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All of our products have a one year warranty from the original purchase date (with the exception of time-sensitive products, such as Calendars or discontinued items). Prior to returning any of our products to us for exchange or refund, we ask that you please email us at Orders@FlyLady.net. We will need to locate the original order; therefore, please include in the email as much of the following information as possible: the date of the order, the method of payment, how the order was placed (mail, fax, internet, telephone, etc.), the name and shipping address on the order and order number (if applicable). Also, please include the reason for the return, and whether you are requesting a refund or an exchange. In the event of a request for refund, FlyLady and Company, Inc. will refund the price of clean, salable items only, returned in their original box or packaging. Please note that shipping, handling and return postage are not refundable. Our return address is FlyLady and Company, Inc., 132 Commerce Street, Brevard, NC 28712.
If you received a faulty item or faulty part of an item and want to exchange it for the same item or part, please email us first at Orders@FlyLady.net to request replacement instructions. In most instances, the exchange can be made without the necessity of returning the faulty item or part to us; however, please do NOT DISCARD the faulty item or part without our express permission. Once the exchange has been processed by us, please allow approximately two weeks for domestic deliveries and four weeks for international deliveries.
Books: Physical books are non-refundable. Defective or misprinted books will be exchanged in accordance with our "Exchanges" policy above.
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Disclaimer: The section headings and paragraph titles used within the Terms & Conditions are for convenience only and shall not be given any legal importance whatsoever.


Are you looking for a spacious 2.5 Bedroom apartment with 2 bathrooms and a kitchen, In Arcadia Pretoria Walking distance from public transport such as Trains Taxis and Bus Routes? Well look no further we have the property for you.
This spacious apartment is located in Petwinda building in 662 Francis Baard street, Arcadia and bolsters with a lounge and dining room area , 2.5 Tiled bedrooms 2 Bathrooms and a separate kitchen with build-in cupboards and a stove.
This unit is situated on the third floor in a secure building with security guards on the premises. Lock-up garage is available.
Nearby: Health Clinics – Mediclinic Meulmed Hospital, Netcare Femina Hospital, Mediclinic Med Forum Hospital, Louis Pasteur Private Hospital, Netcare Jackaranda Hospital,Tswane District Hospital. Shopping Centres – Sancardia Shopping Centre, Eastwood Village, Unipark centre, Sunnyside Centre, Hamilton Centre.
Nearby Schools: Primary Schools – Hamilton Primary School, Brooklyn Primary School, Sunnyside Primary School, Arcadia Primary School. Secondary Schools – Pretoria Technical High School, Royal School Princess Park, Pretoria Secondary School, Pretoria Central High School.


text:
Q: Where can I find rust test binary for my project? I'm having problem on a specific function of a test of a specific file:
mod test {
//...

 #[test]
    #[cfg(feature = "proto-igmp")]
    fn test_handle_igmp() {

I've found here https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/issues/1407 that I can test specific tests by passing its name as an argument to the test binary. But where's such binary? And can I make println work inside tests?
I want to run test_handle_igmp to print some things and see why the error is happening.

A: You can find it in target/$MODE/$NAME-$hash, e.g. target/debug/example-3beac917983bc7e3.exe. Note that there might be multiple ones, some for doc tests, some for #[test] functions.
That being said if you just want to run test_handle_igmp, you can just use
cargo test test_handle_igmp -- --nocapture

to run your test and see the println outputs. See cargo test --help or the online documentation.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


"Hmm." Tom didn't say anything else, and they lapsed back into silence until, finally, the crunch of shoes on gravel became more and more apparent to their ears.
"There he is," Corrie said, lifting her arm and waving. One of the approaching figures waved back. When they got closer, Edie recognized Corrie's dad—she probably would have been able to guess it was him even if she hadn't met him before. He and Corrie looked a lot alike; they had the same hair and the same face shape.
Corrie shook hands with Marie and introduced Edie, Dawn, and Tom. Edie did think Marie looked vaguely familiar; she must have been at the pack meeting the time she had gone with Corrie to meet her father. She didn't look strong and robust in human form like some of the other werewolves did, being slim and fairly short, with her hair done in a crown braid, but Edie didn't doubt that she could be formidable when she chose to. All the werewolves they knew could shift into wolf form at any time.
"Let's go meet the others, then," Corrie said. "Come on, Dad." She turned and led the way up the path.
It was more of a crowd than Edie was used to, or maybe the problem was just that some of the people in the group were strangers to each other, since she'd certainly traveled around campus in groups of more than six before. But they still seemed packed in on the path. Maybe it was just that they were all being extra careful to avoid attracting Gerlina's attention.
Edie nodded. That was exactly what she'd been afraid of. She hoped Charlie had found another werewolf to join them and that everyone would agree to the plan—or create a new one.
When they reached the magic building, Edie saw that Charlie was standing out front, his hands in his pockets. Beside him was a woman exactly the same height as him with a light scattering of gray in her dark hair. Edie recognized her—Sasha, the alpha werewolf, who also happened to be Charlie's mom.
"Francis, Marie," Charlie's mom said, nodding at the other two werewolves. They nodded back.
Corrie led the way into the building and back to the classroom they'd sat in before. The four magic professors and the two Djanaea were already waiting for them there.
The four werewolves followed the girls into the room first, and introductions were made all around. Charlie and Link seemed to know each other already. Link was plainly surprised that Charlie was a werewolf, but held back any strong reaction. Of course, he had a surprise waiting for Charlie as well.
Professor Strega sat, but her knuckles whitened as she tightened her grip on the arms of the chair. "Do you trust him?" she asked, turning her gaze to Corrie, Edie, and Dawn.


The millions of dots on the map trace highways, side streets and bike trails - each one following the path of an anonymous cellphone user.
One path tracks someone from a home outside Newark, New Jersey, to a nearby Planned Parenthood. Another represents a person who travels with New York's mayor during the day and returns to Long Island at night.
An app on the device gathered her location information, which was then sold without her knowledge. It recorded her whereabouts as often as every two seconds, according to a database of more than 1 million phones in the New York area that was reviewed by The New York Times. While Magrin's identity was not disclosed in those records, The Times was able to easily connect her to that dot.
The app tracked her as she went to a Weight Watchers meeting and to her dermatologist's office. It followed her hiking and staying at her ex-boyfriend's home, information she found disturbing.
"It's the thought of people finding out those intimate details that you don't want people to know," said Magrin, who allowed The Times to review her location data.
Like many consumers, Magrin knew apps could track people's movements. But as smartphones have become ubiquitous and technology more accurate, an industry of snooping on people's daily habits has spread and grown more intrusive.
At least 75 companies receive anonymous, precise location data from apps whose users enable location services to get local news and weather or other information, The Times found. The database reviewed by The Times - a sample of information gathered in 2017 and held by one company - reveals people's travels in startling detail, accurate to within a few yards and in some cases updated more than 14,000 times a day.
These companies sell, use or analyze the data to cater to advertisers, retail outlets and even hedge funds. It is a hot market, with sales of location-targeted advertising reaching an estimated $21 billion this year. IBM has gotten into the industry, with its purchase of the Weather Channel's apps.
Businesses say their interest is in the patterns, not the identities, that the data reveals about consumers. They note that the information apps collect is tied not to someone's name or phone number but to a unique ID. But those with access to the raw data - including employees or clients - could still identify a person without consent. They could follow someone they knew, by pinpointing a phone that regularly spent time at that person's home address. Or, working in reverse, they could attach a name to an anonymous dot, by seeing where the device spent nights and using public records to figure out who lived there.
"It's very scary," said Lee, who allowed The Times to examine her location history in the data set it reviewed.
Retailers look to tracking companies to tell them about their own customers and their competitors'. For a web seminar last year, Elina Greenstein, an executive at the location company GroundTruth, mapped out the path of a hypothetical consumer from home to work to show potential clients how tracking could reveal a person's preferences.
"We look to understand who a person is, based on where they've been and where they're going, in order to influence what they're going to do next," Greenstein said.
Health care facilities are among the more enticing but troubling areas for tracking, as Lee's reaction demonstrated. Tell All Digital, a Long Island advertising firm that is a client of a location company, says it runs ad campaigns for personal injury lawyers targeting people anonymously in emergency rooms.
But it is easy to share information without realizing it. Of the 17 apps The Times saw sending precise location data, just three on iOS and one on Android told users in a prompt during the permission process that the information could be used for advertising.
Google and Facebook, which dominate the mobile ad market, also lead in location-based advertising. Both companies collect the data from their own apps. They say they do not sell it but keep it for themselves to personalize their services, sell targeted ads across the internet and track whether the ads lead to sales at brick-and-mortar stores.
Apple and Google have a financial interest in keeping developers happy, but both have taken steps to limit location data collection. In the most recent version of Android, apps that are not in use can collect locations "a few times an hour," instead of continuously.
Apple has been stricter, for example requiring apps to justify collecting location details in pop-up messages. But Apple's instructions for writing these pop-ups do not mention advertising or data sale.
The discussion served as a "warning shot" to people in the location industry, David Shim, chief executive of the location company Placed, said at an industry event last year.


With breath taking views of Lake Superior and the St. Louis River as your back drop, start the rest of your forever with the love of your life at Spirit Mountain. Delicious on-site catering, an event coordinator, and unbelievable views, in a private setting, makes Spirit Mountain the place to celebrate your wedding day in the North with friends and family. Need recommendations for florist, Dj's, desserts, decorators? No problem, we're there for you every step of the way. Take the stress out of planning your perfect day and say "I-Do-luth", at Spirit Mountain.
All of the staff were great to work with at Spirit Mountain. We had our ceremony outside and it was hands down the most gorgeous place in Duluth we could have held our wedding! We used the Bear Paw and Eagles Nest rooms for our reception. Even with minimal decoration on our part, it was beautiful. We had the vegetable lasagna and chicken options for dinner and they were delicious. We had so many compliments from our guests on the venue and food. We had a great time and wouldn't hesitate to hire them again. The only snafu we had was that they put the 2015 pricing on our invoice, when it should have been the 2014 pricing that was quoted in our contract. But, they were quick to correct it without any hassle. Very professional.
It was a beautiful venue.
We worked with Jodi Nelson at Spirit Mountain as we planned our wedding. Jodi did a fantastic job helping us make arrangements for the wedding. She helped answer any questions we had in a timely manner and gave us several opportunities to sample our dinner options.
Due to inclement weather, we had to decide an hour prior to the ceremony to change to an indoor ceremony instead of an outdoor ceremony. The staff did such a phenomenal job having our back-up room prepared and looking beautiful that it didn't even put a wrinkle in our day. The food was delicious and everyone had a great time. We didn't have to worry about a thing because the staff had every detail under control!
They treated us with respect and even though it was another day to them they made it feel like OUR day. The food was delicious with huge reviews. I could list numerous things that we loved.
While the location and service was nice, the venue was very dumpy. The bathrooms need updated, the outside windows were dirty, the floors were dirty and the whole building could use a makeover. I've been other ski places in America with beautiful chalets. This one is by far out dated. I wouldn't pay so much for my wedding to be here. I felt sorry for the bride n groom.


LMA is committed to providing a quality service for Participants and their employers, and values feedback from Participants, staff and employers.
Any concern relating to assessment, course content, quality of course delivery, (including the behaviour of other Participants in the learning environment) resource materials or any other aspect of the service delivered by LMA, its staff or licensees, should be directed to the LMA Delivery Quality Manager as soon as possible, so we can do everything possible to quickly resolve the issue.
Complaints about assessment outcomes should be addressed through the Assessment Appeals process. All other complaints should be addressed through the informal complaint process in the first instance.
LMA has a process for fair and equitable settlement of complaints.
The initial stage of any complaint is for the Complainant to raise their concerns as soon as practicable with the individual(s) concerned, the aim being to resolve the problem directly and informally.
If the Complainant would prefer not to approach the individual concerned directly or are not satisfied with the initial response to the grievance they should raise their concern with the RTO Delivery Quality Manager.
The RTO Delivery Quality Manager will discuss the concern with the Complainant and will also speak with the other parties involved with the aim of satisfactorily resolving the issue.
If the Complainant is not satisfied with the outcome, they will be informed of their right to lodge a formal complaint in writing to the CEO.
Formal complaints may only proceed after the informal complaint procedure has been finalised.
Formal complaints about LMA, our staff or licensees, must be made in writing by the Complainant or their representative to the CEO.
The CEO will acknowledge receipt of the complaint within 3 working days and may contact the Complainant or their representative to seek clarification of any information relevant to the complaint.
Any complaint and the process of its resolution will remain confidential between the parties involved.
The CEO will make every effort to resolve the complaint internally between the parties involved within a reasonable timeframe, but not exceeding 4 weeks.
Should the resolution of the complaint take more than 4 weeks, the CEO will advise the complainant in writing of the reasons for the extended timeframe and provide regular updates on the progress of the matter.
Once the complaint has been investigated by the CEO, the Complainant will be provided with a written statement explain the outcome of the complaint and the actions if any to be taken by LMA.
If a complainant is dissatisfied with the outcome of the internal complaints procedure, they will be referred to independent organisations to which they can appeal at no cost.
Both the Participant and the party, against whom the complaint is lodged, may nominate a chosen representative to act on their behalf in any subsequent discussions or arbitration.
LMA retains a 'Complaints Register' which documents all formal complaints and their resolution.


3,A 1,000-fold computer power increase can be had for a 33 times lower cost if you you use a failure-prone infrastructure rather than an infrastructure built on highly reliable components. You must build reliability on top of unreliability for this strategy to work.
8,不要忽略学院。学院有许多没有转变为产品的好主意。Most of what Google has done has prior art, just not prior large scale deployment.


1. I am a new customer; how do I place an order?
We accept Visa, Master Card, Discover, and American Express through an Authorize.net Hosted CIM Solution which allows the exchange of your sensitive cardholder data to be completed on Authorize.net secure servers.
Orders from registered accounts are accepted over the phone, by fax, or through this website.
Phone Orders: Please call 800-788-8601 Monday-Friday between 8:00am and 4:00pm Central Time.
Fax Orders: Faxed orders should be sent to 888-243-3856. Once your fax order is submitted, you will receive a confirmation via fax. If you do not receive a fax confirmation within one business day, please contact us at 800-788-8601 to confirm receipt of your order.
Online Orders: You can submit online orders 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year. Most orders ship within 1-2 business days. Once your order ships, the order status is updated to shipped in the "My Orders" section of your "Account Dashboard". You will also receive an e-mailed shipping confirmation and copy of your invoice or credit card receipt.
3. How do I order online?
Registered accounts can request a password here. A member of our customer service team will contact you within one business day with your online access information. You can also call us at 800-788-8601 during normal business hours of 8:00am to 4:00pm Central Time. Monday through Friday. If you do not have a Weiner's account, you will need to register for an account.
4. What is the minimum amount for my order?
Our first time minimum order policy is $200. All subsequent orders need to reach a minimum of only $100. If you are a consumer looking to purchase travel sized products, we'll be glad to refer you to our consumer division AllTravelSizes.
5. Can I make changes to my existing order?
Please contact us at 800-788-8601 within a couple of hours from placing your original order, we will make every possible effort to accommodate your request.
6. Can I make special arrangements for delivery?
Special requests must be made at the time the order is placed. They include but are not limited to: shipping using your existing FedEx or UPS Shipping Account, special packing/labeling of boxes, and deadlines for delivery. We will make every possible effort to accommodate your request.
7. Can I view my order history?
All history of orders placed online is available by simply logging into your account and selecting the "My Orders" option from the Account Manager drop-down menu in the top right corner of the screen.
8. Do you backorder products?
All out of stock products will be noted on your invoice. Backorders are available only under customer's specific request and if the value of backordered products reaches $50 or more.
9. Do you make substitutions?
Product substitutions are only made when customers indicate they would like substitutions. We will try to substitute it for a similar product of comparable value. If you want substitutions, you must specifically request it at the time of placing your order.
1. I lost my password. How can I get a new one?
Click the Forgot password link at the bottom of the login page. Instructions on how to reset your password will then be sent to your email address. Otherwise you may contact us via e-mail, or call 800-788-8601 Monday-Friday from 8:00am to 4:00pm Central Time.
2. I have requested a new password, but haven't received one in my email.
Check all of your junk and spam e-mails folders. If you have received any emails from Weiner's Ltd., please add us to your safe sender list to receive future messages in your Inbox folder. If you still have not received your password, please e-mail us again.
3. How do I update account information?
You may update account information by contacting us via e-mail, or by calling us during normal business hours of Monday-Friday from 8:00am to 4:00pm Central Time at 800-788-8601.
Yes. You may find out more information or contact us for questions here.
Most regular orders will be processed and shipped within one or two business days. Special shipping and delivery requests need to be noted at time of ordering. Although we stock all products in our catalog, from time-to-time products may be out of stock, or certain orders may require special processing and handling. Please contact us with any questions.
Generally speaking, orders are shipped within one to two business days. Ground shipping transit times for orders shipped in the US, vary from one to four business days. Please check the ground service map for the approximate scheduled delivery time of your order within the continental U.S. and Puerto Rico.
All orders to the continental U.S., Puerto Rico, and Canada are shipped via FedEx. Orders to Alaska, Guam, Hawaii, the Virgin Islands are shipped via U.S.P.S. Priority Mail. Orders shipped to PO Boxes are shipped via U.S. Mail or FedEx SmartPost. You may also request to have your order shipped via Overnight, Second Day Air, or 3-Day Select. Rates for those options are displayed during the checkout process for orders placed online. Please note that products noted as "Ground Only" cannot ship via U.S.P.S., Overnight, Second Day Air, or 3-Day Select.
4. Why can some items only be shipped via ground transport?
Some items sold by Weiner's are designated by the U.S. Department of Transportation as hazardous materials that present a low risk of hazard during transportation due to their contents being flammable or under pressure. Some examples include hairspray, perfume/cologne, hand sanitizers, nail polish remover, aerosol shaving cream, and other aerosol products. These items can be identified by the "Ground Only" designation on our website.
If you provide us with your e-mail address and request to receive tracking information, you will be immediately be notified after your order has been processed with all tracking information and instructions.
6. Can I ship on my own UPS or FedEx account?
Yes, please provide us with your account number at the time you place your order. For customers that place orders online, you will still see the estimated shipping charges, however those charges are removed from your final invoice. You may also request to have your FedEx or UPS Account Number added to your account. Please note that Weiner's charges a $5 handling fee for processing orders on your UPS account. To avoid this fee, you may provide your own shipping labels. In additon, we no longer have daily pickup from UPS, so you will need to schedule a pickup.
7. Do you offer drop shipping, or can I have multiple shipping addresses?
Yes. You can set up drop shipping options or have multiple shipping addresses for your account. You must still meet our minimum order policy.
8. Can I have my order shipped via freight?
Generally speaking, orders over 150lbs will see a cost savings shipping via freight, versus ground. To ship your order via freight, during checkout select "Ground" and note in the comments section that you would prefer to have your order shipped via freight.
9. Why does a product you shipped look different than it did on your website?
Most manufacturers make packaging and or formula changes to their products for different reasons. Sometimes, a new look could be related to a short-term campaign and the product might go back to the old format afterwards. In terms of fragrances, colors or design the changes might be driven by consumer trends.
10. Why wasn't the product I ordered shipped, although it showed as being in stock on your website?
All orders received are processed in the order they were received. Although the product was in stock at the time that your order was placed, because of an unanticipated higher demand, it was no longer available at the time your order was processed.
We accept payments either on 30-day terms, or by credit card. We accept Visa, Master Card, Discover, and American Express through an Authorize.net Hosted CIM Solution which allows the exchange of your sensitive cardholder data to be completed on Authorize.net secure servers.
2. How do I establish terms?
To place an order on 30 day terms, download our Net 30 Application Form. Depending on how forthcoming your trade references are, the credit process usual takes from 5 to 8 business days. We will contact you after your credit has been established.
All authorized returns will need to be shipped at your expense. To qualify for an authorization, merchandise will need to be in full package quantities, free of all markings and or pricing labels. You must contact us immediately upon receipt to return items with expiration dates such as food, over-the-counter medications, or products on sale. All other products, you must contact us within 10 days. Damaged products must be reported within 5 days. To ensure your return is processed correctly, you should call our Customer Service Department at 800-788-8601. Please follow the above guidelines and have as much information available including detailed reasons of your return so we can promptly process your request. Only authorized returns will be accepted. All returns are subject to a restocking fee.
2. How can I report damages, shortages and or discrepancies?
At time of delivery, please check that all your packages are free of visible damages. When damages occur, they need to be noted and signed by the delivering driver; otherwise claims will be very difficult to process. To successfully receive credit for any concealed damage, shortage or discrepancy you must notify our Customer Service Department at 800-788-8601 within 5 days of delivery. Additionally, our Customer Service team may require pictures of the reported damage. At that time you will be given important information regarding RMA numbers, freight responsibilities and/or restocking fees.
3. What does "Non-Guaranteed Product Dating" mean?


Beautiful surf house just steps away from the beach. Communal areas, delicious local breakfasts and an abundance of breaks in the region.
"Brazil calling with a beautiful surf house at Itacare"
Surfers who can hear Brazil calling to them might like to consider the EasyDrop Surf Camp's beautiful surf house at Itacare. True, it's not very easy to get to but those who do find their way out here have a habit of coming back again and again which just goes to show what a good find it is.
Your accommodation here places you in private rooms just steps away from the beach. This means that not only is it there right in front of you to check the surf and then get yourself into it instantly but the times in which you are not surfing (if you have any of those) can be spent dreamily gazing at the ocean or listening to its sounds as you drop off to sleep.
"Analyzing the day's surfing with your traveling crew"
Alternatively (or at the same time quite possibly) you can chill with your fellow surfers in one of the communal areas – great meeting places for analyzing the day's surfing with your traveling crew or for hooking up with new friends.
It is also in one of these communal areas where your delicious breakfast will be served, made up of local produce, getting you fuelled up and ready for the fun packed day ahead.
"An abundance of surf breaks and different spots"
Itacare has an abundance of surf breaks and spots of every description. Whatever your favorite kind of break is you are likely to find something on offer here - whether you are looking for a few challenging barrels in powerful hollow surf, a clockwork-like point break wave which produces long rides or a variety of sand bars and beach breaks which cover the entire range of surfing wave needs.
The packages offered by EasyDrop Surf Camp include bed and breakfast and surf classes which operate from the camp's HQ.
Consider this option if you are dreaming of a Brazilian escape which offers private rooms right on the beach.
Beautiful surf house with many regular returning guests.
Abundance of surf spots locally!


The 1958 Formula One season was the 12th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1958 World Championship of Drivers which commenced on 19 January 1958, and ended on 19 October after eleven races. This was the first Formula One season in which a Manufacturers title was awarded, the International Cup for F1 Manufacturers being contested concurrently with the World Championship of Drivers with the exception of the Indianapolis 500 which did not count towards the Cup. Englishman Mike Hawthorn won the Drivers' title after a close battle with compatriot Stirling Moss and Vanwall won the inaugural Manufacturers award from Ferrari. Hawthorn retired from racing at the end of the season, only to die three months later after a road car accident.
The season was one of the most important and tragic seasons in Formula One's history. Four drivers died in four different races during this season. Italian Luigi Musso in his works Ferrari during the French Grand Prix at Reims; Musso's teammate, Englishman Peter Collins during the German Grand Prix at the Nürburgring, Englishman Stuart Lewis-Evans in his Vanwall at the Moroccan Grand Prix in Casablanca, and in a non-Formula One regulated race, American Pat O'Connor at the Indianapolis 500. Hawthorn retired from motor racing after his success, but was killed in a road accident only a few months later. This season was also effectively the last ever year of Grand Prix racing where the field was dominated with front engined-cars; this had been the case since the early 1900s, when car racing was happening in informal events across Europe and the United States. 1959 and 1960 would be transitional years, where grids at Grand Prix events would feature more and more mid-engined cars and fewer front-engined cars. The mid-engined cars, with their better road holding, increased driving comfort, lighter weight and ease on tires and mechanical components (particularly brakes) were clearly the way to go. Even an old-fashioned traditionalist like Enzo Ferrari had to concede that mid-engined cars were what his team needed in order to be competitive- and Ferrari did not have a race-ready mid-engined car until 1961.
Although the engine formula remained the same, maximum race lengths were reduced to 300 kilometres or two hours (whichever came first), and the use of commercial petrol became compulsory, in place of specialized alcohol-based racing fuels. The International Cup for F1 Manufacturers was awarded for the first time, but Ferrari's Mike Hawthorn won the Drivers' Championship from Stirling Moss, despite the latter having won four of the ten grand prix to Hawthorn's one.
Rear-engined Cooper-Climaxes, entered by the private owner Rob Walker, won two early-season races, through Moss and Maurice Trintignant.
Following the Portuguese Grand Prix, Hawthorn faced a penalty but Moss sportingly spoke up for him, and the points that Hawthorn was able to keep, subsequently enabled him to edge ahead of Moss for the title.
Moss's teammate at Vanwall, Tony Brooks also won three races, his success in the Italian race, overtaking Hawthorn after Moss had retired, ensured the title went to the final round in Morocco. Moss needed to win, with a fastest lap and Hawthorn third or lower to win the title. With Moss leading, Brooks and teammate Stuart Lewis-Evans attempted to hold Hawthorn in third, however both their engines failed – Lewis-Evans's tragically resulting in severe burns from which he did not recover. Hawthorn finished second to win his first title by a single point. Vanwall won the inaugural Constructors' competition.
Hawthorn's death early in 1959 compounded a tragic season for Formula One, with four drivers killed or fatally injured on the track. Luigi Musso died in the French Grand Prix, Peter Collins a month later in the German Grand Prix – just two weeks after winning his home race, Lewis-Evans died in hospital following his fire in Morocco and Pat O'Connor died at the Indianapolis 500 (which, at the time, was a round of the World Championship).
Maria Teresa de Filippis became the first woman to drive in a race counting towards the World Championship of Drivers. Reigning five-time Champion Juan Manuel Fangio, the dominant driver of the 1950s and one of the greatest of all time, competed in only two races as a privateer, retiring after the French Grand Prix.
^A The Indianapolis 500 also counted towards the 1958 USAC Championship, and was run for USAC Championship cars, but did not count towards the International Cup for F1 Manufacturers.
The following teams and drivers competed in the 1958 FIA World Championship.
The above list does not include drivers who only contested the Indianapolis 500.
Points were awarded on an 8–6–4–3–2 basis to the first five finishers at each race. An additional point was awarded to the driver setting the fastest race lap. The best six results from the eleven races were retained.
1 – Ineligible for Formula One points, because he drove with a Formula Two car.
The 1958 International Cup for F1 Manufacturers was contested over the same series of races as the World Championship of Drivers, with the exception of the Indianapolis 500 which counted only towards the Drivers' title. Points were awarded on an 8–6–4–3–2 basis to the first five finishers at each race. However a manufacturer only received points for its highest placed car and only the best six results from the ten races were retained.
Bold results counted to championship totals.
No points awarded for shared drive.
The following races were contested by Formula One cars, but did not count towards the World Championship of Drivers or the International Cup for Formula One Manufacturers.
^ Lang, Mike (1981). Grand Prix! Vol 1. Haynes Publishing Group. p. 123. ISBN 0-85429-276-4.
^ "DRIVERS: SIR STIRLING MOSS". grandprix.com. Inside F1. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
^ a b Only the best 6 results counted towards the Championship. Numbers without parentheses are Championship points; numbers in parentheses are total points scored.
This page was last edited on 18 April 2019, at 18:53 (UTC).


Every great brand's story begins with a great name.
The right name can bring immediate value to your business, distilling the power and promise of your brand into just one or two words.
So how do you go about creating a name? How can you know when you've found the one? Naming is complicated but ultimately, it's a discipline: equal parts strategy, creativity and trademark law. Here's how we'll go about it.
We'll uncover the soul of your brand: Why you do what you do. We'll talk about how your mission authentically sets you apart, and what really matters to your customers. Your brand's DNA is your secret sauce — the springboard to your future name.
We'll clarify your brand's personality, which will provide inspiration, focus, and key guardrails. Then we'll dive into the details. We'll discuss the pros and cons of different name styles, from descriptive to entirely made-up. We'll look at whether or not your name might benefit from a descriptor. And we'll talk about your brand architecture, trademark requirements, language considerations and URL needs.
I'll think wide then deep, channeling my 25+ years of conceptual advertising experience to explore fresh, meaningful, resonant name ideas. I don't just fish through a thesaurus and smush words together. I focus on what your brand stands for and how it makes people feel while brainstorming, doodling, chasing tangents and linking ideas. Every time I come across a powerful idea, I'll delve even deeper.
I'll pre-screen the very best contenders for potential pitfalls. (I don't want you to fall in love with a name you can't have.) I'll perform cursory trademark, URL and contextual research, and remove problematic names from the running.
Finally, the fun part. I'll present a range of name candidates, noting their different strengths. Together, we'll imagine the possibilities and evaluate names both subjectively and objectively. Every new name can feel strange at first, but I'll challenge you to be brave and extraordinary. You can't bore a potential customer into liking you.
It can take another round or two of name exploration and refinement to get you to the next milestone: a shortlist of name candidates you absolutely love. Then it's off to your lawyers for a comprehensive legal analysis and ultimately, trademarking.
It's much easier to imagine your future with a name if you can get a glimpse of it in action — in a brand manifesto, logo, signage or advertisement. A "proof of concept" exercise can help you see how a name really comes to life, and know in your bones you've landed the right one. It will also help you zero in on the tone and messaging that will get your new brand off to a brilliant start.


Warming up behind the buggy!
Last saturday (August 20th,) I had the pleasure of attending the Cypress Challenge, a fundraiser put on by Glotman-Simpson cycling to fundraiser for pancreatic cancer research. It was a huge success, for everyone involved (almost 400 competitors,) as over $120,000 was raised!! That's a HUGE success! Being not only my first time climbing Cypress, but also my first attempt at RACING up a mountain, I wasn't really sure how everything was going to pan out. But I can tell you this much: I had FUN!!! I love triathlons, don't get me wrong, but there is something exciting about bike racing, especially the shorter, harder effort races.
At the start; I'm just to the left of the guy standing, blue helmet, black/white jersey.
Nearing the top (solo, cursing myself yet again for putting myself through this torture,) I really started to crank out everything I had left as the pack behind was quickly bearing down on me. Thinking the climb would was never going to end, I rounded the final corner, and the finish was in sight!! Crossing, I was spent, but happy; coming off a few weeks of heavy racing and training, a 25th overall placing (not bad for a triathlete;) haha) in a time of 38:24. Meeting with a group of friends, it was a crazy fast descent!! I set a new max speed PB on the way down, at 86.3 km/hr. They made an awesome Cypress Challenge Video, I even managed to sneak into it at 1:25, riding at the front.
Spending the rest of the day in the Kits beach area, hanging out with lots of different friends, it was the best way I can think of spending a hot summer day. Finishing the day off with an amazing burrito from Las Margaritas (which I have to make a positive mention, as they actually allowed me to bring my race bike INSIDE the restaurant while we ate, as I had nowhere else to put it.) Great service, even better food, and the best company!
Enjoy the summer heat (finally,) happy training and racing!!
Another early morning race start (7am,) I was up UBER early to make sure I had time to get breakfast all sorted out before the gun went off. I've totally forgotten that 4am actually existed, but when my alarm went off, I knew it was time to jump to action. Having some trouble sleeping lately, pre-race night was no exception. But I felt pretty good, and the only issue I was having was a nagging foot problem that caused a lot of pain when running, especially barefoot (and since we run at least twice barefoot over rough ground, I was prepared for some pain. It IS a race after-all!!) Off to the race start, I prepped my bike and T1 area, including my typical pre-race joking with my fellow racers. I knew that no matter what it would be a fun day, as many of my friends were racing, as well as spectating.
Warm-up in the water went well, and the water temperature was PERFECT for me! It was as warm as a pool, which is perfect for me. I like it warm, but I knew in the same breath that it would get pretty cold on the bike today, as it was foggy and cool out. Standing on the pontoon, minutes before the start of the mens field, the women's field swam by to begin their second loop of the swim. With the TV cameras on us, we were prompted to heckle the women as they passed. You know, give something exciting for the cameras. So I indulged, along with some of my competitors, to give some friendly heckling to the passing swimmers (knowing full well that a lot of them were swimming far faster than I can!lol) The gun went off for us shortly after, and it was ON! My first ever pontoon start went well, I dove in and swam like mad. I held on to the pack for a bit, but my extreme lack of swimming experience saw me slowly drop off the back of the main pack. I was happy to be in my Nineteen Frequency though, it kept me buoyant and moving as fast as I could.
Into T1, I could see I was a bit behind. The thing about triathlon transitions, you can always tell how well you've done coming into T1 and T2, by the number of bikes either left, or returned, to their spots. Well, suffice to say, there weren't many left, so I knew I had some catch-up to play. For some reason, I don't bode well in the cold AT ALL. I was freezing for the first 30 minutes on the bike, my legs were just useless stumps that I couldn't feel! I'm sure everyone's done a race where the legs are completely useless for a while, and this was the case for me. But as I descended the final hill to the turn-around, I realized how close I was to the main pack! So, back up the hill after the turn-around, I started to turn myself inside-out to chase down some of the pack. Slowly I began reeling people in, passing one at a time, and about half-way back started catching some of the woman field. I was giving everything I had, and it was slowly paying off.
The hard push to the finish line!!
They helped me to a new PB!!
Post race was a happy occasion, with Rachel McBride having an outstanding race, rounding out the top 5 podium! It was awesome to see that 3 of the top 5 spots were Lifesport teammates, and two of them were also Compressport Teammates (Rachel and the increasingly amazing Jeff Symonds.) I was very surprised to see I had the 5th fastest run of the day, a 33:10 clocking (a new PB,) and the 8th fastest bike of the day. Considering my issues out there, I was VERY happy with these numbers. This also being my first race with a power meter on the bike (which I find HIGHLY useful for training, and using power numbers from the race to analyze my performance,) Coach Bjoern and I were very surprised and happy with the numbers shown. Thanks to Ivan Jelic for the use of the EDGE wheels!
Thanks to Laura Byrne for her hospitality in hosting me at her house during the race, and for the awesome meals she prepared!! I think the Volunteers at the race deserve the biggest thanks, they were so outstanding at every turn, working so hard to make sure that we had the best experience possible! Also thanks to Subaru and Lifesport for putting on such a fantastic race, as well as the city of Sooke; they are vying for a 70.3 title, and based on this years race, I would say they are well on their way for next year! Thanks to Jonathan Kisiloski of Compressport for all the 'support' (no pun intended,) as well as Eload for fueling me through this race. Thanks to all the sponsors for making everything possible, it was a TON of fun, and I look forward to next years race!
Every race is a learning experience, some more than others, and I yet again learned a lot today. I'll be taking my lessons, good and bad, in stride, and making good use of the knowledge for Lake Stevens 70.3, and the rest of the season.


(TECH NEWS) Apple has had a slew of products release in the last three years with one notably missing — the Mac Mini. But ole Timmy Cook has squashed rumors of its death.
The long-anticipated iPhone 8 and iPhone X are here. As consumers have been rushing to get one into their possession, other Apple products have found a comfortable place in the background. One of those devices is the Mac Mini.
The last version of the Mac Mini was launched in 2014 and since then, Apple has been relatively quiet about any updates. It took a fan of the forgotten device to finally get somewhat of an answer from Apple CEO Tim Cook.
It's not surprising that the Mac Mini has gone on unnoticed.
Stating that Apple has been busy since 2014 is an understatement. Mobile devices are their forte, so they have shifted most of their focus towards improving them.
The iPad and MacBook also receive regular updates. Mini Macs are still on the market, but without the newest updates, they fall behind in sales and popularity compared to Apple's other products. Luckily, their quiet following has finally received an answer.
Well, not so much an answer as a glimmer of hope. One fan, who goes by the name of Krar, took a long shot and reached out to Tim Cook directly.
Hallelujah! However, Cook gave no specifics or timeline regarding the process of revamping the device. Paul Schiller, the Marketing Chief of Apple also confirmed Cook's statement.
In April, Apple announced plans for a new addition of iMac desktops that will be released later this year. They also mentioned that they are "completely rethinking" the MacBook Pro, however there is no set date for this release.
The Mac Mini update will likely follow the MacBook Pro, because let's be honest, no matter how many fans send emails to Apple, the Mac Mini is still not their number one priority.
In the meantime, consumers will have to continue using other products to fill the void of the Mac Mini. Fortunately, there is no shortage of Apple devices.


neat, you should check out the group I created called lady anglers :) tell your girls too!
We started the day a Purtis Creek and after 4 hours with no bites, we headed to Athens. They had a 100+ boat tournament earlier in the day, so we knew it would be ...more hard to fish. I lost one at the boat that was at least 4pounds. :( 8hours of fishing and only caught 1fish and a sunburn.
Rough day on Canton City Lake. I got a few nibbles on a senko close to the dam, but never got anything in the boat. Partly cloudy, 82 degrees.
sure wish I could havegotten my wife,daughter and grandaughter interested in fishing,God knows I tried but it was a 'no go" all around.
LOL! kids can be a handful!!!
Athens is one of my favorite lakes because it's small and easy to navigate. It's been over-fished a little here lately because a Share Lunker was caught ...more earlier in the year and it's gotten a lot of media attention- but still a great lake. If, you plan a trip out, hit the little cove right by the launch. I've had some good luck flipping by the lillypads. Another good spot is right in front of the dam. Fish the south side of the dam in front of the boat docks where the water hits 18-20ft deep.
Oh ya, it's great. My mom n dad divorced when I was young. I never got tought anything. So the more time I spend with them the better. So y'all fish Athens ...more a lot?
I love seeing families fish together, even when there's some smack talk. I promise that you are making memories with your children that they will never forget.
Nice fish! ALL OF THEM... lol your husband must be very proud.
^^^LOL^^^ they always get mad!!
How'd you do in your tournament?
I've been in the same boat lately. Last time I went out, all I caught was a sunburn and swampbutt. It's too hot!!
Bet that one was fun!
I have to thank my daddy for my love of fishing. I miss him dearly, but every time I'm on the water, I know he's with me in spirit. I'm thankful ...more to have a husband who loves to fish as much as I do. He's taught me a lot and is patient with me.....especially when I rub it in that I catch bigger fish! :) Lakes, rivers, deep sea fishing..I love it all!


Kilkenny GAA's 4th Annual Race Day takes place on Saturday, March 19th at Gowran Park Kilkenny, and Whitfield is proud to sponsor The Cillian Buckley & Whitfield Clinic Rated Novice Hurdle.
As one of the major fundraising events for Kilkenny Senior players, this exciting day will feature a packed race card, along with the attendance of Kilkenny All-Ireland winning captains (going back as far 1963) and members of the current squad.
The Liam McCarthy Cup will also be present.


text:
Home Analyses The legend of Naropa: A Brahmin who became a Mahasiddha
The legend of Naropa: A Brahmin who became a Mahasiddha
Who is a true Shishya or Disciple? He is a person who upholds his guru and teaching at all times and follows no matter what the teacher says at all times. Naropa was one such disciple who dedicated his life for his Guru Tilopa and went on to become a Mahasiddhi.
By Prathima.G.Kulkarni
Naropa was born to a family of royals during 1016 AD and was destined to take his father's place as a ruler. His original name was Samantabhadra. He was being trained to be a ruler but Naropa rebelled his trainings, as he wanted to have an intellectual education and wanted to go to Kashmir to fulfill his dream at the age of 8. Three years later, he undertook the study of Logic, Science, Grammar, Rhetoric and Arts.
His parents wanted him to marry and found him a Brahmin girl named Vimaladipi. They got married and were leading a happy life. But, Naropa's passion to study religion and lead a spiritual life in a monastic environment was getting strong. This led for their marriage to dissolve and Naropa left to Kashmir so that he could continue his study and to become Monk.
At the age of 28, the interest that he had towards learning led him to Nalanda University near Pullahari as it was famous for its Buddhist philosophers. Naropa became one of the scholars of the university in due time. One day when he was studying under a banyan tree an old woman appeared in front of him and asked him whether he understood what he was studying? To this, Naropa answered "Yes, of course I Understand" thinking she was just an illiterate who had come to irritate him. The answer prompted her to laugh and she asked him if he experienced the meaning of the words that he was studying? Again, the answer was "Yes. I do". This time the old woman started to cry.
Naropa asked her "Why do you cry"? The old woman started to give her explanation as such: "When you said you comprehended the words you read, I was overjoyed and when you said you understand the meaning of the words I cried because as you have not experienced Enlightenment, it is really hard for you to understand the actual meaning. Being a scholar you have mistaken that intellectual knowledge is equivalentto experiencing genuine enlightenment". Naropa agreed that the woman was actually correct.
As the legend has it, the old lady was actually a dakiniin disguise. A ḍākinī is a type of sacred female spirit that finds mention in Vajrayana Buddhism. She told Naropa that he needs to meet her brother Tilopa if he wanted to realize enlightenment as he could guide Naropa on the path of direct mystical experience. So, Naropa went in search of Tilopa to learn from him. He had to go through twelve painful trials to experience the mystical teachings to the "Way of the Yogi" from Tilopa. Every trial that Naropa went through showed certain aspects of teaching and also broke his pride. Still Naropa did not give up and kept trying. These trials clearedNaropa's misconceptions and increased his understanding of the universe, which ultimately led to the state of Varjradhara and Perfect Enlightenment.
When Naropa received enlightenment, he was offered the Six Bone Ornaments by Dakinis. Today, these ornaments are one of the most revered relics of Buddhism and historic symbols of a great Himalayan odyssey. Later, Naropa started to teach showing the traditional way of achieving experiential wisdom. His teachings included the Six Yogas that consisted ofmilam(dream yoga), tummo (the yoga of inner heat), bardo (the yoga of the intermediate stage), gyulu (the yoga ofillusory body), osel (the yoga of clear light), and phowa (the yoga of transference of consciousness).
Mahasiddha
Naropa
Tilopa
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
The latest news and analysis on the Montlake Dawgs.
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Remembering Don James
Posted by Bob Condotta
I never covered the Huskies when Don James was coach, my stint reporting on the team beginning in 1997. But I kind of feel as if I did after doing so many stories through the years on James and James-era players and games. And you couldn't, of course, really understand UW football…
Videos: Marcus Peters, Bishop Sankey, Sean Parker, Kasen Williams
Here are post-game videos of interviews with UW players Marcus Peters, Bishop Sankey, Sean Parker and Kasen Williams.
Peters:
[do action="brightcove-video" videoid="2755691002001″/]
Oregon penalties released —- No bowl ban, Kelly gets a show-cause penalty, loss of one scholarship for two years
The decision on the investigation into the Oregon football program has concluded (here's some background) and those who speculated the school would not get hit hard are proving correct. You can read the official report here. The upshot is that Oregon is not getting a bowl ban, instead receiving the…
Catching up with Jake Locker
A couple of Jake Locker-related links worth passing along. … — First, Locker is back home in Ferndale, with the NFL on summer hiatus, and taking part in a charity flag football game this weekend. He talked about it in an interview this week on a local radio station that you…
Oregon decision coming tomorrow
The NCAA has just announced that it will reveal the decision and any possible penalties related to its investigation of Oregon football tomorrow (Wednesday): The NCAA's committee on infractions will hold a teleconference tomorrow at 8 a.m. Oregon will have the final report in its hands beforehand. — Rob Moseley (@DuckFootball)
Pac-12 renews a few bowl agreements
In case you missed it, the Pac-12 on Monday renewed its agreements with the Holiday, Sun and Kraft Fight Hunger bowls. ESPN.com has details here. Along with the Rose and Alamo, those bowls now become the ones at the top of the conference's bowl lineup, with the Kraft Fight Hunger…
Thompson giving up baseball?
UW linebacker Shaq Thompson said last spring he planned to keep pursuing a pro baseball career. But according to this report from Full Count, Thompson has decided he will not play baseball any more, apparently deciding to concentrate on football. The story doesn't cite a source or quote Thompson. But…
Williams catching on in Toronto?
Former Husky Reggie Williams got a little bit of a boost in his efforts to revive his pro career last night, making a juggling catch for a 15-yard touchdown for the Toronto Argonauts in their pre-season 24-20 win over Montreal. That's a picture of the catch above in…
PacificTakes rates UW's Top 10 recruits of the Internet age
Here's some interesting reading today from PacificTakes, rating UW's Top 10 recruits of the Internet age. As noted, this rating is not based on what the players accomplished during their time at UW, but how highly-rated they were at the time of their signing. This period of time obviously encompasses some…
Sarkisian on SiriusXM: "This is the best football team we've had since I've been here"
UW coach Steve Sarkisian was a guest on SiriusXM's College Sports Nation channel with Jack Arute and Gino Torretta on Wednesday. You can listen to a portion of the interview here. Much of the interview covered pretty big-picture topics, so there was no real specific UW personnel news or anything of…
About Adam Jude
Adam Jude is the UW football beat writer for The Seattle Times. You can email Adam or follow him on Twitter.
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February 25 - 12:35 PM The Husky Football Blog has moved
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February 18 - 6:04 AM Huskies morning links: Shaq Thompson recaps pre-combine training
February 17 - 2:45 PM Some key dates and notes for UW football
February 16 - 12:55 PM NFL Network analyst weighs in on draft potential of UW's Danny Shelton, Hau'oli Kikaha, Marcus Peters and Shaq Thompson


text:
import numpy as np
from scipy.misc import imsave

from libcore import Img
from libcore import DistortionCorrection, DistortionCorrectionPoint, ImageAndPasspoints, StitchMode

def main():
    zwei_bilder_stiching()

def zwei_bilder_stiching():
    links = Img.load_image('../gGebaeude/links.jpg')
    mitte_links = Img.load_image('../gGebaeude/mitteLinks.jpg')
    mitte_rechts = Img.load_image('../gGebaeude/mitteRechts.jpg')
    rechts = Img.load_image('../gGebaeude/rechts.jpg')

    points_links = [DistortionCorrectionPoint(1215.0, 919.0, 0.0, 0.0),  # links oben
                    DistortionCorrectionPoint(1001.0, 3066.0, 0.0, 650),  # links unten
                    DistortionCorrectionPoint(4439.0, 461.0, 1125, 0),  # rechts oben
                    DistortionCorrectionPoint(4392.0, 3321.0, 1125, 650)]  # rechts unten

    points_mitte_links = [DistortionCorrectionPoint(549.0, 496.0, 0.0, 0.0),  # links oben
                          DistortionCorrectionPoint(366.0, 3230.0, 0.0, 650),  # links unten
                          DistortionCorrectionPoint(4175.0, 461.0, 1011, 0.0),  # rechts oben
                          DistortionCorrectionPoint(4261.0, 3249.0, 1011, 650)]  # rechts unten

    # Verschiebe Bild zum nächsten Passpunkt
    DistortionCorrectionPoint.set_move_to_right_in_array(points_mitte_links, 992)

    points_mitte_rechts = [DistortionCorrectionPoint(505.0, 395.0, 0.0, 0.0),  # links oben
                           DistortionCorrectionPoint(489.0, 3181.0, 0.0, 650),  # links unten
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Circumcision in Africa, and the rites of initiation in Africa, as well as "the frequent resemblance between details of ceremonial procedure in areas thousands of kilometres apart, indicate that the circumcision ritual has an old tradition behind it and in its present form is the result of a long process of development."

History

North Africa

Algeria

At Oued Djerat, in Algeria, engraved rock art with masked bowmen, which feature male circumcision and may be a scene involving ritual, have been dated to earlier than 6000 BP amid the Bubaline Period; more specifically, while possibly dating much earlier than 10,000 BP, rock art walls from the Bubaline Period have been dated between 9200 BP and 5500 BP. The cultural practice of circumcision may have spread from the Central Sahara, toward the south in Sub-Saharan Africa and toward the east in the region of the Nile.

Egypt

Based on engraved evidence found on walls and evidence from mummies, circumcision has been dated to at least as early as 6000 BCE in ancient Egypt.

Ancient Egyptian mummies, which have been dated as early as 4000 BCE, show evidence of having undergone circumcision.

At the mastaba of Ankhmahor in Saqqara, an engraved wall provides an account of Uha, dated to the 23rd century BCE, which indicates that he and others underwent male circumcision.

Herodotus (5th century BCE) indicated that the ancient Egyptians, at-large, practiced circumcision; he also indicated that ancient Ethiopians practiced circumcision.

Xanthus of Lydia (5th century BCE) indicated that female circumcision was practiced among the ancient Egyptians.

Agatharchides of Cnidus (2nd century BCE) indicated that "troglodyte" ethnic groups practiced circumcision; these groups may have resided along the African coast of the Red Sea in southern Egypt or near the Gulf of Zula in present-day Eritrea; while most of these groups practiced a form of circumcision that involved partial excision, the ethnic group, identified by Agatharchides as the "Colobi" ("the mutilated"), were indicated to have practiced a form of circumcision that involved total excision.

A papyrus, which was part of the Serapeum's Ptolemaios archive at Memphis and has been dated to 163 BCE, indicated that an ancient Egyptian girl, Tathemis, was scheduled to undergo female circumcision.

Philo of Alexandria (1st century BCE) indicated that the ancient Egyptians practiced circumcision.

Between 60 BCE and 56 BCE, Diodorus Siculus indicated that female circumcision was a common custom in ancient Egypt.

Between 29 BCE and 26 BCE, Strabo indicated that the ancient Egyptians practiced circumcision.

Galen of Pergamum (2nd century CE) indicated that female circumcision was practiced among the ancient Egyptians.

Soranus of Ephesus (2nd century CE) indicated that female circumcision was practiced among the ancient Egyptians.

Aëtius of Amida (5th century CE) indicated that female circumcision was practiced among the ancient Egyptians.

Leo Africanus (16th century CE) indicated female circumcision was practiced among Egyptians.

West Africa

Sierra Leone

The Nomoli figurines, which were created by the Mende people in Sierra Leone and depict male circumcised genitalia, have been dated between the 7th century CE and the 8th century CE.

Central Africa

Prior to 300 CE, male circumcision, which is a cultural practice that is part of male initiations, is estimated to have existed in Africa for more than 9000 years. By 300 CE, male initiation and male circumcision had ceased among some matrilineal Bantu-speaking peoples in East Africa and Central Africa.

East Africa

Prior to 300 CE, male circumcision, which is a cultural practice that is part of male initiations, is estimated to have existed in Africa for more than 9000 years. By 300 CE, male initiation and male circumcision had ceased among some matrilineal Bantu-speaking peoples in East Africa and Central Africa.

Eritrea

Agatharchides of Cnidus (2nd century BCE) indicated that "troglodyte" ethnic groups practiced circumcision; these groups may have resided along the African coast of the Red Sea in southern Egypt or near the Gulf of Zula in present-day Eritrea; while most of these groups practiced a form of circumcision that involved partial excision, the ethnic group, identified by Agatharchides as the "Colobi" ("the mutilated"), were indicated to have practiced a form of circumcision that involved total excision.

Southern Africa

South Africa

In the 19th century CE, Shaka, a Zulu king, prohibited male circumcision due to concerns that young circumcised men might be less interested in joining as warriors in the military force he was amassing and uniting in the region of southern Africa and might be more interested in seeking opportunities for having sex.

Percentage of circumcision per country

Circumcision is prevalent among 92% of men in North Africa and around 62% in Sub-Saharan Africa.  In western and northern parts of Africa it is mainly performed for religious reasons, whereas in southern parts of Africa it rarely performed in neonates, instead being a rite of passage into manhood.

Studies evaluating the complications due to traditional male circumcision have found rates varying from 35% (Kenya) to 48% (South Africa).  Infection, delayed wound healing, glans amputation and injury, bleeding, loss of penile sensitivity, excessive removal of foreskin, and death are the major complications reported.

In some African and Eastern Christian denominations male circumcision is an integral or established practice, and require that their male members undergo circumcision. Circumcision is near-universal among Coptic Christians, Ethiopian Orthodox and Eritrean Orthodox, and they practice circumcision as a rite of passage.

North Africa

Algeria
The male child circumcision rate in Algeria is around 97.9%.

Egypt

The male child circumcision rate in Egypt is around 94%.

Circumcision is near-universal among Coptic Christians, and they practice circumcision as a rite of passage.

Libya

The male circumcision rate in Libya is estimated to be 96.6%.

Morocco

The male circumcision rate in Morocco is estimated to be 99.9%.

Historically, circumcision in Morocco was performed by barbers, but is now done by medical surgeons. The circumcision of Prince Moulay Hassan, almost two years old at the time, prompted thousands of other young boys to be circumcised. The procedure is considered "purification" (t'hara) by Muslims.

Sudan

The male circumcision rate in Sudan is estimated to be 39.4%.

Tunisia

The male child circumcision rate in Tunisia is around 99.8%.

Western Sahara

The male circumcision rate in Western Sahara is estimated to be 99.6%.

West Africa

Benin

The male circumcision rate in Benin is estimated to be 92.9%.

Burkina Faso

The male circumcision rate in Burkina Faso is estimated to be 88.3%.

Gambia

The male circumcision rate in The Gambia is estimated to be 94.5%.

Ghana

The male child circumcision rate in Ghana is around 95%, with operations performed in hospitals and clinics. However, there are some variations in the country. For example, circumcision is less common in Ghana's Upper West Region, at 68%.

Guinea

The male circumcision rate in Guinea is estimated to be 84.2%.

Guinea-Bissau

The male circumcision rate in Guinea-Bissau is estimated to be 93.3%.

Ivory Coast

The male circumcision rate in Ivory Coast is around 95%, with operations conducted in hospitals and health clinics.

Liberia

Almost all men (98 percent) in Liberia are circumcised, with operations carried out in hospitals and health clinics.

Mali

The male circumcision rate in Mali is estimated to be 86%.

Mauritania

The male circumcision rate in Mauritania is estimated to be 99.2%.

Niger

The male circumcision rate in Niger is estimated to be 95.5%.

Nigeria

The male circumcision rate in Nigeria is estimated to be 98.9%.

Nigerian culture favours circumcising baby boys when they are aged between eight and forty days. Neonatal (child) circumcision is performed on more than 85% of boys in Nigeria, Western Africa, and the majority of procedures are done by nurses (56%) and doctors (35%), with a small proportion (9%) performed by traditional practitioners (2). The reasons are cultural and religious.

Senegal

The male circumcision rate in Senegal is estimated to be 93.5%.

Sierra Leone

The male circumcision rate in Sierra Leone, estimated in 2016, is around 96.1%, with operations carried out in hospitals and health clinics.

Togo

The male circumcision rate in Togo is estimated to be 95.2%.

Central Africa

Cameroon

The male child circumcision rate in Cameroon is around 90%, in common with other countries of West and North Africa, with operations performed in hospitals and clinics.

Central African Republic

The male circumcision rate in the Central African Republic is estimated to be 63%.

Chad

The male circumcision rate in Chad is estimated to be 73.5%.

Democratic Republic of Congo

The male circumcision rate in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is estimated to be 97.2%.

Equatorial Guinea

The male circumcision rate in Equatorial Guinea is estimated to be 87%.

Gabon

The male circumcision rate in Gabon is estimated to be 99.9%.

Rwanda

The male circumcision rate in Rwanda is estimated to be 13.3%.

Rwanda previously had a lower rate of circumcision, similar to South Africa. In both  nations, there has been introduced a "safe" PrePex device which claims to involves no pain nor bleeding. The Government of Rwanda wishes to fight HIV. However, complications have occurred after a few of the circumcisions, including death. Rwanda Ministry of Health denies that the deaths occurred from the result of circumcision.

Republic of Congo

The male circumcision rate in the Republic of the Congo is estimated to be 70%.

South Sudan

The male circumcision rate in the newly-established nation state of South Sudan is estimated to be 23.6%.

Agar Dinka do not circumcise.

East Africa

Bantu circumcisions have been declining.

The Luo do not circumcise.

Burundi

The male circumcision rate in Burundi is estimated to be 61.7%.

Djibouti

The male circumcision rate in Djibouti is estimated to be 96.5%.

Ethiopia

The male circumcision rate in Ethiopia is estimated to be 92.2%.

The Ethiopian Orthodox Church calls for circumcision, with near-universal prevalence among Orthodox men in Ethiopia.

Eritrea

The male circumcision rate in Eritrea is estimated to be 97.2%.

Eritrean Orthodox practice circumcision as a rite of passage, and they circumcise their sons "anywhere from the first week of life to the first few year".

Kenya

The male circumcision rate in Kenya is around 84%, with operations performed in hospitals and clinics.

In traditional circumcisions, often the same knife is used for many initiates.  This is thought to contribute to the spread of HIV.

In addition to traditional circumcision, the men of Africa enjoyed "benefits" such as young men became members of the warrior class, and were free to date and marry. The graduates became a fraternity which served together, and continued to have mutual obligation to each other for life.

In the modern context in East Africa, the physical element of male circumcision remains (in the societies that have historically practiced it) but without most of the other accompanying rites, context, and programs.  For many, the operation is now performed in private on one individual, in a hospital or doctor's office.  Anesthesia is often used in such settings.  There are tribes, however, that do not accept this modernized practice.  They insist on circumcision in a group ceremony, and a test of courage at the banks of a river.  This more traditional approach is common amongst the Meru and the Kisii tribes of Kenya.  One boy in Meru County, Kenya was assaulted by other boys because they wanted him to be circumcised in a traditional ceremony as opposed to in a hospital.
Amongst the Gikuyu (Kikuyu) people of Kenya and the Maasai people of Kenya and Tanzania, male circumcision has historically been the graduation element of an educational program which taught tribal beliefs, practices, culture, religion and history to youth who were on the verge of becoming full-fledged members of society.  The circumcision ceremony was very public, and required a display of courage under the knife in order to maintain the honor and prestige of the young man and his family.  The only form of anesthesia was a bath in the cold morning waters of a river, which tended to numb the senses to a minor degree.  The youths being circumcised were required to maintain a stoic expression and not to flinch from the pain.

Despite the loss of the rites and ceremonies that accompanied male circumcision in the past, the physical operation remains crucial to personal identity and pride, and acceptance in society.  Uncircumcised men in these communities risk being "outed", and subjected to ridicule as "boys".  There have been many cases of forced circumcision of men from such communities who are discovered to have escaped the ritual. Those who do not want to be circumcised seek refuge in Kenya's police stations.

Traditional circumcision is practiced among the Bukusu people of Kenya. Ceremonies usually take place in August. They involve the use of mud.  This is used to prevent excessive bleeding after the cut, to prevent wincing, and to commemorate a traditional legend.

Amongst the Maasai people of Kenya and Tanzania, male circumcision has historically been the graduation element of an educational program which taught tribal beliefs, practices, culture, religion and history to youth who were on the verge of becoming full-fledged members of society.  The circumcision ceremony was very public, and required a display of courage under the knife in order to maintain the honor and prestige of the young man and his family.  The only form of anesthesia was a bath in the cold morning waters of a river, which tended to numb the senses to a minor degree.  The youths being circumcised were required to maintain a stoic expression and not to flinch from the pain.

The Turkana tribe do not perform ritual circumcision.

Madagascar

The male circumcision rate in the island nation of Madagascar is estimated to be 94.7%.

Mauritius

The male circumcision rate in the island nation of Mauritius is estimated to be 16.6%.

Somalia

The male circumcision rate in Somalia is estimated to be 93.5%.

Tanzania

The male circumcision rate in Tanzania is estimated to be 72%.

In 2015, the Johns Hopkins Program for International Education in Gynecology and Obstetrics, a non profit health association affiliated with Johns Hopkins University, completed a voluntary circumcision project, covering three traditionally non-circumcising Tanzanian regions, Iringa, Njombe and Tabora, which circumcised 400,000 men.  It was done in collaboration with the National AIDS Control Programme. They offered the services in 500 health facilities across the three regions.

Mobile health clinics have been launched, funded by USAID, to offer circumcision and sexual health advice to adult men.

Efforts are being made to scale up circumcision where there is low prevalence of circumcision; the areas cited are: Iringa, Tabora, Mbeya, Songwe, Rukwa, Katavi, Shinyanga, Simiyu, Mwanza, Geita, Kagera and Musoma.  Following this, Singida, Kigoma, Mara and Morogoro will also see efforts to scale up circumcision

Amongst the Maasai people of Kenya and Tanzania, male circumcision has historically been the graduation element of an educational program which taught tribal beliefs, practices, culture, religion and history to youth who were on the verge of becoming full-fledged members of society.  The circumcision ceremony was very public, and required a display of courage under the knife in order to maintain the honor and prestige of the young man and his family.  The only form of anesthesia was a bath in the cold morning waters of a river, which tended to numb the senses to a minor degree.  The youths being circumcised were required to maintain a stoic expression and not to flinch from the pain.

Uganda

The male circumcision rate in Uganda is estimated to be 26.7%.

In Uganda, circumcision is performed for religious, cultural, and medical reasons. Medical related circumcision is mainly to reduce the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and sexually transmitted illnesses. It is performed by non-physicians, including for infants and neonates.

In Uganda, Sebei, Bagisu, Baamba, and Bakonzo ethnic groups practice TMC.  As of 2012, 70% of Ugandan men are not circumcised.  Around 10% of Ugandan men belong to groups which practice traditional male circumcision.  The age range for eastern Ugandan candidates is relatively older (14–18 years) than that of western Uganda (2–15 years). The cost of TMC varies from UGX 5,000 to 40,000, or approximately US$2.00 to 16.00 (Uganda GDP per capita is US$1,300.00). The candidate's parents are responsible for the payment, although the price is negotiable and depends on the family's financial ability.  Those who undertake a hospital circumcision rather than a traditional circumcision are said to be shunned by their community.

The Gisu people of Uganda are closely related to the Bukusu and also practice circumcision.  In Uganda, a circumcision ceremony is called Imbalu.

Southern Africa

Bantu circumcisions have been declining.

Angola

The male circumcision rate in Angola is estimated to be 57.5%.

Botswana

The male circumcision rate in Botswana is estimated to be 15.1%.

Comoros

The male circumcision rate in the island nation of The Comoros is estimated to be 99.4%.

Eswatini

The male circumcision rate in Eswatini is estimated to be 8.2%.

Lesotho

The male circumcision rate in Lesotho is estimated to be 52%.

Malawi

The male circumcision rate in Malawi is estimated to be 21.6%.

In the South of Malawi, the Yao and Lomwe tribes practice tribal circumcision.  There are fears that there is a heightened risk of spreading human immunodeficiency virus as the surgeons use the same blade and encourage boys to have sex with women after the ceremony.

Mozambique

The male circumcision rate in Mozambique is estimated to be 47.4%.

Namibia

The male circumcision rate in Namibia is estimated to be 25.5%.

South Africa

The male circumcision rate in South Africa is estimated to be 44.7%.

In some South African ethnic groups, circumcision has roots in several belief systems, and is performed most of the time on teenage boys:
The young men in the eastern Cape belong to the Xhosa ethnic group for whom circumcision is considered part of the passage into manhood. ... A law was recently introduced requiring initiation schools to be licensed and only allowing circumcisions to be performed on youths aged 18 and older. But Eastern Cape provincial Health Department spokesman Sizwe Kupelo told Reuters news agency that boys as young as 11 had died. Each year thousands of young men go into the bush alone, without water, to attend initiation schools. Many do not survive the ordeal.
According to one article, as of December 2015, 10 million men have undergone voluntary circumcision in East and Southern Africa. since 2008.

In 2017, celebrities were recruited to launch the "man up" campaign to encourage more men to get circumcised.

South Africa refuses infant circumcisions, but with mixed reception. Additionally, they have boycotted "Do-It-Yourself" Circumcision devices, but only the ones made in Israel which was part of an already-existing boycott of Israel.

Zambia

The male circumcision rate in Zambia is estimated to be 12.8%.

In Zambia there is a circumcision programme underway because some believe it could reduce the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus.

Zimbabwe

The male circumcision rate in Zimbabwe is estimated to be 9.2%.

Circumcision to prevent the spread of human immunodeficiency virus in Africa

WHO identified 14 countries with high rates of heterosexual human immunodeficiency virus transmission and historically low levels of male circumcision coverage (nationally or sub-nationally), and were priorities for scale-up. They are Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa, Eswatini, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Tanzania.  From 2008 to mid 2014, around 5.8 million men were circumcised as part of an effort to prevent HIV.

PEPFAR (the US President's Emergency Fund for AIDS Relief) supported over 15 million circumcisions in 14 countries in Southern and Eastern Africa from 2007 to 2017.

In 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) reiterated that male circumcision is an efficacious intervention for HIV prevention if carried out by medical professionals under safe conditions.

References

African culture
History of Africa
Circumcision
Body modification

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Ringer: The Poor Kids Do It Everyday
by maxpower03
"I don't know you... and I never did."
So I guess Bridget is abandoning the concept of making this a 'short-term' deal. And I guess Siobhan is straight-up evil. I like both girls a lot (well, more than I did at the beginning of the series), but it would be foolish to claim that they were being written well. A problem with a show like this, one that depends on twists and cliffhangers, is that in the relentless pursuit of curve-balls to throw at us, the writers become susceptible to losing track of the protagonists involved. The Poor Kids Do It Everyday did a good job of adding new levels to both sisters, but I'm not sure they totally worked from a logic stand-point.
In this episode's big reveal, Bridget plants her finger-prints on the Gemma crime-scene baggage and kisses goodbye to the life she once had. It's interesting to see her decide to stick with this charade for the long haul, possibly out of pure disdain for her old life, or unexpressed rage in what Siobhan inadvertently landed her in. Or maybe she's just irrational and always doing the stupid thing. But I kind of wish we understood more about why she's making these decisions. Considering the poop she's waded through over the last two weeks, you wonder why she wouldn't be more hesitant to being Siobhan forever.
Speaking of Siobhan, she also surprised, at one point suggesting to Henry that they bump off both Andrew and Gemma in order to be together. It's a major character point, something that pushes her into a much darker direction than had initially been implied. But, again, the motivation needs a better explanation.
None of the Gemma follow-through was particularly surprising (I'm assuming she's faked her death to get away from the identity-swapping/infidelity fun), but it continued the interesting work they're giving Kristoffer Polaha. It's a testament to the actors on this show that they somehow manage to sell their scenes despite having pretty shallow characters to work with. I still don't feel like I know most of these people, yet Gellar and Polaha had me pretty engaged during their various throw-downs here. But I sure would like a better understanding of these characters. Is Henry naive and in love? Or is he sociopathic and disturbing for covering up his wives' apparent murder? It's ambiguous, sure, but crazily frustrating at the same time.
It's pure coincidence, but I found it amusing that both new shows I'm reviewing have just featured teenage girls being targeted by high school bitches on their first day at school. Only it's not just catty sniping, but aggressive threats of physical violence. Eek. Is that what teenage girls are like nowadays? Or has it become the defacto story for unambitious TV writers? Juliet's drama didn't blow my mind in the slightest, since it feels completely unrelated to literally every other character on the show, all of whom are wrapped up in the same saga. I like Jason Dohring a whole lot, but the show will need to do a lot more to get me to care about this particular subplot. And please don't go down the 'teacher-student affair' route, show. Seriously.
I'm enjoying this show, but I'm at that point where I want to know more about these characters, rather than simply watching them do things that are soapy and melodramatic. I think we can all agree the show would generate more power if we had a handle on them before we discovered they were, for example, huge potential murderers.
- I really thought they were going to reveal the identity of Siobhan's mystery caller at the end. I even thought it could be Agent Machado, for some contrived reason. But for now I'm settling on Charlie, Bridget's shifty AA sponsor.
- I get thrown out of the show every time either Gemma or Henry mention their kids. I keep forgetting they (supposedly) exist.
- It was amusing last week, but the show needs to stop repeating Gemma's answer machine message already.
- Andrew: Would you tell her that's not appropriate attire for a first day at school?
Bridget: It's a little... fabric-challenged.
- Juliet: It's public school, which means I can wear whatever I want. The poor kids do it everyday.
Previously posted at Unwelcome Commentary.
Ringer home
Tags: maxpower03, Ringer
Billie Doux Wednesday, October 19, 2011 at 9:34:00 PM EDT
Great review, Max. It's really hard to tell where they're going, or if I'm going to like it when they get there. Henry is getting more interesting; as you said, it was pretty much impossible to tell what was going on with him. It was nice to see Jason Dohring (and refreshing that he's a teacher now instead of a student) but I don't know how they can get him more deeply into the story. I guess we'll see.
Rachel Thursday, October 20, 2011 at 2:53:00 AM EDT
Has anyone checked to see if Ringer and American Horror Story share a writer or something? :) Aside from the mean girl subplots, I think they're having the same gee-whiz-flashy-plot-twists vs. solid character building problem.
Excellent review!
Olga Thursday, October 20, 2011 at 12:09:00 PM EDT
Ha! Glad I'm not the only one having a sudden suspicion of Agent Machado, though for a different thing. When they were at the night club, after the search, the look he exchanged with Bodaway felt very off.... probably nothing :)
Aly Thursday, October 11, 2012 at 11:48:00 AM EDT
Great review! :)
"Speaking of Siobhan, she also surprised, at one point suggesting to Henry that they bump off both Andrew and Gemma in order to be together. It's a major character point, something that pushes her into a much darker direction than had initially been implied."
> Is it really? Didn't they in the pilot/second ep imply that she had tried to get Bridget killed? Not sure if having "friend" killed is much darker than "sis" :P
"But, again, the motivation needs a better explanation."
> I am willing to be lenient towards this, as to me the motivation is part of the mystery Bridget (we) is supposed to find out? just my 2 cents