinpocetine and said spheroids are coated with an undercoat of 2.5% to 5.5% by weight of uncoated spheroids of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and an overcoat of 5% to 15% by weight of uncoated spheroids of a copolymer based on polymethacrylic acid esters.
(c) said third group of spheroids contains 10% to 60% of the total dose of vinpocetine and said spheroids are coated with an undercoat of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and an overcoat of a copolymer based on polymethacrylic acid esters.
(c) said third group of spheroids contains 25% to 50% of the total dose of vinpocetine and said spheroids are coated with an undercoat of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and an overcoat of a copolymer based on polymethacrylic acid esters.
(c) said third group of spheroids contains vinpocetine coated with an undercoat of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and an overcoat of the copolymer based on polymethacrylic acid esters containing metallic stearates, said coats having an effective thickness to provide a maximum release of medicinal substance 4 to 10 hours after ingestion.
8. A therapeutic composition according to claim 1 wherein the two said coats having an effective thickness to provide a maximum release of medicinal substance 4 to 10 hours after ingestion.
F. W. Goodhart et al., Pharmaceutical Technology, pp. 64-71, Apr. 1984.
ES2226886T3 (en) 2005-04-01 Method of administration delayed action containing tramadol saccharinate.


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Home Stepping Out Under Cover: Cookbook Author Kim Sunée Comes to Newport July 21
Under Cover: Cookbook Author Kim Sunée Comes to Newport July 21
Edie Crabtree
"Seoul Food and French Toasts," or "Kim-chi, Cajun Style," would both have been great working titles for Kim Sunée's new cookbook, giving readers a taste of the type of culturally diverse fare they would find inside.
Instead, she went with the much more lyrical "A Mouthful of Stars: A Constellation of Favorite recipes From My World Travels."
And, rather than travelling to sunny Southern California to deliver me a check for my fabulous book-titling skills, she'll be coming instead to Barnes and Noble in Fashion Island to discuss what went into making this beautiful new offering of both culinary and anecdotal delights.
Sunée's early life and a yearning to know where she came from would prove to color her personality and flavor her cooking.
Taken by her mother to a North Korean marketplace at the age of three, Sunée was left on a bench with a fistful of food and a promise that mommy would be right back. Three days later, she was collected by a police officer, now holding only a fistful of crumbs, and told that she had been abandoned.
Her subsequent adoption by a New Orleans couple, and life in France as the romantic counterpart of L'Occitane founder, Olivier Baussan, was chronicled in her previous memoir, "Trail of Crumbs: Hunger, Love, and the Search for Home."
In addition to taking her on a journey to discover her roots, Sunée's travels added an international flair to the palate of the girl who would, before penning her own cookbook, come to be the food editor for both Southern Living and Cottage Living magazines.
While living in Paris and Provence with Baussan, Sunée honed her cooking skills by caring for his young daughter and throwing large, lavish dinner parties for their group of friends.
Having to adapt to two ends of the taste-sophistication palate has made her a very well balanced cook, as well as an excellent instructor.
While many of her recipes seem to lean towards the more exotic (Avocado-Almond Ice Cream or Kachoombar Salad), they are simply explained with steps that less accomplished cooks can handle with ease.
Although readers can expect their culinary tastes to be expanded some while reading this book, the collection of 80 recipes also includes more everyday fare, such as "Provencal Beef Stew" and "Roast Pork Tacos," making it a book that truly has something for every palate.
What makes the book so extraordinary however, is not the recipes themselves. More than just an instruction manual, "Mouthful of Stars" is a book that is also meant to be read and enjoyed.
Interspersed with the cooking how-tos are lovely photos, engaging stories of Sunée's travels, anecdotes about what inspired her recipes, and even the author's own poetry.
While some might assume that her transcontinental travels and life in French society may make Sunée seem a little pretentious, the assumption would be incorrect. Although it is true that her life has been at times glamorous to say the least, it began humbly, and included finding her way as one of only two Asian children in her community.
Even though her life's path has taken her far from that marketplace, and allowed her to find myriad ways to fit in with those around her, she has never lost that sense of humility, allowing readers to relate to her in ways they may not otherwise be able to.
Now, she will be here in Newport, to share her stories with interested readers in person. Appearing at Barnes and Noble, Fashion Island, on Monday, July 21, at 7 p.m., Sunée will discuss what went into the making of her new book, as well as sign copies. There is no charge to attend.
For more information on the event, call (949) 718-0109. Fore more information on Kim Sunée, visit kimsunee.com.
Edie Crabtree is an avid reader and the mother of three active boys. She can be reached at [email protected]
kim sunee
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Our bodies constantly go through changes in their microcellular structures. Every day, millions of cells die and millions of new cells are born. In other words, after every 10 to 15 years, you will have a new body. It is important for our bodies to replace aging cells and produce new cells constantly. Rasayana programs play a vital role in helping our body achieve these goals. Rsayana programs help you become healthy and look and feel younger !
Some Rasayana tips which you can follow easily at home. You should practice regularly these Rasayana/Rejuvenation programs.
Before breakfast, have one or two teaspoons of pure cow Ghee. You can have it with half glass of warm water o have it directly. Ghee stimulates Agni, enhances metabolism and preserves mental and physical strength which lead to abundant energy and immunity.
Around 3 in the afternoon have half a glass of white pumpkin juice with the juice of one fresh amla (Emblic fruit) and half a teaspoon of raw cane sugar or honey. White pumpkin keep you energetic and fresh. Its very good for the brain. it has the property to control Blood pressure, balance the emotions. Relieves stress and anxiety remarkably. While Amla improves your metabolism, improves appetite, relieves acidity. Its Tridoshahar in Ayurveda.
Apart from following this daily routine, undergoing detox programs once a year or every alternative year is the best and most effective rejuvenation program. Detox programs gets rid of all the toxins, heals and rejuvenates the body and revitalizes the mind and emotions. Detox treatments prevent relapses of chronic health conditions. Promotes healthy body mind and emotions. You feel more energetic, freedom from illnesses and look younger than your age !
You must remember to consult an experienced Ayurvedic doctor to heal yourself with the help of Rasayana programs.


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Ashley Johnson Net Worth, Age, Husband and Full Biography
Ashley Suzanne Johnson is an American actress. She started as a child actress and made her debut as Chrissy Seaver on Growing Pains from 1990–1992. She is also famous for her television roles such as Amber Ahmed on The Killing and Patterson on Blindspot. She is also set to appear as Anna in the upcoming HBO series The Last of Us.
Ashley Johnson Net Worth, Husband and Full Biography
1 Ashley Johnson Net Worth, Husband and Full Biography
1.1 Ashley Johnson Movies and TV Shows
1.2 Ashley Johnson Husband
Ashley Suzanne Johnson was born on 9th August 1983, in Camarillo, California. Her parents are former test pilot Nancy and exploration ship captain Cliff Johnson. Her descent is traced to Norwegian, Scottish, and Swedish. Johnson has two older siblings; a brother named Chris and a sister named Haylie. Shortly after Johnson was born, her father left the old job that kept him away from his family and started a new job, and later moved the family to Franklin, Michigan. Her family lived in Michigan for a while before going back to Los Angeles, California. She lost her father to complications from hepatitis C and liver and lung cancer when she was 16 years old.
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Johnson went to school in Burbank and afterward studied violin and piano at the International School of Music in Glendale.
Johnson started acting at age 6, her debut was on the sitcom Growing Pains as Chrissy Seaver from 1990 to 1992. She reprised her role as Chrissy in The Growing Pains Movie and Growing Pains: Return of the Seavers. From 1993-1994, she was featured in the series Phenom.
She was cast in the 1994 sitcom All-American Girl. From 1995–1996 she was featured as Gracie Wallace in the sitcom Maybe This Time. Johnson also played portrayed Alex Marshall in the 2000 comedy What Women Want. From that, she had several recurring roles in different television series.
In 2012, Johnson joined the cast of Avengers. She has also voiced different animations including the Ben 10 franchise, Teen Titans, and The Last of Us video game as Ellie which she is set to reprise the role in the video game adaption set to be released soon. Following that she went on to feature in many acclaimed and major-grossing movies. She has built her career from a child star to an adult actress to be reckoned with.
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Ashley Johnson Movies and TV Shows
Johns was cast in many television series and films, some of which are listed below;
1990: Lionheart
1990–1992: Growing Pains
1994: All-American Girl
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text:
Скандинавська модель () також Північна модель (), Шведська модель() (Швеція, Норвегія, Фінляндія, Данія, Ісландія) — колективістсько-універсалістська модель соціально-економічного розвитку на основі приватної власності і ринку. В ній економіка має соціальний аспект, який передбачає вирівнювання рівня життя населення за рахунок використання результатів приватно-капіталістичного підприємництва й економічного зростання. Держава активно втручається в економіку в дусі кейнсіанських рецептів, встановлює високі ставки оподаткування. Доходи розподіляються на користь малозабезпечених громадян і розповсюджених різноманітних «вільних асоціацій».

Ця модель у 1960—1980 рр. була характерна для скандинавських країн, і в першу чергу Швеції, тому і отримала таку назву. Вона дозволила у ці роки скандинавським країнам досягти найвищих, серед інших розвинених країн, показників соціалізації економіки, зокрема у розподілі ВВП, соціальних витратах держави, за ступенем рівномірності в розподілі доходів, зближенню рівнів оплати праці, зниженням кількості осіб, які перебувають нижче офіційної межі бідності.

Історія
Скандинавська модель пройшла три етапи розвитку. Перший — довоєнні 1930-ті рр., другий — післявоєнні роки аж до середини 1970-х рр., третій — наступні десятиліття. Спочатку дуже мало відрізняючись від інших промислово розвинених капіталістичних країн, роль держави у забезпеченні всебічного добробуту та інфраструктури при скандинавській моделі розширилася після Другої світової війни до досягнення широкого соціал-демократичного консенсусу в 1950-х роках, який став відомий як соціально-ліберальна парадигма, яка сформувалася в неоліберальну парадигму кінця 1980-х — початку 1990-х років

Скандинавська модель є не тільки є у формі лівоцентристської ідеології соціал-демократії, де більш суттєвий акцент посідає егалітаризм, а й у формі центризму, і сама ця ідеологія найчастіше підходить для описання сутності скандинавської моделі. Однак, сама скандинаська модель певною мірою відрізняється від західноєвропейських й, тим більш, від американських традицій своїм соціальном акцентом: тези про мобілізацію енергетичних ресурсів Вальтера Корпі в 1981 р. були вирішальними для центральної ролі робітників і організацій роботодавців у розробці схем загального добробуту. Різноманітні сучасні програми соціального забезпечення, будь то виплати допомоги по хворобі чи пенсії, вперше з'явилися в колективних договорах, укладених на переговорах. Більше того, цілком імовірно, що надихаючі ідеї та досвід навчання, які передавались між скандинавськими країнами, також вийшли за межі партійних ліній у цих країнах. Таким чином, політична підтримка скандинавської моделі була побудована на широкій мобілізації влади та більш високому ступеню балансу між основними інтересами суспільства. ніж це видно в більшості інших країн.

Проте, ця модель почала знижувати свою ефективність уже в першій половині 1980-х років, коли стала розпадатися централізована система колективно-договірного регулювання, до мінімуму зменшився вплив держави в царині формування заробітної плати. Темпи економічного зростання почали знижуватися, тому з початку 1990-х стали говорити про можливий четвертий етап розвитку, коли на скандинавську модель почали впливати моделі соціально-економічного розвитку в рамках Європейського Союзу. Однак, цей вплив змусив лише здійснити модернізацію моделі, а не скасовувати її.

Характеристика та особливості
Основні характерні якості Північної моделі були сформовані в 60-х роках XX століття і є наступними:

 Розроблена мережа соціального захисту, на додаток до державних послуг, таких як безкоштовна освіта та загальне медичне обслуговування в системі, що фінансується переважно податками.
 Міцні права власності, забезпечення виконання контрактів і загальна простота ведення бізнесу.
 Державні пенсійні виплати.
 Високий рівень демократії, як видно з дослідження Freedom in the World та Індексу демократії.
 Вільна торгівля в поєднанні з колективним розподілом ризиків (соціальні програми соціального забезпечення та інститути ринку праці), що забезпечило форму захисту від ризиків, пов'язаних з економічною відкритістю.
 Невелике регулювання ринку товарів. Країни Північної Європи посідають дуже високі позиції щодо свободи ринку товарів згідно з рейтингом ОЕСР.

Співвідношення державних витрат до валового внутрішнього продукту в країнах Північної Європи є одними з найбільш високих серед розвинених держав. Станом на 2012 р. ці показники становлять:

 Данія 59,5 %
 Фінляндія 56,0 %
 Ісландія 46,5 %
 Норвегія 43,2 %
 Швеція 52,0 %

Роль протестантської етики
Існує точка зору, що як і в Німеччині, Нідерландах, Великій Британії та інших протестантських державах, дуже важливу роль в становленні політичного та соціально-економічного життя держав Скандинавії зіграла протестантська трудова етика. Лютеранство, домінуюча релігійна традиція північних країн, фундаментально вплинула на розвиток соціал-демократії. Мартін Шредер, шведський економічний історик, стверджує, що лютеранство просувало ідею загальнонаціональної спільноти віруючих і призвело до посилення участі держави в економічному та соціальному житті, дозволяючи загальнонаціональну солідарність добробуту та економічну координацію. Фін Паулі Кеттунен представляє скандинавську модель як централізовану структуру, де роль лютеранської церкви є лише одним із аспектів культурних цінностей і державних структур, які призвели до розвитку соціальної держави в Скандинавії.

Скандинавська модель та соціалізм
Поширена думка, що у скандинавських країнах збудовано соціалізм. Соціалізм передбачає суспільну власність на засоби виробництва. Натомість, у скандинавських країнах є приватна власність на засоби виробництва з високим рівнем розподілу ВВП через держбюджет на фоні високого рівня соціального капіталу — довіри між урядом, громадськістю, бізнесом. Це більш характерно для капіталістичних відносин.

Однак, авторитетний науковий журнал The Economist стверджує, що скандинавська модель поєднала в собі найкращі елементи капіталізму та соціалізму, а також, що система держав Північної Європи є найбільш ефективною в світі. Північна модель була позитивно сприйнята деякими американськими політиками та політичними аналітиками. Джеррі Мандер порівняв скандинавську модель із своєрідною «гібридною» системою, яка поєднує капіталістичну економіку з соціалістичними цінностями, що є альтернативою капіталізму американського зразка (англо-саксонська модель).

Див. також
 Соціал-демократія
 Національні моделі ринкової економіки
 Нордичні країни
 Німецька модель
 Англосаксонська модель
 Соціалізм з китайською специфікою

Примітки

Джерела
 Кириленко В. В. Економіка. Навчальний посібник для студентів вищих навчальних закладів. — Тернопіль: Економічна думка, 2002. — 193с.
 Andersen, Torben M.; Holmström, Bengt; Honkapohja, Seppo; Korkman, Sixten; Söderström, Hans Tson; Vartiainen, Juhana (2007). — The Nordic Model: Embracing globalization and sharing risks (PDF), july 2016.
 Simon Reid, Henry. — The Political Origins of Inequality: Why a More Equal World Is Better for Us All. University of Chicago Press, 2015.
 Dolvik, Jon Erick; Flotten, Tone; Hippe, Jon M.; Jordfald, Bard. — The Nordic Model towards 2030: A New Chapter, 2015.

Посилання
 The Nordic Way — World Economic Forum. Davos 2011
 Utopia sustained: The Nordic model of social democracy. Dag Einar Thorsen, Nik Brandal, Øivind Bratberg. Fabian Society, 8 April 2013.
 The secret of their success. The Economist. 2nd Feb 2013.
 What Can We Learn From Denmark? Bernie Sanders, Huffington Post. 26 May 2013.
 What Is Scandinavia Doing Right? The New York Times. September 25, 2013.
 Utopia sustained: The Nordic model of social democracy
 Миф о шведской социалистической утопии / Liberty & Reason, 06.03.2017
 Yglesias, Matthew. Denmark's prime minister says Bernie Sanders is wrong to call his country socialist / Vox, Oct 31, 2015.

Види економічних систем
Економічна політика
Скандинавські країни
Соціал-демократія
Економіка

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Elof Augustinus Ericson, född 13 april 1891 i Karlskoga församling, Örebro län, död där 31 maj 1968, var en svensk redaktör och socialdemokratisk kommunalpolitiker.

Ericson var medarbetare i Folkets Dagblad Politiken 1918 och 1923–1924, Örebro läns Folkblad 1919, redaktör för Östgöta-Folket 1919–1921, Väst-Svenska Kuriren i Göteborg 1921, medarbetare i Den Nya Politiken 1924, i Arbetet 1926 och lokalredaktör för Örebro-Kuriren 1927–1942, verkställande direktör för Karlskoga Bostads AB 1942–1952 och dess styrelseordförande från 1952.

Ericson var ledamot av distriktsstyrelsen för Sveriges socialdemokratiska ungdomsförbund (SSU) 1916–1917, styrelseledamot i Karlskoga vänsterkommun 1917–1918, i Karlskoga arbetarekommun 1927–1937, dess sekreterare 1929–1937, sekreterare i Karlskoga bergslags partikrets av Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti (SAP) 1931–1932 och styrelseledamot i Björkborns fabriksarbetarefackförening 1917–1918. Han innehade även förtroendeuppdrag inom nykterhetsrörelsen.

Ericson var ledamot av Karlskoga kommunalfullmäktige 1931–1939, av kommunalnämnden 1936–1939, av stadsfullmäktige från 1939, ordförande i drätselkammaren från 1939, i lönenämnden 1940–1960, gatunämnden 1940–1955, löneombudsman 1953–1960, ledamot av Svenska stadsförbundets löne- och förhandlingsdelegation och dess arbetsutskott 1951–1960, av Örebro läns landsting från 1938, lasarettsdirektionen i Karlskoga från 1937, ordförande från 1952, och ordförande i landstingets sjukvårdsstyrelse från 1955. Han författade ett flertal skrifter samt medverkade med uppsatser i olika publikationer. Ericson är begravd på Gamla kyrkogården i Karlskoga.

Referenser

Svenska redaktörer
Svenska kommunalpolitiker
Svenska socialdemokrater
Personer i Karlskogas historia
Svenska politiker under 1900-talet
Personer från Karlskoga
Gravsatta på Gamla kyrkogården i Karlskoga
Födda 1891
Avlidna 1968
Män


No Power to Sony TV. A Sony Bravia TV won't turn on if there is an issue with the power that is supposed to be coming to the TV. Unplug the power cable from the back of your Sony TV and then plug it back in securely.
11/10/2015�� The TV is a Sony Bravia 46" smart TV its about 4 years of age. The pc is a HP/Compaq I rebuilt the Inside to accommodate future expansions the Motherboard is an ASUS F2A 55-M LK Series I have a Quad core AMD A series CPU.
The new crafting interface in Minecraft for Playstation 4 delivers a completely new way to build Minecraft worlds where your imagination is the only limit. Learn the basics and master essential skills faster with the all-new Tutorial mode.


To create a view object, use the Create View Object Wizard. The wizard is available from the New Gallery in the Business Tier > ADF Business Components category. If it is the first component that you are creating in the project, the Initialize Business Components Project dialog box appears, to enable you to select a database connection and to specify the SQL flavor and type map for your application. You can change the database connection information later by editing project properties, but the SQL flavor and type map cannot be changed after initialization of the project.


text:
Arizona Judge Rules Against Wedding Invitation Designers Opposed To Phoenix's LGBT Protections
An Arizona judge has ruled against a Phoenix wedding store's attempt to invalidate a city ordinance that protects lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people from discrimination.
Joanna Duka and Breanna Koski, owners of Brush & Nib Studio, which specializes in custom wedding invitations, last year filed a lawsuit against the city, claiming that the city's ordinance conflicts with their religious beliefs and violates their freedoms of speech and religion.
Maricopa County Superior Judge Karen Mullins disagreed.
In her 11-page order, Mullins said that Phoenix's ordinance "does not hinder in any way plaintiff's independent exercise of [their] religious belief by attending the church of their choice, engaging in religious activities or functions, and expressing their beliefs on their business website and literature or in their personal lives."
Mullins earlier denied Duka and Koski's request to block Phoenix's ordinance from taking effect, The Arizona Republic reported.
The owners are represented by the Alliance Defending Freedom (ADF). ADF is also representing a Colorado baker before the Supreme Court who refused to serve a gay couple. The high court is expected to hear arguments in the case on December 5. This week, the Trump administration asked the Supreme Court for time to argue in defense of the baker.
(Related: Trump admin asks to argue for Colorado baker who refused gay couple.)
Phoenix Mayor Greg Stanton applauded this week's ruling, calling it "a victory for civil rights."
ADF has promised to appeal the order.


text:
Q: 12V DC Overvoltage Protection I'm trying to create a air pump system with a rechargeable battery pack. My question is:

*

*Because my air pump is a positive desplacement pump, which task is to create a vacuum in a container, will its voltage increase above 12V when the workload increase (because vacuum) and will I need a overvoltage protection system for the DC motor?

*If so, is it possible to get a overvoltage system that will cut off the current to the momentary ON/OFF switch?
I would also appreciate any comments on the schematics below.
Thanks for any help!

A: Assuming a brushed motor -
You likely don't need an 'overvoltage' protection, but you probably do need some sort of flyback diode and a small capacitor across your motor terminals.
When your momentary switch to your motor opens up, you will likely get an inductive kick-back which needs to go somewhere.  The diode provides that path.
One final note, in most air systems that are radial in nature (your computer fan is axial), if there is a vacuum, the load actually decreases.

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If you're one of these people that have very stubborn parents, then there may come a time in your life where they'll start to take a turn for the worse. They may start to forget things, or won't be able to do certain things like they once could. This is just a part of life that you have to prepare yourself for, but when this time does come, you may feel unsure as to what you should do. Especially if they're too proud to ask for any help.
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Whatever you do, don't ever feel guilty for the decision that's being made. You have your parents best interest at heart. You should never feel like you have to do it on your own. There's help out there for everyone.


Efficient Calendar is an award-winning and effective panel schedule software product for organizing and planning your time. It is a combination of calendar and task tracking system with project management and To-Do lists.
Does your software have the capability of listing what anniversary/birthday this is? i.e. Keith's 27th birthday?
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At the beginning of My Brave Horse, Constance introduces herself to you. Constance is an extraordinary and very successful rider, who you are supposed to help with her horse training as her assistant. From the very first moment, she got the impression that you are someone who is responsible and also works properly. Do not disappoint Constance! The task in My Brave Horse is as sophisticated as it is easy. You just have to maneuver Constance´s horse through a course and ensure that it does not bump into any obstacles. Thereafter, you have to clean and re-shod and embellish the horse for the upcoming exhibition with different items. During each task, a bit of a challenge awaits you, which makes moderate demands on you and your mouse skills. Through the use of your keyboard you will not get far and fail miserably at this simple test for a dream job. The game´s graphics are raised well in your favor, so that you can always immediately recognize stains as well as other important details. In order to make the employment test a little harder for you, Constance wants you to accomplish each task within a certain time period. You can see how much time is available in each case by looking at the top center of the playing field. Above this, you will find a bar that fills up when you get a step further in the execution of the task at hand. At the end of the game, Constance is the one to judge your performance. She will give you between 0 and 100 points in this regard. Additionally, she will also let you know if you meet all the qualifications for the job as her assistant. A not so easy, but very versatile task awaits you in My Brave Horse.
Based on the high wear of the hoof, it should be protected in a horse by attaching a horseshoe. Especially on the road or paved pathways, the hoof can take a huge hit. By attaching a horseshoe one can also correct or treat a deformity of the hoof. Since the 70s, the profession of farrier is considered a recognized apprenticeship in Germany. Within this work, a broad knowledge in the areas of metal processing and hoof orthopedics is of great importance.


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Home › | Conference & Events › | Event Calendar › | Vancouver Region: Austen & Co.
Vancouver Region: Austen & Co.
Special guest speaker Emma J. Clery, professor of English at University of Southampton and author of Jane Austen: The Banker's Sister will give a special talk presenting a new vision of the much-loved novelist, revealing how her works were shaped by an acute awareness of the economic scandals, crises, and speculations that marked the Regency era.
Clery writes, "Handsome, clever and enterprising, Henry Austen founded a bank business and charmed his way into the top rank of aristocratic society before going spectacularly bust in the financial crash of 1816. He left an enduring legacy, however, for it was Henry who supported Jane's dream of becoming a published author."
More information can be found on the Region website.


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Hi, I'm Rachel, the Astronomer here at the Space Centre.
Up until the first confirmed gravitational wave (GW) direct detection by LIGO/Virgo in 2015, researchers have relied almost exclusively on electromagnetic (EM) radiation (i.e. light) to study our universe. These 'messengers' carry different but complementary information, pioneering the growing field of multi-messenger astronomy. Much like how your ear's ability to hear is unrelated to your eye's ability to see, gravitational waves are distinct from EM radiation, as distinct as apples are from oranges. We can think of detectors like LIGO/Virgo as 'ears' that listen to gravity waves (or 'sound waves') as they ripple through the fabric of spacetime (or 'air').
Although we can generate GWs on Earth, the most powerful and detectable signals are produced when massive objects move at high speeds – like supernovae, black hole mergers, and colliding neutron stars. These processes are cataclysmic events, but by the time these high-energy waves reach Earth, they are many billions of times smaller. For instance, the first GW signal rippled spacetime by 1/1000th the size of an atomic nucleus! Gravitational wave observatories, like LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory), listen to our universe for these signals, while being blind to EM radiation.
Light still plays an important role in GW detection in the form of lasers (interferometry), even though we are listening for waves of gravity, and not waves of EM radiation. Let's use the world's largest GW observatory, LIGO, as an example. With two (perpendicular) arms each stretching 4 km, they use laser light to determine changes in the length of these arms (this is the same principle as the Lunar Laser Ranging experiment that measured the distance between the lunar surface and Earth). As gravity waves pass by Earth, they squeeze and stretch space. LIGO uses its arms to measure the change in length of these arms as the Earth experiences this squeezing and stretching. These detectors are so sensitive that they can detect a length change about 10,000 times smaller than a proton! Achieving this caliber of sensitivity requires a combination of state-of-the-art technology and some clever engineering.
The biggest problem for Earth-based GW detections comes from unwanted noise, like vibrations from a truck driving by. Space is relatively quiet, so NASA is planning on sending LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna), an interferometer (like LIGO) into space. As there is a lot of (physical) space in space, LISA is designed a little differently from Earth-based observatories like LIGO. Lisa has three spacecraft arranged in an equilateral triangle separated by almost 3 million kilometers. The sides of the triangle effectively act like the arms of LIGO, but are much more sensitive to the slight shifts of the LISA spacecrafts (with respect to each other) as they "surf" the GW wave. As a giant detector much larger than Earth, LISA will study the entire GW spectrum, having access to regions of the spectrum that are inaccessible from Earth.
You can listen to gravitational-wave signals too! Even though GWs are not sound, LIGO data can be converted into audio files so you can hear them. We can compare this process to radio waves, which are not sound but part of the EM spectrum, and they can be converted by radios into sound we can hear. Both GWs and radio waves travel at the speed of light, not the speed of sound. The first gravity wave detection, GW150914, can be heard here.
Astronomers of All Ages - Playlist
10mins.
Read this short article about gravitational waves.
Ask yourself: If Einstein was still alive, what do you think his reaction to the first confirmed recording of a gravitational wave would be?
3mins.
Watch this short Physics in a Minute video about Gravitational waves
Ask yourself: After watching the video, what are the questions you have about gravitational waves?
Review light and the EM spectrum with our blog post and this video about light.
Ask yourself: with Galileo using the first telescope to study distant planets, astronomers have used the EM spectrum to 'see' the universe for centuries. With gravitational waves as a new tool to 'see' the universe, what kinds of discoveries do you think they might make?
Take a mental break with this game Black Hole Pong and apply your understanding of how gravity wells behave. (Note: the game is a standalone application you must install on your computer.)
Ask yourself: How does your understanding of gravity improve as you become a better Black Hole Pong player?
Train your ear to see if you can become a Black Hole Hunter with this game as you listen for the gravitational wave signals.
Contribute to science with Einstein at Home. Sign up and let your computer's idle time contribute to the hunt for weak astrophysical signals.
Ask yourself: Look through the Einstein at Home website. What kinds of discoveries might you contribute to?
120+mins.
Contribute to science and become a citizen science. Participate in Zooniverse's Gravity Spy and help scientists search for gravitational waves.
Ask yourself: What are some of the challenges with analyzing the data?
STAY CONNECTED. Sign up for enews.
Vanier Park
Vancouver, BC, V6J 3J9
Book your on-site visit. Admission tickets are available online or at the front desk. We recommend booking online as tickets are limited.
Wednesday 6:30pm – 11:30pm
Friday 6:30pm – 11:30pm
The H.R. MacMillan Space Centre is a non-profit community resource that brings the wonders of space to Earth, while providing a personal sense of ongoing discovery. Through innovative programming, exhibits and activities, our goal is to inspire sustained interest in the fields of Earth science, space science and astronomy.
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text:
Oscars: Martin Scorsese Extends Streak as the Most-Nominated Living Director
With his nomination for 'The Irishman,' Martin Scorsese clinches nine best director nods.
By Jordan Wilson
Jordan Wilson
More Stories by Jordan Wilson
Oscars Poll: What Was Your Favorite Musical Performance?
Oscars: 'Joker's' Hildur Gudnadóttir Becomes First Woman to Win Best Original Score
Oscars: Elton John Performs Best Original Song Winner "(I'm Gonna) Love Me Again" From 'Rocketman'
Axelle/Bauer-Griffin/FilmMagic
The nominees for the 92nd Annual Academy Awards were announced Monday morning, and with his nomination for directing The Irishman, Martin Scorsese increases his lead as the most-nominated living director in Academy history.
Scorsese's nine nominations now eclipse those of Billy Wilder, director of The Apartment, Some Like it Hot and Sunset Boulevard, who died in 2002. Wilder earned a total of eight noms over his career.
However, Scorsese has some catching up to do with Roman Holiday and Ben-Hur director William Wyler, who scored 12 nominations before his death in 1981 — incidentally, the same year Scorsese was nominated for his first best director Oscar, with Raging Bull. The next most-nominated directors are Woody Allen and Steven Spielberg, with seven nods each.
The Irishman itself is nominated for 10 Oscars, including best picture — second only to Joker with 11.


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The Kherwar
by Brett Allen
Nasir ran his finger lightly over the map at his knees. He was stalling now. Thick dust on the abandoned school house floor made the map seem ancient and it frayed at its folds, like the dogeared corners of his uncle's Koran. He rubbed his swollen cheek as he thought of his uncle.
"Dammit, Nasir!"
He jumped as an enormous fist slammed onto the floor next to him, leaving a crater in the dust. A dirty cloud rolled upward and settled on the coarse red beard of Captain Connor, its hue barely discernible behind a layer of grime two weeks in the making. Connor's eyes were haggard but intense behind yellow tinted sunglasses and tiny bubbles of spit formed at the corners of his mouth as he spoke.
"Point. On. The. Map." he growled. "Now!"
Nasir removed his finger completely and took a stern face. He was young, but he'd always been told he had a stern face like his uncle. The American's demeanor softened some.
"Listen, Nasir, you came to us," he said.
"I came to no one," Nasir grumbled. His English still felt awkward as it left his tongue.
"Right, right. You were running away," Connor lead. "And who're you running away from?"
"My uncle," Nasir explained again.
"Exactly. And he's just the man we're lookin' for," said Connor. "Now point to where we find him."
"How do I know you won't hurt my family?" Nasir demanded.
A soldier who sat across the room scoffed, but a sharp glance from Connor focused his attention back out the window. Connor put his head in his hands in exasperation.
"We went over this ten minutes ago," Connor said. "We're not interested in the rest of your family. We just want to speak with your uncle."
"Speak with him about what?"
"Sweet merciful," Connor groaned. He exhaled and forced the rigid features of his face to soften again.
"Nasir, you said yourself that your uncle used to be Taliban. We think he can help us find some of his old friends. I need to know which qalat to find him in."
Nasir sat staring at the concrete floor. He touched his bulging eyelid as he swept a coarse curl of hair from his face. His thin mustache squirmed as he pursed his lips, trying to decide what to do.
"He did that to you, didn't he?" Connor asked feigning concern.
Nasir looked back at the giant American kneeling beside him and found his resolve.
"Do not mistake me for a foolish child," his voice quaked slightly. "I understand your intentions with my uncle. He has done many bad things; this I know. But he is family and I must be loyal to family."
Nasir's words hung in the air with the dust, an uncomfortable silence keeping them aloft. He tensed, fearing this interlude would be abruptly broken by the sound of Captain Connor choking him to death. Connor's features hardened again and he turned to the soldier at the window.
"Sergeant Russell. The bag."
Without looking, the soldier grasped a black backpack that leaned against his leg and flipped it backward into Connor's hands. Connor turned and flopped the bag with a thud at Nasir's knees.
"Open it."
Nasir hesitated. An olive-drab piece of cloth, embroidered with the name "RUSSELL", was stitched across the top and a small pin adorned the bag below it. He ran his thumb across the pin's shiny surface. It featured a long musket inside a sky blue rectangle with a silver wreath encompassing all.
"Look inside the bag," Connor instructed.
Nasir fumbled the zippers on top of the bag. As he opened it, a bundle of money fell to the floor, bouncing slightly on its rubber binding. The bag was packed to capacity with more of the same.
"How's that sit with your loyalty?" Conner asked, scratching his dusty beard. "I could always find other ways to use it."
Nasir took a moment to collect himself. It was more money than he had ever seen.
"Do not mistake me for a foolish child," he heard himself say again. His eyes remained on the money as he placed his finger on the map.
"He only visits our home during the day. In the evenings he leaves the village and we do not know where he goes. You will need to go soon if you wish to find him there."
A squad of twelve soldiers, lead by Nasir, entered the Kherwar village. Arriving during the day was not ideal and Nasir sensed their tension as they moved with calculated steps down narrow clay roadways. The village streets were all but deserted, which was unusual for a warm spring afternoon. A lone old man squatted silently against the mud wall of a qalat. He turned his sun-weathered head at the sound of approaching boots, but his milky eyes stared far beyond the approaching men.
"Well that's gotta be about the creepiest damn thing I've ever seen," whispered Connor as they passed.
"He was a great Mujahideen warrior," Nasir rebuked. "He helped push the Russians out."
"And now?"
"Oh, now he is, as you say, 'creepy,'" Nasir said. He motioned that they had reached his family's home.
The Captain gave a signal and six men moved out to take up security positions around the perimeter of the qalat.
"Stack right," Connor called softly over his shoulder with another subtle gesture.
Another four men moved forward and formed a single file line beside the entrance of the compound. Nasir's heart plunged as Connor unslung the shotgun from his shoulder and took aim at the wrought iron handle.
"Stop!" Shouted Nasir. He lurched forward, but was caught by the large hand of Sergeant Russell.
Connor paused and cocked his head.
"What now?" He growled, his shotgun still poised to shoot.
"There's no lock on that door!" Nasir exclaimed. "You don't have to shoot!"
Connor drooped his shoulders in disappointment.
"Fine," he said with a sigh. "Stand down, gentlemen."
The four soldiers moaned and shuffled rocks with their boots. Nasir brushed past them and pushed the door open.
"See?" he said to Connor, who rolled his eyes behind his sunglasses.
"Bor-ring," Connor groaned.
Nasir walked into the compound and the remaining six soldiers followed, each on high alert, scanning the compound for potential threats. As they moved across the open courtyard, a mangy dog barked bravely at them, but then lost its nerve and scurried behind a building. Nasir was glad to be home, if only to get the backpack off his shoulders, its weight having become burdensome on the walk to the village.
"Where is everyone?" Connor asked.
A door creaked open from a stand-alone building at the back of the compound and a small boy, no more than five, wriggled out from the narrow opening made by the wood door and closed it behind himself.
"Aamir," Nasir called. The boy had not yet taken notice of the men in the courtyard and he jumped with surprise.
"Aamir, where is everyone?" Nasir called again in Pashtun.
The boy's eyes never wavered from the large bearded men as they approached. He raised his hand and pointed a timid finger toward the door.
"That is my brother," Nasir informed.
"Good for him," Connor replied and motioned to the door. "What's in that building?"
"The Hujra?" Nasir asked. "It's a room for entertaining guests."
"Guests, huh?" Connor echoed. "Is it normal that your dad and uncle would be in there?"
Nasir shook his head and a menacing smile curled under Connor's dusty beard. Nasir felt small as he caught his faint reflection in Connor's sunglasses.
Connor turned to his men and pointed to the Hujra. Silently, the men moved to either side of the building, while Connor and Russell approached the door.
"Let me go in and get them," Nasir probed.
Connor placed a hand on Nasir's chest and firmly pushed him to the side. Before Nasir could protest, Connor's fist was pounding on the rough wooden door. It rattled in its clay frame, sending waves of red dust cascading to the ground.
"Little pigs, little pigs, let me in," Connor murmured with a sneer.
This cannot be the same man who asked for my help just an hour ago, Nasir thought.
He counted every heartbeat until the door again creaked open. His father and uncle stood inside. Beads of perspiration lined his father's forehead, his face pale against the dimly lit room behind him. His uncle's face was stone, though his eyes darted between the Americans, Nasir and the backpack. With a nudge from Nasir's uncle, both men stepped outside, closing the door behind them.
"Nasir! What is the meaning of this?" His father stammered in Pashtun.
"They've come to speak with uncle," Nasir responded in English. "They've given us this bag full of —"
Connor raised a finger to silence Nasir.
"Like the boy said, just want to talk to him," he pointed to Nasir's uncle.
"So talk," said Nasir's uncle sharply.
Connor's eyebrows peeked over the top of his sunglasses.
"Alright then, let's chat. My name is Captain Mark Connor, US Special Forces. I presume you are Fazil Muhammed Khan, are you not?"
A quick nod was the only response and Connor probed further.
"Fazil Muhammed Khan, member and Minister of Education for the one and only Taliban Party?"
Nasir could see his uncle's knuckles whiten.
"Former member of the Taliban Party," Fazil emphasized. "I have not associated with such men in many years."
"That so?" Connor asked. "Well, that's not what we've heard."
"It is of no concern to me what you have 'heard,'" replied Fazil.
Connor shook his head and exchanged a glance with Russell.
"Then you won't mind if we take a quick look inside, will ya?" Connor asked as he tried to step around the two men. "Since you wouldn't be entertaining anyone of interest to us anyway."
Nasir watched as Fazil shifted to keep between Connor and the door, placing his hand in defiance on the center of Connor's vest. Connor looked down in disgust at the hand that now covered his embroidered American flag.
"Best be careful," Connor hissed through clenched teeth. "Or Ol' Glory'll get ya." Then called over his shoulder, "Big Sarge, get these men back!"
Sergeant Russell stepped forward with rifle raised. The imposing American's were too much for Aamir, who ducked quickly back through the wooden door.
"Move back!" Russell shouted, making sweeping motions with the end of his rifle. The two men stumbled back from the door; their hands half raised. Connor cautiously gripped the door's large brass knob.
"Little guy locked us out!" he chuckled. "Stack right!"
Again the four soldiers lined up to the right of the door and again Connor unslung his shotgun. Nasir's head swam as he tried to process what was happening. While the soldiers readied their assault, he raced to his father's side.
"Father! Tell them who's inside! Call them out! Aamir's in there!"
Nasir's father looked to Fazil, but the stoic uncle was unburdened with sympathy and shook his head.
Desperate, Nasir turned his attention to Connor. Darting forward, he lowered his shoulder and rammed into Connor's back. His shoulder seared with pain as it impacted the thick metal plate concealed inside Connor's vest. Connor's hulking frame did not budge, but instead turned and shoved Nasir to the dirt.
"Back off kid. You got your money," he growled. "Three…two…one…"
The blast from the shotgun disintegrated the door knob. The ringing in Nasir's ears was almost enough to mask the scream that came from inside, while the soldiers poured through the door like liquid. The men outside hit the dirt as bullets snapped and cracked inside the Hujra. The smell of burnt gunpowder hung in the air, as a private war raged inside the room. Then there was silence. For Nasir, it was impossibly long.
"One up!"
"Two up!"
"Three up!"
"Four up! Room clear!" came four voices from inside the room.
Connor breathed a sigh of relief, then stood and paced swiftly through the door. Nasir looked to Fazil, who had remained standing through the onslaught. His shoulders throbbed from the weight of the bag as he picked himself up off the dirt.
Connor emerged from the doorway. In his hands he carried two rifles, which he heaved into the dirt at Nasir's feet. Nasir hardly noticed the rifles as he craned his neck to see any sign of Aamir.
"No more Taliban connections, huh?" Connor jerked his thumb toward the door. "Then how do you explain the 'recently deceased' in there?"
Fazil squirmed.
"Maybe you guys were just give'n each other 'make-overs' in there. Nice eyeliner job on both of 'em, but they ain't no Cover Girls," Connor quipped while removing the zip-ties from his vest.
One of the soldiers appeared from inside the building.
"Hey Big Sarge, grab your med bag, we gotta wounded kid in here. Musta had his hand on the door when we breeched."
Nasir's stomach tightened. A second soldier emerged from the room carrying Aamir who writhed violently in his arms. Blood streamed from the mangled flesh of his right hand. Sergeant Russell moved swiftly to the boy's side, barely beating Nasir's father. He worked quickly to stop the bleeding, while Nasir's father shouted hysterically at Conner in Pashtun.
Nasir searched their faces for a place to cast his guilt.
This is all his fault, Nasir thought, turning to his uncle.
"You knew they were looking for you. You brought this to our home!" Pain shot through his shoulders as he shouted. "Is this your idea of loyalty?"
"Loyalty is for dogs and slaves," growled Fazil. "I serve only Allah."
Nasir's face grew hot with rage.
"Choppers are en route," called Connor as he lowered his radio's hand-mic. "You can serve Allah from Gitmo."
"We're going to have to take them with us, sir," stated Russell, pointing to Aamir and his father. "The hand's salvageable, but he'll lose it if we don't get him to a surgeon ASAP."
"Them?" questioned Connor.
"Dad's gotta come too, unless you wanna be accused of kidnapping a five-year-old."
"We don't have room for both—"
"We've got a runner!" shouted one of the soldiers.
Nasir and Connor both spun on their heels to see Fazil running for the qalat door.
"Stop!" Connor shouted, raising his rifle. He hesitated, then dropped the rifle back to his side. "We got a runner. Grab him," he said calmly into his hand-mic.
"Roger, we'll get'em," came a staticky voice on the other end.
The crack of a rifle reverberated off the compound walls.
Connor spun again and dropped to a knee, his rifle back at the ready. In front of him, Nasir stood with one of the discarded rifles now raised to his shoulder; a wisp of smoke left the barrel which was still pointed at his uncle who lay lifeless in the dirt a few steps inside the qalat door.
"Drop the rifle, Nasir," Connor coaxed, putting on a fatherly tone again.
Nasir lowered the rifle and looked around. Every soldier's weapon was now trained on him. The polished steel of the grip felt vindicating and for a fleeting moment he wondered how many rounds remained in the magazine. He dropped the weapon to the ground. Rifles lowered and Connor shook his head as he removed a tin of chewing tobacco from his pocket.
"The boss-man ain't going to like that. Not one bit," he muttered as he stuffed a large pinch behind his lip. "That little stunt's going to cause me a whole world of trouble. Where'd you learn to shoot like that?"
Nasir nodded toward his uncle.
"Cold-blooded killer," Connor murmured.
Nasir's father had stopped shouting and in a stupor his gaze shifted between his maimed son and lifeless brother. Nasir watched him and desperately wanted to feel remorse for his uncle, but all he felt was the weight of the bag on his shoulders. Approaching helicopters brought him back from his daze.
"Get 'em moving!" Shouted Connor. "Birds are two mikes out!"
With that, the men picked up Aamir and headed for the qalat door. Nasir watched a trail of blood trickle from Aamir's hand, leaving circles of red mud in the dirt. His father followed closely behind the soldiers and began shouting again at no one in particular.
Nasir looked to Captain Connor.
"I'm a dead man if I stay."
"Yeah. Probably," Connor said. "But I don't have room for you and you've caused me enough trouble today anyway."
As he spoke he picked up one of the rifles that lay on the ground. He motioned to the second rifle at Nasir's feet.
"You're probably going to need that more than I will," he said.
Nasir sank to the ground and for the first time removed the black bag from his back. Its weight seemed to remain.
"It's a Combat Infantry Badge," Connor said, pointing to the pin on the top of the bag. "In America, only warriors get to wear 'em."
Nasir couldn't help but feel that was the first genuine thing Connor had said to him all day. With a nod, the American trotted off as his team exited the qalat.
The courtyard was still and only the sound of helicopter rotors could be heard, beating laboriously through dusty Afghan air. Nasir looked around the empty qalat, finally settling on his uncle's body.
Loyalty is for dogs and slaves, he recalled.
With steady fingers he removed the pin from the backpack and fastened it to the breast of his jacket. As he stood, he slung the backpack over his shoulders and retrieved his rifle from the dirt. He was in a decidedly better position now than he had been that morning. For the second time that day, he took a last look around and headed for the door.
Brett Allen is a former Army cavalry captain who served with 3-71 CAV, 10th Mountain Division, out of Fort Drum, New York. A graduate of Michigan State University, Brett is currently seeking representation for his satire novel, "Kilroy Was Here," which is loosely based on his deployment to Afghanistan in 2009. He resides in Grand Rapids, Michigan, with his wife and two children.
← Araceli


The father was charged with wire fraud, his son with having knowledge of the scam but neglecting to report it.
Federal prosecutors said researchers paid to use the cadavers not knowing these tested positive for infectious diseases. Those promises were allegedly made by Greene Sr. and his namesake.
"Arthur Rathburn carried out a long-term, complex scheme to increase his personal profits, showing little respect to the donors and risking the welfare of those in the medical and dental community relying on human remains free from hepatitis, HIV, and other risky diseases", said Timothy R. Slater, special agent in charge of the Detroit FBI in a statement. The two were associated with the presently-closed Biological Resource Center of Rosemont, Illinois, where people donated the bodies of their loved ones, with the understanding that they would be used for medical research.
The outlet reported that people donated the bodies of their loved ones to the Biological Resource Center of IL with the promise that they would be donated for medical research. Instead, federal officials say they were sold for up to $100,000 on the black market.
In 2013, the Greenes allegedly sold remains to the Detroit Medical Center's sports medicine department that had tested positive for hepatitis, and concealed this information, according to court documents. Also, a search warrant stated that an unidentified woman was told by the center that her son's tissues would be donated to colleges and research centers, but some of his body parts were sold for $5,000.
It is illegal to knowingly sell remains that are diseased.
The Greenes came up as investigators were probing notorious Detroit body broker Arthur Rathburn.
The airport, built in 1964, is rated as one of the most risky airports in the world due to strong tailwinds and a short runway. The airport, which is also known by the name of its host town, Lukla, was shut down after the incident.
Deuxième sur la grille de départ, il a débordé son coéquipier Valtteri Bottas pour filer vers une 75e victoire facile. Le pilote québécois Lance Stroll, de Racing Point, a pris le 14e rang grâce à un chrono de 1:35,223.


text:
SHRM, Best of
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has published its Emergency Temporary Standard (ETS) that requires employers with 100 or more employees to require that their employees receive a COVID vaccine or receive a weekly negative COVID test. Here are some of the highlights:
The ETS applies to all employers under OSHA's jurisdiction that have at least 100 employees firm- or corporate-wide.
Employees must be vaccinated by January 4, 2022, or commence weekly negative COVID testing on that date.
Employees who work exclusively from home or who work exclusively outdoors are not required to comply (i.e., such workers do not need to be vaccinated or receive a weekly negative test).
Employers are NOT required to pay for any costs associated with weekly testing unless required by a collective bargaining agreement or state or local law.
The "Honor System" will not suffice for vaccination verification—employers must determine the vaccination status of each employee, obtain proof of vaccination, maintain records of each employee's vaccination status, and maintain a roster of each employee's vaccination status.
By December 5, 2021, all unvaccinated employees must wear face coverings at the workplace (note that OSHA has separately recommended face coverings for all employees, regardless of vaccination status).
Employers must implement and publish to their employees a written vaccination policy. OSHA provides sample policy templates on its ETS website under a heading for "Implementation."
The ETS preempts state or local laws that ban or limit an employer from requiring vaccination.
Employers must provide up to four hours of paid time off for employees to receive a vaccination and reasonable time and paid sick leave to recover from side effects experienced following each vaccine dose.
We anticipate that this ETS will face immediate legal challenges. Stay tuned to these updates for additional information.
Disclaimer: Although Bob and Mark will try to respond to your employment law questions with general legal information, Bob and Mark cannot provide specific legal advice or legal opinion in this setting.
About Bob Coursey Esq SPHR SHRM-SCP
Bob has been an employment lawyer for over 20 years. He spent his first 10 years of practice at Fisher Phillips, one of the most respected employment law firms in the country, where he defended companies in employment-related litigation. He then spent 11 years at Employers Council, where he focused his practice on keeping employers out of trouble.
In 2021, Bob started his own company—Modern Age Employment Law—where he counsels, represents, and trains employers who are looking for a modern approach to their employment law and HR challenges. Bob earned his bachelor's degree in English from George Mason University in Virginia in 1992. In 1998, he received his law degree, with honors, from Georgia State University College of Law in Atlanta, where he also served on the Law Review.
Bob is licensed to practice law in Utah and Georgia. He's also a certified Senior Professional in Human Resources (SPHR) and SHRM Senior Certified Professional (SHRM-SCP).
About Mark D Tolman Esq
Mark practices in the area of employment law, commercial litigation, and first amendment law in matters before state and federal courts, the Utah Labor Commission, and Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Recognized by the Utah State Bar as the 2018 Labor & Employment Attorney of the Year. Mark works with employers to help them develop preventative employment practices and policies. He litigates cases involving complex factual and legal matters including employment discrimination, breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duty, covenants not to compete or solicit, interference with contract, trade secrets, and defamation.
Mark has tried cases before state and federal courts and before the Adjudication Division of the Utah Labor Commission. He has also argued cases to the Utah Supreme Court, the Utah Court of Appeals and to the United States Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals. He also assists news and publishing organizations in obtaining access to public records under the federal Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) and Utah Government Records Access and Management Act (GRAMA).
Salt Lake SHRM Chapter
Questions about Membership?
Membership@slshrm.org
Contact the SLSHRM Board
admin@slshrm.org
© 2021 Salt Lake SHRM. All Rights Reserved.


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The eruption of Krakatoa, August 1883: the first global media event
May 15, 2019 August 24, 2017 by Clematis Delany
Clematis Delany
I joined Gale, a Cengage Company in 2016 as a Publishing Assistant and subsequently became an Associate Acquisitions Editor for digital archives. With a diverse background in international and transnational history, I'm particularly interested in social narratives and cultural trends of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In my spare time, I like stand-up comedy, Agatha Christie and Tetris.
Latest posts by Clematis Delany (see all)
Collection Highlights – State Papers Online Eighteenth Century, Part IV: Scandinavia, Eastern Europe and Turkey - April 19, 2018
'A Tale of Two Collections': The Stuart Papers and Cumberland Papers at the Royal Archives, Windsor Castle - March 27, 2018
The more things change, the more they stay the same – the Jacobite Uprisings of 1715 and 1745 - December 7, 2017
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'Who knows to suffer, Conquer, and to Save' – Scottish Romanticism and the Jacobites - October 19, 2017
On August 26th 1883, Krakatoa erupted. Not, of course, out of a clear blue sky; ash columns and steam plumes had been filling the sky over the island and its archipelago for days, the area had been experiencing tremors and earthquakes for years, and smaller explosions had been throwing up ash, changing the tides and, presumably, worrying the locals for months.
There were four major explosions between the 26th and 27th August. The loudest of these could be heard on Madagascar, in Alice Springs, Australia and as far as the Island of Rodriguez, 3000 miles away in the Indian Ocean. It is widely accepted as 'the loudest sound in modern history'[1]. The volcano was obliterated, destroying two-thirds of the island along with it. The death toll was over 36,000, with nearby inhabitants representing only a portion of the victims as tsunamis swept across the world's oceans. The shockwave from the event 'circumnavigated the world seven times'[2]. The amount of ash and sulphur released into the atmosphere produced the global drop in temperatures of a volcanic winter as well as brilliant red sunsets, purple twilights, and blue moons.[3]
"By Thousands." Milwaukee Journal, 29 Aug. 1883. Nineteenth Century U.S. Newspapers, tinyurl.galegroup.com/tinyurl/575M70. Accessed 11 Aug. 2017.
You have probably heard of Krakatoa – the endearingly misnamed film 'Krakatoa, East of Java' released in 1968 is perhaps the most famous of the films made about it made in the twentieth century, and Simon Winchester published 'Krakatoa: The Day the World Exploded' in 2003. Krakatoa's fame, however, has a lot to do with when it happened, and not just its destructive power.
Krakatoa lies west of Java, an island of Indonesia
Krakatoa is often held up as the first global media event. It was covered almost from the day it happened by newspapers across the world – a search on Gale Primary Sources for 'Krakatoa' in August 1883 brings up 60 articles in papers from London to Milwaukee.
This article on Thursday, August 30 in the Morning Post – one of the publications found in Gale's British Library Newspapers archive – helps illustrate why Krakatoa has a special place in media history:
"THE ERUPTION OF KRAKATOA." Morning Post, 30 Aug. 1883, p. 5. British Library Newspapers, tinyurl.galegroup.com/tinyurl/575Ux8. Accessed 11 Aug. 2017.
This article is cited as having been sent through Reuter's Telegrams. Reuter's had been supplying international news and scoops to newspapers since 1858 when the first transatlantic cable was successfully laid between the US and Ireland. Since then, global information networks had grown and Reuter's had grown with them. The development of communication technology fuelled the development of the print media; news reached further, moved faster and covered more ground. Something happening in London could be known about in outposts of Empire at a speed unthinkable fifty years earlier, and vice versa.
Which brings me to the next factor in the globalisation of Krakatoa – it was the Age of Empire, when international trade was part of the national consciousness and national ambitions as never before. Jakarta, then Batavia, on nearby Java was the capital of the Dutch East Indies, and British and French merchants also had interests in the region. The headline 'Great Loss of Life Among Europeans and Natives' neatly reflects the imperial setting of the disaster. This tiny island on the other side of the world was home by 1883 to thousands of Europeans, as well as people from China and South East Asian locals. In one sentence, the racist structure of European imperial networks is crystallised. Another article, this one from the Milwaukee Journal on August 29th, elaborates on the death toll:
"By Thousands." Milwaukee Journal, 29 Aug.1883. Nineteenth Century U.S. Newspapers, tinyurl.galegroup.com/tinyurl/575M70 Accessed 11 Aug. 2017.
So by 1883, a volcanic eruption in Krakatoa was going to mean more than some impressive sunsets to Europeans.
They were good sunsets though – the 1888 report on 'The Eruption of Krakatoa and Subsequent Phenomena' by the Royal Society in London opens with coloured 'chromo-lithographs' of sketches of sunsets over the Thames in November 1883 by William Ascroft. The 565-page report goes on to talk about all aspects of the eruption, from the 'The Nature and Distribution of the Ejected Materials' to 'The Magnetical and Electrical Phenomena Accompanying the Krakatoa Explosion'. Enthusiastic Victorian men of science found fertile ground for research in the wake of the event, and were ready and able to capitalise on it as never before.
Symons, George James, et al. The Eruption of Krakatoa, and Subsequent Phenomena: Report of the Krakatoa Committee of the Royal Society. Printed by Harrison and Sons, and Published by Trübner & Co., 1888. Nineteenth Century Collections Online, tinyurl.galegroup.com/tinyurl/577As5
It's also interesting to note that volcanic areas are not one hit wonders. According to Gale's Environmental Encyclopedia there were similar eruptions recorded on Krakatoa in AD 416 and 1680.[4] Like all areas of tectonic excitability, the next eruption is always a question of 'when' and not 'if'.
[1] Clary, Renee, and James Wandersee. "Krakatoa erupts! Using a historic cataclysm to teach modern science." The Science Teacher, Dec. 2011, p. 42. Science in Context, link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A274521194/SCIC?u=webdemo&xid=3aafe3db. Accessed 11 Aug. 2017.
[2] Marozzi, Justin. "The biggest bang in the world." Spectator, 7 June 2003, p. 44+. World History in Context, link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A103674192/WHIC?u=webdemo&xid=2893670f. Accessed 11 Aug. 2017.
[3] O'Meara, Stephen James. "True blue moons: they're not as rare as you've been led to believe." Astronomy, Nov. 2016, p. 18. Science in Context, link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A470462153/SCIC?u=webdemo&xid=218a9609. Accessed 11 Aug. 2017
[4] "Krakatoa." Environmental Encyclopedia, edited by Deirdre S. Blanchfield, Gale, 2011. Science in Context, link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CV2644150768/SCIC?u=webdemo&xid=a07b9ac2. Accessed 11 Aug. 2017.
Categories Anniversary, EditorialTags British Library Newspapers, Earthquakes, Eruption, Explosion, Gale Primary Sources, Gale's Environmental Encyclopedia, Krakatoa, Science, Tremors, tsunami	Post navigation
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