text:
How should I walk, what should my gait be like, what kind of clothes can I wear that will sort of cover me up…? This indecisiveness and the burden of, "What will others think?" are some of the worries, that I carried for a long time while making decisions like: "Is this going to expose too much skin?", "Is this going to look a certain way that I may not like to present myself as?"
By Taniya Mondal
High Heels and Loose-fitting Clothes: Movement Unfettered
100 issues, 8 years! Thank you, dear readers and contributors! As we planned for this issue to put on our…
Editorial – Celebrating Sexuality
I am still coming to terms with my own femininity, as with new learnings I find myself regaining many facets of my personality which were lost while trying to 'act like a man' and 'act tough'.
By Ambica Naithani
Negotiating Expression
Taboos in relation to female desire, sexuality and the body are often addressed in my work. My recent artistic interest focuses on rituals that are primarily centred on agricultural communities in Bengal that involve the veneration of fertility symbols and celebration of feminine sexuality.
By Mitali Das
Brushstrokes – Celebrating Sexuality
If we are to reimagine coupledom and sexuality, we need to expand and challenge our ideas about togetherness, romance, love, intimacy, desire, sex, attachment, and so on.
EDITORIAL – Sexuality and Coupledom
Coupledom may or may not be for everyone, and does not mean the same thing to everyone. Importantly, coupledom does not hold the same value or position in our lives, even in the lives of the individuals perceived to be parts of a couple structure.
By Shikha Aleya
Interview – Coupledom is a mix of meanings
एक समय ऐसा था जब मैं भी लड़कियों के लिए बनाई जाने वाली हर चीज़ से सिर्फ इसलिए दूर भागती थी क्योंकि मुझे लगता था कि नारीवादी दिखने के लिए एक खास तरीके से दिखना और व्यवहार करना आवश्यक है।
By Anubha Sarkar
एक 'स्त्रीत्व' गुणों वाली नारीवादी
Social norms don't expect women to look muscular, but if men are muscular, it is considered sexy. Just by choosing to pursue a largely male-dominated sport that glorifies what is accepted as "masculine", Karuna and Sibalika are pushing the boundaries of these labels.
By Zulfiya Hamzaki
In my 27 years of existence, I've embodied various personas and roles. Even today, I behave slightly differently in the office, around parents, at a party and when I'm alone in my room. In the mornings I'm often a lawyer, whereas during evenings I become an artist.
Why Drag?
Feminine energy is supposed to be yin, receptive, gentle, intuitive,and fulfilling. Masculine energy is supposed to be yang, active, fast, fierce, emptying, goal-oriented and focused.
By Pallavi Barnwal
The Union of Our Inner Masculine and Inner Feminine
The nature of the labor that goes into performing femininity is that it's invisible. Or at least it's supposed to be. As a culture, we expect women to look glossy and shimmery and smooth. We don't want to know about the time and money that goes into this presentation.
The Labor of Expressing Femininity as a Disabled Woman
Alok Vaid-Menon is one half of the trans South Asian performance duo from New York, DarkMatter. Vaid-Menon was gender-assigned male at birth, identifies as transfeminine (that is, identifies with femininity to a greater extent than with masculinity) and prefers the pronouns 'they' and 'their'.
Brushstrokes: Alok Vaid-Menon's Stunning Trans Attire


In a multilayer optical disc having information layers conforming to a plurality of different optical disc standards, because the type of each information layer is not recorded in the other information layers, in read and write operations by a compatible optical disc device conforming to a plurality of optical disc standards, every time the information layer being accessed changes, it has been necessary to read the type of the information layer and select a method of generating a tracking error signal adapted to the type of information layer, so access has taken time. In order to solve the above problem, in the optical multilayer disc according to the present invention, having information layers conforming to a plurality of different optical disc standards, in an area in one of the information layers, information about the other information layers is recorded. The time required to access the other information layers can be reduced by using this information to select a tracking error signal generating method.
This application is a Divisional of co-pending application Ser. No. 11/579,832, filed on Nov. 7, 2006, for which priority is claimed under 35 U.S.C. §120. Application Ser. No. 11/579,832 is the national phase of PCT International Application No. PCT/JP2005/015160 filed on Aug. 19, 2005 under 35 U.S.C. § 371. The entire contents of each of the above-identified applications are hereby incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates to a multilayer optical disc having information layers conforming to a plurality of different optical disc standards and an optical disc device for recording or reproducing information on the optical disc.
Optical discs are a subject of research in the information recording field. They have a wide range of applications, from industrial use to consumer use, because they enable non-contact recording and reproduction, because they can accommodate large files at low cost, and because reproduction-only, writable, or rewritable media can be selected according to the application.
The capacity of optical discs has been increased by reducing the size of the information stored on the tracks, by using laser beams having shorter wavelengths as light sources for recording and reproducing, by using objective lenses with higher numerical apertures, and by reducing the size of the focused light spot on the focal plane.
For example, in a CD (compact disc), the thickness of the disc substrate used as a light transmitting layer is about 1.2 mm, the wavelength of the laser beam is about 780 nm, the numerical aperture (NA) of the objective lens is 0.45, and the disc capacity is 650 MB. In a DVD (digital versatile disc), the thickness of the disc substrate used as a light transmitting layer is about 0.6 mm, the wavelength of the laser beam is about 650 nm, the numerical aperture of the object lens is 0.6, and the disc capacity is 4.7 GB. For a DVD, two disc substrates having thicknesses of about 0.6 mm each are laminated together, to obtain a disc having a thickness of about 1.2 mm.
A BD (Blu-ray disc) disc having a still higher density uses an optical disc having a protection layer as thin as 0.1 mm as the light transmitting layer on the optical recording layer. With a laser beam wavelength of about 405 nm and a numerical aperture of 0.85, capacities in excess of 23 GB are obtained.
Thus, as optical disc capacities have increased, various optical disc standards have been established, including CD, DVD, and BD. Optical disc recording and reproducing devices are generally compatible with a plurality of different optical disc standards.
For example, some DVD recording and reproducing devices can record and reproduce information not only on a DVD but also on a CD. Some BD recording and reproducing devices can record and reproduce information on BDs, DVDs, and CDs. These compatible recording and reproducing devices are extremely convenient because they allow the user to record and reproduce information on optical discs in the user's possession that conform to old standards, and they have played an important role in smoothing the introduction of new standards.
Although discs have been manufactured according to each of the different standards, to increase the user's convenience, a multilayer optical disc having information layers conforming to a plurality of different optical disc standards has been developed (for example, patent document 1).
A problem with such optical discs as the above is that when one information layer is being accessed, it is not known whether another information layer is present or not, so if the need to reproduce or record information on another information layer suddenly arises, it takes time to access the other designated information layer.
Another problem with optical discs such as the above is that the type of one information layer is not recorded on another layer, so when an optical disc device conforming to a plurality of different optical disc standards reads or writes information, every time the device accesses a different information layer, it must read the type of the layer to select a method of generating a tracking error signal adapted to the type; consequently, access takes time.
The purpose of the present invention is to shorten the access time in a multilayer optical disc having information layers conforming to a plurality of different optical disc standards.
In a multilayer optical disc having information layers conforming to a plurality of different optical disc standards, the present invention is an optical disc in which an information layer of highest recording density has a management area in which information indicating the types of other information layers is recorded, the types including at least a reproduction-only type.
In a multilayer optical disc having information layers conforming to a plurality of different optical disc standards, the present invention is also an optical disc in which an information layer of highest recording density has a management area in which information indicating presence or absence of other information layers is recorded.
In a multilayer optical disc having information layers conforming to a plurality of different optical disc standards, the present invention enables the access time to be shortened.
FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of an optical disc and optical disc device in a first embodiment, showing the optical disc device accessing information layer L1 of the optical disc.
FIG. 2 is a schematic drawing of the optical disc and optical disc device in the first embodiment, showing the optical disc device accessing information layer L2 of the optical disc.
FIG. 3 is a schematic drawing of the optical disc and optical disc device in the first embodiment, showing the optical disc device accessing information layer L3 of the optical disc.
FIG. 4 is a schematic drawing showing the management area in information layer L1 of the optical disc in the first embodiment.
FIG. 5 is a schematic drawing of the data structure of the optical disc in the first embodiment, showing an information field in the management area.
FIG. 6 is a conceptual drawing of the information field in the management area in the first embodiment.
FIG. 7 is a schematic drawing showing a focused spot and information written in tracks on information layer L2 in the first embodiment.
FIG. 8 is a schematic drawing showing a focused spot and information written in tracks on information layer L3 in the first embodiment.
FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating a sequence that reads information about the individual types of information layers in the first embodiment.
FIG. 10 is a flowchart illustrating a sequence that uses the information about the individual types of information layers in the first embodiment to reproduce information from another information layer.
FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram showing the management area in information layer L2 in a second embodiment.
FIG. 12 is a conceptual drawing of parts of the management area in the second embodiment.
FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram showing parts of a management area in a third embodiment.
FIGS. 1 to 3 are schematic drawings showing an optical disc and an optical disc device accessing an information layer in the optical disc in the first embodiment of the invention; FIG. 4 is a schematic drawing showing the management area in information layer L1 of the optical disc in FIG. 1. FIG. 5 is a schematic drawing showing the data structure of the optical disc, including the information field in the management area. FIG. 6 is a conceptual drawing of the information field in the management area. FIG. 7 is a schematic drawing showing a focused spot and information written in tracks on information layer L2; FIG. 8 is a schematic drawing showing the focused spot and information written in tracks on information layer L3. FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating a sequence that reads information about the individual types of information layers. FIG. 10 is a flowchart illustrating a sequence that uses the information about the individual types of information layers to reproduce information from another information layer.
The first embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to the attached drawings. The optical disc 1 in the first embodiment is provided with information layers L1, L2, and L3 for a plurality of differing optical disc standards. Information layers L1, L2, and L3 are disposed at distances of 0.1 mm, 0.6 mm, and 1.2 mm from the surface, in this order. These information layers L1, L2, and L3 satisfy the BD, DVD, and CD optical disc standards, in this order, information layer L1 being the layer with the highest recording density, information layer L3 being the layer with the lowest recording density. In the following description, these layers are a reproduction-only layer, a writable layer, and a reproduction-only layer, respectively.
In the state in FIG. 1, information layer L1 is being accessed; a beam 3 a emitted from a blue-violet semiconductor laser light source 2 a, which has a wavelength of about 405 nm, this being the shortest wavelength, is collimated by a collimator lens 4 a, reflected by a prism 5 a, and focused to a focused spot 7 a on information layer L1 by an objective lens 6.
The beam 3 a reflected from information layer L1 returns to the objective lens 6, then passes through prisms 5 a, 5 b, 5 c and is directed by a sensor lens 8 onto a photodetector 9.
The photodetector 9 converts the received light beam into electrical signals for output to a signal processing means 10. The signal processing means 10 controls the amount of light emitted by light source 2 a, generates a tracking error signal indicating the relative positional discrepancy between the focused spot and the tracks on the information layer, and after signal processing, outputs information to an image processing means 11. The image processing means 11 performs image processing and output.
The above elements from the laser light source 2 a to the image processing means 11 constitute an optical disc device 12. The optical disc device 12 records and reproduces information on the optical disc 1 according to commands from a host device 13. The host device 13 is a PC (personal computer) that instructs the optical disc device 12 to record and reproduce information. Alternatively, the host device 13 may be an audiovisual reproduction device that decodes information read out from the optical disc device 12 and outputs images and/or sounds, and/or an audiovisual recording device that encodes image and/or sound information input from an external device and instructs the optical disc device 12 to record the information.
In the state in FIG. 2, information layer L2 is being accessed. A beam 3 b having a wavelength of about 650 nm is emitted from a red semiconductor laser light source 2 b, collimated by a collimator lens 4 a, reflected by prism 5 b, and focused to a focused spot 7 b on information layer L2 by the objective lens 6.
The beam 3 b now passes through information layer L1. The material and structure of information layer L1 are selected so as to avoid interference with access to information layer L2, taking physical properties such as transmittance and reflectance of a light beam having a wavelength of about 650 nm into consideration.
The beam 3 b reflected from information layer L2 returns to the objective lens 6, then passes through prisms 5 a, 5 b, 5 c and is directed by the sensor lens 8 onto the photodetector 9. The signal processing means 10 and image processing means 11 operate as above; descriptions will be omitted. In FIG. 2, the signal processing means 10 controls light source 2 b.
In the state in FIG. 3, information layer L3 is being accessed. A beam 3 c emitted from an infrared semiconductor laser light source 2 c having a wavelength of about 780 nm is collimated by a collimator lens 4 c, reflected by a prism 5 c, and focused to a focused spot 7 c on information layer L3 by the objective lens 6.
The beam 3 c now passes through information layers L1 and L2. The materials and structure of information layers L1 and L2 are selected so as to avoid interference with access to information layer L3, taking physical properties such as transmittance and reflectance of a light beam having a wavelength of about 780 nm into consideration.
The beam 3 b reflected from information layer L2 returns to the objective lens 6, then passes through prisms 5 a, 5 b, 5 c and is directed by the sensor lens 8 onto the photodetector 9. The signal processing means 10 and image processing means 11 operate as above; descriptions will be omitted. In FIG. 3, the signal processing means 10 controls light source 2 c.
The management area 14 disposed in information layer L1 in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 is located at the innermost circumference of the optical disc 1, the rest of the area being a user data area 15. The information field 16 in this management area 14 contains information indicating the type of each information layer. The optical disc device 12 obtains information indicating the types of information layers by reading the information from the information field 16.
FIG. 6 is a conceptual drawing of the information field 16. Areas S1, S2, S3 in the information field 16 are bit areas indicating the types of information layers L1, L2, L3, respectively. Each of areas S1, S2, S3 comprises two bits, making six bits in total. When an information layer is of the reproduction-only type, the bit values are '01', and when a layer is of the writable type, the bit values are '10'. Absence of an information layer is represented by bit values of '00'. Therefore, in the first embodiment, areas S1, S2, S3 have values '01', '10', '01', respectively.
FIG. 7 shows focused spot 7 b and information written on a track of a writable information layer. A writable information layer has tracks referred to as lands 17 and grooves 18. Information is recorded as recording marks 19 by inducing a chemical change or shape change in the material. In a writable information layer, a tracking error signal is generated by the Differential Push-Pull method (DPP method), which is known in the art. In this method, the light is split into three beams and focused on the information layer, the reflected light is received by three binary photodetectors, and calculations are carried out to generate a tracking error signal.
FIG. 8 shows focused spot 7 c and information written on a track of a reproduction-only information layer. On a reproduction-only layer, information is recorded in the form of microscopic holes called pits 20. The tracking error signal is generated by the Differential Phase Detection method (DPD method), which is also known in the art. In this method, the light beam is focused on an information layer, the reflected light of the focused light is received by one four-quadrant photodetector, and calculations are carried out to generate the tracking error signal.
In FIG. 9, when the optical disc 1 is inserted into the optical disc device 12 (ST1), the optical disc device 12 reads information from the information field 16 in the management area 14 on information layer L1 of the optical disc 1 to obtain information indicating the types of information layers L1, L2, L3. The information is retained in the signal processing means 10 (ST3) and the process ends (ST4). The device returns to a standby mode to wait for a command from the host device 13.
In FIG. 10, in response to a command from the host device 13 to reproduce information on information layer L2 (ST10), the optical disc device 12 follows the sequence by reading the type of information layer L2 retained in the signal processing means 10 as above (ST11). As information layer L2 is not a reproduction-only layer (FALSE in ST12) but a writable layer (TRUE in ST13), the DPP method is selected, which is suitable for writable information layer L2, the laser power of the laser having a wavelength suitable for information layer L2 is set at the same time, a tracking error signal is generated (ST14), and information is reproduced from information layer L2 (ST15).
Similarly, in response to a command from the host device 13 to reproduce information from information layer L3 (ST10), the optical disc device 12 follows the sequence by reading the type of information layer L3 retained in the signal processing means 10 as above (ST11). As information layer L3 is a reproduction-only layer (TRUE in ST12), the DPD method is selected, which is suitable for reproduction-only information layer L3, the laser power of the laser having a wavelength suitable for information layer L3 is set at the same time, a tracking error signal is generated (ST16), and information is reproduced from information layer L3 (ST17).
When the optical disc device 12 receives the information reproducing command from the host device 13, if the type of information layer L3 retained in the signal processing means 10 is neither the reproduction-only type nor the writable type (FALSE in ST12 and ST13), that is, if the type information is not recognizable by the optical disc device, a notification is returned to the host device 13 indicating that the information layer to be reproduced is not accessible (ST18), and the process ends (ST19). The optical disc device 12 returns to a standby mode to wait for the next command from the host device 13.
In FIG. 10, steps ST12 and ST13 can be performed in either order to determine the type of the information layer, that is, to determine where the layer is of the reproduction-only type or writable type.
FIG. 10 shows a case in which the host device 13 commands the reproduction of the information. When the host device 13 commands the recording of the information, access time can be similarly shortened and appropriate recording operations can be carried out on the information layer to be recorded, based on the information indicating the type of information layer.
In this embodiment, in a multilayer optical disc having information layers conforming to a plurality of different optical disc standards, information indicating the type of other information layers is recorded, so the optical disc device can easily identify the types of the other information layers, and access time to those layers can be shortened.
Furthermore, the information indicating the types of the other information layers is recorded in the management area of the information layer having the highest recording density. It can be anticipated that the information layer having the highest recording density will be accessed most frequently, so the optical disc device will be sure to read and retain the information.
When recording and reproducing information on an optical disc as above, before access, the optical disc device can set a suitable value for the laser power of the laser having a wavelength suitable for the layer to be accessed, based on the information indicating the type of the information layer. Also, the method of generating a tracking error indicating a relative positional discrepancy between the focused spot and the information written in tracks in a direction crossing the plurality of tracks can be determined in advance, so access time can be shortened.
The second embodiment is similar to the first embodiment in regard to FIG. 1 to FIG. 5 and FIG. 7 to FIG. 10, but differs from the first embodiment in regard to the usage of the part of the management area in FIG. 6.
Referring to FIG. 11, the optical disc comprises a management area 14 a located at its inner circumference and a user data area 15 a extending toward its outer circumference. Inside the management area 14 a, an indicator area 21 is provided to record information indicating the presence or absence of other information layers, and a type area 22 is provided to record information indicating the types of the other information layers. In FIG. 12, areas T2 and T3 of indicator area 21 respectively record information indicating the presence or absence of information layers L2 and L3 shown in FIG. 1. Area T4 indicates the presence or absence of another information layer (not shown in optical disc 1) conforming to an optical disc standard other than the BD standard which uses a blue-violet semiconductor laser having about a 405-nm wavelength as a light source, or to a standard that may be developed in the future. Areas T2, T3, T4 store one bit of information each, so the indicator area 21 stores three bits in total. A bit value of '1' indicates the presence of another information layer, while a bit value of '0' indicates the absence of the other information layer.
In FIG. 12, areas U2, U3, U4 in the type area 22 are associated with the information represented by areas T2, T3, T4 of indicator area 21, respectively; areas U2, U3, U4 record information indicating the type of the corresponding information layers. That is, when areas T2, T3, T4 indicate the presence of an information layer (bit value '1'), areas U2, U3, U4 indicate the type of the information layer. Areas U2, U3, U4 contain two bits of information each, so type area 22 has six bits in total. When a layer is of the reproduction-only type, the corresponding bit values are '00'. When the layer is of the writable type, the bit values are '01', and when it is of the rewritable type, the bit values are '10'. The writable type includes the DVD-R and DVD+R standards and their dual-layer standards, which permit writing but not rewriting. The rewritable type includes the dual-layer DVD-RW and DVD+RW standards and DVD-RAM. When one of areas T2, T3, T4 indicates the absence of a corresponding information layer (bit value '0'), the value '00', indicating a 'reserved area', is assigned to the corresponding U2, U3, or U4 area. Although, this value is apparently the same as for an information layer of the reproduction-only type, no particular problem occurs, because when one of the T2, T3 and T4 bits is '0', the optical disc device will not read the corresponding U2, U3, or U4 area. Alternatively, a bit value (for example '11') other than the above can be assigned.
When an optical disc is inserted into the optical disc device, the device reads the information in areas T2, T3, T4 of the indicator area 21 in the management area 14 a on information layer L1 of the optical disc to obtain information indicating the presence or absence of information layers L2 and L3 and information layers conforming to other standards. When one of areas T2, T3, T4 indicates the presence of a corresponding information layer (bit value '1'), the optical disc device reads the corresponding one of areas U2, U3, U4 in the type area 22 in the management area 14 a, obtains information indicating the type of information layer, and retains the obtained information in the signal processing means 10. Subsequent operations are similar to those shown in the flowchart in FIG. 10.
The optical disc device can be configured to read only those of the areas U2, U3, U4 in the type area 22 corresponding to areas T2, T3, T4 indicating the presence of an information layer (bit value '1'). Alternatively, the optical disc device can be configured to read information in all areas U2, U3, U4 of the type area 22 regardless of whether the corresponding information layer is present or not.
When an information layer corresponding to area T4 is present, and the information layer conforms to an optical disc standard, other than the BD standard, that uses a blue-violet semiconductor laser having a wavelength of about 405 nm as a light source, the disc will have a plurality of information layers (two layers, information layer L1 and the information layer corresponding to area T4) using the shortest wavelength of approximately 405 nm; in this case, the indicator area 21 and type area 22 are provided at least in information layer L1. The indicator area 21 and type area 22 may be provided not just on information layer L1 but also on the information layer corresponding to area T4.
Alternatively, areas T4 and U4 may be left empty, with no particular information stored, reserved for use in case a new standard is developed in the future. The indicator area 21 and type area 22 then hold information for two types of information layers, these being information layers L2 and L3.
Alternatively, the two bits assigned to area U2 may classify the corresponding DVD layer according to its type of information track structure. The classification may be based on the periodic structure of the information tracks, e.g., on their wobble frequency. For example, when the layer is a reproduction-only type layer such as a DVD-ROM layer having only pre-pits with no wobble, the bit value may be '00'. For DVD-R and DVD-RW, which have wobble, the bit value may be '01'. For DVD+R and DVD+RW, which have wobble with higher wobble frequency than DVD-R and DVD-RW, the bit value may be '10'. For DVD-RAM in which the head is shifted in the radius direction on a land/groove single spiral structure with no wobble, the bit value may be '11'. The frequency structure of the information tracks in a DVD layer has the same format for each category, so the characteristics of the wobble signal detection circuit (a circuit such as a band-pass filter for detecting the frequency of the periodic structure) can be set prior to access to the DVD layer, the disc rotation can be rapidly brought to the target value, and the access time can therefore be shortened.
In this embodiment, in a multilayer optical disc having information layers conforming to a plurality of different optical disc standards, information indicating the presence of other information layers is recorded, so the optical disc device can easily identify the presence or absence of other information layers, and access time can be shortened.
Furthermore, in the management region of the optical disc, a type area 22 which stores information indicating the types of information layers is provided in addition to the indicator area 21 which stores information indicating the presence or absence of other information layers, and the information in the indicator area 21 is related to the information in the type area 22 so that the information in the indicator area 21 and the information in the type area 22 have a hierarchical structure. Therefore, if another area is created in the user data area 15 in the future, or if another type of information layer is added, the hierarchical structure can be exploited to accommodate the expansion.
Furthermore, the information is recorded in the management area in an information layer having the highest recording density, which is expected to be the information layer most frequently accessed, ensuring that the optical disc device will read and retain the information.
When recording and reproducing information on an optical disc of this type, the optical disc device can set a suitable value for the laser power of a laser having a wavelength suitable for the layer to be accessed, based on information such as the above. The method of generating the tracking error signal indicating a relative positional discrepancy between the focused spot and the information written in the tracks in a direction crossing a plurality of tracks can be determined in advance, so the access time can be shortened.
In the third embodiment, the optical disc 1 has at most two types of information layers, including the type of the L1 layer. The third embodiment is similar to the second embodiment in regard to FIG. 1 to FIG. 5 and FIG. 7 to FIG. 10, but differs from the second embodiment in regard to the usage of the indicator area 21 and type area 22 in FIG. 12.
In FIG. 13, the areas T2, T3, T4 in the indicator area 21 are the same as in FIG. 12.
When an information layer other than information layer L1 is present, area V1 in the type area 22 indicates the type of this information layer. The type area 22 includes only the two bits of information in area V1. The values of these bits are '00' when the information layer is of the reproduction-only type, '01' when it is of the writable type, and '10' when it is of the rewritable type. The writable type includes DVD-R, DVD+R, and their dual-layer standards. The rewritable type includes dual-layer DVD-RW and DVD+RW and DVD-RAM.
For example when information layer L1 is a writable layer or pair of layers, information layers L2 and L3 are reproduction-only layers, and no other layers are present (T2=1, T3=1, T4=0), the bit values in area V1 will be '00'.
Thus, in the optical disc 1, when at least one of areas T2, T3, T4 in the indicator area 21 has a bit value of '1' and the corresponding information layers are of only one type, or when only one of areas T2, T3, T4 has a bit value of '1', the type area 22 can have only two bits, producing a saving of information bits as compared with the second embodiment above. In particular, there is an anticipated market demand for optical discs having only one of information layers L2 and L3 and using it as a reproduction-only layer, so if only optical discs having information layer L2 or L3 and using it as a reproduction-only layer are manufactured and sold, the two bits of area V1 will suffice for the type area 22.
Alternatively, as shown in the second embodiment, the classification in area V1 may be based on the type of information track structure, such as the presence or absence of wobble.
Although the area V1 of the type area 22 was shown as having two bits of information in this embodiment, it may have only one bit of information, saving one further information bit. In this case, the reproduction-only type may be indicated by '0' and other types, that is, the writable type and rewritable type, may be indicated by '1'. Alternatively, the classification may be based on the type of information track structure: for example, '0' when there is no wobble and '1' when wobble is present.
Furthermore, when the area V1 storing information indicating the type of information layer has only one bit and area T4 in the indicator area 21 in FIG. 13 is a reserved area with no particular information, the one bit of area V1 can be reassigned to area T4, since area T4 is a one-bit area to begin with. This scheme saves a still further information bit and, by placing the indicator area 21 and type area 22 adjacent to each other, can further shorten the access time of the disc device.
Other effects are similar to those shown in first and second embodiments.
It is possible to use the type area 22 of the second and third embodiments as a reserved area having a value of '00' or '0' with no information assigned, in expectation that effective use of this area can be made in the future. Also, as described in the third embodiment, if only optical discs having information layers L2 and L3 of the reproduction-only type are manufactured and sold, there is no particular need to assign information indicating the type of the information layer to the type area 22.
However, if the market changes in the future and not only optical discs having information layers L2 and L3 of the reproduction-only type but various other types of hybrid optical discs are manufactured and sold, it will be necessary to use the bit or bits in the type area 22 to indicate the type of information layer. In order to ensure compatibility with optical discs having information layers L2 and L3 of the reproduction-only type, the bit values '00' or '0' should be assigned to indicate the reproduction-only type, which is the type most frequently used. If these bits are used for indicating some completely different property, the value '00' or '0' should be protected in some way, such as being used only as a reserved value.
This embodiment provides only the information stored in the indicator area to indicate the presence or absence of other information layers, but since this information enables the optical disc device to identify the presence or absence of other information layers, it contributes to the shortening of the access time.
1. An optical data storage medium comprising; at least one Blu-ray layer having a track upon which a laser beam is focused during use; and a management area provided on said at least one Blu-ray layer, said management area having recorded data representing if another recording layer of different optical disc standard is present in said medium, wherein said recorded data has a first information section representing presence and absence of a DVD layer and a second information section representing presence and absence of a CD layer, and when said DVD layer is present in said medium, said first information section represents if said DVD layer is read-only type or recordable type, and when said CD layer is present in said medium, said second information section represents if said CD layer is read-only type or recordable type.
2. An optical data storage medium according to claim 1, wherein said recorded data is assigned a bit 0 if no other recording layer is present in said medium.
U.S. Appl. No. 11/579,832, filed Nov. 7, 2006.
U.S. Appl. No. 11/657,029, filed Jan. 24, 2007.
U.S. Appl. No. 11/822,240, filed Jul. 3, 2007.
U.S. Appl. No. 11/822,241, filed Jul. 3, 2007.
U.S. Appl. No. 11/878,406, filed Jul. 24, 2007.
U.S. Appl. No. 11/878,461, filed Jul. 24, 2007.
U.S. Appl. No. 11/878,462, filed Jul. 24, 2007.
U.S. Appl. No. 11/878,463, filed Jul. 24, 2007.
U.S. Appl. No. 11/878,465, filed Jul. 24, 2007.


text:
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I believe we're going to turn this thing around," Housley said.And yet the Hall of Fame defenseman had to acknowledge how difficult this season has been."This is just where we are as a group," Housley said. "Let's be honest, we have a long way to go."Having already extended their franchise-worst playoff drought to a seventh year Womens Henrik Zetterberg Jersey , the Sabres clinched last place for the third time in five years – they were 30th in both 2013-14 and 2014-15.Their fate this season was sealed in losing their home finale in a matchup of two of the NHL's worst teams.Matt Duchene scored his team-leading 27th goal and the 30th-place Senators upped their total to 67 points, five ahead of the Sabres, who have just two games left.Max McCormick, Ryan Dzingel and Alexandre Burrows, with an empty-netter, also scored for the Senators. Craig Anderson stopped 32 shots, and Ottawa improved to 2-8 in its past 10."We play for each other, we play for our fans, we play for the crest on the front," Anderson said of the Senators' objective to not finish last.And the Senators won with a roster depleted of numerous regulars Jimmy Howard Jersey , including captain Erik Karlsson, who remained in Ottawa to be his wife after the couple's first son was stillborn two weeks ago.The Senators scored three straight times after Buffalo's Ryan O'Reilly opened the scoring on a breakaway goal 30 seconds in.McCormick tied the game 2:26 later by tipping in Mark Borowiecki's point shot. Duchene scored 3:14 later by blasting in a shot over Chad Johnson's left shoulder after teammate Ben Harpur broke up Sabres defenseman Rasmus Ristolainen's clearing attempt at the left boards.Dzingel made it 3-1 at the 3:21 mark of the second period, seconds after a tripping penalty against Buffalo's Marco Scandella expired. Dzingel collected a loose puck in the right circle and used Sabres defenseman Casey Nelson as a screen to sneak a shot under Johnson's right arm.Johnson stopped 30 shots and Kyle Okposo also scored for the Sabres in closing Buffalo's home record at 11-25-5.The Sabres' league-worst 11 home wins matched a franchise low for any year, including the lockout-shortened 48-game 2012-13 season, when Buffalo went 11-10-3. Buffalo also went 11-19-9 during a 78-game season in 1971-72.The Sabres' final four home losses came against four of the NHL's five-worst road teams: Arizona, which entered the day 27th, Detroit (28th), Ottawa (30th) and Montreal (31st)."I expected a lot more," O'Reilly said about Buffalo's record. "But you can expect all you want. It comes down to doing it and getting better. And obviously, we got worse."NOTES: Senators RW Bobby Ryan did not return after sustaining a lower body injury in the first period. He was hurt when teammate Jean-Gabriel Pageau fell back into him after being checked by Buffalo's Jack Eichel. … Sabres C Zemgus Girgensons will miss the final three games with an upper body injury. … Senators RW Marian Gaborik missed his seventh consecutive game Jonathan Ericsson Jersey , and Boucher said the player is visiting a specialist to determine the severity of a nagging back injury. … Corey Syvret made his debut as an NHL referee. Syvret played for OHL London in 2006 when he lost a fight, decisively, to current Sabres forward Jordan Nolan.UP NEXTSenators: Continue season-closing three-game trip Friday night at Pittsburgh.Sabres: Open season-closing two-game trip Friday night at Tampa Bay.— WASHINGTON (AP) — Alex Ovechkin thought he had a chance to score every time he shot the puck and came away disappointed he finished with just one goal.Ovechkin scored his NHL-leading 29th goal of the season, extended his point streak to a career-best 14 games and had the shootout winner to help the Washington Capitals beat the Buffalo Sabres 4-3 on Saturday night. The Russian superstar and reigning playoff MVP continued one of the best runs of his career and fell two goals shy of becoming the first player in league history to record a hat trick in three consecutive games."It would be nice to get another hatty or whatever," Ovechkin said. "But nothing you can do about it."Ovechkin did just about everything he could, putting eight shots on net and beating Buffalo goaltender Carter Hutton for the tying goal in the second period. He has 17 goals and six points during his point streak and has scored in six games in a row.An audible gasp came from the crowd each time Ovechkin had the puck on his stick in the offensive zone, and the goal was his 10th in the past six games. Yet Ovechkin sounded like a player who came up empty."I have pretty good chances, but today, it was not my day," Ovechkin said. "You can't score every night."Ovechkin is testing that limit. He's six ahead of the next-closest player in the league Womens Justin Abdelkader Jersey , Winnipeg's Patrik Laine, and is on pace to surpass 60 goals at age 33."Such a threat, especially when he's confident and he's shooting the puck where he wants," said Brett Connolly, who scored the Capitals' first goal. "He's a bull out there, it seems like he keeps getting better and better every year."With their captain leading the way, the defending Stanley Cup champions are on a five-game winning streak and have won 12 of their past 14 games."There's a really strong spirit in this team," said Jakub Vrana, who also scored for Washington. "We just going to build on that, and it's going to help us in the future."Sabres captain Jack Eichel scored twice and 2018 first overall pick Rasmus Dahlin had a power-play goal for Buffalo Luke Glendening Jersey , which had its two-game winning streak snapped. Hutton stopped 35 of the 38 shots he faced in regulation and overtime, including seven from Ovechkin."He made some big saves all game," defenseman Zach Bogosian said. "He did a real good job of keeping us in it and making some big saves at key times. That's what both of our goalies have done all year. It's been good to see."Buffalo's power play cashed in twice plus Eichel's just after a Washington penalty expired, and its penalty kill was 4 for 4 against the Capitals' vaunted unit. Going toe-to-toe and picking up a point against the defending champions showed the Sabres they could hang with the league's best."It's a really good team over there," Eichel said. "They put a lot on us. They're not the Stanley Cup champs for no reason. They have a lot of really good players over there, some guys who are going to go to the Hall of Fame, and I think we did a lot of good things."NOTES: Capitals G Pheonix Copley stopped 25 of 28 shots in regulation and overtime and two of three in the shootout. … Sabres D Nathan Beaulieu was injured on a hit by Tom Wilson in the second period and did not return. Coach Phil Housley said Beaulieu would be re-evaluated … The Sabres suspended F Patrik Berglund indefinitely for failing to report to the team. Berglund missed the past two games with what was initially called an illness. … Buffalo D Marco Scandella returned after missing eight games with an upper-body injury.UP NEXTSabres: Visit the Boston Bruins on Sunday.Capitals: Host the Pittsburgh Penguins on Wednesday.


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Walter Palmer (16 April 1800 – 22 August 1882)
Walter Palmer's birth on 16 April 1800 and baptism on 4 May 1800 were recorded in the register of the country parish of Dalwood (then in Dorset but later in east Devon) with his parents identified as William and Mary Palmer.1 The parish register contains the record of only one other child, a daughter named Meriah Palmer born on 28 August 1802, and does not record their marriage, making it difficult to trace Walter Palmer's genealogy. However, Walter Palmer's 1850 marriage identifies his father as "William Palmer, Malster" (meaning a person who produces malt from barley, and/or a brewer of beer.)
Move to Bridestowe and marriage to Mary Blaney
As a young man he somehow made his way some 60 miles west to the small village and parish of Bridestowe in west Devon, where he worked as a butcher. The parish register of the somewhat larger adjacent parish of Lewtrenchard contains an entry for the marriage of Walter Palmer of Bridestowe to Mary Blaney of Lewtrenchard on 27 October 1824.2 Mary Blaney had been baptized in Lewtrenchard on 2 June 1805, the daughter of Pearce Blaney and his wife Mary Searle.3
Oddly, a butcher named William Palmer had earlier lived in Bridestowe. Parish records include the marriage of William Palmer and Margaret Peard on 3 October 1826 and the subsequent baptisms of three children named Margaret Peard Palmer (1827), John Peard Palmer (1829), and Izet Palmer (1831). 4
A number of children were born over the next dozen years. Lewtrenchard parish registers record the baptism of three of the first four children below to Walter Palmer, butcher, and his wife Mary. The baptism of the second child and eldest son, Walter Jr., was recorded in Stoke Climsland parish, a dozen miles away, along with three children who died as infants.
The 1841 English census found Walter Palmer, 40, a butcher, and his wife Mary, 35, still living in Bridestowe. The household included three children: Harriet, 15, Ellen, 6, and Pearce, 4, all of whom but Walter were recorded as having been born in Devon. Their eldest son, Walter Palmer Jr., identified as a clerk, was living with his 70-year old grandfather Pearce Blaney, identified as a miner, in a boarding house 20-odd miles to the southeast in Fore Street, Callington, Cornwall, an important mining town.5 The whole family would move to Fore Street in Callington within a year or two.
Excursis: For those unfamiliar with English record-keeping, the only records of births, deaths, and marriages prior to 1837 were those maintained in local parish registers. Beginning in 1837 these records were registered in civil district books. Thus the earliest of this family's vital records are found in the local parish books while later records are found among civil district volumes.
A move to Cornwall
The family moved the 20 or so miles to Callington, Cornwall sometime between the 1841 census and the 1844 birth of their son Frederick. They may temporarily have been in the area earlier, as the baptism in 1828 of Walter William Palmer had been recorded in the parish register of Stoke Climsland, Cornwall. just a brisk walk from Callington. The births of the last two children were recorded in Callington parish records as well as in Liskeard civil district records.
It isn't clear why they moved, though the presence of their son and Mary's father may account for it. Mines in Cornwall and Devon had supplied the nation and Europe with minerals for centuries, but the 19th century saw Cornwall mining reach its zenith, particularly in the production of tin and copper. Callington was a small, but important mining town of Cornwall, with silver mines nearby and at one time in the 19th century its copper mines were also the world's premier producer of arsenic.
Mary's death and a remarriage to Harriet Blaney
Walter Palmer's wife Mary died sometime after the birth of their daughter Louise in 1846 and 1850. There were two deaths of persons named Mary Palmer during that period that were registered about six months apart in the civil district of Liskeard, in which Callington lay. One was recorded in the third quarter of 1849 and the other in the first quarter of 1850.6
Walter remarried to Mary's younger sister Harriet Blaney (1810 – 1889) on 18 August 1850 in St. Olave, Southwark Parish, Surry. The record identifies him as a resident of Fore Street in Callington, and a son of William Palmer, malster, and her as the spinster daughter of Pearce Blaney, farmer. Presumably the marriage took place so far from Cornwall because Harriet was living in Surrey at the time.
The 1851 English census enumerated Walter Palmer, butcher, and his second wife Harriet living at 82 Fore Street in the village of Callington. Four children (Harriet, Ellen, Frederick, and "Lousy"?) were in the household along with his father-in-law Pearce Blaney. The 1851 census conveniently listed each person's birthplace: Walter (Dalwood, Dorset), his wife Harriet and daughter Harriet (both Lewtranchard, Devon), Ellen (Bridestowe, Devon), Frederick and Louise (both Callington, Cornwall). His father-in-law Pearce Blaney's birthplace was Plymton, Devon.
The son Walter Jr. was not in the household, having immigrated to North America eight years earlier. According to a paper he wrote in 1893, he "[landed] at Quebec from England June 1st 1843" and was immediately engaged as a surveyor for the Quebec Mining Company.7 His move may have been influenced by his aunt Margaret Blaney, a third daughter of Pearce Blaney, who had emigrated to Quebec several years earlier.8
Immigration to North Carolina
The rest of the family immigrated to the US not long after the 1851 census. Although it would seem likely that they immigrated after the death of Pearce Blaney in 1854, at least one record suggests the possibility of an immigration about 1853. Walter Palmer appears on a list of naturalizations in Guilford County, North Carolina in 1858, an act that required five years of residence.9 The 1920 census record of Louise Palmer indicates her arrival in the U.S. in 1854. While their initial landing place is unknown, we know from a fortuitously preserved letter that Walter Palmer, both father and son, were in Guilford County in June 1855. That requires a brief explanation.
The Lindsay Gold Mine
The son Walter William Palmer was in Guilford County, North Carolina by the mid 1850s. In 1853 the McCullock Copper and Gold Mining Company of New York City purchased a failing gold and copper mine near Jamestown, Guilford County, North Carolina and in 1854 employed Walter William Palmer as General Superintendent.10 The Lindsay Gold Company was formed in 1854 to operate the mine, with Palmer a director.11 In 1855 Palmer was made a director and Vice-President of the McCullock Gold Company.12 A collection of several fortuitously preserved mine-related documents suggest that Walter William Palmer was managing both the Lindsay mine and the nearby McCullock processing mill.13 The mine did not recover profitability and was sold a year later, but Palmer continued to serve as Superintendent through at least 1856. The deed of sale describes the Lindsay mine as encompassing 200 acres near the Deep River.
One of the documents in the collection is a letter dated 7 June 1855 from Walter W. Palmer to a company director in New York named Thomas C. Durant. In a postscript, Palmer writes "My father will call on you next week. Powell[?] returns with him to visit the Lake Superior mines." I interpret this to mean that Walter's father was traveling from North Carolina to New York accompanied by someone named Powell who would continue to Lake Superior. ("Powell" may have been William Powell, identified in the 1860 Guilford County census as a 30-year old miner.)
Walter Palmer apparently decided to settle in Guilford County. His son Walter Palmer Jr. bought a farm near Jamestown in December 1855.
Walter Palmer and Harriet write their wills
Walter Palmer, identifying himself as a resident of Guilford County, wrote a brief will on 22 October 1868 leaving his entire estate to "my beloved wife Harriet Palmer" and naming "my daughter Harriet Palmer" as executrix.14 He lived for another fourteen years. Despite the simplicity of the will the estate was not settled until 1889; Ellen M. Hill acting as next of kin to the deceased executor Harriet Palmer.15
His wife Harriet wrote a detailed will on 28 September 1885 that was probated four years later.16 She left the lifetime use of her house and 200-acre farm "in the forks of Deep River" to her stepdaughter Harriet B. Palmer who, however, predeceased her — after which the estate was to be divided between "my four stepchildren, namely Walter W. Palmer, Frederick O. Palmer, Ellen M. Hill, and Louise P. Heaven or their heirs". Specific bequests of jewelry and personal effects were made to each of the four stepchildren and to step-grandchildren only two of whom were named: Walter Chas. Palmer and Angela Palmer. Walter W. Palmer was left two silver teaspoons "owned by his late grandfather". The will also bequeathed a "portrait of my uncle William Blaney" to Ellen M. Hill. She named Louise P. Heaven executrix, and she settled the estate in 1891. After the individual bequests, $2,319 was left from sales of land and personal property and distributed among the four children.
Emerson's 1886 Directory of landowners had listed Mrs. Walter Palmer with 1,017 acres of land and Harriet Palmer with 175 acres. (Oddly, a James Palmer was listed as the agent for the Lindsay Mine. Whether he was a relative in unclear.) After the daughter Harriet's death, the widow Harriet advertised two adjacent farms near Jamestown for sale but apparently died before a sale could be executed.
Burials in the Oakwood Municipal Cemetery
Walter Palmer, along with his second wife and his two eldest children, is buried in the Oakwood Municipal Cemetery in High Point, Guilford County, North Carolina. His gravestone inscription reads" Sacred to the memory of Walter Palmer Born in Dalwood Dorsetshite England April 16, 1800 Died near Jamestown N. C. August 22, 1882." His death was reported in the Greensboro North State newspaper.17 The death of his wife Harriet on 28 July 1889 was noted in the Greensboro North State newspaper as well18 Her stone reads: "Harriet daughter of Pearce Blaney and second wife of Walter Palmer Born Lew Trenchard, Devonshire, England August 3, 1810 Died near Jamestown N.C. July 28, 1889." The two stones, along with the daughter Harriet's stone, appear to have been made at the same time — I suspect that Louise Heaven procured all three gravestones.
An excellent book with a mountain of information about Louise Palmer Heaven, her literary career, and her siblings is Wayward Letters: Clues to the Disappearance of Louise Palmer Heaven – A Canadian Literary Coldcase, by Nick Drumbolis (Opensource, 2017) Unfortunately, I discovered it after most of this page was produced. The book is readily available (and free) online at this link and is highly recommended to anyone interested in the Palmer family.
Harriet Blaney Palmer (15 August 1826 – 15 April 1887) The 4 September 1826 baptism of "Harriet Blaney Palmer" was recorded in the parish register of Lewtrenchard, Devon with her father identified as a butcher and a resident of Lew Down.19 She never married and apparently lived her entire life with her parents. She is buried in the Oakwood Municipal Cemetery in High Point, Guilford County, North Carolina. The inscription on her gravestone, which appears to be more or less contemporary, reads: "Harriet Blaney eldest daughter of Walter & Mary Palmer Born at Lewtrenchard, Devonshire, Eng. Aug 15, 1826. Died April 15, 1887."
Walter William Palmer (27 December 1827 – 13 November 1901) He was enumerated in the 1841 English census in Callington, listed as a clerk, living with his grandfather, listed as a miner. He followed at least one of his Blaney aunts to Canada. His 1893 paper mentioned above included a note by the Director of Mines in Ontario: "Mr. Palmer is a native of Devon, England and received an education there to qualify him for a mining engineer; and since leaving Canada more than forty years ago, he has been devoting his life successfully to that profession in the United States and Mexico."20 Palmer wrote in this paper that he landed in Quebec in 1 June 1848, was employed by the Quebec Mining Company for a year as a surveyor at the Mica Bay copper mines on Lake Superior and then as superintendent of the Bruce Mines on Lake Huron. He subsequently was associated with the Wheal Kate mine in Houghton County, Michigan in 1851, though no copper was found and the mine closed in 1853, and with other ventures in the area. Walter left the Great Lakes area in early 1854, though it isn't clear where he went.
He was in North Carolina later that year (see above) and for the next couple of years. After leaving North Carolina he must have gone to Mexico, though no specific record of his employment there was uncovered. He must have married Francesca Dolores Jenkins about 1856 as the 1870 census lists a son born circa 1857. Zacatecas civil records registered the the birth on 12 July 1858 of a daughter named Mary Margaret Palmer (1858-?) to Walter William Palmer and his wife Francesca Dolores Jenkins. And Mexico City civil records note the birth of Fanny Georgiana Palmer (1861-1869) on 18 October 1861 to the same couple.
He was back in the U.S. as general superintendent of the Ophir Mine and Mill silver mining complex near Comstock from 1862 to 1864.21 He then removed to California where he was listed in San Francisco city directories in 1865 and 1869. Walter Palmer was naturalized in San Francisco on 30 October 1868 and registered to vote there shortly thereafter.22 However, the 1870 census found him several miles south in Redwood, Santa Clara County, listed with his wife Fanny D. Palmer (36) and three children: Louis Palmer (c1857 – ?), Mary M. Palmer (1858-?), and Anita Palmer (c1860) all of whom were born in Mexico. Tragically, the 1870 Mortality Census recorded the deaths of five of his children. Walter W. Palmer (1859-1869), Fanny G. Palmer (1861-1869), Harriet Palmer (1864-1870) and a baby named Anna Palmer (1869-1869) all died of diphtheria in December 1869 or January 1870. A fifth child, Anna's twin, Agnes C. Palmer had died in October.
His wife and the three remaining children seemed to disappear after the 1870 census (although the oldest daughter Mary M. Palmer was living with Louise Heaven in Philadelphia in 1880.) They may have died or returned to Mexico while Walter remained in the area. He was living in a San Francisco hotel in 1877, listed in the city directory in 1879, and was enumerated as a boarder — and an unmarried man — in a hotel in the 1880 census of San Francisco. Contemporary newspapers reported his continuing involvement in mining ventures during this period.
It isn't clear when he left California, but his 1893 paper (see above) give his address as his sister Louise P. Heaven's residence in Washington, D.C. and a newspaper report of the marriage of his niece Sophia Heaven two years later describes him as a resident of that city as well.23 The 1900 census found him living in the household of Mrs. C. J. Peck in Greensboro, North Carolina. That census also reported that he had been married 44 years and had immigrated (presumably from Mexico) in 1870. The Greensboro newspaper reported his death at Mrs. Peck's home on 18 November 1901.24 He did not leave a will in North Carolina, nor was an estate probated there. He is buried along with his father and sister in the Oakwood Municipal Cemetery where the inscription on his gravestone reads: "Walter William Palmer eldest son of Walter & Mary Palmer Born in Stoke-Climsland, Cornwall, England December 27, 1827 Died in Greensboro, N. C. November 18, 1901."
Ellen Mary Palmer (10 March 1835 – 2 April 1913) She was baptized on 12 April 1835 in Bridestowe.25 Her birth was later registered in Liskeard records as "Ellen Mary Palmer."26 About 1863 she married a first cousin named Cornelius Augustus Blaney Hill (1837-1867) whose mother was her aunt Margaret, another daughter of Pearce Blaney, who had immigrated to Canada many years earlier. Hill was a foreman at the Ophir Mill in the mid 1860s at the same time her brother Walter was superintendent of the mine.
In April 1867 Cornelius Hill was part owner of one mine and superintendent of another near Silver City, Nevada when he was robbed and murdered just a mile or two from home as he was returning from a mine with payroll cash.27 The 1870 and 1880 censuses found Ellen M. Hill living near Silver City, Lyon County, Nevada with her two sons Walter Palmer Hill (1864-1914) and George A. Hill (1865-1944) and not far from her aunt and mother-in-law Margaret Blaney Hill Page (who had been twice widowed.) She was living in the household of her son Walter in St. Petersburg, Florida in 1900 and in Conway, Orange County, Florida in 1910. In between, she was enumerated in the 1901 Toronto, Ontario census in the household of her sister Louise Palmer Heaven. She and her son Walter Palmer Hill share a stone in the Conway Cemetery in Orlando, Orange County, Florida whose inscription reads "Ellen M. Hill 1835-1913 Walter P. Hill 1864-1914"
Pearce Blaney Palmer (1837 – 3 September 1849) He died as a child. He was baptized in Bridestowe parish on 20 August 1837, the son of Walter and Mary Palmer, and died twelve years later. His death was recorded in the third quarter of 1849 in the Liskeard disctrict register.28
Frederick Orlando Palmer (29 February 1844 – 7 February 1919) His birth in Callington was registered in Liskeard district of Cornwall as "Frederick Orlando Palmer" in June 1844. (England & Wales Civil Registrations, Birth Index, 1837-1915, online database referencing Liskeard Volume 9, page 161.)) He must have been barely ten when his parents immigrated, so he probably spent the remainder of his childhood somewhere in the U.S, perhaps in North Carolina. At some point he settled in the silver mining districts of Mexico where he married Rosa Bodmer and had thirteen children, one of whom was Louise Seifert Overton.
For more see the separate page Frederick Orlando Palmer
Louise Maria Palmer (27 March 1846 – 5 January 1922) Her birth in Callington was registered in Liskeard district of Cornwall as "Louise Maria Palmer" in June 1846.29 She probably immigrated with her family — the 1920 census shows her immigration year as 1854. The earliest record of her in the U.S. is the 1860 census, which found her living with the Brooklyn, NY family of a classics teacher named Silas Metclafe who operated Metcalfe's Academy for Young Ladies. She also attended Rutgers Female Institute in New York.30 Her books suggest that a few years later she visited her family in North Carolina and then, as an 18-year old traveled to live with her sister Ellen in Nevada. By the age of 20 was living in San Francisco, perhaps with her brother Walter. Her career as a writer was realized there; by the end of the 1860s she had five books published. She was in Zacatecas, Mexico, apparently living with her brother Frederick, when she married Samuel Manuel Heaven on 20 September 1869.31 Her husband was the son of a British Consul and Vera Cruz businessman named Robert Heaven and his Spanish wife Dona Joaquina de las Cabos y da Alva.
She remained in Mexico for a few years, as Zacatecas records note the births of three daughters: Ethel Rosa Heaven (1870-1936), Alicia Maria Heaven (1871-1948), and Adela Louise Heaven (1873-aft1940). Her writings suggest a brief return to New York City, but a fourth daughter, Sophia Langworthy Heaven (1875-c1940) was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and her husband Samuel Heaven died there in July 1876 leaving her with four young daughters, the youngest barely a year old. The 1880 census for Philadelphia found Louisa heading a household of her four daughters and her nieces Mary A. Palmer (Walter's daughter?) and Frederick's daughters Louisa G. Palmer and Rosa M. Palmer. The household also included a governess and two servants.
A summary of her life to this point appeared in The Morning Call (San Francisco) in 1890: 32
Louise Palmer Heaven, who has written under the name of Lucia Norman and Laura Preston, was born In England In a suburb of Plymouth. She was educated in New York City and developed her literary taste at a very early age. She was an Insatiable reader almost from babyhood, and commenced to write for publication when but 15 years of age. She says that her taste has been greatly Influenced by the writings of Addison, Christopher North, Lew Wallace. Mrs. Browning arid the modem school of poets, and In an historical way by Motley and Prescott. After her graduation from school she went directly to the Pacific Coast, where she lived in Nevada and San Francisco until her marriage to Samuel L. Heaven In 1869. After that for about six years she lived In Zacatecas and the City of Mexico. Since the death of her husband in 1876 she has lived In Philadelphia and Washington, devoting herself particularly to her four daughters. Sh« has traveled extensively abroad and also through the United States and Mexico. Her principal work Is "Chata and Chinita", a novel, the scenes of which have been largely drawn from actual life In Mexico. She has not made literature a profession because, as she says, domestic duties have rendered It almost Impossible.
Louise Palmer Heaven was in Washington, D.C. by January 1890 when she gave a tea at her home on R Street to introduce Ethel and Alice to society.33 On 23 January 1895 her daughter Sophia married in Washington to George Nathaniel Morang of Toronto, Canada. Her three remaining daughters were all naturalized in Washington in June 1900 and the 1900 census found her still living in Washington with her three older daughters. Just a year later the 1901 Canadian census enumerated her in Toronto with her daughter Adela and her sister Ellen Hill. I did not find her in the 1910 census, but she was in Washington in 1920 living with Adela and Alicia.
She is buried in Washington, D.C. in the Glenwood Cemetery where her gravestone reads: "In memory of our mother Louise Palmer Heaven Born in Callington England March 27, 1846 Died in Washington, D.C. January 5, 1922, widow of Samuel Manuel Heaven." Her children were Ethel Rosa Heaven (1870-1936) and Alice M. Heaven (1872-1948).
England & Wales Christening Records, 1530-1906, database online at ancestry.com. Also in Dalwood Parish Register, online at http://www.dalwoodhistory.co.uk/resources/Baptisms+1713-1912.pdf. [↩]
Lewtrenchard Parish Register, online images at findmypast.com [↩]
Bridestowe parish records, online at http://www.opcdev.co.uk/parish.php/?parish=Bridestowe [↩]
Callington, Cornwall Census, page 32. [↩]
England & Wales Civil Registrations, Death Index, 1837-2007, online database referencing Volume 9, page 150 and Volume 9, page 116, respectively. [↩]
"A Pioneer's Mining Experience on Lake Superior and Lake Huron", Walter William Palmer, Washington D. C., Second Report of the Bureau of Mines 1892 (Warwick & Sons, Toronto, 1893), page 171. [↩]
She married in George Hill in Montreal in 1833. [↩]
"North Carolina Naturalization Index 1792-1862", Betty S. Cumin (Typewritten manuscript, 1989), page 26. The author notes that some items in her list may be merely declarations of intent to become citizens, which required only two years of residence. If that describes Walter Palmer's case then he may not have arrived in the U.S. until after 1853. [↩]
The Mining Magazine, Volume 4 (1855), pages 282-286. [↩]
The Mining Magazine, Volume 2 (1854), page 526. [↩]
"Correspondence regarding the Lindsay Mine in North Carolina, 1855-1868", in the "Levi O. Leonard Railroadiana" digital document collection at the University of Iowa. The collection consists of business correspondence relating to the Lindsay Mining Company located near Jamestown, NC. [↩]
Guilford County Wills, Volume E, page 354, probated 1 February 1883. [↩]
Guilford County Settlements Book 1889-1898, page 14. [↩]
Guilford County Wills, Volume F, pages 12-15, probated 18 August 1889. [↩]
Greensboro North State issue of 24 August 1882, page 3. [↩]
Greensboro North State issue of 1 August 2889, page 8. [↩]
Lewtrenchard parish register. [↩]
The Mining & Metallurgy of Gold and Silver, John Arthur Phillips (1867), page 358. [↩]
California Great Register 1872-1873, page 327. [↩]
Washington Evening Star issue of 24 January 1895. [↩]
The Greensboro Patriot issue of 20 November 1901, page 1. [↩]
England & Wales Civil Registrations, Birth Index, 1837-1915, online database referencing Volume 9, page 157 dated in September 1838. [↩]
Reported in a number of newspapers, among them the Daily Union Vidette (Camp Douglas, Utah), issue of 19 April 1867, page 2; The Montana Post (Virginia City, Montana) issue of 4 May 1867, page 2; The Sacramento Union issue of 10 April 1867. A follow-up story appeared in the Nevada State Journal issue of 10 December 1870, page 2. [↩]
England & Wales Civil Registrations, Death Index, 1837-1915, online database referencing Liskeard Volume 9, page 145. [↩]
England & Wales Civil Registrations, Birth Index, 1837-1915, online database referencing Liskeard district Volume 9, page 162. [↩]
Biographical Index Card at California State Library, online at ancestry.com Rutgers Institute offered a one-year course until 1867 when it began a four-year curriculum as Rutgers Female College. [↩]
Zacatecas, Mexico Civil Registration Marriages 1869, page 140. [↩]
The Morning Call (San Francisco) issue of 20 April 1890, page 12 as part of an article about "Pacific Coast Writers" [↩]
Evening Star (Washington, DC) issue of 21 January 1890, page 2 and 27 January, page 3. [↩]


My "Plein Air" or on site paintings have a raw and direct feel to them. It's often a race against time because the weather can change. Rain washes the paint away and wind can blow your painting and makeshift studio away. Light will change. Insects can arrive. Fatigue can set in too so you have to work as fast and direct as your painting method will allow. I think I've made some of my best paintings on site because of this immediacy and direct, less detailed approach. It's not easy but it can be rewarding and even if the painting doesn't work out at lease you have managed to spend he day in a beautiful place. I usually consider myself to be very fortunate and privileged to be where I am doing what I'm doing.
My studio paintings are made from the photographs I've taken, either on painting trips or other activities. I take a lot of photos for potential paintings and select only a small percentage of them to start a painting with. I edit the photograph to improve the light and colour to get closer to the mood that I want the work to take on. I sometimes use two or more photos to get the elements I need for a composition. I consider the studio works from photographs to be a more likely to introduce a mood or feeling that might be more theatrical or cinematic; a little larger than life and more interior, not just literally but also psychologically. They become something different and often relate to art history or perhaps the work of a filmmaker that I might admire.


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Q: By how much do the Thrifty Hacker and Vending Expert gene tonics lower vending machine prices, and how do they stack with each other? The Vending Expert gene tonic is described as "provides a slight reduction to prices in vending machines" while its upgrade, the Vending Expert 2 gene tonic is described as "provides a substantial reduction to prices in vending machines".
The Thrifty Hacker gene tonic's effects is described as "hacked vending prices are even cheaper".
By how much do the Vending Expert 1 or 2, and the Thrifty Hacker gene tonics lower vending machine prices? If a vending machine is hacked, how do the Vending Expert 1 or 2, and Thrifty Hacker stack with each other if both gene tonics are equipped?

A: Hacking a machine takes 20% off the price of most items.
Thrifty Hacker provides 10% off prices, but only when the machine is hacked.
Vending Expert provides 10% off hacked or unhacked prices.
Vending Expert 2 provides 15% off hacked or unhacked prices.
The effect of the tonics is additive with each other, but multiplicative with the discount provided by hacking.
To calculate the final cost of an item, use the following formulas.
Base_cost = Base cost of item.  This is the unhacked cost with no tonics.

Tonic_Discount = Sum of all discounts from tonics, per above
  up to (35%) for all three vending tonics

Hacking_Multiplier = 100 if the machine is unhacked.
                   = 80 if the machine is hacked.

Final_Cost = Base_cost * (Hacking_Multiplier / 100) * (100 - Tonic_Discount) / 100

The best possible price from a hacked vending machine with all three tonics is 52% of the base price of the item.
If you only splice one tonic, the best choice is Vending Expert 2, followed by Vending Expert.  Thrifty Hacker is the least useful of the three, because while it provides exactly the same discount as Vending Expert, it only works on hacked machines.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Chip Coffey claims to have had 'ugly interactions' with Ryan Buell
Psychic Chip Coffey says he had "ugly interactions" with Ryan Buell and isn't surprised to learn of his troubles. Buell's former "Paranormal State" co-star continues to try and distance himself from his friend since their failed "Conversations with the Dead" tour where Buell pocketed nearly $100,000 from fans after he cancelled multiple events. [...]
Online scammers pretending to be Facebook employees target paranormal community
Scammers pretending to be employees of Facebook have been contacting people in the paranormal community trying to get them to send money. The thieves tell potential victims that they've won a contest and that they have to pay a transfer fee to get their winnings. [...]
Paranormal event planner Carol Malone is filming pilot for new television series
A paranormal event planner was arrested in Arizona for allegedly scamming people and businesses out of thousands of dollars in Tombstone earlier this year. The Virginia woman now claims that she is being featured in a paranormal television series. [...]
Brian Harnois lashes out at fans regarding December disappearance
January 7, 2013 // 0 Comments
Brian Harnois, a former paranormalinvestigator of the television show "Ghost Hunters", abandoned his family and friends by disappearing for a few days just [...]
Lost & Found: Brian Harnois of 'Ghost Hunters' possible suicide attempt
Brian Harnois, a former paranormal investigator of the television show "Ghost Hunters", allegedly wrote a suicide note on Sunday, December 9, 2012. His wife, [...]
Woman finds doppelganger on Facebook and they're unrelated but look like twins
John Albrecht, Jr.
Rick Hinton


Telemedicine has developed dramatically over the past few years, and care providers have come to comprehend the profound ways in which it can enhance patient care. With this evolution has also come the increased sophistication of telemedicine practitioners. Doctors, administrators and nurses now desire easier integration, support for multiple specialties on a single comprehensive platform, clinical adaptability and configurability, and robust data collection and analytics.
With changing times healthcare providers are looking further away from proprietary hardware and networks that have been used since the early generations of telemedicine technology. They now demand affordable and lithe solutions. Effective telemedicine programs are now being progressively more powered by off‐the‐shelf PC components, standard, low-cost cameras and promising networking standards. These easy-to-use, standardized products permit the care providers to opt for the most relevant end‐point for the clinical requirements; whether it be a high-performance cart, a PC or a cellular device such as an iPad, Android or Surface tablet. Care providers are also now increasingly seeking specialty‐specific telemedicine software applications that are deployable and easily accessible across these commodity hardware devices using open networks.
Healthcare systems are now on the lookout for enterprise‐wide telemedicine solutions that can extend to support multiple service lines and an assortment of delivery models, all on one common platform. Just as smartphones have made the old keypad phone obsolete owing to their technological capabilities, providers want a single platform to contain all their telemedicine requirements. They expect a simple, powerful solution that helps varied telemedicine requirements across the continuum of care and works wherever it is needed, on the devices of their choice. These platforms have already started production and are being designed with an open architecture, offering the comfort of plug‐and‐play connectivity with specific, interoperable components such as high-quality peripherals.
The keys to prosperous patient engagement are exceptional for each physician. To reconstruct the bedside knowledge for doctors and patients, telemedicine solutions require to support individual physician predilections. Concurrently, they should assist healthcare organizations in their mission to regulate treatment protocols. To address these needs, telemedicine solutions are transforming into more flexible, providing physicians with the flexibility to identify how information is displayed and utilized, all within the boundaries of the standard clinical procedures defined by the provider organization.
Today most telemedicine networks include providers using different EMR systems, patient information needs to flow freely as needed. It is important to note that during a telemedicine consultation the applicable patient data should be displayed seamlessly to both the clinician at the point of care and also to the remote specialist, even though they are using different EMR. As telemedicine expands throughout the continuum of healthcare distribution, integration with EMR systems is quickly becoming a baseline expectation.
As the practice of telemedicine develops, providers are seeing that successful programs do not take a set‐it‐and‐forget‐it approach. Effective program management requires clinical, financial and usage data, covering a wide spectrum from personal consultations and physicians to setting‐precise metrics and program‐wide trends. Through first‐generation telemedicine systems, telemedicine program managers have been meticulously gathering this data manually but now increasingly expect this information to be readily available in contemporary systems.
As the caregiver's expectations of telemedicine technologies are shifting rapidly, with increasing focus on patient engagement and enhanced outcomes, providers are time after time seeking telemedicine solutions that do much more than merely enable consultations, but alongside truly augment clinical effectiveness and overall program management. With each passing day the world shifts away from propriety programs and look ahead towards innovative life-changing capabilities.


Enjoy the top 8 famous quotes, sayings and quotations by Robert Helpmann.
Theatre remains the only thing I understand. It is in the community of theatre that I have my being. In spite of jealousies and fears, emotional conflicts and human tensions; in spite of the penalty of success and the dread of failure; in spite of tears and feverish gaiety this is the only life I know. It is the life I love.
People often say to me - how clever you are! How brilliant to be able to go from ballet to theatre as you do. I answer that it is not clever at all. It is the gift of looking at oneself coolly, of calculating the future objectively. I could see the danger signals as far as ballet was concerned before anyone else did, that's all.
And I saw Australia anew through her eyes. And I realised what a tremendously thrilling country it was. And ever since then I have been coming back regularly.
Want to see more pictures of Robert Helpmann quotes? Click on image of Robert Helpmann quotes to view full size.


For viewers, this begs the question: Is the sauce that good? It certainly sounds like the type of thing that might be delicious, but then, it was only a brief promotional item tied to the release of Mulan, so who knows. The Rick And Morty Twitter account has stoked the fires of viewers' curiosity further.
Anyway, it's all working. As UpRoxx notes, people are out here signing Change.org petitions left and right to bring it back. YouTube's favorite pop-culture cooking show Binging With Babish has produced a video showing viewers how to make their own McDonald's Szechuan sauce, although the host notes at the outset that he has no idea what the actual McDonald's goo tastes like.
As others have noted, Disney's got a live-action Mulan remake on the slate, so this dream of corporate synergy may become a reality yet.


A deliberate destroyer of the image of the American actor Matthew McConaughey.
Ex: "When Jade brought up 'The Wedding Planner' and 'Ghosts of Girlfriends Past,' she was going out of her way to be a McConaclast."
The economic theory that providing tax breaks, incentives, and other financial benefits to Matthew McConaughey will improve the economy as a whole.
Ex: "If President Obama really wanted to jumpstart the American economy, he'd apply McConanomics and provide Matthew McConaughey an annual earned income tax credit."
Ex: "Kevin, you need to let Matthew McConaughey out of our basement. It's a clear violation of his McConaughabeas Corpus."
An interruption in the amount or intensity of Matthew McConaughey.
"Following his McConaissance, I wouldn't be surprised if Matthew McConaughey took an extended McConaghiatus."
An extreme or irrational fear of being in close proximity to Matthew McConaughey.
Ex: "Fernando turned down his tickets to the 'Mud' premiere on account of his severe McConaughoraphobia."
When someone says "Matthew McConaughey" in such a way that it imitates the actual sound of the Matthew McConaughey it describes.


Exceptional Condo Living in this stylish Eastwind Villas Condo! 1 story ranch condo with many highlights and touches throughout that making everyday living a breeze! Foyer enters into fireplaced living room with cathedral ceiling, open to dining area and beautiful open concept kitchen, complete with snack bar. Pantry adds convenience while adjacent sunroom provides relaxation. Master suite features cathedral ceiling and offers dressing room for additional luxury and organization. Easy living begins here!


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On The Back Edge Of The Beat
About & Contact/Submissions
"Faces" adds reissue, needed revisit to mixtape dubbed "Mac Miller's opus"
I've heard a lot of analytical voices over the years eagerly detail the expert stream-of-consciousness musical technicality rapper Mac Miller throws down on 2014 mixtape Faces. And while I've done plenty of previous dabbling in the then-22-year-old's headspace on the piece, it wasn't until the recent re-release of Faces that I thoroughly took the mixtape's (now) 25-song journey to its completion. Both the new version as well as its original incarnation, initially made available free online.
Despite the 2021 edition's removed samples due to rights issues and some slight instrumental changes, it still largely delivers on Miller's tour de force of drug battles, struggles between darkness and light, and dodging in and out of the windows of a chaotic life that'd eventually result in his 2018 demise from a fentanyl-laced cocaine overdose. It's the furthest type of album I'd have expected from Miller at one time, especially after his bright baby-faced independent pop-rap rise to stardom with 2010's shiny-eyed K.I.D.S. and 2011's Blue Slide Park. But I've had a lot to learn about Mac since falling head over heels for his final two masterful albums Swimming and Circles, and part of that included realizing he was so much more than just a half-drawn image of some Pittsburgh slack-rapper.
Here instead was a musician who ultimately preferred being sequestered in his studio (dubbed "The Sanctuary") as he explored just how far the deep end of his talent pool truly went. Themes of girls and partying present on Miller's earlier work quickly gave way to new stories in the chapters of his own pain, depression, love, ego and mortality; all of which are delved into on Faces.
There were some record execs at the time who felt the direction would cause his star to fade, when the truth was something much more enduring. While Miller's Blue Slide Park persona might have quickly given way as a gimmick had he stayed on that path, what instead resulted was a fragile, expressively brilliant yet self-destructive humanity in a young man whose lightbulb simply burned out too soon. What was once derision of Miller's origins instead simply became a question of, what might have been with more time? What might have been next after 2018?
Sadly we won't ever know the answer. As it is, I know we were fortunate to have Mac Miller as long as we did. Even four years before his overdose death, Faces is rife with references to significant cocaine use ("Polo Jeans", "Friends", "Angel Dust"), fears he would "die before he detoxed", and that his doing drugs was "just a war with boredom but its sure to get me" ("Malibu", "Funeral"). Miller even eerily seemed to foretell how his eventual death would play out on "San Francisco", and pondered if he'd even make it to another album with closer "Grand Finale".
Periodically there are times in your life between the headphones of melody where a new musician in your life becomes something… more invested. Sometimes without you even realizing it's happening and being woven into your DNA fabric. I've absolutely found that in Mac Miller, who utterly defied my expectations and showed me how wrong it was to put anybody's talent in a predetermined box.
The listens (especially in later years knowing the tragedy of Mac's story) aren't always easy, but they're real with warts-out honesty. And as hard and as painful as that can be to endure sometimes, it's also often a way to create a bond over even the implication of shared experiences. Both the ups and downs in those pairings.
Faces certainly has its fair share of uncomfortable truths when it comes to what was going on in Mac Miller's life at the time. But despite the dark paths and alleys within those narratives, Miller's talent only continued to blossom around those gritty city streets in his mind. And that led to the creation of so much beauty within this mixtape. And within so much of his catalogue.
I wish it wasn't the end, but he did have one hell of a gorgeous Grand Finale.
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A little closing statement for 2021…
"Long Way Home" feels like creature comforts for Steele Creek on new LP
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Audrey DuBois Harris brings all the soul to tender "Christmas Without You"
Andrew Thomases leaves us to wonder can we really "Outrun Evolution" on new single
We're "No Stranger" to loving new single from Moonray
If You Don't Yet Know Silk Sonic, "Leave The Door Open" For This Supergroup