Ancient Sanskrit word Aditi literally refers to the earth. Aditi also refers to perfection, freedom and safety.
Aditi is found to be referred in Riga Veda (ऋग्-वेद) in which Aditi depicts destitution or having nothing to give. Aditi also refers to immensity, inexhaustible abundance, unimpaired condition, perfection and creative power.
Aditi is mentioned in the Epic Brihad-Aaranyak-Upnishad (बृहद्-आरण्यक-उपनिषद्) where Aditi signifies devourer or death. Aditi also means freedom, safety and security.
Mention of Aditit is also found in Riga Veda (ऋग्-वेद) and Vajsaneyiya-Sanhita (वाजसनेयि-संहिता) as free, not tied, boundless, unbroken and entire.
Reference of Aditi is found also in Naighuntuk (नैघण्टुक) where Aditi means the earth and speech.
Aditi is a highly popular name in the USA. Aditi is in trend since 1977 and it is used by 5-10 people per year for a long period of time. Aditi is used by more than 500 people of the USA as the name of their kids. It is a highly popular name in India also as it is used by nearly 3800 people in India as the name of their babies.
Aditi is a unique kind of name. It is also a stylish name with a nice meaning attached to it.
Aditi Sarangdhar is a Marathi actress.
Aditi Phadnis is a political writer and editor from India.
Aditi Gowitrikar is an Indian model, actress and a doctor.
Aditi Sharma is a Bollywood actress.
Aditi Arya is an Indian model.
Aditi Sajwan is an Indian television actress.
Aditi Ashok is an Indian professional golfer.
Aaditi Agarwal is an Indian actress.
Aditi Chengappa is an Indian actress.
Aditi Mahavidyalaya is a constituent college of University of Delhi.
Aditi Bhatia is an Indian actress.
Aditi Singh is an Indian actress who appears in Films.
Aditi Mangaldas is a Kathak dancer and choreographer.
Aditi Pant is an Indian oceanographer.
Aditi Pratap Deshmukh is an Indian TV actress.
Aditi Rao Hydari is an Indian film actress.


During the winter months, we are spending more time inside and getting less sun exposure which can impact your naturally produced supply of Vitamin D. Keep reading to learn more about why Vitamin D is important, and how to get your daily dose.
Vitamin D, a fat soluble vitamin that also functions as a hormone, is essential for regulating minerals like calcium and phosphorus to maintain healthy bones. In addition to supporting muscle health, immune response, insulin levels and blood sugar levels, it has also been shown to support cognitive function, boost the immune system, and protect against hypertension.
Ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure: The human body can synthesize Vitamin D when sunlight strikes the skin. The amount of sunshine required to produce enough Vitamin D depends on age, skin type, season, time of day, use of sunscreen, amount of cloud cover, and so forth.
In some foods: Vitamin D can be found in some fatty fish (such as salmon and sardines) as well as cow's milk, shiitake mushrooms, egg yolks and cod liver oil. Since Vitamin D is naturally present in so few foods, it is often fortified into dairy products, juices and cereals.
Vitamin D supplementation: Because there are so many variables with sun exposure and diet, Vitamin D supplements are widely available to ensure you are getting enough Vitamin D on a daily basis.
Indications you may need more Vitamin D include muscle aches and weaknesses, bone pain, lowered immunity, chronic low energy or fatigue, stunted growth and asthma (in children), or decreased cognitive function (in the elderly).


text:
Posts Tagged 'midwest'
Rank-and-File Union Members Are Leading Another Massive Strike. This Time It's AT&T Workers.
Tuesday, June 5th, 2018
Thousands of AT&T employees across the Midwest are entering the sixth day of a rare, rank-and-file-led work stoppage over alleged unfair labor practices. The union representing them, Communications Workers of America (CWA) District 4, has been in contract negotiations with AT&T since March. While members voted overwhelmingly in April to authorize a strike if necessary, the decision to walk off the job last week was not coordinated by union leadership or subject to an official vote.
Instead, the union says that the action was a spontaneous one resulting from widespread anger at the company. In recent weeks, the union alleges that AT&T has tried to bypass its elected bargaining team by e-mailing thousands of workers directly. A May 22 e-mail outlined what the company termed a "final offer" and encouraged employees "to urge CWA leadership to provide you with an opportunity to vote for it."
CWA filed unfair labor practice charges against AT&T, alleging that this message constitutes bad-faith bargaining and "direct dealing" that violates the company's duty to negotiate with the union as workers' sole collective bargaining representative. The charges are still pending.
But in the meantime, the company sent three more e-mails, and workers' frustration reached a boiling point, according to the union. Resentment had already been bubbling up over the AT&T's decision to conduct more than 1,000 layoffs soon after receiving a windfall from the passage of federal tax reform. AT&T CEO Randall Stephenson was a prominent backer of the tax law, which he said would allow the company to create 7,000 jobs.
Not only were the e-mails from the company "disrespectful," says Beth Dubree, secretary treasurer of CWA Local 4900 in Indiana, they "didn't even really discuss job security." Throughout last week, she says, "Our members kept calling, wanting to know why the company was doing this."
Work stoppages that protest illegal behavior by employers are generally considered protected activity under federal labor law, and so-called unfair labor practice strikes are often an important component of union strategy. But spontaneous, rank-and-file-led walkouts that cross state and occupational lines are almost unheard of in recent years. CWA District 4 represents some 9,500 AT&T technicians, call center representatives and other personnel across Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio and Wisconsin. Thousands of workers in every state eventually took part, but the walkout started in Indiana.
In These Times spoke to several local elected officials and members about how the strike picked up momentum.
Early Thursday morning, one group of technicians in Local 4900 "decided that they had had enough" and walked off the job before their 7:00 a.m. shift, according to Dubree. Thanks to a group text chat, "the entire local knew about it by 7:30," she says. Most workers' shifts started at 8:00 a.m., and by that time, "no one went to work."
"It was amazing how fast it spread," says Dubree. "There wasn't even a hesitation."
Word traveled quickly to other states with the aid of a closed Facebook group to coordinate mobilization across the district. Jim Simons, executive vice president of Michigan's CWA Local 4009 and a 28-year AT&T employee, said that he began receiving calls with news of the Indiana walkout at 8:00 a.m. "The next thing I know, all of Ohio is out," he says. "At 1:00 p.m., I got the call that two of my garages had walked out." Soon after, most of the local's more than 800 members joined in.
Simons says that workers in his local were already livid about layoffs and outsourcing. AT&T was among the companies praised by President Trump for giving out $1,000 dollar bonuses to employees after the passage of tax reform. But according to CWA, the company also laid off more than 1,500 employees in December. "When you do the math, those bonuses were paid for by the layoffs," says Simons. Some workers in his local donated their bonuses to members who lost their jobs.
AT&T did not immediately respond to a request for comment on the walkout, but the company has released a statement that reads, "We're offering a generous package including annual wage increases, continuation of job security provisions that are virtually unheard of in the U.S., and comprehensive health care and retirement benefits. In addition, the offer includes a commitment to hire 1,000 people in the region. All employees covered by the offer would be better off."
But in April, CWA released a report charging that in the past seven years, AT&T has laid off more than 16,000 call center workers nationwide, shipping jobs to lower-paying call centers overseas. Last year, AT&T and other big companies boasted that tax reform would allow them to create more jobs in the United States, and CWA is among several unions now pushing the companies in bargaining to reveal whether they plan to follow through. In its fourth-quarter 2017 financials, AT&T said that tax reform helped boost the quarter's net income to $19 billion, compared to $2.4 billion in the same period a year before.
Anger over the tax cuts was front and center at a demonstration in Chicago this spring, where thousands of members gathered at AT&T headquarters to rally for a contract. During the rally, someone in the building put a sign in the window that read, "No one cares," according to Simons. "You put all that together, and people were ready" to strike, he says.
As of Tuesday, most members in Wisconsin and Illinois have returned to work, but thousands in Michigan, Ohio and all of Indiana remain on strike, according to the union.
Tim Strong, president of CWA Local 4900 and a member of the District 4 bargaining team, also credits the wave of teacher strikes this year in inspiring members to walk out. Bargaining with AT&T is continuing this week over key issues including job security, use of contractors and healthcare costs, he says.
In the meantime, members have pulled off the longest work stoppage their union has seen since 1989. "I think it's a reflection of the movement in this country—that you saw teachers who in many cases don't even have collective bargaining rights going on strike," says Strong. "And now 9,000 members decided to take this leap of faith and fight."
This article was originally published at In These Times on June 5, 2018. Reprinted with permission.
About the Author: Rebecca Burns is an award-winning investigative reporter whose work has appeared in The Baffler, the Chicago Reader, The Intercept and other outlets. She is a contributing editor at In These Times. Follow her on Twitter @rejburns.
Tags: AT&T, collective bargaining, midwest, Strike, union
Posted in Strike, Uncategorized | No Comments »
The Midwest continues its paid sick leave winning streak
There is no national law ensuring that American workers can take a paid day off of work if they or their family members get sick. But there are now more than 30 of these laws in cities and states throughout the country.
On Wednesday, St. Paul became the second city in Minnesota to pass a paid sick leave law, following Minneapolis in May. Once it goes into effect, more than 68,000 workers in the city's private sector who have gone without the benefit should be able to take a paid day for illness.
CREDIT: AP Photo/Brian Witte
Starting next summer, those at companies with 24 or more employees would be able to earn up to 48 hours of leave a year, while those at smaller ones will be covered at the beginning of 2018.
Before this year, paid sick leave laws had mostly been concentrated on the East and West coasts. But the last three laws passed have been in the Midwest, with Chicago passing its own ordinance in June.
In total, with St. Paul's passage, 28 cities and five states have passed paid sick leave laws.
CREDIT: Dylan Petrohilos
These policies are already having a noticeable effect. The share of Americans who get paid sick days at work just reached an all-time high, climbing to 64 percent of the private sector workforce, up 7 percentage points over the last decade when cities and states began passing laws. Those toward the bottom of the income scale, who perversely are the least likely to get paid leave benefits, have been the biggest beneficiaries.
CREDIT: Bureau of Labor Statistics
This increase also hasn't come at the expense of employers or employment. A new survey of businesses in New York City found that the vast majority reported no increase in their costs to comply with the law, while most of the small share that saw them go up only had to grapple with an increase of less than 3 percent. Meanwhile, they reported virtually no abuse of the benefit by employees, such as taking days when they weren't actually sick.
That comports with other surveys of employers after these policies have taken effect. Employers in Connecticut, Jersey City, and Washington, D.C. have also reported that the laws weren't costly or difficult to comply with. The majority of businesses in San Francisco and Seattle actually support the policies now.
Job growth has also remained unaffected. It stayed strong in Connecticut and San Francisco even after paid sick days went into effect and was actually stronger in Seattle.
This article was originally posted at Thinkprogress.org on September 8, 2016. Reprinted with permission.
Bryce Covert is the Economic Policy Editor for ThinkProgress. Her writing has appeared in the New York Times, The New York Daily News, New York Magazine, Slate, The New Republic, and others. She has appeared on ABC, CBS, MSNBC, and other outlets.
Tags: midwest, paid sick leave, sick leave
Posted in paid sick leave | No Comments »
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text:
Seven Odd-Ball Tips On Anti Fungal
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It's concerning the variations between the original and generic medication. The first variations between the HRO-5T and HRO-W are the S-Meter and the "Tropical Anti Fungal" coating. National sold some of them direct to the general public as HRO-W. The story was widely publicized, and vaccination occurred at public conferences and the press. In 1881, Pasteur conducted an enormous public expertise to show the correctness of his discovery. We are here for you whether you have got a complaint, suggestion, or would simply prefer to share your experience. Be at liberty to learn the Blogs & Reviews found round the net or right right here on our site to see how others have rated their experience with Flatmeds. Notice: On advice of counsel, we're required to inform you that the statements and claims on this internet site haven't been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration and are not supposed to diagnose, treat, cure or stop any illness — not to be used on people or with pets.
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text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Hello Bloggers! I hope you are having a FANTASTIC Friday!!
I made this Keyring Notebook all on the Imagine!
My girls loves these little books, they can hook them on their keyrings, backpacks inside their binders.. They have the cute little covers that they love. A super fun and EASY project to do.
Their are 20 Sheets of Paper (White Daisy cardstock by CTMH) Flood filled with solid color form the Kate's Kitchen Cart.
Thanks for stopping by today! Check back this weekend, I will be participating in the Christmas in July Blog Hop!


text:
2012 140 gram 33 1/3 RPM vinyl LP pressing reissue cut for vinyl at Bernie Grundman Mastering from the original analog tapes. A collectable and definitive version for any generation. What can be said about this classic album that has not been said before? Originally released in 1975 and representing not only a rebirth of the band, with the addition of Stevie Nicks and Lindsey Buckingham, but really a second debut for a group firmly rooted in the rock genre, now reinventing themselves into a pop rock force in a way that few other artists can lay claim to. The album includes the iconic songs "Rhiannon, " "Say You Love Me, " "Over My Head", Nicks ageless ballad "Landslide" & "Crystal", a remake of a song off the rare Buckingham /Nicks duo album.
1 Monday Morning
2 Warm Ways
3 Blue Letter
4 Rhiannon
5 Over My Head
6 Crystal
7 Say You Love Me
8 Landslide
9 World Turning
10 Sugar Daddy
11 I'm So Afraid
FLEETWOOD MAC - Mirage
Fleetwood Mac - Rumours (L.P.)
Fleetwood Mac - Say You Will (LP)
Fleetwood Mac - Tusk (2LP)
ROLLING STONES - Hot Rocks (50th Anniversary Edition) (RSD DROPS - July 17, 21)
Tipper - BROKEN SOUL JAMBOREE (2LP)


2015 RFD-TV's THE AMERICAN Bull Riding Champion Silvano Alves scored 88.25 points on Gene Owen's Raven Flyer to take home the $100,000 and a brand new Polaris RANGER in his event. Alves, 27, is a third generation bull rider from Pilar Do Sul, Brazil, who lives with his family in Decatur, Texas. Alves, a three-time world champion and the richest bull rider in Western sports, was just the third rider to cover Raven Flyer in 31 professional outs.
"I am very happy to win the $100,000 and this event, because all of the best cowboys in all of rodeo are here," he said.


Interested in developing a social media branding strategy? You have come to the right place! Read this article and discover the 5 tips that will help you develop a successful strategy!
One of the main reasons why people purchase products from a specific brand is because they trust this brand. So, if you as an entrepreneur have established a certain credibility, then your people will easily notice the value of your products. So, as a business owner, creating a successful brand name is one of the most important things you have to do. Remember that it is important to have a business encyclopedia to run your business and be successful. You can find one at companies such as Shopify.
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In this article, we are going to focus on how to build your own branding strategy. Since you are building your branding strategy from scratch, you probably need all the help you can find.
Create a social media brand guide and stay consistent on every social media network you use – Ask yourself how you when you discover a completely different description of one business on two different social media networks. A little bit confused, right? You probably are unwilling and uninterested in engaging with that business. Here lies your first tip. Stay consistent as we all love consistency. If you remain consistent across different social channels your customers will form a positive image of your brand.
Personalize your brand to deepen your relationship and communication with your target audience – In order to personalize your brand find creative and fun third-party content pieces and share them on your social accounts. Once you will notice your target audience is interested in this content let the engagements flow and drop new promotional product updates so you can generate more sales. This is how the experienced marketers perform social media marketing these days. For an even better result, you need to show your human and kind side.
Decide on the type of content you will share on the social media networks – As you probably know, every social network has its own functionalities. If you don't trust us, post the same content across different social media platforms and you will notice that the end result is not the same. There are social networks that attract different types of people and potential business customers. That is why you need to decide on the type of content you will want to share on every social media channel.
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Take care of the tactical aspects – Taking care of the tactical aspects is crucial when building business and successful brand. You need to define your target audience, assign tools and your social media marketing team, and find a way to handle criticism.
Remember, social media marketing is a great way to build a successful and powerful brand. By building a brand you will be able to finally achieve the success you deserve!


text:
\section{Introduction}

The dynamical system approach has a prominent  role in modern cosmology.
Any candidate to a realistic cosmological model must exhibit certain qualitative dynamical behaviors
as, among others,   robustness against small perturbations (to avoid fine tunings
problems, see \cite{fine} for a recent review),
specific kinds of phase space attractors (to describe, for instance,
the recent accelerated expansion phase  of the universe\cite{accel,Peebles}), and some
classes of solutions with determined
intermediate time behavior (for instance, tracker solutions\cite{Peebles,tracker}, candidates to
explain the Cosmic Coincidence or Why Now? problem). In a
  recent work\cite{townsend},   Townsend and Wohlfarth present  an interesting and promising tool
for the dynamical analysis of cosmological models. Essentially, they show that
the equations of motion of homogeneous and isotropic cosmological models with
multiple minimally coupled scalar fields, self interacting through an arbitrary potential,
do indeed correspond to the geodesic equations of a certain effective Lorentzian
manifold. Such correspondence, closely related to the Maupertuis-Jacobi principle
of classical mechanics\cite{Kozlov}, permits us to infer some of the dynamical properties of
a given cosmological model  from the underlying geometry of the associated effective manifold,
allowing one to go a step further in the dynamical analysis of realistic  cosmological
models.  Townsend and Wohlfarth, indeed, apply their own formalism to identify
asymptotic accelerated expansion phases in models with exponential potentials\cite{townsend}.
As we will see, such geometrical considerations
can simplify considerably the dynamical study of  cosmological
models.

Here, we show that the work of Townsend and Wohlfarth can be
largely extended, allowing the inclusion of non-minimally coupled scalar fields and also the
anisotropic case, opening many new  possibilities for the dynamical characterization
of such cosmological models. Our main results and some applications are
presented in the next sections, after the following
brief introduction to the
Maupertuis-Jacobi principle.

\subsection{The Maupertuis-Jacobi principle}

The Maupertuis-Jacobi principle in classical mechanics\cite{Kozlov} establishes that the dynamics
of a given system can be viewed as geodesic motions in an associated Riemannian manifold.
In order to recall it briefly,
let us consider a classical mechanical
system with $N$ degrees of freedom described by the Lagrangian
\begin{equation}
\label{lagr}
{  L}(q,\dot{q}) = \frac{1}{2} g_{ij}(q)\dot{q}^i \dot{q}^j -
V(q),
\end{equation}
where $i,j=1, 2,\dots, N$,
the dot stands
for differentiation with respect to the time $t$, and
$g_{ij}$ is the Riemannian
metric on the  $N$-dimensional configuration space $\mathcal M$. All the
quantities here are assumed to be smooth. The Euler-Lagrange
equations of (\ref{lagr}) can be written as
\begin{equation}
\label{EL}
\ddot{q}^i + \Gamma^i_{jk} \dot{q}^j \dot{q}^k = -
g^{ij}\partial_j V(q),
\end{equation}
where $\Gamma^i_{jk}$ is the Levi-Civita connection for the
metric $g_{ij}$.
The Hamiltonian of the system described by (\ref{lagr})
\begin{equation}
\label{ham}
{\cal H}(q,p) = \frac{1}{2} g^{ij}(q){p}_i {p}_j +
V(q),
\end{equation}
with $p_i=g_{ij}\dot{q}^j$,
is obviously a constant of motion, namely the total energy.
For a fixed energy $E$, the trajectories in the $2N$-dimensional phase-space $(q^i;p_j)$
are confined to the hypersurface
$E = \frac{1}{2} g^{ij}{p}_i {p}_j + V(q).$
The admissible region for the trajectories in the configuration
space is given by
\begin{equation}
{\mathcal D}_E = \{q\in{\mathcal M} : V(q) \le E \},
\end{equation}
which can be either bounded or unbounded, connected
or not.
If the potential $V$ has no critical points on the boundary
$\partial {\mathcal D}_E $, then
$\partial {\mathcal D}_E $ is a $N-1$ dimensional submanifold
of $\mathcal M$.
We can easily see that if a trajectory reaches the boundary
  at a point $q_0$, its velocity at
this point vanishes and the trajectory approach
or depart from $q_0$ perpendicularly
to  $\partial {\mathcal D}_E $. In particular,
there is no allowed trajectory along the boundary.

One can show that the equations of
motion (\ref{EL}) are, in the interior of
${\mathcal D}_E$,  fully equivalent to the geodesic equation
of the ``effective''
Riemannian geometry on $\mathcal M$ defined from the Jacobi
metric\cite{Kozlov}
\begin{equation}
\label{jacobi}
\hat{g}_{ij}(q) = 2(E-V(q)) g_{ij}(q).
\end{equation}
The   geodesic
equation in question is given by
\begin{equation}
\label{geo}
\hat{\nabla}_u u =
\frac{d^2 q^i}{ds^2} + \hat{\Gamma}^i_{jk}
\frac{dq^j}{ds} \frac{dq^k}{ds} = 0,
\end{equation}
where
$u=dq^i/ds$ is the tangent vector along the geodesic,
$\hat{\nabla}$ and
$ \hat{\Gamma}^i_{jk}$ are, respectively, the covariant derivative
and the Levi-Civita connection
for the Jacobi metric $\hat{g}_{ij}$, and $s$ is a parameter
along the geodesic obeying
\begin{equation}
\label{para}
\frac{ds}{dt} = 2 (E-V(q)).
\end{equation}
As for any classical topic, there is a vast literature on the  Maupertuis-Jacobi principle.
We notice only that, motivated
by the celebrated result due to
Anosov stating that the geodesic flow in a compact manifold with all
sectional curvatures negative at every point is chaotic\cite{Kozlov},
the Maupertuis-Jacobi principle
  has been
recently invoked for the study of chaotic dynamics. (See, for instance,
\cite{chaos} and the references therein).

Townsend and Wohlfarth consider homogeneous and
isotropic cosmological models with $N$ self-interacting minimally coupled
scalar fields $\phi^\alpha$ taking their values in
a Riemannian target space endowed with a metric $G_{\alpha\beta}$. The corresponding actions is
\begin{equation}
\label{act}
S=\int d^Dx \sqrt{-g}\left(R - g^{ij}G_{\alpha\beta}(\phi)\partial_i\phi^\alpha \partial_j\phi^\beta - 2 V(\phi) \right).
\end{equation}
where  $R$ stands for
the scalar curvature of the $D$-dimensional spacetime metric  $g_{ij}$.
By considering the Friedman-Robertson-Walker homogeneous and isotropic metric
\begin{equation}
\label{RW}
ds^2  = -dt^2 + a^2(t)d\Sigma_\kappa^2,
\end{equation}
where $\Sigma_\kappa$ represents the $(D-1)$-dimensional spatial sections of constant curvature $\kappa$,
they showed  that the equations
of motion associated to the action (\ref{act}) do indeed correspond to the geodesics of a certain
 effective Jacobi  (pseudo) metric on a   Lorentzian manifold. For the spatially flat
case ($\kappa=0$), for instance,
the geodesics corresponding to the
equations of motion derived from (\ref{act}) are   timelike, null,
or spacelike   according, respectively, if $V>0$, $V=0$, or $V<0$. Such results have
been already
applied to the dynamical study of the models governed by actions of the type (\ref{act}),
see \cite{appl}. For $\kappa\ne 0$, Townsend and Wohlfarth had to
introduce some higher dimensional effective
manifolds to accomplish their analysis.
As we will see,  such higher dimensional manifolds are unnecessary,  all values of $\kappa$
can be eventually treated in the same framework.

Applications of the
Maupertuis-Jacobi principle to the field equations obtained from   Hilbert-Einstein like actions
have also a long history. Non-homogeneous and anisotropic cases were considered in \cite{nh}.
Applications involving distinct differential
spaces instead of differential manifolds were discussed in
\cite{SHS}. Non-minimally coupled   fields, however, have not been considered so far.

\section{Non-minimally coupled homogeneous and isotropic cosmologies}

Non-minimally coupled scalar fields are quite common in cosmology. In particular, they have been invoked
recently to describe dark energy (see \cite{gunzig} and \cite{FS}, and the references therein, for,
respectively,   models using conformal coupling and   more general ones. See
also \cite{fine,Peebles}.).
The non-minimal coupling generalization of (\ref{act}) we consider here
is
\begin{equation}
\label{act1}
S=\int d^4x \sqrt{-g}\left(F(\phi)R - g^{ij}G_{\alpha\beta}(\phi)\partial_i\phi^\alpha \partial_j\phi^\beta - 2 V(\phi) \right).
\end{equation}
Integrating by parts the action (\ref{act1}), taking into account that
 $R=6\dot{H}+12H^2  + 6\kappa/a^2$ for the metric (\ref{RW}), with $H=\dot{a}/a$, we
obtain the following Lagrangian
\begin{equation}
\label{l1}
L(a,\dot{a},\phi_\alpha,\dot{\phi}^\alpha) = a^3\left(- 6 H^2 F(\phi) - 6H  \dot{\phi}^\alpha\partial_\alpha F(\phi)
   + G_{\alpha\beta}(\phi)\dot{\phi}^\alpha \dot{\phi}^\beta + 6\kappa \frac{F(\phi)}{a^2}- 2V(\phi) \right)
\end{equation}
on the $(N+1)$-dimensional configuration space spanned by $(a,\phi^\alpha)$.
Although we will discuss here only the $D=4$ case, the $D$-dimensional one follows straightforwardly
by using that $R=2(D-1)\dot{H}+D(D-1)H^2  + (D-1)(D-2)\kappa/a^2$  in order to derive (\ref{l1}).
By introducing the following Lorentzian metric
\begin{equation}
\label{m}
G_{AB}(a,\phi^\alpha) = \left(
\begin{array}{cc}
 -6aF& {-3a^2\partial_\beta F} \\
 {-3a^2\partial_\alpha F}&  a^3G_{\alpha\beta}
\end{array}  \right)
\end{equation}
on the configuration space (upper case roman indices run over $1\dots N+1$),
the Lagrangian (\ref{l1}) can be
cast in the form
\begin{equation}
\label{l2}
L(\phi^A,\dot{\phi}^A) = G_{AB}(\phi)\dot{\phi}^A \dot{\phi}^B - 2V_{\rm eff}(\phi^A),
\end{equation}
where $\phi^A= (a,\phi^\alpha)$ and
\begin{equation}
V_{\rm eff}(\phi^A) = a^3V(\phi) - 3\kappa a{F(\phi)}.
\end{equation}
It is evident the similarity between   (\ref{lagr})  and (\ref{l2}),
provided that $\det G_{AB} \ne 0$, which we discuss below.
Before, let us recall that our manipulations imply that
all solutions of the Euler-Lagrange of (\ref{act1}) are also solutions of the Euler-Lagrange equations
of (\ref{l1}), but not the converse. Einstein equations form a constrained system, the solutions
of (\ref{act1}) correspond, indeed, to a subset of the solutions of (\ref{l1}), as one can realize by
considering the  Hamiltonian associated to (\ref{l1})
\begin{equation}
\label{h2}
{\cal  H}(\phi^A, \pi_A) = G^{AB}\pi_A \pi_B + 2V_{\rm eff}(\phi^A),
\end{equation}
which is a constant of motion,
where $\pi_A = G_{AB}\dot\phi^B$.  The Euler-Lagrange equations of
(\ref{act1}), on the other hand, implies that ${\cal H}=0$ (the so-called energy constraint). Hence, we must
bear in mind that the relevant solutions of our original problem correspond, in fact,
to the ${\cal H}=0$ subset of the
dynamics governed by (\ref{l1}).

A proper interpretation of (\ref{m}) as a metric tensor does require the
essential assumption  $\det G_{AB} \ne 0$. In order to grasp it actual
meaning and implications, let us restrict ourselves to  the $N=1$ and $G=1$ case,
for which
\begin{equation}
\label{det}
\det G_{AB} = -6a^4\left(F(\phi) + \frac{3}{2}\left( F'(\phi) \right)^2 \right).
\end{equation}
The vanishing of the quantity between parenthesis is known for a long time
to be associated with the existence of some
severe and
unavoidable dynamical singularities\cite{sing1} (see also \cite{sing}), which render
the associated cosmological
model unphysical. Here, the vanishing of (\ref{det})  also leads generically to an actual geometrical singularity.
Thus,
the assumption of $\det G_{AB} \ne 0$ assures that the model in question is free
of these singularities, geometrical and dynamical, a
basic requirement for any realistic model.
This can be viewed as the first application of the formalism;
we will return to this issue in the last section.
Note that one of the most
interesting  peculiarities  of the conformal coupling $(N=1, F(\phi)=1-\phi^2/6)$ is that it
can always
evade the $\det G_{AB} = 0$
singularity, since
$F(\phi) + \frac{3}{2}\left( F'(\phi) \right)^2 = 1$  for such case.

The Lagrangian (\ref{l2}) is ready to be considered under the Maupertuis-Jacobi
principle. For $V_{\rm eff}=0$, the Euler-Lagrange equations of (\ref{l2}) already correspond
to   geodesics of (\ref{m}). Moreover, from the energy constraint ${ \cal H}=0$, one has that
they in fact
correspond to timelike geodesics. For $V_{\rm eff}\ne 0$, let us introduce the
Jacobi (pseudo) metric
\begin{equation}
\label{jac}
\hat{G}_{AB} =  2|V_{\rm eff}| G_{AB}.
\end{equation}
One can see that, in accordance with
  the Maupertuis-Jacobi principle,
  the Euler-Lagrange equations of (\ref{l2}) correspond
to   geodesics of (\ref{jac}), parameterized by $s$, see Eq. (\ref{para}).
From the energy constraint, one gets
\begin{equation}
\label{ener}
\hat G_{AB}\frac{d \phi}{ds}^A \frac{d\phi}{ds}^B =  -\frac{V_{\rm eff}}{ |V_{\rm eff}|},
\end{equation}
implying that the geodesic are timelike and spacelike for, respectively,
$V_{\rm eff}>0$ and $V_{\rm eff}<0$.
All the results\cite{townsend} that have motivated the present work can be obtained
in a simpler way by
setting $F=1$. The analysis corresponding to the $\kappa=0$ case has already appeared in \cite{luciana}.

\section{The anisotropic case}

Our analysis can be extended in order to include also   anisotropic models.
Let us consider a model
with action (\ref{act1}) and a Bianchi~I type
$D$-dimensional metric
\begin{equation}
ds^2 = -dt^2 + \sum_{i=1}^{D-1} a^2_i(t) dx^i,
\end{equation}
for which the scalar curvature is given by
\begin{equation}
R = 2\left(\sum_{i=1}^{D-1}\left(\dot H_i + H^2_i\right) +  \sum_{i=1, j>i}^{D-1} H_iH_j\right),
\end{equation}
where $H_i = \dot a_i/a_i$.
Again, by integrating the action (\ref{act1}) by parts, we obtain the following Lagrangian
\begin{equation}
\label{l22}
 L   =
\left( \prod_{i=1}^{D-1}a_i \right) \left(
-2F(\phi)\sum_{i=1,j>i}^{D-1}H_iH_j
 - \vphantom{\sum_{i=1,j>i}^{D-1}} 2\left(\sum_{i=1}^{D-1} H_i \right)  \dot{\phi}^\alpha\partial_\alpha F(\phi)
   + G_{\alpha\beta}(\phi)\dot{\phi}^\alpha \dot{\phi}^\beta - 2V(\phi) \right)
\end{equation}
on the $(N+D-1)$-dimensional configuration space spanned by $(a_i,\phi^\alpha)$.
As in the previous section, we will restrict ourselves here to
$D=4$ case, the $D$-dimensional one follows straightforwardly and without
surprises. By introducing the following   metric
\begin{equation}
\label{m2}
G_{AB} = \left(
\begin{array}{cccc}
 0 & -a_3F & -a_2F & -a_2a_3\partial_\beta F  \\
 -a_3F & 0 &  -a_1F & -a_1a_3\partial_\beta  F  \\
 -a_2F &  -a_1F & 0 &  -a_1a_2\partial_\beta  F  \\
 -a_2a_3\partial_\alpha F & -a_1a_3\partial_\alpha F  & -a_1a_2\partial_\alpha F  & a_1a_2a_3 G_{\alpha\beta}
\end{array}  \right)
\end{equation}
on the configuration space (upper case roman indices run now over $1\dots N+3$),
the Lagrangian (\ref{l22}) can be
cast in the form given by (\ref{l2}), with $\phi^A= (a_1,a_2,a_3,\phi^\alpha)$ and
\begin{equation}
\label{aaa}
V_{\rm eff}(\phi^A) = a_1a_2a_3V(\phi^\alpha).
\end{equation}
Note that the (pseudo) metric (\ref{m2}) has signature $(3,N)$. As in the isotropic case,
the determinant $\det G_{AB}$ plays a central role in the geometrical and dynamical analyses.
For $N=1$ and $G=1$, it reads
\begin{equation}
\det G_{AB} = -2(a_1a_2a_3F(\phi))^2\left(F(\phi) + \frac{3}{2}\left( F'(\phi) \right)^2 \right).
\end{equation}
 In this case, in addition to the
singularity present for the isotropic models, we have   also a singularity for
$F(\phi)=0$. Such anisotropic singularity has been already described in \cite{sing}
in a dynamical analysis, where it is shown that it can be indeed used to rule out
large classes of models. We notice, nevertheless, that the dynamical analysis of
\cite{sing}  is considerably more involved than the geometrical analysis presented here.

As in the isotropic case, with the introduction of the metric (\ref{m2}) and the
effective potential (\ref{aaa}), the system is ready to be considered under the
Maupertuis-Jacobi principle.

\section{Discussion}

The great value of the dynamical analysis comes from the possibility of
ruling out large classes of models that are not viable from the theoretical point of view.
As we have already said,
 any candidate to a realistic cosmological model must exhibit certain qualitative
 dynamical behaviors. For instance, the singularities corresponding to the condition
 $\det G_{AB}=0$ render the associated cosmological model inviable. Geometrically,
 such singularities imply that no geodesic can be extended beyond the singular points,
 what would imply a kind of future singularity in the associated cosmological model.
 This is precisely the case of the isotropic singularity of Section II and the
 anisotropic one of Section III. However, we stress that the identification of such
 singularities in the dynamical analyses\cite{sing1,sing} is considerably more involved than in the
 present geometrical approach. For multiple scalar fields, the dynamical analysis is
 much harder (see, for instance, \cite{double}),
 and the present geometrical approach can be even more useful.

 The far most common dynamical analysis in cosmology is the stability classification
 of certain solutions.
 De Sitter asymptotically stable fixed points are particularly relevant to
 the description of the recent accelerated expansion phase of the universe\cite{Peebles}.
 Such fixed points correspond to isotropic limits such that $\phi^\alpha$ and $H$ are
 constants, $\phi^A(s)=(a_0e^{Ht(s)},\phi_0^\alpha)$.
 The geometrical analysis presented here can   help the identification of
 such  points. For this purpose, let us consider the the geodesic
 deviation equation, which governs the local tendency of nearby geodesics
 to converge or to diverge from each order
 \begin{equation}
 \label{gde}
 \dot\phi^A{\nabla}_A \dot\phi^B{\nabla}_B n^D = R_{ABC}^{\phantom{ABC}D}n^A\dot\phi^B\dot\phi^C,
 \end{equation}
 where $R_{ABC}^{\phantom{ABC}D}$ is the
     curvature tensor of the Jacobi metric,  and $n^A$ is a vector orthogonal to
   $\dot\phi^A$, pointing to
   the direction of the deviation. Let us take, for instance, the same case of Section II,  $N=1$ and $G=1$, with
   $V_{\rm eff}(\phi)>0$ now. For the geodesic corresponding to a de Sitter fixed point, one has
   $\dot\phi^A=((a_0H/ 2V_{\rm eff})e^{Ht},0)$. The only non vanishing component of (\ref{gde}) reads
\begin{equation}
\label{gde1}
\ddot{n}(s) = -R_{121}^{\phantom{121}2} {n}(s)\left(\dot\phi^{(1)}\right)^2  ,
\end{equation}
The stability of the de Sitter solution requires a bounded $n(s)$ for
$s\rightarrow \infty$ and, hence,
$R_{121}^{\phantom{121}2}$ cannot be negative, eliminating, in this way,
the possibility of finding out viable de Sitter fixed points inside regions where
$R_{121}^{\phantom{121}2}<0$. In the present case, one has
\begin{equation}
R_{121}^{\phantom{121}2}  =  \frac{3a F}{2V_{\rm eff}}
\left(  \frac{\Box V_{\rm eff}}{V_{\rm eff}}  -
\frac{\partial_a V_{\rm eff}\partial^aV_{\rm eff}}{V_{\rm eff}^2}
\vphantom{\frac{FF'' - \frac{1}{2}\left(F'\right)^2}{a^3\left(F(\phi) +
 \frac{3}{2}\left( F'(\phi) \right)^2 \right)^2}}
 -
\frac{FF'' - \frac{1}{2}\left(F'\right)^2}{a^3\left(F(\phi) +
 \frac{3}{2}\left( F'(\phi) \right)^2 \right)^2}
\right).
\end{equation}
For $F=1$, we have $R_{121}^{\phantom{121}2} = 3V''(\phi_0)/(2a^5V^2(\phi_0))$ on
the fixed point $\phi_0$, and the usual requirement of stability $V''(\phi_0)>0$ is recovered.
For more general cases, the criteria $R_{121}^{\phantom{121}2}>0$ and $<0$ can be used to
locate regions where  de Sitter fixed points could and could not appear, respectively.
We finish by noticing that our analysis is in perfect agreement with the comprehensive study
of \cite{fara}.

 \acknowledgments
 The authors thank Dr. Ricardo Mosna for valuable help, and FAPESP and CNPq for   financial
 support.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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text:
President Cuts Sod for Manso-Huni Valley Railway
President of the Republic, Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo, has cut the sod for the construction of the Manso to Huni Valley stretch of the Western Railway.
Expected to be completed in 42 months, the almost 78-kilometer railway will be one of the major haulage lines in the country that will help revamp the operations of the Ghana Railways Company Limited.
It will change the infrastructure from a narrow gauge to a standard gauge, which is the new standard for rail lines in the country.
The project will be executed by Amandi Investment Limited at the cost of €500 million, with funding from the Deutsche Bank Credit Facility.
At the sod cutting ceremony at Manso in the Wassa Amenfi Central District in the Western Region on Tuesday, July 5, President Akufo-Addo warned saboteurs who had resolved to steal the lines for scrap.
He gave the assurance of the availability of the funds required for the project, saying: "Let me reiterate also the government's determination to provide the enabling environment for the development and growth of the rail transport sector to the internationally acceptable standards."
The President said aside from the activities of illegal miners having a negative impact on the railway right of way within the Tarkwa Municipality, which had led to the modification of the design and high construction cost, "some unpatriotic people have resorted to stealing the vital components of the steel, including the rail tracks.
President Akufo-Addo warned that such developments were not just worrying but stalling development efforts.
"I want to sound a strong word of warning that individuals perpetrating these criminal acts when caught, the law will take its course and the appropriate sanctions would be applied," the President warned.
He said owing to the importance of the railways sector, the time had come for everyone to lend support to the development of the rail sector to return it to its profitable and vibrant days.
The President said over the last five years, the government had laid a solid foundation for the sector by committing to the development of the sector.
He recalled that between 2012 and 2017, the only addition to the lines was a kilometer narrow gauge from Sekondi-Takoradi and Kojokrom.
"Let me say upon resumption of office in 2017, I was determined to change the statistics – because the presence of efficient railways system is important to the progress and prosperity of our nation," the President said.
That, he said, had led to the re-establishment of the Ministry of Railways Development which was fast yielding results.
Key among the rail projects currently ongoing was the development of a new standard gauge railway line between Tema and Mpakadan in the Asuogyaman District in the Eastern Region, the President said.
President Akufo-Addo noted that the development of the Western Railway Line was on course, with the 22-km section of the line from Kojokrom to Manso scheduled for For his part, the Minister of Railways, John Peter Amewu, said rail transportation provided the most appropriate means of haulage of heavy goods such as minerals, bauxite and petroleum products.
"With the vastness of the commodities, others in line for transportation along the corridor include cement, cocoa, and timber, which also have the haulage potential on their respective projected volumes," he said.
The Western Regional Minister, Kwabena Okyere Darko Mensah, reminded the people of the government's commitment to the development of the country.
He cited some ongoing projects and indicated that the government would not let the region down.
The western rail line which starts from Sekondi-Takoradi to Kumasi was constructed in 1903 and is the major route for the transportation of minerals and other bulk commodities such as cocoa, bauxite, manganese, cement, flour, and petroleum products.


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text:
October>
The Olympic Flame visited the North Pole
Wed, Oct 30, 2013
The Olympic Flame visited the North Pole story by Lassi Heininen, a leader of Thematic Networks on Geopolitics and Security and Professor of Arctic Politics at the University of Lapland
The Sochi 2014 Olympic Torch Relay, which was carried by the Russian icebreaker "50 Years of the Victory", reached the North Pole on the 19th of October 2013 at 14:37 pm. The Olympic flame was lit in the cauldron at the North Pole during the same day.
An international delegation of the Arctic states brought the Olympic flame to the North Pole as a part of the Torch Relay to the North Pole for the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games. The delegation was led by Artur Chilingarov, a famous Russian polar explorer and the Special Envoy of President Putin to the Arctic and the Antarctic. It consisted of members, who represent science communities of the Arctic states, and many of them are active in international scientific higher educational cooperation. Professor Lassi Heininen from the University of Lapland, the chairman of the Northern Research Forum Steering Committee, was one of the honorary torchbearers and the representative of Finland in the trip. Among the torchbearers were also Elena Kudryashova, Rector of the Northern Arctic Federal University, Russia; Jan-Gunnar Winther, Director of the Norwegian Polar Institute; Pat Pitney, Vice-Chancellor of University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA; and Steingrimur Jonsson, Professor at University of Akureyri, Iceland.
The voyage has several functions and dimensions: Firstly, and first of all, it is one of the highlights of the Sochi 2014 Olympic Torch Relay, first time the Olympic flame was brought to the North Pole; Secondly, the strong international cooperation between, and common interests of, the eight Arctic states was emphasized during the journey. Actually the whole voyage and Torch Relay to the North Pole is a manifest of that; Thirdly, having such a strong representation of the international Arctic science community the interplay between science, (higher) education and sport was implemented. This was strengthened, even manifested, by the series of lectures on the Arctic and northern affairs by all the torchbearers. This has not always been the case in Olympic torch relays; and Finally, this was the first time, when the North Pole was reached in darkness during the long polar night, and it was done in the record time of 91 hours and 12 minutes.
The Organizing Committee of the XXII Olympic Winter Games (and the XI Paralympic Winter Games) of 2014 in the City of Sochi was in charge of the Torch Relay to the North Pole, which took place in October 14-25, 2013. The technical implementation was done by the Russian Rosatom which owns the strongest nuclear icebreaker of the world "50 Years of the Victory". The Olympic flame arrived to Moscow on the 6th of October 2013, and it will arrive to the opening of the Sochi Winter Games on the 7th of February 2014. With its 65 000 kilometres the Sochi 2014 Olympic Torch Relay will be the longest national relay in the history of Olympic Winter Games.
Here you can find a video of the interviews of the torch bearers ( only in Russian)
Summary of the video:
This is a report giving an overview of the trip.
For the first time in the history Olympic flame was brought to the North Pole. It was long traveling , ice cover, the largest icebreaker in the world. Torchbearers team consisted of 11 people from 8 Arctic countries. It is important that this initiative was supported by the Arctic region partners. A special place was given for the Olympic flame (special room), which is stored in special lamp. Everyone could take a picture. This is a celebration for the crew as well as for the participants.
Featured interview with university representatives (Elena Kudryashova, Russia, and Karen Pat Pitney the USA), and Russian polar explorers (Arthur Chilingarov and Viktor Boyarskyi).
The torch should be lit in any weather. It seems that the sun came up, but in fact it is the moon. At the pole the only light is Olympic torch. The ceremony had already started on the deck of the icebreaker and then the torchbearers transferred of the flame to the ice.
All the participants are already the winners. This trip was the fastest (91 hours) among the other similar trips. The best wishes to the Olympic games.
Tags: newsmember news
Northern (Arctic) Federal University
University of Akureyri
University of Lapland


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An INTERACTIVE evening of MUSIC, COMEDY, DANCE and FINE DINING!
Bft is heating up the stage again! And this time, we are making YOU to the work. Yep, we are opening the floor to you, the audience, to show us what you can do. This is an opportunity for you to strut your stuff!! YOU get to challenge our actors to take their part and show us a different way of doing that particular skit.
We have the oldies and the goodies in music!!
Join us for an evening of delightful cuisine, fun, comedy, drama, and everything you want it to be! Skits include performances by our very own BFT's Michael Jackson, Tina Turner, and Lady Gaga. Be prepared to top that!
Cash prizes will be awarded to the top performing actors for the evening, and a special prize for who can excel in the finale dance – MJ's Thriller dance. So get out your boogie shoes, silver gloves, and fedora, and prepare to wow us!
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HOPEWELL TWP. � Hopewell basketball coach Ron Rowan didn�t feel it was necessary to waste much time with a long-winded speech at halftime of his team�s Section 2-AAA opener with New Castle on Thursday night.
Trailing by four at intermission, 21-17, the Vikings went into their locker room briefly, only to emerge with close to six minutes remaining on the halftime clock.
Hopewell (3-1, 1-0) heeded Rowan�s brief message, exploding for 36 second-half points as it rolled to a 53-37 victory over New Castle(1-3, 0-1).
Hopewell took the lead twice in the third quarter, only to be answered on both occasions with three-point baskets by New Castle�s JaJuan Jay. The Vikings finally got the lead for good, 28-27, on a 12-foot jumper by Derek Petronzi with 2:34 left in the quarter, a basket that sparked an 8-0 run.
Hopewell blew the game open in the final quarter behind the play of Welsh and teammates Mark Ross and Dayne Smith, who combined to score the Vikings� next 16 points.
Smith led Hopewell with 16 points, while Ross had 11 and Welsh added 10. Welsh also had 13 rebounds and five blocked shots. Christian Farris also had 10 rebounds.
�The difference in this game was that our offense played better in the second half,� Rowan said.
Despite his team�s impressive defensive performance in the first half, Rowan switched from man-to-man to a 2-3 zone after halftime. The results were� impressive, as Hopewell forced New Castle into 18 second-half missed shots.
In the fourth quarter, New Castle didn�t connect on a field goal until there was 1:32 left in the game.
Thursday was the culmination of an impressive start for Hopewell. The Viking have recorded consecutive wins over traditional powers Beaver Falls, Aliquippa and New Castle in the last six days.


text:
Research -
FRBSF Economic Letter
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2006-02 | February 24, 2006
More Economic Letters
Productivity Growth: Causes and Consequences—Conference Summary
Causes of productivity growth
Consequences of productivity growth
CSIP Notes appears on an occasional basis. It is prepared under the auspices of the Center for the Study of Innovation and Productivity within the FRBSF's Economic Research Department.
This Economic Letter summarizes the papers presented at the conference "Productivity Growth: Causes and Consequences" held at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco on November 18-19, 2005, under the sponsorship of the Bank's Center for the Study of Innovation and Productivity. The papers are listed at the end and are available online.
The study of productivity growth is among the most important pursuits of economic science. Assessments of it influence macroeconomic policy and in the long run productivity growth drives improvements in the standard of living, the mix of goods and services available, as well as the mix of jobs in an economy. The seven papers presented and discussed at the conference covered the entire spectrum of the process of productivity growth, from its fundamental cause—invention—to the diffusion and adoption of invented technologies, to the consequences of technological change, such as longer life spans.
A paper by Jones explored the genesis of technology and productivity growth—that is, the process of invention. In particular, he examined how this process, which typically builds on prior knowledge, is affected by the growing volume of knowledge. In Jones's model, inventors decide on the balance between acquiring knowledge that is narrow but deep and knowledge that is broad but shallow. The model predicts that, as the volume of knowledge grows deeper and broader over time, invention requires levels of depth and breadth that are increasingly difficult, in general, for a single individual to attain. As a result, inventors (researchers) would likely deepen their knowledge and become more specialized by spending more time learning rather than inventing, and they would likely gain more breadth of knowledge by engaging in more teamwork. Jones tested this hypothesis using U.S. data from 1975-2000 and found favorable results: the average time students spent in doctoral programs increased, the average age of inventors at the time of their first invention increased, and the number of inventors per patent increased. Another testable implication of Jones's model is that, looking across technological fields, inventions in deeper, more mature fields should be generated by larger teams with more specialized team members. As Jones demonstrated, this prediction is supported by data on U.S. patents.
Two closely related papers explored how new technologies diffuse or spread across parts of an economy. Conley and Udry considered the role of social networks in this diffusion process. Identifying such networks has been an elusive goal in the field of productivity research. Conley and Udry found a unique setting ideal for achieving this identification: pineapple farming in Ghana. In recent years, Ghanaian farmers have increasingly switched from traditional crops, such as maize and cassava, to the more profitable crop of pineapples, which has involved learning new technologies, such as the use of modern fertilizers. A basic part of the learning is discovering the best trade-off between the cost of the fertilizer and the value of the crop per acre. Conley and Udry use surveys to identify the social networks for a sample of farmers, some of whom adopted pineapple farming and some of whom did not. They find that communication with farmers who have successfully adopted pineapple farming is a strong predictor of whether a given farmer subsequently adopts the same technology (that is, the same use of fertilizer) for growing pineapples. In contrast, and consistent with their model, such networking is found to play no role in cultivation decisions for other crops whose technologies are widely known. These findings point to the potential importance of networking as a channel for the diffusion of technology. They also suggest, though, that factors that limit social networks, such as barriers to communication, may slow technology adoption in developing countries.
Skinner and Staiger explored technology diffusion by investigating the empirical patterns of technology adoption among the U.S. states. It is widely recognized that the pace and extent of adopting new technologies—from telephones to color television to computers—starts out slowly and picks up speed over time. This pattern generally reflects the fact that newly rolled out technologies tend to be costly, which limits the number of purchasers or users; then, over time, as quality improves and costs decline, these technologies are diffused more quickly and more widely. Cross-country, or regional, differences in the timing and pace of technology adoption generally are attributed in part to differences in income levels, with lower-income regions typically the slower to adopt.
However, such economic differences may not account for all regional differences in the pace of adopting technology. For example, Skinner and Staiger found that some states were much slower to adopt the use of beta blockers—that is, they found that doctors as a group in those states were much slower to prescribe beta blockers to patients in the hospital recovering from heart attacks. Skinner and Staiger argue that, because the drug's cost is low and its benefits are clear, economic factors, such as differences across states in income or prices, are unlikely to explain the wide cross-state differences in the rate at which this medical practice is adopted. In developing an alternative explanation, the authors point out that states that were slow to adopt hybrid corn during the first half of the twentieth century generally are the same states that recently have been slow to adopt beta blockers as a treatment for heart attacks. In fact, they find this pattern for the adoption of other technologies, as well. The authors posit that states with faster adoption rates may have characteristics that facilitate technology diffusion more generally. One characteristic correlated with faster adoption rates appears to be education, and communications networks may also play a role.
Baily et al. investigate whether competitive pressures influence technology adoption decisions. Specifically, their paper looks at the timing and extent of process innovations adopted by U.S. automakers from 1987 to 2002, a period in which foreign automakers increasingly penetrated the U.S. market and were themselves adopting these innovations. The authors argue that nearly half of the productivity increase over this period in the U.S. domestic auto industry was driven by the adoption of improved process technologies, such as "lean manufacturing" techniques. Another quarter of the measured increase in productivity is argued to have come from the product innovation of introducing new vehicle lines, especially SUVs, for which there was apparently unmet demand and on which U.S. manufacturers could realize larger mark-ups.
Gordon and Dew-Becker sought to determine the cause of the rather stark divergence in productivity growth in the European Union (EU) relative to the strong performance in U.S. since 1995. The authors pointed out that about half of the comparative slowdown in EU productivity growth was due to the acceleration in growth in the U.S., while the other half was due to a deceleration in Europe. Previous research had shown that information technology (IT) played a big role in the U.S. acceleration in the second half of the 1990s, so one might think the slowing in EU productivity might be due to developments affecting the IT sector in Europe. On the contrary, Gordon and Dew-Becker show that the slowdown in Europe was quite broad-based and not due just to weakness in IT-related industries. A common explanation for the EU slowdown is that institutional and legal barriers limit flexibility, and it is frequently illustrated by a story about zoning laws in Europe that prevent big-box stores, like Wal-Mart and Target, from expanding and establishing the ultra-efficient distribution systems they have in the U.S., which some argue have contributed to higher U.S. labor productivity.
Gordon and Dew-Becker offered a different story: Somewhat ironically, the labor market reforms enacted in the mid-1990s in many EU countries actually had a negative effect on productivity growth—at least temporarily. The authors claimed that, by relaxing rigid work rules and high wage floors, EU employers could hire more low-wage, low-productivity workers and substitute away from high-skill workers and capital. Indeed, before the mid-1990s, productivity growth in the EU was above that for the U.S. By opening the door to these low-productivity workers, Gordon and Dew-Becker argue, average productivity is pulled down, at least until the economy adjusts to the new composition of the workforce.
Two papers presented at the conference address some consequences of innovation and productivity growth. Bloom, Schankerman, and Van Reenen looked at the social returns to innovative activity, as measured by research and development (R&D) spending. The authors conceive of social returns to R&D as the technology spillovers flowing from R&D-performing firms to other firms, net of the social costs of having rival firms engage in parallel, duplicative research rather than working together. Using panel data on U.S. firms between 1981 and 2001, they find that both technology spillovers and market rivalry effects are quantitatively important, though the former dominate such that the net social returns to R&D are several times larger than the private returns. They argue that since large firms tend to produce greater technological spillovers and engender less rival R&D, their model implies that the current emphasis in U.S. R&D policy on small and medium-sized firms may not be the most effective use of government-provided incentives.
Hall and Jones consider the consequences of continued productivity improvements in the U.S. health-care industry. Much of the discussion over public policy in the U.S., according to these authors, assumes that the rapid growth in health spending in recent decades has been excessive. One argument, for example, is that the rise in health spending as a share of GDP is due to the lack of cost controls and misaligned incentives. Hall and Jones provide a plausible alternative, or at least an additional view, by developing an economic model of individual consumption behavior where life span is a function of health-care spending. Calibrating their model using standard parameters, they find that as income grows over time, the optimal share of spending on health also grows. Specifically, because individuals receive diminishing marginal utility from consumption in a given time period, they optimally respond to increases in income by putting a greater share of resources toward increasing the number of periods in which they can consume (longer life spans). That is, with rising incomes, individuals will choose to spend proportionately less on food, cars, housing, and so on, and more on health today so as to be able to consume in more tomorrows. Based on projections of aggregate income growth, their model suggests the optimal health share is likely to double over the next half century, exceeding 30% of GDP by 2050.
Baily, Martin Neil, Diana Farrell, Ezra Greenberg, Jan-Dirk Henrich, Naoko Jinjo, Maya Jolles, and Jana Remes. "Increasing Global Competition and Labor Productivity: Lessons from the U.S. Automotive Industry."
Bloom, Nick, Mark Schankerman, and John Van Reenen. "Identifying Technology Spillovers and Product Market Rivalry."
Conley, Tim, and Christopher Udry. "Learning about a New Technology: Pineapple in Ghana."
Gordon, Robert, and Ian Dew-Becker. "Why Did Europe's Productivity Catch-up Sputter Out? A Tale of Tigers and Tortoises."
Hall, Robert, and Chad Jones. "The Value of Life and the Rise in Health Spending."
Jones, Ben. "The Burden of Knowledge and the Death of the Renaissance Man: Is Innovation Getting Harder?"
Skinner, Jonathan, and Douglas Staiger. "Technology Adoption from Hybrid Corn to Beta Blockers."
Opinions expressed in FRBSF Economic Letter do not necessarily reflect the views of the management of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco or of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. This publication is edited by Sam Zuckerman and Anita Todd. Permission to reprint must be obtained in writing.
Please send editorial comments and requests for reprint permission to
Attn: Research publications, MS 1140


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Research article 16 Mar 2015
Research article | 16 Mar 2015
Long-term real-time chemical characterization of submicron aerosols at Montsec (southern Pyrenees, 1570 m a.s.l.)
A. Ripoll1,2, M. C. Minguillón1, J. Pey3, J. L. Jimenez4, D. A. Day4, Y. Sosedova5, F. Canonaco5, A. S. H. Prévôt5, X. Querol1, and A. Alastuey1 A. Ripoll et al. A. Ripoll1,2, M. C. Minguillón1, J. Pey3, J. L. Jimenez4, D. A. Day4, Y. Sosedova5, F. Canonaco5, A. S. H. Prévôt5, X. Querol1, and A. Alastuey1
1Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18–26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
2Department of Astronomy and Meteorology, Faculty of Physics, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
3Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LCE FRE 3416, Marseille, 13331, France
4Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado at Boulder, CO 80309, USA
5Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
Correspondence: A. Ripoll (anna.ripoll@idaea.csic.es)
Received: 16 Oct 2014 – Discussion started: 19 Nov 2014 – Revised: 24 Feb 2015 – Accepted: 25 Feb 2015 – Published: 16 Mar 2015
Abstract. Real-time measurements of inorganic (sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, chloride and black carbon (BC)) and organic submicron aerosols (particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 1 μm) from a continental background site (Montsec, MSC, 1570 m a.s.l.) in the western Mediterranean Basin (WMB) were conducted for 10 months (July 2011–April 2012). An aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM) was co-located with other online and offline PM1 measurements. Analyses of the hourly, diurnal, and seasonal variations are presented here, for the first time, for this region.
Seasonal trends in PM1 components are attributed to variations in evolution of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) height, air mass origin, and meteorological conditions. In summer, the higher temperature and solar radiation increases convection, enhancing the growth of the PBL and the transport of anthropogenic pollutants towards high altitude sites. Furthermore, the regional recirculation of air masses over the WMB creates a continuous increase in the background concentrations of PM1 components and causes the formation of reservoir layers at relatively high altitudes. The combination of all these atmospheric processes results in a high variability of PM1 components, with poorly defined daily patterns, except for the organic aerosols (OA). OA was mostly composed (up to 90%) of oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA), split in two types: semivolatile (SV-OOA) and low-volatility (LV-OOA), the rest being hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA). The marked diurnal cycles of OA components regardless of the air mass origin indicates that they are not only associated with anthropogenic and long-range-transported secondary OA (SOA) but also with recently produced biogenic SOA.
Very different conditions drive the aerosol phenomenology in winter at MSC. The thermal inversions and the lower vertical development of the PBL leave MSC in the free troposphere most of the day, being affected by PBL air masses only after midday, when the mountain breezes transport emissions from the adjacent valleys and plains to the top of the mountain. This results in clear diurnal patterns of both organic and inorganic concentrations. OA was also mainly composed (71%) of OOA, with contributions from HOA (5%) and biomass burning OA (BBOA; 24%). Moreover, in winter sporadic long-range transport from mainland Europe is observed.
The results obtained in the present study highlight the importance of SOA formation processes at a remote site such as MSC, especially in summer. Additional research is needed to characterize the sources and processes of SOA formation at remote sites.
How to cite: Ripoll, A., Minguillón, M. C., Pey, J., Jimenez, J. L., Day, D. A., Sosedova, Y., Canonaco, F., Prévôt, A. S. H., Querol, X., and Alastuey, A.: Long-term real-time chemical characterization of submicron aerosols at Montsec (southern Pyrenees, 1570 m a.s.l.), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 2935–2951, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2935-2015, 2015.
Real-time measurements of inorganic (sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, chloride and black carbon (BC)) and organic submicron aerosols from a continental background site (Montsec, MSC, 1570m a.s.l.) in the western Mediterranean Basin (WMB) were conducted for 10 months (July 2011 - April 2012) with an aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM). The ACSM was co-located with other online and offline PM1 measurements. Analyses of the hourly, diurnal, and seasonal variations are presented here.
Real-time measurements of inorganic (sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, chloride and black carbon (BC))...


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With a height of 91 cm and non-slip plastic feet to keep it securely in place, you can stand comfortably at the board while ironing.
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What a night! Three wins for our film for Nationwide!
Three wins! Two silvers and a bronze for our film for Nationwide: Rise.
The Arthur Webb Challenge Cup film 'Rise', won three awards in the Corporate Content Awards run by Campaign magazine; two silvers and a bronze for best use of film, the best tone of voice, and best internal communications. The promo film and the supporting campaign branded assets were produced to support Nationwide's ground-breaking Arthur Webb Challenge Cup; an internal initiative aimed at encouraging employee suggestions on efficiency and improvements to the business.
Nationwide has seen these suggestions deliver impressive results in terms of real business outcomes. In its first year alone, employee-led projects undertaken under the banner of 'Arthur': the legendary Nationwide founder, have saved the company over 2 million pounds. Our role was to encourage the second year of emboldened employee participation, in a joyful, engaging, and enthusiastic way.


text:
articles | 14 April 2020
Coronavirus: Mid-May tentatively set for initial easing of lockdown
Experts have detailed the rough outlines of an "exit plan" from the lockdown and said the beginning stages could start in about a month.
This was the tentative timeline given by Dr Leontios Kostrikis, a key member of the government's advisory body on the pandemic.
"I don't believe it will be more than a month until we reach the situation which we had in early March," Kostrikis said on Monday night.
The virologist was referring to the low number of cases confirmed at the beginning of Cyprus' Covid-19 outbreak. These were in the single digits and were initially in the range of 4-8 cases a day.
"Then and only then can we speak about a relaxation of the measures," he said.
"One thing which people also have to realise is that it won't be like a switch where we turn it off and it all immediately goes back to how it was."
Any easing of measures depends on steady progress being made, he said.
Kostrikis detailed that the gradual opening up of society may begin with small gatherings being permitted.
"Large gatherings will only be allowed towards the end [of the lockdown]," he told CyBC.
He gave the examples of cinemas, church services and fans attending football games as some of the final events which will have restrictions lifted.
As for the education sector, he said it was too early to foresee when schools may open and whether it will be before the summer holidays.
The virologist highlighted that the key indicator as to how and when measures may be relaxed will also depend on the results of the 20,000 tests.
The mass testing which he referenced relates to those being carried out on workers who engage with the public, such as policemen and those in supermarkets and kiosks.
Giorgos Nikolopoulos, professor of epidemiology at the University of Cyprus and member of the health ministry's advisory council, also referenced the mass testing but drew attention to antibody tests in particular.
"Antibody testing is crucial so we know who is able to work and who will have to sit at home a bit longer," he said.
"This will help us get back to normality as soon as possible, as far as is possible."


A. The use of DPI makes it possible to find, identify, classify, reroute, or block packets with specific data or code payloads.
B. DPI does not require updates and revisions to remain optimally effective.
C. DPI is an advanced method of packet filtering that functions at the application layer of the OSI.
D. DPI examines only packet headers.
E. DPI is essential in protecting the cloud against malicious threats such as web exploits, zeroday attacks, data exfiltration, and malware-based botnets.
F. DPI can increase compute, speed because it decreases the burden on the processor.
A. VIAN segmentation (or every application type.
B. The design of data formats and network protocols for the platform.
C. Creating zero connectivity environments for sensitive data.
D. The building of basic services in the infrastructure, including automatic path creation and proximity-based discovery.


text:
Munkekælderen er en kælder under Københavns Universitets kommunitetetsbygning i Nørregade. Navnets oprindelse er ukendt, da man ikke har kendskab til at der på noget tidspunkt skulle have været munke i kommunitetsbygningen. I stedet mener man at kælderen tidligere har fungeret som forrådskammer til opbevaring af f.eks. slagtede svin og køer.

Kilder

Københavns Universitet

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Reduce Dependencies? - Am I misleading you?
What I am really talking about is reducing the so-called "dependency-hell" when installing an OSS package. Somethimes they cannot avoided - but sometimes they can!
When an OSS package uses another package this introduces a dependency. This means that to build, or install that OSS package the software it depends on needs to be installed first as well. When that also has a dependency the looping through packages to find (and install) grows.
A library such as libc.so (on Linix) or libc.a (on AIX) is extremely handy to have because, basically, if there is any part that depends on the C language it will need a "helper" function or procedure from libc.
But when I am building a package and it has a dependency on something obscure, or older than the "latest" it can become quite difficult to also build (and package) and install another OSS project that depends on a later version. In an ideal world the OSS package still working with an old version will update their sources so that they work with the new versions of the dependencies. But it doesn't always work that way.
And sometimes, it is just a hassle to keep 20+ different "dependencies" with their dependencies all ordered and tested. The idea is that a dependency (say OpenSSL) can just be updated and all the OSS packages that depend on OpenSSL are updated without any additional work. Often, that works.
That is my other problem. I would like, ideally, to just have one file that has all it needs - within itself. Once upon a time - and I remember it fairly well (mid 1980's) the concept of shared libraries was discussed as a way to lower system resource requirements - both memory and disk. FYI: in those days a disk of 20 MByte was huge - and system memory > 128K byte was huge.
Yes - I know my applications might be smaller, and the total amount in system memory could also be smaller, but I am actually trying - as much as possible to use static linked libraries rather than shared libraries. And, from many of the comments I read, sometimes between the lines on the "ld" man pages - static-linked programs can (if not should) run faster than programs with MANY rtld (run-time loader) symbol resolutions.
The packages I am rebuilding (e.g., httpd, php) are having fewer dependancies. I have already learned that the way apache apr and apr-util are designed - they do not work as static with apache httpd and shared modules. The modules (many many of them) need stuff from apr and/or apr-util that the httpd "main" did not need and these functions and procedures turn up missing. Building the modules with static links to the functions means that some of the symbols get loaded multiple times - and httpd core dumps. Sigh.
So, yes. There is an impact. But the impact I am looking for is software packages that are easier to maintain - for a "consumer" such as an AIX admin (like you?) even if it means more work in the evening getting all the pieces together.
Update: Seems some packages won't work with static libraries - because not everything they need is loaded - or more accurate - other packages need that "static" API as well, but there is overlap - and more. So while partX is fine, trying to use partY causes a core dump because the same routines get statically linked - and a bit more. Then the same routines are statically linked multiple times - and their static variables and routines are not the ones that get run 'all the time'.
My goal is not changed - but getting there is much harder than I had hoped. Sigh!
More stable packages and fewer (ideally none) for most OSS projects - rather than havig to download and install 4 or 5 other things before "what it is all about" can finally be installed.


Employers and/or funders should establish recruitment procedures which are open, efficient, transparent, supportive and internationally comparable, as well as tailored to the type of positions advertised.
The selection process should take into consideration the whole range of experience of the candidates. While focusing on their overall potential as researchers, their creativity and level of independence should also be considered.
Employers and/or funders should provide for appropriate assessment and evaluation of the academic and professional qualifications, including nonformal qualifications, of all researchers, in particular within the context of international and professional mobility. They should inform themselves and gain a full understanding of rules, procedures and standards governing the recognition of such qualifications and, consequently, explore existing national law, conventions and specific rules on the recognition of these qualifications through all available channels.
Clear rules and explicit guidelines for the recruitment and appointment of postdoctoral researchers, including the maximum duration and the objectives of such appointments, should be established by the institutions appointing postdoctoral researchers. Such guidelines should take into account time spent in prior postdoctoral appointments at other institutions and take into consideration that the postdoctoral status should be transitional, with the primary purpose of providing additional professional development opportunities for a research career in the context of longterm career prospects.