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Sustainable Businesses Resources
How to Design a Rainwater Harvesting System
ChrisHamby / Flickr / CC BY-SA 2.0
Marni Evans
Marni Evans wrote about sustainable business for The Balance Small Business and is a sustainability educator, consultant, and Green Building Specialist.
Rainwater harvesting systems can be as simple as a rain barrel for garden irrigation at the end of a downspout, or as complex as a domestic potable system or multiple end-use systems at a large corporate campus.
Basic Rule for Sizing
The basic rule for sizing any rainwater harvesting system is that the volume of water that can be captured and stored (the supply) must equal or exceed the volume of water used (the demand).
The variables of rainfall and water demand determine the relationship between required catchment area and storage capacity. In some cases, it may be necessary to increase catchment surface area in addition to capturing enough rainwater to meet demand. Cistern capacity must be sufficient to store enough water to see the system and its users through the longest expected interval without rain.
Determine What the Captured Water Be Used For
Will you be using the rainwater for irrigation only? If so, a rough estimate of demand, supply, and storage capacity may be sufficient. On the other hand, if rainwater is intended to be the sole source of water for all indoor and outdoor end uses, a more precise calculation will ensure adequate supply.
Determine How Much Water Can Be Captured
In theory, approximately 0.62 gallons per square foot of collection surface per inch of rainfall can be collected. In practice, however, some rainwater is lost to first flush, evaporation, splash-out or overshoot from the gutters in hard rains, and possibly leaks. Rough collection surfaces are less efficient at the conveying water, as water captured in pore spaces tends to be lost to evaporation.
Also impacting achievable efficiency is the inability of the system to capture all water during intense rainfall events. For instance, if the flow-through capacity of a filter-type roof washer is exceeded, spillage may occur. Additionally, after storage tanks are full, rainwater can be lost as overflow.
For planning purposes, therefore, these inherent inefficiencies of the system need to be factored into the water supply calculation. Most installers assume an efficiency of 75 percent to 90 percent.
Determine the Collection Surface
The collection surface is the "footprint" of the roof or structure. In other words, regardless of the pitch of the roof, the effective collection surface is the area covered by collection surface (length times width of the roof from eave to eave and front to rear). Obviously, if only one side of the structure is guttered, only the area drained by the gutters is used in the calculation.
Calculate the Volume of Rainfall
To ensure a year-round water supply, the catchment area, and storage capacity must be sized to meet water demand through the longest expected interval without rain.
If the rainwater harvesting system is intended to be the sole water source, the designer must size the system to accommodate the longest anticipated time without rain, or otherwise plan for another water source, such as a well backup or hauled water.
Also, rainfall from high-intensity, short duration rainfall events may be lost to overflow from storage tanks or splash out from the gutters. Although these intense rainfall events are considered part of the cumulative annual rainfall, the total available volume of such an event is rarely captured.
Another consideration is that most rainfall occurs seasonally; annual rainfall is not evenly distributed throughout the 12 months of the year. The monthly distribution of rainfall is an important factor to consider for sizing a system.
Estimate Indoor Water Demand
A water-conserving household will use between 25 and 50 gallons per person per day. Households served previously by a water utility can read monthly demand from their meter or water bill to find monthly demand for purposes of building a new rainwater harvesting system. Divide the monthly total by the number of people in the house, and the days in the month to get a daily per capita demand number.
Estimating Outdoor Water Demand
Outdoor water demands peak in hot, dry summer. In fact, as much as 60 percent of municipal water demand in the summer is attributable to irrigation. The water demands of a large turfgrass area almost always preclude the sole use of harvested rainwater for irrigation.
For planning purposes, historical evapotranspiration can be used to project potential water demands. Evapotranspiration is the term for water use by plants, the combination of evaporation from the soil and transpiration from the plant leaves.
It is recommended to install landscapes of native and adapted plants, and also ascribe to the xeriscaping principles. A water-wise landscape can be quite attractive while conserving water, and demanding less care than a garden of non-native or non-adapted plants.
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Mandate & Priorities
OBA Good Works
OBA Diversity Statement
The OBA Barnet Kussner Award of Excellence in Municipal Law
About the Award
The award recognizes any single or combination of the following outstanding achievements:
Proven skills and expertise in the provision of legal services, including written and oral advocacy, legal advice, negotiation skills, and alternative dispute resolution;
Characteristically exhibits the highest degrees of professionalism, integrity and civility;
Significant contributions in the area of legal education or professional development;
Contribution to the community through pro bono activities, or other projects or initiatives;
Leadership in the municipal bar through the sharing of knowledge, experience, skill, commitment, and by acting as a role model and mentor to new members of the profession and to his or her peers;
Enhancing the practice of municipal law in the Province of Ontario;
And/or Contribution to the development of municipal related policies, procedures, practice and legislation in the Province of Ontario.
Members of the OBA who practice municipal law in Ontario or who are recently retired, but not including current members of the OBA Municipal Law Section Executive, are eligible to be nominated for the Award. Any member of the OBA in good standing is eligible to nominate a candidate for submission in writing to the committee.
The Award is presented during an Award Dinner of the Section on a date as determined by the Section Executive.
Nomination Procedure
The nominator must indicate that the candidate has been advised of the nomination prior to the nomination deadline and consents to being nominated. Nominations and supporting material must be filed with the Nominations Committee of the Municipal Law Section on a deadline to be set each year.
Please send your nomination together with a detailed letter of recommendation with supporting reasons. Nominations Open on Monday, January 9, 2023 and close at 5 pm on Feb 20, 2023.
The Nominations Committee will review the nominations and make a recommendation to the Section Executive. The final decision shall be made by a majority vote of the Executive at a regular meeting of the Section Executive or at a special meeting of the Executive called for the purpose.
The Selection Committee shall consider OBA policies, rules and guidelines on Diversity and Inclusion when selecting the winner of the Award.
A special plaque and a gold pin are presented to the recipient.
Cindy Ng
Coordinator, OBA/Municipal Law
300-20 Toronto St. Toronto, ON M5C 2B8
Phone: (800) 668-8900 or (416) 869-1047 x 407
Email: cng@oba.org
Fax: (416) 869 – 1390
2022 - Douglas Kelly
2021 - Barnet Kussner
2020 - Diana W. Dimmer
2019 - Mary Ellen Bench
2018 - Roger Beaman
2017 - Patrick J. Devine
2016 - Wilson Lee
2015 - Allan Leibel
2014 - William H. White, Q.C.
2013 - Lynn Townsend
2012 - Alan Cohen
2011 - The Honourable Peter Howden
2010 - Leo Longo
2009 - Dennis Wood
2008 - Jane Pepino
2007 - George Rust D'eye
2006 - Julia Ryan
2005 - Rusty Russell

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I recently saw this tag on http://pinkpeonies.co.za and I thought it would be so interesting to see how much I actually "spend" on the makeup I wear on a daily basis.
10. DIY eyeshadow primer - yup, you guessed it, FREE!


When Mary, a longtime home health aide, was asked to fill in for one of her colleagues recently, she found that her new client wasn't even attempting to follow the vegetable-rich diet prescribed by her physician. "I began digging deeper to find out why she wasn't eating in a healthier way," Mary recalls. "When she told me she didn't really know how to prepare vegetables in a way she liked, I offered to cook some dishes for her. She ended up loving them, and today her entire diet has changed for the better!"
Mary's story reflects the expanding role of home health aides (HHAs) today. While their responsibilities have traditionally entailed helping clients with daily activities such as bathing and dressing, maintaining a safe, clean household and shopping for groceries, they are becoming increasingly involved in hands-on health care, as well. In Mary's case, she has benefited from a program offered by my organization, Visiting Nurse Service of New York, that trains HHAs to act as "health coaches." The program, supported by a grant from New York State, teaches HHAs with Partners in Care, our private-pay division, how to motivate clients to eat better, stop smoking, take their medications as prescribed, and follow other healthy behaviors.
These types of programs reflect a growing realization that HHAs have the potential to be one of America's most valuable health care resources. As America's baby boom generation reaches retirement age, there is an increasing need for support systems that enable elderly individuals to live safely and comfortably in their own homes. Effective home health care is often a key part of "aging in place" successfully -- and for many clients, an HHA is an essential member of their home health care team. Because HHAs are typically in their clients' homes several days a week for hours at a time, they are also uniquely attuned to their patients' day-to-day health status.
Health care experts are now connecting these dots, and looking for ways to take advantage of this close relationship by having HHAs become directly involved in supporting clients' medical plan of care. While this doesn't mean the kind of clinical medical care provided by a nurse, it does mean coaching and support for the plan designed by a physician and supervised by a nurse. This evolutionary step is dramatically moving the HHA away from just being an observer and custodial companion.
In their health coach training, our HHAs learn to use a powerful technique called "motivational interviewing" to help patients manage chronic medical conditions or make important lifestyle changes. "Our aides don't tell clients what to do. Instead we teach them to offer suggestions and ask questions, digging down into what might be stopping clients from doing what they're supposed to do," says Sheniqua Johnson, RN, who runs the health coach training program for Partners in Care. "A coach might say, 'I know you're not eating the right things, but why do you think that is? Is it a financial issue, or what you're used to eating?' Once we understand what the issue is, we can begin to address it."
Several hundred of our HHAs have now gone through Sheniqua's one-week health coach training course. Other tools they learn include reflecting back what the client is saying, having the client summarize the key points of the conversation, and providing regular affirmations -- or "pats on the back" -- for a job well done. To guide these discussions, the HHAs are also taught about specific diseases and their effects on the body. As Sheniqua explains, this coaching is all aimed at enhancing the clients' own self-efficacy. "They're at the center of everything. We want to empower our clients, and make them want to do the right thing."
At VNSNY, we are also training HHAs to assist clients in carrying out physical therapy protocols, and training them as hospice aides who provide specialized care to the terminally ill. In addition, we are beginning to actively evaluate the benefits of these new HHA roles -- an important step toward gaining widespread acceptance for this approach. For example, we recently teamed with NYU Langone Medical Center on a six-month evaluation project to see whether HHA health coaching can help patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) do a better job of managing their condition in a home setting. A number of our HHAs provided coaching to 40 (CHF) patients who were treated at NYU Langone for acute symptoms and then discharged home. Each patient had five sessions with their HHA health coach, in which they were encouraged to take their medications as prescribed, weight themselves daily, and follow a low-sodium diet. The study then compared the outcomes of these patients to another group of heart failure patients who went home with standard physician and nursing care, but no additional health coaching.
"While both groups had similar hospital readmission rates, those who received health coaching from HHAs went longer before readmission on average, and also showed significant improvements in their overall symptom management," reports Senior Evaluation Scientist David Russell, VNSNY's lead evaluator on the project. NYU Langone staff provided very positive feedback on the initiative as well. "It's clearly an approach that merits further study," noted David.
Just as important, our HHAs are finding their new roles both satisfying and empowering. "Our HHAs come out of my course very excited with the skills they've learned," says Sheniqua. "They enjoy the chance to do something different, and welcome the chance to advance their careers. Some are so engaged that they go on to become nurses or social workers, and some already have advanced degrees that they've earned in other countries. We're seeing a new kind of HHA workforce take shape and it operates with a new level of sophistication and pride in the important role it fills in our changing health care system."
Even when our HHAs aren't officially employed as health coaches, we encourage them to use their coaching skills with the clients they serve. As Jennifer Leeflang, head of our Partners in Care division, notes, "Health coaching is a wonderful and cost-effective way to reinforce and build on the information that clients receive from their doctors and nurses. One of the most important takeaways from our HHA health coaching initiative is that it's helping so many of our patients feel more confident about managing their health and keeping their symptoms under control. That's one of our main goals in home health care -- to enhance our clients' ability to carry out self-care -- so there's a real value there."


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Universiti Malaysia Sabah initiated research in marine science and aquaculture by establishing a specialized research unit in the year 1995, in the first phase of its development. This reflected the priority given by the University to these subjects in response to the needs of the state of Sabah and the country, and their growing importance in a global perspective.
After recruiting the critical mass of experts, developing infrastructure and conducting a performance audit, Universiti Malaysia Sabah decided to upgrade this research unit in the year 2000 to the status of a fully-fledged Centre of Excellence and named it 'Borneo Marine Research Institute'. Since then the Institute has made progressive strides in research and development in various areas within the scope of its theme which is 'Conservation and Sustainable Development of Marine Resources'.
Selection of this theme was motivated by the need for innovative and relevant research oriented towards preservation of marine ecosystem for the services it provides and for undertaking advance research on topics in sustainable aquaculture. BMRI has significantly contributed to the development of human resources in these fields, provided the benefit of its expertise to many agencies and implemented several programs of direct relevance to the society in addition to generating new knowledge and technology.
Borneo Marine Research Institute embraces the vision, mission and motto of Universiti Malaysia Sabah. Those interested, please visit the website of our university: www.ums.edu.my, to better understand what the university stands for and what are its roles and responsibilities.
Borneo Marine Research Institute (BMRI), Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.


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For Law Schools and the AALS, Technology and Access to Justice Become Priorities
by David Horrigan on January 10, 2018
Community , Education & Certification , Law Firm , Legal & Industry Education
This post appeared originally as an article in Legaltech News.
The Association of American Law Schools (AALS) held its Annual Meeting in San Diego January 3-6. With the theme "Access to Justice," the conference addressed important social issues facing law schools and the nation.
"As law professors and lawyers, we are not social workers, but we are architects of social structure," said incoming AALS president Wendy Collins Perdue, dean of the University of Richmond School of Law.
Societal issues may have taken center stage, but technology played an important role—even in the opening plenary session on access to justice.
Justice, Access, and Technology
Outgoing AALS president Paul Marcus of the William & Mary Law School organized the opening plenary on access to justice where he was joined by Cara Drinan of Catholic University of America's Columbus School of Law, Associate Justice S. Bernard Goodwyn of the Virginia Supreme Court, veteran legal aid attorney and former executive director of Bay Area Legal Aid Alex Gulotta, and Legal Services Corporation vice chair and former Harvard Law School dean Martha Minow.
Not surprisingly, the panel had some disheartening statistics on access to justice, with Gulotta noting the United States ranks a dismal 94th of 113 nations surveyed on access to justice, Minow adding that 15-30 percent of legal services lawyers have been laid off over the last eight years, and Justice Goodwyn citing US Department of Justice data indicating that more than half of those qualified for civil legal aid had to be turned away—and that wasn't even considering the many people who didn't even know where to go.
"Our US criminal justice system treats you better if you're rich and guilty than if you're poor and innocent," Drinan observed, with Minow adding that the United States is "the most incarcerated state in the history of the planet, and it's destroying communities."
Having said that, the panel held out hope for the future. One big reason: technology.
Minow noted the Legal Services Corporation and the American Bar Association's Center for Innovation have awarded technology grants.
One of the ABA Center for Innovation's projects is the Distributed Forensic Expert Network Delegating Review (DFENDER) a joint project with the software developer Relativity, where e-discovery software and a network of forensic and legal experts are used to identify wrongful conviction trends.
Other legal technology organizations are pitching in as well.
Gulotta called for the use of technology to address access to justice, envisioning platforms resembling Lyft, OpenTable, and Uber for the law, adding, "Just like taxis, lawyers will be a thing of the past if we don't embrace technology and access to data."
In an AALS session later in the day, Gulotta's request was answered.
Law Schools and Technology
In a session presented by the AALS section on Technology, Law & Legal Education, John Mayer, executive director of the Center for Computer Assisted Legal Instruction (CALI) discussed A2J Author (Access to Justice Author), cloud-based software for taking complex legal information from legal forms and presenting it in a straightforward way to self-represented litigants.
"If you want to automate the law, you have to know the law," said Mayer, noting that with its law school members, CALI conducts applied research and development in computerized legal education, that A2J Author has 100 court forms, and that it's been used over four million times.
Michele Pistone of the Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law, the founding chair of the section on Technology, Law & Legal Education, helped establish the section last year, believing technology training is one of the most important opportunities for legal education today.
"Legal education should be the leader in teaching how to use technology, and we can make the classroom the laboratory," Pistone said, adding that one method was to "flip the classroom," where students watch the lecture outside of class and do practice-based learning inside the class.
Several law schools discussed their technology programs at the conference, and the section has representatives from law schools, including Denver, Duke, Illinois, Michigan, Missouri-Kansas City, Nova Southeastern, Penn State, Saint Louis, Santa Clara, and others.
With support from the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, University of Missouri-Kansas City professor Tony Luppino has started a legal technology laboratory, and Hari Osofsky, the dean of Penn State Law has made legal technology a priority at her law school.
"Whether it's incorporating instructional technology in the classroom, integrating law practice tools into courses and clinics, or incorporating a legal tech course in the curriculum, it is exciting to see how several law schools are stepping up to the challenge," said Laura Norris, chair-elect of the section and assistant clinical professor at Santa Clara University.
Norris will join US District Judge Xavier Rodriguez, William Hamilton of the University of Florida, David Horrigan of Relativity, Daniel Katz of Chicago-Kent, and Mary Mack of the Association of Certified eDiscovery Specialists (ACEDS) at ALM Legalweek's Legaltech on January 31, to continue the discussion of legal and technology education.
AALS participants were not limited to the United States. One legal education session had several participants from Australia, including Kathy Laster, professor at Victoria University in Melbourne.
"Thinking like a lawyer has never been more important than in the Virtual Age," said Laster.
Other panels at the conference considered the practical impact of technology on legal education, including technology in the classroom and the use of email and social media.
Devices in the Classroom
In 2018, it may seem like a given that law students would use digital devices in the classroom, but their use isn't without controversy.
Susan Freiwald, associate dean at the University of San Francisco School of Law, noted the distractions laptops can create in the classroom, and recommended limiting the use of laptops, at least for first-year law students.
"Research shows that it's not just the student using the device who is distracted, it's many of the surrounding students as well."
Michael Bloom of the University of Michigan Law School, the incoming chair of the AALS Technology, Law & Legal Education section, and founder of the legal education start-up, Praktio, agrees.
"I ban the unlimited use of laptops in the classroom because students begged me to do it," Bloom said, noting that he requires students to bring laptops to class, but controls when they can be used.
Kenneth Swift of the University of Houston Law Center notes that, in teaching legal research and writing, his students make extensive use of laptops in class, but he, too, controls device use by having an absolute ban on mobile phone use.
However, Darcy Kirk, associate dean at the University of Connecticut School of Law not only allows devices in the classroom, but finds them to be a great teaching tool.
"I like devices in the classroom; they can bring a case to life. For instance, if students are doing a labor and employment case, they can look up whether the person kept the job that was the focus of the matter."
Social Media and Email
Moderated by Janet Stearns, dean of students at University of Miami School of Law, a panel on social media and email use on campus provided insight into how law schools are dealing with the changing landscape of digital data.
Joining Stearns were her Miami Law colleague, Jan Jacobowitz, Darren Nealy of The Ohio State University, and Michael Hunter Schwartz, dean of the University of the Pacific McGeorge School of Law.
Schwartz gave a candid account of the highly publicized email controversy during his tenure as dean of the law school at the University of Arkansas.
After Donald Trump's unexpected win in the 2016 presidential election, Schwartz sent an email to the student body, letting them know counseling services were available for those who were upset by the election results. Schwartz faced the wrath of conservatives, and he resigned as dean at Arkansas before moving to the University of the Pacific.
In an effort to have the AALS community benefit from his email experience, Schwartz gave five tips for email communication:
Assume every email you send could be publicized.
Assume what you write may be used in ways you never intended.
Find a reader who disagrees with you politically to review a draft.
Warn higher-ups.
Be authentic.
Ohio State's Nealy added that Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) laws and the Family Education Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) are email considerations.
"Don't feed the trolls" was Nealy's social media advice, cautioning attendees not to post information nefarious social media trolls could use against attendees or their institutions.
He also asked attendees to consider the disabled when using social media, noting that—although many platforms have excellent accommodations for the disabled—if you post a photo of a campus flier without a text description, those with sight disabilities won't be able to get the information.
Miami's Jacobowitz highlighted some of the legal ethics obligations, noting that Pennsylvania Bar Association Formal Opinion 201-300 provides that competence includes having "a basic knowledge of how social media websites work."
Of course, when it comes to social media, Jacobowitz offered advice that doesn't require review of state bar ethics opinions.
"Really smart people do unfortunate things," Jacobowitz said. "Use the Grandmother Test: Would you want your grandmother to see it?"
During AALS, Ruth Hauswirth of Cooley LLP noted the Internet of Things is becoming ubiquitous.
"The Internet of Things is becoming the internet of everything," Hauswirth said.
Another January 31 session at Legalweek's Legaltech will address these issues, featuring Jake Frazier of FTI Consulting, David Horrigan of Relativity, Ari Kaplan of Ari Kaplan Advisors, Ed McAndrew of Ballard Spahr LLP, and Kelly Twigger of ESI Attorneys.
With a new and growing section on Law, Technology, and Legal Education and the new initiatives at its member institutions, it's clear that the AALS is placing an emphasis on technology and legal education. AALS speakers noted the importance of having lawyers in the process.
"I don't know how a non-lawyer is going to help a guy in jail," Justice Goodwyn said. However, Daniel Rodriguez, dean of Northwestern University's Pritzker School of Law noted, "The market has taught us that we don't need Cadillac JDs to do legal ops or compliance."
Another approach is to make legal technology part of the bar exam process, according to Karen Sanner of the Saint Louis University School of Law.
"Bar examiners need to realize the importance of legal technology," Sanner said.
David Horrigan is e-discovery counsel and legal content director at Relativity. An attorney, industry analyst, and award-winning journalist, he served formerly as analyst and counsel at 451 Research and reporter and assistant editor at The National Law Journal.
For Job-Seeking Law School Students, Technology Is the Answer
A Changing World: Ralph Losey on "Stepping In" for e-Discovery
5 Essential Components of an e-Discovery Course for the Adjunct Professor


andcarne wrote: How exactly is that speed test being set up?
The speed test there is a very quick modification done by The_Goldfish that flys through each level, the long test taking about 15 mins to finish. The levels are empty, as the new code only provides a performance boost for the land rendering, so that is what is being tested.
If you have access to the beta forums (and looking at your title list that shouldn't be a problem), you'll find a few topics over speed that me and The_Goldfish posted a bunch of graphs in, you'll find the mod for this.
We all used something called FRAPS to record our framerates to a text file, but you'll have to find a Mac equivalent to do it for you. Then we shoved our data into Excel and came out with the above graphs.
Using the settings specified for the test (it didn't say to use Pixel effect or not), in the Garden level (already completed, but there are virii on the level again), i get 7-8 FPS with pixel effect turned on and 15-17 with pixel effect turned off.
On the Mine Level (also completed), i get 4FPS with the pixel effect turned off and 7-8 with pixel effect turned on.
I usually play with everything set to "Low" or "I need an upgrade", 800x600 full screen, 16, all sound options turned as low as possible. Using this configuration, i get around 19FPS on Mine.
BTW, Tiger definitely gave me a framerate bump.
Just as a point of comparison...My PC at work is a P4, 2.8, 2G RAM, Nvidia 6600GT and i can play 1200x1024 with all settings on High and i get 25-45FPS depending. Alas, i don't get to play very often at work however.
Just wondering (see previous post for my current setup), would an upgrade from a Nvidia Twinview to an ATI 9600 (modded for G4) or 9800 make a significant difference? Or is the game more CPU bound?
In the early stages, the levels are relatively simple, so a better graphics card will improve your framerate hugely. In the later stages, the levels are at least as graphically complex, but also require a fast CPU to run well due to additional AI complexity of managing many entities simultaneously.
This type of problem happens in pattern buffer on windows as well, and seems to attribute itself to a memory leak somwhere. Later levels do not suffer from the same problem, nor earlier levels, so I belive its down to something that is unique to pattern buffer. (Possibly the DG guy image).
I am inclined to agree with atze -- the problem seems to be AI bound. Pattern Buffer slowed down quite a bit on my machine (a 1 Ghz G4 PowerBook), but Bioshpere and Temple were far worse. Reciever was also quite bad, but I think that is due to soul rendering -- for some reason, all those falling souls really bog things down.
First, I ran Darwinia, entered Pattern_Buffer, and let it idle for about half an hour. In that time, the memory footprint of Darwinia went from about 80 Mb of real memory and 270 Mb of virtual memory to 85 Mb and 275 Mb, respectively.
Second, I captured one of the buildings that triggers the SpawnPoint, and let red DGs flood in. With the first wave, the memory footprint shot up to about 95 Mb and 295 Mb, but after half an hour of units pouring in, memory usage was at about 103 Mb and 301 Mb.
Finally, I entered Garden and let it idle for half an hour. At the end of this time, both the virtual memory and real memory footprints had increased by about 5 Mb.
So, based upon that test, I do not think that Pattern_Buffer is leaking any more than any other level. At the rate of 10 Mb per hour, it would take three days for me to see the same footprint that you report. Now, my understanding is that the memory leak on the Windows version was linked to 3D Hardware Sound. This does not seem to be an option on my machine (a Mac PowerBook). Thus far, I had assumed that this was not an option at all. To anyone with a Mac desktop machine: is the option to enable/disable 3D Hardware Sound available?
So, as I said before, I think the problem is related to the AI, as CPU usage shoots up in levels with lots of red DGs.
Wating only 5 mins in pattern buffer: 158MB physical, 178MB virtual.
Thats an increase of 9MB physical memory per min, 8MB virtual per min.
I've been able to, on many occasions, crash Darwinia in pattern buffer by making it consume 2GB memory. However, this problem doesn't affect me on Biosphere or Temple, in any way, after any amount of time.
Oh dear lord, don't make people run Rendertest 4, just DON'T!
I think this is the url for the archive containing rendermark is this and that rendertest 4, if you really, *really* want to do it (I suggest you don't because it's AGONY), I think this should set you straight.
I'll be running it on 1.2 here, so it'll probably crash. I'm also having a hard time finding something to sample framerates, and I'd hate to have to sit there with a pen and paper.
I haven't any idea about what happens next.
As for that memory leak... And people yelled at ME when i ended up with a few small memory leaks because of misplaced char* variables?! 9 freaking megs in 5 minutes? /me wonders what the heck darwinia is doing o_O They seem to have fixed that in the windows version however, at least, somewhat. I only encounter a memory leak when the game is paused and i have the task manager pulled up, otherwise, no leak. But when it is leaking its doing so at a rate of 500k a second.


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Evolution, Ecology and Behavior
This course presents the principles of evolution, ecology, and behavior for students beginning their study of biology and of the environment. It discusses major ideas and results in a manner accessible to all Yale College undergraduates. Recent advances have energized these fields with results that have implications well beyond their boundaries: ideas, mechanisms, and processes that should form part of the toolkit of all biologists and educated citizens.
The Nature of Evolution: Selection, Inheritance, and History
Stephen C Stearns
The lecture presents an overview of evolutionary biology and its two major components, microevolution and macroevolution. The idea of evolution goes back before Darwin, although Darwin thought of natural selection. Evolution is driven by natural selection, the correlation between organism traits and reproductive success, as well as random drift. The history of life goes back approximately 3.7 billion years to a common ancestor, and is marked with key events that affect all life.
Basic Transmission Genetics
Genetic transmission is the mechanism that drives evolution. DNA encodes all the information necessary to make an organism. Every organism's DNA is made of the same basic parts, arranged in different orders. DNA is divided into chromosomes, or groups of genes, which code for proteins. Asexually reproducing organisms reproduce using mitosis, while sexually reproducing organisms reproduce using meiosis. Both these mechanisms involve duplication of DNA, which then gets passed to offspring. RNA is a key component in the duplication of DNA.
Adaptive Evolution: Natural Selection
Adaptive Evolution is driven by natural selection. Natural selection is not "survival of the fittest," but rather "reproduction of the fittest." Evolution can occur at many different speeds based on the strength of the selection driving it. These types of selection can result in directional, stabilizing, and disruptive outcomes. They can be driven by frequency-dependent selection and sexual selection, in addition to more standard types of selection.
Neutral Evolution: Genetic Drift
Neutral evolution occurs when genes do not experience natural selection because they have no effect on reproductive success. Neutrality arises when mutations in an organism's genotype cause no change in its phenotype, or when changes in the genotype bring about changes in the phenotype that do not affect reproductive success. Because neutral genes do not change in any particular direction over time and simply "drift," thanks in part to the randomness of meiosis, they can be used as a sort of molecular clock to determine common ancestors or places in the phylogenetic tree of life.
How Selection Changes the Genetic Composition of Population
Genetics controls evolution. There are four major genetic systems, which are combinations of sexual/asexual and haploid/diploid. In all genetic systems, adaptive genetic change tends to start out slow, accelerate in the middle, and occur slowly at the end. Asexual haploids can change the fastest, while sexual diploids usually change the slowest. Gene frequencies in large populations only change if the population undergoes selection.
The Origin and Maintenance of Genetic Variation
Mutations are the origin of genetic diversity. Mutations introduce new traits, while selection eliminates most of the reproductively unsuccessful traits. Sexual recombination of alleles can also account for much of the genetic diversity in sexual species. In some instances, population size can affect diversity and rates of evolution and fixation, but in other cases population size does not matter.
The Importance of Development in Evolution
Development is responsible for the complexity of multicellular organisms. It helps to map the genotype into the phenotype expressed by the organism. Development is responsible for ancient patterns among related organisms, and many structures important to development shared by many life forms have changed little over hundreds of millions of years. Development is expressed combinatorially, allowing a relatively small amount of genetic information to be expressed in many different ways.
The Expression of Variation: Reaction Norms
Reaction norms depict the range of phenotypes a single genotype can produce, depending on the environment. Reaction norms must fit within an organism's phylogenetic constraints. They can differ for different individuals within a population, but some traits differ very little based on the environment; some do not differ at all.
The Evolution of Sex
There are several explanations for the evolution of sex and its continued prevalence. One is facilitating the spread of helpful mutations while hastening the removal of harmful ones. Another is expediting resistance against pathogens. Sex does have several costs compared to asex, such as only giving half your genome to offspring, having to find mates, and the risk of predation and STDs. Overall, the benefits outweigh the costs and sex has a firm hold on the majority of the recent branches of the tree of life.
Genomic Conflict
Genomic conflict arises when the interests of various genomic elements, such as chromosomes and cytoplasmic organelles, are not aligned. These conflicts arise in two situations: either when one unit is contained within another, as a mitochondrion is contained within a cell, or when inheritance is asymmetrical. Genomic conflict can thus occur within a cell, within an organism, or between two organisms, such as a mother and developing fetus. There have been several steps taken to avoid these conflicts in sexual species, including the fairness of meiosis and the uniparental inheritance of cytoplasmic genomes.
Life History Evolution
Life history covers three main classes of traits in organisms: age and size at maturity, number and size of offspring, and lifespan and reproductive investment. Organisms must make tradeoffs among these traits that typically cause them to come to evolutionary equilibrium at intermediate values. Life history traits are evolutionary solutions to the ecological problems of the risk of mortality and the acquisition of food, and they are expressed in reaction norms that determine the particular traits that an organism will exhibit when its genes encounter a specific environment during development.
Sex Allocation
Sex allocation is an organism's decision on how much of its reproductive investment should be distributed to male and female functions and/or offspring. Under most conditions, the optimal ratio is 50:50, but that can change under certain circumstances. Sex allocation determines what sexes sequential hermaphrodites should be at each part of their life as well as how simultaneous hermaphrodites should behave. Some species have more control over the sexes of their offspring than others, and adjust the sex ratios of their offspring depending on the environment and conditions.
Sexual selection is a component of natural selection in which mating success is traded for survival. Natural selection is not necessarily survival of the fittest, but reproduction of the fittest. Sexual dimorphism is a product of sexual selection. In intersexual selection, a sex chooses a mate. In intrasexual selection, individuals of one sex compete among themselves for access to mates. Often honest, costly signals are used to help the sex that chooses make decisions.
Species and Speciation
Speciation is the process through which species diverge from each other and/or from a common ancestor. There are several definitions of species, most of which focus on reproductive isolation and/or phylogenetic similarities. This can cause some controversy. Speciation can result from geographical separation or ecological specialization. There are stages of speciation in which organisms cluster first into distinct populations before finally becoming different species.
Phylogeny and Systematics
The Tree of Life must be discovered through rigorous analysis. Genetic information is crucial because appearances can be deceiving, and species that look similar can prove to be genetically very dissimilar and not share recent common ancestors. Two criteria, used to determine what the "correct" Tree is, are simplicity and whether the tree maximizes the probability of observing what we actually see.
Comparative Methods: Trees, Maps, and Traits
We can use methods of genetic analysis to connect phylogenic information to geographical histories. Human migration has left genetic traces on every continent, and allows us to trace our roots back to Africa. Molecular genetic methods allow us to determine whether or not trait states were ancestral, which can have profound implications for fundamental biological ideas.
Key Events in Evolution
The history of life and evolution has been characterized by several key events. These events can be grouped as new hierarchal levels of selection coming into play, as biological units coming together in symbiosis and specialization, or in a number of other ways. Other important events are situations of conflict resolution or information transmission, from the genetic to the cultural level.
Major Events in the Geological Theatre
Geology and climate have shaped the development of life tremendously. This has occurred in the form of processes such as the oxygenation of the atmosphere, mass extinctions, tectonic drift, and disasters such as floods and volcanic eruptions. Life, particularly bacteria, has also been able to impact the geological makeup of the planet through metabolic processes.
The Fossil Record and Life's History
The fossil record holds a lot of evolutionary information that can't be seen on shorter time scales, although the more recent fossil record is more complete. Among other things, the fossil record demonstrates that extinctions can open up ecological space for new speciation and radiation, and that life forms tend to begin small and evolve to be bigger over time.
Coevolution happens at many levels, not just the level of species. Organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts serve as good intracellular examples. Other living things make up a crucial component of an organism's environment. Coevolution can occur in helpful ways (symbiosis) and in harmful ways (parasitism). Many factors can influence coevolution, such the frequency and degree of interaction.
Evolutionary Medicine
Evolution plays an important though underutilized role in medicine. Evolution guides how our bodies respond to various treatments, how pathogens will respond to treatments, and how pathogens' responses will change over time. Pathogens oftentimes will evolve to an intermediate level of virulence where they become strong enough to infect a host and reproduce, but not so strong as to kill the host before it can spread the pathogen.
The Impact of Evolutionary Thought on the Social Sciences
There is a distinct possibility that humans are currently part way through an evolutionary transition between individuals and groups. The conflict between these two units of selection and levels of organization, between biology and culture, may explain some of the tensions in modern human life. Examples of selfishness and altruism exemplify how these types of selection act on humans.
The Logic of Science
While there are many differences between modern science and philosophy, there are still a number of lessons in modes of thought that scientists can take from philosophy. Scientists' ideas about the nature of science have evolved over time, leading to new ideas about falsifiability, creativity, revolutions, and the boundaries and limits of what can be accomplished by different types of science.
Climate and the Distribution of Life on Earth
This lecture provides an overview of the physical aspects of earth's biomes. Temperature, water, latitude, and altitude all come into play. Regions with similar levels of these climatic features tend to have similar life-forms living there. These same climatic features can also affect weather patterns, which in turn affect life by altering habitats and ecosystems. On a large enough scale, such as El Niño, these weather patterns can affect life all over the earth.
Interactions with the Physical Environment
Every species on earth has an environmental range in which it can live. Usually it flourishes in the central portion of this range. Organisms contain a host of adaptations that allow them to manipulate their environments to remain within their preferred range. Plants and animals differ in the nature of these adaptations, which include the control of water, temperature, pH, and ion concentration.
Population Growth: Density Effects
The growth of populations is held in check by several factors. These can include predators, food and other resources, and density. Population density affects growth rate by determining how likely is it that an organism will interact with a member of its own species compared to an organism of a different species. Population growth studies rely on the mathematics of logs and exponents.
Interspecific Competition
Competition among species, or interspecific competition, can have an even greater effect on selection than competition within species (intraspecific competition). This is often the case in lower density populations. Different species can have positive, neutral, or negative effects on each other's fitness, and the effect species 1 has on species 2 is not necessarily the same that 2 has on 1. The effects that cohabiting species have on each other shapes evolution the same way that selective pressures from within a species or the physical environment shapes it.
Ecological Communities
The idea of ecological communities has changed tremendously over the past forty years. The classical view stated that there were so many different species because evolution packed them tightly into the available niches. The modern view emphasizes the idea of trophic cascades, or top-down control in food chains. This emphasized the importance of predation in ecology, although it downplayed the significance of food webs, which showed the interrelated nature of ecosystems better than simple food chains.
Island Biogeography and Invasive Species
Geography is very important in ecology. Two major systems have been designed to model this, island biogeography and metapopulations. The idea of metapopulations is more recent, and has emerged as the dominant theory. Metapopulations are populations in multiple neighboring areas. The population of a species in any individual area may go extinct, but the metapopulation still survives. The theory of metapopulations has gained momentum in recent years because of its applications to epidemiology, the study of diseases.
Energy and Matter in Ecosystems
The movement of matter and energy around the planet is very important, and its study draws on geology, and meterology in addition to chemistry. Energy tends to flow upwards from plantlike producers to herbivores to carnivores before being decomposed by detritovores and cycling back into energy usable by producers, in addition to the photosynthesis or chemosynthesis used by producers to produce energy. Like energy, compounds vital to life such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous flow around the planet in cycles.
Why So Many Species? The Factors Affecting Biodiversity
One can look at biodiversity from several perspectives. An ecological point of view tries to determine how necessary diversity is for an ecosystem to function. An economic point of view tries to capture the value of the "services" nature provides for mankind. An evolutionary point of view shows how artificial the human "right" to dominance is. Finally, a personal point of view captures the emotional basis for the values that humans place on biodiversity.
Economic Decisions for the Foraging Individual
There are several ways to examine the behaviors of organisms when they forage or hunt for food or mates. These behaviors become more complex in higher organisms, such as primates and whales, which can hunt in groups. Foragers and hunters have been shown to examine the marginal cost and marginal benefit of continuing an action and then adjust their behaviors accordingly. They are also able to handle risk by hoarding resources.
Evolutionary Game Theory: Fighting and Contests
The economic concept of game theory can be readily applied to evolution and behavior. By analyzing encounters between organisms as a mathematical "game," important information such as fitness payoffs and the proportions of "strategies" played by each group within a population can be inferred. While oftentimes these games are too simplified to apply directly to actual examples in nature, they are still useful models that help convey important concepts.
Mating Systems and Parental Care
Mating systems and parental care vary tremendously from species to species. Every species differs in how it protects its young from predators and provides its young with food, if it does so at all. The physical environment as well as behavioral dynamics in intraspecies relationships all influence parental care. Often the mating system, which sex is dominant in mating, and whether fertilization is external or internal will determine much of the process of parental care.
Alternative Breeding Strategies
Breeding strategies differ both among males and females of the same species as well as among different species. The difference in breeding strategies among members of the same species can usually be linked to frequency dependence. If the species is at evolutionary equilibrium, the relative fitnesses of these different strategies will be identical. Differing strategies have been found at the level of the gamete as well as at the level of different organisms and species.
Selfishness and Altruism
Originally, altruism and self-sacrifice were thought to be incompatible with natural selection, even by Darwin. Now we have several explanations for how altruism can increase an individual's fitness. One is kin selection, or the idea that helping relatives can help increase one's genes in the population. Another involves ecological constraints and punishments. Here, individuals contribute to the group and wait their turn to reproduce.


text:
/* Blink with simple timer
 */

#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include "led.h"
#include "nordic_common.h"
#include "softdevice_handler.h"
#include "nrf_drv_spi.h"
#include "app_gpiote.h"

#include "board.h"
#include "adxl362.h"

// Need pin number for LED
#define LED0 25

#define ACCELEROMETER_INTERRUPT_PIN 5

static nrf_drv_spi_t _spi = NRF_DRV_SPI_INSTANCE(SPI_INSTANCE);

app_gpiote_user_id_t gpiote_user_acc;

static void acc_interrupt_handler (uint32_t pins_l2h, uint32_t pins_h2l) {
    if (pins_h2l & (1 << ACCELEROMETER_INTERRUPT_PIN)) {
        // High to low transition
        led_toggle(LED0);
    }
}

static void gpio_init (void) {
    // Need one user: accelerometer
    APP_GPIOTE_INIT(1);

    // Register the accelerometer
    app_gpiote_user_register(&gpiote_user_acc,
                             1<<ACCELEROMETER_INTERRUPT_PIN,   // Which pins we want the interrupt for low to high
                             1<<ACCELEROMETER_INTERRUPT_PIN,   // Which pins we want the interrupt for high to low
                             acc_interrupt_handler);

    // Enable the interrupt!
    app_gpiote_user_enable(gpiote_user_acc);
}

int main(void) {

    // Initialize.
    led_init(LED0);
    led_off(LED0);

    led_init(13);
    led_off(13);

    adxl362_accelerometer_init(&_spi, adxl362_NOISE_NORMAL, true, false, false);

    uint16_t act_thresh = 0x0222;
    adxl362_set_activity_threshold(act_thresh);
    uint16_t inact_thresh = 0x0096;
    adxl362_set_inactivity_threshold(inact_thresh);

    uint8_t a_time = 4;
    adxl362_set_activity_time(a_time);
    uint8_t ia_time = 30;
    adxl362_set_inactivity_time(ia_time);

    adxl362_interrupt_map_t intmap_2;

    intmap_2.DATA_READY = 0;
    intmap_2.FIFO_READY = 0;
    intmap_2.FIFO_WATERMARK = 0;
    intmap_2.FIFO_OVERRUN = 0;
    intmap_2.ACT = 0;
    intmap_2.INACT = 0;
    intmap_2.AWAKE = 1;
    intmap_2.INT_LOW = 1;
    adxl362_config_INTMAP(&intmap_2, false);

    adxl362_config_interrupt_mode(adxl362_INTERRUPT_LOOP, true , true);
    adxl362_activity_inactivity_interrupt_enable();

    adxl362_read_status_reg();

    led_on(LED0);

    gpio_init();

    // Enter main loop.
    while (1) {
        // sd_app_evt_wait();
    }
}


Low self-esteem can be a devastating thing to experience and can take the joy out of much of life. Not only that but being low in confidence can also actually sabotage our success in multiple areas life: preventing us from taking chances or putting ourselves forward.
'Curing' low self-esteem is not easy though and takes time in the best case scenario. Fortunately there are steps you can take to make it a bit easier to deal with.
Self-esteem refers to the beliefs that you hold about yourself. These include who you are, what you are capable of and all of the good and bad things about you; and then how you judge yourself on this basis. Your self-esteem can vary depending on your emotions and your experiences. Good self-esteem comes from seeing yourself in a strong and positive way.
Low self-esteem indicates that you have a low opinion about yourself. A low self-esteem can manifest itself in many different ways. You may focus on the things that you do badly rather than the things that you do well. You may struggle to name good things about yourself and just focus on your bad side. Low self-esteem can be brief or it may be a long-term problem and can feel very upsetting or detrimental.
Low self-esteem can be triggered by many different factors; often it stems from more than one cause. Those experiencing low self-esteem tend to report different triggers that upset them and often the causes can become interwoven.
There also appears to be a genetic component to self-esteem which may make one more susceptible to these environmental factors.
Low self-esteem can have very negative consequences. Negative thought patterns about yourself may become routine which can cause feelings of depression and worsen over time. Having a low opinion of your abilities can lead to difficulties at work or in your hobbies. You may feel unworthy to associate with your friends or colleagues. Low self-esteem can also prevent you from moving forwards with your life, such as applying for new jobs and starting new relationships.
In serious cases a long term negative opinion of yourself may even lead to negative coping behaviors (such as drug dependency and alcoholism) and mental health problems such as depression, anxiety and paranoia.
Long term low self-esteem can feel difficult to prevent; when negative thought patterns are so ingrained it can be difficult to know where to start to improve your feelings. However there are many ways to combat low self-esteem.
When you start to feel the effects of low self-esteem try to focus on what caused your low emotions on a case-by-case basis. Often the causes of low self-esteem can become tangled together unconsciously. Try to spend time assessing what it was that triggered your dip in emotions. It may be a relationship or an experience at work. It may be that an experience reminded you of another situation. It may even be that you made a mistake. It is only when you realize what is causing your low self-esteem that you can start to prevent it.
This is similar to the process known as 'mindfulness' in cognitive behavioral therapy.
If your negative self-esteem is always bubbling away under the surface it can feel normal to be upset or depressed. Instead when you start to feel low make a note of it and acknowledge how you feel. This can help you to identify what it is that is causing you to feel low. It can also give you an opportunity to challenge your negative behavior. Remember: it is not 'okay' to feel like this.
When you start to feel low, challenge yourself as to why you are feeling down. Defend yourself from slipping into a low mood. Ask yourself whether the situation you are in is worth your change in mood. When you are aware that a situation is changing your mood in such a dramatic way it can be easier to challenge this.
This is known as 'thought challenging' in cognitive behavioral therapy.
You might also take this opportunity to make positive steps to cheer yourself back up or to inflate your own esteem again.
Reminding yourself of your positive attributes can often be easier said than done, particularly when your self-esteem is low. However it is important to remind yourself about your good qualities as these can often be overlooked in favor of your negative sides. If you are feeling low try to think of three good things about yourself. If this is difficult, ask a close friend or family member to support you in this – perhaps just by calling up for a chat. Recalling your good characteristics at a low moment can help to return you to a more balanced frame of mind. You can also keep a log of positive things people have said about you. Repeat these to yourself often as 'positive affirmations' – or even leave them on post-it notes around your house as reminders!
Breaking the cycle of low self-esteem can also be done by treating yourself or organizing things to look forward to. Having a small treat, such as a nice meal or relaxed moment, can help to return you to a happier, more positive, state of mind. It can also help you to feel that you have more control over life. Likewise arranging enjoyable events, such as a party, an outing or a holiday, can break the normal cycle of life and help to give you something positive to look forward to.
Remember, our thoughts are often controlled at least to an extent by neurotransmitters. Doing things we enjoy can alter these neurotransmitters helping us to think much more clearly and to overcome a pattern of negative thoughts.
Low self-esteem can also be raised by taking time to look after yourself. Ensure that you get plenty of sleep. Exercise can help to put you into a more positive frame of mind, as can eating a balanced healthy diet. When your body is feeling stable and supported your mind will start to follow the same track, helping you to combat your low self-esteem. Again this all helps to support healthy neurochemistry and brain function. Remember: healthy body, healthy mind!
If none of this helps then make sure you speak to a health professional and consider getting therapy. This can help a great deal and in turn have positive effects in many aspects of your life.


IMAX and Regal have teamed up to open five theaters utilizing new technology that lowers the cost of large format and digital projection.
In a multitheater deal inked Tuesday with Regal Cinemas, Imax will bring its nascent digital projection technology to North America.
Regal and the Toronto-based large-screen format company have entered into a joint venture for five Imax theater systems. Two of them — skedded to be running in Knoxville, Tenn., and Las Vegas by the end of the year — use the company's MPX technology (which allows multiplexes to enter large-format technology in a cost-effective way), while the other three — in Seattle and two other locations in the western U.S. — will use the company's digital projection technology, set to go live in late 2008.
You can read the full story in Variety.


I want to play video games and go outside.
Happy to be here. New to this. I love to travel, read, and find paradise cabins in secluded forest or serene spots for relaxation and spiritual vision.
TRANSI'S ALL THE WAY!! :D I like eating.... ANYTHING. I also like my muslim jams.


Following is a summary of the Company's silica sand Mineral Resources, reported in accordance with the JORC code (2012).
The Mineral Resource announcement for Arrowsmith North, including JORC Table 1 information, can be found here.
The Mineral Resource announcement for Arrowsmith Cerntral, including JORC Table 1 information, can be found here.
The Mineral Resource announcement for Muchea, including JORC Table 1 information, can be found here.
The information in this document that relates to Mineral Resources for Arrowsmoth North, Arrowsmith Central and Muchea is based on information compiled by Mr Grant Louw, under the direction and supervision of Dr Andrew Scogings, who were both full-time employees of CSA Global at the time of the Mineral Resource estimation. Dr Scogings is a Member of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy and a Member of the Australian Institute of Geoscientists. He is a Registered Professional Geologist in Industrial Minerals. Dr Scogings has sufficient experience relevant to the style of mineralisation and type of deposit under consideration and to the activity which he is undertaking to qualify as Competent Person as defined in the 2012 Edition of the Australasian Code for the Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources, and Ore Reserves (JORC Code). Dr Scogings consents to the disclosure of information in this report in the form and context in which it appears.


This photo is included by "Japan Musium Engagement shoot".
"Japan Musium Engagement shoot" has 46 photos.
Keywords like Man, Photograph, Woman, etc. attached to those wedding photos.
Each photo is abundant with that moment's happiness, emotion, feelings, and warm memories.
I will carefully provide photos that share those loving moments page by page, in photos that you'll display for years to come.
**About the Photographer** Yuki was born in Tokyo, and went to America to study Photography after university. She was mesmerized by American style of artistic wedding photos, and now provides wedding photos with an aesthetic style. After finishing photography school in America, she worked for a bridal photography company at many wedding venues. She has photographed over 800 couples. She became independent, with a goal to personally provide each couple the perfect wedding photos. After receiving requests from many previous customers, she opened her own Family Photos and Newborn Photo service as well. She has received training to provide safe and reliable photography for newborns. She is particularly well known for her use of natural light, as well as her soft and warm photo atmosphere.
Photo in "Japan Musium Engagement shoot"


Decorated with high quality velvet orphreys edged with soft gold braids.
Finished with soft gold fringe and decorated with machine embroidered gold crosses.
The embroidery made with the highest quality metal gold threads.
Fabrics - simple damask with velvet orphreys.
Also possible to order special box for the Mitre - that's the perfect finishing touch to a very special gift. To order - choose correct option.


text:
RESIDENCIES AND COURSES
MARIA KONDER
Hi! I am Maria Konder
Maria Konder is an artist that works with painting, sculpture, installation and theatre. Her practice reflects upon issues of consumption, the environment, self-image, gender identity and role-playing.
Look Pretty While Getting Fucked in the Ass
Look Pretty While Getting Fucked in the Ass 2
Look Pretty While Getting Fucked in the Ass 3-2
MA, Art Education, School of Visual Arts, New York, NY
Master of Art
BFA, Fine Arts, Parsons New School for Design, New York, NY
Bachelor of Art
Todos os Santos Viajantes, A Cena Muda, Rio de Janeiro
ManPower, Woman Power, Lisboa
Plastic[o] Fantastic[o], Central Bank of the Bahamas, Nassau
Transforming Spaces, Hillside Studios, Nassau, Bahamas
Crest of the Strawberry Moon, Gospel Flat Farm, Bolinas, California
O FIM, Espaço Santo Antonio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
TV Mania, QGUAI, Rio de Janeiro
e Wallmania, Museo River, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Let's Go Home, S-KAI, Hamburg, Germany
- 2017/The Essential School of Painting, The Bigger Picture with Bob and Roberta Smith
-2013/Plastic[o] Fantastic[o] think Tank, Nassau, Bahamas
-2013/Procedência e Propriedade, Atelier Charles Watson, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
-2010/L.I.S.P.A. London International School of Performing Arts, UK
-2007/Watercolour Workshop, Lorenzo de Medici, Florence, Italy
-2006/Modelage and Painting, Ecole de Beaux-Arts, Paris, France
-2003/Drawing and Painting, Parque Lage, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
-2001/Decorative Painting, Fundacao Ricardo Espirito Santo, Lisbon, Portugal
Hello, I'd love to hear from you.
Simply email me at makonder22@gmail.com
Available for Freelance Projects.
MaKonder © 2017.


I want that when the coordinate x1 , y1 of a moving object collides with the cordordenada x2 , y2 an action is executed. That is I want to collide two points , not two surfaces. is it possible?
You would have to test the distance of both the points to do that. Using a local or global variable to compare on every tick. Something like this to test out. You might have to play with the distance. cause it depends on where the origin point is set for this it was to 64x64 sprites with the origin set in the middle.
but if these are moving objects it will allmost certainly never happen.
You could check if the distance between those points is less than a certain distance and have that call the actions ..
Raise the comparison up half the width of the sprite should work.
thank you very much to both.


text:
Touros é um município brasileiro do estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Tem o apelido de "esquina do Brasil" por se localizar em uma área onde o litoral brasileiro faz uma curva.

Topônimo
A origem do topônimo "Touros" é incerta, mas há três versões a respeito do nome: a primeira indica que o nome refere-se a um rochedo situado na praia com formato da cabeça de um touro; a segunda de que o nome teria sido dado pelos portugueses, devido a grandes rebanhos de gado existentes na localidade e a última aponta que a denominação foi dada em homenagem à cidade de Tiro, posteriormente denominado "Touro".

História

Em 1501, em uma expedição enviada pelo rei de Portugal, ocorreu o primeiro desembarque de colonizadores portugueses ao litoral do Rio Grande do Norte pela orla marítima, na área que hoje se encontra o limite dos municípios de Pedra Grande, e São Miguel do Gostoso. Um dos comandantes dessa expedição, Gaspar de Lemos, fixou um marco de posse colonial na praia dos Marcos, o mais antigo do Brasil, que era feito de pedra em mármore e possuía o desenho da cruzes de Malta e da Ordem de Cristo. Acredita-se que, antes mesmo da chegada dos portugueses, alguns navegadores espanhóis, como Alonso de Ojeda e Diego de Lepe, teriam chegado primeiro em terras norte-riograndenses. Há também a tese de que, pouco antes da descoberta do Brasil, Pedro Álvares Cabral tenha atingido o Rio Grande do Norte na praia de Touros.

No século XVII, em abril de 1638, um total de  homens, comandados por Luís Barbalho Bezerro, realizou o segundo desembarque português em Touros e depois partiram rumo a Salvador, na Bahia, deixando quatro canhões fixados sobre um rochedo encravado na praia de Marcos, com o objetivo de combater os holandeses. No final do mesmo século ocorreu a expansão agrícola das localidades de Ceará-Mirim e Extremoz, dando início ao processo de desenvolvimento econômico de Touros.

No século seguinte, ocorreu a fixação definitiva dos portugueses em Touros. A imagem de Bom Jesus dos Navegantes, atual padroeiro do município, de origem incerta, também chegou à localidade. Em homenagem ao santo foi erguida uma capela, cuja construção durou 22 anos. Uma grande seca ocorrida no Rio Grande do Norte na última década do século XVIII impulsionou a migração de trabalhadores agrícolas vindos do sertão para Touros.

Em 5 de setembro de 1823 o povoado de Touros foi elevado à categoria de distrito. Em 1832 foi instituída a freguesia de Bom Jesus dos Navegantes e, em 11 de abril de 1833, a Resolução do Conselho do Governo Provincial elevou Touros à categoria de vila, tornando-se município do Rio Grande do Norte, desmembrado de Ceará-Mirim, e instalado em 26 de julho do mesmo ano. A resolução foi confirmada quase dois anos depois pela lei provincial nº 21, de 27 de março de 1835.

Entre os fatos históricos do século XX, destacaram-se a construção o Farol do Calcanhar (1908); o pouso do avião Savóia-Marchetti (modelo S-64) na ponta do Calcanhar, em 1928, devido ao tempo instável e, consequentemente, à má visibilidade; a transferência do marco de posse colonial sagrado de Touros para Natal em 1974 e a construção do marco inicial da BR-101, que se estende do Rio Grande do Norte ao Rio Grande do Sul pelo litoral. Em 30 de maio de 2000, a lei estadual  instituiu o dia 7 de agosto como a data de aniversário do Rio Grande do Norte, formalizando Touros como "a porta de entrada para a criação do estado".

Quando emancipado, Touros possuía uma grande extensão territorial, com uma extensão de 180 quilômetros de praias. Com o passar do tempo, o quadro territorial do município foi sendo alterado com a criação de distritos e sua posterior emancipação por meio de lei estadual. De Touros foi desmembrado parte de João Câmara (29 de outubro de 1928) e os municípios Maxaranguape (17 de dezembro de 1958), Pureza (5 de abril de 1963) e São Miguel do Gostoso, ex-São Miguel de Touros (16 de julho de 1993).

Geografia

De acordo com a divisão do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) vigente desde 2017, Touros pertence às regiões geográficas intermediária e imediata de Natal. Até então, com a vigência das divisões em microrregiões e mesorregiões, fazia parte da microrregião do Litoral Nordeste, que por sua vez estava incluída na mesorregião do Leste Potiguar.

Banhado pelo Oceano Atlântico, Touros possui a alcunha de "esquina do Brasil" pela sua localização em uma área em que o litoral brasileiro faz uma curva, no extremo nordeste do país. Possui  de costa, boa parte na Área de Proteção Ambiental dos Recifes dos Corais, instituída pelo decreto estadual  de 6 de junho de 2001, cobrindo dezoito mil hectares de área. Limita-se com Pureza e João Câmara a sul; Rio do Fogo a leste; São Miguel do Gostoso, Parazinho e novamente João Câmara a oeste. Ocupa uma área de  (1,4277% da superfície estadual), dos quais  constituem a área urbana. Está distante  da capital estadual, Natal, e a  da capital do país, Brasília.

O relevo de Touros é formado pela planície costeira, caracterizado pela existência de dunas de areia formadas pela ação dos ventos. Adentrando o continente, essa planície dá lugar aos tabuleiros costeiros, também chamados de planaltos rebaixados, sendo possível ainda notar a presença da chapada da serra verde, nas áreas mais afastadas do mar, cujos terrenos são ligeiramente mais elevados que os tabuleiros. Geologicamente, a maior parte da área territorial do município é formada por sedimentos do Grupo Barreiras, constituído por sedimentos de arenitos intercalados por argilito e siltito e fragmentos de rochas cobertas por paraconglomerados de quartzo e sílex, formados durante a Idade Terciária. A exceção ocorre na porção sudoeste, que é tipicamente formada por sedimentos de calcário da formação Jandaíra, que pertence à Bacia Potiguar, do período Cretáceo.

Na pedologia, quase todo o solo tourense é constituído pelas areias quartzosas, altamente permeável e excessivamente drenado, porém bastante pobre em nutrientes e, portanto, pouco fértil. Este tipo de solo, na nova classificação brasileira de solos, é chamado de neossolo. Em pequenas áreas isoladas existem o luvissolo, o organossolo e o vertissolo, sendo os dois primeiros, na antiga classificação, denominados de podzólico vermelho-amarelo eutrófico e solo orgânico, respectivamente, enquanto o último manteve sua denominação original. A maior parte desses solos é coberta por uma vegetação xerófila de pequeno porte, a caatinga, que abrange 74% do município, estando os outros 26% no bioma da Mata Atlântica. Entre as espécies mais comuns estão o angico, a aroeira, a braúna, a catingueira, o juazeiro, o mandacaru, o marmeleiro e o umbuzeiro. Nas várzeas úmidas estão os campos de várzea, que margeiam os cursos d'água, existindo ainda a formação de praias e dunas, no litoral, e pequenas áreas de cerrado.

Touros possui sua área incluída nos domínios da bacia hidrográfica do rio Boqueirão e das faixas litorâneas de escoamento difuso. Cortam o município diversos cursos d'água, entre os quais o rio Maceió, o único que passa pela zona urbana. Outros rios são: Curicacas, Maxaranguape, Tatu, das Piranhas, Punaú e Santa Luzia. Os principais riachos são Arrepiado, Carro Quebrado, Colônia, Córregos, d'Água e Maxaranguape, existindo ainda numerosas lagoas, das quais a principal é lagoa do Boqueirão, com capacidade para , cobrindo 208,94 ha.

Touros possui clima tropical chuvoso com verão seco (ou subúmido) no litoral, com índice pluviométrico anual acima dos 800 milímetros (mm), e semiárido mais para o interior do município, com índices abaixo dos 800 mm/ano. As chuvas se concentram nos meses de março a julho. De acordo com dados da Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Rio Grande do Norte (EMPARN), desde 1911 o maior acumulado de precipitação em 24 horas foi de  em 20 de dezembro de 1997. Acumulados iguais ou superiores a  também ocorreram em 19 de julho de 1974 () e 8 de junho de 1954 (). Desde novembro de 2019, quando entrou em operação uma estação meteorológica automática da EMPARN em Touros, as temperaturas variaram de  em 14 de julho de 2020 a  em 9 de abril do mesmo ano.

Demografia

No censo demográfico de 2022, Touros possuía  habitantes, sendo o décimo-quinto mais populoso do Rio Grande do Norte e o ° do Brasil, a maior parte (74,52%) residindo na zona rural. Da população total, 51,68% eram do sexo masculino e 48,32% do sexo feminino, resultando em uma razão aproximada de 107 homens para cada cem mulheres. Em relação à faixa etária, 62,66% tinham entre 15 e 64 anos, 30,76% menos de quinze anos e 6,85% acima dos 65 anos. A densidade demográfica era de .

Na pesquisa de autodeclaração do censo, 65,03% eram pardos, 29,93% brancos, 3,94% pretos, 1% amarelo e 0,01% indígena. Todos os habitantes eram brasileiros natos, dos quais 69,26% naturais do próprio município, dos 96,01% nascidos no estado. Dentre os naturais de outras unidades da federação, os estados com maior percentual de residentes eram Paraíba (1,55%), Pernambuco (0,84%) e São Paulo (0,65%), havendo ainda pessoas naturais de outros oito estados mais o Distrito Federal.

Ainda segundo o mesmo censo, 82,91% dos habitantes eram católicos apostólicos romanos, 11,37% evangélicos e 4,35% declararam não seguir nenhuma religião, enquanto outras denominações somavam 0,37%. Na Igreja Católica, Touros pertence à Arquidiocese de Natal e seu padroeiro é Bom Jesus dos Navegantes, cuja igreja foi construída entre 1778 e 1800 e elevada à categoria de matriz em 5 de setembro de 1832, data de criação da freguesia. Existem também os mais diversos credos protestantes ou reformados, sendo a maior denominação a Assembleia de Deus (8,25% dos habitantes).

O Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH-M) do município é considerado baixo, de acordo com dados do Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento (PNUD). Segundo dados do relatório de 2010, divulgados em 2013, seu valor era 0,572, ocupando a 145ª posição no Rio Grande do Norte (em 167 municípios) e a ª do Brasil (em  municípios). Considerando-se apenas o índice de longevidade, seu valor é 0,716, o valor do índice de renda é 0,562 e o de educação 0,466. Em 2010, 56,3% da população viviam acima da linha de pobreza, 21,75% entre as linhas de indigência e de pobreza e 21,95% abaixo da linha de indigência. No mesmo ano, os 20% mais ricos eram responsáveis por 54,85% do rendimento total municipal, enquanto os 20% mais pobres apenas 2,61%, sendo o índice de Gini igual a 0,52.

Política
A administração municipal pelos poderes executivo, exercido pelo prefeito, auxiliado pelo seu gabinete de secretários, e legislativo, representado pela câmara municipal, formada por treze vereadores. Dentre as atribuições do legislativo estão a elaboração e a votação de leis fundamentais à administração e ao executivo, especialmente o orçamento municipal, a chamada lei de diretrizes orçamentárias. Tanto o prefeito quanto os vereadores são eleitos pelo voto direto para mandatos de quatro anos. O município se rege por lei orgânica, promulgada em 3 de abril de 1990 e atualizada por emendas posteriores.

Existem também alguns conselhos municipais em atividade: Alimentação Escolar, Assistência Social, Cultural, Defesa Civil, Desenvolvimento Rural, Direitos da Criança e do Adolescente, Direitos do Idoso, Educação, Habitação, Saúde, Segurança Pública, Transporte e Tutelar. Touros possui uma comarca do poder judiciário estadual, de entrância inicial, cujos termos são Rio do Fogo e São Miguel do Gostoso. Pertence à décima-quarta zona eleitoral do Rio Grande do Norte, possuindo, em maio de 2022,  eleitores, de acordo com o Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE), equivalente a 1,019% do eleitorado potiguar.

Subdivisões
O município de Touros é formado pela zona urbana, onde se localiza a sede ou cidade, a cidade e dividida por Bairros que são eles, Esquina do Brasil, Portal de Touros, Conjunto Calcanhar, Frei Damião, Centro, Largo de Nossa Senhora, e Novo Horizonte, Na zona rural são outras 35 comunidades rurais: Arribão, Assentamento Aracati, Assentamento Astral, Assentamento Baixa Funda, Assentamento Canudos, Assentamento Colorado, Assentamento Chico Mendes I, Assentamento Chico Mendes II, Assentamento Coelho, Assentamento Planalto do Retiro, Assentamento Nossa Senhora Aparecida, Assentamento São Sebastião, As cem, Santo Antônio, Baixa do Quinquim, Boa Cica, Boqueirão, Cajá, Cajueiro, Carnaubal, Carnaubinha ,Geral, Golandim, Lagoa de Serra Verde, Lagoa do Sal, Monte Alegre, Perobas, Santa Luzia, São José, Souza, Tubiba, Vila Assis, Vila Israel, Vila Mayne e Zabelê (Antigo Assentamento Quilombo dos Palmares).

Economia

Conforme dados de 2011, o Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) de Touros era de R$  mil, sendo R$  mil do setor primário, R$  mil do setor secundário, R$  do setor terciário e  mil de impostos sobre produtos líquidos de subsídios a preços correntes. O PIB per capita era de R$ . 61,1% da população maior de dezoito anos era economicamente ativa, enquanto que a taxa de desocupação era de 6,68% (2010).

Na agricultura, Touros produziu, na lavoura permanente de 2012, coco-da-baía (dezoito mil frutos), banana ( t), mamão (), castanha de caju (700 t) e manga (450 t). Já na lavoura temporária foram produzidos abacaxi (87,1 mil frutos), mandioca () e cebola (900 t). Na pecuária, Touros possuía  galináceos (galos, frangas, frangos e pintos),  galinhas,  bovinos,  suínos,  caprinos, 681 asininos, 385 equinos e oitenta muares. Também foram produzidos  mil litros de leite de  vacas ordenhadas e 95 mil dúzias de ovos de galinha.

Na indústria, Touros possuía, em 2010, 8,41% do pessoal ocupado acima de dezoito anos trabalhando no setor industrial, sendo 5,22% na construção civil, 1,95% na indústria de transformação e 1,24% nos serviços de utilidade pública. Segundo o IBGE, na extração vegetal de 2011 foram produzidos  metros cúbicos de lenha e duas toneladas de carvão vegetal. No setor terciário, 27,8% trabalhavam na prestação de serviços e 11,98% no setor comercial. Salários, juntamente com outras remunerações, somavam  reais e o salário médio mensal de todo município era de 1,8 salários mínimos. Havia 318 unidades locais, sendo 316 atuantes.

Infraestrutura

Saúde
Segundo dados de 2009, Touros possuía quatorze estabelecimentos de saúde, sendo treze públicos e um privado e treze deles prestando atendimento ao Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Existiam vinte leitos para internação, todos públicos e de caráter municipal. O município pertence à III Unidade Regional de Saúde Pública do Rio Grande do Norte (URSAP-RN), sediada em João Câmara, e possui o Hospital Municipal Ministro Paulo de Almeida Machado, localizado no Centro, contando com serviços de atendimento ambulatorial, urgência e emergência, leitos nas especialidades de cirurgia, clínica, obstetrícia, pediatra e serviços especializados.

Em 2010, existiam 43 médicos, 29 auxiliares de enfermagem, 22 enfermeiros, dezoito cirurgiões-dentistas, seis nutricionistas, cinco farmacêuticos, quatro técnicos de enfermagem, três fisioterapeutas, um psicólogo, um fonoaudiólogo e um assistente social, totalizando 133 profissionais de súde. No mesmo ano, a expectativa de vida ao nascer era de 71,1 anos, a taxa de mortalidade infantil era de 23,6 por mil nascimentos e a taxa de fecundidade era de 2,3 filhos por mulher. Segundo dados do Ministério da Saúde, dezesseis casos de AIDS foram registrados em Touros entre 1987 e 2012 e, entre 2001 e 2011, foram notificados 654 casos de doenças transmitidas por mosquitos, sendo 627 de dengue e 27 de leishmaniose.

Educação
O fator "educação" do IDH no município atingiu em 2010 a marca de 0,466, ao passo que a taxa de alfabetização da população acima dos dez anos indicada pelo último censo demográfico do mesmo ano foi de 73% (77,7% para as mulheres e 68,6% para os homens). No mesmo ano, 97,23% das crianças de cinco a seis anos na escola (89,47% de quatro a cinco anos na pré-escola), 78,7% entre onze a treze anos concluindo o ensino fundamental, 39,62% com fundamental completo de quinze e dezessete anos e 14,83% com ensino médio completo entre os dezoito e os vinte anos.

Considerando-se apenas a faixa etária de 25 anos ou mais, 38,25% dos habitantes não sabiam ler ou escrever, 25,27% tinham fundamental completo, 13,60% o médio completo e apenas 2,78% ensino superior. Ainda em 2010, Touros possuía uma expectativa de 8,77 anos de estudos, valor inferior comparado à média estadual, de 9,54 anos. Dados mais recentes, de 2019, apontaram que no município havia uma defasagem (distorção idade-série) de 19,8% nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental (1ª à 4ª série) e 48% nos anos finais (5ª à 8ª série), chegando 56,5% no ensino médio.

No censo escolar de 2020 Touros possuía uma rede de 36 escolas de ensino fundamental (com 261 docentes), 32 do pré-escolar (103 docentes) e duas de ensino médio (31 docentes), a maioria pública e da rede municipal, com um total de  matrículas. No ensino superior, possui apenas um núcleo avançado da Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (UERN).

Saneamento
O serviço de abastecimento de água de Touros é feito pelo Serviço Autônomo de Água e Esgoto (SAAE) e a concessionária responsável pelo fornecimento de energia elétrica é a Companhia Energética do Rio Grande do Norte (COSERN), do Grupo Neoenergia, presente em todos os municípios do estado. A voltagem nominal da rede é de 220 volts. Em 2010, o município possuía 86,28% de seus domicílios com água encanada, 99,06% com eletricidade e 56,88% com coleta de lixo.

Na última Pesquisa Nacional de Saneamento Básico (PNSB), realizada em 2017, Touros possuía uma rede de abastecimento de água com  de tubulações que abasteciam  ligações ou economias, dos quais  residenciais. Em média eram tratados  de água, sendo que apenas  chegavam aos locais de consumo, resultando em um índice de perdas de 65,6%. O índice de consumo per capita chegava a 476,2 litros diários por economia. Por outro lado, a rede de esgotamento sanitário tinha apenas dois quilômetros de extensão, do qual eram ligadas 659 economias, 620 destas residenciais.

Comunicação e transporte

O código de área (DDD) de Touros é 084 e o principal Código de Endereçamento Postal (CEP) principal é 59584-000. Há cobertura de quatro operadoras de telefonia: Claro, Oi, TIM e Vivo, sendo a segunda em tecnologia 3G e a demais em 4G. Em 2010, de acordo com o IBGE, 59,14% dos domicílios tinham apenas telefone celular, 5,98% celular e telefone fixo, 1,93% apenas o fixo e 32,95% não possuíam nenhum.

A frota municipal no ano de 2020 era de  motocicletas,  automóveis, 823	caminhonetes, 249 motonetas, 190 caminhões, 127 ciclomotores, 109 camionetas, 64 utilitários, 62 ônibus, 47 reboques, 38 micro-ônibus, quinze semirreboques, três triciclos, um caminhão-trator e um trator de rodas, totalizando  veículos. No transporte rodoviário, em Touros tem início a maior rodovia federal do Brasil, a BR-101, oficialmente Rodovia Governador Mário Covas que, com mais de  de extensão, estende-se até São José do Norte, no Rio Grande do Sul, percorrendo todo o litoral oriental brasileiro. Também cortam Touros as rodovias estaduais RN-023, RN-064 e RN-221.

Cultura
A responsável pela atuação do setor cultural de Touros é a Secretaria Municipal de Educação Cultura e Desporto, que possui várias atribuições, entre elas gerir a política das atividades educacionais no município, organizar a política de cultura e lazer da população, induzir a conservação da proteção patrimônio artístico-histórico-cultural de Touros, planejar a política de esportes, entre outros.

Em Touros há, além dos feriados nacionais, estaduais e pontos facultativos, quatro feriados municipais, sendo eles os dias 2 de janeiro, dia de Bom Jesus dos Navegantes, padroeiro de Touros; 27 de março, dia em que o município festeja sua emancipação política; 29 de junho, dia de São Pedro e o dia 5 de setembro, dia de criação da paróquia de Touros.

Atrativos naturais e culturais

Touros possui diversos atrativos turísticos espalhados por seu território. Entre eles estão, além das praias e do Marcos de Touros:

 o Farol do Calcanhar, localizada na ponta de mesmo nome, a seis quilômetros da sede municipal, possui 62 metros de altura e é o segundo maior farol da América Latina, foi construído no ano de 1908 e reformado em 1945, ao fim da Segunda Guerra Mundial;
 a Igreja Matriz de Bom Jesus dos Navegantes, sede da paróquia de Touros e pertencente à Arquidiocese de Natal, construída inicialmente como capela entre 1778 e 1800 e posteriormente elevada à categoria de matriz, abrigando a imagem do padroeiro municipal, possivelmente achada no final do século XVIII nas águas de um rio que banha Touros;
 o Cruzeiro das Almas, erguido na década de 1850 no antigo cemitério de Touros, quando houve uma grande epidemia de cólera no povoado que matou um terço da população local;
 o marco da BR-101, obra do arquiteto Oscar Niemeyer;
 a formação rochosa do Tourinho, que possivelmente teria dado o nome ao atual município.

Outros importantes pontos turístico são o Centro de Turismo, a Lagoa de Boqueirão, o Museu de Touros e as praias de Perobas, Carnaubinha, Monte Alegre, Lagoa do Sal, São José e Cajueiro.

Dentre os atrativos culturais realizados durante ao longo do ano estão a festa do padroeiro Bom Jesus dos Navegantes, em janeiro; o Carnaval, realizado em data móvel (fevereiro ou março) com foliões e apresentações de bandas musicais; a festa de emancipação política, em 27 de março e as festas juninas, em junho.

Ver também
Forte de Touros

Bibliografia
 JACOMINE, Paulo Klinger Tito. A nova classificação brasileira de solos. Anais da Academia Pernambucana de Ciência Agronômica, v. 5, p. 161-179. Recife: 2008.

Fundações no Rio Grande do Norte em 1833

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Wu CF, Peng CY, Liu CC, Lin WY, Pan CH, Cheng CM, Hsieh HM, Hsieh TJ, Chen BH, Wu MT*: Ambient melamine exposure and urinary biomarkers of early renal injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 26(11):2821-2829, 2015.
Wu CF, Chang-Chien GP, Su SW, Ho CK, Chen BH, Wu MT*: Findings of 2731 suspected phthalate-tainted foodstuffs during 2011 phthalates incident in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc. 2014 Sep;113(9):600-5.


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text:
Die Ostseewoche war eine, von 1958 bis 1975 in der DDR jährlich veranstaltete, internationale Festwoche. Sie fand meist Anfang Juli im Bezirk Rostock statt und stand unter dem Motto: "Die Ostsee muss ein Meer des Friedens sein".

1957 wurde von Karl Mewis, dem damaligen Ersten Sekretär der Bezirksleitung Rostock der SED, in Rostock auf einer Freundschaftskundgebung mit der UdSSR vorgeschlagen, ab 1958 im Bezirk Rostock eine so genannte Ostseewoche durchzuführen. Ende November 1957 bestätigt das Sekretariat des Zentralkomitees der SED die Rostocker Vorschläge zur Ostseewoche.

Ein zentrales "Komitee Ostseewoche" unter Beteiligung von Karl Mewis, Herbert Warnke und Waldemar Verner wurde gegründet. Das Sekretariat des ZK legte fest, dass zur Festwoche nicht nur Delegationen der kapitalistischen Ostseeanliegerstaaten, sondern auch solche aus der UdSSR und Polen eingeladen werden sollten. Die Veranstaltung wurde zur Sache des ganzen Landes erklärt. Am 30. Januar 1958 fand die konstituierende Sitzung des Vorbereitungskomitees für die Ostseewoche statt, auf der Mewis die Grundsätze der Veranstaltung formulierte. Ein Beschluss des Präsidiums des Ministerrats der DDR vom 13. Februar 1958 übertrug die Verantwortung über die  Durchführung der Ostseewoche dem Vorsitzenden des Rates des Bezirks Rostock.

In Rostock und anderen Orten an der Ostseeküste gab es seitdem jährlich, in Konkurrenz zur traditionellen Kieler Woche, zahlreiche politische, kulturelle und sportliche Veranstaltungen – Kundgebungen, Symposien und Konferenzen sowie Segelregatten, Konzerte und Ausstellungen. 1965 wurde die Biennale der Ostseeländer als Teil des kulturellen Rahmenprogramms ins Leben gerufen. Kunstinteressierte kamen fortan alle zwei Jahre in den Genuss zeitgenössischer Kunst aus der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Dänemark, der DDR,  Finnland, Island, Norwegen, Polen, Schweden und der Sowjetunion – zunächst im Stadtmuseum am Steintor, ab 1969 in der eigens dafür erbauten Kunsthalle Rostock.

Veranstalter des Kultur- und Sportfestivals war der Gewerkschaftsbund FDGB, der jeweils gleichzeitig in Rostock die "Arbeiterkonferenz der Ostseeländer, Norwegens und Islands" durchführte. Das Ziel dieser Konferenz und der Ostseewoche war es, die Beziehungen der DDR zu den nordeuropäischen Ländern zu entwickeln und für die staatliche Anerkennung der DDR zu werben. Die Teilnehmer kamen aus der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, den anderen Ostseeanliegerstaaten, aus  Norwegen und Island.

Am 20. Dezember 1975 wurde den Vertretern der DDR-Freundschaftsgesellschaften der nordischen Länder, die in den Ostseebezirk gekommen waren um die 19. Ostseewoche 1976 vorzubereiten, vom "Komitee Ostseewoche" mitgeteilt, dass die Ostseewochen eingestellt werden. Als Begründung wurde angeführt, die Festwoche habe ihre Aufgabe erfüllt. Durch den Abschluss des Grundlagenvertrages und die Aufnahme beider deutscher Staaten in die Vereinten Nationen war für den Veranstalter der Zweck der Veranstaltung entfallen.

Weblinks

 Videos im ARD-Retro-Angebot der ARD Mediathek:
 Aktuelle Kamera: Otto Grotewohl spricht auf Kundgebung zur Ostseewoche, Deutscher Fernsehfunk vom 4. Juli 1960.
 Aktuelle Kamera: Segeln, Ostseewoche 1960 in Warnemünde, Deutscher Fernsehfunk vom 11. Juli 1960.
 Aktuelle Kamera: Hafenrundfahrt in Rostock für offizielle ausländische Delegationen, Deutscher Fernsehfunk vom 14. Juli 1962.

Einzelnachweise

Veranstaltung in der DDR
Kulturpolitik (DDR)
Veranstaltung in Rostock
Stadtmitte (Rostock)
Erstveranstaltung 1958
Letzte Veranstaltung 1975
Geschichte (Ostsee)
Außenpolitik (DDR)