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What Area Of New York Were Part Of The Underground Railroad? (Solved)
What Areas Of New York Were Part Of The Underground Railroad?
Starr Clark Tin Shop – Mexico. …
Lewiston – Niagara County. …
John Brown Farm Historic Site – Lake Placid. …
Mother AME Zion Church – New York City. …
Rogues Harbor Inn – Lansing. …
Murphy Orchards – Burt. …
Mission Restaurant – Syracuse. …
What areas cities of New York were part of the Underground Railroad?
9 Incredible Places Around New York That Were Once Part Of The Underground Railroad
Starr Clark Tin Shop – Mexico.
Lewiston – Niagara County.
John Brown Farm Historic Site – Lake Placid.
Mother AME Zion Church – New York City.
Rogues Harbor Inn – Lansing.
Murphy Orchards – Burt.
Mission Restaurant – Syracuse.
Where was the Underground Railroad in New York State?
As Foner details in his new book, Gateway to Freedom: The Hidden History of the Underground Railroad, New York was a crucial way station from the Upper South through Pennsylvania and onward to upstate New York, New England and Canada.
Did the Underground Railroad go through NY?
Abolitionists employed a vast network of churches, safe houses, and community sites in New York, as well as the 445-mile border with Canada, to help emancipate enslaved people.
Was Rochester NY part of the Underground Railroad?
Rochester became an important hub in the Underground Railroad in the 1830s. The Genesee River's access to Lake Ontario helped freedom seekers slip into Canada. The city was also home to Frederick Douglass, who moved to Rochester in the 1840s.
Was Staten Island part of the Underground Railroad?
STATEN ISLAND, N.Y. — Staten Island has a rich history revolving around people of African descent who were freed from enslavement – from Sandy Ground to stops along the Underground Railroad.
Which city built the first underground railroad?
The London Underground, which opened in 1863, was the world's first underground railway system. More than 30,000 passengers tried out the Tube on the opening day and it was hailed by the Times as "the great engineering triumph of the day". Pictured – William Gladstone on an inspection of the first underground line.
Why did slaves go to New York?
During the American Revolutionary War, the British troops occupied New York City in 1776. The Philipsburg Proclamation promised freedom to slaves who left rebel masters, and thousands moved to the city for refuge with the British. By 1780, 10,000 black people lived in New York.
Where did most slaves who utilized the Underground Railroad come from?
What directions did slaves often take when escaping?
Sometimes they traveled with people escaping all the way from the South, where they had been enslaveed, to the North or to Canada, where they would be free. Sometimes the conductors traveled only a short distance and then handed those escaping to another helper.
Which historic residence in Albany was a crucial stop along the Underground Railroad?
One important site noted in the video is the Stephen and Harriet Myers Residence, which was discovered just outside the region's historic district. Located at 194 Livingston Avenue in Albany, New York, the townhouse served as a stop on the Underground Railroad and as an anti-slavery meeting place.
What was decided in the Compromise of 1850?
As part of the Compromise of 1850, the Fugitive Slave Act was amended and the slave trade in Washington, D.C., was abolished. Furthermore, California entered the Union as a free state and a territorial government was created in Utah.
Why did some black abolitionists become increasingly more militant during the 1840s?
Why did some black abolitionists become increasingly militant during the 1840s? They were inspired by several slave rebellions and mutinies on ships.
Was Frederick Douglass part of the Underground Railroad?
The famous abolitionist, writer, lecturer, statesman, and Underground Railroad conductor Frederick Douglass (1817–1895) resided in this house from 1877 until his death. He was a leader of Rochester's Underground Railroad movement and became the editor and publisher of the North Star, an abolitionist newspaper.
Did Harriet Tubman live in Rochester New York?
Harriet Tubman Eventually, she found a home in the Finger Lakes. Once Tubman had her freedom she did everything she could to free other slaves. Hundreds found freedom thanks to Harriet Tubman, who is known to many as the 'Moses of Her People'. She is honored in Auburn, the site of her local residence.
Where did Frederick Douglass live in Rochester New York?
For many years it was thought that Frederick Douglass had lived at two locations in Rochester: an urban site at 4 Alexander Street (old numbering), now 297 Alexander, where he lived from 1848 to 1852; and a rural site at 999 South Avenue, to which he moved in 1852.
Underground Railroad in New York
Travel down New York's Underground Railroad to commemorate the history and valor that carried America to freedom during the American Civil War era. Note: Please join I LOVE NY for a panel discussion with top experts from Underground Railroad tourist destinations. You can see it here. Why did New York play such a significant part in the Underground Railroad, which helped approximately 100,000 enslaved people escape to freedom in the northern United States and Canada during the American Civil War?
Visiting New York's Underground Railroad system, which stretches from Brooklyn to Buffalo and everywhere in between, and learning the stories of America's most courageous abolitionists along the route, is a popular tourist attraction.
For further information, please see the Underground Railroad page on the New York State Department of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation's website.
15 Underground Railroad stops in New York City
Harriet Tubman monument in Harlem, New York City. viadenisbin's photostream on Flickr Due to the region's cotton and sugar industries, which relied on slave labor for nearly 200 years, the majority of New York City residents supported slavery leading up to the American Civil War. The colonial era saw slaves in 41 percent of New York City households, compared to only six percent in Philadelphia and two percent in Boston during the same time period. The city eventually became a hotbed of anti-slavery activism after the state abolished slavery in 1827.
Even while some of the original Underground Railroad sites are no longer in existence or have been relocated, some of the original structures may still be seen today, including as Brooklyn's Plymouth Church and the Staten Island mansion of fervent abolitionist Dr.
Travel along the Underground Railroad, which has 15 documented stations in New York City, in the days ahead.
David Ruggles Boarding Home, 36 Lispenard Street, Soho, New York City David Ruggles, who was 17 when he arrived in New York from Connecticut, immediately established himself as one of the most influential anti-slavery advocates in the country.
Ruggles is credited with personally assisting as many as 600 fugitives, including Frederick Douglass, by providing them with sanctuary in his home on Lispenard Street in New York City.
Ruggles sought me out and very generously brought me to his boarding-house at the corner of Church and Lespenard Streets." Ruggles' boarding-house was located at the junction of Church and Lespenard Streets.
Ruggles' original three-story townhouse was destroyed, and the site has been transformed into a La Colombe Coffee store, which features a plaque commemorating Ruggles and his accomplishments.
Theodore Wright House, located at 2 White Street in Tribeca, New York In addition to becoming the first African American to graduate from a theology seminary in the United States, Theodore Wright was an outspoken abolitionist and clergyman in New York City.
Wright's Tribeca house was used as a station on the Underground Railroad during the Civil War.
His original Dutch-style house, located at 2 White Street, is still standing and has been designated as a New York City Landmark for preservation.
It taught children of slaves and free people of color.
In addition to educating black students, the school on Mulberry Street was rumored to have acted as a station on the Underground Railroad during the Civil War.
Fourth, the African Society for Mutual Relief (ASMR) 42 Baxter Street is located in Chinatown in Manhattan.
Because the organization operated during a time when everything was separated by race, such as schools and cemeteries, it was able to provide health insurance, life insurance, and even aid with burial fees to black people in return for membership dues.
The comprehensive organization, which was located in the Five Points district, acted as a school, a meetinghouse, and a stopping point on the Underground Railroad.
A state government office has been established at this area.
Downing's Oyster House is located at 5 Broad Street in Manhattan's Financial District.
Downing's oyster bar, which was located on the junction of Broad Street and Wall Street, catered to rich bankers, politicians, and socialites who came for his raw, fried, and stewed oysters.
Between 1825 and 1860, the father-son team assisted a large number of fleeing slaves on their journey to Canada.
The city's Chamber of Commerce was closed in his honor on April 10, 1866, the anniversary of Downing's death.
The Colored Sailors' Home, founded by an abolitionist named William Powell at the junction of Gold and John Streets in lower Manhattan, was the first of its kind in the United States.
The Sailors' Home was used as a meeting place for anti-slavery campaigners and as a safe haven for escaped slaves during the Civil War.
In accordance with Leslie Harris' book, In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, Albro and Mary Lyons acquired possession of the Sailors' Home following Powell's departure for Europe.
The Mother AME Zion, courtesy of the New York AGO 7.
Mother African Methodist Episcopal Zion became the first black church in New York State when it opened its doors in 1796 to a congregation of 100 people.
As a station on the Underground Railroad, the church became known as the "Freedom Church" because of its historical significance.
Following the abolition of slavery in New York State in 1827, the church turned its attention to the broader national abolition effort.
courtesy of the New York Public Library's 8th floor.
Chinatown, Manhattan's Worth Street and Baxter Street are two of the most famous streets in the city.
Poor recently freed slaves, as well as Irish and German immigrants, made their homes here.
Five Points, despite its reputation for being rife with crime and sickness, was the site of several abolitionist organizations as well as a number of sites on the Underground Railroad throughout the nineteenth century.
James Presbyterian Church, has moved multiple times throughout the years; image courtesy of Wikimedia 9.
Manhattan's Financial District is located at the intersection of Frankfort Street and William Street.
The church, which was founded by Samuel Cornish in 1822 as the First Colored Presbyterian Church, joined forces to fight slavery.
The Shiloh Church has moved multiple times throughout the years, and it is currently located on West 141st Street in Harlem.
Image courtesy of Plymouth Church of England of Henry Ward Beecher preaching anti-slavery views.
Brooklyn Heights is located at 75 Hicks Street in Brooklyn.
He was the brother of Uncle Tom's Cabin author Harriet Beecher Stowe, and he served as the church's first preacher.
Members of the church frequently welcomed slaves into their homes, where they were welcomed as guests.
His most well-known auction included a 9-year-old slave girl named Pinky, who was up for auction.
Abigail Hopper-Gibbons and James Sloan-Gibbons lived at 339 West 29th Street in New York City in 1932; photo courtesy of the New York Public Library.
Abigail Hopper-Gibbons and James Sloan-Gibbons were abolitionists who lived in a Chelsea rowhouse where they concealed escaped slaves and conducted meetings for anti-slavery activists.
The couple's home served as a station on the Underground Railroad, assisting slaves from the southern United States in their journey to Canada.
During the attacks, a large number of black individuals were hurt, tortured, and killed.
28 Photo courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.
Manhattan's Gramercy Park South, Gramercy Park, and Gramercy Park South The Brotherhood Synagogue is housed in the structure that was first built as a Quaker Meeting House in Gramercy Park and later converted to a synagogue.
See also: How Did They Communicate During The Underground Railroad? (The answer is found)
Members of the organization got involved in the abolitionist struggle, and the building's second story was used as a safe haven for fleeing slaves.
Photograph of Elliott's home courtesy of Wikimedia.
Samuel Mackenzie Elliot's residence is number thirteen.
Despite the fact that Dr.
After designing the eight-room Gothic Revival residence in 1840, Elliot rose to prominence as a leader of the abolitionist movement in the state of Georgia.
Corcoran provided the photograph.
A carriage home on Cobble Hill with a legendary background was put on the market in October and sold for over $4 million.
It is believed that the carriage house also functioned as a station on the Underground Railroad, according to its present owners.
When it comes to anti-slavery action in New York City, one part of Downtown Brooklyn was well-known as "Abolitionist Place," and the block of Duffield Street between Fulton and Willoughby was co-named "Abolitionist Place" in 2007.
The mansion was once owned by prominent abolitionists Thomas and Harriet Truesdell, and historians think that Underground Railroad stations were located in a number of residences on the same street.
Nearby were the Plymouth Church, as well as the Bridge Street AWME Church, which was the first black church in Brooklyn and which was founded in 1848. RELATED:
Harriet Tubman statue in Harlem, New York City, photographed. Flickr user viadenisbin Due to the region's cotton and sugar industries, which relied on slave labor for over 200 years, the majority of New York City residents supported slavery leading up to the Civil War. The colonial era saw slaves in 41 percent of New York City households, compared to only six percent in Philadelphia and two percent in Boston during the same time frame. The city eventually became a hotbed of anti-slavery activism after the state abolished slavery in 1827. It was also an important participant in the Underground Railroad, a network of secret churches, safe houses, and tunnels that assisted fugitive slaves from the southern states in their journey to liberty. While some of these Underground Railroad sites no longer exist or have been relocated, a few of the original structures, such as Brooklyn's Plymouth Church and the Staten Island home of staunch abolitionist Dr. Samuel Mackenzie Elliott, can still be visited in their original locations. The Underground Railroad has 15 known stops in New York City, which you can visit on your journey. Featured image courtesy of The Bowery Boys 1. David Ruggles Boarding Home, 36 Lispenard Street, Soho, New York City. David Ruggles, who was 17 when he arrived in New York from Connecticut, quickly rose to prominence as one of the country's most prominent anti-slavery activists. Ruggles was one of the founding members of the New York Committee of Vigilance, an integrated group dedicated to protecting runaways and confronting slave catchers, also known as "blackbirders," in the city's southeastern neighborhoods. By sheltering fugitives at his home on Lispenard Street, Ruggles is said to have personally assisted as many as 600 fugitives, among them Frederick Douglass. Douglass wrote in his autobiography, "I had only been in New York for a few days when Mr. Ruggles sought me out and very kindly took me to his boarding-house at the corner of Church and Lespenard Streets." Ruggles' boarding-house was located at the corner of Church and Lespenard Streets, Douglass wrote. Out of his house, Ruggles also operated a bookstore and library, where he distributed anti-slavery pamphlets and other reading materials. Rather than demolish his three-story townhouse, a La Colombe Coffee shop now occupies the space, with a plaque commemorating Ruggles and his accomplishments on the property. Theodore Wright's House in its current state, courtesy of Manjari Sharma via Columbia University/ Curriculum Concepts International. 2, White Street, Tribeca (Manhattan), Rev. Theodore Wright House An active abolitionist and minister in New York City, Theodore Wright made history as the first African-American to graduate from the United States' theological seminary. When the American Anti-Slavery Society and the Vigilance Committee were founded in 1833, he was a co-founder of both groups. When Frank Lloyd Wright built his house in Tribeca, it was used as a station on the Underground Railroad. It is believed that Wright assisted 28 men and women and their children by bringing them food and a means of transportation to Albany. Although there are few documents preserved, it is believed that Wright assisted them. Two White Street, where he built his original Dutch-style home, has been preserved as a New York City Landmark since its construction. NY Photograph courtesy of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture and an African Free School drawing by a student Africa's Free Educational Institutions (AFES) Manhattan's Chinatown is located at Mulberry Street, 135-137. Abolitionists Alexander Hamilton and John Jay established the African Free School in 1787 to educate the children of slaves and free people of color who were members of their pro-abolitionist New York Manumission Society. Following their expansion to include 1,400 students in seven buildings, the schools were eventually absorbed into the city's public school system in 1834. Mulberry Street School, in addition to providing an education for African-American children, was rumored to have served as a stop on the infamous Underground Railroad. View of 42 Baxter as it appears right now, courtesy of Manjari Sharma via Columbia University / Curriculum Concepts International Fourth, the African Society for Mutual Relief (ASMR). Baxter Street at 42nd Street in Chinatown, Manhattan Founded in 1808, the African Society for Mutual Relief was one of the first black organizations in New York City after the state made it legal for black residents to form unions. The society provided black people with health insurance, life insurance, and even assistance with burial costs in exchange for dues at a time when everything was segregated by race, such as schools and graveyards. A society member's family received assistance if that member passed away. It was a school, a meetinghouse, and a stop on the Underground Railroad. It was located in the Five Points neighborhood and served a variety of purposes. An anti-abolitionist riot in 1834, the Draft Riot in 1863, and a series of mob attacks were all witnessed by the structure. A state government office has been established at the site. Schiller Center for Research in Black Culture (Schiller Center for Research in Black Culture) Five. Downing's Oyster House, Fifth Avenue in Manhattan's Financial District When Thomas Downing became an independent businessman, he opened Downing's Oyster House, which became one of the most famous oyster houses in all of New York. Downing's oyster bar, which was located on the corner of Broad Street and Wall Street, catered to affluent bankers, politicians, and socialites who came for his raw, fried, and stewed oyster offerings. In the upper floors, Thomas served the wealthy and famous
In the lower levels, his son, George, led fugitive slaves to safety. Over the course of two decades (1825-1860), the father-son team assisted hundreds of fugitive slaves in their journey to Canada. The United Anti-Slavery Society of the City of New York, which was comprised entirely of black people, was founded by Thomas, who also petitioned for black men to be granted the right to vote. The city's Chamber of Commerce was closed in his honor on April 10, 1866, the day after Downing's death. the Schomberg Center for Research in Black Culture was founded by Mary and Albro Lyons, who ran a Colored Sailors' Home in lower Manhattan
And Sixth, Colored Sailors' Home, located at 330 Pearl Street in Manhattan's Financial District At the corner of Gold and John Streets in lower Manhattan, an abolitionist named William Powell established the Colored Sailor's Home. Powell's home provided food and shelter for black sailors, and it also served as a resource for sailors seeking employment. A meeting place for anti-slavery activists, as well as a safe haven for fugitive slaves, the Sailors' Home was established there. Refugees from slavery were provided with food, shelter, and, later, a disguise in order to prepare them for their upcoming journeys. In accordance with Leslie Harris' book, In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, Albro and Mary Lyons acquired control of the Sailors' Home after Powell left for Europe. An estimated 1,000 fugitive slaves were helped by Powell and the Lyons in all. NYC AGO provided the image of Mother AME Zion. 7. Mother AME Zion Church, located at 158 Church Street in Manhattan's Financial District Mother African Methodist Episcopal Zion became the first black church in New York State when it was founded in 1796 with a congregation of 100 people. The church, led by Minister James Varick, withdrew from the segregated Methodist Episcopal Church in order to reach out to an increasing number of anti-slavery activists. After serving as a stop on the Underground Railroad, the church was dubbed "Freedom Church." Sojourner Truth was a member of the organization, which assisted Frederick Douglass in achieving freedom. Following the abolition of slavery in New York in 1827, the church turned its attention to the broader abolitionist movement across the United States and Canada. Originally located at 140-7 West 137th Street in Harlem, the church relocated there in 1925. courtesy of the New York Public Library 8 Points to Consider Chinatown, Manhattan's Worth Street and Baxter Street It was built on top of a swampy landfill in Five Points, a Lower Manhattan neighborhood once infamous for its squalid slums. Poor newly freed slaves, as well as Irish and German immigrants, were housed in this neighborhood. Strangely enough, residents of Five Points are credited with the invention of tap dancing, which was influenced by both Irish and African American cultures. And, despite its reputation as a crime- and disease-ridden neighborhood, Five Points was home to a number of abolitionist organizations as well as a number of stops on the Underground Railroad. Through the years, Shiloh Church has changed its name several times and is now known as the St. James Presbyterian Church
Image courtesy of Wikipedia 9. Located in Shiloh, Tennessee, the Shiloh Presbyterian Church is a congregation of Presbyterian believers. New York's Financial District is located between Frankfort and William streets. The Shiloh Presbyterian Church, under the leadership of abolitionists Samuel Cornish, Theodore Wright, and Henry Highland Garnet, became a vital stop on the Underground Railroad. The congregation, which was founded by Samuel Cornish in 1822 as the First Colored Presbyterian Church, worked together to end slavery. During the time period of Cornish's leadership, the Church of England boycotted products derived from slave labor, including sugar, cotton, and rice. Despite several moves, the Shiloh Church is now located on West 141st Street in Harlem, where it was originally built. Picture of Plymouth Church, which is a National Historic Landmark
Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. Image courtesy of Plymouth Church of England of Henry Ward Beecher preaching against slavery. Church of the Assumption of Plymouth Brooklyn Heights is located at 75 Hicks Street. Plymouth Church in Brooklyn was known as the " Grand Central Depot " of the Underground Railroad despite the fact that it was only built 14 years before the start of the Civil War. Through tunnel-like passageways in the church's basement, its first minister, Henry Ward Beecher, a brother of Uncle Tom's Cabin author Harriet Beecher Stowe, managed to hide fugitive slaves from capture. Members of the church also welcomed slaves into their homes, where they were treated with dignity. The mock slave auctions were held by Beecher in order to demonstrate the cruelty of slave auctions while also securing their freedom. Pinky, a 9-year-old slave, was the subject of his most well-known auction. A ring was picked up by Beecher, who placed it on the girl's finger in front of a crowd of 3,000 people, and he said: "Remember, with this ring, I do wed thee to liberty." This National Historic Landmark, located within the Brooklyn Heights Historic District, is one of the few active congregations in New York City that continues to meet in the building that served as an Underground Railroad station. House of Abigail Hopper-Gibbons and James Sloan-Gibbons at 339 West 29th Street, taken in 1932 by the New York Public Library. New York's Chelsea neighborhood is located at 339 West 29th Street. Abigail Hopper-Gibbons and James Sloan-Gibbons were abolitionists who lived in a Chelsea rowhouse where they hid runaway slaves and hosted anti-slavery meetings. Besides that, Abby established a small school in her home for African-American children. The couple's home served as a stop on the Underground Railroad, assisting slaves from the southern United States in their journey to freedom. As a result of the Gibbons' family's well-known anti-slavery beliefs, their home was attacked during the Draft Riots of 1863. During the attacks, a large number of black people were injured, tortured, or killed. Fortunately, with some restoration, thelandmarkedhome survived the riots, making it the only Manhattan Underground Railroad site to survive the upheaval. 28 Photo courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. Gramercy Park, NYC 28. Brotherhood Synagogue is number twelve on the list. Manhattan's Gramercy Park South, Gramercy Park, and Gramercy Park South neighborhoods Since its construction in 1886, the Brotherhood Synagogue in Gramercy Park has served as a Quaker Meeting House for the community of Gramercy Park, New York. The Friends of 20th Street met in this building for over a century. In the abolitionist movement, members of the group became involved, and the building's second floor became a haven for fugitive slaves. Tunnels beneath the synagogue are still visible and accessible, according to the synagogue's website. Wikipedia has a picture of Elliott's house. Dr. Samuel Mackenzie Elliot's residence in number thirteen. Staten Island, New York 69 Delafield Place Dr. Samuel MacKenzie Elliot's Staten Island home, although it was designated as a city landmark in 1967, has a much longer history than that. Designed in the Gothic Revival style in 1840, Elliot went on to become a leader in the state's abolitionist movement after his death. During the American Civil War, the house on Dealafield Place was outfitted for slaves fleeing to Canada. Corcoran provided the image. Cobble Hill Carriage House, 20 Verandah Place, Cobble Hill, Brooklyn, New York, United States An historic carriage house on Cobble Hill was put on the market in October and sold for nearly $4 million. It has been learned that the house at 20 Verandah Place, built in the 1840s, was used as a residence for the servants and horses of wealthy landowners. A stop on the Underground Railroad is said to have been made at the carriage house, according to its current owners. Google Earth provides a current view of 227 Duffield Place. 15. The Abolitionists' Meeting Grounds Brooklyn's 227 Duffield Street is a prime location. When it comes to anti-slavery activism in New York City, one area of Downtown Brooklyn was well-known as "Abolitionist Place," and the block of Duffield Street between Fulton and Willoughby Street was co-named "Abolitionist Place" in 2007. A two-story redbrick building at 227 Duffield still stands proudly on the block, despite the fact that few of the original structures from the 1800s have survived to this day. In the house lived prominent abolitionists Thomas and Harriet Truesdell, and historians believe that Underground Railroad stops were found in a number of other homes on the same street. Nearby were the Plymouth Church, as well as the Bridge Street AWME Church, which was the first black church in Brooklyn and which was founded in 1850. RELATED:
See also: What Was The South's Reaction To The Underground Railroad? (Suits you)
Slavery, subterranean railroad, and other terms related to slavery
The Little-Known History of the Underground Railroad in New York
Cyrus Gates House, located in Broome County, New York, was formerly a major station on the Underground Railroad's route through the country. Commons image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons There was a time when New York City wasn't the liberal Yankee bastion that it is now. When it came to abolitionists and abolitionist politics in the decades preceding up to the Civil War, the city was everything but an epicenter of abolitionism. Banking and shipping interests in the city were tightly related to the cotton and sugar businesses, both of which relied on slave labor to produce their products.
However, even at that time, the Underground Railroad, a network of hidden safe houses and escape routes used by fugitive slaves seeking freedom in the North, passed through the city and into the surrounding countryside.
In New York, however, the full extent of the Underground Railroad's reach has remained largely unknown, owing to the city's anti-abolitionist passion.
"This was a community that was strongly pro-Southern, and the Underground Railroad was working in much greater secrecy here than in many other parts of the North, so it was much more difficult to track down the Underground Railroad."
Gateway to Freedom: The Hidden History of the Underground Railroad
runaway slaves and antislavery campaigners who disobeyed the law to aid them in their quest for freedom are the subjects of this gripping documentary. Eric Foner, more than any other researcher, has had a significant impact on our knowledge of American history. The Pulitzer Prize–winning historian has reconfigured the national tale of American slavery and liberation once more, this time with the help of astounding material that has come to light through his research. Foner's latest book, Gateway to Freedom: The Hidden History of the Underground Railroad, describes how New York was a vital way station on the Underground Railroad's journey from the Upper South to Pennsylvania and on to upstate New York, the New England states and Canada.
Their narrative represents a phase in the history of resistance to slavery that has gotten only sporadic attention from historians up to this point.
The existence of the Record of Fugitives, which was collected by abolitionist newspaperman Sydney Howard Gay in New York City, was unknown to researchers until a student informed Foner of its existence.
A fugitive long forgotten, James Jones of Alexandria, according to Gay's account, "had not been treated badly but was tired of being a slave," according to the records.
Foner reports that many fugitives ran away because they were being physically abused as much as they did out of a yearning for freedom, using terms such as "huge violence," "badly treated," "rough times," and "hard master" to describe their experiences.
During the late 1840s, he had risen to the position of the city's foremost lawyer in runaway slave cases, frequently donating his services without charge, "at tremendous peril to his social and professional status," according to Gay.
Agent," a title that would become synonymous with the Underground Railroad.
He was an illiterate African-American.
A number of letters and writs of habeas corpus bearing his name appear later on, as well as some of the most important court cases emerging from the disputed Fugitive Slave Law of 1850.
"He was the important person on the streets of New York, bringing in fugitives, combing the docks, looking for individuals at the train station," Foner said.
that he had ever been the liberator of 3,000 individuals from bondage." The author, who used theRecordas a jumping off point to delve deeper into New York's fugitive slave network, also traces the origins of the New York Vigilance Committee, a small group of white abolitionists and free blacks who formed in 1835 and would go on to form the core of the city's underground network until the eve of the Civil War.
The New York Vigilance Committee was a small group of white abolitionists and For the duration of its existence, Foner writes, "it drove runaway slaves to the forefront of abolitionist awareness in New York and earned sympathy from many people beyond the movement's ranks." It brought the intertwined concerns of kidnapping and fugitive slaves into the wider public consciousness." The publication of Gateway to Freedom takes the total number of volumes authored by Foner on antebellum, Civil War, and Reconstruction America to two dozen.
His previous book, The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery, was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize and was published in 2012.
What was the inspiration for this book?
Everything started with one document, the Record of Fugitives, which was accidentally pointed up to me by a Columbia University student who was writing a senior thesis on Sydney Howard Gay and his journalistic career and happened to mention it to me.
She was in the manuscript library at Columbia when she mentioned it.
It was essentially unknown due to the fact that it had not been catalogued in any manner.
What was the atmosphere like in New York at the time?
As a result of their tight relationships with cotton plantation owners, this city's merchants effectively controlled the cotton trade in the region.
The shipbuilding industry, insurance firms, and banks all had a role in the financialization of slavery.
They came to conduct business, but they also came to enjoy themselves.
The free black community and the very tiny band of abolitionists did exist, but it was a challenging setting in which to do their important job.
Routes were available in Ohio and Kentucky.
It was part of a larger network that provided assistance to a large number of fugitives.
It is incorrect to think of the Underground Railroad as a fixed collection of paths.
It wasn't as if there were a succession of stations and people could just go from one to the next.
It was even more unorganized – or at least less organized – than before.
And after they moved farther north, to Albany and Syracuse, they were in the heart of anti-slavery area, and the terrain became much more amenable to their way of life.
People advertised in the newspaper about assisting escaped slaves, which was a radically different milieu from that of New York City at the time.
The phrase "Underground Railroad" should be interpreted relatively literally, at least toward the conclusion of the book.
Frederick Douglas had just recently boarded a train in Baltimore and traveled to New York.
Ship captains demanded money from slaves in exchange for hiding them and transporting them to the North.
The book also looks at the broader influence that escaped slaves had on national politics in the nineteenth century.
The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 was a particularly severe piece of legislation that drew a great deal of controversy in the northern states.
So that's something else I wanted to emphasize: not only the story of these individuals, but also the way in which their acts had a significant impact on national politics and the outbreak of the Civil War. Activism History of African Americans Videos about American History that are recommended
NYS Parks, Recreation & Historic Preservation
Obtaining liberation by self-emancipation came at a very steep cost for Africans and people of African heritage who had been enslaved in North America. Their lives were on the line. While they were attempting to flee during the 17th through 19th centuries, the precise problems they encountered varied depending on where in the nation they were hiding. Increasing numbers of individuals stepped up to assist when legal servitude in Canada and many of the newly founded northern states was abolished in the late 18th century.
The Underground Railroad was the name given to this network of networks.
A thorough inquiry has been required to address the disinformation that has been spread about the covert network, which was intended to stay secret.
The lives of a few well-known individuals have overshadowed the contributions of countless others.
The development of criteria for the correct identification of individuals has resulted in the removal of several purported sites from the list of train "stops." The incorrect idea that quilts were used to designate safe places has been disproved by scientific evidence.
Because of New York's proximity to other free states and Canada, a large number of travelers passed through on their route.
It was also important to have access to New York's waterways, which allowed individuals to sail to regions where they could dwell freely or to reduce their overland treks.
We at the New York State Historic Preservation Office are collaborating with public and private museums, people, and organizations to deliver the most up-to-date information to the public.
The hidden narrative behind this journey to freedom is revealed by Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Eric Foner in his new book. a branch of the Underground Railroad in New York
Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage AreaCenter is only one more river to cross. New York is the great 'central depot' of the Underground Railroad, and it is worth exploring. Travel via the Underground Railroad in New York
The National Park Service has designated October as International Underground Railroad History Month. This website serves as a portal to the Underground Railroad Consortium of New York State, as well as to its collaborators from around the state. Stephen and Harriet Myers Home — abolitionists in Albany who also served as a UGRR safe house
Harriet Tubman National Historic Park — Located in Auburn, New York, this park commemorates the famed conductor of the Underground Railroad, Harriet Tubman. North Star Underground Railroad Museum – Ausable Chasm, New York
North Star Underground Railroad Museum – New York City
New York Abolitionist Gerrit Smith's Estate is located in Peterborough, New York. Among the attractions are the Plymouth Church of Pilgrims, a historic Brooklyn church where Henry Ward Beecher served and participated in the anti-slavery struggle
The Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition
And the Museum of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition (MoMA).
See also: Who Started The Underground Railroad For Slaves?
Runaway slaves were captured and returned to their owners under the terms of the Fugitive Slave Acts, which were a set of federal statutes passed in 1850 and 1851, respectively, in the United States.
The Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 was passed. Owners or their agents were given permission to seek for fugitives in the free states and transfer them back to their original location if found. (pdf)
The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was passed to protect fugitive slaves. In addition to allowing the federal government expanded search and seizure authority inside free states and territories, the 1850 Act made the federal government accountable for locating, returning, and prosecuting fugitive slaves. (pdf)
Preserving New York's Ties to the Underground Railroad (Published 2021)
It was passed in 1793 and is known as the Fugitive Slave Act. The law permitted owners or their agents to conduct searches throughout the free states for fugitives, as well as transporting them back to their original location. (pdf); This act was passed in 1850 to punish fugitive slaves. Additionally, the 1850 Act mandated that the federal government be responsible for identifying, returning, and prosecuting runaway slaves inside free states and territories, in addition to allowing broader search privileges within free states and territories.
what areas of new york were part of the underground railroad
In order to alleviate the situation in London, a railway was constructed beneath the city's streets. When it was opened in 1863, it was known as the Metropolitan, and it was the world's first subterranean train system. As part of the Dutch slave trade, the slavery of African people in the United States began in New York, where it continues today. The Dutch West India Company brought eleven African slaves to New Amsterdam in 1626, and the first slave sale was conducted at New Amsterdam in 1655, according to the Dutch West India Company.
Others traveled north via Pennsylvania and into New England, or through Detroit on their route to Canada, while others stayed in the United States.
Some freedom seekers (escapees from slavery) made their way south into Mexico in search of their freedom.
The great majority of enslaved people who were assisted by the Underground Railroad came from border states such as Kentucky, Virginia, and Maryland, according to historical records. Fugitive enslaved persons became a profitable industry in the deep South with the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793, and there were fewer hiding places for them as a result.
Why do you think Harriet Tubman called the Moses of her people?
Harriet Tubman is referred to as "The Moses of Her People" because, like Moses, she assisted people in their efforts to emancipate themselves from slavery. Harriet Tubman is well-known as a "conductor" on the Underground Railroad during the American Revolution. By forming a network of abolitionists and free people of color, she was able to escort hundreds of slaves to freedom in the northern United States and Canadian province of Ontario.
The Stephen and Harriet Myers Residence is a private residence in the heart of the city. The Stephen and Harriet Myers Residence, an award-winning historic site and important stop on the Underground Railroad, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service Network to Freedom, and the New York State Underground Railroad Heritage Trail. The Stephen and Harriet Myers Residence is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places and the National Park Service Network to Freedom.
What was the name of the newspaper Douglass was the leader of?
The North Star is a star that points north. The North Star (Rochester, New York) was published from 1847 to 1851. Douglass began publishing and editing his first antislavery newspaper, The North Star, on December 3, 1847, the same day he was born. The term was a reference to the brilliant star Polaris, which was instrumental in guiding persons fleeing slavery to the northern hemisphere.
Which state has the most underground railroads?
Despite the fact that there were Underground Railroad networks throughout the country, even in the South, Ohio had the most active network of any other state, with over 3000 miles of routes utilized by fleeing runaways in the state.
How do you know if your house was part of the Underground Railroad?
1) Confirm the date on which the house was constructed. 2) Go to your county clerk's office, or wherever historical deeds are kept in your area, and look up the property to see who held it between the American Revolution and the American Civil War (roughly 1790-1860).
Where was the final destination of the Underground Railroad?
Immediately following the passing of the Fugitive Slave Act in 1850 as a component of the Compromise of 1850, the Underground Railroad was diverted to Canada as its eventual goal. In newly constructed settlements in Southern Ontario, tens of thousands of slaves were resettled.
Where did Harriet Tubman live?
Places where Harriet Tubman resided Harriet Tubman was born in 1820 on a plantation in Dorchester County, Maryland, and became well-known as a pioneer. Her parents, Harriet ("Rit") Green and Benjamin Ross, gave her the name Araminta Ross and referred to her as "Minty" as a nickname. The date is January 27, 2021.
How many slaves were freed through the Underground Railroad?
The Underground Railroad, according to some estimates, assisted in the emancipation of more than one hundred thousand enslaved individuals between the years 1810 and 1850.
Were there plantations in NYC?
Despite the fact that New York did not have any sugar or rice farms, slaves had enough of backbreaking labour to do across the state. Many homes only had one or two slaves, which resulted in grueling, lonely labor for many of the slaves.
Which state had the most slaves?
Slave populations outnumbered free people only in two states during the antebellum period: South Carolina and Mississippi. The vast majority of Southerners did not own slaves, and the vast majority of slaves lived in small groups rather than on enormous farms. … Ownership Patterns of Slaves.
Black /total
Slave/total
How many slaves did New York have in 1860?
The heinous tragedy altered the demography of black New York for the better. The black population declined from 12,472 in 1860 to 9,943 in 1865, a loss of nearly half.
Contrary to common misconception, the Underground Railroad was not a network of tunnels beneath the earth's surface. However, while some people did have secret chambers in their homes or carriages, the great bulk of the Underground Railroad consisted of individuals surreptitiously assisting slaves who were attempting to flee slavery in whatever manner they were able to.
How many Underground Railroad routes were there?
In total, there were four main routes that the enslaved could take: north along the Mississippi and Ohio rivers to the northern United States and Canada; south to Florida and refuge with the Seminole Indians and the Bahamas; west along the Gulf of Mexico and into Mexico; and east along the Atlantic seaboard to Canada and the Caribbean.
Was South Carolina part of the Underground Railroad?
There were four main routes that the enslaved could take: north along the Mississippi and Ohio rivers to the northern United States and Canada; south to Florida and refuge with the Seminole Indians and to the Bahamas; west along the Gulf of Mexico and into Mexico; and east along the Atlantic seaboard to Canada and the United Kingdom.
Where is the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad?
Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park is a 480-acre (190 ha) National Park Service unit located in the Maryland state of the United States.
Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park
Location Dorchester County, Maryland, United States
Nearest city Church Creek, Maryland
How long did the Underground Railroad take to travel?
As part of the final two weeks of the journey, writer Donovan Webster accompanied Cohen and documented the individuals he encountered along the road as he relied on the generosity of strangers for housing.
Cohen's journey took him to little villages, decrepit barns, and ancient mansions, all of which helped him uncover part of our common past.
How true is the Underground Railroad?
While the novel and the series aren't wholly based on true events, the network itself was a very real phenomenon that assisted hundreds of thousands of slaves in their attempts to elude capture.
What did Henry Highland Garnet do?
(born 1815 in New Market (now Chesterville), Maryland, U.S.—died February 13, 1882 in Liberia) An American abolitionist and clergyman who became well-known for his militant approach to ending slavery, which was expressed in his "Call to Rebellion" speech, which was delivered in Liberia on February 13, 1882. (1843).
What happened to Caesar in the Underground Railroad?
However, while the program does not show us what occurs following their meeting, Caesar appears to Cora in a dream later on, indicating to viewers that he has been dead. In the novel, Caesar suffers a similar end to that of Ridgeway and Homer in that he is slain upon his capture, except this time it is an enraged crowd who kills him.
Is Gertie Davis died?
She was born in 1820 in the Maryland county of Dorchester. Her purpose was to free as many men, women, and children as she possibly could from the bonds of slavery. When Tubman was a teenager, a slave master hit her in the head, causing her to suffer a traumatic brain injury. As a result, she began to have epileptic convulsions as well as hypersomnia.
How many years did Harriet Tubman live?
Harriet Tubman (born Araminta Ross, c.March 1822 – March 10, 1913) was an American abolitionist and political leader who was born in the slave-holding state of Arkansas. …
Died March 10, 1913 (aged 90–91) Auburn, New York, U.S.
Resting place Fort Hill Cemetery, Auburn, New York, U.S.42.9246°N 76.5750°W
Was Frederick Douglass a pacifist?
Because he was a pacifist, he did not advocate for slave uprisings, preferring to persuade masters to release their slaves instead. … Douglass first encountered Garrison when he was 21 years old, when he delivered a speech at an anti-slavery conference in which Garrison was present.
What was Frederick Douglass famous quote?
"Once you learn to read, you will be free for the rest of your life." "It is far simpler to raise strong children than it is to mend damaged men," says the author. "I would rather be genuine to myself, even at the risk of attracting the mockery of others, than to be fake and therefore attracting my own contempt."
You will be free for the rest of your life if you can read." A wise man once said, "It is simpler to raise strong children than it is to mend shattered hearts." In the end, I would rather be honest to myself, even if it means risking the mockery of others, than to be fake and cause myself to despise myself."
How Many Signals Are There In Quilts Of The Underground Railroad?
People Who Were Part Of The Underground Railroad Word For? (Question)


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As a demand for mixed reality rises in the present office, Microsoft has confirmed that it has got its mixed reality smart-glass called Microsoft HoloLens to 29 fresh European covered markets.
At the Upcoming Decoded show in London, Microsoft defined its vision for mixed reality in front of over 15k business and IT choice creators who came to talk about the present and developing trends at the connection of technology and business.
"We shared how technologies like Microsoft 365, 3D, Windows Mixed Reality, and Microsoft HoloLens are helping businesses, first line Labors, and Information Labors convert directors of variation in the current workplace and digital variation," said Lorraine Bardeen, GM in Windows Experiences and Microsoft HoloLens.
She thought that mixed reality allows people and organizations to accomplish more and the involvements would aid businesses and their staffs complete energetic tasks faster, safer, and additional efficiently, and make new ways to connect to customers and partners.
"The years of mixed reality will help as a substance for advances in the office 'First line Workers' and 'Information of Employees' to benefit meaningfully from the solutions that merger our physical and digital reality," she said.
With mixed reality, employees can modify the content, the public, or even the place of a conference, in a substance of seconds.
Mixed reality brings interfaces that help employees act upon data created from instrumented / clever devices, and links seamlessly with others thru physical space.
To develop innovatively and address growing request for mixed reality solutions all over the world, Microsoft said Microsoft HoloLens is now coming to 29 new European fairs, taking the entire quantity of Microsoft HoloLens markets to 39.
"We are also employed to get some of the most asked for software updates for HoloLens to our present clients. We are dedicated to transporting an update to present clients sometime early next year," she said.


My sister in-law is getting married in about 4 weeks and I'm excited for her. The date was just decided in August (!), so it's a short time frame to plan a wedding within, but I'm loving the simple theme: bold colors and polka dots. It fits perfectly with her fun, laid back personality.
polka dot garland, an ice cream bar + cupcakes for the reception, daisy bouquets + dark bridesmaids dresses, craspedias in the floral arrangements, and hanging lanterns in pink, yellow + orange everywhere.
What a fantastic theme - love it and surely fairly easy to put together in that amazingly short time frame too!
Every time I see Craspedia's I long to get hold of some but alas I can find none around me over the past few years over in my neck of the woods in England. I don't think I can justify a London trip just with the possibility of getting some either - shame!
So awesome! I bet this will be a beautiful wedding.
The garland is so sweet!
aw so exciting. a big congratulations to you and your family! :) she is so lucky to have you for brainstorming and creative ideas.
The pokadots are darling! Good luck with the planning!
Cute ideas!! Hope it goes well!


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The Five Archetypes
By Carey Davidson
Read by Carey Davidson
Discover Your True Nature and Transform Your Life and Relationships
Foreword by Stephen Cowan
Unabridged Audio Download
Discover the personality archetypes within you and improve your life and relationships with a new self-guided system of personal transformation.
In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) philosophy, the elements Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, and Water are the foundation of how nature grows and evolves. They are believed to help us understand everything from illness and healing to the fundamental processes of child development—and they continue to inform Chinese medicine practice today. But as Ayurvedic nutritionist, reiki master, and Tournesol founder Carey Davidson demonstrates in this book, each of the five elements can also be seen as a personality archetype—and inside all of us is a unique blend of these archetypes that serves as a window into living a more fulfilling life on every level.
In The Five Archetypes, Davidson explains that by knowing the personality traits associated with each type and using what she calls the Five Archetypes method, you can actually start to predict your behavioral patterns—not only with yourself but also with your friends, your romantic partner, your children, and even your colleagues. By practicing this method, you will also:
-Learn how to exercise more control over behaviors that thwart your potential
-Hone your self-awareness and self-regulation skills in the face of day-to-day stress
-And understand what really makes people tick, so that you spend less time in stagnant relationships and more time in gratifying ones
Through her study of the elements and the observations she's made in her work with individuals, couples, companies, parents, kids, and educators, Davidson has created a simplified and practical guide to harnessing the strengths of our five archetypes. Complete with an assessment designed to help you discover your primary, secondary, and lowest types, The Five Archetypes will not only teach you more about yourself and others but also transform your relationships and set you on the path to personal and interpersonal harmony.
Photograph by Brian Friedman
Carey Davidson
Carey Davidson is the founder and leader of Tournesol, a holistic health think tank collaborative in New York City with programs that combine groundbreaking science and proven wisdom to empower people and organizations with strategies that build resilience and wellbeing through self-knowledge, self-acceptance, and mastery of individual gifts. Davidson is also the Executive Director of Tournesol Kids and served as Director of Administration for the Nalanda Institute of Contemplative Science. Prior to joining Nalanda, Davidson led Human Resources for Columbia College of Columbia University and was Executive Director of CARING at Columbia, a component of the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at Columbia Presbyterian Hospital, which provides culturally sensitive prevention and intervention programs using art and music for at-risk children in New York City.
Publisher: S&S/Simon Element (April 7, 2020)
Self-Help > Personal Growth > General
Psychology > Personality
Body, Mind & Spirit > Inspiration & Personal Growth
The Five Archetypes Quiz: What's Your Archetype?
- Tips on Life & Love
"Completely [changed] the way I consider people who stress me out or rub me the wrong way or just see the world differently than I do.... [The Five Archetypes] is fascinating—and Davidson is brilliant.... Read the book, mull it over, and prepare to have your mind blown."
—Megan O'Neill, Goop
"If you knew there were specific ways that are most effective for you to destress or to negotiate with a colleague, would you want to know them? Most of us would jump at the chance and then want to learn the same for our partners, colleagues, and children.... Carey Davidson...has made these exact insights accessible by translating ancient wisdom into modern insights in her book, The Five Archetypes."
—Nell Derick Debevoise, Forbes
"The Five Archetypes gives us a peek into the rich, variegated territory of who we are. Understanding our nature reveals strengths and weaknesses—what we're good at and what we need to learn. Mastering how to live with ourselves and harness our power is our life's work, isn't it?"
—Harriet Beinfield, LAc, coauthor of Between Heaven and Earth: A Guide to Chinese Medicine
"A must-read for anyone who wants to deepen their self-awareness and cultivate strong, meaningful relationships. Carey Davidson provides valuable insight through a compassionate, loving lens and teaches us how to live an empowered life by fostering our unique strengths and attending to our needs."
—Bojana Jankovic Weatherly, MD MSc
"The Five Archetypes is an insightful life strategy for succeeding in self-awareness, self-care, and harmony. By understanding these universal patterns, we become empowered to build resilience and take control of our well-being."
—Sarah Mulukutla, MD-MPH, neurologist and founder of Mindful Neurology
"In this warm and accessible book, Carey Davidson demystifies the Five Elements of Traditional Chinese Medicine to help you identify your primary archetype and its strengths and stressors. Armed with this knowledge, you will have control over your reactions and understand how to shake off discomfort and return to a sense of ease and peace."
—Jill Blakeway, DACM, LAc, bestselling author of Energy Medicine, Sex Again, and Making Babies
"Davidson provides a framework for living a more mindful and fulfilling life in this comprehensive analysis of five archetypes of behavior.... Readers well-versed in mindfulness exercises and Chinese medicine will be most interested in these pragmatic exercises for making lasting life improvements."
Book Cover Image (jpg): The Five Archetypes
Author Photo (jpg): Carey Davidson

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Generations of practical and ingenious Maritimers have given the word great things. Since the mid-nineteenth century, scientists have fanned out into the world from colleges and universities that are among the oldest in North America. Great Maritime Achievers in Science and Technology brings together the achievements of more than 30 of these trail-blazing scientists and inventors, many of whom gained national and international prominence in the second half of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth. Among those profiled in the book are Grace Annie Lockhart, the first woman in the British Empire to earn a university science degree; Charles Fenerty, who discovered how to make paper out of wood; Abraham Gesner, who invented kerosene and fathered the petroleum industry; and others whose practical, yet creative minds helped change the course of Canada's scientific history.
George MacBeath received the Order of Canada in recognition of his dedication to the preservation and presentation of Canada's heritage. A graduate of the University of New Brunswick and the Sorbonne, Université de Paris, he was the first director of the Ontario Science Centre, a director of the New Brunswick Museum, and the deputy minister of Heritage for the New Brunswick government, where he was instrumental in the "construction" of the province's two major living heritage museums, Kings Landing and le Village Historique Acadien. His other books include New Brunswick: The Story of Our Province and Steamboat Days on the St. John: 1816-1946.


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Elbit to upgrade Greek air force training aircraft in $1.68 billion deal
The Israeli company, under contract by the Ministry of Defense, will provide Greece with 10 M-346 Italian aircraft, upgrade existing aircraft, and build and operate a simulator center
Udi Etsion | 12:02 05.01.2021
The Greek government has announced that the Israeli Ministry of Defense has won a tender for Elbit Systems to build a training center for the Greek air force in the largest defense deal ever between the two countries. Following the win, the sides will advance to finalize a contract.
Elbit, which already operates the Israeli Air Force's flight school's aircraft, is set to build a similar training center for the Hellenic Air Force, which will include 10 Italian-made Aermacchi M-346 aircraft made by the Leonardo Company, "Lavi" multirole fighter jets that are used by the Israeli flight school, and kits to upgrade flight systems on existing T-6 aircraft (also known as "Efroni" planes in the Israeli Air Force).
Elbit Systems will provide the Greek air force with Lavi fighter jets (pictured). Photo: Ministry of Defense
In addition, the deal will include the establishment of a flight training school, which will include simulator centers for both planes, which Elbit will operate to train the Greek crews. The deal is valued at $1.68 billion over the next 20 years, and will be concluded as part of an agreement between the Israeli and Greek governments.
In the past few years, defense relations between Israel and Greece have been strengthened. Greece purchased UAVs from Israel Aerospace Industries, and the Hellenic Air Force holds routine training exercises with the Israeli Air Force. The Greek navy is also expected to purchase new missile ships from Israeli shipyards.
"Providing the Greek air force with these important capabilities will contribute to the strengthening of bilateral relations between Israel and Greece. Their choice proves our leading position in the field of training, in providing technologies and proven know-how that improve readiness while lowering costs," President and CEO of Elbit Bezhalel Machlis said.
"This agreement expresses the excellent and developing relations that we have with Greece. This is a long term relationship that will serve the interests of both Greece and Israel, promote stability in the Mediterranean region, and create hundreds of jobs in both countries," Israeli Defense Minister Benny Gantz said.
"The Greek government's approval of this deal is an additional historic step in strengthening security relations between both countries. This is not merely another defense export agreement, but rather a long term cooperation for the next 20 years at least," reserve Maj. Gen. Yair Kolas, who serves as the head of the SIBAT division, or the International Defense Cooperation Directorate of the Israel Ministry of Defense said.
IAIElbitGreeceGreece-Israel RelationsDefense


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Death in custody at Townsville Correctional Centre
Queensland Corrective Services can confirm that Queensland Police Service is investigating the death of a 47-year-old prisoner at Townsville Correctional Centre this morning. The man, who was in a single occupancy cell was located by officers early this morning in a secure unit. Queensland Ambulance Service was...
Prisoners returned to high security following contraband find
Nine male prisoners have been returned to high security facilities from the Palen Creek Correctional Centre low security farm after a random search and drug testing over the weekend. A scheduled random search of the facility located a range of contraband, including a mobile phone and...
Prisoner charged after assault on officer
The prisoner who assaulted a custodial corrections officer at Borallon Training and Custodial Centre has been charged by police. The 21-year-old man has been charged with one count of serious assault of a correctional services officer, an offence which can attract up to an additional seven...
The truth about televisions in prisons
You may have seen some reporting about the cost of replacing damaged televisions in Queensland prisons recently, with allegations that taxpayers foot the bill for sets damaged by prisoners. We thought you might to like to know the truth. Taxpayers do not subsidise the provision of televisions...
Vale, GD dog Tyson
We were heartbroken to learn of the sudden passing of CS Dog Tyson on Friday. [caption id="attachment_3096" align="alignnone" width="1024"] Queensland Corrective Services stock photo shoot, Brisbane Women's Correctional Centre[/caption] Many of you would know Tyson's handler Scott from our public events with PADD dog Thommo. They participated...
Commissioner Martin visits flood-ravaged Townsville to thank officers
https://youtu.be/b9lITFwzo-Y Custodial officers from Lotus Glen Correctional Centre are travelling to Townsville to provide relief staffing for the Townsville Correctional Complex after more than a week of extraordinary flooding in the region. The 10 officers will provide relief staffing for an initial period of one week to...
Numinbah Correctional Centre officer farewelled after 35 years
Numinbah Correctional Centre Food Services Supervisor, Mr Gerry Lewis, plated up his last meal today, retiring from a corrections career spanning nearly 35 years. Mr Lewis joined the prisons department as a trade instructor and baker in 1985 at Wacol before moving into various roles at...
Townsville Correctional Centre visits cancelled
Due to the big wet in Townsville, visits to Townsville Correctional Complex on the weekend have been cancelled for safety and security reasons. We apologise for the inconvenience, and we'll work to rebook visits once things dry out. Please stay safe and remember – IF IT'S FLOODED,...
Brisbane lights up to mark National Corrections Day
The Story and Victoria bridges in Brisbane will light up in blue and silver this evening to commemorate National Corrections Day. Our 4700 officers manage nearly 30,000 prisoners and offenders around the State, performing a vital and often overlooked public service. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KjVP0131fT0&feature=youtu.be&fbclid=IwAR2af8P3NhVSSL01-Vk46DBLMvLWJV-piRaUohORKS9KkzONzRfb7Z6VwkI They work with some of the...
What not to wear – the prison visits edition
About 9000 Queenslanders are facing Christmas in prison this year. Many will receive visits from loved ones in the lead up to Christmas. If you are planning a visit, remember that for safety and security reasons, there is a dress code for all visitors in Queensland...


The Clemson University Experimental Forest will be able to sell its harvested timber in a wider range of green construction markets after its forest management practices were certified to be sustainable by a third-party group of experts.
The forest's 17,500 acres are among 103,000 acres of South Carolina timberland to be certified sustainable through a years-long process overseen by the Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI). The group made the announcement at its annual conference in San Antonio.
The Experimental Forest has been under Clemson's management since 1939 and is believed to be the largest research and teaching forest contiguous with the main campus of a public university in the U.S. The forest's day-to-day operations, personnel, equipment, supplies, roads and public recreation facilities are supported solely by the revenue it generates.
Certification means that the management practices being carried out by forest managers meet a rigorous set of 14 independently audited principles that include measures to protect water quality, biodiversity, wildlife habitat and at-risk species.
The Clemson Experimental Forest is one of eight Clemson University Public Service Activities research facilities that include the Archbold Tropical Research & Education Center in Dominica, the Belle W. Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science in Georgetown, the Coastal Research & Education Center in Charleston the Edisto Research & Education Center, the Pee Dee Research & Education Center in Florence, Research Farm Services and Sandhill Research & Education Center in Columbia.
South Carolina's forest industry ranks first in employment among the state's manufacturing sector and has a more than $17 billion annual economic impact on the state, according to the most recent agribusiness industry study.


Below the recent postings are our important Reference & Links for Barrie-Muskoka business.
Dominion Lending Centres is your local mortgage centre serving Bracebridge, Gravenhurst, Huntsville and the surrounding Muskoka area. Mortgages for purchases, renewals, pre-approvals and refinancing at best rates. Call us today, we can help!
Featured ListingBest Buy Canada Ltd.
Collingwood is a deep water port on the southern shore of Georgian Bay, on the edge of teh famous Niagara Escarpment, just 104 kilometers north of Toronto via Highway 400 and Highway 26.
This city of 143,000 (2014) on the shore of Lake Simcoe is located on Highway 400 which connects south to Toronto, and north to the Trans-Canada Highway.


All are invited to this special Women's Economic Development Council Leadership Luncheon, April 11 at 11:15 a.m. at The Jackson Center, featuring author Mary Laura Philpott, whose debut memoir asks: What happens after you check off all the boxes on your to-do list and realize you might need to reinvent the list—and yourself? Her spot-on observations about home, work, family, and creativity will hit home with those moving in or out of a friendship or romance, leaving school and entering the real world, or balancing professional ambitions with family—in short, anyone who's ever felt the need to hit rewind and redo the way things are, or figure out how to take that challenging next step forward. You'll find Mary Laura warm, funny, and inspiring all at once!
Reservations are required for the luncheon. $26.50 includes a lunch buffet. Click here to make a reservation.


text:
I Suppose I Could Have Stayed Home and Made Cookies and Had Teas
31 October – 08 November, 2016
press: Blouin Art Info, W Magazine
56 HENRY is delighted to present I Suppose I Could Have Stayed Home and Made Cookies and Had Tea, an exhibition of work by Todd Eberle from 1993. Comprised of a single photograph, the show will be on view from October 31 through November 08, 2016.
In July 1993, Todd Eberle went to the White House to photograph First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton, on assignment for W Magazine. He photographed her on the South Portico, which had been set with café tables and small arrangements of pink flowers. Ms. Clinton wore a black St. John mid-calf skirt suit with white trim and gold buttons, matching the gilded chair on which Eberle had her lean. Framed between two columns, the White House rises powerfully behind her.
In the years since Eberle took this iconic portrait, Mrs. Clinton served another term as First Lady, sat for two terms as Senator for New York, and was appointed Secretary of State by President Barack Obama. Her commitment has been to public service, as it was when her family lived in the White House; as she explained to a reporter in 1992, "I suppose I could have stayed home and made cookies and had teas but what I decided to do was to fulfill my profession, which I entered before my husband was in public life." Now, in the final days of Mrs. Clinton's own bid for the presidency, Eberle has printed a large version of his photograph from 1993, which will hang alone in the gallery through Election Day.
This was the beginning of Eberle's relationship with President William J. Clinton and Hillary Rodham Clinton, having lived over periods of time with them in the White House in 1999-2000, photographing the public and private rooms of the White House, Air Force One, and Camp David at the invitation of Hillary Rodham Clinton.
Todd Eberle lives and works in New York City, and West Cornwall, Connecticut. His work has been the subject of numerous international solo presentations, including exhibitions at The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, The Art Institute of Chicago, MoMA/P.S. 1/The Clocktower, and Gagosian Gallery, Beverly Hills. Eberle's first major monograph, Empire of Space, in which this portrait appears, was published by Rizzoli in 2011. This is his first exhibition with 56 HENRY.
Exhibitions at 56 HENRY are visible 24 hours a day. Gallery doors are open to the public Wednesday through Sunday, 12:00 – 6:00 pm. For more information or images related to the exhibition, please contact Ellie Rines at (646) 858-0800 or info@56henry.nyc.


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text:
import json, os, re, sys

#from twisted.application.app import ReactorSelectionMixin
from twisted.python.filepath import FilePath

from jersey import cli, log

from pub import client, iface, version

UsageError = cli.UsageError

CommandFactory = cli.CommandFactory

class Command(cli.Command):

    def __init__(self, config):
        cli.Command.__init__(self, config)
        self.pub = getattr(config, "pubSvc", None)
        if self.pub:
            self.pub.setServiceParent(self)

class Options(cli.Options):

    @property
    def pubSvc(self):
        return getattr(self.parent, "pubSvc", None)

class PubClientOptions(cli.PluggableOptions):

    commandPackage = client
    defaultSubCommand = "list-keys"

    optParameters = [
        ["server", "s", os.getenv("PUB_URL"), "Pub Service URI"],
        ["auth-sock", "A", os.getenv("PUB_AUTH_SOCK"), "Authentication agent socket"],
        ["auth-conf", "a", os.getenv("PUB_AUTH_CONF", "~/.pub.auth.conf"),
            "Authentication agent socket"],
        ]

    optFlags = [
        ["debug", "D", "Print debugging output"],
        ]

    def opt_version(self):
        try:
            super(PubClientOptions, self).opt_version()
        except SystemExit:
            pass
        print "Pub version: " + version.short()
        raise SystemExit(0)

    opt_V = lambda s: s.opt_version()

    @staticmethod
    def _toUrl(spec):
        if not spec:
            raise cli.UsageError("No Pub server")
        from twisted.python.urlpath import URLPath
        try:
            url = URLPath.fromString(spec)
        except:
            raise cli.UsageError("Invalid URL: {0}".format(spec))
        if not spec.startswith(url.scheme):
            raise cli.UsageError("Invalid URL: {0}".format(spec))
        return url

    def postOptions(self):
        if self["debug"]:
            self.logLevel = log.DEBUG

        self["server"] = self._toUrl(self["server"])
        self["auth-conf"] = FilePath(os.path.expanduser(self["auth-conf"]))
        if self["auth-sock"]:
            self["auth-sock"] = FilePath(os.path.expanduser(self["auth-sock"]))

        self.pubSvc = self.buildPubService()

    def buildPubService(self):
        url = self["server"]
        log.debug("Building PubService({0})".format(url))

        # TODO (Jersey) Plugins?
        pubBuilders = {
                "http": self._buildPubService_http,
                "https": self._buildPubService_http,
                "sqlite3": self._buildPubService_sqlite3,
                }
        scheme = url.scheme.lower()
        buildService = pubBuilders.get(scheme)

        if buildService is None:
            raise cli.UsageError("Unsupported scheme: {0}".format(url))
        return buildService(url)

    def _buildPubService_sqlite3(self, url):
        if url.netloc:
            raise cli.UsageError("Invalid URL: {0}".format(url))
        from pub import db
        dbx = db.connectDB("sqlite3", url.path)
        svc = db.PubService(dbx)
        return svc

    def _buildPubService_http(self, url):
        if not url.netloc:
            raise cli.UsageError("Invalid URL: {0}".format(url))
        from pub.client import ws
        self.authenticator = self._buildAuthService()
        self.agent = self._buildWebAgent()
        svc = ws.PubService(self)
        return svc

    def _buildAuthService(self):
        if self["auth-sock"] and self["auth-sock"].exists():
            from pub.client.auth import AuthService, SSHAgentClient
            auths = self.readAuthConfig(self["auth-conf"])
            svc = AuthService(auths)
            svc.attachSocket(self["auth-sock"].path)

        else:
            svc = None

        return svc

    def _buildWebAgent(self):
        from pub.client.ws import PubAgent
        return PubAgent()

    _commentPfx = "#"

    def readAuthConfig(self, path):
        """
        An Auth config is in the format::

          # Commentary
          {"authenticators": [
           {"keyId": keyId, "realms":[{"id":userId, "realm":realmRegex}]}
           ]
          }
        """
        if path and path.exists():
            try:
                stripped = self._stripFile(path)
                config = json.loads(stripped)
                authenticators = config["authenticators"]

            except Exception, e:
                msg = "Malformed configuration: {0!s}".format(e)
                if "stripped" in locals():
                    msg += "\n" + stripped
                raise UsageError(msg)

        else:
            authenticators = []

        return self._compileRealmRegexes(authenticators)

    def _stripFile(self, path):
        stripped = ""
        with path.open() as f:
            for line in f:
                line = line.strip()
                if line and not line.startswith(self._commentPfx):
                    stripped += line
        return stripped

    def _compileRealmRegexes(self, authenticators):
        # Need to use a copy of the list if we need to remove() items.
        for authSpec in list(authenticators):
            try:
                if "realms" in authSpec:
                    for realmSpec in authSpec["realms"]:
                        if "realm" in realmSpec:
                            realmSpec["pattern"] = pattern = realmSpec["realm"]
                            realmSpec["realm"] = re.compile(pattern)

            except:
                authenticators.remove(authSpec)
                log.err()

        return authenticators

class PubClientRunner(cli.PluggableCommandRunner):
    pass

def run(args=sys.argv[:]):
    """Run with command line arguments (including argv[0])"""
    binDir, progName = os.path.split(args.pop(0))

    config = PubClientOptions(progName)
    try:
        config.parseOptions()
        runner = PubClientRunner(progName, config)
        runner.run()

    except cli.UsageError, ue:
        print >>sys.stderr, str(config)
        print >>sys.stderr, str(ue)
        raise SystemExit(os.EX_USAGE)

    else:
        raise SystemExit(runner.exitValue)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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