Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), a key provincial university under the co-construction of Ministry of Agriculture. Apply now with full-scholarship!
Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), a key provincial university under the co-construction of Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China and the People's Government of Hunan Province, which has been selected as one of the first national experimental units in the Research Institute of New Rural Development by the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Science and Technology. It has also been selected for the Project for Basic Capacity-building of Midwest Universities'. The field of the plant and animal science and agricultural science enter the global top 1% in ESI disciplines' ranking, and 4 first level disciplines, including Crop science, Horticulture, Agricultural resource and environment, Zootechny, enter national top ten. HUNAU will adhere to the school characteristics of combination involving production, teaching and research, in response to overseas students, we have proposed integrated teaching of top school professors, related industry internships, and social research institutes.
Over 100 overseas students choose to study in HUNAU per year, and students mainly come from Poland, Ethiopia, Kazakhstan, Ghana, Benin, Nigeria, Laos and other countries.
Changsha is characterized by a temperate climate with copious rainfall and four distinct seasons. The annual average temperature is about 17, and the lowest one in January generally is about 2; the highest one in August generally is about 35. Meanwhile, The Happy Camp, Chinese Bridge, I am a singer and other programs sponsored by Hunan Satellite Television have been widely acclaimed around the world and regularly invite international students from Hunan Provincial University to participate in the program.
MOST POPULAR ENGLISH-INSTRUCTED PROGRAMS:All programs in the level of master and PHD is taught by English. Bachelor's programs are taught in Chinese except civil engineering and computer science & technology.
During school hours, students may perform internships or part-time jobs with the permission of the school. The school will also provide outstanding students with internship opportunities. After graduation, students can apply for work visas or even immigration according to the regulations of China's overseas staff's work policies in China. The school will update the willingness of policy service students at any time. China's One Belt, One Road policy has a lot of job gaps for overseas people. Even if they fail to stay in China after graduation, a large number of Chinese enterprises will go to the global market. Foreign students who graduate from Chinese colleges and universities will have a very competitive language advantage.
China can provide two-year working visas for qualified overseas students in China. At present, there is a huge shortage of foreign language teachers and foreign-related foreign business people in China. If you choose to return to China, China's One Belt and One Road policy has prompted a large number of Chinese companies to go to countries along the route. Naturally, graduates with Chinese education background and Chinese language advantages will be favored.
At the same time, Hunan Agricultural University will recommend outstanding undergraduates to the National Top 5 universities such as Peking University and Tsinghua University. The outstanding master graduate class is recommended to study for a doctoral degree at a domestic TOP10 college.


Crochetville is very proud to have designer Kirsten Ballering of Haakmaarraak with us today, March 24, as one of the featured designers on our 2017 Designer Blog Tour in honor of National Crochet Month (NatCroMo).
My name is Kirsten Ballering and I've been crocheting for over 7 years now. I live in the Netherlands and I love to design colourful crochet. Projects can range from blankets to potholders and from scarves to pillows, as long as they are colourful!
Yes! Back when I was still in college I crocheted every day during my commute. And when I know I will be waiting for longer periods of time such as in a hospital, I'll bring crochet with me. It both comforts and passes the time, very efficiently!
I always sit behind my desk, or on the couch in the living room. I prefer the desk because I can collect all other materials around me without having to clean up after me, which I have to do in the living room!
My favourite design is the Charlie Blanket. It was one of the first designs in which I used the popcorn stitch and a relatively small colour palette! In multiple facets this was a challenge, but I'm glad I took it and it has helped my creativity flow!
I mostly crochet, although I have also dabbled in spinning my own yarns. Oh, I'm also a novice knitter too. But I don't know much more then purling, knitting and dropping stitches, ha!
That's always so hard! Sometimes I have a name in mind when I start the project. Other times I name it after what it reminds me off (for example, the little flowers in the Edelweiss garland). I don't have a particular 'method' for this, I just go with whatever I like!
My most popular pattern is the Anchor pillow. It's an alternative method for overlay crochet, and results in a very modern and sleek looking pillow. And you can go wild with the colours too, if you like!
Click the link above to go to Kirsten's site to see what she's offering for National Crochet Month.
The hotspot pillow is an easily customizable pillow case that brings a little pop of colour into your room! You can create any colour combination you want. This particular colour combination has two sides: One sunny and bright side, and one side for when you're looking for more calmer colours. The pattern is suitable for beginners and is accompanied by a photo tutorial. The pattern is written in US terms. The displayed pillow is 40×40 cm, but the pattern can easily be adapted to other sizes.
The Marlize blanket uses textured stitches to create a raised pattern in this bold and bright baby blanket! Because the raised stitches are crocheted in one piece, the blanket is perfectly safe for babies and toddlers. The pattern comes with a cheat sheet, on which you can easily see how many stitches you need to make in the different segments, and instructions on how to alter the size.
The Charlie blanket is a modern twist on the ripple blanket. The textured popcorns form a crisp pattern on the background in an 'alternative' ripple pattern. It's a joy to make this blanket as you see the pattern emerging row after row! Plus, the blanket is perfectly safe for babies and toddlers, as the popcorns are crocheted in the blanket so there are no loose parts. Instructions on increasing the size of the blanket are included.


Kapow! 🔥 Top Clips of Bob's Burgers (2011) - S07E19 Comedy!
Mr. Branca judges. Right, Mr. Branca?
- Right, Mr. Branca? - Very cool.
- Hi, Mr. Branca. - Hi, Tina.
- Thanks, Mr. Branca. - I don't know you!
Mr. Branca, tear down those walls.
Mr. Branca, there must be some mistake.
Ms. Schnur, Coach Blevins and Mr. Branca.
You have great stories, Mr. Branca.
LOUISE: The defense calls to the stand Mr. Branca.
Mr. Branca, I'm not an AV cart. I'm Tina.
Mr. Branca thought I was an AV cart.
I have one last question for you, Mr. Branca.
- Mr. Branca's work crowbar! - Did you do it?
Hi, Mr. Branca. Do you have a key to the teachers' lounge?
Ah, Mr. Branca. Do you have a crowbar we could borrow?
- Heh. Branca? - Yeah.


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Are Texans Losing Their Twang?
FORT WORTH (CBSDFW.COM) – Have Texans lost their twang? A study out of the University of Texas called the Texas English Project is trying to answer that. We asked some North Texans what they think about it.
According to the study, urbanization, technology and the influx of newcomers are all contributing to the erosion of the Texas twang.


To stay in school campus and attend to the medical emergencies at all hours of the day and the night. (Private Service /Practice not Allowed).
Previous experience will be given additional weightage.
Qualification: Graduate with at least 2 years office experience in a govt or commercial organisation and ability to correspond in English. Typing speed of at least 40 words per minute in English.
Age 18 – 50 years as on 30 Jun 2015.
Knowledge of shorthand and ability to correspond in Hindi and Gujarati will be considered as additional qualification.
Note : The condition of being graduate may be waived for Ex-servicemen who had attained the rank of JCOs in the clerical cadre and for Ex-Defence Service Officers.
Qualification: :Passed Matriculate or equivalent. Typing speed of at least 40 words per minute in English.
Knowledge of shorthand and ability to correspond in English, Hindi and Gujarati will be considered an additional qualification.
Pay Scale - 5200-20200 + GP 1800/-.
Qualification: Matriculate with ITI / Diploma in the field.
Previous experience will be considered as an additional qualification.
Qualification : Higher Secondary with a degree or diploma in Music from recognised institute.
Age 21– 35 years as on 30 Jun 2015.
Candidate having aptitude for residential school life and proficiency in Vocal, Guitar & other musical instruments will be given preference.
§ Last date for submission of application form is 10 Jun 2015.


text:
SYNONYM

#### According to
The Catalogue of Life, 3rd January 2011

#### Published in
Annls mycol. 17(2/6): 131 (1920)

#### Original name
Plagiostomella carpinicola Höhn., 1920

### Remarks
null

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Jonathan Capehart Age, Bio, Family, MSNBC, Partner, Height, Net Worth
American journalist and television broadcaster Jonathan T. Capehart is the anchor of The Sunday Show with Jonathan Capehart on MSNBC
Jonathan Capehart Image
Jonathan Capehart Biography
American journalist and television broadcaster Jonathan T. Capehart is the anchor of The Sunday Show with Jonathan Capehart on MSNBC and contributes to The Washington Post's PostPartisan blog. Before working for The Washington Post and MSNBC, Capehart was a researcher for the NBC program The Today Show. He was a member of the editorial board at the New York Daily News from 1993 until 2000. At the time of his employment, Capehart was the editorial board's youngest member.
In 2000, Jonathan quit his job at the Daily News to join Bloomberg News. After that, he provided Michael Bloomberg with advice and wrote speeches for him to use in his 2001 mayoral campaign for New York City. Similarly to this, he went back to work for the New York Daily News in 2002 as the editorial page's deputy editor, where he stayed until 2004. In December 2004, Capehart was appointed Senior Vice President and Senior Counselor of Public Affairs at the multinational public relations firm Hill & Knowlton.
Jonathan started working as a journalist and editorial board member for The Washington Post in 2007. He continues to perform in that capacity and provides commentary on MSNBC. Additionally, he hosts the Cape Up podcast, in which he speaks with politicians about issues such as race, age, gender, religion, and cultural identity.
Capehart also began fill-in hosting the WNYC radio program Midday on WNYC in 2018. (formerly known as The Leonard Lopate Show). On December 13, 2020, he served as host of the inaugural episode of The Sunday Show with Jonathan Capehart on MSNBC.
Also check: Christy Kern Age, Bio, Parents, FOX35, Husband, Height, Net Worth
In January 2021, Capehart succeeded Mark Shields as host of the PBS NewsHour's Friday political analysis segment. He also made a significant contribution to the New York Daily News staff piece that received the 1999 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing. In a number of editorials, the financial negligence of the Apollo Theater was criticized.
Capehart was also given the distinction of being an Esteem Honoree in 2011, which is given to individuals who have made noteworthy contributions to the LGBT and African American communities in the realms of entertainment, media, business, civil rights, and the arts. In recognition of the 50th anniversary of the first LGBTQ Pride parade, Queerty named him one of fifty heroes in June 2020. They were "pushing the nation toward equality, acceptance, and decency for all people."
Jonathan Capehart Age
When was Jonathan Capehart born? By 2022, Capehart is 55 years old. He was born in New Jersey, in the United States, on July 2, 1967. Additionally, Jonathan is a Cancerian and has his birthday on the second of July every year. American citizenship is what Jonathan has.
Jonathan Capehart Family
Capehart grew up in both Newark and Hazlet, New Jersey. He was a student at Saint Benedict's Preparatory. He graduated from Carleton College with a BA in political science.
Read More: Olivia Rodrigo Age, Bio, Parents, Career, Partner, Height, Net Worth
Jonathan Capehart Partner
Jonathan, is he married? After nearly five years of dating, Jonathan proposed to his boyfriend Nick Schmit in May 2016. At the State Department, Nick served as the assistant chief of protocol. On January 7, 2017, former US Attorney General Eric Holder wed Capehart and Schmit.
Jonathan Capehart Height
Capehart is a moderately built man who stands an average of 5 feet 8 inches (1.727 m) tall. He also has black hair that is dyed that color.
Jonathan Capehart Salary
Capehart's annual pay ranges from $42,000 to $111,500 on average.
Jonathan Capehart's earnings
What is Jonathan Capehart's estimated worth? As of 2022, Capehart's projected net worth is $3 million. His journalism career has brought him wealth.
Jonathan Capehart Twitter
My Timeline CapehartJ
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The same great fiber and value as the Cascade's beloved 220 Superwash, but with just a touch more volume. The same 100% washable Merino. The same fabulous array of solid colors.
Cascade 220 Superwash Aran knits up like a true heavy worsted weight yarn, with 4 lovely stitches of wool per inch on US 8 or 9 needles. The ideal choice for any project calling for washable, slightly heavier weight yarn. Afghans, kids clothes and accessories, even Christmas stockings. A great new addition to the Cascade line.


"Come on, Molly," I say with my head in the doggy door, "if you can close the door, you can sure open it." I pull my head out of the door and shove my arm through, attempting to reach up for the doorknob for the fourth time this hour while Molly stands twenty feet from me giving me the droopy-eye-look. "Damn it." I swear beneath my breath.
I retreat to my snowy backyard, rubbing my hands to get warm. Gee, thanks Annie, I think, breathing a mouthful of hot air into my hands, for leaving me home alone with the dog while you and the girls go on a spa retreat. Guess what? I'm a grown man stuck out here on my patio and I can't go anywhere else because other than the patio, the snow is over a foot deep.
I turn and glance at the benches. I remember I was so excited when I put the finishing touches on them maybe because I never thought I'll be spending the night sleeping on them.


text:
Greensboro man who chose dog over surgery thanks community for helping him find a place to live
by: Alliyah Sims
GREENSBORO, N.C. (WGHP) — A Greensboro man has struggled to find a place to live because of his dog Duude.
Donald Dickerson's story has been shared across the country since we first introduced you to the duo three weeks ago.
More than 230,000 people have read the story, and some as far as Colorado have called the WGHP newsroom to offer help.
Dickerson smiled as he walked out the sliding glass door of his Greensboro motel room.
"It's a big difference. It's a lot warmer," Dickerson said.
Two weeks ago, he started calling the motel room after living in the woods for seven months with his dog Duude.
"I love to see him sleeping. Sleeping out there in a tent on the ground and everything, we're both restless…being here, he's so comfortable," he said.
He is in a safe and healthier place after WGHP viewers donated more than $45,000 to a GoFundMe page to help him get a home.
"I'm still overwhelmed with the donations that I got, the love, the comments," Dickerson said. "I couldn't believe just me loving my dog would touch people like that."
He got a red Kia SUV to help him get around town, too. It's the first time he has had his own transportation in three years.
RELATED: Homeless NC man chooses dog over housing and surgery: 'I will not leave him'
He is used to walking everywhere, putting enormous strain on his knee, and he needs surgery. To get it, doctors want Dickerson to have permanent housing lined up.
"I don't think a motel…especially with COVID going on… is acceptable to the doctors because I asked them if it would be satisfactory to get the surgery and recuperate, so I don't think it will because I haven't heard back," he said.
While things are starting to turn around for Dickerson and his best friend, there have been some setbacks and scares along the way.
"I let him out one morning, and something or someone stabbed him in his neck, and I thought I lost my baby," he said.
A baby he adores so much he gave him a special name.
"I spell it with two Us because that's my Duude. Not my Dude…that's my Duude," Dickerson said, emphasizing it with love.
Duude got stitched up and has recovered.
He's a happy dog ready to enjoy a better life with his owner.
"We held on this long. I can hold on to a little bit longer," Dickerson said. "So hopefully the New Year we'll be in place. I love to see him sleeping. We're going to keep fighting."
If you want to help Dickerson, he no longer stands along Wendover Avenue asking for money. He is just using his GoFundMe page which has well exceeded his goal.
He wanted us to thank all of you for the help.
He said the next time he's standing back in his spot, he will be holding a "Thank you" sign.


text:
For Biotherm, Actress Leighton Meester Embodies 'Modern Femininity'
The luxury skincare brand, Biotherm has just named 27-year old singer songwriter and actress, Leighton Meester as its new global spokesperson. The actress is the perfect embodiment of modern femininity, with a flourishing screen career that's set to eclipse her breakout role as Blair Waldorf on the TV phenomenon, "Gossip Girl".
"Leighton Meester is a contemporary icon, a young star whose natural talent, energy and beauty, have made her the face of a generation" said Patrick Kullenberg, Biotherm International's General Manager. "She's the perfect expression of Biotherm skincare's essential values: fresh modernity and natural beauty. She was an obvious choice to represent our brand."
"What I love about Biotherm is it's always evolving and changing and becoming more modern. I think it's empowering, I feel very lucky to be part of the brand," mentioned Leighton Meester.
Fans of Meester will see her take leading roles in a number of movies through the year of 2014 as she will be starring in Warner Bros. "The Judge" opposite Robert Downey Jr and Robert Duvall, "Life Partners" opposite Adam Brody and "Like Sunday, Like Rain" alongside Debra Messing.
Meester will debut as Biotherm's new global ambassador in the face care campaigns of the brand in early 2014, including the brand's iconic product, Aquasource. "What I love most is the texture" she explains. "It feels so light and fresh on my skin. It's very natural and it just suits my skin. I feel like I'm glowing from within."
Tags: BeautyBiothermcelebritiesCelebrityLeighton MeesterSkincare


text:
Resolving the spatial relationship between intracellular components by dual color super resolution optical fluctuations imaging (SOFI)
Maria Elena Gallina1,2,
Jianmin Xu1,
Thomas Dertinger1,3,
Adva Aizer4,
Yaron Shav-Tal4 &
Shimon Weiss1
Multi-color super-resolution (SR) imaging microscopy techniques can resolve ultrastructural relationships between- and provide co-localization information of- different proteins inside the cell or even within organelles at a higher resolution than afforded by conventional diffraction-limited imaging. While still very challenging, important SR colocalization results have been reported in recent years using STED, PALM and STORM techniques.
In this work, we demonstrate dual-color Super Resolution Optical Fluctuations Imaging (SOFI) using a standard far-field fluorescence microscope and different color blinking quantum dots. We define the spatial relationship between hDcp1a, a processing body (P-body, PB) protein, and the tubulin cytoskeletal network. Our finding could open up new perspectives on the role of the cytoskeleton in PB formation and assembly. Further insights into PB internal organization are also reported and discussed.
Our results demonstrate the suitability and facile use of multi-color SOFI for the investigation of intracellular ultrastructures.
Despite the availability of microscopy methods that offer nanoscale resolution (like electron and scanning probe microscopies), far-field fluorescence microscopy (FFFM) is nevertheless the most commonly used imaging tool in biology. This primacy is due to FFFM's unique advantages, including the ability to work with live specimens, excellent bio-specificity and sensitivity, minimal perturbation, direct display and visualization of the specimen, and versatility and simplicity of usage. FFFM is therefore the preferred tool for investigating spatial organization of cell components. However, Abbe's intrinsic diffraction barrier limits the resolving power of the optical microscope to about half the excitation (and/or emission) wavelength, masking important information on morphology and co-localization of cellular components. Recently, several ground-breaking super-resolution (SR) imaging techniques (Bates et al. 2007; Betzig et al. 2006; Hess et al. 2006; Hell 2003; Hell and Wichmann 1994; Gustafsson 2000; Heintzmann et al. 2002) have been developed, and with their aid, previously unresolved biological questions have found new answers (Bates et al. 2007; Donnert et al. 2007; Shroff et al. 2007; Huang et al. 2008). The dissemination and wide-adaptation of SR over the last decade has been phenomenal, pointing to the revolutionary potential of these methods. Nonetheless, first generation commercial (and even-home-built) SR microscopes are expensive, and are not yet simplified to the 'push-button' level that affords the facile use by the non-expert. Additionally, these methods often require long acquisition (and therefore exposure) times and relatively high intensity excitation/depletion/photo switching lasers that limit the applicability to photo-resistant samples. Stochastic techniques such as PALM (Betzig et al. 2006) and STORM (Rust et al. 2006; Bates et al. 2007) are restricted to the use of photo-switchable emitters. A continuous effort has been expended in recent years to further simplify SR techniques and make them more affordable. In particular, methods that rely on conventional (and already deployed) microscopy platforms and standard fluorophores have been pursued (Burnette et al. 2011; Simonson et al. 2011; Dertinger et al. 2009; Dertinger et al. 2010a). In this context, Super-resolution Optical Fluctuations Imaging (SOFI) (Dertinger et al. 2009; Dertinger et al. 2010a; Dertinger et al. 2010b; Dertinger et al. 2012b; Dertinger et al. 2012a; Geissbuehler et al. 2011; Geissbuehler et al. 2012) offers the attractive possibility of performing SR imaging with a standard FFFM and blinking fluorescent probes such as quantum dots (QDs) (Dertinger et al. 2009; Dertinger et al. 2010a; Dertinger et al. 2012b), the fluorescent proteins Dronpa and rsTagRFP (Dedecker et al. 2012), and even non-fluorescent blinking nanoplasmonic probes (in press). SOFI is based on high-order spatio-temporal statistical analysis of stochastic blinking of independent emitters or scatterers (Dertinger et al. 2009) recorded in a sequence of frames. Multiple order SOFI analysis, combined with re-weighting of the Optical Transfer Function (OTF) (or with deconvolution (Dertinger et al. 2010a)), increases the resolution over the diffraction limit by a factor of n, n being the correlation (cumulant) order. In addition, spatiotemporal cross-cumulants calculation leads to an increase in the numbers of pixels that constitute the SOFI (SR) image (Dertinger et al. 2010a). In this work, we show a new procedure for performing two-color SOFI (2cSOFI) on fixed cells by using different color light emitting QDs. In particular, we demonstrate that 2cSOFI can effectively resolve the spatial relationship between the microtubule cytoskeleton and hDcp1a, a constitutive processing body (P-body, PB) protein. PBs (Liu et al. 2005; Sen and Blau 2005) are recently discovered protein-RNA aggregates, implicated in degradation, storage and silencing of mRNAs. PBs appear to be spatially confined along the microtubule network (Aizer et al. 2008), which in turn seems to regulate their formation and assembly (de Heredia and Jansen 2004; Shav-Tal and Singer 2005). Therefore, knowledge of the spatial correspondence between these two intracellular structures is of particular interest. In addition, PBs are ideally suited, due to their small dimensions (a few hundreds of nanometers), to be studied by SR imaging.
2cSOFI imaging was performed on fixed, wild-type HeLa cells and on U2OS osteosarcoma cells, stably transfected with a GFP-hDcp1a fusion protein and selected for a moderate expression level (Aizer et al. 2008). Instead of performing regular immunofluorescence with a primary and secondary antibody, the labeling was performed with primary antibodies directly conjugated to QDs. This affords higher density labeling, which is important for SR imaging. The average diameter of QDs conjugates was measured to be ca. 22 nm (considerably smaller than the resolution afforded by SOFI). PBs were labeled with 625-nm emitting QDs conjugated to anti-hDcp1a primary antibody (rabbit) (Abcam, USA); the tubulin network was labeled with 800-nm emitting QDs conjugated to anti-alpha-tubulin primary antibody (rabbit) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA). Control experiments for antibody selectivity were performed to validate the conjugates (see Additional file 1: Figure S1), in particular the co-localization of anti-hDcp1a QD conjugates with GFP-hDcp1a was used to confirm the labeling of cytoplasmic PBs (see Figure 1a-c). Since QD blinking obeys a characteristic on/off power law distribution, fluorescence fluctuations could be observed on all time scales (Kuno et al. 2001). This property is particularly useful since good matching between blinking rate and camera frame rate is easily achieved. Together with their intrinsic high brightness and excellent photostability, QDs are well suited for SOFI imaging. The two color data sets were acquired sequentially by changing filter-sets while maintaining the focal plane unchanged. Movies of 2000 frames were collected for each color. Chromatic aberrations and misalignment between channels were minimized, and measured to be well below the achieved SOFI resolution (see Microscope Set Up and Data Analysis); the absence of stage drifting during movie acquisition was verified by the use of fiducial markers (data not shown).
FFFM images ((a), (b) and (c)) of a U2OS cell treated with puromycin: (a) exogenous GFP-hDcp1a protein emission (green); (b) 625-nm QD anti-hDcp1a emission (red); and (c) co-localization of GFP and 625-QD. Co-localization of exogenous GFP-hDcp1a and endogenous hDcp1a marked by 625-QD confirms the selectivity of the QD conjugate. Images do not reveal only the presence of PBs, distinguishable by their typical punctate appearance, but also a wide distribution of hDcp1a proteins all over the cytoplasm, noticeable observing either GFP (a) or QD (b) emission. Indeed, Dcp1a is located in both cytosol and PBs. (d) another FFFM of 625-nm QD anti-hDcp1a, and (e) correspoding SOFI image. Scale bar=5.0 μm.
Amine-derivatized, PEG-coated 800 and 625-nm QDs were purchased from Invitrogen (Grand Island, USA). Monoclonal anti-alpha-tubulin primary antibody (mouse) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA), monoclonal anti-hDcp1a primary antibody (rabbit) was purchased from Abcam (USA). Bioconjugation was performed at room temperature by amine-thiol cross-linking: sulfo-succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (Sulfo-SMCC) (Thermo Scientific, USA) was used to couple the thiol groups of biomolecules to the amino-terminated quantum dots. Thiolation of antibodies was obtained by reducing disulfide crosslinks of cysteine units in proteins with dithiothreitol (Thermo Scientific, USA). 4 μL of 10 mM sulfo-SMCC solution were added to a 4 μM QDs solution, the mixture was incubated at room temperature for one hour. 2 μL of 1M dithiothreitol were added to 1 mg/ml primary antibodies and kept for half an hour. After both components underwent purification by desalting columns, the conjugation reaction was allowed to proceed for one hour prior to quenching, obtained by adding 2-mercaptoethanol (Invitrogen, USA) to the reaction mixture. After 30 minutes the solution was concentrated via ultra-filtration and purified by separation media column. The final concentration of bioconjugated QDs was 1 μM. Further details on the bioconjugation can be found on line: (http://tools.invitrogen.com/content/sfs/manuals/mp19010.pdf).
Cell culture and fixation
Human cervical cancer cell line HeLa was ordered from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, USA), the human osteosarcoma stable cell line U2OS expressing GFP-h-Dcp1a fusion protein was generated as described elsewhere (Aizer et al. 2008). HeLa and U2OS cells were cultured at 37°C, 5% CO2 in high glucose DMEM medium (Invitrogen, USA), supplemented with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) and 1% Pen Strep (5000 units/mL penicillin G, 50 μg/mL streptomycin sulfate in 0.85% NaCl). Cells were pre-cultured prior to experiments in glass-bottom Petri dishes until 60% confluence was reached. The fixation was done incubating cells with cold fixative buffer (2 mM EGTA in 70% v/v methanol, 20% v/v acetone, 10% v/v water mixture) for 25 min at −20°C, after cells were rinsed with ice-cold PBS buffer. Cells were finally washed with TBS buffer. Stress conditions were induced on U2OS and HeLa cells immediately prior to the fixation, incubating cells for 1 hour at 37°C, 5% CO2 with 100 ug/mL Puromycin (InvivoGen, France) dissolved in culture medium.
Immunofluorescence labeling
Labeling of cytosolic proteins was obtained by incubating primary antibody QDs conjugates dissolved in blocking buffer (2% BSA, 0.05% Tween-20 in TBS buffer) with methanol/acetone fixed cells for half an hour at 4°C, following the protocol reported by Richard L. Ornberg and H. Liu (Weckwerth 2007). Cells were then washed with borate buffer and preserved in TBS buffer for microscopy measurements.
Microscope setup and data analysis
2000 frames movies were taken on a conventional LED-based (Aura light engine, Lumencor Inc., USA) widefield microscope (Nikon Eclipse Ti, Nikon Inc., USA) with a 150× magnification obtained using a 100× objective (NA 1.49 oil) coupled with a 1.5× camera coupling lens. An EMCCD camera (Andor Ikon 897, Andor Technology, UK) was used to detect the signal, with exposure times of 30 ms. Different color data sets were acquired sequentially by changing filter-sets: GFP [excitation (470/75), dichroic (505), emission (525/50)]; 625-nm QDs [excitation (535/50), dichroic (585), emission (620/40)]; 800-nm QDs [excitation (460–480 nm), dichroic (505), emission (700LP)]. All filters were purchased from Chroma Technology (USA). Multi-channel imaging of single color labeled cells indicated minimal crosstalk between the channels (below the detection limit of the EMCCD camera). Systematic errors in image registration between channels (due to consecutive alternation of the filter cube and chromatic aberrations) were corrected using a custom written Matlab (The MathWorks, Inc., USA) registration routine.
The registration routine is based on the alignment of signals collected from individual fluorescence microspheres (Invitrogen, USA) that emit in all channels and are evenly distributed over the field of view. In a first step, a registration matrix is originated by a projective transformation, and used to maximize the spatial correlation between different channels. In the next step, centers of individual PSFs are localized in all channels (using a 2D-Gaussian fit), and a second projective transformation is chosen to minimize the distances between corresponding PSF centers in the different channels (see Supporting Information for details). Additional file 1: Figure S5 gives a quantitative evaluation of the alignment accuracy, by showing a histogram of distances between centers of corresponding PFSs. Most of these shifts (>95%) are smaller than 0.3 pixel (32 nm), well below 2nd order SOFI resolution. The reproducibility of this analysis was tested for 100 images per channel (i.e. consecutive and repetitive filter cube switching). The resulting transformation matrix was used for subsequent measurements. Movies were analyzed by a custom written Matlab (The MathWorks, Inc., USA) code that is described elsewhere (Dertinger et al. 2009; Dertinger et al. 2010a). Co-localization analysis of two color images was done using an ImageJ Plugin (Nakamura et al. 2007).
Figure 2 illustrates representative α-tubulin and hDcp1a conventional FFFM (Figure 2a) and SOFI (Figure 2d) co-localization data in a HeLa cell. The SOFI image (Figure 2d) exhibits not only appreciable increase in resolution and contrast, but also elimination of background noise and scattered light. Indeed, the removal of uncorrelated intensity values intrinsic to the SOFI analysis leads to an improvement of the signal to noise ratio. The SOFI-processed hDcp1a image (Figure 2e), as compared to the FFFM image (Figure 2b), unravels uniformly distributed sub-diffraction limited spots in the cytosol.
Co-localization between hDcp1a ((b) and (e)) and tubulin ((c) and (f)) in a HeLa cell, presented as a FFFM (a) and a SOFI overlay (d). Tubulin and Dcp1a were labeled with 800 nm and 625 nm QDs and are false-colored in red and green in (a) and (d), respectively. Lower panels: Cross-sections along the lines as indicated in the upper images. On the left: intensity profile of the region indicated by the red line in the FFFM (b) (red solid line) and the SOFI image (e) (red dashed line) of hDcp1a labeled by 625-nm QDs. On the right: intensity profile of the region indicated by the blue line in the FFFM (c) (blue solid line) and the SOFI image (f) (blue dashed line) of alpha-tubulin labeled by 800-nm QDs. Scale bar: (—) = 5.0 μm.
PB research in mammalian cells has focused on the large and easily detectable PBs (Figure 3g), rather than on these smaller structures that tend to blend in with the background (when imaged using FFFM). SOFI processing however shows that these actually represent individual or small aggregates of hDcp1a monomers. In contrast, two larger aggregates, probably fully assembled PBs, can be observed in the upper- and lower-right parts of the figure (see FFFM and SOFI Figures 2b and 2e, respectively). In order to quantify the resolution gain obtained by 2cSOFI, we first calculated the theoretical resolution in conventional images (RC) using the Rayleigh criterion:
R c = 0.61 λ NA
where NA is the numerical aperture of the objective and λ is the emission wavelength. We found Rc = 330 and 260 nm for the 800-nm and 625-nm light emitting QDs, respectively. Then we measured, for both channels, the distance between the cross-sections of features that were unresolved in the conventional fluorescence image, but were resolved by SOFI (lower panels in Figure 2). We found that the resolution of SOFI images (RS) is 200 for 800-nm and 155 nm for 625-nm light emitting QDs. The experimental resolution enhancement is somewhat lower than the two-fold increase expected for second-order cumulant analysis. This slight discrepancy is due to experimental limitations such as pixilation and noise which are not taken into account in Rc.
Co-localization between tubulin ((a) and (d)) and hDcp1a ((b) and (e)) in a U2OS cell, presented as a FFFM overlay (c) and as a SOFI overlay (f). The labeling sheme is analogous to Figure 2. Magnified views of the boxed regions in (b), (c), (e) and (f) are shown in (g), (h), (i), and (j), respectively. Scale bars: (—) = 5.0 μm; (− − −) = 2.7 μm; (….) = 1.2 μm.
Figure 3 shows a typical FFFM (c) and SOFI (f) tubulin-hDcp1a co-localization in a U2OS cell. The hDcp1a aggregate in the upper-right part of the image is identified as a mature PB (verified by co-localization with exogenous GFP-hDcp1a, data not shown). Interestingly, the morphology of the PB in the SOFI image is of a doughnut-shape (Figures 3e, f and i). Its external diameter is ca. 700 nm, however no internal structure can be distinguished in the conventional fluorescence image (Figure 3g). A simple explanation for the presence of the central dark spot in the SOFI image of the PB is pixel saturation at the PB's centre. However, we took measures to verify that no saturation of the fluorescent signal occurred in the conventional images; alternative explanations have been investigated and are further discussed below. A comparison between the zoomed-in FFFM overlay (Figure 3h) and SOFI overlay (Figure 3j) demonstrates the ability of SOFI to distinguish and co-localize the two cellular structures under investigation. In particular, Figure 3j suggests the occurrence of spatial correlation between the microtubule network and the distribution of hDcp1a proteins in the cytosol, which appears to be preferentially located along tubulin cytoskeleton tracks. The same correlation pattern was also found in other regions of the cytosol (Figure 3f). Figure 4 shows another representative FFFM and SOFI tubulin-hDcp1a co-localization data in a U2OS cell (same labeling scheme as in Figure 2). Here too a single PB could be observed (blue box in Figure 4b and zoom-in 4d). The PB co-localizes with a tubulin filament, and many such co-localizations were observed, suggesting possible anchoring of PBs to the tubulin cytoskeleton. This is in agreement with previous findings that PB dynamics is dependent on- and confined to- microtubules (Aizer et al. 2008). Such anchoring could in turn suggest a role of the latter in PB regulation. The PB diameter, estimated from Figure 4, is around 300 nm, consistent with electron microscopy results obtained for immunogold-labled PBs (Yang 2004), but a doughnut shape was not observed in this case. Figure 4d also shows the presence of individual or small aggregates of hDcp1a monomers in close proximity to the PB. This arrangement might indicate a potential dynamic exchange of monomers between the mature PB and the surrounding hDcp1a monomers (or small aggregates), which are also spatially correlated with the tubulin filaments. The zoom-ins in Figures 4c and 4e also indicate spatial correspondence between the two proteins, while other areas of the cytosol (upper-right region of Figure 4b) lack such correlation, and exhibit variations in local concentrations, possibly due to uneven morphology of the overall cytosolic area at a single focal plane. The occurrence of spatial correlation was verified for different cells belonging to the same cell line, and for wild-type HeLa cells (Additional file 1: Figure S6). We quantified the colocalization of hDcp1a and the tubulin cytoskeleton by calculating Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) in conventional and SOFI images of U2OS and HeLa cells. In statistics, the Pearson correlation coefficient r is a measure of the linear dependence between two variables, giving a value that ranges between +1 and −1. This parameter is widely used for statistical analysis, pattern recognition and image processing (Rodgers and Nicewander 1995, James 1988); possible applications comprise, for example, the comparison of two different images for image registration or object recognition purposes. For two gray scale images (denoted here in red and green images), the Pearson correlation coefficient r is described by the following equation:
r = ∑ i R i − R ¯ G i − G ¯ ∑ i R i − R ¯ 2 ∑ i G i − G ¯ 2
where Ri and Gi are the intensity of the ith pixel of the red and the green images, and R ¯ and G ¯ are the respective mean intensity values. r equals +1 when the two images are identical, 0 when they are totally uncorrelated, and −1 when they are absolutely anti-correlated (i.e. one is the negative of the other). In our case, we found that the average Pearson coefficient is < r > = 0.87 for conventional images and < r > = 0.60 for their SOFI counterparts (SD = 0.2, n = 7). Even if, consistently with previous studies, SOFI detail enhancement results in a decrease in the Pearson correlation coefficient (from 0.87 to 0.60), < r > = 0.60 still represents a positive spatial correlation between the two proteins of interest. Additional quantification of this structural correspondence can be obtained using Manders coefficients M1 and M2 (Manders et al. 1993), which define the fraction of overlapping pixels belonging to two different color channels. They are defined as:
M 1 = ∑ t R i , coloc ∑ i R i ; M 2 = ∑ t G i , coloc ∑ i G i
where Ri,coloc = Ri if Gi > q, and Gi,coloc = Gi if Ri > s. M1 is the sum of the intensities of red pixels that have a green component divided by the total sum of red intensities, M2 is the analogous quantity calculated for green pixels; q and s are the threshold values set for the green and the red channel, respectively. M1 and M2 equal zero in absence of co-localization, +1 in case of perfect correspondence. We found that, for the conventional two color images reported in Figure 3, M1 = 0.36 and M2 = 0.66, while for the corresponding 2cSOFI image we obtained M1 = 0.52 and M2 = 0.79. Analogously, the conventional two color image of Figure 4 and its SOFI counterpart gave, respectively, M1 = 0.51, M2 = 0.57 and M1 = 0.61, M2 = 0.69. Here, the enhancement of resolution and of signal to noise ratio of SOFI data resulted in an increase of the parameters describing the spatial correlation. Indeed Manders coefficients are more sensitive to the background noise than the Pearson correlation coefficient and benefit more from image quality improvements. Also in this case, the obtained Manders coefficients support the presence of a positive spatial correlation between tubulin and hDcp1a. This relationship might suggest the anchoring or interactions of hDcp1a monomers/small aggregates with the cytoskeleton and could indicate a role for the tubular cytoskeleton in the regulation of PB formation and assembly (Shav-Tal and Singer 2005; de Heredia and Jansen 2004).
Co-localization between tubulin and GFP-hDcp1a in a U2OS cell, presented as a FFFM overlay (a) and as a SOFI overlay (b) and labeled the same way as in Figure 2 . Boxed regions in (b) correspond to zoomed-in views (c), (d) and (e). Scale bars: (—)= 5.0 μm; (― · ―) = 1.6 μm; (− − −)= 1.4 μm; (….) = 2.0 μm.
Based on immunogold electron microscopy experiments, PBs are generally described as non-membrane enclosed fibril aggregates of spheroidal shape (Yang 2004). On the contrary, SOFI imaging shows an unexpected doughnut-like appearance for several, but not all, detected PBs. In particular, 58% of SOFI-processed images showed a ring-like structure with a central dip above the background noise level. These structures were not specific to the U2OS cell line (as observed, for example, in Figure 3i), but they were also observed in HeLa cells (Additional file 1: Figure S7). We further investigated PB ultra-structure by treating U2OS cells with puromicyn, an antibiotic known to increase the number and the size of PBs (Eulalio et al. 2007). The SOFI image (Figure 1e) indeed shows an increase in size and number, and partial loss of the circular shape for most PBs in the field-of-view. Interestingly, doughnut-like PBs were never observed in puromycin treated cells. Inconsistencies in the observed PB morphologies could be due to their different maturation stage. We confirmed that the doughnut-shape is not an artifact of the Fourier re-weighting algorithm (see Additional file 1: Figure S7), but cannot rule-out artifacts due to experimental limitations such as insufficient resolution, incomplete labeling due to steric hindrance, and SOFI algorithmic issues.
On the other hand, the doughnut-shape morphology is consistent with a two-dimensional projection of a spherical shell organization of hDcp1a around the PB core, a feature that is common to several other cellular compartments as, for example, sub-cellular protein vesicles (Bates et al. 2007) and promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) (Lang et al. 2010). Moreover, it is strongly corroborated by recent Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) experiments (Kedersha et al. 2005; Leung et al. 2006; Aizer et al. 2008). While in this study we cannot determine whether the doughnut shape of the PBs is of real structural significance, it should be noted that a bi-compartment model of the PB structure demarking a core region and an outer peripheral region has been demonstrated by electron microscopy (Weil et al. 2012). Moreover, several studies have shown that RNAs and factors can localize differentially to a peripheral domain distinguishable from a PB core domain (Weil et al. 2012, Pillai et al. 2005, Carbonaro et al. 2011). This compartmentalization might serve for the functional separation between a core area of degradational activity and a surrounding area of recruitment and storage and deserves further investigations by higher resolution techniques.
We demonstrated that dual color SOFI is suitable for SR morphology and SR co-localization studies of cellular components. The observed co-localization patterns between PBs and the microtubule network are in agreement with previous studies (Aizer et al. 2008). Furthermore, SOFI imaging revealed that cytosolic hDcp1a monomers (or small aggregates) are preferentially located along tubulin filaments. This finding suggests that the role of the microtubule cytoskeleton is not limited to only anchoring PBs, but possibly to also provide molecular tracks for monomer trafficking, delivery and exchange (Shav-Tal and Singer 2005; de Heredia and Jansen 2004; Aizer and Shav-Tal 2008).
Electron-multiplying charge-coupled device
FFFM:
Far-field fluorescence microscopy
FRAP:
Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
GFP:
Green fluorescence protein
Photo-activated localization microscopy
PB or P-body:
Processing body
QD:
Rc:
Resolution in conventional FFFM images
Rs:
Resolution in SOFI images
SR:
Stimulated emission depletion
SOFI:
Super resolution optical fluctuations imaging
Sulfo-SMCC:
Sulfo-succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate
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This work was supported by NIH grant #5R01EB000312, NIH grant #1R01GM086197 and the Marco Polo Program of University of Bologna. Work in the lab of YST is supported by the European Research Council (ERC).
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Physiology, and the California NanoSystem Institute (CNSI), University of California Los Angeles, 90095-1569, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Maria Elena Gallina
, Jianmin Xu
, Thomas Dertinger
& Shimon Weiss
Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
SOFast GmbH, Dresdener Str 14, 10999, Berlin, Germany
Thomas Dertinger
The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences & Institute of Nanotechnology, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat Gan, Israel
Adva Aizer
& Yaron Shav-Tal
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Correspondence to Shimon Weiss.
TD and SW are shareholder of SOFast GmbH Berlin, a company aiming for the commercial advancement and exploration of the SOFI technology. All other Authors declare that they do not have competing interests.
MEG designed experiments, performed measurements, analyzed and evaluated the data and prepared the manuscript. JXU designed experiments, prepared the QDs for immuno-staining. TD conceived of SOFI, analyzed and evaluated the data. AA conceived of the study. YS-T conceived of the study, participated in the design and helped to draft the manuscript. SW participated in the design and coordination of the study, evaluated the data and prepared the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Additional file 1: Dual color super resolution optical fluctuations imaging (SOFI). (DOCX 5 MB)
Gallina, M., Xu, J., Dertinger, T. et al. Resolving the spatial relationship between intracellular components by dual color super resolution optical fluctuations imaging (SOFI). Opt Nano 2, 2 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/2192-2853-2-2
Superresolution
P-bodies


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All War Books
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More Non-Fiction
Must Reads for Women
35 of the Most Important Books about Slavery
US History Books
Slavery is a sensitive and difficult topic to discuss, but it's an important one. Slavery has been around for thousands of years and is still present in some parts of the world today.
In the United States, slavery was abolished with the passage of the thirteenth amendment in 1865, but it left a lasting impact on our country and its people. This list highlights 35 books about slavery in the United States and around the world.
It's not meant to be exhaustive, but rather provides a starting point for further exploration.
We hope you'll read these books and learn more about this important chapter in history.
1. Twelve Years a Slave
Written by: Solomon Northup
Solomon Northup tells the story of his abduction into slavery and his subsequent years in bondage. Northup was born free in New York state but was tricked and kidnapped while working in Washington D.C.
He was sold into slavery and spent the next dozen years toiling on plantations in Louisiana. Despite the horrible conditions he faced, Northup never lost hope that he would be reunited with his family one day.
His story is an inspirational tale of perseverance against all odds in a world that does everything to stop you. This book was initially published in 1853.
2. Lose Your Mother: A Journey Along the Atlantic Slave Route
Written by: Saidiya Hartman
In Lose Your Mother: A Journey Along the Atlantic Slave Route, author and historian Saidiya Hartman retraces the steps of her ancestors who were enslaved and shipped from West Africa to the Americas. Using a blend of personal narrative and historical research, Hartman pieces together the slavery experience from the perspective of both the enslaved Africans and their captors.
Hartman's journey takes her from Ghana to Jamaica to Haiti and finally to New York City, where she tries to figure out who she is, being that she's not from Ghana, but also doesn't feel as if she fits in the U.S.A. Along the way, she confronts brutal truths about America's past - and present - while also celebrating the strength and resilience of her African ancestors.
Lose Your Mother is an important book that links personal storytelling with rigorous historical information.
3. My Bondage and My Freedom
Written by: Frederick Douglass, John David Smith
Frederick Douglass is one of the most influential African Americans in history. In his autobiography, he documents his life as an enslaved person and his eventual escape to freedom. The book has been praised for its powerful writing and unflinching honesty.
It is an essential read for anyone interested in American history or the Civil Rights movement before it became popular.
John David Smith's new edition includes extensive annotations that provide historical context and explanatory notes. It is a valuable resource for students, scholars, and general readers alike. It was initially published in 1855.
4. How the Word Is Passed: A Reckoning with the History of Slavery Across America
Written by: Clint Smith
This book is a powerful outcry against racism in America. The title refers to how racist ideas and attitudes are passed down from generation to generation, sometimes in subtle and unintentional ways.
By traveling to 9 locations in the U.S.A., he speaks to people of all races, genders, and class levels to figure out the truth. Through his personal stories and insightful analysis of history, Smith challenges readers to confront racism head-on and work to break the cycle.
This is an essential book for readers who want to read about the past, and the present, to see how the memories of slavery are distorted by history.
5. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era
Written by: James M. McPherson
The Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era is a book by James McPherson that tells the story of the Civil War era through the events leading up to the war and during the war. This novel provides readers with an in-depth look at how slavery, politics, and economic interests led to one of the deadliest conflicts in American history.
Even though this book comes in at just under 1,000 pages, it is so intriguing that you'll think you won't notice that. Being loaded with interviews and is exceptionally well-documented, this book is still seen as one of the most important works on the Civil War era.
6. An Atlantic Odyssey of Slavery and Freedom
Written by: Marcus Rediker
This is history shown from the people's perspective on the ships being transported. This starts at the captain and goes down to the enslaved people. It also goes into how it was indeed a slave business as these people were only used to enrich their white owners. One example is that the enslaved people realized this and would try to commit suicide.
It is a painful book to read since you have to deal with the reality of how people were treated. The captains were horrible people who denigrated the other sailors, who then, in turn, denigrated the enslaved people. And by denigration, we mean thumb screws, whips, and pretty much anything else possible.
7. The Presidents' War: Six American Presidents and the Civil War That Divided Them
Written by: Chris DeRose
In 1861, the United States was plunged into a Civil War that would last for four bloody years. During that time, six American presidents would fight amongst each other - and each would have to grapple with the devastating conflict in their way.
Historian Jon Meacham tells how Abraham Lincoln, James Buchanan, Andrew Johnson, Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, and James A. Garfield all faced the greatest challenge of their careers.
Through meticulous research and engaging prose, Meacham brings to life one of the most pivotal periods in American history. Readers will gain a new understanding of how the Civil War shaped our nation.
8. They Were Her Property: White Women as Slave Owners in the American South
Written by: Stephanie E. Jones-Rogers
White women enslavers played a significant role in the slave economy in the American South. Since women usually inherited enslaved people instead of land when relatives died, these women were instrumental in managing and profiting from their slaves.
While some historians have argued that these women were simply riding on the coattails of their husbands or fathers, recent scholarship has demonstrated that white women enslavers were active participants in the institution of slavery.
Through shrewd business practices and ruthless exploitation, these women helped build and maintain the slave system in America.
9. A. Lincoln
Written by: Ronald C. White Jr.
Most people think of President Lincoln as "The Great Emancipator." However, that isn't quite the reality. Even though he ended slavery, he still believed that African Americans were not as evolved as white people. He didn't want intermarriage; he thought they couldn't be as intelligent as white and held many other horrid beliefs.
Drawing on thousands of letters and documents that have never been published before, White offers a fresh look at Lincoln's complex character and provides new insights into his beliefs and decision-making processes throughout his life.
If you want to know about Lincoln's life, for better or for worse, this is a biography you will want to read.
10. Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome: America's Legacy of Enduring Injury and Healing
Written by: Joy a Degruy
We are told that we are a country built on the idea of enduring and overcoming any obstacle. However, how does that affect people who were brought here as enslaved people and are still blamed for not achieving this absurd goal? What if there were people who have walked this path before us and can offer guidance and support?
Joy a Degruy provides a comprehensive look at the history of trauma in America, from slavery to today. Drawing on historical research and personal accounts, Degruy sheds light on how African Americans have used resilience and creativity to heal from generations of violence and racism.
This book is an essential read for anyone who wants to understand the roots of African American American trauma and how to help survive it.
11. The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross
Written by: Henry Louis Gates Jr.
If you want to learn about the African American experience, there is no better place to start than Pulitzer Prize-winning Henry Louis Gates Jr.'s book. Covering everything from the arrival of the first enslaved people in America to the election of Barack Obama, this comprehensive volume provides a detailed overview of black history and culture.
Gates brings a wealth of knowledge and insight to his subject, making this an essential read for anyone interested in this critical part of our nation's history. Gates is one of America's foremost authorities on black history, and his passion for the subject shines through here.
This is a companion book to the six-part PBS series, The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross.
12. Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain
Written by: Peter Fryer
The history of black people in Britain is long and complicated, full of highs and lows. This book provides an in-depth look at this often-overlooked aspect of British history. Fryer's work is essential reading for anyone interested in the topic and provides a wealth of information on slavery to the civil rights movement.
Drawing on a variety of sources, Fryer paints a detailed picture of the experiences of black Britons throughout the centuries.
One particularly interesting chapter looks at how the British government has used race to control and manipulate its colonies. This was initially published in 1984.
13. The Broken Heart of America: St. Louis and the Violent History of the United States
Written by: Walter Johnson
As a country, the United States likes to believe that it is better than other countries. It has a history of violence, racism, and discrimination that is hard to forget. Many people try to ignore this part of the country's history, but it still exists.
One place where this is particularly evident is in St. Louis, Missouri. St. Louis has been at the center of some of the worst moments in American history. The Civil War is just one of the most prominent examples.
However, there are also positive movements for equality and resistance in this city that prove that one should never accept these conditions.
14. The Zealot and the Emancipator: John Brown, Abraham Lincoln and the Struggle for American Freedom
Written by: H. W. Brands
In 1859, America was on the brink of the Civil War. Tensions between slave-holding and non-slave-holding states were at an all-time high, and violence seemed inevitable.
But during this turmoil, two men emerged as leaders with very different visions for the future of America: John Brown, the radical abolitionist who advocated for violent resistance against slavery, and Abraham Lincoln, the moderate Republican who championed equality and unity.
While everyone knows that Lincoln was assassinated, most don't realize that John Brown was hanged and became a martyr of sorts for abolitionists.
Though they would never meet or even know of each other's existence, these two men would come to personify the opposing sides in America's most significant conflict.
15. Tales from the Haunted South
Written by: Tiya Miles
Have you ever heard of the haunted ghost tours that are incredibly popular in the South? These are tales of ghosts, voodoo, and other creatures meant to scare you. People seem to love these tours and find them thrilling and exciting.
However, you should instead think of the dark history of the American South, with its tales of slavery and civil rights struggles. Sadly, the depictions of the cultures of so many people stolen from Africa are played up as a caricature. This makes it easier to denigrate and lets people continue to think that African Americans are somehow less civilized than white culture.
It is a horrible lie that continues the narrative from the Civil War and excuses the behavior of racists in today's world.
16. The War Before the War: Fugitive Slaves and the Struggle for America's Soul from the Revolution to the Civil War
Written by: Andrew Delbanco
Many of us think we know what led up to the Civil War, but there is so much more, and Andrew Delbanco does a great job of exposing it. This includes how few enslaved people escaped, how white people could be taken into slavery if they helped or housed them, and more.
Instead of just taking one side, he writes from the viewpoints of ex-slaves, religious officials, government officials, and even enslaved people loyal to the South.
Once you read about Article 4 of the Constitution and then The Fugitive Slave Act, you will never think about the history of the U.S.A. in the same way.
17. Island on Fire: The Revolt That Ended Slavery in the British Empire
Written by: Tom Zoellner
Most people don't think of Jamaica as a land with people forced to be enslaved or die. This book documents a revolt and war that lasted for five weeks in 1831 between the local people and the British government to gain their freedom.
Since there were many sugar plantations, and England wanted sugar to be imported, the people of Jamaica were forced to work the fields. However, they decided that they no longer wanted to be enslaved and took matters into their own hands by burning the crops.
This book shows how each event happened and why the British finally abolished slavery just two years later, partly because of it. This compares to the U.S.A. took decades to do the same.
18. An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America
Written by: Henry Wiencek
George Washington, the "Father of Our Country," was an enslaver. This is a simple, irrefutable fact. And it's one that often overshadows Washington's many other accomplishments. In his book, historian Henry Wiencek seeks to shed light on this complex figure and explore his ownership of enslaved people says about America.
Wiencek offers a detailed portrait of Washington's life and times, showing how the contradictions at the heart of Washington's character shaped our nation from its earliest days. Though Washington was an enslaver himself, he eventually came to see the evil of slavery and worked to end it.
This book should be required reading for anyone who wants to know the truth about Washington and the reality of slavery during his time.
19. Thirty Years a Slave from Bondage to Freedom: The Institution of Slavery as Seen on the Plantation and in the Home of the Planter: Autobiography of Louis Hughes
Written by: Louis Hughes
This autobiography is compelling and will let you see reality through Hughes' eyes in a way other books don't. He recounts his time as a child working on a farm, then being sold and treated afterward.
Being a slave, his master and the mistress treated him as chattel, and he was often whipped so harshly that he could barely survive. He tried numerous times to escape but was caught, and it wasn't until the end of the Civil War that he and his family could become free.
It is an incredible recounting of strength, perseverance, and the enduring drive for freedom, no matter the odds against him. It was originally released in 1969.
20. Harriet Tubman: The Road to Freedom
Written by: Catherine Clinton
Harriet Tubman was born into slavery in Maryland in 1820. She escaped to freedom in 1849 and then helped more than hundreds of other enslaved people escape through the Underground Railroad. In 1850, she moved to Canada with her family.
Five years later, she returned to the United States to help enslaved people escape from plantations in South Carolina. Tubman served as a Union Army nurse and spy during the Civil War.
After the war ended, she continued her work for social justice by helping African Americans find new homes and jobs. With no regard for her safety, she changed history.
In 1913, Tubman was awarded the Medal of Honor for her courageous work on behalf of enslaved people and freed people.
21. The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story
Written by: Nikole Hannah-Jones with The New York Times
In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in the history of slavery in the United States. This has been spurred in part by the 1619 Project. It is an initiative from The New York Times that aims to re-examine American history through the lens of slavery.
One of the project's lead contributors, Nikole Hannah-Jones, has written a book expanding on her original work. She argues that America's accurate founding date is not 1776, but 1619 when the first enslaved Africans were brought to Virginia.
This new viewpoint challenges long-held beliefs about America's origins. It promises to provoke much-needed conversation about the reality that the U.S. was born on slavery and not the supposed freedom for all.
22. Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory
Written by: David W. Blight
We are told that the Civil War ended slavery and therefore allowed equality and justice to be achieved in the U.S.A. delving into the agreements between the North and the South, we see a very different reality.
Since reconciliation was the main movement at that time, the treatment of African Americans was, at best, a secondary concern. The South specifically used lies and deceit to promote the "Lost Cause" belief that they were victims of Northern aggression.
When you read this book, you'll understand why the Republicans in the South continue to fight against the truth and keep African Americans from having true freedom and equality today.
23. Black Labor, White Wealth: The Search for Power and Economic Justice
Written by: Claude Anderson
Published: 1994 (1941)
Too many people in today's world still think that wealth disparities between races result from laziness or some other personal flaw among people of color. Simply stated, they are wrong. This book challenges the myths about race and poverty in America.
The book's authors argue that structural racism is the root cause of economic inequality in this country. Racism has created a system that benefits white people at the expense of everyone else, including black Americans. If we want to achieve genuine economic justice, we need to address the underlying causes of racism in our society.
The book makes a robust case for reform. It provides a much-needed look at the intersection of race and economics and our society's continuing fight against supporting people of color.
24. How the South Won the Civil War: Oligarchy, Democracy, and the Continuing Fight for the Soul of America
Written by: Heather Cox Richardson
Heather Cox Richardson argues that the real winners of the conflict were not the North but was southern enslavers. She contends that they could keep their grip on power by playing on racial divisions and ensuring that Reconstruction failed.
She examines how the South and the West took native people's land and forced them into labor practices that ignored the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments. Cowboys often did this, and it has been given a rustic and absurd narrative that everyone was free. She follows that up with how republicans continue to use that lie to justify their abuse of people of color today.
Her research and writing are impeccable, making this an authoritative work on the subject.
25. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass
Written by: Frederick Douglas
Frederick Douglass was born into slavery in 1818 on a Maryland plantation. He spent his childhood in bondage until he finally escaped to freedom in 1838. During his time as an enslaved person, Douglass witnessed firsthand the brutality and injustice of the system.
Initially published in 1845, this book quickly thrust Douglass into the national spotlight as one of America's leading abolitionists.
Douglass continued to fight for justice and equality throughout his life, becoming one of the most prominent African American figures of his time. His legacy continues to inspire people worldwide who are fighting for freedom from racism and enslavement.
26. The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America
Written by: Andrés Reséndez
This insightful book shines a light on one of the most overlooked chapters of American history—the enslavement of Native Americans.
In riveting detail, he explores the dynamics of this hidden slave trade, which robbed Indians of their land, freedom, and lives. Drawing on exhaustive research, Reséndez paints a gripping portrait of the brutal realities faced by millions of Indians who were forcibly assimilated into colonial society.
A powerful and eye-opening work, "The Other Slavery" is a must-read for anyone interested in Native American history.
27. The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano
Written by: Olaudah Equiano
The book was first published in 1789 and told the story of Equiano's life, from his childhood in Africa, where he was sold to other Africans, and then to his years spent as an enslaved person in the Caribbean and America.
He was fortunate to have been treated well compared to many others from his account. The book is significant not only for its account of slavery and the slave trade but also for its insights into 18th-century life, culture, and politics.
Despite being published over two hundred years ago, The Interesting narrative remains an essential read for anyone interested in understanding the history of slavery and race relations.
28. The Half Has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism
Written by: Edward E. Baptist
Everyone looks at how the South used slavery to increase production using free labor. Baptist agrees but then expands it to most of the free world because it benefited almost every country based on capitalism and subjugation of workers.
This book does an amazing job of tying together so many threads, ranging from economic, historical, Constitutional, and the human side (especially when you read the stories told by the enslaved people); it is impressive.
Amazingly, if not for the South's consistent need for more enslaved people and desires to expand, the Civil War probably wouldn't have happened, and slavery may still be with us today. If you are interested in seeing a very different viewpoint of slavery and U.S.U.S. history, you will want to pick up this book.
29. Sojourner Truth: A Life, A Symbol
Written by: Nell Irvin Painter
In 1851, Sojourner Truth gave a now-famous speech at Akron's Ohio Women's Rights Convention. In it, she said: "And ain't I a woman?" Her words would become a rallying cry for generations of women fighting for their rights.
Nell Irvin Painter's biography tells the story of this remarkable woman who fought not only for the rights of African Americans but also for those of women and working people. Drawing on unpublished letters and documents, Painter paints a portrait of a complex and contradictory figure whose life transcended the boundaries of race and gender.
Sojourner Truth was truly ahead of her time - an icon who deserves to be seen and heard.
30. The American Slave Coast: A History of the Slave-Breeding Industry
Written by: Ned Sublette and Constance Sublette
The American Slave Coast is a history of the slave breeding industry in the United States. The author documents how colonists in North America began buying and selling enslaved Africans for profit.
This practice quickly spread throughout the colonies, and by the early 1800s, the American slave-breeding industry was booming. Enslaved Africans were treated as nothing more than breeding stock, and their families were torn apart at will.
The brutality of this system is difficult to comprehend, but Sublette's book provides a groundbreaking account of how it operated and its lasting impact on American society.
31. Up from Slavery
Written by: Booker T. Washington,
In the late 1800s and early 1900s, Booker T. Washington was one of the most influential voices in the United States when it came to discussing race relations and African American advancement.
In his autobiography, Washington recounts his own life story, from being born into slavery to becoming a renowned educator and leader. This book is an essential read for anyone interested in understanding American history and the African American experience directly from someone who was able to overcome his circumstances.
Some people think that his view of overcoming the difficulties of slavery and economic issues of African Americans is too simplistic, but see it through his eyes and decide for yourself. Initially published in 1901, it has since been updated.
32. Sweet Taste of Liberty: A True Story of Slavery and Restitution in America
Written by: W. Caleb McDaniel
Henrietta Wood was born into slavery but then freed in 1858. However, she was abducted by sheriff Zebulon Ward and sold back into slavery. Living through the Civil War, she vowed never to forget or forgive who did this to her.
When she became free again, in 1869, she sued and won $2,500 against Ward. It was the most money awarded to a formerly enslaved person at that time. During this time, she became a powerful businessperson and fought for the civil rights of all.
This is a beautiful story of someone who had nothing, gained freedom, lost it, and then overcame the racism and bigotry of her times to change history.
33. Masterless Men: Poor Whites and Slavery in the Antebellum South
Written by: Keri Leigh Merritt
This is unlike any other book in this list because it focuses on how slavery affected poor white laborers and workers. Because of the slave trade being so inexpensive, especially when you consider that enslaved people were often bred and therefore free labor, white workers became increasingly jobless.
So, even though they didn't have to deal with the torture that enslaved Black people went through, they were stuck in a system that held them down. Interestingly, the men and women of this group helped push for Civil War, knowing that ending slavery was their only way out of poverty.
It is a very different look at how slavery affected U.S.U.S. culture, but one worth looking into at the same time.
34. 1619: Jamestown and the Forging of American Democracy
Written by: James Horn
In 1619, the first enslaved people arrived in Virginia, establishing America's ugly history of racial inequality. Yet that same year also saw the birth of something far more enduring and meaningful: The supposed ideal of American democracy.
James Horn explores this paradoxical moment in our nation's history and shows how it laid the foundation for everything that followed.
Drawing on extensive research, Horn provides a rich and thought-provoking account of this seminal year. With vivid prose and meticulous research, Horn brings to life the people and events that shaped our nation's history.
35. White Slavery In The Barbary States
Written by: Charles Sumner
This is another book that seems strange and almost unbelievable. When most people think of slavery, they imagine black men and women being dragged across the United States in chains. However, few know that similar slave trade happened in North Africa centuries ago.
Charles Sumner provides a first-hand account of the white enslaved people who were taken from Europe to be sold in the markets of North Africa. An abolitionist, Sumner used these events to show that the U.S.A.'s use of slavery is just as brutal as anywhere else in the world and should be abolished.
Initially published in 1853, this eye-opening book is a must-read for anyone interested in history or human rights.
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31 of the best parenting books. Our list helps you understand what to expect when they are babies all the way up to their teenage years.
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Uncover 25 of the best investing books. Our list includes options for beginners to advanced investors and anyone looking for information to grow their wealth.
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Posts tagged 'Ayeyarwaddy River'
The Middle of Nowhere: 90th Street on the Road (Pt. 3)
The last stop on my trip within a trip with the crew from 90th Street in Mandalay was a remote place called Shwe Set Taw. We left from Bagan and passed Chauk and Salay and Yenangyaung, stopping briefly at a large pagoda in Magwe before crossing the Ayeyarwaddy River and continuing past the town of Minbu. That was the last real town of note, and still we kept driving, and driving, and driving. I'd never seen such dry, desolate looking landscape in all of Myanmar. No large trees and no signs of habitation. Just flat, ugly stretches of no-man's land Where were they taking me?!
I'd never heard of Shwe Set Taw before this trip, but Maw Hsi and the truck driver, along with the kids, decided that this "side trip" was what they wanted to do, so I gave it my blessing, not knowing at the time what a long journey it was going to be. From Bagan, the one-way driving time was nearly six hours! And that's six hours driving on roads that weren't always paved, sitting in the back of flatbed truck. My ass is still sore.
When we finally arrived, I saw a sign proclaiming "Shwe Set Taw Wildlife Sanctuary." Huh? I had assumed that this was going to be some sort of grand sacred golden pagoda. A wildlife park? Well, I learned more about the place quickly from Maw Hsi. Shwe Set Taw certainly is an official government wildlife sanctuary, but it's also the site of a very sacred pagoda, hosting what are reputed to be a set of the Buddha's footprints. Maw Hsi told me that the history of this site goes back nearly two thousand years! Many people from Bagan and around the region come to visit and spend the night, and with the confluence of two large streams it makes for a nice swimming hole too. But it's only open about six months out of the year, most of the low-lying area become flood-prone during the rainy season.
I have to say that I wasn't blown away by the visit to Shwe Set Taw; it was sort of a ho-hum destination from my perspective. A lot of traveling on bad roads just to go swimming and gaze at a set of footprints. Once was enough! But for Maw Hsi and the kids it was one of those possible once-in-a-lifetime pilgrimages that they can tell their family and friends about. And for their sake, I'm glad we went. Plus, the kids got to buy cheap, silly sunglasses and eat more junk food, so they were quite happy!
Hpone Thant (or "Harry", as he's called) has a nice write-up about Shwe Set Taw on his informative blog:
http://www.enchantingmyanmar.com/2011/02/the-shwe-set-taw-pagoda/
Ma Thanegi on the Ayeyarwaddy
For those readers familiar with Ma Thanegi's excellent travel book The Native Tourist, the publication of a new travelogue by the spirited Myanmar writer is good news indeed. The adventurous, irrepressible — and always hungry — traveler is back with another memorable adventure. In her new book, Defiled on the Ayeyarwaddy, Ma Thanegi and her colorful supporting cast travel down Myanmar's famous Ayeyarwaddy River, as well as into the lively villages and towns scattered on its shores. But Defiled on the Ayeyarwaddy is much more than an account of a trip, it also gives the reader insights into Myanmar's complex history, culture, and its diverse populace.
Myanmar gets more negative press than any other country in Southeast Asia, thanks in no small part to the brutal and inept ways of the ruling junta. Much of the criticism is certainly justified, but the one-dimensional focus on the junta's horrible ways gets more than a bit tiresome. Based on what is "reported" by the international media, you would assume that everyone in the country is either a political prisoner, desperate to leave, or living in poverty. Yes, there are some political prisoners, there are some people who want to live elsewhere, and there are some pockets of poverty (as in any country in the world today), but that's only part of the story. There are also large parts of the country where people are content, businesses thrive, and the junta does not terrify the populace. In other words, things are fairly normal.
Thus, it's enlightening to read books like Defiled on the Ayeyarwaddy that give the reader a different perspective of life in Myanmar. One of Ma Thanegi's strengths is her ability to shed light on this "other" side of Myanmar, and especially how she gets the people she meets during her travels to open up and talk about their lives. Amidst the heartbreaks and hardships there is lots of love and laughter too. And parts of this book are very, very funny. Ma Thanegi is an extremely engaging writer with a perceptive eye for detail. Even if your travels are confined to the pages of this book, with Ma Thanegi to guide you, you're in for a mesmerizing trip.
Defiled on the Ayeyarwaddy has been published in a paperback edition by Things Asian Press. It's available online at Amazon.com and at Dasa Books in Bangkok. Also available is To Myanmar with Love, another excellent book of travel stories from Things Asian Press with contributions from a variety of writers, including Ma Thanegi.
Books, Myanmar, Travel


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Jewish Zionists lust for land far more than they covet peace, but their greed has a price
What Israel wants from the Palestinians, it takes
By colonizing the West Bank and depriving Palestinians of basic rights, Israel has made a two-state solution impossible.
(Los Angeles Times) -- by Ahmed Moor --
Israel's ambassador to the U.S., Michael B. Oren, argues in his Sept. 15 Times Op-Ed article that Israelis want peace, and I believe him. They've said so often enough. But the Israelis want lots of other things too.
For instance, they want the West Bank and East Jerusalem. In addition, they want the Palestinian aquifers situated beneath the West Bank, and they want to preserve their racial privilege in the Jewish state. They also want to shear the Gaza Strip from Palestine.
Most of all, the Israelis want Palestinian quiescence in the face of Israeli wants. Those wants have made the two-state solution impossible to implement.
For decades, the Israelis have taken what they want from the Palestinians. Consequently, there are about 500,000 settlers in Jewish-only colonies in the West Bank and East Jerusalem. Today, the Israelis are discovering that what one wants and what one can afford sometimes diverge.
Some Israelis — but apparently not Oren — are beginning to realize that the deep, irreversible colonization of territory comes with a price: the end of the Jewish state as it is. It's a painful lesson to learn, especially after decades of superpower indulgence. America's obsequious coddling turns out to have been a curse for the Jewish state. Serious cost-benefit analyses around occupation policies — collectively, apartheid — were evidently never conducted.
When Israel killed 1,400 Palestinians in Gaza — proportionally equivalent to 300,000 Americans — in Operation Cast Lead, incoming President Obama stayed mum. The Israelis counted on and got American cover. But they didn't anticipate the impact of Richard Goldstone's damning report on world opinion and the American layperson's views. No one seems to have ever asked, "Wait, what will killing more than 300 children do to our image abroad? Can we afford to launch an assault against a defenseless and captive population just because President Bush says we can while Obama remains silent?"...MORE...LINK


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Show Me the Research! 10 Studies on the Importance of The National School Lunch Program
Since childhood obesity has tripled over the past thirty years, critics of the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) have suggested that the program contributed to this trend. Since the program serves nearly 32 million children daily, and operates in over 100,000 of the approximately 130,000 schools (public and private) nationwide, it is an easy target. Yet, there is a vast body of research identifying the positive aspects of the program. To begin with, the article "Why Education Researchers Should Take School Food Seriously," by Marcus B. Weaver-Hightower (Educational Researcher 40(1):15-21) expounds on multiple arguments as to why school food is important for healthy education environments.
The following list highlights research pertaining to three specific points as they relate to students and the impact of the NSLP on their health and education: obesity, nutrient intake, and academic achievement and performance.
Point 1: Participation in the NSLP does not lead to childhood obesity, and may even reduce it.
There is no association between weight and participation in NSLP.
Hofferth, Sandra L. and Sally Curtin. 2005. "Poverty, Food Programs, and Childhood Obesity." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 24(4):703-726.
The NSLP is found to reduce obesity by 3.2 percentage points.
Gundersen, Craig, Brent Kreider, and John Pepper. 2011. "The Impact of the National School Lunch Program on Child Health: A Nonparametric Bounds Analysis." Journal of Econometrics 105:79-91.
Participation in food NSLP, SBP and SNAP is associated with a 26.4% decrease in adolescent obesity.
Roy, Manan, Daniel Millimet, and Rusty Tchernis. 2012. "Federal Nutrition Programs and Childhood Obesity: Inside the Black Box." Review of Economics of the Household 10:1-38.
Point 2: Participation in the NSLP is associated with a more balanced diet.
Children receiving a free or reduce price meal eat 10.8 more servings of fruit, 5.6 more serving of carrots, 5.2 more servings of other vegetables, and 3.1 more servings of green salad per week.
Howard, Larry L. and Nishith Prakash. 2011. "Do School Lunch Subsidies Change the Dietary Patterns of Children From Low-Income Households?" Contemporary Economic Policy 30(3):362-381.
Children eating school meals eat a less energy dense meal compared to those who do not.
Briefel, Ronette R., Ander Wilson, and Philip Gleason. 2009. "Consumption of Low-Nutrient, Energy-Dense Foods and Beverages at School, Home, and Other Locations Among School Lunch Participants and Nonparticipants." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 109(2):S79-S90.
Participants in the NSLP consumed more calcium, vitamin A, Vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 compared to those who did not participate.
Gleason, Philip M. and Carol W. Suitor. 2003. "Eating at School: How the National School Lunch Program Affects Children's Diets." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 85(4):1047-1061.
Children in low income areas consumed over half of their daily fruit and vegetables as part of the school meal.
Robinson-O'Brien, Ramona et al. 2010. "Associations Between School Meals Offered Through the NSLP and the SBP and Fruit and Vegetable Intake Among Ethnically Diverse, Low-Income Children." Journal of School Health 80(10):487-492
Point 3: Participation in the NSLP can lead to improved educational outcomes and behavior.
Increasing ADP by 10% can lead to an additional semester of schooling for women and a full year of schooling by men.
Hinrichs, Peter. 2009. "The Effects of the National School Lunch Program on Education and Health." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 29(3):479-505.
Consumption of vitamins and minerals, such as those consumed by participants in the NSLP, are important for educational performance.
Taras, Howard. 2005. "Nutrition and Student Performance at School." Journal of School Health 75(6):199-213.
NSLP participation can reduce food insecurity, which is found to negatively affect educational performance.
Howard, Larry L. 2010. "Does Food Insecurity At Home Affect Non-Cognitive Performance at School? A Longitudinal Analysis of Elementary Student Classroom Behavior." Economics of Education Review 30(1):157-176
The free lunch program reduces food insecurity by at least 1.4 percentage points.
Gundersen, Kreider, and Pepper (2012). See full citation above.
Andrew Hanks, Cornell Center for Behavioral Economics in Child Nutrition Programs
CategoriesHealthy Food Choices in Schools Tagsdevelop healthy eating dialogues, get the word out, health care professionals, healthy food choices in schools, learn about usda food programs, national school lunch program, parents of school aged children, school teachers
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Deciding on a name for your baby is never easy.
Recently we shared with you the top 10 names of naughty kids based on research by Australian website School Stickers.
School Stickers surveyed 58,000 children using their online reward books to come up with a list of both naughty and nice names.