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There are a number of approval marks for products that have been designed to give consumers greater confidence about the safety of toys and in some the origin of their manufacture.
This page provides an overview of approval marks currently in use.
This symbol, the CE Mark, usually together with the name and address of the manufacturer, is required by law to appear on all toys placed on the market in the European Union.
There is a great deal of misunderstanding about what a CE Mark really means. The CE Mark was established to ensure a free market of toys right across the EU and the mark has sometimes been described as the 'passport for product'.
It is the supplier's statement that their toys meet the safety requirements of the European Toy Safety Directive, and that such toys are therefore entitled to free movement throughout the EU. In order to show that products meet that requirement, the first supplier in the EU has to maintain a technical file. The file should contain technical details about the product, its design and construction and a description of the means by which the supplier has ensured that their products comply with the law.
The CE Mark is intended mainly for enforcement authorities (Trading Standards Officers in the UK). It is NOT a claim of quality or safety as generally understood by consumers.
The address (which must also be displayed with the CE Mark) enables the Trading Standards Officer to trace the supplier and demand the technical file if he has a query about the product.
The CE Mark also appears on many other products. This is because there are other EU Directives which require its use. The mark can therefore not be taken to be a declaration that the product is a toy.
The CE Mark
Lion Mark
The Lion Mark was developed in 1988 by the British Toy & Hobby Association as a symbol of toy safety and quality for the consumer.
The Lion Mark may only be used by BTHA members. BTHA Members include many major international and European companies.
Approved Lion Mark Retailer scheme
The Toy Retailers Association has taken an equally positive role in toy safety and advice given to the public – after all, choosing the right toy for the right child is an important part of toy safety.
In 1991, the Toy Retailers Association joined with the BTHA in adapting the Lion Mark for use by retailers.
The symbol displayed in shops, in catalogues and in retailer advertising, indicates that the retailer has agreed to the Code of Practice and ensures that management and staff are briefed on toy safety matters such as age.
Explore Toy Safety
Our guide to the rules and regulations on toy safety in the UK.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Home | About IJMPO | Editorial board | Search | Ahead of print | Current Issue | Archives | Instructions | Subscribe | Advertise | Contact us | Login
CD4+/CD8- T cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia: A rare entity
Ashish Gupta1, Anurag Bansal2, Alok Kumar2
1 Department of Hematology and Molecular Biology, Quest Diagnostics India Limited, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
2 Department of Hematology, Quest Diagnostics India Limited, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
Date of Submission 19-Jan-2018
Date of Decision 01-Mar-2018
Date of Acceptance 27-Apr-2018
Flat No. 101, Tower 14, CHD Avenue, Sector 71, Gurgaon - 122 001, Haryana
DOI: 10.4103/ijmpo.ijmpo_19_18
Gupta A, Bansal A, Kumar A. CD4+/CD8- T cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia: A rare entity. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2019;40:453-5
Gupta A, Bansal A, Kumar A. CD4+/CD8- T cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia: A rare entity. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol [serial online] 2019 [cited 2020 Jan 22];40:453-5. Available from: http://www.ijmpo.org/text.asp?2019/40/3/453/272244
Large granular lymphocytic leukemia (LGL) is a well-recognized disorder of mature T-cells or NK cells. T-cell LGL leukemia (T-LGL) is characteristically a disorder of mature CD3+/CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells. Rare variants include CD 3+/CD4+/CD8-cases. To the best of our knowledge, 11 such cases (4 cases by Lima et al.[1] in 2003, 4 cases by Olteanu et al. in 2010,[2] 2 cases by Mutreja et al.[3] in 2014, and 1 case by Rabade et al.[4] in 2014) of T-LGL showing CD3+/CD4+/CD8-immunophenotype has been published in literature so far. There is a paucity of literature explaining the monoclonal expansion of CD3+/CD4+ T-LGL.[1] Unlike CD8+ T-LGL, CD4+ T-LGL does not show cytopenia, autoimmune phenotypes,[1],[5] or splenomegaly. However, CD4+ T-LGL is frequently associated with nonhematological malignancies.[1] Here, we report a case presenting with CD3+/CD4+/CD8-immunophenotype. Such immunophenotypic variant form of T-LGL cases should have a close clinical follow-up as they are prone to develop either simultaneously or months and years after, secondary hematological or nonhematological malignancies.[1]
We received a peripheral blood sample for immunophenotyping from a 51-year-old female with a 4-month history of persistent lymphocytosis. Clinical examination revealed a single cervical lymphadenopathy with no hepatosplenomegaly. The complete blood count showed mild anemia (hemoglobin - 11.9 g/dL), a normal platelet count (platelets 150,000/μL), and absolute lymphocytosis (total leukocyte count 13.0 × 103/μL with 79.5% lymphocytes). Peripheral smear examination revealed a large number of large granular lymphocytes. Cytogenetic analysis was not performed.
Immunophenotyping of peripheral blood was carried out using the lyse wash method and a four-color flow cytometry panel [Table 1]. The antibody clones used are shown in [Table 2]. The sample was run on a BDFACS Calibur instrument (Becton/Dickinson Biosciences), and the immunophenotyping data were analyzed with BD Cell Quest software. The percentage of positive cells above a threshold set against a processed isotype control tube was used to express the florescence measurement. Flow cytometry analysis of a heparin peripheral blood sample showed a large lymphoid cell cluster (62% of total cells) with bright CD45 positivity. The cells showed positivity for CD3 (96%), CD4 (94%), CD5 (96%), CD2 (97%), CD16 (41%), CD56 (90%), and-CD57 (91%), indicating a T-cell origin [Figure 1]. There was an aberrant loss of CD7 expression, and CD8 expression was negative [Figure 1]. Other B lymphoid cells markers were negative including CD10, CD19, CD23, CD20, CD38, and surface kappa/lambda light chain expression. In accordance with morphology [Figure 2] and immunophenotypic findings, a laboratory diagnosis of CD3+/CD4+/CD8-T-LGL was established. The patient was monitored, and no chemotherapy was administered. On follow-up at 6 months, the patient was asymptomatic with persistent cervical lymphadenopathy.
Table 1: Antibody clones (BD) used for flow cytometry
Table 2: Panel used for immunophenotyping
Figure 1: The cells showed positivity for CD3, CD4, CD5, CD2, CD16, CD56, and - CD57, indicating a T-cell origin. There was aberrant loss of CD7 expression, and CD8 expression was negative
Figure 2: Giemsa stained peripheral blood film (×100) showing large granular lymphocytes
T-LGL was first described by McKenna et al.[6] in 1977. According to the WHO 2008 classification,[7] the diagnostic criterion for T-LGL is an LGL count exceeding 2 × 109/L for a period of more than 6 months. Immunophenotypically, CD4+ T-LGL is a clonal expansion of large granular lymphocytes that shows co-expression of NK cell-associated antigens – CD56 and CD57 – with variable expression of CD8 (CD8-/+dim) and CD7 (CD7-/+dim).[1] The index case fulfills the criteria for CD4+ T-LGL, both immunophenotypically and according to the WHO diagnostic criteria. Some studies have shown that CD4+/CD8-T-LGL proliferates and expands as a result of tumor growth control by the immune system.[1] The leukemic clone blocks the normal Fas-mediated apoptosis of activated T-cells, thus leading to the etiopathogenesis of T-LGL.[8] Clinically, CD4+ T-LGL usually follows an indolent course with the absence of neutropenia, anemia, and splenomegaly. In contrast, CD8+ T-LGL presents with neutropenia, splenomegaly, and occasionally anemia. In view of indolent and nonprogressive nature of CD4+/CD8-T-LGL, these should be regarded as clonal expansions rather than leukemia.[3] Association of CD4+ T-LGL with other malignancies has been well described in the literature. Lima et al.[1] described a study of 33 patients with CD4+ and variable expression of CD8 (CD8-/+dim) T-LGL, of whom 6 (18%) had a concomitant B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder (SMZL, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, typical B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia [B CLL], and atypical B CLL), and 3 (9%) had a nonhematological malignancy (thyroid carcinoma, gastric adenocarcinoma, and leiomyosarcoma). The patients presented with these malignancies either 2–4 years before,[1] 1–4 years after,[1] or at the same time they developed CD4+ T-LGL. Our patient, however, did not present with any secondary malignancies and has not developed any malignancies during the 6 months of follow-up after the diagnosis of CD4+ T-LGL. The subsequent monitoring will be continued at 3 monthly intervals till 4 years as described by Lima et al.,[1] who found secondary malignancies manifesting up to a time frame of 4 years after developing CD4+/CD8-T-LGL.
To conclude, CD4+/CD8-T-LGL is a T lymphoproliferative disorder that is distinct, both immunophenotypically and clinically, from CD8+/CD4-T-LGL. Patients should be closely monitored, as 18% and 9% of cases[1] are prone to develop secondary hematological and nonhematological malignancies, respectively. It will be too early to reach to ascertain this association in our case as she had a short clinical follow-up of 6 months and further needs a long follow-up (approximately 4 years).
Declaration of patient consent
The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form the patient(s) has/have given his/her/their consent for his/her/their images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patients understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed.
Lima M, Almeida J, Dos Anjos Teixeira M, AlgueroMdMdel C, Santos AH, Balanzategui A, et al. TCR + /CD4 + large granular lymphocytosis: A new clonal T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder. Am J Pathol 2003;163:763-71.
Olteanu H, Karandikar NJ, Eshoa C, Kroft SH: Laboratory findings in CD4 (+) large granular lymphocytoses. Int J Lab Hematol 2010;32:e9-16.
Deepti M, Sharma RK, Kotru M, Saxena R. CD4+/CD8-/CD56+ T cell large granular lymphocyte proliferations; clonal disorders of uncertain significance. BMC Hematology 2014;14:9.
Rabade N, Mansukhani D, Khodaiji S, Padte B, Bhave A, Tembhare P, et al. Unusual immunophenotype of T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia: Report of two cases. Indian J PatholMicrobiol 2015;58:108-12.
Herling M, Khoury JD, Washington LT, Duvic M, Keating MJ, Jones D, et al. A systematic approach to diagnosis of mature T-cell leukemias reveals heterogeneity among WHO categories. Blood.2004;104:328-35.
McKenna RW, Parkin J, Kersey JH, Gajl-Peczalska KJ, Peterson L, Brunning RD. Chronic lymphoproliferative disorder with unusualclinical, morphologic, ultrastructural and membrane surface markercharacteristics. Am J Med 1977;62:588-96.
Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, Pileri SA, Stein H, Thiele J, et al. WHO Classification of Tumours of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. Lyon: IARC; 2008.
Rose MG, Berliner N. T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia and related disorders. Oncologist 2004;9:247-58.
Gupta A
Bansal A
Kumar A
© Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow
Online since 1st June, 2009


Mar. 4 5:25 PM PT6:25 PM MT7:25 PM CT8:25 PM ET20:25 ET1:25 GMT9:25 6:25 PM MST8:25 PM EST7:25 PM CST8:55 PM VEN5:25 UAE (+1)7:25 PM CT-Heaney's availability for the start of the season is in question due to inflammation in his left elbow.
Analysis: Heaney is throwing on flat ground, but the Angels will be careful with the left-hander considering he's previously had Tommy John surgery and also missed the beginning of last season with a similar issue as this one. He could open 2019 on the DL.


Theme: If It Don't Make Dollar$, It Don't Make Sense: Adapting in a World of Change is the theme for the Virginia Forage and Grassland Council (VFGC) and Virginia Cooperative Extension (VCE) winter forage conferences. This year's conference highlights the realities of grassland farming and what it takes to adapt to the changing circumstances.
This year's keynote speaker is Dr. Dennis Hancock from the University of Georgia, where he is an associate professor in the Crop and Soil Sciences Department and the Forage Extension Specialist. Better Grazing: Lessons on Efficient Forage Management from the Best in the World will be the morning keynote, and the afternoon presentation will be The Technical Revolution: Tools and Techniques Worth Considering in 2018 and Beyond.
Participants will also hear from Keith Tuck, who currently farms in the Moneta community in southern Bedford County. He transitioned from tobacco production years ago and now owns and operates a commercial beef cattle operation with around 100 cow calf pairs on a total of 250 acres between owned and rented land. His presentation is From Tobacco, to Cattle, to Grazier: Making it Work in the Real World.
The VFGC and VCE will feature local livestock producers speaking to the afternoon theme of "Solutions for your farm and future." Conference participants will hear and see discussion of cooperators experiences of grazing demonstrations under the title, Changes in Management Provides Opportunities for Production, Marketing and Soil Health.
To wrap up, Dr. Deidre Harmon will address the participants with practical economic considerations for several of the tools and techniques covered in the earlier presentation, under the title, Economics of Change. Dr. Harmon is originally from Galax, VA, graduated from Va Tech, and recently completed her Ph.D. at the University of Georgia. She is starting her career in Forages and Livestock Nutrition as the Livestock Extension Specialist for NC State University.


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\section{Introduction}

In the last decade, a progress was reached in the microscopic
theory of pairing in atomic nuclei. In this connection, the
studies of the Milan group \cite{milan1,milan2} should be cited
first. In the recent paper \cite{milan2} the direct solution of
the {\it ab initio} gap equation for a nucleus $^{120}$Sn was
carried out using the realistic Argonne v$_{14}$ $NN$-potential. A
bit later we made a similar calculation  \cite{Pankr} for a slab
of nuclear matter with parameters mimicking the atomic nuclei of
the tin region with the Paris potential \cite{Paris}. The
comparison of results of these two calculations rises some
questions. In Ref.~\cite{milan2} the gap $\Delta$, obtained by
solving the gap equation, turned out to be about a half of the
experimental value. The discrepancy was attributed  to the missing
contribution of the low-lying surface vibrations\cite{milan2}. On
the other hand, the gap found in \cite{Pankr} is much closer to
the experimental one and leaves a room to the surface vibration
corrections only for a 20\% about.

To some extent, the difference could originate from the difference
between the two systems under consideration, the spherical nucleus
and the slab. This reason seems to us  not very important as far
as only the curvature effects make the difference. Different
values of the effective nucleon mass $m^*$ used in these two
alternative calculations look  more essential. Indeed, it is well
known \cite{Bal} that the gap value in infinite matter is rather
sensitive to the value of the effective mass $m^*$. In
\cite{milan2} the coordinate dependent effective mass $m^*(r)$ was
used of the Sly4 version \cite{Sly4} of the Skyrme force. Its
value changes from $m^*=0.7m$ inside a nucleus to $m^*=m$ outside.
In \cite{Pankr} the bare nucleon mass, $m^*=m$, was used, in
accordance with prescriptions of \cite{KhS} and \cite{Fay}. The
specific form of the realistic $NN$-potential used in the gap
equation is one more possible reason of the difference under
discussion. In this article we analyze the latter point repeating
the calculation of \cite{Pankr}, but for the Argonne v$_{18}$
potential \cite{A18} which is quite similar to that of
\cite{milan2} but essentially different from the Paris potential.
Indeed, both the version of  the Argonne force are rather soft
core whereas the Paris potential is one of the most hard core
realistic $NN$-potentials. In addition, we examine the dependence
of the pairing gap on the chemical potential $\mu$ of the system
under consideration.

\section{The formalism}

The general method for solving the gap equation in a system with
the 1D inhomogeneity is developed in Ref.~\cite{Pankr}. Here we
present only the formalism which is necessary to describe the
procedure. Just as in Ref~\cite{Pankr}, we use the two-step method
\cite{Rep} to solve the microscopic gap equation,
\begin{equation}\Delta = {\cal V} A^{s}\Delta,\label{del}\end{equation}
where ${\cal V}$ is the free  $NN$-potential and $A^s=GG^s$ stands
for the two-particle propagator in the superfluid system. Here $G$
and $G^s$ are the one-particle Green functions without and with
pairing effects taken into account, respectively. In
Eq.~(\ref{del}), as usual, integration over intermediate
coordinates and summation over spin variables is understood. In
the nuclear matter theory, the gap equation in the form of
Eq.~(\ref{del})  is usually referred to as the
Bardeen--Cooper--Schrieffer (BCS) approximation.\footnote {In
physics of finite nuclei this term is commonly used for an
approximate way to solve the pairing problem, contrary to solving
the Bogolyubov equations.} In the more profound many-body theory
\cite{AB,Schuck} the irreducible block of the $NN$-interaction
should replace ${\cal V}$ in Eq.~(\ref{del}).

The complete Hilbert space $S$ of two-particle states is split
into two parts, $S=S_0+S'$. The first one is the model subspace
$S_0$ in which the gap equation is considered, and the other is
the complementary subspace $S'$. They are separated by the energy
$E_0$ in such a way that $S_0$ involves all the two-particle
states $(\lambda ,\lambda')$ with the single-particle energies
$\varepsilon_{\lambda}, \varepsilon_{\lambda'} <E_0$. The complementary subspace
$S'$ involves such two-particle states for which one of the
energies $\varepsilon_{\lambda},\varepsilon_{\lambda'}$ or both of them are
greater than $E_0$. Therefore, pairing effects can be neglected in
$S'$ if $E_0$ is sufficiently large. Validity of the inequality
$\Delta^2/(E_0-\mu)^2\ll 1$ is the criterium of such
approximation.

Correspondingly, the two-particle propagator is represented as the
sum $A^s = A^s_0 + A'$. Here we already neglected  the superfluid
effects in the $S'$-subspace and omitted the superscript ``s'' in
the second term. The gap equation (\ref{del}) can be rewritten in
the model subspace,
\begin{equation} \Delta = V^{p}_{\mbox{\scriptsize eff}}\,A^{s}_{0}\,\Delta\,,\label{del0}\end{equation} where the
effective pairing interaction (EPI) should be found in the
supplementary subspace, \begin{equation}V^{p}_{\mbox{\scriptsize eff}} = {\cal V} + {\cal V}
A'\,V^{p}_{\mbox{\scriptsize eff}}\,.\label{EPI}\end{equation}

As is well known, the gap equation (\ref{del}) can be written in
an equivalent form,
\begin{equation} \Delta = - {\cal V} \varkappa, \label{delkap} \end{equation} where the
anomalous density matrix $\varkappa$ is expressed directly in
terms of the Bogolyubov $u$-, $v$-functions:
\begin{equation} \varkappa({\bf r}_1,{\bf r}_2) = \sum_i u_i({\bf r}_1)
v_i({\bf r}_2). \label{kapuv} \end{equation} The summation in (\ref{kapuv})
is carried out over the complete set of the Bogolyubov functions
with eigenenergies $E_i>0$.

The gap equation (\ref{del0}) in the model subspace can be also
written in a form similar to (\ref{delkap}),
\begin{equation} \Delta = -{V^{p}_{\mbox{\scriptsize eff}}}\varkappa_0\,,\label{gap_kap}\end{equation}
where $\varkappa_0$ is the anomalous density matrix specified in
the model subspace as
\begin{equation}\varkappa_0({\bf r}_1,{\bf r}_2) =  \int
A^s_0(E;{\bf r}_1,{\bf r}_2,{\bf r}_3,{\bf r}_4)\Delta({\bf r}_3,{\bf r}_4) d{\bf r}_3 d{\bf r}_4
\,.\label{kap0}\end{equation}

However, a simple expression for this quantity similar to
Eq.~(\ref{kapuv}) does not exist. To obtain the explicit form of
$\varkappa_0$ it is convenient to use the basis of the
single-particle functions $\phi_{\lambda}({\bf r})$ which makes
the normal Green function $G$ diagonal:
 $G_{\lambda\lambda'}(\varepsilon){=}G_{\lambda}(\varepsilon) \delta_{\lambda\lambda'}$.
 Then one gets:
\begin{equation} u_i({\bf r}) = \sum_{\lambda} u_i^{\lambda}
\phi_{\lambda}({\bf r}), \label{ulam} \end{equation}
\begin{equation} v_i({\bf r}) = \sum_{\lambda} v_i^{\lambda}
\phi_{\lambda}({\bf r}), \label{vlam} \end{equation}
\begin{equation} \Delta ({\bf r}_1,{\bf r}_2) = \sum_{\lambda,\lambda'}
\Delta_{\lambda\lambda'} \phi_{\lambda}({\bf r}_1)
\phi_{\lambda'}({\bf r}_2). \label{delam} \end{equation}

After a simple algebra \cite{Pankr}, one finds
 \begin{equation} \varkappa_0({\bf
r}_1,{\bf r}_2) = \sum_{i,\lambda_1,\lambda_2}^{(0)}
\left(n_{\lambda_1}\,u_{i}^{\lambda_1}\,v_{i}^{\lambda_2}+
(1-n_{\lambda_1})\,u_{i}^{\lambda_2}\,v_{i}^{\lambda_1}\right)
\phi_{\lambda_1}({\bf r}_1) \phi_{\lambda_2}({\bf r}_2),
\label{kap01} \end{equation} where $n_{\lambda}=(0;1)$ are the occupation
numbers without pairing. The superscript ``(0)'' in the sum means
that all the states $\lambda$  belong to the model subspace:
$\varepsilon_{\lambda} < E_0$. It can be easily seen that in the limit of
$E_0 \to \infty$, when the set \{$\lambda$\} is complete, the
expression (\ref{kap01}) coincides with Eq.~(\ref{kapuv}).

We consider a slab of nuclear matter embedded into the
one-dimensional potential  $U(x)$.  In this case, the momentum
${\bf k}_{\perp}$ in the $(y,z)$-plane (or ${\bf s}$-plane) is an
integral of motion. The single-particle wave functions can be
written as
\begin{equation} \phi_{\lambda}({\bf r}) = e^{i{\bf k}_{\perp}{\bf s}} y_n(x),
\label{fi} \end{equation} and the Bogolyubov functions have the form:
\begin{equation} u_i({\bf r}) = e^{i{\bf k}_{\perp}{\bf s}} \,u_i(k_{\perp},x)\, \end{equation}
\begin{equation} v_i({\bf r}) = e^{i{\bf k}_{\perp}{\bf s}} \,v_i(k_{\perp},x)\,,
\label{uvx} \end{equation}

Just as in Ref.~\cite{Pankr}, we will use the mixed
representation, i.e., the coordinate representation for the
$x$-direction and the momentum one for the  ${\bf s}$-plane. The
scheme of solving the gap equation in the mixed representation was
developed in detail in \cite{Pankr} for the case of the separable
form of the Paris potential \cite{Par1,Par2}.  Now we consider the
original form of the Argonne v$_{18}$ potential \cite{A18} and
present the main formulas for the general case.

Let us begin with the EPI. In the Wigner representation it depends
on the relative momenta ${\bf k}_1$ and ${\bf k}_2$  and on the CM
coordinates $X_1$ and $X_2$ in the input and the output channel.
As far as we deal with the  singlet pairing, the zeroth harmonic
of the EPI enters into the gap equation which depends only on the
absolute value of the relative momenta. One more advantage of the
two-step method is the possibility of using the so-called local
potential approximation (LPA) \cite{Rep} to find the EPI.
According to the LPA, the EPI at each point $X = (X_1 + X_2)/2$
can be replaced by the one in infinite nuclear matter placed in
the external potential field $U(X)$:
\begin{equation} V^{\mbox{\scriptsize LPA}}_{\mbox{\scriptsize eff}}(k_1,k_2;X_1,X_2)= V_{\rm eff}^{\rm inf}(k_1,k_2;t,[U(X)]),\label{LPA}
\end{equation}
where $t{=}X_1-X_2$. To find the EPI in infinite system, it is
convenient first to solve  the Lippman-Schwinger equation in the
complementary subspace in momentum space,
\begin{equation}  V_{\rm eff}^{\rm inf}(k_1,k_2,P;E) = {\cal V}(k_1,k_2) + \int_{{\bf k}\in S'}
\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi)^3}\frac{{\cal V}(k_1,k) V_{\rm eff}^{\rm inf}(k,k_2,P;E)} {E
-\varepsilon({\bf P},{\bf k})-\varepsilon'({\bf P},{\bf k})},\label{inf} \end{equation}
where $E=2\mu$, $\varepsilon({\bf P},{\bf k}) = ({\bf P}/2 + {\bf k})^2/(2m) +
U(X)$, $\varepsilon'({\bf P},{\bf k}) = ({\bf P}/2 - {\bf k})^2/(2m) + U(X)$. The
integration in  (\ref{inf}) is carried out over ${\bf k}\in S'$. The
quantity $ V_{\rm eff}^{\rm inf}(k_1,k_2;t,[U(X)])$ is found from
$ V_{\rm eff}^{\rm inf}(k_1,k_2;P,[U(X)])$ with the inverse Fourier transformation.

The explicit form of the gap equation (\ref{gap_kap}) in the
Wigner representation for the 1D geometry is as follows:
\begin{equation} \Delta(k,X) =
-\int\,V^{p}_{\mbox{\scriptsize eff}}(k,k';X,X')\;\varkappa_0(k'_{_{\perp}},k'_{x};X')\;\frac{d^2{\bf k}'_{_{\perp}}}{(2\pi)^2}\,
\frac{dk'_{x}}{2\pi}\,dX'\,,\label{DeltawithXi}\end{equation}
The anomalous density can be written as
\begin{equation}\varkappa_0(k_{\perp},k_x;X) =
\sum^{(0)}_{nn'}\varkappa_0^{nn'}(k_{\perp})\;f_{nn'}(k_x,X)\,,\label{kred}\end{equation}
where \begin{equation} f_{nn'}(k_x,X) = \int
e^{-i\,k_x\,x}\,y_{n}(X+x/2)\,y_{n'}(X-x/2)\,dx\,,\label{f2}\end{equation}
and \begin{equation} \varkappa_{0}^{nn'}(k_{\perp}) = \sum_{i}^{(0)}\left(n_{k_{\perp}
n}\,u_{i}^{n}(k_{\perp})\,v_{i}^{n'}(k_{\perp})+ (1-n_{k_{\perp}
n})\,u_{i}^{n'}(k_{\perp})\,v_{i}^{n}(k_{\perp})\right)\,.\label{kappall'}\end{equation}

Here we used the expansion of the Bogolyubov functions into the
basis \{$y_n$\}:
\begin{equation} u_i(k_{\perp},x) = \sum^{(0)}_{n}u^{n}_{i}(k_{\perp})\,y_{n}(x)\,,\quad
v_i(k_{\perp},x) =
\sum^{(0)}_{n}v^{n}_{i}(k_{\perp})\,y_{n}(x)\,.\label{uvred}\end{equation}

In this representation, the Bogolyubov equations have the form:
\begin{equation}\left\{\begin{aligned}
(\varepsilon_{nk_{\perp}}-\mu)\;u_{i}^{n}(k_{\perp})+
\sum_{n'}\Delta_{nn'}(k_{\perp})\;v_{i}^{n'}(k_{\perp})
=E_{i}\,u_{i}^{n}(k_{\perp})\,,\\
\sum_{n'}\Delta_{nn'}(k_{\perp})\;u_{i}^{n'}(k_{\perp})
-(\varepsilon_{nk_{\perp}}-\mu)\;v_{i}^{n}(k_{\perp})
=E_{i}\,v_{i}^{n}(k_{\perp})\,,\end{aligned}\right.\label{Beq2}\end{equation}
where $\varepsilon_{nk_{\perp}}{=}\varepsilon_n+{k_{\perp}}^2/2m$ and
\begin{eqnarray} \Delta_{nn'}(k_{\perp}) &=& \int
\Delta(k_{\perp},x,X)\;y_{n}(X+\frac{x}{2})\;y_{n'}(X-\frac{x}{2})\;dx\,dX=\notag\\
&=& \int
\Delta(k,X)\;f_{nn'}(k_x,X)\,dX\,\frac{dk_x}{2\pi}\,.\label{dred}\end{eqnarray}

The chemical potential $\mu$ in (\ref{Beq2}) is determined
inverting the equation for the number of particles per a unit
surface of the slab:
\begin{equation} \sigma = \int
\frac{d^{2}{\bf k}_{\perp}}{(2\pi)^{2}}\,\sum_{i\lambda}\,
\left(v_{i}^{\lambda}(k_{\perp})\right)^{2} =
\mathrm{const}\,.\label{sigma}\end{equation}

The above relations determine the gap function in the slab system.

\section{Calculation results}

Just as in \cite{Pankr}, we use the Saxon-Woods potential $U(x)$
symmetrical with respect to the point $x=0$ with typical for
finite nuclei values of the potential well depth $U_0=-50\;$MeV
and diffuseness parameter of $d=0.65\;$fm. For the main part of
calculations the thickness parameter of the slab was chosen as
$L=6\;$fm to mimic nuclei of the tin region. As far as the
Hamiltonian of the system is symmetrical under the axis reflection
$x \to -x$, the eigenfunctions $y_n$ can be separated into even,
$y_n^+$, and odd, $y_n^-$, functions. It simplifies the numerical
procedure essentially, as far the $n,n'$ indices  in (\ref{Beq2})
should numerate the states of a fixed parity.

The calculation scheme is rather different from that used in
\cite{Pankr} for the separable form of the $NN$-force. The common
feature is the convenience to use the scheme of parallel
calculations for different $k_{\perp}$ momentum, since the slab is
homogeneous in the ${\bf s}-$plane. The total number of processors
we used is 210, which gives required accuracy for calculations
with the model space $S_0$ specified by $E_0=15\;$MeV. The
discrete spectrum representation method was used to take into
account the continuum, $0<\varepsilon_\lambda<E_0$. The infinite wall was
put at the distance $R=25\;$fm. The independence of results on the
value of $R$ was checked. The gap equation $(\ref{DeltawithXi})$
was solved with iterations. The procedure was stopped when the
maximal difference of values of $\Delta(k,X)$ obtained in two
subsequent iterations became less than 10$^{-6}\;$MeV. The typical
number of effective iterations was about 10. The chemical
potential was found anew according (\ref{sigma}) on each
iteration. The self-consistent value of the chemical potential
$\mu{=}-7.95\;$MeV is very close to the one, $\mu_0{=}-8\;$MeV,
without pairing. The difference $\delta \mu{=}-0.05\;$MeV is in
agreement with the standard estimate $\delta \mu \sim -
\Delta^2/\varepsilon_{\mbox{\scriptsize F}}$.

To illustrate the solution graphically, we calculated the ``Fermi
averaged'' gap
\begin{equation}
\Delta_{\mbox{\scriptsize F}}(X)= \Delta(k_{\mbox{\scriptsize F}}(X),X). \label{Del_F}
\end{equation}
Here the local Fermi momentum is defined as follows:
$k^2_{\mbox{\scriptsize F}}(X){=}2m(\mu{-}U(X))$ if  $2m(\mu{-}U(X)) > 0$, and
$k^2_{\mbox{\scriptsize F}}(X){=}0$ otherwise. Analogously, we could define the
Fermi averaged EPI as
\begin{equation} {\mathcal V}^{\mbox{\scriptsize F}}_{\mbox{\scriptsize eff}} (X) = \int dt V^{p}_{\mbox{\scriptsize eff}} (k_1{=}k_2{=}k_{\mbox{\scriptsize F}}(X);t,X).
 \label{VF} \end{equation}

There are two parameters which influence essentially difficulties
of the calculation procedure. They are the separation energy $E_0$
which defines the model space $S_0$ and the cut-off momentum
$K_{\rm max}$ in the integral of Eq.~(\ref{inf}). Let us begin
from choosing the first one. Fig.~\ref{Del_E0} shows the
dependence of the solution on the value of $E_0$. Analyzing these
curves one can see that the variation of $E_0$ from 5 MeV to 10
MeV results in the change of the maximum of the Fermi-averaged gap
function of the order of 5\% whereas the next step to 15 MeV
diminishes this difference to 1\%. A more quantitative information
could be obtained from the matrix elements of the gap. The
diagonal matrix elements $\Delta_{nn}(k_{\perp}{=}0)$ for different
$E_0$ are presented in Table 1. The even  states are located in
the upper part of the table, the odd ones, in the lower part. One
can see that the convergence of $\Delta_{nn}$ values increasing
$E_0$ is slower than that of the maximum of $\Delta_{\mbox{\scriptsize F}}(X)$. Now the
average change of a matrix element with the variation of $E_0$
from 10 MeV to 15 MeV is about 3\%. This is, of course, the upper
estimate of the accuracy if we choose $E_0=15\;$MeV as an
appropriate value. Analyzing the convergence of  $\Delta_{nn}$
values in Table 1, one can suppose that the change under
consideration will be about 1-2\% at the next step to
$E_0=20\;$MeV. Therefore more realistic estimate of the accuracy
of the calculations for $E_0=15\;$MeV is 1-2\%.

\begin{table}[t!]
\caption{ Diagonal matrix elements
$\Delta_{nn}(k_{_{\perp}}{=}0)\;$(MeV) in the slab with the width
parameter $L{=}6\;$fm for Argonne v$_{18}$ potential for different
$E_0\;$(MeV). $\varepsilon_n\;$(MeV) is the single particle spectrum.}
\begin{center}

\begin{tabular}{|c|c|}
\hline  \hspace*{3.2ex}  $\varepsilon_n$ \hspace*{3.2ex} & \hspace*{27ex} $\Delta_{nn}$ \hspace*{27ex} \\
\end{tabular}
\vskip 0 mm

\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline  \hspace*{10ex} & \hspace*{2ex} $E_0$ = 0 \hspace*{2ex} &
\hspace*{2ex} $E_0$ = 5 \hspace*{2ex}
& \hspace*{2ex} $E_0$ = 10 \hspace*{2ex} & \hspace*{2ex} $E_0$ = 15 \hspace*{2ex} \\

\hline
-48.26 & 1.516 & 1.362 & 1.339 & 1.284 \\
-36.55 & 1.461 & 1.282 & 1.245 & 1.210 \\
-18.60 & 1.198 & 1.034 & 0.982 & 0.972 \\
-1.325 & 0.421 & 0.342 & 0.324 & 0.309 \\
\hline
\hline
-43.51 & 1.522 & 1.339 & 1.309 & 1.266 \\
-28.04 & 1.353 & 1.174 & 1.119 & 1.102 \\
 -9.10 & 0.903 & 0.764 & 0.747 & 0.717 \\
\hline

\end{tabular}\label{tab_1}
\end{center}
\end{table}

The latter could be referred to both approximations used in the
version of the the two-step approach outlined in Sect.~2. These
are: neglecting of the pairing in the complementary space $S'$ and
using the LPA as well. Note that in the case of the Paris
potential 1\% accuracy was reached at $E_0=20\;$MeV \cite{Pankr}.

\begin{figure}[h]\vspace{-2mm}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=80mm,width=100mm]{Delt_Arg_E0.EPS}%
\vspace{0mm}
\end{center}
\caption{ The Fermi averaged gap $\Delta_{\mbox{\scriptsize F}}(X)$ for different $E_{0}$.}
\label{Del_E0}
\end{figure}

Let us turn now to the analysis of dependence of the gap function
on the cut-off momenta $K_{\rm max}$ in Eq.~(\ref{inf}). The
Fermi-averaged gap $\Delta_{\mbox{\scriptsize F}}(X)$ is displayed in the left panel of
Fig.~\ref{Del_km}  for different $K_{\rm max}$ in the case of the
Argonne $v_{18}$ potential. The value of $K_{\rm
max}=6.2\;$fm$^{-1}$ corresponds to the cut-off energy $E_{\rm
max}=800\;$MeV used in \cite{milan2}. We see that this value of
$K_{\rm max}$ guarantees only 10\% accuracy of the gap value and
only $K_{\rm max}=10\;$fm$^{-1}$ is sufficiently big to result in
1\% accuracy. Therefore it is possible that the gap found in
\cite{milan2} is underestimated at approximately 10\% due to not
sufficiently big value of $E_{\rm max}$. Note that another version
of the Argonne force, $v_{14}$, was used there but it is quite
close to that used by us. In the systematic calculations, the
values of   $E_0=15\;$MeV and $K_{\rm max}=10\;$fm$^{-1}$ will be
chosen.

For comparison, the analogous dependence is shown for the Paris
potential in the right panel of Fig.~\ref{Del_km} demonstrating
very slow convergence of the integral in Eq.~(\ref{inf}) in this
case. Indeed, now the huge value of $K_{\rm max}=160\;$fm$^{-1}$
is necessary to guarantee 1\% accuracy for the Paris potential.
Only the use of the separable version of the Paris force in
\cite{Pankr} made it possible to carry out calculations with
sufficient accuracy.

\begin{figure}[h!]\vspace{-2mm}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=70mm,width=140mm]{Delt_Par_Arg_km.EPS}%
\vspace{0mm}
\end{center}
\hskip 1.5 cm \caption{ The Fermi averaged gap $\Delta_{\mbox{\scriptsize F}}(X)$ for
different cut-off momenta $K_{\rm max}$ (in fm$^{-1}$) for the
Argonne $v_{18}$ potential (the left panel, $E_0=15$ MeV) and the
Paris potential (the right panel, $E_0=20$ MeV).} \label{Del_km}
\end{figure}

Fig.~\ref{EPI_Par_Arg} demonstrates that the EPI found from
Eq.~(\ref{inf}) depends only a little on the specific form of the
realistic $NN$-potential used provided the convergence of the
integral in the momentum space is reached. One can see that the
two curves for different potentials are nearly coincident. To show
a small difference we displayed the same curves at small and large
values of $x$ separately in a large scale. We see that the
difference is about 2\% in the asymptotic region where the EPI is
big and about 5\% where the EPI is small. However, even such a
small variation of the EPI is not negligible as far as any change
of the pairing force is significantly enhanced in the gap
equation. As the analysis of \cite{Pankr} has shown, in the system
under consideration a 1\% variation of the EPI results in
approximately 5\% variation of the gap. It is confirmed with
direct comparison of the gap functions for both the potentials
which is presented in Fig.~\ref{Del_fin}. The maximual difference
between values of $\Delta_{\mbox{\scriptsize F}}(X)$ for different potentials is of the
order of 10\%.

To analyze this difference quantitatively it is instructive to
compare the  matrix elements of the gap. They are presented in
Table 2 for the  diagonal matrix elements $\Delta_{nn}(k_{\perp}{=}0)$.
One can see that the difference under consideration is again of
the order of 10\%. The only exception is the state with very small
energy $\varepsilon_n{=}-1.3\;$MeV for which the matrix element of
$\Delta$ itself is essentially less than the typical values which
is of the order of 1 MeV. This peculiarity of states with small
energy is caused with a special form of their wave functions which
have very long ``tails'' outside the slab. Therefore the weight of
$y_n(x)^2$ in the integral of $\Delta_{nn}$ is rather small in the
region where the $\Delta(X)$ is large. The upper half of the table
contains the positive parity states. These are the matrix elements
which could be related to those in heavy nuclei over the
single-particle $s$-states. Indeed, the $k_{\perp}$ variable in a slab
is an analogue of the orbital angular momentum $l$ in a spherical
nucleus, $k_{\perp}={0}$ corresponding to $l={0}$. The average value of
$\Delta_{nn}(k_{\perp}{=}0)$ for the positive parity states is
$\bar{\Delta}{=}0.94\;$MeV for the Argonne force and
${=}1.04\;$MeV  for the Paris potential. It looks reasonable to
exclude the state with anomalously small energy for calculating
the average value of the gap. In this case, one finds
$\bar{\Delta}{=}1.16\;$MeV for the Argonne force and
${=}1.27\;$MeV for the Paris potential. These values should be
compared with the experimental values of the gap in the tin region
which are of the order of $\Delta_{\rm exp}\simeq 1.3\;$MeV. We
see that although the gap value for the Argonne force is a little
(10\%) less than that for the Paris force it is also rather close
to the experimental data, reserving only narrow room ($\simeq
10-20$\%) for contributions of the surface vibrations.

\begin{figure}[h!]\vspace{-2mm}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=70mm,width=140mm]{Vef_Par_Arg_e20.EPS}%
\vspace{0mm}
\end{center}
\hskip 1.5 cm
\begin{minipage}[c]{0.8\linewidth}
\caption{ The Fermi averaged EPI  ${\mathcal V}^{\mbox{\scriptsize F}}_{\mbox{\scriptsize eff}}(X)$ for the Argonne
$v_{18}$ potential (solid line) and the Paris potential (dashes),
 $E_0=20$ MeV) for both the cases.}
\end{minipage}
\label{EPI_Par_Arg}
\end{figure}

\begin{table}[t]
\caption{ Diagonal matrix elements
$\Delta_{nn}(k_{_{\perp}}{=}0)\;$(MeV) in the slab with the width
parameter $L{=}6\;$fm. $\varepsilon_n\;$(MeV) is the single particle
spectrum.}
\begin{center}

\begin{tabular}{|c|c|}
\hline  \hspace*{3.5ex}  $\varepsilon_n$ \hspace*{3.1ex} & \hspace*{27.2ex} $\Delta_{nn}$ \hspace*{27ex} \\
\end{tabular}
\vskip 0 mm

\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}
\hline \hspace*{10.3ex} &  \hspace*{4.5ex} Argonne v$_{18}$
potential \hspace*{4.5ex} & \hspace*{4.5ex} Paris potential \hspace*{4.5ex} \\

\hline
-48.26 & 1.284 & 1.396 \\
-36.55 & 1.210 & 1.326 \\
-18.60 & 0.972 & 1.077 \\
-1.325 & 0.309 & 0.357 \\
\hline
\hline
-43.51 &  1.266 & 1.385 \\
-28.04 &  1.119 & 1.227 \\
 -9.10 &  0.764 & 0.817 \\
\hline

\end{tabular}\label{tab_2}
\end{center}
\end{table}

\begin{figure}[h!]\vspace{-2mm}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=80mm,width=100mm]{Delt_final.EPS}%
\vspace{0mm}
\end{center}
\caption{ The Fermi averaged gap $\Delta_{\mbox{\scriptsize F}}(X)$ for the Argonne $v_{18}$
potential (solid line) and the Paris potential (dashes).}
\label{Del_fin}
\end{figure}

The quantity $\Delta_{\mbox{\scriptsize F}}(X)$ is a localized representation of the gap. To
examine the nonlocal properties of the gap, it is reasonable to
calculate the $X$-dependent rms radius
\begin{equation} r_{\Delta}(X) = \sqrt{\langle r^2_{\Delta}(X)\rangle}\,,\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation} \langle r^2_{\Delta}(X)\rangle = \dfrac{\int{\bf
r}^2\Delta(r,X)\;d^3{\bf r}}{\int\Delta(r,X)\;d^3{\bf r}} =
\left.\dfrac{-\dfrac{\partial^2}{\partial
k^2}\Delta(k,X)}{\Delta(k,X)}\right|_{k=0}.\end{equation}

It is displayed in Fig.~\ref{rsq_del}. We see that it is about 0.8
fm inside the slab and grows to $\simeq 1.2\;$fm outside, i.e. the
gap function is essentially non-local.

\begin{figure}[h!]\vspace{-2mm}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=80mm,width=100mm]{rsq_delta.EPS}%
\vspace{0mm}
\end{center}
\caption{ The rms radius of the gap $\Delta_{\mbox{\scriptsize F}}(X)$ for the Argonne
$v_{18}$ potential.} \label{rsq_del}
\end{figure}

\section{On the $\mu$-dependence of the gap}

In this section, we analyze dependence of the pairing gap on the
chemical potential $\mu$. This subject is of interest due to a
progress in physics of of nuclei laying far off the
$\beta$-stability valley reached in recent years.  In particular,
it concerns  nuclei in the vicinity of the nucleon drip line,
where the chemical potential $\mu$  of the neutron or the proton
subsystem vanishes. The importance of nucleon pairing for this
region is generally accepted.  In studies aimed at calculating the
nucleon drip line within the Hartree--Fock method \cite{Dob1,Dob2}
or the generalized EDF method \cite{Fay}, which employ a
phenomenological nucleon--nucleon interaction, much attention was
given to exploring special features of pairing at small values of
$\mu$. In this connection, the main interest was put to such
problems as the correct taking into account continuum states, as a
comparison of the exact solution of the Bogolyubov equations with
that found within the BCS approximation, and so on. However, the
possibility that the parameters of the EPI determining $\Delta$
change in the vicinity of the drip line has been ignored so far.
It is hardly possible to address this issue within a
phenomenological approach. This requires the use of the {\it ab
initio} methods which start from a free NN-interaction.

Such a study was carried out in \cite{mu} for the Paris potential.
Dependence of $\Delta$ on $\mu$ turned out to be model dependent
provided  the mean field $U(x)$ is not found self-consistently.
The matter is that, as it was shown in \cite{BLSZ1,ST}, the
potential well $U(x)$ could change in vicinity of the drip point
significantly due to dependence of the scalar Landau--Migdal
amplitudes \cite{AB} on $\mu$. As far as this problem is not
solved up to now, two models were examined in \cite{mu}. In the
first one (Model 1), the depth of the potential well
$U_0{=}{-}50\;$MeV is fixed, the central density increasing with
decrease of $|\mu|$. In the second model (Model 2), the central
density is considered to be a constant, the value of $|U_0|$
decreasing with decrease of $|\mu|$.  It turned out that, with
decrease of $|\mu|$, the gap value decreases in the first model
and increases in the second one. In addition, the $\mu$ dependence
of the so-called gap-shape function was examined in \cite{mu}.
This quantity is defined as the ratio \begin{equation}\chi_{\mbox{\scriptsize
F}}(X)=\frac {\Delta_{\mbox{\scriptsize F}}(X)} {\Delta_{\mbox{\scriptsize F}}(0)}. \label{xi}\end{equation} It determines
directly the effect of the surface enhancement of the gap
\cite{BLSZ2,6auth}. It turned out that this effect grows with
decrease of $|\mu|$ within both the models.

Now we carry out analogous calculations for the Argonne force
v$_{18}$. Dependence of the gap on the chemical potential for both
the models is displayed in Fig.~\ref{Del_mu}. In general, it
repeats the behavior of the gap in the case of the Paris potential
\cite{mu}. The main origin of the effect is the $\mu$-dependence
of the EPI which is shown in Fig.~\ref{Vef_mu}. In the first
model, with decrease of $|\mu|$, the EPI becomes a little stronger
in the asymptotic region and weaker inside the slab. The first
effect originates from closeness to the pole in the free
$NN$-scattering amplitude, the second one, due to growing of the
local value of the Fermi momentum. It turned out that, with
diminishing of $|\mu|$, the second reason dominates and $\Delta$
falls, and only at very small $|\mu|$ the surface enhancement of
the EPI overcomes. In the second model, the EPI inside the slab
doesn't practically depend on $\mu$, and only the surface effect
remains. Therefore in this case the gap value is growing with
$|\mu|$ decreasing, but the effect is rather small.

\begin{figure}[t!]\vspace{-2mm}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=70mm,width=140mm]{Delt_Arg_mu.EPS}%
\vspace{0mm}
\end{center}
\caption{ The Fermi averaged gap $\Delta_{\mbox{\scriptsize F}}(X)$ for different values of
the chemical potential $\mu$.} \label{Del_mu}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[t!]\vspace{-2mm}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.85,keepaspectratio=true]{Vef_Arg_mu.EPS}%
\vspace{0mm}
\end{center}
\vspace{-5mm} \caption{ The Fermi averaged EPI ${\mathcal V}^{\mbox{\scriptsize F}}_{\mbox{\scriptsize eff}}(X)$ for
different values of the chemical potential $\mu$.} \label{Vef_mu}
\end{figure}

In the first model, the $\mu$-dependence effect is much more
pronounced for the gap-shape function, see Fig.~\ref{Xi_mu}, left
panel. In this case, the surface enhancement of the gap becomes
stronger with decrease of $|\mu|$, the effect being monotonic. It
occurs because the nominator in (\ref{xi}) diminishes slower than
the denominator. In the second model, the denominator in
(\ref{xi}) almost doesn't depend on $\mu$, and qualitatively the
$\mu$-dependence of gap-shape function repeats that of the gap
itself.

\begin{figure}[t!]\vspace{-2mm}
\includegraphics[height=60mm,width=135mm]{Xi_Arg_mu.EPS}%
\vspace{0mm}
\caption{ The gap shape function $\chi(X)$ for different values of
the chemical potential $\mu$.} \label{Xi_mu}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusions}

We solved the microscopic gap equation for $^1S_0$ pairing in a
nuclear slab for the Argonne v$_{18}$ $NN$-potential. The slab is
embedded into the Saxon-Woods potential well $U(x)$ with
parameters typical for heavy nuclei. The width parameter $L=6\;$fm
was chosen to mimic nuclei of the tin region examined in
\cite{milan2}. The features of the gap function obtained are very
close to those found previously for the separable form of the
Paris potential \cite{Pankr}, but the absolute value of $\Delta$
turned out to be 10\% less. This difference should be attributed
to essentially different form of the free $NN$-potentials used
which is the main input of the microscopic gap equation.
Evidently, it may be considered as the upper estimate of the
uncertainty originating from the specific choice of the
$NN$-potential. Indeed, the two potentials are very contrast to
each other, the Argonne force being rather soft and the Paris one,
very hard. The diagonal matrix elements of $\Delta$ obtained are
about 1.1 MeV which could be compared with the experimental value
of $\Delta\simeq 1.3\;$MeV in tin isotopes with $A\simeq 120$. On
the other hand, the gap value obtained is significantly bigger
than $\Delta\simeq 0.7\;$MeV found in \cite{milan2} where the lack
of the gap was attributed to the contribution of the surface
vibrations. Omitting the discussion of possible uncertainties in
calculating these corrections (see, e.g., \cite{Rep}), we mention
only that  the contribution of about 20\% was obtained in
\cite{Kam} for the process under consideration. This estimate
agrees with our calculations.

We think that different values of the effective nucleon mass $m^*$
used is the main reason of the contradiction  under discussion. In
\cite{milan2} the coordinate dependent effective mass $m^*(r)$ was
used from the Sly4 force \cite{Sly4} which is essentially less
than the bare nucleon mass, $m^*=m$, used by us. The latter is
chosen in accordance with prescriptions of \cite{KhS} and
\cite{Fay} which are based, in particular, on the analysis of the
single-particle spectra of magic nuclei. Indeed, it is well known
that the use of $m^* < m$ in any Skyrme-type forces results in the
single-particle spectra which are significantly decompressed.

We analyzed also the dependence of the gap on the chemical
potential $\mu$. The result turned out to be model dependent in
the approach with the potential well $U(x)$ considered as an input
of the calculation scheme. In the first model, the depth
$U_0{=}{-}50\;$MeV is fixed, the central density increasing with
decrease of $|\mu|$. In this case, the value of $\Delta$ decreases
with diminishing of $|\mu|$ and only at very vicinity of the drip
point it begins to grow. A different behavior was found of the
gap-shape function which characterizes the surface enhancement of
the gap. This quantity turned out to be monotonically increasing
with decrease of $|\mu|$. In the second model, the central density
is supposed to be  constant, the depth of $U(x)$ decreasing with
decrease of $|\mu|$.  In this case, the $\mu$-dependence effect is
less pronounced but the gap value and gap-shape function grow both
with decrease of $|\mu|$. Thus, a self-consistent calculation of
the potential well depending on $\mu$ is necessary to clarify the
properties of nuclear pairing in the drip line vicinity. In this
case, a $\mu$-dependence of the effective force should be taken
into account \cite{BLSZ1,ST} if one deals with the
phenomenological approach.

\section{Acknowlegements}

The authors are highly thankful to S.T.~Belyaev and
S.V.~Tolokonnikov for helpful discussions. This research was
partially supported by the Grant NSh-8756.2006.2 of the Russian
Ministry for Science and Education and by the RFBR grants
06-02-17171-a and 07-02-00553-a.

\newpage

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Білорусько-литовський літопис 1446 року (або Білоруський I Літопис) — перший звід білорусько-литовських літописів. Поміщений у Супрасальському, Никифорівському, Віленському, Слуцькому, Літописі Ольшевського та інших списках. Ядром зводу є «Літописець великих князів литовських».

Основні ідеї
Літописи — загальноруські за своїм характером. Метою було, як вказує В. О. Чемерицький, «створити історію Литви та Литовської Русі (Білорусі та України) в її спадковості з історії Русі Київської». Охоплює період від 1341 до 1430 років.

Написання літопису

Був складений у Смоленську невідомою духовною особою. Автор підкреслює спадкоємний зв'язок держав Рюриковичів та Гедиміновичів. Особливу увагу приділяє подіям у Полоцькій землі, наводиться історія княжни Рогніди.

Змістові особливості зводу
До літопису додано два інші твори: «Похвала великому князю Вітовту» та «Літописець великих князів литовських».«Похвала» складена між 1428 та 1430 роками. Автор часто вживає біблійні вислови й алегорії. Він наділяє Вітовта винятковим героїзмом, силою та хоробрістю. Могутність його порівнюється з нестримною течією ріки, а мудрість — з невичерпним морем. Головною ідеєю цього твору є ствердження політичної незалежності Литви від Польщі, правителя якої автор називає «Краківським королем».

«Літописець великих князів литовських» описує політичну історію Литви від смерті Гедиміна 1341 року до кінця XIV століття. «Літописець» написаний невідомим автором у Смоленську в 1420-х рр. Складається із двох частин. У першій описуються міжусобиці й обґрунтовується право Вітовта панувати у державі. Друга частина складається з коротких повідомлень про політичне життя Великого князівства Литовського у останній чверті XIV століття.

Особливості літопису
 Передача у вигляді оповідань, нерідко — зв'язна оповідь,
 Світський характер, майже відсутні релігійні мотиви та фразеологія,
 Велика кількість вставних епізодів, легенд та переказів.

Див. також
 Білорусько-литовські літописи
Повість про Поділля

Джерела
 Білорусько-литовські літописи на «Ізборник»
 Примітки до книги М. Костомарова
 Середньовічне літописання на сайті Архієпископа Полтавського та Харківського

Старобілоруська література
Литовська Білорусь
Білорусько-литовські літописи

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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"Electrical Actuation of Dielectric Droplets" by Niru Kumari, Vaibhav Bahadur et al.
Electrical actuation of liquid droplets at the microscale offers promising applications in the fields of microfluidics and lab-on-a-chip devices. Much prior research has targeted the electrical actuation of electrically conducting liquid droplets; however, the actuation of dielectric droplets has remained relatively unexplored, despite the advantages associated with the use of a dielectric droplet. This paper presents modeling and experimental results on the electrical actuation of dielectric droplets between two flat plates. A first-order analytical model, based on the energy-minimization principle, is developed to estimate the electrical actuation force on a dielectric droplet as it moves between two flat plates. Two versions of this analytical model are benchmarked for their suitability and accuracy against a detailed numerical model. The actuation force prediction is then combined with available semi-analytical expressions for predicting the forces opposing droplet motion to develop a model that predicts transient droplet motion under electrical actuation. Electrical actuation of dielectric droplets is experimentally demonstrated by moving transformer oil droplets between two flat plates under the influence of an actuation voltage. Droplet velocities and their dependence on the plate spacing and the applied voltage are experimentally measured and showed reasonable agreement with predictions from the models developed.
N. Kumari, V. Bahadur, and S. V. Garimella, "Electrical Actuation of Dielectric Droplets," Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering Vol. 18, 085018, 2008.


text:
using System;
using QTFK.Models;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using QTFK.Extensions.Types;

namespace QTFK.Services.DBIO
{
    public abstract class AbstractQueryFactory : IQueryFactory
    {
        protected readonly List<Type> filterTypes;
        protected readonly string queryFilterInterfaceTypeFullName;
        protected readonly IParameterBuilderFactory parameterBuilderFactory;

        public AbstractQueryFactory(IEnumerable<Type> filterTypes, IParameterBuilderFactory parameterBuilderFactory)
        {
            this.queryFilterInterfaceTypeFullName = typeof(IQueryFilter).FullName;
            this.parameterBuilderFactory = parameterBuilderFactory;
            this.filterTypes = filterTypes.ToList();

            foreach (Type t in this.filterTypes)
            {
                Asserts.isNotNull(t);
                Asserts.isFalse(t.IsInterface);
                Asserts.isNotNull(t.GetInterface(this.queryFilterInterfaceTypeFullName));
            }
            Asserts.isNotNull(parameterBuilderFactory);
        }

        public string Prefix { get; set; }

        protected abstract IDBQueryDelete prv_newDelete();
        protected abstract IDBQueryInsert prv_newInsert();
        protected abstract IDBQuerySelect prv_newSelect();
        protected abstract IDBQueryUpdate prv_newUpdate();

        public IDBQueryDelete newDelete()
        {
            return prv_newQuery(this.Prefix, prv_newDelete);
        }

        public IDBQueryInsert newInsert()
        {
            return prv_newQuery(this.Prefix, prv_newInsert);
        }

        public IDBQuerySelect newSelect()
        {
            return prv_newQuery(this.Prefix, prv_newSelect);
        }

        public IDBQueryUpdate newUpdate()
        {
            return prv_newQuery(this.Prefix, prv_newUpdate);
        }

        public IQueryFilter buildFilter(Type interfaceType)
        {
            Type[] filterTypes;
            Type filterType;
            IQueryFilter instance;
            //ConstructorInfo[] ctors;
            //ConstructorInfo paramBuilderCtor;

            Asserts.isTrue(interfaceType.IsInterface);
            Asserts.isNotNull(interfaceType.GetInterface(this.queryFilterInterfaceTypeFullName));

            filterTypes = this.filterTypes
                .Where(concreteFiltertype => concreteFiltertype.implementsInterface(interfaceType))
                .ToArray()
                ;

            Asserts.isTrue(filterTypes.Length == 1);

            filterType = filterTypes[0];
            //ctors = filterType.GetConstructors();
            //paramBuilderCtor = ctors
            //    .FirstOrDefault(c =>
            //    {
            //        ParameterInfo[] args;

            //        args = c.GetParameters();

            //        return args.Length == 1
            //            && args[0].ParameterType == typeof(IParameterBuilderFactory);
            //    });

            //if (paramBuilderCtor != null)
            //    instance = (IQueryFilter)paramBuilderCtor.Invoke(new object[] { this.parameterBuilderFactory });
            //else
                instance = (IQueryFilter)Activator.CreateInstance(filterType);

            return instance;
        }

        private static T prv_newQuery<T>(string prefix, Func<T> builder) where T: IDBQuery
        {
            T query;

            query = builder();

            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(prefix))
                query.Prefix = prefix;

            return query;
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


"I wonder if your grip would go first or if your arm would dislocate". I was standing with my hoodie and jacket hanging off my right shoulder. The inside of my left elbow joint was locked around a vertical yellow bar.
To my mouth was a pint of semi-skimmed, my head tilted back as I glugged it with gusto. In my left hand was a half-eaten chcolate-coated cereal bar.
The position I was in had me wondering what would happen if the bus crashed, not so much to me but to your average person who was holding a handrail. I guessed that either one or both could happen.
I sometimes removed my outer layers partially by wearing them over my shoulder to cool down, as I often overheated when I walked anywhere. The milk helped as well. I was on the 185 to see Sarah, the career coach. It'd been about two months since I'd met her in person.
I was worried she'd be upset and angry with me. Two weeks had passed since our call and instead of focussing on the actions we'd agreed, I'd seen a job spec I liked and become sidetracked, seeking out any similar roles and the agencies that carried them. I'd been wrapped up in that and when she asked me about the coaching homework, I'd have little to report.
Bounding off the bus in Clapham, I made a beeline for the McDonald's next to the tube station. It was almost like a rule with me, if I passed a McD's at breakfast time, I made the most of it. A delicious bonus for having an unusual morning.
Satisfactorily stuffed with cereal, milk and Mcmuffin, I put my hoodie and coat on properly, entered Starbucks and took a seat. In a few minutes, waiting for the coach to arrive, to update her and find out her reaction.
Pretty sure she won't be miffed. You've been doing really positive potentially life changing (in a good way) stuff.
Coaching offers support, but I think you've been going the extra mile by deviating and focusing on real change and have already succeeded with the house move.
Yes the house move was quite a stark deviation so it's good that Sarah was able to offer help with that too and then keep track of where things were, for when I was ready to focus on work again.


text:
ISPUB.com / IJA/11/1/5444
The Internet Journal of Anesthesiology
Comparative Evaluation Of Intramuscular Ketoprofen And Diclofenac Sodium For Post-Operative Pain Relief
H Prabhakar, S Shrirao, V Shelgaonkar, A Ghosh
diclofenac sodium, intramuscular route, ketoprofen, post-operative pain
H Prabhakar, S Shrirao, V Shelgaonkar, A Ghosh. Comparative Evaluation Of Intramuscular Ketoprofen And Diclofenac Sodium For Post-Operative Pain Relief. The Internet Journal of Anesthesiology. 2005 Volume 11 Number 1.
Objectives: The treatment of pain after surgery is central to the care of postoperative patients. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are devoid of side effects of opioids like respiratory depression, vomiting, cardiac depression etc. Ketoprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, being in use since 1974, is not a much-studied drug. We decided to compare Ketoprofen and Diclofenac sodium for postoperative pain relief. We used the intramuscular route of administration for both the drugs, as postoperatively, this route is easier, safer and practically simple.
Methods: 100 patients of ASA-I undergoing cesarean section under subarachnoid block were enrolled for the study. The patients were randomly divided into 2 groups of 50 patients each to receive either ketoprofen 100-mg or diclofenac sodium 75-mg intramuscularly at the onset of bearable pain after surgery. The analgesic was assessed at regular intervals using visual analogue scale. The onset of action and total duration of action for the study drugs was calculated. Summing up the weightage points of pain score, onset of action and duration of action assessed the overall efficacy.
Results: The change in the mean pulse rate was statistically significant in both groups. The change in the mean respiratory rate in both the groups before and after administration of study drugs was significantly reduced. The mean duration of action of ketoprofen was found to be significantly longer than diclofenac.
Discussion: In all patients of the study groups the result ranged from Good to Excellent showing their comparable efficacy. Ketoprofen may be a better alternative to the more commonly used drug diclofenac for postoperative pain relief.
Pain is a protective mechanism designed to alert the body to potentially injurious stimuli. The treatment of pain after surgery is central to the care of postoperative patients; failure to relieve pain is morally and ethically unacceptable. Familiarity with the pharmacology of analgesic drugs makes an anesthesiologist a logical choice to provide pain relief in the immediate post-operative period. Various methods of treating postoperative pain are available with opioids and non-opioid analgesics. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are devoid of side effects of opioids like respiratory depression, vomiting, cardiac depression etc. Although various NSAIDs have been tried for pain relief, Diclofenac sodium has become widely popular and acceptable for the relief of pain. Ketoprofen, another non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, being in use since 1974, is not a much-studied drug.
We decided to study the two drugs, namely Ketoprofen and Diclofenac sodium for postoperative pain relief. We decided to use the intramuscular route of administration for both the drugs, as postoperatively, this route is easier, safer and practically simple.
This prospective, double blind, randomized study was carried out after taking clearance from the local ethics committee and an informed consent from the patient. A total of 100 patients of ASA-I/II undergoing cesarean section under subarachnoid block were enrolled for the study. Patients with a history of allergy to NSAIDs, peptic ulcer disease, renal disease and coagulopathies were excluded from the study. No pre-operative or intra-operative sedation was given. Preoperative pulse rate, systolic blood pressure and respiratory rate were noted. All patients were pre-loaded with 500 ml Ringer lactate solution prior to the subarachnoid block. Lumbar puncture was performed aseptically in lateral position with 22-G lumbar puncture needle and hyperbaric lignocaine 5 percent was injected in the dose of 1.2 cc. In all patients spinal anesthesia was successful and surgery could be undertaken in all of them without encountering any major side effects or complications. The patients were randomly divided into 2 groups of 50 patients each to receive either ketoprofen 100-mg or diclofenac sodium 75-mg intramuscularly at the onset of bearable pain after surgery. The pulse rate, systolic blood pressure and respiratory rate were recorded immediately before the injection. The visual analogue scale (VAS), which was explained to the patient in the pre-operative visit, was used to assess the pain.
After the administration of the drugs, the analgesic effect was assessed at 0 hour, 15 min, 30 min, 60 min, 120 min, and then every hour till 6 hours by a blinded observer. At the same intervals the patients' blood pressure, pulse rate and respiratory rate were also recorded. The rescue analgesic was intramuscular pentazocine 15 mg, which was administered whenever the pain score on VAS was equal to or more than 5. The onset of action and total duration of action for the study drugs was calculated. The duration of action was taken as the time interval between the onset of action and first recurrence of pain or demand for analgesic. Summing up the weightage points of pain score, onset of action and duration of action assessed the overall efficacy. The weightage points were given as follows:
Applying Student's 't' test compared the mean values and the overall efficacy of the analgesics was thus evaluated on comparative basis. The value of p< 0.05 was considered significant.
Before giving the analgesic drug postoperatively, vital signs were recorded so that any fluctuations in the clinical parameters after giving the drug could be analyzed. As the patients were in their reproductive age group, their ages were comparable. The mean pulse rate in Group I was 87.32±8.3 beats per minute just before injection of drug and 85.67±8.1 beats per minute upto 2 hours after injection of drug. The change was statistically significant. Similar result was found in Group II also. The mean systolic blood pressure in both groups before and after the administration of study drugs was statistically insignificant. However the change in the mean respiratory rate in both the groups before and after administration of study drugs was significantly reduced. [Table 1] The time of onset of action of drugs in both the groups was comparable. However the mean duration of action of ketoprofen was found to be significantly longer than diclofenac. [Table 2] In all patients of the study groups the result ranged from Good to Excellent showing their comparable efficacy. It was observed that 14% of patients in ketoprofen group and 22% patients in diclofenac group showed minor side effects like nausea, vomiting and headache. Three patients in diclofenac group experienced local tenderness. [Table 3]
Table 1: Mean values of heart rate, systolic blood pressure and respiratory rate before and after injection of study drugs.
Table 2:Mean time of Onset of action and Duration of action of study drugs in both groups
Table 3: Frequency of side effects encountered by the patients in the two groups
This prospective, randomized, double blind clinical trial included a total of hundred patients of ASA-I physical status undergoing subarachnoid block for elective cesarean section. There have been very few comparative studies of ketoprofen after administration via intramuscular route [1,2]. Ketoprofen is a propionic acid derivative and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Besides inhibiting enzyme cyclo-oxygenase, the analgesic effect of ketoprofen also has a central component inhibiting the spinal cord nociceptor reflex activity and reducing the central sensitization in the cord. This centrally mediated effect is also believed to reduce the opioid induced respiratory depression [3]. Ketoprofen is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, periarticular disease such as tendinitis and bursitis. It is also used in the management of mild to moderate pain such as primary dysmenorrhea. Ketoprofen has been used extensively in the management of all tissue disease and postoperative pain. Still, the drug has failed to gain wider acceptance and popularity. Our search in English literature revealed no study showing the effects of ketoprofen in post-cesarean patients. Ours is probably the first study of its type comparing ketoprofen and diclofenac sodium administered via intramuscular route for post operative pain relief in cesarean section patients.
Hanna MH et al [1], reported good analgesic efficacy of intramuscular ketoprofen in terms of opioid-sparing and pain control after major orthopedic surgery. In a study by Rorarius et al [4], the effects of a constant infusion of diclofenac and ketoprofen for pain treatment after elective cesarean section, was found to result in significant less consumption of the rescue analgesic oxycodone, as compared to the placebo group. Commandre et al [5] studied the use of intramuscular piroxicam as a single daily dose in comparison with ketoprofen and diclofenac. His study group included patients with acute sprain of ankle or knee or those with acute tendinitis. In their study to evaluate intramuscular ketoprofen as analgesic in mild to moderate pain in children undergoing squint surgery, Alam et al [6] found ketoprofen better than pethidine in providing postoperative pain control. Using intravenous route of administration, Elhakim et al [7] found significantly less pain post-operatively in their patients receiving ketoprofen than pethidine.
In our study, there was a significant reduction in the mean pulse rate after administration of study drugs in both the groups. Though the reduction in the mean systolic blood pressures before and after administration of the study drugs was not significant. These findings of our study are in accordance with studies by Elhakim et al [7], Kostamovaara et al [8] and Rorarius et al [4]. We also found a statistically significant reduction in the respiratory rates after administration of the study drugs. Though there was a fall in the respiratory rate, it was not corresponding to patients in whom there was a decrease in pulse rate. Bradycardia or peripheral cyanosis was not seen in any of the patients. It is likely that the patients were comfortable and having adequate analgesia. The mean onset of time in both the groups was comparable and showed no statistical significance.
We are not aware of any previous study indicating the onset of action of the two study drugs in comparison with one another given through intramuscular route. In our study, the mean duration of action in ketoprofen group was 7.72±3.04 hours and 6.68±1.24 hours in the diclofenac group. The difference was statistically significant. Ketoprofen produced analgesia for a longer duration as compared to diclofenac. The over-all efficacy of ketoprofen was found to be significantly more than diclofenac. In the present study it was found that 14% of patients in ketoprofen group and 22% patients in diclofenac group experienced minor side effects like, nausea, vomiting, and headache. Three patients in diclofenac group reported local tenderness. No side effect requiring active management was noted.
To summarize, our study compared only a single dose of the two drugs in question, to know the efficacy and duration of action during the early post-operative period. Our study clearly indicates the overall good tolerability of the drugs ketoprofen and diclofenac. Both drugs exhibited a fairly rapid onset of action with the mean duration of action being significantly more in ketoprofen group as compared to the diclofenac group, although both provided good to excellent analgesia. There were minimal side effects with both the drugs.
We conclude that ketoprofen may be a better alternative to the more commonly used drug diclofenac for postoperative pain relief and the former can be considered marginally superior.
Address For Correspondence
Dr.Hemanshu Prabhakar Department of Neuroanaesthesiology 7th Floor, CN Center All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi- 110029 Telephone: 9868398205(mob) Fax: 91-11-26862663 E-mail: prabhakarhemanshu@rediffmail.com
1.	Hanna MH, Elliott KM, Stuart-Taylor ME et al. Comparative study of analgesic efficacy and morphine-sparing effect of intramuscular dexketoprofen trometamol with ketoprofen or placebo after major orthopaedic surgery. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003; 55 (2): 126-133
2.	Vathana P, Pakpianpairoj C, Prasartritha T. Comparison of ketoprofen and morphine for post-operative analgesia in orthopedic patients. J Med Assoc Thai 1998; 81(4): 283-287
3.	Willer JC, De Broucker T, Bussei B et al. Central analgesic effects of ketoprofen in humans: electrophysiological evidence for a supraspinal mechanism in a double blind and crossover study. Pain 1989; 38: 1-7
4.	Rorarius MGE, Suominen P, Baer GA et al. Diclofenac and ketoprofen for pain treatment after elective caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 1993; 70: 293-297
5.	Commandre F. Treating sports related sprains and tendonitis: intramuscular piroxicam versus diclofenac and ketoprofen. J Int Post Grad Med 1988; 2:15-19
6.	Alam K, Tarouri MS. Analgesic effects of intramuscular ketoprofen and pethidine for squint surgery in children. Middle East J Anesthesiol 1999; 15(1): 31-38
7.	Elhakim M. A comparison of intravenous ketoprofen with pethidine for postoperative pain relief following nasal surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1991; 35: 279-282
8.	Kostamovaara PA, Hendolin H, Kokki H et al. Ketorolac, diclofenac and ketoprofen are equally efficacious for pain relief after total hip replacement surgery. Br J Anaesth 1998; 81: 369-372
Hemanshu Prabhakar, M.D.
Assistant Professor, Department of Neuroanesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences
Subhash A. Shrirao, M.D.
Honorary Professor, Department of Anesthesiology, Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital
Vaishali C. Shelgaonkar, M.D.
Associate Professor, Department of Anesthesiology, Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital
Alok A. Ghosh, M.D.
Ex-Professor and Head, Department of Anesthesiology, Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital


A leading RoRo company in Southampton is looking to recruit a bright, enthusiastic & keen individual who has had some exposure within freight & shipping. This is the perfect opportunity for someone who wishes to learn about all aspects of moving cargo worldwide and to develop their career long-term.
You will be responsible for raising job files, updating clients on the progress of their shipments, taking delivery & collection instructions and arranging haulage. You will also be responsible for ensuring all shipping documents are in place, in order and compliant.
You will have the opportunity to learn various aspects of the freight business and international trade, allowing you to progress you career.
As well as Shipping Documentation Coordinator jobs we also have Transport & Logistics Vacancies. Including jobs in the UK and Europe.


Broken Trans mount, need aftermarket one.
Question: Great cam for street but not to little for strip?
Question: headers 1 3/4 x3 or 1 7/8x3???
Help: Smoking on start up!!!
Strip or Paint over the Undercoating? HELP.
Are these numbers really low??????
will ram air airbox fit in non ram air car ?
Question: complete ls1 swap blogs and sites?


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Nathan MacKinnon Signs 7-Year Contract Extension
By Dustin L. Nelson July 8th, 2016
Restricted free agent Nathan MacKinnon has come to terms with the Colorado Avalanche on a seven-year contract extension. The team didn't disclose details, but Elliotte Friedman reports that the deal carries an AAV of $6.3 million.
That deal will make MacKinnon, the first overall draft pick in 2013, the highest paid player on the team at age 20. He surpasses 25-year-old Matt Duchene, whose current AAV sits at $6 million.
Last season MacKinnon 21 goals and 52 points, a touch shy of the numbers he posted in an impressive rookie season where he won the Calder Trophy. That season he put up 24 goals and 63 points.
In the last two seasons, though he didn't manage to match the offensive production of year one, he's posted very good possession numbers. In particular, the team's shot attempts for per 60 minutes of even-strength play (CF60) while MacKinnon is on the ice are outstanding. The team averaged more than 11.5 shot attempts per hour more when MacKinnon was on the ice than when he wasn't. That's staggering and if he continues to grow as a player, the $6.3 million he's making could look very good as he hits his early mid-20s.
TFW @Mackinnon9 signs a new long-term contract…
MORE: https://t.co/fD0SDyjN0Q pic.twitter.com/usKsl4XmvE
— Colorado Avalanche (@Avalanche) July 8, 2016
The Avalanche are projected to have a shade under $7.8 million in cap space remaining and still have Tyson Barrie and Mikhail Grigorenko as RFAs that need new deals. It could make the cap situation a little tight if they give Barrie a long-term extension.
Nathan MacKinnon


Today marks the renewal of the Red River rivalry between the Oklahoma Sooners and the Texas Longhorns. I have written about Texas this season here and here. So here is a quick analysis of the two teams through last week using the Complex Invasion College Football Production Model.
Oklahoma (5-0) is currently ranked using the Complex Invasion College Football Production Model as the #16 ranked most productive team in the football bowl subdivision with the #31 ranked most productive offense and the #15 ranked most productive defense. The Sooners are (1-0) against teams currently that are above average in terms of production (TCU). OU has played an average strength of schedule or SOS (SOS = 85.80 which is within one standard deviation of the "league" average SOS).
Texas (3-2) is currently ranked using the Complex Invasion College Football Production Model as the #41 ranked most productive team overall with the #25 ranked most productive offense and the #66 ranked most productive defense. The Longhorns are (2-0) against above average teams using the production model (Kansas St. and Iowa St.) and has played an average SOS of 77.00.


Located amongst the stunning architecture and historical prestige of Russia's capital of culture, our hotel is in the heart of the historic centre between the Neva and Fontanka rivers, the Summer Garden and Tavricheskiy Garden, just few steps from Liteiny bridge – an ideal spot for guests wanting to explore the city. The main street of Nevskiy Prospect is just ten minutes away.
Found its home in the original 7-storey Neo-Classical mansion decorated with unique caryatides and atlantes the hotel is considered to be one of the pearls in the historic mansion necklace of the street named Sergiyevskaya Street. Later this street was renamed after the world famous Russian composer Pyotr Tchaikovsky who lived here in 1850's in the building 41.
Every neighborhood has a story. And the hotel neighborhood story goes back to the times before the foundation of Saint-Petersburg by Peter the First. Ancient maps reveal that even before the city was founded, there was a crossing on the rout from Russia to Sweden approximately at the location of the modern Liteiny bridge.
The name of the bridge literally means 'foundry'. It is named after one of the oldest prospects in the city, Liteiny Prospect (the Foundry prospect). This in turn was named after big foundry courtyard established by Peter the First in 1711 to cast guns and cannons for Russian army. Later in 1808 close to the foundry courtyard the New Arsenal building was constructed. From the windows of the hotel looking out on the street you can still see the main façade of this historic edifice.
Another interesting building that can be seen from the top floor of the hotel is a building known as the "big house». It replaced the Sergievskay Church destroyed in 1930's during the Soviet period. It was occupied by Committee for State Security (KGB). Nowadays the "big house" is the headquarter of the Russian Federal Security Service. Ironically this building is not far from the gorgeous 19th century Neo-Moresque mansion, a home of the world-known poet Joseph Brodsky who was forced by KGB and Soviet Government to leave the country.
Not much is left in Saint-Petersburg from the era of Peter the First, but as one of our neighbours we are proud to have the Summer Garden, a location where you can still feel the atmosphere of Peter's time. The park was personally designed by Czar Peter in 1704 with the assistance of the Dutch gardener and physician Nicolaas Bidloo. The Summer Garden was largely completed in 1719. The walks were lined with a hundred allegorical marble sculptures, executed by Venetian sculptors. The garden with a collection of sculptures and the Summer Palace (the first Emperor's residence) constitute a single museum complex. In the late 20th century, the 90 surviving statues were moved indoors, while modern replicas took their place in the park. The Summer Palace is the witness of the whole Peter's life. This building is a little changed since it's construction.
Harking back to the time of the Czars and referencing the masterpieces composed by Tchaikovsky the hotel interiors have a distinctly neighbourhood flavor, energy and charm.
The hotel guestrooms interiors were inspired by stories of the foundry, Summer Garden, the neighboring river embankment and the music of Tchaikovsky. Well-appointed, cozy guestrooms feature floor-to-ceiling murals with abstract images of metal pouring into moulds or silhouettes of the statuary, trees the embankment ornate railings. A design theme of the hotel suites is scenery from the operas and ballets by Tchaikovsky, and the guest corridor ceilings feature images of dancing ballerinas which remind us about the powerful music and flowing melodies created by this composer. To reinforce the local atmosphere and experience the public spaces of the hotel derive their architectural character from the palaces and mansion that line the city's streets and embankments.
It was finished in 1914.
Architects – Vinogradov P.A., Yastrzemsky V.S.


Vivo Grow Hair Growth >>> Vivo Grow Hair Growth Numerous individuals experience the ill effects of the issue of balding in their regular day to day existence because of different issues like the outside components or the eating regimen they take after. One of every two men or one out of three ladies all around the globe faces the issue of male pattern baldness. It influences the confidence of numerous individuals and the way they introduce themselves to the world.


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BOJ is steady in its response to the crisis Central banks pushed most equities higher - Tuesday Review, June 16
Pagina principală / Știri Financiare / The Dollar could be on a downward trend
The Dollar could be on a downward trend
The most valuable currency in the world could lose its place.
The recent events have impacted not only people and businesses but, by extension, the currencies. Since the pandemic started until now, the world's most valuable currency, the US Dollar, kept its steady position over the past few months.
But in the long run, things don't look too rosy. According to Stephen Roach, the Dollar is on its way down. The fall would be dramatic – up to 35% against other major currencies. Global changes and the U.S. debt reaching World War II levels seem to be the main culprits.
The Dollar Index gained more than 1% in the last couple of weeks, but experts believe it will fall as the national savings rate will continue to drop. The drop could happen in the next two years, probably more. If the inflation rate gets higher due to the high cost of imported goods, the interest rates could be affected negatively. Moreover, if the price of imported goods rises, that could lead to an increase in oil prices.
The analysts were looking at a 1970s kind of stagflation when the economic growth stopped, but prices kept on rising.
The predictions are grim for the Dollar, and a future power change in November might not help things for the better.
Even today, the Dollar fell against the EUR by 2.1%. USD/CNY remained steady at 107.35. GBP/USD gained 0.2%.
Sources: cnbc.com, the balance.com, reuters.com
DollarIndex


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