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Hydrogen production wiki
Hydrogen is often produced using natural gas, which involves the removal of hydrogen from hydrocarbons at very high temperatures, with 48% of hydrogen production coming from steam reforming. [107] [108] Commercial bulk hydrogen is usually produced by the steam reforming of natural gas [109] with release of atmospheric greenhouse gas or with capture using CCS and climate change mitigation Mit Wasserstoffherstellung wird die Bereitstellung von molekularem Wasserstoff bezeichnet. Als Rohstoffe können Erdgas, andere Kohlenwasserstoffe, Biomasse, Wasser und andere wasserstoffhaltige Verbindungen eingesetzt werden. Als Energiequelle dient chemische Energie oder von außen zugeführte elektrische, thermische oder solare Energie This page explores various methods of hydrogen production 39.4 kWh of electricity and 8.9 liters (l) of water at normal conditions (25 C and 1 atm) to make 1 kg of hydrogen Electrolyzers (alkaline and PEM) are 50-80% efficien
This is a Gallery page from the category Hydrogen production, more...... An electrolyser used in the production of hydrogen. After production the hydrogen is used to inflate weather balloons to which a radiosonde is attached. The oxygen produced is vented to the outside The biological hydrogen production with algae is a method of photobiological water splitting which is done in a closed photobioreactor based on the production of hydrogen as a solar fuel by algae. Algae produce hydrogen under certain conditions Hydrogen, the simplest and most abundant element in the universe. It is used in the creation of multiple products or can be used directly as a fuel. It can be harvested directly from Gas Giants using Orbital Collectors, as well as a byproduct of many different recipies. It may be stored in Storage Tanks as it is considered a fluid
Presently, the entire worldwide hydrogen production is around 500 billion cubic meter (b m3) per year,. The produced hydrogen is mostly used in many industrial applications, such as fertilizers, petroleum refining processes, petrochemical, fuel cells, and chemical industries, Green hydrogen can be produced from biogas as a renewable resource using a multistep process, including mainly biogas reforming, water-gas-shift reaction, and hydrogen separation. This chapter is focused on different methane reforming processes: steam reforming, dry reforming, dual reforming, and tri-reforming
Hydrogen - Wikipedi
Hydrogen production is the family of industrial methods for generating hydrogen gas. As of 2020, the majority of hydrogen (∼95%) is produced from fossil fuels by steam reforming of natural gas, partial oxidation of methane, and coal gasification. Other methods of hydrogen production include biomass gasification and electrolysis of water Category:Hydrogen production. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Produzione di idrogeno (it); Production d'hydrogène (fr); Producció d'hidrogen (ca); Wasserstoffherstellung (de); Produção de hidrogénio (pt); تولید هیدروژن (fa); 製氫 (zh); Fabricarea hidrogenului (ro); 水素生産 (ja); Produção de. Hydrogen is an important utility for numerous applications in multiple industries. Users in a wide range of industries can benefit from operating a cost-effective Mahler AGS hydrogen plant and reduce their production costs significantly. Applications for Hydrogen Generation Plants Metallurgical and steel industr Hydrogen has 7 known isotopes, two of which are stable (1 H and 2 H), which are commonly referred to protium and deuterium. The isotope 3 H is known as tritium and has a half life of 12.33 years, and is produced in small amounts by cosmic rays. The remaining 4 isotopes have half lives on the scale of yoctoseconds
Wasserstoffherstellung - Wikipedi
This page is based on the copyrighted Wikipedia article Hydrogen_production ; it is used under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. You may redistribute it, verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the CC-BY-SA. Cookie-policy; To contact us: mail to admin@qwerty.wiki clean energy for. power. thirsty. industries. Our hydrogen electrolysis technology supplies high-performance, zero emission energy to help you reach your production and sustainability goals all at the same time. Versatile, scalable solutions and low operating and maintenance cost mean efficient and effective solutions Figure 6: Renewable hydrogen production pathways and current levels of maturity18 Figure 7: Hydrogen production and efficiency as a function of the total power consumption of a PEM production plant 21 Figure 8: Electricity price factors in Denmark, 2017-2015 .
The Hydrogen Economy and Peak Platinum - The three major mines that produce platinum are in South Africa, Siberia and the United States. If we go to more and more uses of platinum we're going to need more than they can produce, Professor Mavrogenes said Green hydrogen production. Hydrogen can also be produced by the electrolysis of water (using an electric current to break water, H 2 O, into its component elements of hydrogen and oxygen). If this electric current is produced by a renewable source (e.g. Solar PV or a wind turbine), the clean hydrogen produced is known as green hydrogen The overall challenge to hydrogen production is cost. For cost-competitive transportation, a key driver for energy independence, hydrogen must be comparable to conventional fuels and technologies on a per-mile basis. In order for fuel cell electric vehicles to be competitive, the total untaxed, delivered and dispensed, cost of hydrogen needs to be less than $4/gge. A gge, or gasoline gallon. Solar hydrogen (/fuels) production is found to constitute an in principle promising alternative and supplementary solution to currently employed renewables. Nevertheless, further development is required to increase solar-to-fuel efficiencies and to overcome long-term stability issues
The hydrogen produced from HEE can be used for: power generation - fuel cells, oxidation of hydrogen for steam for use in turbines; transportation fuel - in hydrogen powered vehicles, or mixed with existing fuels; feedstock for the chemicals industry - heavy oil upgrading, ammonia, methanol, fertilizer production; The high temperature waste heat from the Proton Process' production can. Die Wasserstoffspeicherung ist die umkehrbare Aufbewahrung von Wasserstoff, mit dem Ziel, dessen chemischen und physikalischen Eigenschaften für eine weitere Verwendung zu erhalten.Die Speicherung umfasst die Vorgänge der Einspeicherung oder Speicherbeladung, der zeitlich befristeten Lagerung und der Ausspeicherung oder Speicherentladung Viele übersetzte Beispielsätze mit hydrogen production - Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch und Suchmaschine für Millionen von Deutsch-Übersetzungen Das Kværner-Verfahren ist eine in den 1980er Jahren von dem gleichnamigen norwegischen Unternehmen Kværner ASA entwickelte Methode der Wasserstoffherstellung aus Kohlenwasserstoffen (C n H m) wie beispielsweise Methan, Erdgas, Biogas oder auch Schweröl.. Beschreibung des Verfahrens. Die Kohlenwasserstoffe werden in einem Plasmabrenner (vergleiche Plasma, Lichtbogen) bei etwa 1600 °C in. Hydrogen cyanide, sometimes called prussic acid, is a chemical compound with the chemical formula HCN. It is a colorless, extremely poisonous, and flammable liquid that boils slightly above room temperature, at 25.6 °C (78.1 °F). HCN is produced on an industrial scale and is a highly valuable precursor to many chemical compounds ranging from polymers to pharmaceuticals
Hydrogen Production - Open Source Ecolog
Waterstofproductie - Hydrogen production. Van Wikipedia, de gratis encyclopedie . Waterstofproductie is de familie van industriële methoden voor het genereren van waterstofgas . Vanaf 2020 wordt het merendeel van de waterstof (∼95%.
Hydrogen production by alkaline water electrolysis is well established technology up to the megawatt range for commercial level in worldwide and the phenomenon first introduced by Troostwijk and Diemann in 1789 , , , .Alkaline water electrolysis process initially at the cathode side two molecules of alkaline solution (KOH/NaOH) were reduced to one molecule of hydrogen (H 2) and two hydroxyl.
Schwefelwasserstoff (auch Wasserstoffsulfid, Dihydrogensulfid, nicht zu verwechseln mit dem Hydrogensulfid-Anion HS −) ist eine chemische Verbindung aus Schwefel und Wasserstoff mit der Formel H 2 S. Schwefelwasserstoff ist ein übelriechendes, farbloses, hochgiftiges Gas.Es ist korrosiv, brennbar, leicht entzündlich und geringfügig schwerer als Luft
eral fluorite: CaF 2 + H 2 SO 4 → 2 HF + CaSO 4. About 20% of manufactured HF is a byproduct of fertilizer production, which generates hexafluorosilicic acid. This acid can be degraded to release HF thermally and by hydrolysis: H 2 SiF 6 → 2 HF + SiF 4 SiF 4 + 2 H 2 O → 4 HF + SiO 2. Use. In general.
NREL's Hydrogen Secure Data Center (HSDC) plays a crucial role in the independent, third-party analysis of hydrogen fuel cell technologies. While the raw data are protected in the HSDC, the public may see aggregated results through this Open EI page. Results are in the form of composite data products (CDPs), which communicate relevant technical results without revealing proprietary data.
Today, this hydrogen is normally produced off-site and delivered to the factory. Producing green hydrogen on site using scalable GHS electrolyzer clusters is a viable alternative for many industrial sites, enabling them to improve their green profile and become more energy independent. What's more, green hydrogen produced via on-site electrolysis is often considerably less costly than.
Hydrogen production RAE-O962.jpg 800 × 575; 91 KB Hydrogen production via Electrolysis.png 1,416 × 612; 49 KB Hydrogen.from.Coal.gasification tampa.jpg 200 × 126; 8 K
Hydrogen production - Wikimedia Common
Talk:Hydrogen production. Language; Watch; Edit; Active discussions. WikiProject Energy (Rated C-class, High-importance) This article is within the scope of WikiProject Energy, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of Energy on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion and see a list of open tasks. C This article has.
Large-scale production of blue hydrogen makes it possible to reduce CO2 emissions for all hydrogen applications. Whether the hydrogen is used as a commodity or as fuel for industry, as an energy carrier for the production of electricity or for mobility. The role of hydrogen in the energy transition Hydrogen can therefore play an important role in the energy transition. A smart use of CCS.
g, water-gas-shift reaction, and hydrogen separation. This chapter is focused on different methane refor
Researchers from universities across Europe have discovered a way to greatly increase the efficiency of water electrolysis, potentially doubling the amount of hydrogen produced during the process
Hydrogen can be produced from a variety of domestic resources, such as natural gas, nuclear power, biomass, and renewable power like solar and wind. These qualities make it an attractive fuel option for transportation and electricity generation applications. It can be used in cars, in houses, for portable power, and in many more applications. Hydrogen is an energy carrier that can be used to.
g, and although this process can sustain an initial foray into the hydrogen economy, it represents only a modest reduction in vehicle emissions as compared to emissions from current hybrid.
Category:Hydrogen production | Sustainable Community Action | Fandom. Games Movies TV Video. Wikis. Explore Wikis; Community Central; Start a Wiki; Search This wiki This wiki All wikis | Sign In Don't have an account? Register Start a Wiki. Sustainable Community Action. 3,057 Pages. Add new page. Places.
Deuterium (or hydrogen-2, symbol 2 H or D, also known as heavy hydrogen) is one of two stable isotopes of hydrogen (the other being protium, or hydrogen-1).The nucleus of a deuterium atom, called a deuteron, contains one proton and one neutron, whereas the far more common protium has no neutrons in the nucleus.Deuterium has a natural abundance in Earth's oceans of about one atom in 6420 of. DSP Wiki: The Dyson Sphere Program Wiki. Hydrogen Fuel Rod. From DSP Wiki. Jump to: navigation, search. Hydrogen Fuel Rod. edit. End Product, Fuel. With a further development of cryo-technology, we can liquefy hydrogen to make fuel rod with higher energy. The higher the energy of the fuel rod, the more increase of the mecha fuel power. Fuel Type: Chemical: Energy: 50.0 MJ: Fuel Chamber Gen. Sustainable Hydrogen Production provides readers with an introduction to the processes and technologies used in major hydrogen production methods. This book serves as a unique source for information on advanced hydrogen generation systems and applications (including integrated systems, hybrid systems, and multigeneration systems with hydrogen production). Advanced and clean technologies are. The most abundant element in the universe is the lightest gas. 1 Overview 2 I Need More Hydrogen! 3 I Have Too Much Hydrogen! 4 Crafting Recipes 4.1 Crafting Into 4.2 Crafting From Hydrogen is a versatile and energy-dense liquid. It is also one of the most challenging resources to handle, because it can only be produced in conjunction with other materials. Research and deploy X-Ray Cracking.
Biohydrogen - Wikipedi
Hydrogen gas was first artificially produced in the early 16th century, via the mixing of metals with acids. In 1766-81, Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize that hydrogen gas was a discrete substance, and that it produces water when burned, a property which later gave it its name: in Greek, hydrogen means water-former. Industrial production is mainly from the steam reforming of. Hydrogen production via electrolysis may offer opportunities for synergy with variable power generation, which is characteristic of some renewable energy technologies. For example, though the cost of wind power has continued to drop, the inherent variability of wind is an impediment to the effective use of wind power. Hydrogen fuel and electric power generation could be integrated at a wind.
Hydrogen production. Une page de Wikimedia Commons, la médiathèque libre. Sauter à la navigation Sauter à la recherche. This is a Gallery page from the category Hydrogen production, more..... An electrolyser used in the production of hydrogen. After production the hydrogen is used to inflate weather balloons to which a radiosonde is attached. The oxygen produced is vented to the outside. Hydrogen is one of the Resources in the game Oxygen Not Included. It is an unbreathable Gas that is extremely light and will rise above all other gases. This means that it will settle at the top of rooms and other open areas. Hydrogen can easily be density-separated with a reverse funnel at the top of your base, and collected with a pump when levels get too high. 1 Production 2 Usage 2.1. The hydrogen production source category consists of process units that produce hydrogen by reforming, gasification, oxidation, reaction, or other transformation of feedstock, and that sell the hydrogen as a product. Hydrogen production units that are located at a petroleum refinery are included in this source category if they are not owned by or under the direct control of the refinery owner.
Hydrogen - DSP Wiki
In the last 3 years, he has been focused on the integration of membranes hydrogen production and separation systems as well as their performance during validation tests and in charge of scaling-up the membrane fabrication processes. Furthermore, he has participated in several EU, almost related to hydrogen generation and/or recovery systems. Since 2020 he joined H2SITE team with the aim of. Hydrogen Production Techniques ( One file Document ) Introduction; Hydrocarbon Splitting Processes; Water Splitting Processes; Liquid Hydrogen Production in the World; Large Scale vs. Small Scale and Centralized vs. Decentralized Production; Nuclear Hydrogen Production; EU projects within Hydrogen production and distribution 2002 - 2006. However, hydrogen peroxide is also biochemically produced in the human body, largely as a result of a range of oxidase enzymes. Concentrated solutions are potentially dangerous when in contact with organic compounds. Structure and dimensions of H 2 O 2. Aside from hydrogen peroxide, some other major classes of peroxides are: Peroxy acids, the peroxy derivatives of many familiar acids, examples. Green hydrogen production. Hydrogen can also be produced by the electrolysis of water (using an electric current to break water, H 2 O, into its component elements of hydrogen and oxygen). If this electric current is produced by a renewable source (e.g. Solar PV or a wind turbine), the clean hydrogen produced is known as green hydrogen Hydrogen is now. Wasserstoff ist heute schon das entscheidende Element für eine garantiert erneuerbare Energieversorgung. Nur mit einer Energierevolution, die den Einsatz von fossilen Brennstoffen überflüssig macht, kann eine emissionsfreie Versorgung unserer Gesellschaft und damit die Gesundheit unseres Eco-Systems gesichert werden. Unsere PEM-Produkte sind dank ihres Designs, ihrer.
Hydrogen production by PEM water electrolysis - A review
Hydrogen can play a key role in this process as a promising climate-neutral energy vehicle. Yet, the so-called green hydrogen economy requires that hydrogen production be based exclusively on renewable energy. In addition, it should ideally not use expensive and rare metal catalysts, whose production has severe environmental consequences. To address this challenge, ITQB NOVA researchers Inês.
Liquid Hydrogen is the Liquid state of Hydrogen. It is obtained by cooling Hydrogen down to -254.15 °C (-425.47 °F) (condensation point -2 °C). Liquid Hydrogen is used as fuel for the Hydrogen Engine, the most powerful Rocket engine. It is required to reach Starmap Destinations located at and beyond the 170,000 km band, including the Temporal Tear. Liquid Hydrogen is produced by cooling.
g in the co
e whether hydrogen production can possibly keep pace with the incredible energy needs of our ever expanding international economy.. According to the United States Department of Energy Office of Power, the most daunting problem associated with current hydrogen production is the energy.
Di-hydrogen Jelly is a component. 1 Summary 2 Game description 3 Source 4 Use 4.1 Crafting 4.2 Refining 4.3 Cooking 5 Additional information 6 Release history 7 Gallery Di-hydrogen Jelly is a component that is used for crafting. A faintly-glowing jelly. Its gentle light and soft wobble belie the fact that this sticky gel is both highly toxic and highly flammable. Skin contact is to be avoided.
Dethroning electrocatalysts for hydrogen production with inexpensive alternative material. by Bioengineer. March 2, 2021. in Chemistry. 0. Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share on Linkedin Share on Reddit Share on Telegram. Credit: Tokyo Tech. Today, we can say without a shadow of doubt that an alternative to fossil fuels is needed. Fossil fuels are not only non-renewable sources of energy. Hydrogen Production Cost From PEM Electrolysis . Originator: Chris Ainscough, David Peterson, Eric Miller . Approved by: Sunita Satyapal . Date: July 1, 2014 . Item . The projected high volume untaxed cost of hydrogen production from polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolysis ranges from ~$4 to $5.80/kg . 1, based on Hydrogen Analysis version 3 (H2A v3) model. 2. case study results. Four. Hydrogen production: Anaerobic corrosion: Artificial photosynthesis: Carbon dioxide reforming: CC-HOD: Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Dark fermentation: Electrochemical fluorination: Electrohydrogenesis: Electrolysis of water: Fermentative hydrogen production: Steam reforming: Green Machine / Blue Space: High-pressure electrolysis : High-temperature electrolysis: Hofmann voltameter: Home Energy S Media in category Hydrogen production This category contains only the following file. HGas Power to Gas unit.jpg 640 × 480; 124 KB. Last edited on 19 December 2020, at 15:16. The usage of Hydrogen is one such example. Hydrogen is known as an environment friendly fuel that combines with oxygen to produce energy in the form of heat. Today, 50 million metric tons of hydrogen is being produced on annual basis, most of which is employed in industrial and chemical industries. The world is gearing towards optimizing its energy production. Hence, it is anticipated that.
Refining methane to hydrogen produces a by-product; carbon dioxide, making this method rather pointless if the goal is to reduce CO 2 emissions. This is the most common means hydrogen is produced in industrial quantities today, and it is fundamentally inefficient as a fuel; Carbon-hydrogen bonds in methane are stronger than the hydrogen-hydrogen bonds in molecular hydrogen (hence the preponderance of hydrocarbons like methane over hydrogen gas to begin with), so there's more.
hydrogen at about 95 of the world production CH4 H2O CO 3 H2 Algaculture Hydrogen production Hydrogenase Photohydrogen Timeline of hydrogen technologies howeve Hydrogen production is the family of industrial methods for generating hydrogen As of 2018, the majority of hydrogen 95 is produced from fossil fuels hydrogen Hydrogen-rich medium was produced by a high-purity hydrogen gas generator. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were incubated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin for various time periods in normal or hydrogen-rich medium. The baseline H2concentration in hydrogen-rich medium was 0.55 +/- 0.07 mmol/L. This concentration gradually decreased, and H2 was almost undetectable in medium after 12 hr. At 24 hr afte In industry, hydrogen is produced by steam reforming of natural gas (CH4), which is shown as follows: CH4(g) + H2O(g) → CO(g) + 3H2(g) Most of the hydrogen we use today comes out from this reaction in factories. However, it is familiar to most people that we can also split water to produce hydrogen
Hydrogen fuel combines with oxygen from the air through a fuel cell, creating electricity and water through an electrochemical process. Production. Hydrogen can be produced from diverse, domestic resources including fossil fuels, biomass, and water electrolysis with electricity. The environmental impact and energy efficiency of hydrogen depends on how it is produced. Several projects are underway to decrease costs associated wit Hydrogen is a versatile energy carrier that can be produced from a wide range of sources and used in many ways across the entire energy sector. It could become a game-changer in its low-carbon form, but its widespread adoption faces challenges Hydrogen propulsion to power future aircraft. All three ZEROe concepts are hybrid-hydrogen aircraft. They are powered by hydrogen combustion through modified gas turbine engines. Liquid hydrogen is used as fuel for combustion with oxygen Category:Hydrogen production. Jump to navigation Jump to search. This categerie haes nae pages or media at the meenit. This page wis last eeditit on 21 Apryle 2018, at 00:33. Text is available unner the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms mey apply. See Terms o Uise for.
Green Hydrogen - an overview ScienceDirect Topic
In a standard configuration, a fuel, such as clean natural gas or renewable biogas, is reformed inside the fuel cell into hydrogen, which then electrochemically reacts with air to generate power and heat. Our SureSource Hydrogen fuel cell power plant is configured to produce additional hydrogen beyond what is needed for power production, generating.
In the absence of atmospheric oxygen (O 2), in deep geological conditions prevailing far away from Earth atmosphere, hydrogen (H 2) is produced by the anaerobic oxidation of ferrous ions (Fe 2+) present in the crystal lattice of the iron-endmember fayalite by the protons (H +) of water
The above video shows me creating a set of 6 Hydrogen and Graphite production modules. Each module is comprised of 3 Oil Refineries: the first uses basic Plasma Refining to turn Crude Oil into Refined Oil and Hydrogen, and the other two use X-Ray Cracking to produce Hydrogen and Graphite. This is a perfectly efficient ratio: 1 Plasma Refining, 2 X-Ray Cracking
Hydrogen production - Newiki
1 Hydrogen; 2 Oxygen; 3 Chlorine; 4 Hydrogen Chloride; 5 Sulfur Dioxide; 6 Sulfur Trioxide; 7 Gaseous Brine; 8 Water Vapor; 9 Sulfuric Acid; 10 Ethylene; 11 Deuterium; 12 Lithium; 13 Tritium; 14 D-T Fuel; 15 Sodium; Hydrogen. Hydrogen in a Chemical Tank. Made by: Electrolytic Separator using Water; Used by: Gas-Burning Generator for power; Jetpack for fuel; Armored Jetpack for fuel; Chemical. Hydrogen Production. But hydrogen must first be produced. Over 95% of the world's hydrogen is produced using the steam methane reforming process (SMR). In this reaction, natural gas is reacted.
Category:Hydrogen production - Wikimedia Common
From the wiki page https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_production only 4% of hydrogen is produced by electrolysis. Hydrogen gas has good energy density by weight, but poor energy density by volume versus hydrocarbons, hence it requires a larger tank to store. A large hydrogen tank will be heavier than the small hydrocarbon tank used to store the same amount of energy, all other factors remaining equal Hydrogen production is the kind of industrial methods for generating hydrogen gas. As of 2020, the majority of hydrogen ∼95% is contained from fossil fuels by steam reforming of natural gas, partial oxidation of methane, & coal gasification.Other methods of hydrogen production increase biomass gasification, no CO 2 emissions methane pyrolysis together with electrolysis of water. a latter can. Hydrogen Fuel Rods have a higher fuel chamber rating than Hydrogen and are more energy dense, making for much better fuel for the Mecha. Historical [edit | edit source] Prior to patch .6.17.5972, Hydrogen Fuel Rods had an energy value of 40 M
Hydrogen Generation and Production Plants Mahler AG
Calculation of maximum Hydrogen production, Faraday's Laws of Electrolysis. Description. Generation of Hydrogen is based on electrolysis, which is governed by the laws of physics. This process was studied almost 200 years ago by Michael Faraday, who subsequently published Faraday's Laws of Electrolysis. The laws state that an electrolysis cell, operating at a certain current (amps) will.
Mobile Factory is a Factorio Mod. Here, you can get informations and guides about Items, Structures, Technologies and Mechanisms. The Mod Portal can be found here: Mobile Factory. 1 Guides 2 Mobile Factory 3 GUI 4 Surfaces 5 Deployment 6 Matter Serialization 7 Energy 8 Production 9 Chemical 10..
Hydrogen is produced and stored based on the hydrogen demand and supply forecasting system's forecasts for hydrogen demand in the market. Adjustments to balance supply and demand in the power grid can be made by adjusting the hydrogen volume produced by the hydrogen production unit to meet the power grid adjustment needs of the power grid control system
Hydrogen - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedi
Väteekonomi är ett föreslaget sätt att basera delar av samhällets energiförsörjning på väte som en lagringsbar, miljövänlig och hanterlig energibärare.Väte finns det gott om, men huvuddelen är på jorden bundet till vatten. Det måste i så fall frigöras med någon energikrävande metod , exempelvis genom elektrolys eller termisk spjälkning av vattnet Oxygen and Hydrogen are produced at a 1:2 ratio. If tank space is available for both gases, both are produced at the same time. If space is only available for one of the gases, only that type is produced. Note: The speed of the generator is unaffected by the assembler efficiency and the refinery speed world settings. Gas Generation Rate Grid Size Oxygen Hydrogen Large 250 L/s 500 L/s Small 50. Hydrogen noun (symbol H, atomic number 1) a flammable colourless odourless gas which is the lightest of all known substances and by far the most abundant element in the universe. ETYMOLOGY: 18c: from French hydrogène, from hydro- + Greek gennaein to produce. As a fuel [edit | edit source Well, hydrogen car production is not vastly different from producing typical cars. Of course, the drive train, for instance, and the electrical systems will be somewhat unique because a fuel cell creates electricity. Therefore, a hydrogen-powered car and electric car have a lot in common in that respect. Perhaps a more important question is how the hydrogen itself will be produced. Given that. Today, the main use of industrial hydrogen is considered to be in the refining industry as a petrochemical for hydrocracking and desulphurization. In the chemical industry, it is used for various production processes, being ammonia production and fertilizer for agriculture among the most developed. Considering that petrochemical and chemical industry play a major role in the European industry, it is highly relevant to consider the decarbonization of the sector. Among other relevant uses for.
Produkcja wodoru - Hydrogen production - qaz
g that this additional heat-treatment does not compromise the other mechanical properties of the alloy. However, alloying zinc.
Hydrogen can be produced from the decomposition of a wide array of molecules in a Chemical Decomposer. The easiest molecules to obtain are Water from buckets of water (yields 2 hydrogen atoms) and Cellulose from numerous plant and plant-derived items such as wood or paper (yields 10 hydrogen atoms)
Trotzdem reichte er eine Qualifikation für das VBT 2015 ein. Er konnte sich in den drei Vorrunden sehr souverän durchsetzen und erhielt aufgrund seiner Favoritenpunkte ein Freilos für die Zwischenrunde. Im 64stel-Finale traf er auf den Rapper Hydrogen, dem er von Seiten der Jury 5:6 unterlag. Durch den gewonnenen Uservote erhielt er allerdings einen Punkt und gewann dadurch doch. Im 32stel-Finale gewann er knapp gege
Vedyn tuotanto - Hydrogen production - qaz
Fermentative hydrogen production is the fermentative conversion of organic substrates to H 2. Hydrogen submission in this sort is often invited biohydrogen. a conversion is effected by bacteria moreover to protozoa, which employ enzymes. Fermentative hydrogen production is one of several anaerobic conversions. Dark vs photofermentatio
The process of two atoms of Hydrogen bonding into a Deuterium structure is depicted in Fig. 6. A very interesting application of the later reduction method (#3) is to reduce (in the ZnO2 box) the CO2 GaNS to the GaNS of Carbon (C). The fourth method involves the use of three dynamic reactors with spherical containers filled with different proportions of the Tritium (H3) GaNS. Through the.
Technical Targets: Dark Fermentative Hydrogen Production and Microbial Electrolysis Cells (MECs) a. Characteristics Units 2011 Status 2015 Target 2020 Target; Feedstock cost c: cents/lb. sugar: 13.5: 10: 8: Yield of H 2 production from glucose by fermentation d: mol H 2 /mol glucose: 3.2 e: 4: 6: Yield of H 2 production from glucose by integrated MEC—fermentation f: mol H 2 /mol glucose.
The Fischer-Tropsch process (or Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis or F-T) is a set of chemical reactions that changes a mixture of carbon monoxide gas and hydrogen gas into liquid hydrocarbons (like gasoline or kerosene). Process chemistry. The Fischer-Tropsch process involves many kinds of reactions, which lead to both wanted and unwanted results. The desirable reactions create chemicals called.
Some amino acids (tyrosine, threonine, serine) have one hydrogen bond donor and one acceptor at the same position and these can combine to produce a network: many examples can be found in the wiki. They have a couple of big advantages: they're relatively easy to create and they're 100% satisfied in terms of polar atoms so they score well, although you've got to get the geometry right. (Note. Mekanism provides 4 tiers of systems to process ores and obtain two to five ingots from 1 ore. The complexity of the systems rises with each tier and at the higher tiers various secondary machines are required to produce consumables for the main ore processing line. The following page shows the layout of these systems as well as some in-game pictures and descriptions. All machines are only. Production [edit | edit source] Hydrogen Cells can be obtained as a main product or a by-product of processing various materials in Industrial Centrifuge or Industrial Electrolyzer. Uses [edit | edit source] Hydrogen cells can be used as a source of energy. They can also be combined with Carbon Cells to make Methane Cells Hydrogen can then be utilized to power a fuel cell stack. Our industry grade electrolyzers are a safe and efficient way to produce hydrogen for fuel cell applications. Refine Search . PEM Electrolyzer Stacks. Alkaline Electrolyzer Stacks. CO2 Electrolyzer Stacks. Display: List / Grid. Show: Sort By: Electrolyzer Hardware - Square. Electrolyzer research and development provides the crucial link. Trade-offs between hydrogen production and hydropower flexibility in a Swedish power system with high shares of renewables Files Wiki
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Hunter Heritage – What will your legacy be?
JOIN US in this fight. Shortly our Hunter Heritage program will be released. We have a budget of $80,000 for the public relations outreach program. To date we have secured about half of that in donations from other organizations. We are asking for your help.
Have your club or organization donate $500 and we will place your name in a random draw for a TIkka T3 Lite Rifle courtesy of Italian Sporting Goods. Donate $5000 and we will enter you ten times. The more you give the better your chances are to win.
This promotion will run for January 20th to April 30th, 2019. For more details contact Colin Peters at colin.peters12@gmail.com. Contest details below.
1) Notify us via the email colin.peters12@gmail.com of your donation to our Hunter Heritage program.
You can call Sabrina the Wild Sheep Society of BC at (250) 961-1908 if you'd rather pay by credit card.
A random winner will be drawn April 30th, 2019 from all entries. Each club organization gets 1 entry for every $500 in donations.
We have engaged Kelowna based Monashee Media to execute on our vision to take back control of the hunting narrative and the image of the hunter in popular media. This is not a small undertaking. It will take the support of our entire community to achieve our goals.
The program will be officially launch in spring of 2019. We have already received a commitment of over $60,000 to the program from a handful of our dedicated members. We are now asking for your financial support. The future of our hunting opportunities depends on it.
Thank you to all who participated in our rifle give-away thank you to Italian Sporting Goods. Through our online Hunter Heritage donation campaign we raised close to $10,000. If you missed out this time, will be hosting additional campaigns in the near future.
Thank you to the BCWF for supporting our Hunter Heritage program – 1Campfire with a $30,000 contribution.


And a buffalo with wings.
than he is "ferocious cat!"
I choose to be vegetarian.
And my name is Steve!
I just have a little trunk.
He's a bit more like the rats.
He could be related to the gnats.
And Steven is a bird.
By other creatures in the herd.
And a buffalo with a beak.
Who love you, for being YOU!


text:
package apavlov;

import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import static org.hamcrest.core.Is.is;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;

/**
 * The test class SortUserTest for class`s SortUser.
 *
 * @author Pavlov Artem
 * @since 12.09.2017
 */
public class SortUserTest {
    /**
     * The test method for check sort users by age.
     *
     * @throws Exception - check any errors;
     */
    @Test
    public void whenSortByAgeAndListToTreeSet() throws Exception {
        SortUser sortUser = new SortUser();
        List<User> list = Arrays.asList(new User[]{new User("1", 20), new User("2", 15), new User("3", 25)});
        String result = "[[name - 2; age - 15], [name - 1; age - 20], [name - 3; age - 25]]";
        assertThat(result, is(sortUser.sort(list).toString()));
    }

    /**
     * The test method for check sort users by length name.
     *
     * @throws Exception - check any errors;
     */
    @Test
    public void whenSortByLengthName() throws Exception {
        SortUser sortUser = new SortUser();
        List<User> list = Arrays.asList(new User[]{new User("Alexander", 20), new User("Ivan", 15), new User("Sergey", 25)});
        String result = "[[name - Ivan; age - 15], [name - Sergey; age - 25], [name - Alexander; age - 20]]";
        assertThat(result, is(sortUser.sortNameLength(list).toString()));
    }

    /**
     * The test method for check sort users by name or age.
     *
     * @throws Exception - check any errors;
     */
    @Test
    public void whenSortByNameOrAge() throws Exception {
        SortUser sortUser = new SortUser();
        List<User> list = Arrays.asList(new User[]{new User("Ivan", 15), new User("Ivan", 10), new User("Alexander", 20)});
        String result = "[[name - Alexander; age - 20], [name - Ivan; age - 10], [name - Ivan; age - 15]]";
        assertThat(result, is(sortUser.sortByAllFields(list).toString()));
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Just as we have been able to reinvent health care, we have also transformed health care careers. Whether measured in terms of lives saved, awards earned, or the personal satisfaction of stretching your talents – a career with BWH is unlike any other in the health care field. Here you'll find a workplace where collaboration and teamwork are the norm, not the exception – physicians, nurses, technicians, staff and management form a close-knit bond, based on mutual respect and devotion to our patients. If you want an enormously fulfilling career, there's no better place to be.
The WOCN Nurse Program Director (NPD), in collaboration with the Executive Director of Clinical Effectiveness is accountable for designing, coordinating, and implementing programs for patient care, staff development, education, research, quality, and defining and implementing evidence-based practice, with a specific population focus on those patients requiring wound, ostomy or continence care. In partnering with the Nurse Directors, Professional Development Managers and other quality staff, is accountable for designing, coordinating, and implementing programs for staff development, education, research, quality, and defining and implementing evidence-based practice. S/he will promote an environment that facilitates professional growth and role competence, with a concentrated focus on specialty proficiency and regulatory compliance. S/he is accountable for the management of a team of Wound Ostomy Continence staff nurses and is responsible for hiring and evaluating staff performance. Actively participates in the budgetary process of the Wound Ostomy service. Ensures that current evidence-based practice is consistent across the divisions. The well-qualified candidate will promote a just culture and a culture of safety. Their goals will be patient- and family-centered. S/he will serve as a highly visible leader and role model in the development/obtainment of hospital unit and division mission and goals. S/he will embrace the concept of change and lead staff through the change process as evidenced by adoption of new behaviors or processes and improved outcome measures.
Identifies learning needs and develops and implements programs for patient education within the area of specialization.
Facilitates the acquisition of advanced clinical skills in clinical staff nurses and graduate students through role modeling, practice, coaching and consultation in the clinical setting.
Participates in development of programs/systems to meet the requirements of state and federal regulatory agencies to ensure compliance.
Encourages and recommends nurses for committee work based on their interest and clinical expertise.
Represents the Chief Nursing Officer /Associate Chief Nurses/Executive Directors on committees as needed.
Develops and/or revises policies/guidelines based on changes in practice, new research findings/equipment, or products along with ensuring education/in-servicing is completed.
Communicates clear expectations for BWH/Department of Nursing quality initiatives and outcomes measures and strategies to enhance performance measures.
Leads quality and safety efforts while promoting a just culture framework.
Creates a budget for programmatic work and monitors expenditures in accordance with budget allocations.
Provides recommendations for capital budget purchases.
Promotes cost effective delivery of care and programs and keeps within budget.
Determines training resource requirements for designated programs.
Participates in and presents at hospital and service line committees, councils, and educational programs.
Keeps current on issues, practice, and new trends related to environment of care, technology, and supplies and the education of professional and non-professional care coordination personnel.
Maintains and updates clinical knowledge and skills based on current nursing and health care practices.
Identifies own learning needs and goals, and designs a plan to meet them.
Supports the nursing professional practice model and care delivery model.
Participates in annual peer feedback.
Participates in activities that foster peer support and networking.
Fulfills professional role through involvement in professional organization activities, presentations, and publications.
Demonstrates professional, courteous, and respectful demeanor in working with patients, families, staff, and providers.
Uses nursing theories and research findings to plan, design, and evaluate nursing practice and to generate researchable clinical problems.
Promotes staff and student engagement in the research process.
Utilizes scientific method in collecting data on clinical practice issues.
Has knowledge of the IRB process.
Identifies research questions and pursues opportunities to fund and implement research.
Applies for research grants and participates in hospital research initiatives as applicable.
Presents locally, nationally, or internationally about research findings and engages in other educational activities, such as publications, consultations, and courses.
Remains current with clinical research to ensure scholarly and innovative nursing practice.
Works in office and patient care environments that require teamwork and cooperation.
Directly manages a team of Wound, Ostomy, Continence nurses.
Current Massachusetts licensure as a registered nurse required.
Degree requirements: MSN (or) MS with a major in Nursing (or) DNP (or) PhD with a major in Nursing (or) a BSN with a Master's degree in a related field, required.
Minimum five years of clinical experience as a clinical nurse with demonstrated evidence of leadership progression.
Current Wound Ostomy Continence certification required.
Certification must be maintained while employed in this position.
Demonstrated leadership and management skills preferred.
Ability to effectively collaborate with the BWH professional community at large.
Expertise in evidence-based practice, writing, research and practice development.
Expertise in leading training and education programs.
Strong interpersonal skills in order to work with people at all levels of the organization.
Ability to motivate self and others and change attitudes when necessary.
Ability to be self-directed and to work independently at times.
Ability to offer and initiate new ideas.
Ability to support rapid change process.
Computer skills in Microsoft office required and Epic skills preferred.
Thank you! We look forward to reviewing your profile!
Members and colleagues of the New England Region WOCN may submit job postings related to wound, ostomy or continence nursing opportunities for posting to our website.
There is a $205 fee for posting a job for 2 months with a credit card or $200 for a check.
We only accept Visa, Mastercard and Discover.
Checks for $200 will be accepted by mailing to the Treasurer.


Call BBC for help with Purchasinf DVDs and CDs, Licensing and availability of programmes & BBC's operations and services. Helpline is open Mon-Sat 9:30am-5:30pm Sun 10:00am-5:30pm.
The BBC, also known as the British Broadcasting Corporation, is a broadcasting house located in London. The BBC operates a lot of channels, radio stations, and broadcasts, and is the oldest state-founded and operated broadcasting house in the world. The BBC is funded by taxpayer's money, primarily through television licensing. The BBC employs over twenty thousand staff, and also operates the BBC World Service, which has broadcasts in over twenty eight languages worldwide.
Is it possible to buy DVDs or CDs of BBC publications?
Prior to March 2016, the BBC sold a range of products directly to consumers from the UK to be shipped around the world. This included things like toys, games, educational products, Blu-Ray, and DVDs. However, from March 2016 this has ceased to be the case, and now if you wish to buy BBC products you must buy them from a third party retailer. These can include online platforms such as Amazon, or physical retailers like supermarkets and high street shops. Normally, a Google search will be sufficient to find a retailer providing the BBC product that you're looking for.
I have an enquiry or feedback for the BBC YouTube Channel, what should I do?
If you have an enquiry, or you want to ask a question or perhaps give some feedback on the BBC's YouTube channel then you may be able to do so by sending an email to their YouTube address, which is available online. Other email addresses are available online for different forms of the BBC, and you can also contact them through social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter.
If you are a license payer in the United Kingdom then you will be pleased to know that there is no additional charge for watching BBC iPlayer from the BBC, although of course you must have a functioning internet connection.
What equipment do I need to use BBC iPlayer?
Most of the time, you should be able to watch BBC iPlayer on a computer, including a laptop computer, desktop computer, and Apple Macintosh. That said, it is only possible to actually download entire programmes and episodes if you are using a personal computer which operates on Windows XP, WIndows Vista, and Windows 7. This is currently being revised however and soon other versions should function effectively.
How long are episodes available on BBC iPlayer?
This can vary, however as a general rule of thumb shows are available for up to seven days, or one week, after their original airing on television.
Can I keep a programme downloaded from BBC iPlayer forever?
No, due to licensing restrictions and copyright it is only possible to keep downloaded episodes for up to thirty days on your PC. If you've not deleted the file after this time then it will be automatically delete itself.
How many radio stations does the BBC operate?
The BBC operates many radio stations. Overall, the British Broadcasting Corporation operates ten national radio stations. There are also another six stations which exclusively broadcast for national regions such as England, Wales, and Scotland. There are also other stations which are only available digitally, or via DAB. Finally, the BBC operates in excess of 40 local radio stations at different junctures around the United Kingdom.
What TV channels does the BBC operate?
The BBC operates many channels in the UK and abroad. Domestically, the main channels are BBC One and BBC Two, which show general programming, news shows, documentary series, and more. There are then BBC Three and Four which are more entertainment focused. Following this, there is CBeebies, which is a children's television only channel, BBC Parliament, which focuses mainly on politics, and BBC News 24, a round-the-clock news channel. Abroad there are channels such as BBC World News and other broadcasts specific to different countries, and regions, for example BBC Asia.
Does the BBC have advertising?
BBC Television channels in the United Kingdom are funded by the taxpayer and through television licenses, therefore, there is not any need for commercial advertising. As a result, television shows on channels like BBC One or BBC Two are not interrupted by adverts.
Is the BBC coming up with an online streaming service?
There are currently rumours and some confirmed information the the BBC may be investing in an online streaming service, which may be coming in the near future.


Olympus UK E-System User Group > Show your photos > Photo challenges > 19th Challenge. Food and Drink. RESULTS!
View Full Version : 19th Challenge. Food and Drink. RESULTS!
Here we are: We have our three top placed pictures.
In FIRST place with a runaway 35 points is "Red and White" by theMusicMan" A nice mixture of still life and action..
Close behind in Third place is "Microcan" by Stevednp3. An inventive entry and very striking.. Well done Stephen.
So, thanks to everyone who entered - some great pictures there. Over to you John for the next challenge..
Bravo! Well done and fully deserved!
My vote matched 2 out of the above 3. I did provide an entry to the challenge, but of course it was no match for these and other entries, and I knew that before I sent it in. Playing along is about participating and enjoying life in the process.
Congrats to you Oly-pro's again.
Well done Dave and Steve on your placing.
All three pictures are professional looking quality :) Well done!
Wehey, many thanks to all who voted... I genuinely didn't expect that. Not only was I not 100% happy with my shot, but more importantly - having seen a few of the other entries, I certainly didn't expect to be the person running the next challenge!
For this shot I used a blanket (not quite all white - as you can see by the pattern in it), and set this up on the lounge coffee table! I used the FL-50 off-camera mainly to lighten the background, but to also use this as side lighting - instead of frontal lighting - for the shot. I felt it created more of a relaxed look than those I took that were front lit.
So... my thanks to everyone for your votes this is much appreciated. I am particularly enthused by this vote of confidence as, despite deciding only a few weeks ago to remain with my Oly kit, I had been thinking prior to that of moving to the dark side.
Now... off to consider the theme for the next e-group challenge. I'll have this up today or tomorrow for y'all.


text:
Category: Anders Zorn
Anders Zorn. Part 3
Anders Zorn
Some biographers have maintained that Zorn's personality was somewhat loud and garish and it is that personal trait which can often be seen in the animated, broad sweeping distinctive brushstrokes of his works. By the beginning of the 1880s Zorn had acquired a self-assured style, and with his popular artwork, he was on an artistic journey. As in so many instances in the early life of aspiring artists, who were being academically trained, Zorn's view on how art should be taught ended with him having disagreements with the director of the Royal Academy of Fine Art regarding the strict curriculum and in January 1881, after a final divergence of opinion with the Academy's director regarding the school's authoritarian and inflexible curriculum, Zorn decided to resign. Zorn, by this time, had built up a strong set of student followers and many followed his lead and also left the Academy.
Une Première (The First Time) by Anders Zorn (1888)
Having had great success with his painting such as his gouache painting, Une Première, which won him a Gold Medal at the Exposition Universelle in Paris in 1889, his standing as a plein air artist soared. There was nothing new about an artist depicting a nude with a backdrop of nature but Zorn's depictions were quite different to those academic artists who liked to have a mythological theme in their works, full of nymphs prancing through forests and fields!
The Hinds by Anders Zorn (1908)
The nudes in Zorn's paintings were depicted differently. There was a realism about his subjects. The naked women were simply depicted as healthy, ordinary Nordic women who were merely part of nature. A good example of this is his 1908 painting entitled The Hinds.
In Wikstrom's Studio by Anders Zorn (1889)
One of his most beautiful works featuring a female nude is his 1889 painting entitled In Wikströms Studio. At this time Zorn and his wife Emma were living in Montmartre where he had his studio. He and his wife often entertained intellectuals and artists, especially artists from Scandinavia, who, like him, had decided to ply their trade in the French capital. One such artist was the Finnish sculptor, Emil Wikström, and he and Zorn became close friends. The two men shared a fascination for the female nude and the search for the perfect body to paint or sculpt and the two men would often use the same models for their work. The painting, as the title suggests, was painted by Zorn at Wikström studio. The young woman, a veritable beauty with luxuriant red hair and an almost golden skin tone, is seen standing next to a yet-to-be-completed image and is in the process of undressing prior to posing for the artist. There is a sense of unhappiness about the scene as if we believe the young woman has been forced into taking her clothes off. There is also a feeling that we are simply voyeurs and in a way, we are simply spying on the woman unbeknown to her, which adds a touch of both censure and hint of eroticism to the work. Despite her seemingly unaware that she is being watched, we feel that we are standing before the work unable to move, gazing at the woman in total silence in case she detects us.
Zorn was contented with his standard of work and a quote published in Société des Peintres-Graveurs: printmaking, 1889–1897 quoted Zorn:
"…I never spent much time thinking about others' art. I felt that if I wanted to become something, then I had to go after nature with all my interest and energy, seek what I loved about it, and desire to steal its secret and beauty. I was entitled to become as great as anyone else, and in that branch of art so commanded by me, watercolour painting, I considered myself to have already surpassed all predecessors and contemporaries…"
Self portrait with Model by Anders Zorn (1896)
Anders Zorn in the latter years of the nineteenth century continued with his favoured motifs, portraits including his own self-portraits and nude paintings of women. One such work, entitled Self-portrait with Model, which he completed in 1896, is a juxtaposition of his two favoured motifs. In the work, we see Zorn resting in front of his easel, smoking a cigarette as he takes a short break from his work. His partly dressed model is seen lying slumped in the background. Her eyes are fixed upon him and it is this gaze, which gives us a slight feeling of tension between artist and sitter. An etching derived from this painting was completed by Zorn in 1899 and can be seen at the Isabella Gardner Museum in Boston.
Self-portrait in a wolfskin by Anders Zorn (1915)
In the early 1900s, Anders Zorn continued with his portraiture and one exceptional example was his Self-portrait in Wolfskin in oils, which he completed in 1915.
A Toast in the Idun Society by Anders Zorn (1892)
Another work of portraiture that is worth a mention is Zorn's meticulous work entitled A Toast in the Idun Society, which is housed in the National Museum of Stockholm. In this work, we see Harald Wieselgren, an influential intellectual, portrayed as the animated and scholarly speaker. In 1862, Wieselgren was the founder of the Idun Society and throughout his life, he was a leading figure in the Society. The male Idun Society was known for its closed bourgeois atmosphere. Wieselgren was a writer, a librarian at the Royal Library, and for several decades a driving force of the Idun society. This cultural association for men still survives today and since 1885 there has been a female equivalent Society known as Nya Idun.
Skerikulla (Skeri Girl) by Anders Zorn (1912)
Undoubtedly, Zorn was best known for his paintings but his etchings were extremely popular in their own right. It is said that his etchings realised higher prices than Rembrandts during his lifetime. In total, he completed almost 300 etchings, many of which were associated with his oil and watercolour works. One such is his 1912 etching entitled Skerikulla. The word Skerikulla means "Skeri girl" in the local Mora dialect, which was spoken by Zorn. Zorn's model for this work was a local girl, Emma Andersson, and Zorn has portrayed her as a happy young woman with a beaming smile. There is a feeling of energy about her demeanour, which we see in the middle of a laugh. It is a tender depiction. Later that year, Zorn also completed an oil painting of Emma.
Girl with a Cigarette II by Anders Zorn (1891)
Another exquisite etching is his 1891 one entitled Girl with a Cigarette II. Such simplicity, such perfection. There are a number of versions of this etching. One can be found at the Met in New York while another is housed in the Art Institute of Chicago.
We often compare portraiture when we consider the talent of various portrait artists. I wonder if portrait artists ever compare their talent against that of fellow portraitists. I consider this possibility having just read an anecdote on The ARTery website with regards the portraiture of Zorn and that of his contemporary John Singer Sargent.
Mrs Walter Bacon (Virginia Purdy Barker) by John Singer Sargent (1896)
The story goes that in 1897, Edward Rathbone Bacon, a powerful American railway magnate, challenged Anders Zorn to come up with a superior portrait of his sister-in-law, Virginia Purdy, that John Singer Sargent had painted in 1896. The Sargent portrait had Mrs. Walter Rathbone Bacon standing, in a Spanish gown, leaning against a wall. Sargent's painting is housed at the Biltmore Estate in Asheville, North Carolina.
Mrs. Walter Rathbone Bacon (Virginia Purdy Barker) by Anders Zorn (1897)
Zorn took up the challenge but chose a more intimate slant. Virginia sat for Zorn in 1897, during one of his visits to America. We see the lady seated indoors wearing a satin gown. It is a masterpiece of fluid brushwork and soft colour harmonies. He depicted his sitter in a moment of unpretentious elegance, as she hugs her collie dog.
So which was the better? Who won the wager? Well, according to Zorn's memoirs (!) Sargent, on seeing Zorn's painting at the Paris Salon in 1897, conceded that Zorn's work was the winner. However what should be taken from this story is the glimpse into the competitive rivalry between two of the great portraitists of their time as they both strived for portrait commissions from the same slice of American Gilded Age high society in the 1880s with its lavishness and high spending elites.
Night Effect by Anders Zorn (1895)
A woman features in another work by Zorn. It is his Night Effect work, which he painted in 1895 and depicts a night time scene featuring a life-sized portrait of a young woman. She is wearing a red dress, (which one believes implies she is engaged in prostitution) and can be seen leaning against a tree, possibly suffering from an excess of alcohol. It is a life-sized depiction measuring 160 x 106cms (63 x 42ins).
Statue of Gustav Vasa by Anders Zorn atop a hill in the town of Mora
When Zorn grew up, his interest in art was more to do with his love of sculpture before he concentrated on his painting. Maybe the combination of his love of sculpture and his love for his country resulted in one of his most famous creations, the statue of King Gustav Vasa, which Zorn created and was unveiled in 1903 in Zorn's birthplace and home in the central Swedish county of Dalarna and the town of Mora. Gustav Eriksson of the Vasa noble family was later known as Gustav Vasa. He travelled to the province of Dalarna to rally the peasantry to fight against King Christian II of Denmark, the ruler of the Kalmar Union, a confederation of three countries, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. In 1523, Gustav Vasa made an impassioned speech to the men of Mora urging them to stand with him against the forces of the Kalmar Union. Gustav lead the rebel movement and his triumphant entry into Stockholm in June 1523 was followed by Sweden's final secession from the Kalmar Union which was dissolved on June 6th, 1523 and Gustav became King Gustav I of Sweden.
House, garden and fountain – the sculpture "Morgonbad" (Morning bath) – of the Swedish artist Anders Zorn. Mora, Sweden.
Zorn also sculpted a number of portraits and smaller statues, among them is one known as Morning Bath which he completed in 1909. It is a figure of a girl who holds a sponge in her hands from which a fountain spouts and is situated in front of the home where Zorn used to live.
The King of Sweden, King Oscar II by Anders Zorn (1898)
Anders Zorn used the popularity of his art to fund many charities. One example of this was the holding of a small exhibition featuring thirty-five of his works at the Artists Association in Stockholm in the Spring of 1918. The sale of his works at the end of the exhibition raised 12,642 Swedish Krona, which he donated to the Swedish Red Cross. In May that year, he donated twenty thousand Swedish krona to Västmanlands Dalanation. Västmanlands-Dala nation, usually referred to simply as V-Dala, is one of the 13 "Student Nations" at Uppsala University, in Sweden. The "nation", was intended for students from the provinces of Dalarna and Vastmanland, the former being the area of Zorn's homeland. On June 6th, 1918, Zorn became Knight Commander of the Northern Pole Star order, first class. The Order of the Polar Star is a Swedish order of chivalry which was created by King Frederick in 1748 and was a reward for Swedish and foreign "civic merits, for devotion to duty, for science, literary, learned and useful works and for new and beneficial institutions".
Sommarnöje, by Anders Zorn (1886).
Sweden's most expensive painting ever; sold at 26 million sek on June 3rd, 2010.
During the summer of 1920, Zorn spent much time sailing around the Stockholm archipelago and spending many nights celebrating on the island of Sandheim. However, Zorn was not well and was in constant pain and could not paint during that summer. After the summer sailing was over he returned to Mora, a tired and ailing man.
Zorn was rushed to hospital in August 1920 for emergency abdominal treatment and was operated on at Mora hospital. Sadly Zorn had contracted blood poisoning in the lower abdomen and died on August 22nd, 1920, aged 60.
The Zorn Collections, or Zornsamlingarna, is a Swedish state museum, located in Mora,
Zorn's wife Emma lived another twenty-two years, dying on January 4th, 1942. To honour the memory of her husband, she had worked to create a museum, which opened in 1939. She completed the existing collection by re-purchasing a number of paintings that he had sold and at the same time, she continued the philanthropic work that she and her husband had initiated.
Anders Zorn's atelier at his house, Zorngården in Mora
The popularity of Anders Zorn's art during his lifetime made him very wealthy and, over a number of years, he bought the art of his contemporaries and amassed a considerable collection. In their joint will, Anders and Emma Zorn donated their entire holdings to the Swedish State, including their home, Zorngården, which still remains today much as it was at the time of Emma Zorn's death in 1942.
As usual much of the information I gleaned for the three blogs on Anders Zorn came from many internet websites but one of which is well worth looking at if you want a full and concise biography of this great Swedish artist. The website is:
http://www.alsing.com/zorn_eng/index.html
Author jonathan5485Posted on January 30, 2019 Categories Anders Zorn, Art, Art Blog, Art History, John Singer Sargent, Portraiture, Swedish artist, Swedish artists, ZornTags Anders Zorn, Emma Lamm, Emma Zorn, Gustav Vasa, Harald Wieselgren, Idun Society, John Singer Sargent, Mora, Portraiture, Swedish artist, Zorngården3 Comments on Anders Zorn. Part 3

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Abstractions;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.ActionConstraints;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Infrastructure;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Routing;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Routing.Matching;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging.Abstractions;
using Moq;

namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Routing;

// These tests are intentionally in Mvc.Test so we can also test the CORS action constraint.
public class ActionConstraintMatcherPolicyTest
{
    [Fact]
    public async Task Apply_CanBeAmbiguous()
    {
        // Arrange
        var actions = new ActionDescriptor[]
        {
                new ActionDescriptor() { DisplayName = "A1" },
                new ActionDescriptor() { DisplayName = "A2" },
        };

        var candidateSet = CreateCandidateSet(actions);

        var selector = CreateSelector(actions);

        // Act
        await selector.ApplyAsync(new DefaultHttpContext(), candidateSet);

        // Assert
        Assert.True(candidateSet.IsValidCandidate(0));
        Assert.True(candidateSet.IsValidCandidate(1));
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task Apply_PrefersActionWithConstraints()
    {
        // Arrange
        var actionWithConstraints = new ActionDescriptor()
        {
            ActionConstraints = new List<IActionConstraintMetadata>()
                {
                    new BooleanConstraint() { Pass = true, },
                },
            Parameters = new List<ParameterDescriptor>(),
        };

        var actionWithoutConstraints = new ActionDescriptor()
        {
            Parameters = new List<ParameterDescriptor>(),
        };

        var actions = new ActionDescriptor[] { actionWithConstraints, actionWithoutConstraints };
        var candidateSet = CreateCandidateSet(actions);

        var selector = CreateSelector(actions);

        var httpContext = CreateHttpContext("POST");

        // Act
        await selector.ApplyAsync(httpContext, candidateSet);

        // Assert
        Assert.True(candidateSet.IsValidCandidate(0));
        Assert.False(candidateSet.IsValidCandidate(1));
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task Apply_ConstraintsRejectAll()
    {
        // Arrange
        var action1 = new ActionDescriptor()
        {
            ActionConstraints = new List<IActionConstraintMetadata>()
                {
                    new BooleanConstraint() { Pass = false, },
                },
        };

        var action2 = new ActionDescriptor()
        {
            ActionConstraints = new List<IActionConstraintMetadata>()
                {
                    new BooleanConstraint() { Pass = false, },
                },
        };

        var actions = new ActionDescriptor[] { action1, action2 };
        var candidateSet = CreateCandidateSet(actions);

        var selector = CreateSelector(actions);

        var httpContext = CreateHttpContext("POST");

        // Act
        await selector.ApplyAsync(httpContext, candidateSet);

        // Assert
        Assert.False(candidateSet.IsValidCandidate(0));
        Assert.False(candidateSet.IsValidCandidate(1));
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task Apply_ConstraintsRejectAll_DifferentStages()
    {
        // Arrange
        var action1 = new ActionDescriptor()
        {
            ActionConstraints = new List<IActionConstraintMetadata>()
                {
                    new BooleanConstraint() { Pass = false, Order = 0 },
                    new BooleanConstraint() { Pass = true, Order = 1 },
                },
        };

        var action2 = new ActionDescriptor()
        {
            ActionConstraints = new List<IActionConstraintMetadata>()
                {
                    new BooleanConstraint() { Pass = true, Order = 0 },
                    new BooleanConstraint() { Pass = false, Order = 1 },
                },
        };

        var actions = new ActionDescriptor[] { action1, action2 };
        var candidateSet = CreateCandidateSet(actions);

        var selector = CreateSelector(actions);
        var httpContext = CreateHttpContext("POST");

        // Act
        await selector.ApplyAsync(httpContext, candidateSet);

        // Assert
        Assert.False(candidateSet.IsValidCandidate(0));
        Assert.False(candidateSet.IsValidCandidate(1));
    }

    // Due to ordering of stages, the first action will be better.
    [Fact]
    public async Task Apply_ConstraintsInOrder()
    {
        // Arrange
        var best = new ActionDescriptor()
        {
            ActionConstraints = new List<IActionConstraintMetadata>()
                {
                    new BooleanConstraint() { Pass = true, Order = 0, },
                },
        };

        var worst = new ActionDescriptor()
        {
            ActionConstraints = new List<IActionConstraintMetadata>()
                {
                    new BooleanConstraint() { Pass = true, Order = 1, },
                },
        };

        var actions = new ActionDescriptor[] { best, worst };
        var candidateSet = CreateCandidateSet(actions);

        var selector = CreateSelector(actions);
        var httpContext = CreateHttpContext("POST");

        // Act
        await selector.ApplyAsync(httpContext, candidateSet);

        // Assert
        Assert.True(candidateSet.IsValidCandidate(0));
        Assert.False(candidateSet.IsValidCandidate(1));
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task Apply_SkipsOverInvalidEndpoints()
    {
        // Arrange
        var best = new ActionDescriptor()
        {
            ActionConstraints = new List<IActionConstraintMetadata>()
                {
                    new BooleanConstraint() { Pass = true, Order = 0, },
                },
        };

        var another = new ActionDescriptor();

        var worst = new ActionDescriptor()
        {
            ActionConstraints = new List<IActionConstraintMetadata>()
                {
                    new BooleanConstraint() { Pass = true, Order = 1, },
                },
        };

        var actions = new ActionDescriptor[] { best, another, worst };
        var candidateSet = CreateCandidateSet(actions);
        candidateSet.SetValidity(0, false);
        candidateSet.SetValidity(1, false);

        var selector = CreateSelector(actions);
        var httpContext = CreateHttpContext("POST");

        // Act
        await selector.ApplyAsync(httpContext, candidateSet);

        // Assert
        Assert.False(candidateSet.IsValidCandidate(0));
        Assert.False(candidateSet.IsValidCandidate(1));
        Assert.True(candidateSet.IsValidCandidate(2));
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task Apply_IncludesNonMvcEndpoints()
    {
        // Arrange
        var action1 = new ActionDescriptor()
        {
            ActionConstraints = new List<IActionConstraintMetadata>()
                {
                    new BooleanConstraint() { Pass = false, Order = 0, },
                },
        };

        var action2 = new ActionDescriptor()
        {
            ActionConstraints = new List<IActionConstraintMetadata>()
                {
                    new BooleanConstraint() { Pass = false, Order = 1, },
                },
        };

        var actions = new ActionDescriptor[] { action1, null, action2 };
        var candidateSet = CreateCandidateSet(actions);

        var selector = CreateSelector(actions);
        var httpContext = CreateHttpContext("POST");

        // Act
        await selector.ApplyAsync(httpContext, candidateSet);

        // Assert
        Assert.False(candidateSet.IsValidCandidate(0));
        Assert.True(candidateSet.IsValidCandidate(1));
        Assert.False(candidateSet.IsValidCandidate(2));
    }

    // Due to ordering of stages, the first action will be better.
    [Fact]
    public async Task Apply_ConstraintsInOrder_MultipleStages()
    {
        // Arrange
        var best = new ActionDescriptor()
        {
            ActionConstraints = new List<IActionConstraintMetadata>()
                {
                    new BooleanConstraint() { Pass = true, Order = 0, },
                    new BooleanConstraint() { Pass = true, Order = 1, },
                    new BooleanConstraint() { Pass = true, Order = 2, },
                },
        };

        var worst = new ActionDescriptor()
        {
            ActionConstraints = new List<IActionConstraintMetadata>()
                {
                    new BooleanConstraint() { Pass = true, Order = 0, },
                    new BooleanConstraint() { Pass = true, Order = 1, },
                    new BooleanConstraint() { Pass = true, Order = 3, },
                },
        };

        var actions = new ActionDescriptor[] { best, worst };
        var candidateSet = CreateCandidateSet(actions);

        var selector = CreateSelector(actions);

        var httpContext = CreateHttpContext("POST");

        // Act
        await selector.ApplyAsync(httpContext, candidateSet);

        // Assert
        Assert.True(candidateSet.IsValidCandidate(0));
        Assert.False(candidateSet.IsValidCandidate(1));
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task Apply_Fallback_ToActionWithoutConstraints()
    {
        // Arrange
        var nomatch1 = new ActionDescriptor()
        {
            ActionConstraints = new List<IActionConstraintMetadata>()
                {
                    new BooleanConstraint() { Pass = true, Order = 0, },
                    new BooleanConstraint() { Pass = true, Order = 1, },
                    new BooleanConstraint() { Pass = false, Order = 2, },
                },
        };

        var nomatch2 = new ActionDescriptor()
        {
            ActionConstraints = new List<IActionConstraintMetadata>()
                {
                    new BooleanConstraint() { Pass = true, Order = 0, },
                    new BooleanConstraint() { Pass = true, Order = 1, },
                    new BooleanConstraint() { Pass = false, Order = 3, },
                },
        };

        var best = new ActionDescriptor();

        var actions = new ActionDescriptor[] { best, nomatch1, nomatch2 };
        var candidateSet = CreateCandidateSet(actions);

        var selector = CreateSelector(actions);

        var httpContext = CreateHttpContext("POST");

        // Act
        await selector.ApplyAsync(httpContext, candidateSet);

        // Assert
        Assert.True(candidateSet.IsValidCandidate(0));
        Assert.False(candidateSet.IsValidCandidate(1));
        Assert.False(candidateSet.IsValidCandidate(2));
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task DataTokens_RoundTrip()
    {
        // Arrange
        var actions = new ActionDescriptor[]
        {
                new ActionDescriptor()
                {
                    ActionConstraints = new List<IActionConstraintMetadata>()
                    {
                        new ConstraintWithTokens(),
                    },
                    EndpointMetadata = new List<object>()
                    {
                        new DataTokensMetadata(new Dictionary<string, object>
                        {
                            ["DataTokens"] = true
                        })
                    }
                },
        };

        var endpoints = actions.Select(CreateEndpoint).ToArray();

        var selector = CreateSelector(actions);

        var httpContext = CreateHttpContext("POST");

        // Act
        var candidateSet = CreateCandidateSet(actions);
        await selector.ApplyAsync(httpContext, candidateSet);

        // Assert
        Assert.True(candidateSet.IsValidCandidate(0));
    }

    [Fact]
    public void AppliesToEndpoints_IgnoresIgnorableConstraints()
    {
        // Arrange
        var actions = new ActionDescriptor[]
        {
                new ActionDescriptor()
                {

                },
                new ActionDescriptor()
                {
                    ActionConstraints = new List<IActionConstraintMetadata>()
                    {
                        new HttpMethodActionConstraint(new[]{ "GET", }),
                    },
                },
                new ActionDescriptor()
                {
                    ActionConstraints = new List<IActionConstraintMetadata>()
                    {
                        new ConsumesAttribute("text/json"),
                    },
                },
        };
        var endpoints = actions.Select(CreateEndpoint).ToArray();

        var selector = CreateSelector(actions);

        // Act
        var result = selector.AppliesToEndpoints(endpoints);

        // Assert
        Assert.False(result);
    }

    [Fact]
    public void ShouldRunActionConstraints_RunsForArbitraryActionConstraint()
    {
        // Arrange
        var actions = new ActionDescriptor[]
        {
                new ActionDescriptor()
                {

                },
                new ActionDescriptor()
                {
                    ActionConstraints = new List<IActionConstraintMetadata>()
                    {
                        new BooleanConstraint(),
                    },
                },
        };
        var endpoints = actions.Select(CreateEndpoint).ToArray();

        var selector = CreateSelector(actions);

        // Act
        var result = selector.AppliesToEndpoints(endpoints);

        // Assert
        Assert.True(result);
    }

    private ActionConstraintMatcherPolicy CreateSelector(ActionDescriptor[] actions)
    {
        // We need to actually provide some actions with some action constraints metadata
        // or else the policy will No-op.
        var actionDescriptorProvider = new Mock<IActionDescriptorProvider>();
        actionDescriptorProvider
            .Setup(a => a.OnProvidersExecuted(It.IsAny<ActionDescriptorProviderContext>()))
            .Callback<ActionDescriptorProviderContext>(c =>
            {
                for (var i = 0; i < actions.Length; i++)
                {
                    c.Results.Add(actions[i]);
                }
            });

        var actionDescriptorCollectionProvider = new DefaultActionDescriptorCollectionProvider(
            new IActionDescriptorProvider[] { actionDescriptorProvider.Object, },
            Enumerable.Empty<IActionDescriptorChangeProvider>(),
            NullLogger<DefaultActionDescriptorCollectionProvider>.Instance);

        var cache = new ActionConstraintCache(actionDescriptorCollectionProvider, new[]
        {
                new DefaultActionConstraintProvider(),
            });

        return new ActionConstraintMatcherPolicy(cache);
    }

    private static HttpContext CreateHttpContext(string httpMethod)
    {
        var httpContext = new DefaultHttpContext();
        httpContext.Request.Method = httpMethod;
        return httpContext;
    }

    private static Endpoint CreateEndpoint(ActionDescriptor action)
    {
        var metadata = new List<object>() { action, };
        if (action?.EndpointMetadata != null)
        {
            metadata.AddRange(action.EndpointMetadata);
        }

        return new Endpoint(
            (context) => Task.CompletedTask,
            new EndpointMetadataCollection(metadata),
            $"test: {action?.DisplayName}");
    }

    private static CandidateSet CreateCandidateSet(ActionDescriptor[] actions)
    {
        var values = new RouteValueDictionary[actions.Length];
        for (var i = 0; i < actions.Length; i++)
        {
            values[i] = new RouteValueDictionary();
        }

        var candidateSet = new CandidateSet(
            actions.Select(CreateEndpoint).ToArray(),
            values,
            new int[actions.Length]);
        return candidateSet;
    }

    private class ConstraintWithTokens : IActionConstraint
    {
        public int Order => 1;

        public bool Accept(ActionConstraintContext context)
        {
            return context.RouteContext.RouteData.DataTokens.ContainsKey("DataTokens");
        }
    }

    private class BooleanConstraint : IActionConstraint
    {
        public bool Pass { get; set; }

        public int Order { get; set; }

        public bool Accept(ActionConstraintContext context)
        {
            return Pass;
        }
    }
}


History of the first mascara ancient egyptians. The invention is first packaged mascara from a mixture of coal and petroleum jelly. Development by Helena Rubinstein water resistant mascara based turpentine. Varieties of modern mascara: waterproof, color.
Другие документы, подобные "History of Waterproof Mascara"
Поcмотреть текст работы "History of Waterproof Mascara"


Explore the natural goodness of Del Monte Red Cane Vinegar for cooking, dressings and dips. Made from 100% cane vinegar, it is guaranteed to have no preservatives and no artificial chemicals. Available in the following sizes: 473mL, 946mL, 3785mL.


text:
<?php
/**
 * Global Configuration Override
 *
 * You can use this file for overriding configuration values from modules, etc.
 * You would place values in here that are agnostic to the environment and not
 * sensitive to security.
 *
 * @NOTE: In practice, this file will typically be INCLUDED in your source
 * control, so do not include passwords or other sensitive information in this
 * file.
 */

 return array(

 		'db' => array(
 				'driver'            => 'OCI8',
 				'connection_string' => 'localhost/xe',
 				'character_set'     => 'AL32UTF8',
 		),
 		'db_view' => array(
 				'driver'            => 'OCI8',
 				'connection_string' => 'localhost/xe',
 				'character_set'     => 'AL32UTF8',
 		),

//     'db' => array(
//         'driver'            => 'OCI8',
//         'connection_string' => 'xeon.azul.com.ec/prueba10',
//         'character_set'     => 'AL32UTF8',
//     ),
//     'db_view' => array(
//         'driver'            => 'OCI8',
//         'connection_string' => 'xeon.azul.com.ec/prueba10',
//         'character_set'     => 'AL32UTF8',
//     ),

     'service_manager' => array(
         'factories' => array(
             'Zend\Db\Adapter\Adapter'
                     => 'Zend\Db\Adapter\AdapterServiceFactory',
         ),
     ),

 	'module_layouts' => array(
 		'Application'  => 'layout/layout.phtml',
 		'Empresas'  => 'layout/layoutCorrespondencia.phtml',
 		'Contactos' => 'layout/layoutCorrespondencia.phtml',
 		'Cartas'    => 'layout/layoutCorrespondencia.phtml',
        'Usuarios'    => 'layout/layoutCorrespondencia.phtml',
        'Parametros'    => 'layout/layoutCorrespondencia.phtml',
 	),

 	'translator' => array(
 			'locale' => 'es_ES'
 	),
 );


text:
Алткирх () насеље је и општина у источној Француској у региону Алзас, у департману Горња Рајна која припада префектури Алткирх.

По подацима из 2011. године у општини је живело 5.761 становника, а густина насељености је износила 603,88 становника/-{km²}-. Општина се простире на површини од 9,54 -{km²}-. Налази се на средњој надморској висини од 310 метара (максималној 392 -{m}-, а минималној 274 -{m}-).

Демографија

График промене броја становника у току последњих година

Види још
 Списак општина у департману Горња Рајна

Референце

Спољашње везе

 База података: -{Insee}-
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070630072317/http://www.mairie-altkirch.com/
 http://www.ot-altkirch.com
 http://www.altkirch.net
 Алткирх на страници Националног географског института Француске
 Алткирх на страници организације -{INSEE}-
 Најближа насеља (километража, правац и координате)
 План насеља Алткирх на мапи (-{Mapquest}-)

Департман Горња Рајна у Француској
Википројект географија/Насеља у Француској

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Every year hundreds of cyclists embark on the journey through one of the Mecca destinations for adventure cycling: the M41, more mystically known as the Pamir Highway. One of the highest highways in the world, second only to the Karakorum Highway, it winds through many 4000m+ peaks and the Roof of the World, the highest plateau on Earth.
If you are contemplating cycling the fantastic mountains of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, this guide will give you all the info you need to know before embarking in one of the hardest and most rewarding cycling adventure.
Officially the Pamir Highway stretches from Khorog, at the border between Tajikistan and Afghanistan, and Osh, in Kyrgyzstan. However, most cycle tourers will start in Dushanbe and finish in Osh, covering a total distance of about 1250km.
The general consensus from many cyclists before us, agree that doing the Pamir Highway the opposite direction (from Osh to Dushanbe) is far more challenging due to constant headwinds, steeper climbs and a more drastic altitude gain, which increases the chances of altitude sickness. Difficult, yes, but not impossible. In fact, you will see many cyclists coming that way, too.
Once you leave Dushanbe you will need to make a series of decisions on how to make your way to Osh. How you decide to follow will be strongly dependent on your shape, resilience and thirst for a challenge. The time of the year will also influence the feasibility of riding certain roads over others.
From Dushanbe: North or South route?
Upon leaving Dushanbe, the next main stop is the town of Kala-i Khum which can be reached through two different routes. Following the M41 out of Dushanbe for about 20km, you will arrive in the town of Vahdat. Just after crossing the bridge over Kafirnigan river, a roundabout will give you the option to stay on the M41 (281km total Dushanbe to Kala-i Khum) or to take the South route- also known as Kulob road – on the E008 (366km total).
Both roads will rejoin in Kala-i Khum, but they are fundamentally different.
The North route (M41 – following Map number 1) goes through amazing valleys, the surreal town of Talvidara, and then up to Saghirdasht Pass, at an altitude of 3252m. It is meant to be the hardest part of the whole M41, as the road turns to harsh gravel 110km after Dushanbe and stays so MOST of the way. The whole climb to the pass – and subsequent descent – are quite challenging as big rocks and loose gravel make it difficult to leisurely move forward. The scenery, however, will stun you with dramatic views as you go through canyons and tight valleys. Bare in mind, though, that this route is suitable only during the summer months, being completely open to traffic only from late May to early November. The traffic is generally very quiet and the number of cyclists on the road tends to be greater than motorized vehicles.
The South road, open all year-round on the contrary, is often considered to be easier as it climbs through farmland and open country on good quality tarmac. After descending in the town of Nurek, it ascends again to reach the "Blue Sea" – Nurek Reservoir – through dunes and desert. A 1436m pass will then take you to the town of Shuro Obod, with the last 10km of the climb made of loose gravel. The climb is 30km long, with some 8% sections. The road will then finally descend for 20km down to the Panj River, which is the physical border of Tajikistan and Afghanistan. After a narrow gorge, and a final 26km of particularly bad roads, you'll finally make your way into Kala-i Khum. Apart from the bigger towns, shops are generally few and far between. Small village magazins tend not to sell instant noodles and often run out of bottled water (although streams can be found fairly often). After Shuro Obod there are no shops for about 75km. The traffic is quiet but regular, with drivers being considerate and friendly. There are two tunnels: a 5km one just after the first climb, and 2km one after the second climb. Lighting and ventilation are poor.
From Rushan: M41 or Bartang Valley?
In Rushan, the road will split once again giving you the chance to either stay on the M41 (Map 1), or divert towards the Bartang Valley. If you stay on the M41, you will follow the Panj river and the Afghan border on slowly improving tarmac until Khorog – a base for many to rest and refuel.
Some of the most adventurous cyclists will wave goodbye to the M41 in Rushan and follow promises of highly unkept roads, river crossing and absolute wilderness and remoteness in the Bartang Valley.
Both roads will meet once again just before Karakul Lake, North-East of Tajikistan.
If you have more info on the Bartang Valley or would like to add/correct something, click here.
From Khorog: M41 or Wakhan Valley?
M41 (Map 1). From Khorog, the first 10km of the M41 out of town are quite steep, but the roads are paved and not too busy, leading you towards a valley dominated by the vivid blue of the Gunt river, and surrounded by snow-capped peaks. You will go through Jelandi and the hot springs to then climb towards Koitezek Pass. The last 3-4 km of the climb are quite steep AND on rough gravel, with some 12% sections. But upon reaching the top you will be on the Roof of World and one of the most famous plateaus worldwide. The next larger villages following the M41 are Alichur and Murghab. The road between the two is usually blessed with tail winds (not a given though!), which make the short Neizatash Pass a piece of cake. The descent is on good quality tarmac and the views are astonishing as you go through red sand valleys and barely any human presence.
Wakhan Valley (Map 4, below, brown lining).
The road to the Wakhan Valley starts South of Khorog, following the Panj river and the Tajik/Afghan border. Ishkashim is the first big town you will encounter (110km), in which there's a famous Afghan market every Saturday. The landscape is dry and dusty; yet, villages are abundant, always surrounded by the verdant green of trees and grasses, contrasting the surroundings. The final part of the Wakhan is the most challenging. After Langar, there is no sign of for 3 days and you'll need to carry food supply. Like everywhere in the Wakhan, shops are exceedingly basic. As mostly everywhere in rural Tajikistan households bake their own bread, and you can ask the people you met if you could by a loaf. After Langar, the traffic reduces drastically as the road becomes sandy, and almost impossible to cycle. Soon after, the road tops out at 4,300m, before bursting abruptly back onto the tarmac of the Pamir Highway, just before Alichur.
If you have more info on the Wakhan Valley or would like to add/correct something, click here.
The high altitudes through which the Pamir Highway travels make it a challenging destination, requiring warm clothes even during the summer months. While the weather is much more stable and predictable from May to September, strong winds and storms can happen anytime. We cycled the Pamir Highway in September and, whilst we were very lucky and enjoyed sunny weather for most of the time, by the end of the month we found ourselves in a snow/rainy storm that lasted for a whole week. Generally the roads are very unkept, especially until Khorog, and they can be completely washed away by landslides, with local authorities stopping you from going any further.
Above 3000m of altitude night temperatures easily reach -5C. From October onward, you should definitely expect snow and night temperatures dropping to -10/-15C. It is a challenging experience, both for mind and body, and unless you are begging to taste your "survival" mode we would advise against winter expeditions.
Before embarking on our own journey on the Pamir highway we had read somewhere that September is probably the best months for finding fresh fruit and vegetables. While this is true in bigger towns such as Kala-i Khum and Khorog, keep your expectations low for the rest of the route. The range of vegetables is not that varied either: potatoes, onions, peppers, cucumbers, carrots, tomatoes, cabbage and eggplants seem to constitute the main and only diet. The fruit range limits to apples, pears, grapes and,very rarely, bananas. In the countryside you'll find local shops, which tend to sell instant noodles, eggs, loads of biscuits and chocolate bars. Fresh food is VERY rare.
Drinks wise, all the shops have some sort of fizzy drinks and iced tea. Bottled water is not sold most of the time and having a SteriPen saved us for the whole duration of our journey. Bare in mind that water boils at less than 100C at higher altitudes; it is, therefore, recommended to sterilize the water you will want to cook with.
For those craving alcoholic beverages, beer and vodka are limited in rural areas but can be found in bigger villages. Wine is generally not available, and if you are planning on a bubbly celebration on top of Ak Baital pass we would suggest bringing your own supply from Dushanbe 😉 .
The beauty of the Pamir Highway is that you can sleep in every possible place imaginable. In bigger towns such as Dushanbe, Kala-i Khum, Khorog, Murghab and Osh there is an extensive array of hostels and guest houses to pick from. In the last few years, tourism has caught up in the more remote villages, too. You will often find handwritten signs directing you to home stays and guest houses. Generally, prices range between $10 and $15USD, always including breakfast and, most of the time, also dinner. Home Stays will generally offer you a mattress to lie on the floor, which we found fairly comfortable. The house are heated by burning cows' dry stool in the central heater/stove and they get quite warm and cosy (or claustrophobic, depending on your point of view).
Wild camping is easy and allowed pretty much anywhere; use common sense and strongly avoid proximity to border posts and military bases. On the Maps.Me app, you'll find some suitable or scenic camping spots marked under "camping" on both North and South route. Most are good but not all of them are completely reliable (especially on the South road, where one of the marked camping spots is actually a military base – someone' s "sense of humor"). Watch out for land mines warnings both on the South route and in the last few Kms up to Saghirdasht Pass, on the North route.
Locals are usually very hospitable and you can ask to pitch your tent in somebody's garden or farmed land. We have never been refused any help by knocking at any door. Just remember that most of the people living in the country side are very poor and is always very nice to leave some "thank you" dollars or somoni. At your discretion.
For other ideas and alternative solutions, we suggest to have a look at this hilarious blog!
Dushanbe: Green House Hostel. We loved it for the friendly and homely environment. The people running the hostel are efficient and very kind, and they give you the chance to store some of your belongings at the hostel if you want to ride a loop in Uzbekistan or Tajikistan. You can exchange money, pay with credit card, or use USD/Euros. It has a nice courtyard, which is usually filled with cyclists fixing their bikes. A perfect spot to get into the Pamir's mood, meet a lot of people and, perhaps, find someone else to ride with if you are travelling solo. Double rooms $35; Dormitory $10. Breakfast included. WiFi usually works pretty well, unless it's packed with people, in which case can be pretty slow.
Sari-Tash: Hotel Muras. A simple and functional hotel of the size of a guesthouse. The food was delicious and the place really been taken care of by two young women from Bishkek. First encounter with Western toilets and decent toilet paper since Khorog! $16 Breakfast and dinner; $11 with Breakfast only. The WiFi works really well. Open only during the Summer season; closed from October.
Osh: TES House Hostel. Clean and well organised. On leaving Dushanbe we sent a few parcels here to lighten our panniers. After a few weeks and upon arriving at Tes, we found our parcels securely stored. Double rooms $37; Dormitory $10; Tent space $7; GREAT breakfast included and the WiFi is really fast, too.
Here's a breakdown of every pass on the M41. All the elevations and distances are automatically generated by Map My Ride and there might be some small altitude discrepancies. Nothing you can't climb, though!
Hi ! Thanks a lot for all those useful information and details.
How long was it from Dushanbe to Osh ? And what was your mean daily distance ? Have a nice ride, regards.
Hello! It took us roughly a month, but that includes at least 6 rest days along the way. We would do an average of 60km everyday – some days more with good tail winds, and some days less to avoid eccessive altitude gain so not to suffer of altitude sickness. We are on Strava under "Rolling East" if you want to check out the daily rides. And we did the same on Instagram (@rolling.east), if you want to see some pics too. Feel free to ask any other question if you need. Happy rolling!
Hi Rolling East! Thanks a lot for your answer.
Another question : do you know if high passes of M41 are snow free in June or July ? Strava informations on daily ride are perfect !
I would say they are – that's summertime in that area, and the snow doesn't normally kick in until oct/Nov.
Hey, did you use a water filter? If so what sort, I have never used one before.
A great blog, thanks. I am planning on doing the Pamirs later this year (currently in frozen France en route). What are the opportunities like for buying cooking fuel? I have a multifuel stove so can use petrol, gas or paraffin.
Hi! we had a multifuel stove too and during the Pamirs we used petrol, which could easily be found at least once every few days. We tended to stock up in bigger cities like Khorog and Murghab. Even though petrol is regrettably dirtier than gas, we knew it would last us a good while..
That's great. Thanks for replying. Enjoying your Instagram posts from SE Asia as I was there earlier this year.