text:
Macao SAR Government Portal
Administrative and legal affairs
Public safety and migration
Entrepreneurship and business
Notary and registry
Tourism and gambling
Chief Executive, Principal Officials, Legislature and Judiciary
Policy Address
About Macao SAR
Macao Fact Sheets
Official Bulletin
MSAR Legislation
Multilateral treaties
Shows & Entertainment
Events & Festivities
Macao Exhibition and Conference
SMEs' Business Opportunities and Services
IPIM Joins Hands with Macao MICE Sector to Implement a Series of Industry's Development within 2023
Macao Trade and Investment Promotion Institute (IPIM)
12th January 2023 at 18:28
IPIM joins hands with Macao's MICE industry, jointly bringing the sector to a new chapter of development.
The Macao Trade and Investment Promotion Institute (IPIM) had a work meeting yesterday (10 January) with five associations of the local MICE sector, integrating the sector's resources to jointly map out a plan for the industry's development in 2023, with focuses on accelerated recovery of the MICE sector and synergy with the peripheral industries.
A number of conventions with more than a thousand attendees confirmed to be held in Macao
IPIM's Acting President Vincent U said at the meeting that various resources will be well allocated to carry out multiple measures, with a goal to hold 700 to 1,000 MICE activities in 2023 and allow the sector to recover to at least 50% of its performance before the pandemic struck the city. A number of conventions with more than a thousand attendees will be held in Macao, he added, one of them is even expecting over 10,000 attendees. According to the organiser of this convention, Macao gave a gratifying experience when this convention was held in the city before the pandemic, so the organiser chose Macao to be the event's stage once again.
In the future, IPIM will collaborate with Macao's MICE sector and different integrated resorts to bring all kinds of resources together, as well as different customer bases, in order to invite and bid for international and regional professional events to be held in Macao. In the meantime, IPIM will strive to attract more international enterprises to hold annual conferences, summits, professional exhibitions and industrial expositions in Macao. In addition, IPIM will pro-actively cultivate a new operation model "industry + MICE", pushing forward the development of key industries with the city's signature MICE events.
In the meantime, through different packages including "CONFEX" (convention and exhibition being held in conjunction) and "business + relaxation tourism", the city will optimise the integration of conventions, exhibitions, festivals, competitions, and entertainment activities to craft an optimal business and tourism experience, so as to attract event attendees to stay in the city for a longer period of time, maximising the MICE sector's stimulation to other industries, motivating more commercial co-operation and boosting local sales.
Promoting Macao in Portuguese-speaking countries and ASEAN countries in the first quarter
In terms of expanding the international customer base, IPIM will participate in a large event of The Global Association of the Exhibition Industry (UFI) in Lisbon, Portugal at the end of January this year, where IPIM will introduce the event attendees and MICE industry representatives from different parts of the world to the competitive edges of Macao's MICE sector.
IPIM plans to partake in another important convention of UFI in Kuala Lumpur, Singapore together with Macao's MICE sector in March this year. In the meantime, Macao MICE sector's regular participation in overseas MICE exhibitions, which was suspended when the pandemic struck the city, will resume to this year's agenda to bring in more international guests.
The private sector expresses confidence in the future prospect of Macao's MICE industry
According to the representatives of the five participating MICE associations, preferential policies including the NAT-free customs entry policy and commercial visa facilitation had boosted the confidence in Macao's economic, MICE and commercial activities. In 2023, the industries are expected to grow "on an expressway" and Macao's MICE sector is facing a new and bright chapter. It will give full play to its role and synergise with different areas including local community economy, SMEs' development and youth employment, with an aim to push forward the city's development in various aspects.
The attendees included: IPIM's Executive Director Sam Lei; General Director and Deputy General Director of Macao Convention & Exhibition Association Poon Yiu Wing Irwin and Vong I Tat; President and Supervisory Committee Chairperson of Macau Fair & Trade Association Lam Chong In and Sam Wei Nei; Chairman and President of Executive Board of The Association of Advertising Agents of Macau Edmund Wong and Chung Ching Yee; General Director and Vice President of the Macau Federal Commercial Association of Convention & Exhibition Industry Che Fok Sang and Vong Tin Tak; President and General Director of the Macau Macao Association of Convention, Exhibition & Tourism Sectors Alan Ho and Ho Chak Meng.
Previous: The Chief Executive, Mr Ho Iat Seng, meets with the Secretary of Party Group of Renmin University of China, Mr Zhang Donggang, at the Government Headquarters.
Next: Parade + Fireworks – MGTO presents a series of spectacular celebrations for Chinese New Year
The Chief Executive, Mr Ho Iat Seng, attends a Spring Festival reception hosted by the President of the Macao Chamber of Commerce, Mr Chui Sai Cheong.
31st January 2023 at 23:30
The Chief Executive, Mr Ho Iat Seng, meets with member of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and Party Affairs Advisor of the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong, Mr Tam Yiu Chung, at the Government Headquarters in Macao.
Transport and communications statistics for December 2022
On-site registration available from February for the Exhibition of Virtual Reality "Visiting the Ruins of St. Paul's in Space and Time"
External merchandise trade statistics for December 2022
Tap Siac Craft Market in spring calls for stall operators and creative handicraft workshops
The Chief Executive, Mr Ho Iat Seng, meets with member of the Standing Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, Chairman of the Hong Kong Trade Development Council and Chairman of Hong Kong Lai Sun Group, Mr Lam Kin Ngok, at the Government Headquarters.
IFTM and two Swiss Higher Education Institutions Join forces to offer 3+1 Dual Bachelor Programme
Package tours and hotel occupancy rate for December 2022
"Lunar New Year Motorcycle Parade" creates a festive atmosphere for the Chinese Lunar New Year.
Help us improve GOV.MO
What went wrong *
All information on this site is based on the official language of the Macao Special Administrative Region. The English version is the translation from the Chinese originals and is provided for reference only. If you find that some of the contents do not have an English version, please refer to the Traditional Chinese or Portuguese versions.
Co-ordinating Organization : Public Administration and Civil Service Bureau


text:
Publication Announcement: The Pastorals of Virgil (1821)
The William Blake Archive is pleased to announce the publication of electronic editions of Blake's illustrations to Robert John Thornton's edition of The Pastorals of Virgil (1821) and a selection of his preliminary drawings for his Virgil wood engravings. The texts and images in both groups are fully searchable and are supported by our Inote and ImageSizer applications.
When planning a third edition of his successful school text of Virgil's Pastorals, Robert John Thornton employed Blake to contribute some of the new designs for the two-volume work. His assignment was to illustrate Ambrose Philips' English "imitation" of Virgil's first eclogue. Blake produced four small designs as relief etchings on a single copperplate, but these were rejected by Thornton. There may have been several reasons, including the unconventional style of etching, the semi-nudity of some of the figures, and the difficulties letterpress printers would have encountered with such an unusual matrix. Apparently Blake was asked to prepare wood engravings, a medium in which he had never before worked, instead of relief etchings. He executed a series of at least twenty-one pen, pencil, and wash preliminary drawings; these were probably approved by Thornton. The wood engravings that Blake produced from them, however, were far less conventional. Thornton was again taken aback by Blake's bold transgression of contemporary styles and sensibilities. Several influential artists, including John Linnell and Sir Thomas Lawrence, commended Blake's work; their opinions convinced Thornton to print them in his 1821 edition. Three designs were engraved by a journeyman for the sake of comparison with Blake's own productions in wood, and Thornton added a statement below Blake's first design implying his hesitations about Blake's artistry. Pre-publication proofs of Blake's wood engravings show that each group of four were cut on a single block; these were cut apart, slightly reduced in size on all four sides, and printed with brief letterpress captions. This format, as published in Thornton's Virgil, is preserved in our reproductions.
In addition to his original wood engravings, Blake contributed six copperplate intaglio engravings picturing famous classical figures. He also executed a reduced drawing, perhaps directly on the woodblock, based on a painting by Nicolas Poussin. This was cut in the block by John Byfield. All these materials are included in our reproductions of Thornton's Virgil. In addition, the relief etching of four designs, the woodblock of Blake's first wood engraving, and the pre-publication proofs of two groups of designs (I and II) before they were separated are available under Related Works in the Archive on the Show Me menu for objects 5-7.
Twenty of Blake's preliminary drawings for his wood engravings, all executed in monochrome wash, were sold at auction from the Linnell collection in 1918. These are now widely dispersed; seven are untraced and one drawing in the group was not engraved. We are now publishing a selection of seven of these drawings and plan to add more as they become available.
Although small in size and almost rejected by the man who commissioned them, Blake's Virgil wood engravings have been among his most influential works. The young artists who gathered around Blake in his final years, including Samuel Palmer, George Richmond, and Edward Calvert, were deeply inspired by the Virgil engravings. Palmer called them "visions of little dells, and nooks, and corners of Paradise"—an encomium that ignores the darker implications of some designs. Several twentieth-century British artists, including Graham Sutherland, were also influenced by Blake's wood engravings.
As always, the William Blake Archive is a free site, imposing no access restrictions and charging no subscription fees. The site is made possible by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill with the University of Rochester, the continuing support of the Library of Congress, and the cooperation of the international array of libraries and museums that have generously given us permission to reproduce works from their collections in the Archive.
Ashley Reed, project manager, William Shaw, technical editor
publicationsWBA publication
by Andrea H. Everett
Blake/An Illustrated Quarterly online
Publication Announcement: Illustrations to the Bible, c. 1780-1824

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
No. 9 Creighton punishes Kennesaw State to complete tuneup slate
Published: Dec 05, 2020 at 12:06 p.m.
EditorsNote: Changed "tune-up" to "tuneup" and changed "Peterson" to "Petersen"
A whopping six players scored in double figures Friday as No. 9 Creighton canned 55.7 percent of its field goals in a 93-58 nonconference rout of Kennesaw State in Omaha, Neb.
Freshman center Ryan Kalkbrenner and Marcus Zegarowski each scored 14 points for the Bluejays (3-0), while Damien Jefferson chipped in 13. Shereef Mitchell and Christian Bishop each added 11 points, and Mitch Ballock tallied 10.
Alex Petersen scored 14 points to lead the Owls (2-2), who also got 13 from Chris Youngblood and 10 from Spencer Rodgers. But the Atlantic Sun Conference program made just 36.5 percent of its field goal attempts and were outrebounded 38-31.
The game was nothing more than a glorified scrimmage for Creighton, which has now finished the tuneup portion of its schedule. The Bluejays visit No. 7 Kansas Tuesday night and host Nebraska on Dec. 11 before starting their Big East Conference grind the following week.
Creighton struggled for the first five minutes before running Kennesaw State out of the building. Beginning with Antwann Jones' stepback jumper at the 14:38 mark, the Bluejays uncorked a 19-2 run that was fueled heavily by the 7-foot Kalkbrenner. He accounted for eight straight points on dunks alone and added a stickback.
Owls coach Amir Abdur-Rahim used two first-half timeouts in a futile effort to mute Creighton's momentum, but the lead simply kept growing. It reached 20 for the first time with 6:11 left as Jones stroked a pair of free throws.
Ballock illustrated the mammoth gulf between the teams when he drained a 3-pointer from the left edge of the midcourt logo with 1:32 remaining, shooting it as though it were a layup. The Bluejays took a 52-25 cushion into halftime.
It took Creighton less than a minute to push the lead to 30 in the second half, as it simply scored when it wanted to. The margin peaked at 41 late in the game when Nic Zeil came off the bench to drain an NBA-range 3-pointer.
More basketball stories
Damian Lillard's big night helps Trail Blazers down Hawks
Published 12 hours ago
Ja Morant returns, Grizzlies down 76ers
No. 18 Virginia hammers No. 12 Clemson in ACC showdown


After an illustrious yet injury-hindered three decades in boxing, former Olympian Bradley Saunders has officially announced his retirement from the sport.
The former long-standing Team GB boxer bows out of with an abundance of amateur honours and a professional title sitting proudly in his packed trophy cabinet.
The 32-year-old from Sedgefield endured a long period plagued by hand and eye injuries that saw him undergo corrective surgery on multiple occasions, but ultimately resulting in his difficult decision to step away.
"I've had five eye operations now and I'm going back into hospital for the final one," the Beijing 2008 Olympian, recently based in Spain at MTK Marbella, explained. "People think I'm retiring because of my hands, but it was my eyes, they are only just settling down now and looking normal again.
"My last operation in Spain didn't go right and I've been advised to sue them for the complications, like the double vision I've had, been seeing two of everything! Doctors said I shouldn't even be allowed to drive a car, let alone get in the ring and fight for a living.
Saunders blasted away EU super-lightweight champion Ville Piispanen (18-5-3) in just 81 seconds that night at the Metro Arena in Newcastle to collect the vacant belt, in what would be his last fight signed to Hall of Fame promoter Frank Warren.
The heavy-handed Saunders raced to 12 fights unbeaten with nine knockouts in the first three years of his career, during 2012-2015, despite being hampered by recurring injuries.
Specialist hand surgeon Mike Hayton was called upon to operate on the injured fighter's fists on three occasions. One of these surgeries prompted a six-month layoff before Saunders' returned to the ring against underrated Frenchman Renold Garrido (15-11-1) in his third appearance under the Matchroom banner. Unfortunately for Saunders, his 13th professional contest saw him fall to his first professional defeat and first loss overall in seven years.
It was in September 2015 at the Liverpool Olympia that Garrido managed to derail the County Durham star's career by swarming his debilitated opponent until he was disqualified in the sixth round for an intentional headbutt.
Saunders had ruptured ligaments and damaged previous bone grafts in both hands and went back under the knife in a third attempt to fix the periodic problems.
Saunders originally debuted at the York Hall in London in February 2012 after a stellar amateur career and was last seen in the ring in June 2017 making short work of Northern Irishman Casey Blair, stopping him in the first round in Newcastle.
Peter Sims was the man responsible for whipping Bradley into shape for what turned out to be his last professional contest.
He added, "As a pro, I don't think he got a fair crack of the whip and too much was expected too early. It might have been different if he had kept active after the last win, but the eye op postponed all that.
Initially inspired by his dad, Jeff, an amateur boxer with his own gym, Bradley started boxing aged eight at Sedgefield ABC, having his first fight at 10. As an amateur, Saunders achieved incredible heights and was a member of the Team GB squad for over 10 years.
Saunders won the senior ABA title in 2006 (adding to four schoolboys and a Junior national title), a World bronze medal in 2007 and a Commonwealth silver in 2010. He was part of the Beijing 2008 Olympic squad with heavyweight hero David Price, two-weight world champion Amir Khan and WBO middleweight king Billy Joe Saunders.
During his Team GB days, he fought all over the world against the very best in the amateur code, beating three Olympic champions in Manus Boonjumnong, Aleksei Tishchenko and Matchroom's latest signing Daniyar Yeleussinov.
Facing a future without boxing, Saunders has since set up a business to provide for his wife Stephanie and 11-year-old son Leyton.
On hanging up his gloves, Saunders gave thanks to all that helped him during his career and lifted the lid on making the difficult decision.
"I have been having a hard time coming to terms with knowing that I will have to retire, going out all the time and drinking a lot, but I am a lot better within myself now.
"I'd like to thank everyone I've been involved with during my entire boxing career from coaches to promoters to the fans, it's been such a big part of my life.
"I'm still going to be involved in the sport, I was only sparring my brother Jeff [a 12-0 super-lightweight] the other day. I'm going to concentrate on his career and help as much as I can. I think he can go all the way.
Bradley Saunders hangs up his gloves with a professional record of 13 wins, a single loss and one professional title, but will mostly be remembered for an astounding amateur career likely to be unrivalled for many years to come.


According to a survey carried out by the recruitment company Antal Russia, the majority of companies have met "ghost" candidates in their recruitment practice.
One of the greatest strengths of Antal is the narrow specialisation of its consultants. To consolidate our expert approach to recruitment, we have restructured our Moscow office.
Kaizen is a Japanese philosophy or practice of constantly refining production, research, and supplementary management and business processes, as well as all aspects of life in general. In other words, it means continuous improvement.
Here is a digest of key changes in labour legislation which are coming into force or planned in 2019.
International relocation: dream or reality?
According to our annual job market survey, 45 to 55 per cent of mid-level managers consider relocating. We have always wondered how many of these actually venture upon relocation, what difficulties they face, and how much time it takes to think it over before making such a serious move. We have found a case of international relocation in Antal – meet our consultant Tatyana Bychkovskaya who has relocated from our Moscow office to the office in Dubai.
2019 is knocking the doors and we are wishing you a great start and a year full of happiness, fulfillment and success!


text:
/**
 * Model classes for the data stored in the DataStore.
 *
 * @since 1.0
 * @author Google, Inc.
 * @version 1.0
 */
package com.google.sample.mobileassistantbackend.models;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Hoppe on Fractional Reserve Banking: A Critique
In Hans-Hermann Hoppe, The Economics and Ethics of Private Property: Studies in Political Economy and Philosophy (Boston and London, 1993), 205–254 (see also 175–204), we have various arguments against fractional reserve banking.
(1) In Hoppe (1993: 210ff.), we have the same tired and ignorant argument offered by other opponents of fractional reserve banking: that fiduciary media and fractional reserve banking involve exclusive ownership of one and the same thing at the same time. In fact, this is Hoppe's central argument and it is plainly false.
Hoppe asserts that the issue and acceptance of a fiduciary note cannot signify the transfer of property from bank to client or vice versa (Hoppe 1993: 210). But Hoppe's assertion that fiduciary media are "property titles" is utterly wrong. The private bank note or other fiduciary note is not a title to property left as a bailment (or depositum). Some of the earliest British goldsmith notes, forerunners of later private bank notes (or fiduciary media), were clearly negotiable credit/debt instruments payable on demand, with the statement "I promise to repay upon demand ..." demonstrating that these were IOUs or debt records, not certificates of bailment (Selgin 2011: 11; see Melton 1978 for examples of these goldsmith notes).
IOUs are acknowledgements of a debt owed, and negotiable instruments are the most important form of IOU in modern capitalism. They include (1) promissory notes and (2) bills of exchange. Promissory notes (or notes payable or simply notes) are a specific promise to pay, which are often negotiable debt instruments.
The bill of exchange (or sight or time draft) usually involves three parties, the drawer, the drawee and the payee. When the drawee (usually a bank) has agreed to provide credit to the drawer than the bill of exchange becomes a debt instrument used as a means of payment.
But even in a bill of exchange the drawer and drawee might be the same person and his promise to pay accepted by the payee on trust. In cases where the drawer/drawee has yet to obtain the money he will later use to honour his bill of exchange, we have a mere promise to pay, accepted as a fiduciary media and used as a means of payment.
If a bill of exchange is negotiable, then it may be transferred as a means of payment by the payee and used to obtain payment of the specified amount by the new holder (this is signified by adding the words "or order" after the name of the payee). Thus the bill of exchange is treated and used as money in the sense of being a means of payment and a medium of exchange. The same is true of negotiable promissory notes:
"the most usual form of a negotiable promissory note in England is: '£60 (or other sum). London, 1st Jany. 1860 (or other place or date). Two months after date (or on demand, or any other specified time), I promise to pay to Mr. A. B. or order fifty pounds, value received. (Signed) C. D.' A more common form in America is: 'New York, Jany. 1st, 1860. Value received, I promise to pay A. B. or order one thousand dollars in two months. C. D.' But no especial form is necessary. The essential things are, a distinct promise, and sufficient certainty as to the payee, the payer, the amount, and the time of payment. And we must remember that the one purpose of all these certainties is to make the note, as far as the law can make it so, the absolute equivalent of money. As to the certainty of the payee, he may be either the original payee, or one who is made a payee by the indorsement of an original payee or of an indorsee; for every indorsee may become an indorser." (Riply and Dana 1861: 167).
In principle, a negotiable bill of exchange or promissory note may pass from the original payee to a second, third and fourth party, and be used as a widely-accepted means of payment and medium of exchange in the community, and acting just like money. The private fractional reserve bank note functions in the same way, and the issue of bank money (or credit money), the negotiable bill of exchange and promissory note have all constituted the major manner in which an endogenous system of credit money is able to expand the money supply of a nation:
"About the end of the Sixteenth Century, the merchants of Amsterdam, Middleburgh, Hamburgh, and some other places, began to use instruments of credit among themselves, and as they came into personal contact, these documents naturally assumed the form of an acknowledgement of the debt by the debtor, with a promise to pay it to bearer on demand, at the time fixed. These documents were called bills obligatory, or of debt, or of credit, and were transferable by indorsement in all respects like Bills of Exchange.
These documents are now called Promissory Notes, and an English writer in the time of Charles I., Gerard Malynes, strongly advocated their introduction into England, but he saw that the Common Law prohibited it. They first began to be used by the goldsmiths, who, as shewn afterwards, originated the modern system of banking in England soon after 1640. They were then called goldsmiths' notes, but they were not recognised by law. The first promissory notes recognised by law were those of the Bank of England in 1694, which were, technically, bills obligatory, or of credit. By the Act founding the Bank, their notes were declared to be assignable by indorsement (Act, Statute 1694, c. 20, s. 29). But this did not extend to other promissory notes. In 1701 and 1703 it was decided that promissory notes were not assignable, or indorsable over, within the custom of merchants. In consequence of these decisions, the Act, Statute 1704, c. 8, was passed, by which it was enacted that promissory notes in writing, made and signed by any person or persons, body politic or corporate, or by the servant or agent of any corporation, banker, goldsmith, merchant, or trader, promising to pay any other person, any sum of money, should be assignable and indorsable over in the same manner as inland bills of exchange.
These promissory notes, of all sorts, including Bank of England notes, as well as the notes of private bankers and merchants, were all placed exactly on the same footing as inland bills of exchange, that is, they were all made transferable by indorsement on each separate transfer.
In the case however of bank notes (by which, in law, is always meant Bank of England notes), as these were always payable on demand, and the payment was quite secure, the practice of indorsement soon fell into disuse, and they passed from hand to hand like money. In the case of private bankers of great name, the indorsement was often omitted. But, though the ceremony of indorsement was often dispensed with as superfluous, it must be observed that in no way altered the character of the instrument, and the receiver of the note took it entirely at his own peril, and ran exactly the same risks as if he took any other instrument of credit without indorsement." (Macleod 1866: 87–88; on the historical aspects of promissory notes and bill of exchanges, see Macleod 1866: 84–87).
In an historical sense, private bank notes (fiduciary media) were just like private promissory notes and bills of exchange: European legal systems have understood these as credit instruments, and they were not considered as mere property titles (that is, a receipt for a bailment). Fiduciary media are records of debt and the promise to repay a debt on demand or at a specified date: people can freely and voluntarily accept a debt instrument as a means of payment and medium of exchange, and the exchange involved is in no way fraud. We can see above that it was free contract and the business practices of the private sector that originated them.
If the practice of using negotiable promissory notes and bill of exchanges as money is acceptable, then there is no reason why private fractional reserve bank notes or credit money should be regarded as fraudulent or immoral, for they are in the same moral, legal and ontological category as these other debt instruments.
(2) With the collapse of Hoppe's absurd claim that fiduciary media are "property titles, " we are left with his gross ignorance and misunderstanding of the legal nature of the fractional reserve transactions account/checking account. This is sometimes misleadingly called the "demand deposit," but such an account is not what is known as a depositum or bailment in legal terms. The fractional reserve transactions account is nothing but a debt instrument on the bank's books (or these days on the bank's computer system). There is never any initial "bailment" involved, contrary to Hoppe (1993: 218–219).
When the modern fractional reserve bank takes money for a new account, this is actually a personal loan to the bank, which is why the bank can pay interest for it. The money in the deposit becomes the property of the bank. The money is a loan, or legally a mutuum, which means "a contract under which a thing is lent which is to be consumed and therefore is to be returned in kind" (the modern sense of the English word "deposit" is thus misleading when it refers to money in fractional reserve banking). The depositor who lends the money gets a credit (or IOU) from the bank and a promise to pay interest: "the very essence of banking is to receive money as a [m]utuum" (MacLeod 1902: 318). The money has been "sold" to the bank as a mutuum and is to be returned in genere ("in general form"), which means you do not necessarily get the same money back, but just an equivalent amount. In fractional reserve transactions account, you have lost your property rights to the money when you lent it to the bank, and instead have entered into a contract with the bank to allow them to own and use your money, even though they are obliged to return to you on demand the debt they owe to the same amount, in whole or in part, from money from their other reserves, money from the sale of financial assets and their own other loans.
There is relevant historical evidnce on the legal development of banknotes in a legal treatise by John A. Russell and David Maclachlan called Chitty on Bills of Exchange, Promissory Notes, Cheques on Bankers, Bankers' Cash Notes and Bank Notes (London, 1859):
"Bankers' cash notes, which formerly circulated in the metropolis as goldsmiths' notes, at a time when the only banking transactions in England were entirely in the hands of the goldsmiths, are in effect promissory notes. It appears from Lord Holt's judgment in the case of Buller v. Crips, that these notes were introduced by the goldsmiths, about thirty years previously to the reign of Queen Anne, and were generally esteemed by the merchants as negotiable. But Lord Holt as strenuously opposed their negotiability as he did that of common promissory notes; and they were not generally settled to be negotiable until the statute of Anne was passed, which relates to these as well as to common promissory notes. They appear originally to have been given by bankers to their customers, as acknowledgments of money received for their use; and they may be, and generally are, payable to bearer. At present, cash notes are seldom issued except by country bankers, their use having been superseded by the introduction of cheques. When formerly issued by London bankers, they were sometimes called shop notes." (Russell and Maclachlan 1859: 351-352).
In regarding bank notes and goldsmiths' notes as promissory notes, we have explicit evidence here about how they were considered debt instruments, not certificates of bailment (or "property titles," titles to property held as a bailment).
On the statute of Queen Anne (reigned 1702-1714), or the Act, Statute 1704, c. 8, see Melton (1986: 110-111).
Hoppe, Hans-Hermann, 1993. The Economics and Ethics of Private Property: Studies in Political Economy and Philosophy, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston and London.
Macleod, H. D. 1866. The Theory and Practice of Banking (2nd edn.), Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer, London.
MacLeod, H. D. 1902. Theory and Practice of Banking (6th edn), Longmans, Green, Reader, & Dyer, London.
Melton, Frank T. 1978. "Goldsmiths' Notes, 1654–1655," Journal of the Society of Archivists 6.1: 30–31.
Melton, Frank T. 1986. Sir Robert Clayton and the Origins of English Deposit Banking, 1658-1685, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Redlich, F. 1970. "The Promissory Note as a Financial and Business Instrument in the Anglo-Saxon World: A Historical Sketch," Revue Internationale d'Histoire de la Banque 3: 271-297.
Riply, G. and C. A. Dana (eds). 1861. "Negotiable Paper," in The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Vol. XII. Mozambique-Parr. D. Appleton and Company, New York. 165–170.
Rogers, J. S. 2004. The Early History of the Law of Bills and Notes: A Study of the Origins of Anglo-American Commercial Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Russell J. A. and D. Maclachlan. 1859. Chitty on Bills of Exchange, Promissory Notes, Cheques on Bankers, Bankers' Cash Notes and Bank Notes: With References to the Law of Scotland, France, and America (10th edn.), Henry W. Sweet, London.
Selgin, G. "Those Dishonest Goldsmiths," revised January 20, 2011
Labels: fractional reserve banking, Hoppe
Christof December 11, 2011 at 3:17 PM
Lord Keynes:
"Hoppe asserts that the issue and acceptance of a fiduciary note cannot signify the transfer of property from bank to client or vice versa (Hoppe 1993: 210). But Hoppe's assertion that fiduciary media are "property titles" is utterly wrong."
Fiduciary media are not "property titles"? They are debt claims? If they are debt claims, then that means the ownership of the money property must have been transferred from client to bank, right? But then if the bank owns the money, then that means the third person who was granted a checking account by the bank does not own money either, but another debt claim.
If it's another debt claim, then the logical consequence of this is that what bank clients come to trade in the market to settle trades is no longer even money, but debt claims to various banks. And if anyone wanted to actually take possession of money, they would have to exercise a "call option" on their debt claims, and take possession of the money which "backs" their debt claims.
According to Hoppe, this would mean that the fiduciary notes that are used to settle trades in the market would no longer even be money but a form of lottery tickets. But Hoppe argues that the function of money is to:
"...act as the most easily resaleable and most widely accepted good, so as to prepare its owner for instant purchases of directly or indirectly serviceable consumer or producer goods at not yet known future dates; hence, whatever may serve as money so as to be instantly resalable at any future point in time, it must be something that bestows an absolute and unconditional property right on its owner."
"In sharp contrast, the owner of a note to which an option clause is attached does not possess an unconditional property title. Rather, similar to the holder of a "fractional reserve parking ticket" (where more tickets are sold than there are parking places on hand, and lots are allocated according to a "first-come-first-served" rule), he is merely entitled to participate in the drawing of certain prizes, consisting of ownership or time-rental services to specified goods according to specified rules. But as drawing rights — and not unconditional ownership titles — they only possess temporally conditional value until the time of the drawing, and they become worthless as soon as the prizes have been allocated to the ticket holders; thus, they would be uniquely unsuited to serve as a medium of exchange." - pg 201-202.
When you say:
"When the modern fractional reserve bank takes money for a new account, this is actually a personal loan to the bank, which is why the bank can pay interest for it. The money in the deposit becomes the property of the bank. The money is a loan, or legally a mutuum, which means "a contract under which a thing is lent which is to be consumed and therefore is to be returned in kind" (the modern sense of the English word "deposit" is thus misleading when it refers to money in fractional reserve banking)."
I consider you to be contradicting the implications of considering all demand deposits as loans to banks, and not property titles to money deposited at banks. For if banks take ownership of the money, and all the clients get in return are debt claims, then how can you even say that clients are depositing MONEY into banks? Since what clients own are debt claims, and not money, which the banks own, wouldn't the clients necessarily be depositing debt claims?
For example, if I have a checking account at BofA, and you call that a debt claim and not my money property or my property title to money, and I transferred that debt claim to your bank because I am buying something from you, say a bad economics lesson, than how can you even say that I deposited money at your bank? You can't!
And no, you cannot say that by me transferring the debt claim from my bank to your bank, the debt claim is first being exchanged into money, given to me, after which it becomes my property, whereby I then give the ownership rights to you, after which you then deposit that money into your bank, you then get another debt claim in return. For the debt claim is what is functioning as the means of payment between you and I, not the money. The means of payment, the money, is being transferred from ownership of one bank to another bank.
What happens in reality is that bank B is granting you as client B a new fiduciary promise to pay, and bank A reduces its promise to pay me by whatever sum of money is backing the debt claim transfer, and then bank B calls on bank A for the money to be directly transferred to bank B. The clients aren't owners of money in these steps if they only own debt claims. So you can't say that clients are depositing money into banks. You could only say that they are depositing debt claims into banks. The only entities who withdrew and deposited money would be the banks, not the clients.
By saying that clients are depositing money into banks, you would be contradicting your earlier position that clients own debt claims instead of money. But only if they owned money, could you say that they are depositing money.
The only conceivable way that a client could deposit money into a bank is by remitting their lottery tickets to their bank, taking possession of money, and then going into another bank and redepositing that money. But cash transactions such as this represents only a minute portion of all transactions. The rest of what is deposited into banks and what is transacted would have to be considered debt claims, right?
How will you reconcile the above facts with your position that banks receive money from their clients, instead of what is almost always the case, which is that banks are receiving debt claims from clients? If banks are overwhelmingly receiving debt claims from clients, and not money, then by saying clients deposit money into banks, wouldn't you be misrepresenting those property titles to be something that they are not? Or are you only referring to instances of money withdrawals and money deposits specifically? If the latter, then what you would be saying is that most of what circulates as medium of exchange in the economy would not be absolute and unconditional property rights of the owners (the bank clients), but conditional property rights instead (conditional on the bank's ability to pay).
The key argument Hoppe is making here is that this would contradict the objective nature of a medium of exchange (money). Medium of exchange is, according to Hoppe, a transfer of unconditional and absolute property rights, not conditional and non-absolute property rights.
Sure, people can voluntarily contract in ways that deny objectivity, but those contracts cannot be considered legitimate in my view, for such contracts cannot even be enforced objectively. For let's suppose that 1000 bank clients call upon their banks to exchange their debt claims for money. If the calls exceed the amount of money the bank has, then how can these contracts be enforced objectively? If the bank receives 1 million calls for, say, $1 billion, but the bank has only $1 million on hand, then how can these contracts be enforced objectively? In my view they cannot. In my view it would be arbitrary on which clients can exchange their debt claims for money and which clients cannot.
Maybe first come first served is an objective standard, but then what happens if those first in line, have bank accounts that exceed the banks' money? Then first come first served is impossible. Or what if the bank "tips off" some of their more "valued" clients, and it becomes a game of the bank and some of its clients gaining an advantage over the lesser "valued" clients? Is this an objective basis for settling such debt claims? I'm not sure, but I don't think so.
I don't think it matters whether we label fiduciary media as property titles to money, or debt claims. Whatever is circulating, is overwhelmingly not money because it's not absolute and unconditional, and to me, that contradicts the very nature of medium of exchange.
My personal position is that I am not sure whether to regard voluntary contracts that have no absolute, objective foundation (such as would be the case in a free market 100% reserve gold standard, assuming of course that the people in the free market are knowledgeable in a way such that they enforce 100% reserve through non-governmental institutions of protection and enforcement, which is possible and cannot be ruled out, regardless of what past people in history might have done), to be legitimate and not fraudulent.
I mean, would you consider a contract between two people that says one shall pay the other 3 unicorns in one year's time, to be legitimate and not fraud? I don't think I would consider it legitimate. It would be voluntary for sure, but it couldn't be enforced.
So I think "fraud" is too harsh a word to describe FR banking. Maybe anti-objective and unenforceable. I mean, it cannot be denied that it is possible, IN PRINCIPLE, for everyone to be willing to engage in the practise. But I am not as eager about it as you are, because unlike you, I am not eager about the government taking more control over the banking system derived from one's ideology in favor of such a thing. You most likely want the banks to engage in the practise, so that the banks remain brittle and shaky, which then gives you an excuse to advocate for more government control, which is clearly your only purpose of running this blog, whether you are consciously aware of this or not.
LK December 11, 2011 at 10:48 PM
"If it's another debt claim, then the logical consequence of this is that what bank clients come to trade in the market to settle trades is no longer even money, but debt claims to various banks."
That's Hoppe just begging the question: it is none of his business what people wish to accept as a means of payment.
"And no, you cannot say that by me transferring the debt claim from my bank to your bank, the debt claim is first being exchanged into money, given to me, after which it becomes my property, whereby I then give the ownership rights to you, after which you then deposit that money into your bank, you then get another debt claim in return. For the debt claim is what is functioning as the means of payment between you and I, not the money. "
You're simply confusing transfer of, say, a private FR banknote (which is a debt claim) with repayment of the debt and transfer of ownership of money repaid to someone else.
"The key argument Hoppe is making here is that this would contradict the objective nature of a medium of exchange (money). Medium of exchange is, according to Hoppe, a transfer of unconditional and absolute property rights, not conditional and non-absolute property rights."
That nothing but Hoppe's invalid and false definition of the "medium of exchange" role of money. Free exchange in the community involves purchasing of goods by debt/credit. He's wrong.
"I mean, would you consider a contract between two people that says one shall pay the other 3 unicorns in one year's time, to be legitimate and not fraud?"
That is an invalid and unsound analogy: you're saying that a debt instrument like the FR bank note is in the same ontological category as the unicorn. False. No one has ever seen or held a real unicron.
Debt instruments like the FR bank note have been seen and used for centuries.
Yet debt instruments like the FR bank note have been seen and used for centuries, and FR banks have operated in the real world FR accounts and notes for centuries.
See Gene Callahan's here:
"A rather bizarre argument against fractional reserve banking, which I ran into this morning yet again, runs as follows: If I make a contract to sell you a square circle, that contract cannot be enforced, because it is self-contradictory. (Is the contract really self-contradictory?) Well, fractional reserve banking is the same! The fact that people may voluntarily put their money in fractional reserve banks means no more for their legitimacy than does the fact that someone might have agreed to take delivery of a bunch a square circles.
Well, if this analogy worked, what it would prove is that fractional reserve banking can't possibly exist. Contracts for square circles are illegitimate because square circles are impossible. By analogy, contracting into a fractional reserve relationship must be illegitimate because fractional reserve bank notes cannot exist.
Oddly enough, these non-existent entities are also the cause of the business cycle!"
http://gene-callahan.blogspot.com/2011/10/hey-i-just-withdrew-some-colorless-red.html
"For let's suppose that 1000 bank clients call upon their banks to exchange their debt claims for money. If the calls exceed the amount of money the bank has, then how can these contracts be enforced objectively?"
Then that is a bank unable to honour all its contracts: breach of ocntrcat has occurred. Just like an insurance company unable to honour all its clients policies if they all had claims at the same time: this does not mean the insurance industry is fraud, however.
Christof December 12, 2011 at 12:51 AM
""For let's suppose that 1000 bank clients call upon their banks to exchange their debt claims for money. If the calls exceed the amount of money the bank has, then how can these contracts be enforced objectively?""
"Then that is a bank unable to honour all its contracts: breach of ocntrcat has occurred."
Yes, but my question was how can these contracts be enforced objectively? If a breach of contract has occurred, then who among the parties involved is liable, how are they liable, what are they liable for, and how will their liability be enforced?
"Just like an insurance company unable to honour all its clients policies if they all had claims at the same time: this does not mean the insurance industry is fraud, however."
But insurance claims are claims to future money, not instant money as in demand deposits. You can't compare them because they are different in the temporal sense.
But let's forget about whether FR is fraud or not for a moment, because it's a different topic to the one I am asking about. I am asking how will the FR contracts be enforced objectively, meaning, who has the legitimate right to do what to whom, if the contracts are breached? What are the consequences of contract breaching? What are the banks liable for, and how will their liabilities be enforced, and why should they even be enforced, if the assumption is that all the parties agreed to the FR contracts, and understood that they might not get the money back?
How can you even call a bank's failure to pay a "breach of contract"? If the banks and the clients agreed via contract that the clients are getting a debt claim in return, then that means the bank WOULDN'T be breaching the contract upon failure to pay, because failure to pay is engrained in all debt contracts. They are credit instruments. They are based on the credit worthiness of the borrower.
You keep contradicting yourself. You claim FR should be up to the parties involved. That contradicts your other claim that FR should be curtailed by the state, which means it should NOT be up the parties involved, but up to the state instead. Then you say that FR, because it is agreed upon by all parties, means that clients must have accepted the risk of not being paid. But then you also claim that a bank's failure to pay is a "breach of contract", which means the banks didn't sign debt contracts, but bailment-like contracts.
Can you please pick a consistent story and stick with it? The way you make your case makes it impossible to have a proper discussion. For I have no idea what position you are taking such that I can agree or disagree. I mean, should I take you to be against "letting" the parties involved determining FR, or should I take you to be in favor of it? Should I take you to be treating FR contracts as debt claims, in which case failure to pay is not a breach of contract, but a possible outcome of the risks involved, or should I take you to be treating FR contracts to be like bailments, in which failure to pay would be a breach of contract?
You're like a chameleon, ever shifting your position in order to defend state control.
LK December 12, 2011 at 2:21 AM
"But insurance claims are claims to future money, not instant money as in demand deposits. "
(1) you're just repeating the completely wrong interpretation of FR banking as a bailment/depositum
(2) The FR bank account also gives you access to future money: when you make a "withdrawal", this is really just calling back the money you are owed.
"I am asking how will the FR contracts be enforced objectively, meaning, who has the legitimate right to do what to whom, if the contracts are breached? "
Perhaps you should look at the real world??
(1) in our system, depositors are protected by deposit insurance: the FDIC deals with insolvent banks: allowing deposits to be guaranteed by the government, the banks are then liquidated, shareholders wiped out, senior management fired, assets than sold off to pay for the losses. Whatever is left over goes to the bondholders.
(2) in previous systems what happens depends on the bankruptcy law of the relevant country. E.g., the bank is declared bankrupt, its assets sold off, and whatever is left goes to depositers or bondholders.
"You claim FR should be up to the parties involved. That contradicts your other claim that FR should be curtailed by the state, which means it should NOT be up the parties involved, but up to the state instead."
The question of why state intervention and regulation of a FR banking system is justified is a separate issue and not what I am discussing here.
"How can you even call a bank's failure to pay a "breach of contract"? If the banks and the clients agreed via contract that the clients are getting a debt claim in return, then that means the bank WOULDN'T be breaching the contract upon failure to pay, because failure to pay is engrained in all debt contracts."
Oh really:
"Debt
The defining feature of a debt contract is that default by the borrower, a breach of the contract, gives the lender ..."
http://books.google.com.au/books?id=cGqmeynpZ48C&pg=PA135&dq=debt+default+%22breach+of+contract%22&hl=en&ei=29flTvyqNLCviQeMmei2BQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CE4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=debt%20default%20%22breach%20of%20contract%22&f=false
Christof December 12, 2011 at 5:19 AM
"But insurance claims are claims to future money, not instant money as in demand deposits."
"(1) you're just repeating the completely wrong interpretation of FR banking as a bailment/depositum"
Wrong. Demand deposits are contracts whereby the client has instantaneous rights to withdraw money ON DEMAND, i.e. at any time they desire. There is no minimum time period that must elapse in demand deposits.
This has nothing to do with labeling demand deposits as a bailment versus debt claim.
"(2) The FR bank account also gives you access to future money: when you make a "withdrawal", this is really just calling back the money you are owed."
No, wrong again. The bank is giving you PRESENT, instantaneous access to money. Yes, the instantaneousness is continuous, which means that you can withdraw it now, a moment from now, or any time in the future. But this does not mean that the contract is a future oriented contract the way insurance contracts are future oriented. You are not entitled to instantaneous withdrawals of money in insurance contracts. Certain future events must first take place before you are entitled to insurance money.
With demand deposits, you are granted instantaneous drawing rights in the present.
"Perhaps you should look at the real world??"
I was asking you, according to your ethics.
"(1) in our system, depositors are protected by deposit insurance: the FDIC deals with insolvent banks: allowing deposits to be guaranteed by the government, the banks are then liquidated, shareholders wiped out, senior management fired, assets than sold off to pay for the losses. Whatever is left over goes to the bondholders."
Guaranteed by the government? What ethical norm underlies the claim that clients of bank A ought to be taxed, at gunpoint, of their earnings, to pay for the clients of bankrupt bank B? If you say that FR contracts are legitimate, because they are agreements between voluntary parties, namely banks and their clients, then why the hell are uninvolved parties entering the picture, being held liable for the errors made by a bank and their own clients?
How can one possibly claim that FR is justified on the basis that it's between a bank and their clients, but then claim it's justified for OTHERS to be forcefully deprived of their money? If FR is not fraud, why the hell are innocent people being screwed over in order to keep it going?
"Demand deposits are contracts whereby the client has instantaneous rights to withdraw money ON DEMAND, i.e. at any time they desire. There is no minimum time period that must elapse in demand deposits."
They have rights to demand money as repayment of the debt.
"If FR is not fraud, why the hell are innocent people being screwed over in order to keep it going?"
Innocent people are not being sc**wed over - they have their savings and security protected by FDIC. Why don't you ask people whether or not they welcome having their FR account protetced by the FDIC instead of losing everything.
This is your "hate government" libertarian nonsense.
Keith Hamburger December 25, 2011 at 8:11 AM
"They have rights to demand money as repayment of the debt."
Since your claim is that FRNs are debt, themselves, where is the "repayment"? How can you repay debt with additional debt?
"Since your claim is that FRNs are debt, themselves, where is the "repayment"? How can you repay debt with additional debt?"
A FR account/debt is not repaid with the bank's own debt: debts will be cleared with the higher money of account (base money).
A FR account/debt, when called back, is repaid with a tantundem, money of the same value/quantity: in a commodity money world it might be gold, or a gold-backed note, or a banknote issued by a central bank, which ultimately can be converted into gold.
In a fiat money world, you get base money: cash or reserves. Now you might say that ultimately that is a higher debt/obligation of the central bank, but nevertheless it is still the final means of payment, by which final settlement and clearing of debt is made in the economy.
Ludwig Lachmann: Bibliography and Resources
Irish Fiscal Policy in 2009
Butos and Koppl on Varieties of Subjectivism: Keyn...
Why isn't Ireland's Unemployment Higher?
Hayek and the Stock Market Crash of 1929: So Much ...
Hayek's Natural Rate on Capital Goods, Sraffa and ...
Money as Debt
The Scale of Obama's 2009 Stimulus
Steve Keen on the Keiser Report
Audio Lecture by Ludwig M. Lachmann
Steve Keen on Capital Account (December 20th 2011)
A Classification of Libertarianism
Neoliberal Austerity in Ireland: A Disaster
Jonathan Finegold Catalán's Blog
My Posts on Fractional Reserve Banking (Updated)
An Austrian Radical Subjectivist Blog
Are the Public Ignorant of the Nature of Fractiona...
Why is the Fractional Reserve Account a Mutuum, no...
Callable Option Loans and Fractional Reserve Accounts
MMT Conference Panel: Fiscal Austerity or Stimulus?
Future Goods and Fractional Reserve Banking
Austrians Predicted the Housing Bubble? – But so d...
Palley versus Foster and McChesney: The Causes of ...
Richard Koo on Balance Sheet Recessions
Bruce Caldwell on Keynes and Hayek
E. Roy Weintraub on John Maynard Keynes
Rothbard on the Bill of Exchange
The Monetary Production Economy and Fiduciary Media
Roger Koppl on Modern Austrian Economics
An Austrian Blog Worth Reading
Krugman, Hayek versus Keynes and the Austrians
Mike Norman on Fox Business
US Real GDP and GNP 1929–1950
My Posts on Fractional Reserve Banking
The Depression of 1920–1921: An Austrian Myth
Real US GNP Growth Rates 1870–1913 in Romer
Real US GNP Growth Rates 1870–1913 in Balke and Go...
Real GDP and GDP per capita, 1870-1913, Selected N...
US Real GNP 1945–1973
US Real GNP Growth in the 1880s
Why was US Unemployment so High in the 1890s?
The US Recessions of the 1890s in Balke and Gordon
US Real GNP Estimates 1869–1879
Skidelsky on How Much is Enough? or The Economics ...
My Posts on the Austrian Business Cycle Theory (ABCT)
Reading List for Post Keynesian Economics
Another Failed Prediction by Mises
Turning Stone into Bread?
Hayek on Social Evolution
Jean Baptiste Say on Failures of Aggregate Demand
Steve Keen on the Euro Crisis
Keynes Repudiated Keynesianism?
Say Repudiated Say's Law


UTRECHT, The Netherlands and VILLEJUIF, France, Jan. 04, 2016 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Merus B.V., a clinical-stage immuno-oncology company developing innovative bispecific antibody therapeutics, and Institut Gustave Roussy, a leading Comprehensive Cancer Centre in Europe, today announced entry into a strategic collaboration to jointly develop bispecific antibodies for therapeutic immuno-oncology applications.
Under the terms of the agreement, Merus and Gustave Roussy will collaborate on the design and conduct of basic, preclinical and translational research studies and early clinical studies leveraging Merus' portfolio of therapeutic human bispecific antibody candidates, including bispecific antibodies in pre-clinical development targeting combinations of immunomodulatory molecules. In addition, Gustave Roussy will participate in clinical studies of Merus' MCLA-128, a HER2xHER3 bispecific antibody candidate that is designed for the treatment of patients with HER2-expressing solid tumors, and Merus' MCLA-117, a CLEC12AxCD3 bispecific antibody candidate that is designed to recruit and activate T-cells for the treatment of patients with acute myeloid leukemia.
"Our alliance with Merus illustrates our strategic commitment, as one of the leading Comprehensive Cancer Centres in Europe, to actively collaborate with biotech companies developing innovative therapeutic antibodies and biotechnological platforms in the field of precision medicine and immunotherapy," said Professor Alexander Eggermont, General Director of Gustave Roussy.
Gustave Roussy is a leading Comprehensive Cancer Centre in Europe. It is a centre where all the skills in cancer care are focused on the patient. It comprises approximately 3,000 professional staff who are engaged in care, research and teaching.
Merus is a clinical-stage immuno-oncology company developing innovative bispecific antibody therapeutics, referred to as Biclonics. Biclonics are based on the full-length IgG format, are manufactured using industry standard processes and have been observed in preclinical studies to have several of the same features of conventional monoclonal antibodies, such as long half-life and low immunogenicity. Merus' lead bispecific antibody candidate, MCLA-128, is being evaluated in a Phase 1/2 clinical trial in Europe as a potential treatment for HER2-expressing solid tumors. Merus' second bispecific antibody candidate, MCLA-117, is being developed as a potential treatment for acute myeloid leukemia, and Merus expects to initiate clinical trials of this candidate in the first quarter of 2016. The company also has a pipeline of proprietary bispecific antibody candidates in preclinical development, including Biclonics designed to bind to various combinations of immunomodulatory molecules, including PD-1 and PD-L1.


I believe this was the first live album BJH recorded and it was also my introduction to the band back around that time. The impact this album made on me as an impressionable lad was so huge that it is still in my collection today - much loved, and whenever one of these old songs comes up on the playlist on my iphone it still makes me smile with delight.
In terms of actual musicianship these songs aren't rightly what one would describe today as virtuoso in technical terms, and can't rightly be compared to the songs of bands such as Yes or King Chrimson or Dream Theater for tricky time signature or tempo wizardry, and likewise, the sound on the album isn't as polished as what one might expect from a highly edited live album of today. The songs are all fairly basic in terms of technical wizardry and played in standard 4/4 time signature which makes them all very easy to listen to, but at the same time, all very well executed with enthusiasm and power, great vocals, subtle drums and massive keys.
With the possible exception of "She Said" where someone got a bit too enthusiastic with the faders at the production stage and the song goes slightly into overload/distortion mode, there isn't really a bad moment on the album. There are plenty of little moments where the whole thing is a bit rough around the edges, but in comparison to many so called "live" albums which would be more appropriately described as being "Live in the studio" this is a real breath of vintage fresh air because it's a REAL live album, with warts and all. You can hear lots of little incidental moments and transitions, particularly in the guitar work where John jumps on a stomp box to change his guitar sound - it all sounds great to my ears.
With Woolly and Mel both gone, and John and Les still not talking to each other as far as I know, we will certainly never see the like of this again because the interband chemistry of these four was - for a few years at least - an entity close to song writing perfection for the time and their song writing partnership was their strength as a band lay.
In conclusion I can say that this is one of my all time favourite live albums and for anyone looking to investigate the earliy days of prog and who is as yet unfamiliar with BJH I would recommend this as a most excellent starting point.


Buffers and barriers protect us. They have a valuable function in the garden, where our property lines are close to streets, bus stops and other people's property lines. But buffers also work well within gardens.
A shrub border makes a good-looking and useful buffer, and your garden may be a better place with a mix of plants grown in a line to divide, create the essence of a barrier and soften harsh effects.
You can plant a buffer like this between dog run and lawn, or between patio and pathway.
Buffers also lessen the shock of hardscape, including walls, fences and streets. A shrub border as shock absorber does not attempt to be a wall, but instead is a cushion between your house and, say, the street. It separates and softens.
As the owners of a Wallingford home said about the busy arterial along the north side of their house, "We knew we weren't going to get rid of the street, so we went for a buffer."
The house sits high off the street, so the shrub buffer is on top of a short retaining wall. A mix of colors and textures creates more interest than a solid wall of arborvitae would. The dark foliage of the ninebark Physocarpus opulifolius 'Diablo' mixes with a large redtwig dogwood and other shrubs to create a continual billowing form along the property line.
Those shrubs mature at about 8 feet high, but even at that height they don't block the porch view of passing cars. However, they definitely work their magic as part of a buffer, because the cars seem less imposing with the shrub cushion in between.
Unseen from the street is the crushed-rock path that runs between the buffer and the house. Against the house, smaller shrubs and perennials are planted, so that there is actually a double buffer.
A shrub buffer works well on the retaining wall that runs along the street, but even houses set flush with the sidewalk can indulge in divisions. Look for smaller-growing shrubs that will lessen the impact of people and cars.
Short evergreens, such as the dwarf English laurel (Prunus laurocerasus 'Otto Luyken'), may grow to only 4 feet, yet work almost as a high edging.
Most of the time, people respect the idea of a boundary, but corner properties set flush with the sidewalk can pose a real problem. Here, your buffer may need to be more of a barrier.
A less-than-subtle way of reminding people they shouldn't cut across your lawn would be to use a thorny plant, such as barberry, which carries its clusters of three thorns under its leaves. One of the most common selections is Berberis thunbergii f. atropurpurea 'Rose Glow,' which has creamy leaves speckled with purple that grow into a deep purple or purple-green in summer.
'Rose Glow' grows to about 5 feet and has bright red and orange fall color. Evergreen barberries such as the green-leaved B. darwinii, B. stenophylla and B. julianae can reach 6 feet or more. Some people shear barberries, but this creates a twiggy mess as more inner branches die off. On the other hand, it's not the kind of plant you want to reach into to prune branches.
For easier, smaller buffers that still pack a slight punch, choose one of the lower-growing barberries, such as 'Crimson Pygmy' or 'Crimson Ruby,' which grow 2 to 3 feet high, or 4-foot 'Royal Cloak,' which has larger-than-normal leaves and could pass for a small smoke bush from a distance.
Short buffers within the garden don't need the thorns. Look for smaller-growing plants such as Teucrium chamaedrys, wall germander, which is a traditional plant for edging herb gardens. Boxwood works well, too.
Buffers also can be planted in pots, so you are able to soften and divide patio rooftop spaces.
In those spots, you will probably want to use some of the lightweight "gee-I-thoughtthat-would-weigh-a-ton" planters that look just as good as the pots that do weigh a ton.
A line of pots takes on a more formal look, but with the soft form of shrubs growing in them, the line can still be a cushion.


The programme is underpinned by theories and principles of youth work, leadership styles and adolescent development, as well as a literature review compiled specifically to inform the programme by the UNESCO Child and Family Research Centre at the National University of Ireland, Galway. The accompanying conceptual model brings together the development of skills, environmental factors and action orientated behaviour necessary for youth leadership development. The programme uses group work and individual reflection, as well as practical projects to develop and expand leadership skills. Young people learn to look past themselves at their community and wider society when setting their leadership goals. The programme now runs in clubs, projects and schools across the country, as well as annually at the Foróige Youth Leadership Conference, and combines with an additional module for the NUI Galway accredited Foundation Certificate in Youth Leadership and Community Action.
To enable young people to develop the skills, inspiration, vision, confidence, and action plans to be effective leaders.
To empower young people to make a positive difference to their society through the practice of effective leadership.
Evaluation of Foróige's Leadership for Life programme took place over 2011-2013, and involved 431 young people (264 who completed the programme and 164 as a comparison group). Measures of leadership, life skills, resilience, empathy and social support were taken at three points, before, after, and as a follow up to the programme, in addition to qualitative measures from focus groups and interviews.
The evaluation showed that young people who completed the leadership programme showed significant improvement when compared to the comparison group including increased goal setting, empathy, critical thinking, communication skills, teamwork, problem solving, leadership skills, community involvement, resilience, sibling support, total social support, emotional support and esteem support.
Have experience of delivering programmes with young people.
Have completed Garda Vetting and Child Protection Training.
Agree to facilitate the programme as outlined in the terms and conditions.
Be able to outline how they plan to implement the programme.
Please contact Leadership@foroige.ie for further information.


Seeking secluded farm/ranch within driving distance of Univ of TN.
Sale (Standard), Sale (Owner Financed). More info: Ideal property would have a water source, fenced pasture, woodlands, crop land.
More info: House, barn, and equipment storage preferable but will consider all property types.
Christmas trees, Field crops, Hay or pasture, Herbs, Hogs, Orchard, Vegetable production, Woodlot or forest products.


With release 1.12 the File Transfer History has been introduced.
This works for YADE jobs that are executed with a JobScheduler Master or Agent.
This feature is not available for the YADE Command Line Client.
The YADE Command Line Client should report to the File Transfer History in the same way as the YADE job.
Users of the YADE Command Line Client can use JOC Cockpit to monitor file transfers without the need of operating a JobScheduler Master, see JOC-527.
This feature is not intended for immediate development.
Please vote for this feature if you want it to be added to the roadmap.


NCERT books & NCERT solutions for class 10 Maths are more than enough for class 10 Math board exam, but only if you focus & read them with full concentration. As NCERT Math books and Maths NCERT solutions, both are prescribed by CBSE itself, so there is no chance a single question will come out of the syllabus in your CBSE class 10 Math exam. Mathematics can be a bit tricky, but CBSE class 10 Math is one of the highest-scoring subjects among all the subjects. To score a decent mark in Math, you don't need to have an extraordinary brain, but a logical approach & rational thinking. A clear understanding of the basics, a command over formulae and a sound practice regimen is all that you need to score high in CBSE class 10 Math.
Following only NCERT books & Maths NCERT solutions for class 10 math can help you secure a good mark in CBSE class 10 Math if you follow these smart strategies suggested by the experts.
Before you start your CBSE Class 10 exam preparation, you must know your CBSE Class 10 syllabus or Math NCERT syllabus. Once your know your NCERT syllabus, start preparing for CBSE board exam in an organized manner At first, you need to complete the syllabus from your NCERT book and then start solving the exercise from that same NCERT book. Check the NCERT solutions for class 10 maths and know if your answer along with the approach was right or not.
Once you go through your NCERT syllabus and past year papers, note down the weightage for various sections in math. It helps you to decide how much time you should dedicate to different math chapter.
Don't follow your friend's study timetable for your own class 10 Math exam preparation. Theories are easy to learn as its all about memorizing. But Math is an application. You should be well-versed with the important Math formulas but you should know how & where to use them. Morning or night- according to your time preference to study learn Math from your NCERT books. Create a study timetable that matches your Math exam preparation requirements and the one which you can follow without any excuse. If you find a chapter difficult, allot more time to that and if a topic is easy don't spend much time in that chapter.
If possible, make a group and study with your friends. Once you complete a Math chapter, explain it to others. This actually will help you to understand the entire chapter in a much more better way. Share your knowledge and get inputs from your friends too!
Who did not hear this phrase-"Practice makes a man perfect"? When you complete your NCERT syllabus for Math, start revision. Solve exercise & match them with Maths NCERT solutions for class 10. Adjust your time and solve each Math question and exercise for at least 3-4 times to get more confidence before your final board exam.
Steps carry marks. So neatly write down the steps when you are solving a sum. You might not know the complete solutions, but don't forget to write down the step you are sure of. For answers, you can check NCERT solutions for class 10 Math. Work on your speed, focus on improving your accuracy and stick to NCERT solutions for class 10 maths for better preparation.
When you practice a lot, you will know where you should improve, and where you should focus to increase your score. Solve a lot of model test papers, sample papers & Previous Year Question Paper. While solving the question papers, make sure you are keeping an eye on the clock for better time management. As you are preparing for your CBSE board exam & so time plays a crucial role here.
Learning at a stretch is not a good habit at all. It makes us exhausted, and you might lose interest in that subject. It also becomes difficult to understand the subject after long hours of study. So you should take time for some other activities.
Instead of having junk food, including a healthy diet in your routine. Rather than watching tv or playing video games, do some physical exercises regularly and catch an adequate amount of sleep.
If you follow these tips and stick to Maths NCERT solutions, you can definitely score high marks in the exam! If you have any queries about CBSE Board Maths exam or NCERT solutions for class 10 Maths, let us know in the comments section below and I'll get back to you shortly.


HYLOGRIP HY5177 medium strength pipe sealant for metal threads. It is a medium strength, high viscosity adhesive suitable for bonding all threaded metal assemblies. It is particularly useful for the fast sealing of threaded joints in pipe-work.


text:
Locals urged to be safe when heading outdoors these holidays
December 18, 2014 10:14 am in Gold Coast by myGC
EACH year during the holiday season, State Emergency Service (SES) volunteers are called on to assist with searches for people who were not adequately prepared for outdoor activities.
Queensland Fire and Emergency Services (QFES) Commissioner Lee Johnson is urging bushwalkers and trail bike riders to take precautions to prevent getting lost or injured during the holiday break.
"Every year SES volunteers are called out to missing person searches for people who have ventured into the great outdoors," Mr Johnson said.
"While bushwalking and trail biking are popular pastimes for many Queenslanders, not being adequately prepared could result in a life-threatening situation in the bush.
"Tell someone where you plan to go and around what time you will hope to return. Chat to locals about where you plan to explore to ensure you are equipped for the terrain before you set off.
"It is also important that items such as ample water, a first aid kit, thermal blanket, appropriate sleeping equipment and navigational devices are packed."
Acting SES Assistant Commissioner Peter Jeffrey said pre-planning before heading on a bushwalk or going on a trail bike adventure through bushland was imperative.
"Check local weather conditions before you leave and if they are unfavourable, consider rescheduling," Mr Jeffrey said.
"Packing a GPS, map and compass or purchasing of an Emergency Position Indicating Response Beacon (EPIRB) is also a good idea when heading outdoors, especially in remote locations.
"It is important for bushwalkers and trail bikers to take note of GPS coordinates or landmarks in the area they are passing through," he said.
"By knowing your exact location, you can ensure emergency services will get to you as quickly as possible should a life-threatening situation occur.
"Don't let your adventure in the great outdoors turn to a nightmare. By being prepared and vigilant there is no reason for you to be caught up in an emergency situation."
http://www.mygc.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/gold-coast-news.jpg 321 845 myGC http://www.mygc.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/mygc-logo.png myGC2014-12-18 10:14:232014-12-18 10:14:23Locals urged to be safe when heading outdoors these holidays
Sony cancels release of film after hacker threats Vending machine decides what you eat


Best Vista Download periodically updates pricing and software information of Auslogics Registry Cleaner full version from the publisher, but some information may be out-of-date. You should confirm all information.
Software piracy is theft, using crack, warez passwords, patches, serial numbers, registration codes, key generator, keymaker or keygen for Auslogics Registry Cleaner license key is illegal and prevent future development of Auslogics Registry Cleaner. Download links are directly from our mirrors or publisher's website, Auslogics Registry Cleaner torrent files or shared files from rapidshare, yousendit or megaupload are not allowed!
- improved support for Windows 10 Creator Edition.
Release Notes: - fixed all known bugs.


Fifteen Ivy League professors wrote a letter of advice to incoming freshman.
A group of 15 Ivy League professors wrote a letter to incoming college freshmen, challenging them to avoid conforming to dominant views.
"We are scholars and teachers at Princeton, Harvard, and Yale who have some thoughts to share and advice to offer students who are headed off to colleges around the country," they wrote. "Our advice can be distilled to three words: Think for yourself."
"Thinking for yourself means questioning dominant ideas even when others insist on their being treated as unquestionable. It means deciding what one believes not by conforming to fashionable opinions, but by taking the trouble to learn and honestly consider the strongest arguments to be advanced on both or all sides of questions—including arguments for positions that others revile and want to stigmatize and against positions others seek to immunize from critical scrutiny."
Though the letter never explicitly drew a connection to controversies that have cropped up on college campuses over the past few years, it seems tied to the narrative that colleges are unwelcome places for people whose views challenge campus orthodoxy.
One of the signers of the letter, Nicholas Christakis, is the Yale administrator who became embroiled in protests at the school after his wife, Erika, wrote a letter about Halloween costumes. Erika supported students' right to dress in any costumes they liked, offensive or not. Tension escalated when a group of students confronted Christakis, shouting expletives and demanding an apology from him and his wife.
Similarly, there have been instances on college campuses where speakers whose ideas have been deemed offensive have been shouted off of campus. Events like these have pushed some schools to adopt affirmative action-like policies for conservative professors, whose political ideologies are seen to be in the minority.


- Discover unidentified genetic factors which may influence a woman's risk to develop breast or ovarian cancer.
- Identify novel genetic factors which may modify the risk of cancer development with a known BRCA mutation.
Overall, in the future, we hope to be able to use this information to develop personalized genetic testing for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer which can give more accurate information about the chance to develop cancer. Comprehensive testing which includes all genetic and personal risk factors will allow improved detection, prevention, and treatment of breast and ovarian cancer in Ashkenazi women.
Visit our Learn More page or FAQ page for additional information about breast cancer genetics.
Our research is a genome-wide association study. This type of study is used by researchers to discover genetic factors which may be related to common health conditions such as asthma, heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. In these studies, the entire genetic code (genome) is scanned, and many markers are analyzed. Thousands of people are enrolled in these studies and are divided into two groups: those with the disease and those without.
▪ The anonymous DNA sample will be tested for the three mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes that are most common in individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry.
▪ The anonymous sample will then be analyzed for specific genetic markers throughout the entire genome. In our study, the frequency of genetic markers in high risk women will be compared to their frequencies in the group of low risk women. Likewise, to identify genetic modifiers in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers, we will compare SNP frequencies of BRCA carriers that have developed cancer to those that are older and have not developed cancer.
In the future, these SNPs will be researched further to determine the biological basis of how these genetic markers may contribute to the development of breast and ovarian cancer, how they may interact with each other, and, finally, how we can use all of these findings to develop a comprehensive risk assessment model including many genetic risk factors as well as personal and lifestyle risk factors.
All samples used in our study will be anonymous; therefore, you will not receive individual results from this study. Once you enroll, a study identification number is assigned to your saliva sample and your information.
The overall data, not individual data, will be written up and published in a scientific journal, and reported to all study participants. If you wish to pursue clinical genetic testing, Lauren Carpiniello, MS, CGC, our coordinating genetic counselor would be happy to meet with you or help you to find a genetic counselor in your area. To make an appointment with Lauren for clinical genetic counseling, please call our office at 212-263-5746.


I am a licensed Washington real estate broker working out of Lynnwood. I work with Agency One Realty LLC of Bellevue.
Because I am also a real estate attorney, I offer something that most brokers cannot: I can also be your attorney. If you list with me or work with me as your buyer broker, there is no extra charge for most legal matters which arise in connection with the transaction. And legal issues almost always arise.
It is expensive to hire an attorney. It takes time for the attorney to become familiar with the transaction, and it takes time for the attorney to keep current with the transaction. I am already familiar with the transaction if I am your agent.
If you are seeking a real estate agent in Lynnwood, contact James Robert Deal at 425-771-1110.
I charge the same commission as other real estate agents in Lynnwood, however, I deliver more for your money. That's why my motto is "A Good Deal More for a Good Deal Less".
I ran an escrow department in my law office for twenty years. I ran Deal Mortgage Corporation for four years. I have a varied background in real estate law, mortgage law, escrow law, and real estate sales, and so I can be a lot of help in figuring out how to put your deal together and get it closed.


What an incredible show of island solidarity for our beloved George Gannon and Natalie Grace. There is so much love here. Big thanks to Anna Jefferson and the team at Goodtime Backpackers for organising the amazing event!
And thank you, Mary, for the video footage, enjoy and be proud you wonderful islanders.
November 2018 on Koh Phangan - The Month Ahead!


text:
Connecting the world by leaving the planet
Iain Christie April 29, 2021 Culture, News Leave a comment
Dr. John Chapman (L) and Dr. LeRoy Nelms (R) toast the success of the Alouette satellite. August 24, 1970. Credit: Canadian Space Agency.
This week on the Terranauts podcast we continue our series the Terranauts Guide to Leaving the Planet with a shift in focus from human exploration to space exploration.
In this episode of Terranauts we talk about the beginnings of the other great endeavour in space. Instead of talking about leaving the planet to explore space, we're going to talk about the early efforts to work from space to understand the Earth and improve life here. Specifically, we are going to talk about the early efforts to literally connect the world, by sending satellites to space. Along the way we're going to introduce another first Terranaut. In this case, it's John H Chapman, Canada's first Terranaut, and one of the people that more or less invented the profession we now refer to as the "Space Scientist."
Listen to connecting the world by leaving the planet
About Terranauts season 2
This year on Terranauts we're going to offer a mix of interviews with Terranauts, people who go to space all the time without leaving the planet, and we're also planning regular instalments of the Terranauts Guide to Leaving the Planet where we explore the history of humankind's adventures off the planet.
Like the show? Support the show: https://www.patreon.com/bePatron?u=4270364
Email your thoughts, comments, and questions to: podcast AT spaceq.ca
Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/canadainspace
Subscribe to the SpaceQ Short Cuts Newsletter: https://eepurl.com/cTNNpf
Listen to and Subscribe to the Podcast
All of SpaceQ's podcasts are available on Spotify, Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts and your favourite podcast app.
Tags John Chapman Podcast Terranauts Terranauts Guide to Leaving the Planet
About Iain Christie
Founder and CEO at SideKickSixtyFive Consulting and host of the Terranauts podcast. Iain is a seasoned business executive with deep understanding of the space business and government procurement policy. Iain worked for 22 years at Neptec including as CEO. He was a VP at the Aerospace Industries Association of Canada, is a mentor at the Creative Destruction Lab and a visiting professor at the University of Ottawa's Telfer School of Management.
Previous Starlink hype and marketing outpaces reality in getting service to customers in Canada
Next Report cites 5 key problems that need to be addressed for responsible space behavior
Terranauts – Making Lemonade
Terranauts – The Spirit of 76


It's actually sadder than it's been in decades that we Americans don't get French cars. So many of them are so good right now, from the Citroën Cactus to the Alpine A110 to the crazy handsome Peugeot 508. We can add another piece of delicious forbidden fruit to that modern list: the new Renault Megane RS Trophy, the hottest Renault hot hatch in the lineup. Can it unseat the Honda Civic Type R and the Ford Focus RS?
On paper it looks promising. If you don't keep up with French hatchback news—in which case, I am disappointed in you—the fourth-gen Megane dropped a couple years ago, but the hot RS version just came out at the beginning of this year. The Megane RS boasts 276 horsepower and 288 lb-ft from a 1.8-liter turbo four, front-wheel drive and a bevy of performance enhancements.
So this car, the new Megane RS Trophy, is what you get when the standard Megane RS isn't hot enough. Here it has 296 HP and 295 lb-ft of torque, or an eyebrow-raising 310 lb-ft if you opt for the dual-clutch gearbox over the manual. The zero to 62 mph time is in the mid-five second range for the manual.
According to Top Gear, Renault claims it uses F1-inspired technology like a low-inertia turbo that enables a power boost despite lower emissions. Then again, that may not be the best comparison to draw there.
Other tweaks to the Trophy include Recaro racing-style seats, stiffer shocks and springs, Brembo brakes, stiffer anti-roll bars and lighter wheels. The other party trick is Renault's 4Control four-wheel steering, which Renault claims improves stability and agility and gives the car its primary edge over the Type R.
That's a bold claim to make, as the Type R happens to be very good, and engineered to eliminate many of the drawbacks you get in a powerful front-driver.
Anyway, the Trophy seems a good package, and it's anticipated to sell for a bit less than the Type R does in the markets where it's sold. Which isn't here, sadly. I hope you all get a chance for some seat time, somehow, someday.


text:
State sets timeline for E. coli infection at Upstate daycare
Liv Osby
losby@gannett.com
State health officials on Wednesday confirmed that a person connected with a Greenwood daycare facility developed a serious complication of E. coli but wouldn't say whether that was a child who died of the condition, known as hemolytic uremic syndrome.
Meanwhile, Cindy Ray, owner of The Learning Vine, said she will issue a statement soon regarding the infection, but had no further comment Wednesday except to say they hope to reopen Monday and that a prayer vigil was set for Wednesday evening.
The state Department of Health and Environmental Control also laid out a timeline for the infection at The Learning Vine, which closed voluntarily to limit the spread of infection.
The agency said it was notified on May 18 that a case of E. coli had been confirmed in someone associated with the facility. But that person told investigators that he or she had been symptom-free since May 11.
After providing instruction to that person on hand hygiene, DHEC searched for other cases in the county and found none.
On May 29, the agency learned of a case of hemolytic uremic syndrome, or HUS, which is a potentially fatal complication of E. coli. And after investigating, health officials confirmed that person also was connected to the child care facility.
On Monday, the Greenwood County Coroner's Office confirmed that a child in the county had died of HUS, but that the source of the infection hadn't been determined, and that was up to DHEC.
DHEC won't discuss any of the cases — including to confirm that anyone connected to the outbreak has died — citing confidentiality concerns.
Subsequently, a broader DHEC investigation ensued and by June 7, seven cases of E. coli — two resulting in hospitalizations — were confirmed among people at the facility and their family members. That number was increased to eight the next day.
DHEC said Wednesday that it has since learned about "multiple individuals" who had a diarrheal illness as early as May 1, and that it continues to test all students and staff. Officials declined to elaborate on the circumstances around those individuals, such as whether they were likely to have had E. coli but no longer tested positive for the bacteria.
DHEC said it is working with both the CDC and the federal Food and Drug Administration, as well as the facility, to determine the source of the infection and how it spread.
But there is no evidence to suggest a risk to the community at this time, officials said.
E. coli is marked by severe stomach cramps, often bloody diarrhea, and vomiting, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Most of those infected improve in five to seven days, but up to 10 percent — most often young children and the elderly — develop HUS, which can lead to permanent damage or death, CDC reports.
People can be infected with E. coli after eating or drinking something contaminated with trace amounts of human or animal feces, according to the CDC.
Infection also can occur after coming into contact with the feces of infected people, such as by changing diapers, and by consuming food prepared by people who didn't wash their hands well after using the bathroom.
DHEC reports that the center has performed the necessary cleaning and that it can reopen once everyone has tested negative for the bacteria.
To avoid E. coli and other infections, DHEC recommends washing your hands often using soap and warm water, especially after using the bathroom, before eating and when changing diapers.


text:
Q: Send keyboard strokes to an RemoteApp application within an Remote Desktop session with Winforms C# I want to send keyboard keys to an RemoteApp application. I am using C# with the Windows API.
The code example works when I am using Windows 10 Desktop with an RemoteApp application. The application appears in the foreground and the shortcut code CTRL + SHIFT + O is executed in the application.
When I start the same application on a Windows Server 2012 / 2016 Remote Desktop server in an RDS session it will set the window to the foreground but the application is not receiving the shortcut.
On a Windows 2019 Server with Remote Desktop it works great, however with versions 2012 and 2016 it doesn't work.
I've also tried the following:
SendMessage and PostMessage with the handle and WM_KEYDOWN / WM_KEYUP.
Class.WinAPI.PostMessage(handle,WM_KEYDOWN,0x11,0);
Class.WinAPI.PostMessage(handle,WM_KEYDOWN,0x10,0);
Class.WinAPI.PostMessage(handle,WM_KEYDOWN,0x4F,0);
Class.WinAPI.PostMessage(handle,WM_KEYUP,0x11,0);
Class.WinAPI.PostMessage(handle,WM_KEYUP,0x10,0);
Class.WinAPI.PostMessage(handle,WM_KEYUP,0x4F,0);

foreach (KeyValuePair<IntPtr, string> window in OpenWindowGetter.GetOpenWindows())
            {
                IntPtr handle = window.Key;
                string title = window.Value;
                if (title.ToLower().Contains("ApplicationName"))
                {
                    Class.WinAPI.SetForegroundWindow(handle);
                    Thread.Sleep(1);
                    SendKeys.SendWait("^+O");
                    Thread.Sleep(1);
                    SendKeys.Flush();
                }
        }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange