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Bucking Trump Deregulation Agenda, State Department Chokes International Adoption
Adoption advocates say the State Department is making international adoption rarer and more expensive than ever to consolidate government control over private agencies.
By Jayme Metzgar
In September 2016, just as the presidential race was entering its final weeks, the State Department quietly proposed new regulations governing international adoption. Adoption advocates sounded the alarm, saying the regulations would severely hamper Americans' ability to adopt overseas. I wrote about this for The Federalist just days before the November election.
Then, to almost everyone's surprise, Donald Trump was elected president. On the day of his inauguration, Trump began a regulatory reform effort, announcing a moratorium on all new regulations from executive agencies. Ten days later, he issued an executive order requiring agencies to repeal two regulations for every new one they proposed.
Under this new scrutiny, the State Department soon withdrew its proposed adoption rule. Adoption advocates breathed a sigh of relief.
"If Trump hadn't been elected, those regulations would have been implemented," says Ron Stoddart, president of Save Adoptions. "It was his ban on new regulations that stopped them."
The Deep State Strikes Back
The relief was short-lived. Less than a year later, it appears the State Department has found a way to end-run around the president's deregulation agenda. Without altering a single word of the regulations, advocates say, the State Department is now implementing policies that will make international adoption rarer and more expensive than ever.
It started in October, when adoption agencies received a stunning letter from the Council on Accreditation (COA). A 40-year-old organization, COA provides accreditation for more than 2,000 agencies in a wide variety of social service fields, including adoption. It has been accrediting adoption agencies for 25 years, both before and after the United States ratified the international Hague Adoption Convention.
Under the Hague Convention, U.S. law makes the State Department the central authority over international adoption, but it requires another public or nonprofit entity to act as the "accrediting entity" (AE), holding adoption agencies to certain fiscal and ethical standards. Since 2013, COA has been the only AE for international adoption.
In the letter, COA president Richard Klarberg notified agencies it would soon step down as an AE. "The Department of State … is requiring COA to make significant changes in the nature and scope of our work in ways which will fundamentally change our responsibilities … and which are inconsistent with COA's philosophy and mission," Klarberg wrote.
In an interview, Klarberg tells me the State Department was requiring new procedures that bore a striking resemblance to the regulations it had withdrawn: "They are doing by indirection that which they could not do directly. It is a back-door effort." Klarberg predicts that as a result of DOS-enforced changes, "the number of children who will be eligible for immigration via adoption will definitely shrink. The number of agencies involved with intercountry adoption will also shrink."
Adoption agencies and advocates agree. As more details have emerged from Washington, their alarm has grown exponentially.
"In 2016 we naively believed that was the major crisis," says Lucy Armistead of All Blessings International. "But this situation has the potential to put all of us out of business. And of course, it's the children who will suffer."
Money, Money, Money, Money
The biggest shock came Feb. 1, when the State Department released the fee schedule for its brand-new AE. Under the new organization, International Adoption Accreditation and Maintenance Entity (IAAME), adoption agencies' fees will skyrocket. Armistead estimates that her agency's fees, which cost $15,500 for four years under COA, will be a staggering $140,000 under IAAME—an increase of more than 800 percent.
It's conservatively estimated that IAAME's annual operating budget will be $2.2 million annually, dwarfing COA's adoption oversight budget of less than $200,000. While COA relied partly on volunteers from the professional adoption field in its accreditation process, IAAME intends to hire full-time staff. Klarberg says his volunteers were highly qualified and experienced in the field, with a deep understanding of adoption practices and abuse. "That level of in-depth knowledge is not something easily taught to or readily learned by evaluators who have no direct experience," he says.
To fund these new full-time evaluators, a $500 "monitoring and oversight" fee must now be paid to IAAME for every adoption. DOS emphasizes that agencies can simply pass this cost on to adopting families. However, it must be paid to IAAME early in the adoption process. The fee is non-refundable, so any family deciding not to move forward would lose the money, although it is ostensibly for "monitoring and oversight" that never occurred.
"As agencies, we're not allowed to charge all our fees up front," Armistead points out. "We're only allowed to charge families for services rendered. But the accrediting entity is taking the whole fee up front."
Advocates are also dismayed that IAAME has made no allowances for sibling groups. It is common practice to help keep siblings together by streamlining costs, but this fee is $500 per child, no exceptions. Robin Sizemore is the executive director of Hopscotch Adoptions, an agency specializing in placing children with special needs and other challenges.
"We've done adoptions of sibling groups where there were four or five children," Sizemore tells me. "It's going to be another huge financial burden on the families. And then the insult of all this is that we have no contract with this entity that we are being made to force a family to pay."
It's true: In its Feb. 1 announcement, the State Department told agencies they had to begin accruing fees for IAAME by Feb. 15—giving just two weeks' notice of this substantial fee increase. Yet IAAME is still a start-up entity (more on that in a moment). It has issued no contracts, policies, or procedures for agencies to evaluate, although contracts are required by federal regulation.
"I just don't know if I can enter into this kind of agreement with an accrediting entity I don't have a contract with," says Armistead. "I'm going to give them the confidential information of my clients? I feel like I'm opening myself up for liability."
'A Heavy Burden for Adoption Agencies'
The extra $500 will hardly be the only cost hike for families. The State Department intends to substantially increase government monitoring, and Armistead anticipates needing an additional staffer just to keep up. Accounting for that additional salary means her total cost increase isn't just 800 percent, but 1,500 percent. Having to pay for forensic accounting procedures may send the total still higher.
I reviewed the cost estimates of more than 20 agencies, and Armistead's estimate is typical. Klarberg fears agencies may have to divert funds from parent training programs to cover the new oversight costs. Others worry that some families will simply be priced out of adoption. "How can I have our families absorb that kind of a fee increase, when the majority of our children are special-needs adoptions?" asks Sizemore. "These families will already have high medical and therapy costs once the child comes home."
'It is widely believed that the State Department's goal is to reduce the number of small adoption service providers. I think they feel that by doing so, they can better control the large agencies.'
The State Department disputes whether agencies are estimating accurately. While the department would not provide an interview, the director of the Office of Children's Issues, Ted Coley, did respond to written questions. Coley tells me: "It is premature for any provider to determine if future changes to monitoring and oversight will require additional staffing. It is not the intention of the Department or IAAME to make the accreditation and approval or monitoring and oversight requirements so burdensome as to put adoption service providers out of business."
Klarberg disagrees. "Early on in discussions, it became clear that small agencies would not be able to handle the increased volume of reporting without additional resources," he tells me. "It is widely believed that the State Department's goal is to reduce the number of small adoption service providers. I think they feel that by doing so, they can better control the large agencies."
A source with inside knowledge of the State Department, who spoke to me on condition of anonymity, confirms Klarberg's statement. "It's going to be a heavy, heavy burden for agencies," this source said. "Policymakers often overlook the fact that it's not just a fee, but the cost and expense in figuring out how to comply with this vague language. If an agency can get away with hiring just one additional full-time staffer to keep up with reporting, they'll be doing well."
This source also agrees the department is not anxious to avoid agency closures. "Behind closed doors, I've heard statements like: 'There need to be fewer adoption service providers, because we can't monitor them all.'"
Families are going to have to increasingly rely on unaccredited providers, resulting in a lower standard of care.
Adoption advocates point out that when agencies close, it severely affects families—both those still in the process, and those whose adoptions are complete. Most agencies continue to provide families with post-adoption services for years.
"If agencies close, and we believe many will, all the families with these agencies will be out in the cold," says Chuck Johnson of the National Council For Adoption. "A growing number of states may not even have an accredited provider. Families are going to have to increasingly rely on unaccredited providers, resulting in a lower standard of care."
"So many of these small agencies are faith-based in the real sense of the word," Klarberg emphasizes. "Yes, they have to pay their bills, but they're not in this for that. They're in this to be responsive to an urgent need, and that is to save children."
First on the Chopping Block: Special-Needs Adoptions
Already, the State Department has unilaterally changed one particular policy, with devastating consequences for special-needs adoptions. On Feb. 13, in an obscure footnote on a "FAQ" page, the State Department dropped this sentence: "The Department notes that a 'soft referral' is not acceptable practice under the regulations and may lead to adverse action."
In plain English, that means adoption agencies might no longer be allowed to seek parents for children with special needs by publishing their photos. This lets parents pursue the adoption of a particular child while they complete their home study, and it's often the motivation families need to undertake the expensive and invasive process. Rather than just an abstract "special needs adoption," they have a goal with a human face. China in particular uses this practice to recruit adoptive families for its many abandoned children with disabilities.
"There were 2,000 kids from China who came home last year through their waiting child list. No more," says Robin Sizemore. It has been a remarkably effective way to find families for children who would otherwise grow up in orphanages.
'Immediately we kicked it into high gear. Every single day, you wake up knowing that your son is out there and he needs you.'
"Jay" and his wife "Susan" adopted a little boy from China's waiting child list in 2016. Originally told their son would be blind, they later learned much of his vision could be restored through surgery and therapy. Today, their rambunctious toddler is thriving: exploring the world through a pair of tiny glasses, attending a special-needs preschool, and absorbing all the snuggles "Baba and Mama" can give.
But Jay tells me this adoption almost didn't happen. When he and Susan originally filled out the paperwork for a special-needs adoption, they specified which issues they felt equipped to handle. "One of the things we had said was 'no vision problems,'" Jay says. Still, the agency sent them an email one day, asking if they might consider this little boy anyway. They agreed to look at the child's profile, which included a photo.
"As soon as I opened the photo, I knew immediately," Jay says. "This was our son. [Susan] did the same thing. She knew right away."
The couple got started with their home study, motivated in a whole new way. "Immediately we kicked it into high gear. Every single day, you wake up knowing that your son is out there and he needs you."
Today, they're in the process of adopting a second special-needs child from China, also based on a photo listing. Jay says he is "furious" about the DOS policy change. "What this policy is really going to do is hurt special-needs children."
One wonders whether the department has fully considered the damaging effects of children growing up in orphanages, and where that fits into a calculation of their best interest.
Adoption advocates point out that the Hague Convention allows a child's native country to set standards such as when to share photos, and whether to temporarily hold a child for a certain family while they complete their home study. Further, the Hague's guidance on best practices recognizes the need to actively recruit parents for hard-to-place children.
This practice is widely used for domestic adoptions from U.S. foster care: children's photos and profiles can be viewed online. In fact, 15 Bulgarian nongovernmental organizations recently sent a letter asking DOS to reconsider this policy change, mentioning that the Bulgarian government implemented the practice after seeing its success in U.S. domestic adoptions.
When asked if they had fully considered the benefits of "soft referrals" for children with special needs, DOS did not directly reply. Instead, Coley simply reiterated State Department policy on the practice, affirming its commitment that "adoption services be provided ethically and in accordance with principles ensuring that intercountry adoption takes place in the best interests of children." One wonders whether the department has fully considered the damaging effects of children growing up in orphanages, and where that fits into a calculation of their best interest.
Rules for Thee but Not for Me
Even as adoption agencies face an unprecedented level of government scrutiny, they say the State Department is playing fast and loose with its own observation of the law. Their complaints center on IAAME and its hand-in-glove relationship with the State Department.
IAAME was incorporated on July 28, 2017, the same day it entered a contract with the State Department. While its website says, "IAAME is a 501(c)(3) organization," its federal nonprofit status is unclear. A call to the IRS on Feb. 28 yielded this response: "We have no record of this entity as a tax-exempt organization by virtue of an approved application." While an application may be in process, the IRS says the timeframe is 90-180 days—adequate time since July to have received approval.
Ron Stoddart, a long-time lawyer and adoption agency head, points out that while DOS often interprets the regulations very strictly toward agencies, it is lenient toward itself.
Why is this important? Federal regulations specify that an AE must either be a public entity or "an organization described in section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code … that has expertise in developing and administering standards for entities providing child welfare services." Regulations also state that an AE must have the governing structure and financial resources in place to fulfill its responsibilities.
Adoption advocates point out that there is no way IAAME could have proved its capability in any of these areas prior to signing a State Department contract, since before that day it did not exist. They also say IAAME representatives have admitted in phone meetings that the reason agencies must begin paying fees so suddenly, before services have even been rendered, is that it cannot begin operations until the money starts flowing.
By contrast, "When COA applied to be an accrediting entity, we had to demonstrate that we knew what we were doing, that we had the staff, had the experience, had the resources," Klarberg says. "We had to dig into our own reserves to get started — and we did."
'The Office of Children's Issues is essentially conducting monitoring and oversight activities through IAAME and is interpreting the regulations to support whatever position they find expedient.'
The State Department told me IAAME's start-up status is not a problem because, "It is operated by staff with extensive experience in providing child welfare services." IAAME's CEO is Stephen Pennypacker, who is also the CEO of Partnership for Strong Families (PSF), a Florida-based agency that performs domestic adoptions. IAAME shares offices, staff, and four board members with PSF.
This may be another legal violation. Federal regulations state that an AE must demonstrate "that it operates independently of any agency or person that provides adoption services." Ron Stoddart, a long-time lawyer and adoption agency head, points out that while DOS often interprets the regulations very strictly toward agencies, it is lenient toward itself.
"The Office of Children's Issues is essentially conducting monitoring and oversight activities through IAAME and is interpreting the regulations to support whatever position they find expedient," he sys.
Does International Adoption Equal Baby Buying?
This brings us to the central question: Why? Considering the broad support international adoption enjoys both among the American people and in Congress, what is leading our State Department to push for ever-increasing restrictions?
On the surface, DOS appears to be simply advocating for ethical adoption practices. In adoption policy, which dramatically affects vulnerable children, concern for ethics is certainly warranted. The existence of bad actors seeking to profit from children is a sad reality, and it was a major factor in the 2006 adoption of the Hague Convention. Many of the State Department's current critics were early proponents of the Hague Convention, as well as the Universal Accreditation Act of 2012, which further strengthened standards for agencies.
It's unclear why the birth mothers' stories eventually changed in this tragic and puzzling tale, or why these case notes have not been mentioned in media stories.
A recent scandal surrounding a now-defunct agency, European Adoption Consultants (EAC), is being cited as the reason more oversight is needed. DOS debarred EAC in 2016, citing a bevy of serious allegations. The media picked up the story, and CNN ran a horrifying account of African birth mothers allegedly tricked into relinquishing their children.
While most advocates I spoke with agree that EAC violated ethical standards and deserved to be shut down, they reject the insinuation that "baby buying" and corruption is rife in the adoption world. Indeed, before an adopted child can get a U.S. visa, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services conducts an investigation in the sending country, to guard against just such abuses.
In these much-publicized cases out of Africa, USCIS did conduct interviews with the birth mothers prior to issuing visas. They determined that the relinquishments were voluntary and thoroughly understood. The State Department has the case notes from these interviews, and I was able to review copies. It's unclear why the birth mothers' stories eventually changed in this tragic and puzzling tale, or why these case notes have not been mentioned in media stories. Still, it's important for the public to realize that safeguards do exist.
'We've repeatedly made the offer to the State Department: Work with us to improve the adoption process, not against us.'
It's also important to note that most adoption advocates support strengthened standards. Many mention the need to better train and support adoptive families to reduce post-adoption dissolutions. Noting that some families are afraid to report problems with their agency until their adoptions are final, Klarberg suggests an anonymous tip line might help serious issues come to light more quickly.
"We've repeatedly made the offer to the State Department: Work with us to improve the adoption process, not against us," says Chuck Johnson. "Unfortunately, what we've seen in the last three years is that all the experts with working knowledge have been completely left out of the conversation."
My anonymous State Department source agrees: "The policymakers have taken on a much bigger role to act like we're the field — but we're not the field. Policymakers are not the experts in adoption. We need to establish a climate of collaboration with those in the field."
What's Going On at the State Department?
Instead, the State Department has created a climate of fear and mistrust. In every interview I conducted, a single name emerged as the primary source of this adversarial relationship: Trish Maskew, chief of the Adoption Division in the Office of Children's Issues.
Maskew was appointed in 2014, and the relationship between the State Department and the adoption community has deteriorated ever since. Where the State Department once reached out to the field—attending the annual Christian Alliance for Orphans' Summit, for example—that collaboration soon ended. "She came in and we started immediately seeing a greater focus on punishment of agencies, and trying to get countries to tighten up their rules," says Ron Stoddart.
Trish Maskew was appointed in 2014, and the relationship between the State Department and the adoption community has deteriorated ever since.
This is no surprise, given Maskew's writings and statements on international adoption. She represents one side of a larger global debate surrounding the issue. On one side are what I would call "adoption advocates": people like Harvard Law professor Elizabeth Bartholet, who focus heavily on the plight of orphaned and abandoned children throughout the world. This side sees children's need to grow up in loving, permanent families as far more important than other considerations, like remaining in their cultures of origin.
"Children's right to parenting is perhaps their most fundamental right, short of their right to life itself," Bartholet wrote last year. "The current institutionalization of some 10–14 million children is the greatest human rights disaster involving children in the world today. The fact that it is deliberate manmade policy that denies children available adoptive homes makes this disaster especially shameful."
On the other side, we have what I would call "adoption critics" like Maskew. They focus heavily on the potential for abuse in the adoption process, and on preserving the possibility for children to be reunited with birth relatives. In a 2009 paper aimed directly at refuting Bartholet's human rights argument, Maskew called international adoption "a profoundly problematic institution." She also cited an author who frames international adoption in terms of racism and Western colonialism. "A conception of poor, third-world countries as subordinate nations fits very comfortably with the practice of international adoption," this author wrote.
Adoption critics often give the impression that if Western adoption were removed from the picture, children would simply live happily with their birth families. In the early 2000s, adoption critics from the European Union pressured Romania into completely banning international adoption, promising child abandonment would subsequently disappear.
Adoption critics often give the impression that if Western adoption were removed from the picture, children would simply live happily with their birth families.
That promise has never materialized. After 14 years of government policy heavily biased toward birth parents (even when they clearly show no interest in parenting), Romania's child abandonment problem has hardly abated. A recent report from the Romania Without Orphans Alliance shows that 10,000 children are still being abandoned each year, more than half of whom will spend their entire childhood in the Romanian child welfare system. Meanwhile, fewer than 1,000 children per year are being domestically adopted.
Tens of thousands of Romanian children who could have found families abroad have instead grown up in the system. Yet they'll hardly make headlines the way isolated incidents of adoption abuse do, nor will we see adoption critics checking in to find out how they're faring. In fact, Bartholet supports legislation requiring the State Department to include countries' institutionalization of children in its annual human rights reporting. DOS adamantly opposes the legislation.
The State Department insider confirmed its atmosphere is decidedly biased against international adoption. "Some people [in the department] routinely circulate negative articles about intercountry adoption—especially Christians adopting—to show legitimacy to their belief," this source tells me. "It's their job as policymakers to see the negative side, but it takes a conscious effort to step back and see the bigger picture. I don't think people really care that much about the vulnerability of children. Because if they did, they'd be willing to look at the whole picture."
'They Should Resign in Disgrace'
Against this backdrop, it's hardly surprising that the number of foreign children finding homes with U.S. families has continued to drop every year. "Putting Trish Maskew in charge of international adoption is like putting Ralph Nader in charge of the automobile industry," says Johnson. "Why would we expect anything other than these results?"
'There is no solution that they're offering other than death and destruction for these kids.'
Johnson emphasizes that over-regulating adoption perpetuates the trafficking critics say they are trying to prevent. "Children who are in these orphanages, when they age out, it's estimated in some countries over 90 percent will end up being trafficked," Johnson says. "There is no solution that they're offering other than death and destruction for these kids. This was never the original intent of the legislation, never the intent of the Hague Convention. They've failed in their job, and they should resign in disgrace."
Adoption advocates say that while Republian Sen. Roger Wicker and other legislators have helped their cause, real change will only come with new leadership in the State Department, which would require action from the White House. A newly launched petition asks the president "to investigate the causes of the 80% decline in intercountry adoptions since 2004." Klarberg indicates that with new management at the Office of Children's issues, COA would be willing to consider re-entering the field of intercountry adoption accreditation.
"What I don't understand is why there is no oversight of the Office of Children's Issues," Klarberg says. "The current administration is committed to a reduction in regulation. But the State Department is committed to an increase in regulation. We're wondering whether the new secretary will correct this disparity."
Jayme Metzgar is a Senior Contributor at The Federalist.
Photo U.S. Air Force photo/Stacy Vaughn
Administrative State adoption child welfare federal agencies federal regulations international adoption social services special needs State Department


Lewisville, Texas Aug. 31 '69. Comments: Italian bootleg. Deluxe jewel case.
The Train Kept A Rollin' is listed as Sweet Baby.
Any copies of this for sale? Please let me know.
I find this something of an odd CD. Although the show has been weirdly mixed with guitar and drums over to one side and vocals to the opposite, the fidelity is excellent. From the latter perspective this really is one of the better unofficial Led Zeppelin soundboards currently available.
The problem I have is with the performance. After a bit of a ramshackle start the show basically becomes 50 minutes of Jimmy Page soloing, with little in the way of the riffing or explosive chord work common to Page's playing during this period. Granted, this does mean Page gets to showcase a hell of a lot of blistering fingerwork. However, spanning the course of almost an hour it eventually becomes a very one-dimensional listening experience, revealing that Page (unlike contemporaries such as Clapton or Hendrix), lacked the ability to sustain extreme levels of extended soloing without reaching the point of sounding boringly repetative.
Unfortunately that negative aspect is strongly accentuated by virtue of Bonham and Jones being mixed more as a backing band than as integral elements of the sonic fabric. And Plant? With this performance he has a tendency to take advantage of the lack of group-focused jamming to exercise his spontaneous howling and wailing in a way some people may find excessive.
All of the members of Led Zeppelin are on stage, but somehow the group magic is missing.
This title often makes the upper ranges of Zeppelin bootleg top tens, but I can't help thinking that's often more down to the quality of the sound rather than the performance itself.


Boise City, Oklahoma – Duane Ferguson, 84, longtime area farmer and business owner, passed away Tuesday morning, January 15, 2019 at Coldwater Manor in Stratford, Texas.
The son of Gladys (Roberts) and Harold E. Ferguson, Harold Duane Ferguson was born April 27, 1934 in Chicago, Illinois. As a young boy, he spent many summers on the Roberts family farm in the Eva/Yarborough Community. After graduating from Calumet High School, Chicago, in 1952, Duane loaded his car and moved, for good, to the Oklahoma Panhandle. To quote the article where he was honored as the 2007 Cimarron County Hall of Fame Inductee, "Duane Ferguson wasn't born in Cimarron County, but he got here as fast as he could." He worked on the farm and attended Panhandle A&M College, Goodwell, Oklahoma, graduating in 1959 with a Bachelor's of Science. Duane met this beautiful waitress with a truck load of kids and he was never the same. Waunita and Duane were married December 28, 1967 in Elkhart, Kansas. With this union, they formed their united family with eleven children. Duane and Waunita worked hard and enjoyed their family and their community. They worked in the family business, Ferguson Plumbing, while Duane farmed as well. They enjoyed camping, family cookouts, and taking family trips to the mountains. Duane, particularly loved his ice cream and dark chocolate, sharing many sweets with his grandkids and great grandkids. By the grace of a loving and forgiving God, Duane was blessed with 45 years of sobriety. Duane and Waunita were integral in starting Camp Billy Joe AA Camp which still continues today. He served as Boise City mayor, a member of Cimarron County Chamber of Commerce, a member of Camp Bill Joe Board of Directors, on the board of Next Step Treatment Center in Guymon, a long-time member of the Lutheran Church, where he still has many friends, and was a current member of St. Paul's United Methodist Church. He and many friends were responsible for the Christmas lights downtown, decorated the caboose, and Duane loved to play Santa Claus. Duane felt he owed so much to the people of Boise City and the Panhandle. They gave him his beautiful family, work to do, neighbors to help and love and support over the years.
Duane is preceded in death by his sweetheart, wife of almost 46 years, Wuanita Ferguson, who passed away November 13, 2013; one daughter, Verna Derrick, four sons, Donald Schwindt, Daryl Schwindt, Delane Schwindt and Brett Schwindt. He was also preceded in death by four grandchildren and two great grandchildren.
Duane is survived by his seven children, Gerry Schwindt of Boise City; Debra Kress (Randy) of Bethany, OK; Denise Geist (Rick) of Seminole, OK; Darla Knuth (Todd) of Fargo, ND; Kyle Schwindt of Boise City; Gary Schwindt (Zona) of Boise City; Kim Mizer (Billy Ray) of Boise City; his sister, Donita Hayes of Elkhart, KS and her childen: Kyle, Gay, and Carla. He was Grandpa to his twenty-seven grandkids, Shannon Derrick, Justin, Dustin, Crystal, Jhordan, Jeremy, Joshua, Jessie, Jennifer and Jared Schwindt, Chad Alvarez, Brandy Stewart, Michael and Michelle Edmondson, Mindy Newman, Nathan and Brian Geist, Heath and Morgan Knuth, Victoria Westbrook, Dondey Williams, Christy Flick, Makenzie Walshak, Bridgett and Autumn Mizer, Kassidy Rosas and Kayla Hibbert; thirty-seven great grandchildren and five great-great grandchildren, and numerous extended family, relatives, and family.
Visitation will be Thursday evening, January 17th, 6:00-8:00 PM at the Henson-Novak Funeral Directors, 700 West Main Street, Boise City.
Funeral services will be Friday morning, January 18th, 10:30 AM at St. Paul's United Methodist Church, Boise City, with Rev. Randy Little, pastor, officiating. Interment will follow in Boise City Cemetery.
Memorials may be given to Camp Billy Joe or St. Paul's UMC, c/o Henson-Novak Funeral Directors, P.O. Box 1306, Guymon, OK 73942.
Friends may sign the online guest book and send condolences at www.hensonnovak.com.


text:
Q: Getting NoClassDefFoundError for class SettableFuture present in com.google.common.util.concurrent package of guava-30.0-jre.jar only in Websphere On enabling class trace, found that WebSphere is loading other classes present in the same package (com.google.common.util.concurrent) from same guava-30.0-jre.jar
Total classes present in com.google.common.util.concurrent package: 310
and Total classes loaded: 285 (as per class load trace)
Solutions tried:

*

*Class load order is set to Parent Last

*Have also explicitly set jar path in Generic JVM Arguments under Application servers > server1 > Process definition > Java Virtual Machine

*Also tried creating a shared library and referencing it with the web app deployed. Steps followed to create shared library are from this URL

*JAR File is also okay and decompiling without any issue

*Machine Restart

Below is a stack trace for reference:
Caused by: java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: com/google/common/util/concurrent/SettableFuture
at com.google.common.cache.LocalCache$LoadingValueReference.<init>(LocalCache.java:3472) ~[?:?]
at com.google.common.cache.LocalCache$LoadingValueReference.<init>(LocalCache.java:3476) ~[?:?]
at com.google.common.cache.LocalCache$Segment.lockedGetOrLoad(LocalCache.java:2134) ~[?:?]
at com.google.common.cache.LocalCache$Segment.get(LocalCache.java:2045) ~[?:?]
at com.google.common.cache.LocalCache.get(LocalCache.java:3951) ~[?:?]
at com.google.common.cache.LocalCache.getOrLoad(LocalCache.java:3974) ~[?:?]
at com.google.common.cache.LocalCache$LocalLoadingCache.get(LocalCache.java:4935) ~[?:?]
at com.google.common.cache.LocalCache$LocalLoadingCache.getUnchecked(LocalCache.java:4941) ~[?:?]
at com.google.inject.internal.Annotations$AnnotationChecker.hasAnnotations(Annotations.java:248) ~[guice-4.0.jar:?]
at com.google.inject.internal.Annotations.isBindingAnnotation(Annotations.java:314) ~[guice-4.0.jar:?]
at com.google.inject.internal.Annotations.findBindingAnnotation(Annotations.java:295) ~[guice-4.0.jar:?]
at com.google.inject.internal.ProviderMethodsModule.getKey(ProviderMethodsModule.java:280) ~[guice-4.0.jar:?]
at com.google.inject.internal.ProviderMethodsModule.createProviderMethod(ProviderMethodsModule.java:264) ~[guice-4.0.jar:?]
at com.google.inject.internal.ProviderMethodsModule.getProviderMethods(ProviderMethodsModule.java:144) ~[guice-4.0.jar:?]
at com.google.inject.internal.ProviderMethodsModule.configure(ProviderMethodsModule.java:123) ~[guice-4.0.jar:?]
at com.google.inject.spi.Elements$RecordingBinder.install(Elements.java:340) ~[guice-4.0.jar:?]
at com.google.inject.spi.Elements$RecordingBinder.install(Elements.java:349) ~[guice-4.0.jar:?]
at com.google.inject.spi.Elements.getElements(Elements.java:110) ~[guice-4.0.jar:?]
at com.google.inject.internal.InjectorShell$Builder.build(InjectorShell.java:138) ~[guice-4.0.jar:?]
at com.google.inject.internal.InternalInjectorCreator.build(InternalInjectorCreator.java:104) ~[guice-4.0.jar:?]
at com.google.inject.Guice.createInjector(Guice.java:96) ~[guice-4.0.jar:?]
at com.google.inject.Guice.createInjector(Guice.java:73) ~[guice-4.0.jar:?]

Please note everything works fine when the same web app is deployed in WebLogic, Tomcat and JBoss

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


An efficient hospital revenue cycle process relies on all administrative and clinical functions working together, but with so many moving parts, there is always room for improvement.
Healthcare leaders shared with Becker's Hospital Review one thing they would do to improve the revenue cycle process.
1. Mark Norby, chair of revenue cycle at Rochester, Minn.-based Mayo Clinic, said that "creating a data-driven process would help meet the operational challenge of increasing precertification and prior authorization requirements by private or government payers."
2. Yvonne Robinett, revenue cycle director at Gillette, Wyo.-based Campbell County Health, stressed the importance of timely documentation from providers for care rendered. "Whether [it's from] nurses, providers [or] midlevel providers, getting that documentation in a timely fashion is probably one of our big pain points right now."
3. Brad Tinnermon, vice president of revenue cycle management and revenue integrity for Phoenix-based Banner Health, discussed documentation coding and clinical documentation improvement. "We're seeing a lot of opportunity in that area, but also a lot of pressure from pay-for-performance and health quality grades, where our health systems are more heavily scrutinized on the outcomes and quality of service we provide," he said.
"Obviously, there's been movement to all patient-refined diagnosis-related groups, from Medicare severity diagnosis-related groups that are getting more specific in making sure teams are really in lock step, to accurately document the care provided and tie that accurately to the outcome. So that's an area we're looking to innovate in."


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The Federal Government is in talks with Transnet for the concession of the Nation's railways after General Electric (GE) handed the leadership of the consortium to the South African firm.
GE had last week handed the leadership of the consortium to Transnet as it disclosed its withdrawal from the railway concession in line with its strategy to exit the transportation business.
Disclosing this last week in Abuja, Minister of Transportation, Rotimi Amaechi said, "We are in talks with Transnet. When we conclude we will sign the concession agreement and they will rehabilitate the entire 3,500 kilometers of railways".
It will be recalled that General Electric (GE) had pulled out of the $2 billion concession deal with the Nigerian government for two rail lines connecting northern cities to others in the south.
GE last year won a contract to manage Nigeria's narrow-gauge rail network in partnership with three other companies, namely SinoHydro of China, Transnet, and APM Terminals.


Aggression in Young Children: Helping yourself stay steady in tough situations..
Some days you have to deal with a child who lashes out. Often you can see it brewing and you want to step in early. You also notice it's hard on you. Maybe your stomach begins to churn or your neck or jaw tightens. Your workplace has a specific protocol. You know what you're supposed to do and telling yourself to breathe before stepping in just isn't enough to ease the tension inside. Automatic physical reactions need physical strategies. This experiential workshop draws on the concepts of interactive neurobiology and self-regulation to teach you practical techniques to use in these difficult moments.
Practice picking up earlier signs that a child is about to erupt.
Learn physical strategies you can use right in the moment to ease the tension you feel.
Explore and practice methods to support yourself so you can act more calmly and effectively.
*Suitable for parents, students, adult instructors/administrators, novice, intermediate and experienced early learning child care professionals working with children of any age from infant/toddler, preschool to school age children, including children with extra support needs.
Presenter: Shayna Hornstein. Shayna is a body-focused counsellor, registered physical therapist and adult educator. Her organizational development work improves resilience and workplace communication. In her clinical practice she helps people lessen the impact that stress has on their bodies. She especially enjoys supporting frontline child care educators and caregivers, for they do critical work that builds healthy communities.
*Wear comfortable clothes and shoes.
Please mark this date on your calendar, as we will not send a reminder.
No monies will be refunded or credits offered once the workshop or course starts.
Westcoast may cancel a workshop or course at any time. Registrants will be notified and receive a full refund.
By submitting this online participants declare they have read, understood and agree with this policy.
Seats are limited. Registrations are accepted on a first come, first served basis.
Mark dates on your calendar. We will not send reminders.
Latecomers who arrive after 15 minutes may not be admitted and will not receive a certificate.
Westcoast encourages a scent free environment.
Note: If the workshop is full, you can phone us to be placed on the wait list.


A full page character illustration by Bratislav Milenkovic for a recent feature in Forbes Japan magazine.
The Globalist / Long Island, Queens – map illustration by Bratislav Milenkovic for Atlas magazine (Etihad).
Beautiful plate illustrated by Bratislav Milenkovic for the Museum of Yugoslavia shop.
How Martin Lewis became the most trusted man in Britain – illustration by Bratislav Milenkovic for today's Guardian long read.
The Future of Money – illustration by Bratislav Milenkovic for Lufthansa magazine.
Hidden pockets of free time – Time management illustration by Bratislav Milenkovic for Fast Company magazine.
Connected Health – illustration by Bratislav Milenkovic for About Trust magazine. AD by Aine Gibbons.
Love this self portrait illustration by Bratislav Milenkovic.
Colorado map illustration by Bratislav Milenkovic for Hemispheres magazine.
Mission: How Impossible? Impossible gadgets in real lives. Illustration by Bratislav Milenkovic for Wired magazine.


The Viridor and Prosiect Gwyrdd community fund can provide financial support to community initiatives in Newport.
Applications for funding are judged on sustainability, local need, community involvement, value for money and education.
The Landfill Communities Fund (LCF) is managed by an organisation called Entrust and allows Newport City Council, as a landfill site operator, to claim part of the income generated by landfill tax for projects which improve local communities.
Local organisations may apply for this funding for specific projects that meet the scheme's requirements.
The Welsh Church Act 1914 secured the disestablishment of the Anglican Church in Wales and made provision for the funding of church projects.
Newport City Council receives an annual allocation which can be awarded for a wide range of charitable objectives including educational, social, recreational and cultural purposes - the fund is no longer used exclusively for church projects.
The Guidance Note (pdf) explains eligibility.
Download the Welsh Church fund application form (pdf).
Contact Newport City Council and ask for the corporate administration supervisor.


text:
Best Betting Sites in India
ONLINE BETTING WEBSITES
Author's choice
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₹2,500*
Visit Site Betway review
*18+ T&Cs apply
Sportsbet io
Best Online Betting Sites
Betrally Review
Regulation & Licenses
Odds, Markets & Features
Betrally (now 10cric) Review - For Exclusive Online Sports Betting in India
Betrally appears to have wagered on the rising popularity of the sports betting market in India by launching an India-specific sports betting website that concentrates on delivering odds on almost all sports categories that are dear to the Indian punter.
It is indeed interesting to see a company develop an exclusive sportsbook for the Indian market, especially when all forms of sports betting are considered to be illegal in the country. Nevertheless, in our detailed Betrally review, we will attempt to find out whether Betrally India is as good as its international sportsbook, and if the bookmaker's Indian website is a safe place to wager on matches from India.
author not approved
by Akshey
Betrally was taken over by 10cric and is not available anymore. But 10cric is approved by our experts, so you can select the bookie we've verified below.
₹10,000*
VISIT 10CRIC
*18+; T&Cs Apply.
Recommended Bookmakers
Betway - a betting site in India
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Bet365 - a betting site in India
Cash Out option
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up to 10 days up to ₹4,000** visitRead review
**Available to new customers only. Make a qualifying deposit of ₹400 or more and claim the offer within 30 days of registering your account to qualify for 15% of that amount in Bet Credits, up to a maximum of ₹4,000. Once claimed, your Bet Credits will be held in your account balance and are non-withdrawable.
*Geo restrictions apply. Funded account or bet placed 24 hours prior to event required to access.
22bet - a betting site in India
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MELbet - a betting site in India
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Unibet - a betting site in India
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Betrally Regulation & Licensing Information
Betrally India operates with a license from the Government of Curacao, where all gambling and betting activities are monitored and regulated by the Curacao authorities. However, sports betting is illegal in India, and—make no mistake—the bookmaker operates as an offshore entity without any valid licenses or regulatory authorisations. Regardless, the sportsbook operates in a grey area in which all online operators are able to take advantage of a loophole in the existing regulatory framework which does not mention anything about online sports betting operators. Therefore, Indian punters must be aware of the legal implications of sports betting in India before taking part in any betting activities form India.
Aside from the legal hurdles, Betrally is indeed a trusted and reliable operator that safeguards its users' funds through segregation of funds and protection of money through routine audits. The company is also committed to responsible gaming policies, which further adds credibility to the company's sportsbook operations.
Opening a Betrally India Account
The three-step account creation process is fast and simple, as you can create an account in less than a couple of minutes. The first step of the account signup process asks you to enter your personal information, such as full name, date of birth, and email address. The second stage involves providing your contact information, namely your address and phone number. The final stage of the registration process asks you to choose your email address, a password, and a preferred currency. You can choose between the INR, USD, EUR, GBP, JPY, and KRW.
You can go straight to the banking page to deposit funds into your account, or alternatively, you can verify your account before depositing funds. To verify your account, you should upload a scanned copy of your passport along with a utility bill or bank statement that clearly identifies your contact address. It is not obligatory to verify your account to deposit money and start betting, but verification is compulsory for you to initiate a withdrawal request.
Betrally Deposit Methods
The bookmaker conveniently offers multiple currency options for Indian users, with the INR, the USD, and the EUR being the most popular currencies adopted by punters. There are primarily seven different Betrally deposit methods for India, which include IMPS bank transfers, debit card payments, Net Banking, bitcoin payments, NETELLER, Skrill, and ecoPayz. The minimum amount for deposit is 1,000 INR, while the maximum deposit amount is 10,00,000 INR. The payments interface uses 128-bit SSL encryption for secure payments, which ensures that your payments are protected by state-of-the-art encryption technologies. E-wallet and card transactions rarely take more than a few minutes for the funds to reach your sportsbook account, while bank transfers may take anywhere from an hour to up to one day for the funds to be credited.
Betrally Withdrawal Methods
The bookmaker only supports withdrawals to the same account used to deposit funds. Various anti-money laundering laws require the bookmaker to ensure that all funds are redirected to the source from which they originated. Despite this industry-standard policy, you can make a withdrawal from your account any time you like, provided you have completed your personal identity verification procedure. Identity verification can take a while and may require several attempts, as the verification team is always strict in examining documents to ensure that they meet the minimum criteria set by the company.
The company has a stellar track record of processing all withdrawals on time. Of course, there are instances where account balances are withheld, but they are only common when the user hasn't completed the minimum wagering requirements or if they have indulged in any betting practices that are deemed illegal by the company. During our testing phase, we were able to withdraw our funds within three days of initiating a withdrawal, which seems to be in line with the average withdrawal time in the market.
A brief introduction to the Betrally website.
Betrally Welcome Bonus
There are different varieties of bonuses available for Indian bettors, with the 100% welcome bonus being the best of the lot. The welcome bonus qualifies for a maximum of INR 7,500 in betting credits added to your sportsbook account, which is available along with the INR 10,000 in free betting credits that you stand to receive for referring a friend to the bookmaker. However, there are other smaller bonus offerings from the bookmaker, such as the reload bonus of around 50%-60%, which provides around INR 1,500 to INR 2,000 on your subsequent deposits.
If you are really looking for an opportunity to avail big prize money, then you should be on the lookout for the sportsbook's seasonal betting tournaments, which allow the top punter on the Betrally leader board to take home cool prize money that can be worth lakhs of Rupees. The IPL 2019 Cash Race is a prime example. In this event, the winner stands to win INR 5 lakhs for reaching the very top. All bonuses are subject to the bookmaker's terms and conditions, which include minimum wagering requirements before they can be withdrawn.
The Website Design
Betrally has adopted two different takes on its website design. The international version of the website features a simplistic design that is predominantly filled with an image showing athletes from different disciplines, along with a few simple options for punters, which include the ability to choose the Sports, Casino, or Live Casino version of the online platform. The Indian version, however, displays the sportsbook in its entirety and provides all the relevant information on the top events, odds for particular games, and detailed text at the very bottom that outlines the details of the bookmaker, alongside the advantages of the Betrally India website.
The Layout of the Betting Interface
The sportsbook follows a conventional three-column layout, where the left column offers the option to switch between events and sporting categories, the large central portion provides information about the betting markets and odds offered for different outcomes, and the extreme right portion is dedicated to the bet slip. The bet slip is where you can place your wager, view your existing bets, and modify positions according to your requirements.
One of the significant concerns about a three-column layout is that it can get quite cluttered if the bookmaker offers multiple betting options. However, Betrally has addressed this concern by designing a minimalistic and simple design, which not only provides all the information at a quick glance but also makes it easy to switch between different sports and events. You can also access a particular market by clicking on a sport of your choice, as further betting options such as the odds, wagering options, payouts, stakes, and other betting information become available once you click on an event. The bet slip offers the option to enter your stake, view your payout, and choose between a single, combo, or system bet.
Sports Variety
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Betrally Mobile
Betrally has combined its mobile and desktop platforms into a single responsive browser-based app, which has the same features and functionality for a seamless transition between different devices. The website interface works well with most mobile browsers, especially on smartphones and tablets, where the size of the screen determines the overall aspect ratio of the platform. Nevertheless, you can find all the betting options in a scrollable interface, and we did not feel the need to have a dedicated Betrally mobile app.
Betrally Markets, Wagering Options, & Betting Odds
Cricket is obviously at the top of the priorities list at Betrally India, especially considering that the company is targeting over 1.25 billion sports fans, most of whom are crazy about cricket. Aside from cricket, the bookmaker supports more than 55 different sports categories, with each sports covering all major and minor league events that are of interest to the Indian punter. It is easy to move across the different markets by scrolling up and down the sportsbook interface, and each event is laid out in a neatly organised stack. The popular sporting choices include cricket, football, kabaddi, and tennis, while high-profile events such as the IPL, Cricket World Cup, and other major league tournaments are a prominent fixture.
While performing an extensive Betrally review, we did find the bookmaker to be more or less similar in its product offerings to other competitors in the market. Although the betting options are quite varied, the odds are slightly less than what you would see at other mainstream sportsbooks, as the minimum odds start from 1.10. The maximum odds for an unlikely or a highly improbable event were around 101.0, with some events paying out as high as 201.0, which is on par with the odds provided by most bookmakers. You may be able to enjoy even higher odds for the same outcome at other sportsbooks, but Betrally offers a more dependable platform that is trusted and reliable.
Final Verdict on Betrally India Cricket Review
Betrally is one of the very few companies that have dared to cater to the Indian market with an India-specific betting website, and they deserve an incredible amount of respect for their vision. They provide one of the safest sportsbooks in the market, excellent bonus options, numerous deposit methods, and even the ability to wager in Indian Rupees. Therefore, we would certainly recommend the bookmaker to our readers, especially if they are looking for one of the safest options for cricket betting in India.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Phone: 903-536-3318Cell: 903-388-0292Fax: 903-536-4024torno@circle-t-realty.com
Steve Torno, broker and owner of Circle T Realty, has a degree in Agricultural Economics and Business from Texas A&M University, class of '73. Steve has thirty-four years combined experience in banking and land development. As a licensed Texas Real Estate Broker, financial expert, and land developer, Steve has a professional understanding of Texas property values and finance. Steve's knowledge of properties available, extensive listings, and eagerness to please his customers has earned Circle T Realty the distinction of being the hardest working land company in East Texas. He is very proud of the sales team that he has working with Circle T Realty and feels that each and every one of them is a tremendous asset to the company.
Phone: 903-536-3318Cell: 979-777-6523Fax: 903-536-4024dennis@circle-t-realty.com
Dennis Coffey is a 2010 graduate of Texas A&M University with an Ag Development degree. He joined the Circle T Realty team in May 2011, but he has been working in real estate since 2006. Dennis is an avid hunter and outdoorsman and especially enjoys bow hunting. He owns land south of Centerville and he and his wife, Jessica, have two daughters and a son. He has a long back ground of Leon county real estate in his family as his grandfather and his father have been developing land in this area since 1980.
Clayton Loftin
Phone: 903-536-3318Cell: 903-390-1186clayton@circle-t-realty.com
Clayton Loftin is the newest member of the Circle T Realty team. He obtained his real estate license in December 2020, after a successful career in banking. In addition to his banking experience, Clayton brings to our team experience in the construction business, sales in the oil/gas industry, and an extensive agricultural background. He graduated from Texas A&M University, with a Bachelor of Science degree in Agriculture Leadership and Development, and a Business minor. He and his wife, Hailey, are both Centerville High School graduates and live in Leona with their four children. They are both active members of multiple organizations in the community, including the Cowboy Church of Leon County, where they serve on various teams. Clayton's outgoing personality and "never met a stranger" demeanor, plus his excellent work ethic, makes him the perfect addition to our team.
Lisa is one of Steve Torno's younger sisters. She has been with Circle T Realty since the beginning and is an important part of the team. Though her title is office manager, she performs the work of accountant, treasurer, collections officer, accounts payable, advertising, public relations, and on a daily basis maintains the property listings on this website. Lisa has lived in Leon County since 1986. She and her husband of 37 years have two married daughters.
Cynthia Torno
Agent/Associate
Phone: 903-536-3318Cell: 903-388-1719Fax: 903-536-4024cindybee53@usa.net
Cynthia Torno has had ancestors in Leon County since before Texas was a republic, so her roots and love for this county run deep. A graduate of Sam Houston State University, Cynthia taught public school for many years before retiring to sell real estate. She and broker husband Steve Torno have been married for 49 years and have three grown children and 5 wonderful grandchildren. "I love my new career and find it to be a real challenge; the best part of this business is meeting great people from all over the United States. It gives me great satisfaction to work hard to find the perfect property for my clients." Cynthia is a member of the Fort Boggy Chapter of the Daughters of the Republic of Texas and is dedicated to preserving the history and beauty of Leon County


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I have a FSC 100. When I use the enhancer and place it on the fire box the pellets end up charred but not burned. How do I get the pellets to burn.
Hi John! Sorry this reply took so long. If you watch this video (start at about 1:10), Stuart explains how to use the smoke enhancer on the FEC120. They are essentially the same unit except the FEC100 is more for home/competition use instead of in a commercial kitchen. Let me know if this helps!


What do you do with the things you make?
I like all kinds of sewing projects.Got my mom interested in quilting and when she was alive we did a lot together.Now I start too many things and only get a few finished.I also like to garden and enjoy my almost 3 year old grandaughter.
UFO'S that seems a must in the quilting world. I look forward to some housebound days to get some sewing done.
Pepper , that's one small 3.oz box. Enjoy! Happy Easter.
Oh I am glad you found it! Great stuff, huh? I was wondering where you went, chemo? I hate cancer. I'm glad you are feeling better now.
Thanks, Pepper! It's SWAK Embroidery. Someone on Gifty made one, and of course, I had to have it! How have you been? We haven't seen you on Gifty for a while, come back and talk sometime. And share a pic of your Froggie mat.
We had lived in the town of North Lima just south of Youngstown. We were by the Ohio Turnpike. We always said halfway between Cleveland and Pittsburg.
Hi Pepper, the Footprint is on CD from Anita Goodesign. Check with your dealer to see if they carry them or go to anitagoodesign-online.com to find a dealer close to you that will mail you one.
I know what you mean that it's not the same with out your mom or friends. The community in which we moved to didn't have a group until last year. It is so nice to get together with other quilters and work on projects and also chit chat.
What part of Ohio to you go and visit? We were from NE Ohio.
Hi Pepper glad to meet you. I started quilting with my mother and the ladies from my church. I have a lot of projects going to. I do seem to work on new and UFO's since I joined this group. Hang in there as it gives us something to do.


1) Door-to-Door: When our industry first started in the 1950s, it was mostly door-to-door sales. Early day Amway, Avon, Shaklee and Mary Kay reps frequently sold items door-to-door. This method was very popular and effective during the 1950s and 1960s. New distributors would canvas neighborhoods in their local community to find new customers and distributors.
This method is still used some today, but not as much. In today's world, there are lots of no soliciting rules in neighborhoods. There are also a lot of crazy people out there, so most people are no longer receptive to this approach (although some people still do it with great success).
2) In-Home Parties: While still popular today, in-home parties were extremely popular in the 1970s. A host would invite friends over and a distributor would come over and demo the products and generate sales. The distributor might even sponsor a few of the guests into their business. And normally they would give the host some free products or a cash bonus for hosting a party. If you've ever been to a home party before you understand how fun and effective they are.
3) Catalogs: Catalogs gained popularity from the late 1970s and lasted through the early 1990s. Distributors handed product catalogs to friends, family, and co-workers. These people would review the product catalog and place an order with the distributor, if they were interested. While most companies still offer catalogs for their distributors today, they aren't anywhere near as popular today as they were during the 1970s through early 1990s. The internet has played a major role in this change. Most people simply use an online catalog because it is free and easy to access.
4) Internet: Since the mid to late 1990s, the internet has grown in popularity. Now, just about everyone I know has internet access and an email account. Many distributors have taken their business online, in hopes to build a global business. And while the internet has created a level playing field for distributors to build a global business, it's overly saturated and competitive. Most people simply don't realize that the internet is nothing more than a marketing medium: a place to advertise and build your presence. It's not the answer to all of your troubles.
The internet is here to stay, but distributors need to realize that this will always people a PEOPLE BUSINESS. You can use high tech, but don't forget to use high touch as well. Once you meet people online, your goal is to talk to them on the phone or meet them in person and build a relationship with them. Don't get confused and think the internet is some secret solution to your troubles with talking to people.
5) Top Tier Company: Top Tier Companies gained popularity in the late 2000s, sometime around 2007 or so. A Top Tier MLM Company is a Direct Sales Company that offers a huge upfront commission, typically somewhere in the range of $500 to $5,000 or more for signing up someone new. Rather than rely strictly on residual income, Top Tier MLM Companies offer a wonderful way to get paid today. This is a great alternative to traditional MLM because of the big commissions. You can make $10k per month in a Top Tier Program much quicker and easier than you can with a traditional network marketing company. In most of these companies, you only need to recruit a few people per month to earn a six figure income.
6) Get Paid Today: This is a new concept in network marketing that combines affiliate marketing with network marketing. It is the process of generating multiple streams of income in your business, and having a solid way to make money, even if people don't join your business opportunity. It's how I build my business and I think it makes great sense.
As you can see, our industry has really evolved during the past fifty to sixty years. I'm not sure how it will change in the future, but I do know one thing. This will always people a people business. Even if there are "different trends" and "ways to build a business" you still need to focus on building long-term friendships and relationships with people if you want a sustaining, long-term business.
What are your thoughts? Where do you see the industry in the next five, ten or twenty years? Leave a comment and let us know. I look forward to hearing from you.
This industry has really come a long way over the years! I expect that it will just continue to grow in the coming years as well. However, I think internet will continue to play a huge part in this business. And I also fully agree with your statement about this being a people business. Its so important to remember to keep those connections with people and not rely on internet communication alone.
Yes, this will always be a relationship business. And the best way to build relationships is face to face.
Oh! its really a great offer. I think this post would be helpful for all. To promote the real estate business this post is much more effective. keep it up.
I'm always interested in the evolution of products, services, and businesses. As I've been reading through some of these posts, I've been impressed with the evolution of these small businesses – from door-to-door, to parties, to catalogs and through the internet, I've watched small businesses grow. What started as our grandmother's extra income has become a way of life for many people. MLM offers the opportunity for lots of people to earn an extra income – something that can be very much appreciated in today's economy. The internet alone has provided a huge forum for laypeople, like me, to learn about network marketing and the opportunities it presents.


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Westerly Creek at Stapleton
Landscape Performance Benefits
Decreased existing sub-watershed floodplain from approximately 183 acres to 66 acres by increasing flood storage capacity.
Improved the site's water conveyance capacity from 1,500 cubic feet per second (28% of the predicted 100-year flood flow) to 6,000 cfs (113% of predicted 100-year flood flow) by removing over 4,000 linear feet of culverts and restoring the stream to a surface flowing water body.
Conveys a base flow of 3 cfs, a low flow of 200 cfs, and an annual peak flow of 800 cfs through the single-thread meandering stream. Flood flows (for 2, 5, 10, 50, and 100-year flood events) were reduced by an average of 44%.
Reduced water velocities to an estimated 1-5 fps at low flow, and 3-5 fps at peak flow, thereby reducing the stream's shear stress/erosive force.
Increases stormwater infiltration in sub-watershed by 9%, or 8.7 acre feet, by adding 35 acres of pervious surfaces
Improves water quality of downstream fluvial systems by increasing dissolved oxygen and decreasing suspended sediment.
Sequesters up to 240 tons of carbon annually from 50 acres of native prairie vegetation cover, 24 times more carbon than if bluegrass sod had been used.
Provides over 3 miles of ADA walking trails, 1.3 miles of compacted soil jogging and horseback riding trails, and a direct connection to Denver's regional trail system of over 50 miles of off‐street trails. Of 262 Stapleton residents surveyed, 67% use the park at least once a week and 22% every day.
Saved nearly $989,000 in hauling costs by reusing 860,000 cubic yards of excavated soil onsite as architectural berms instead of hauling it offsite for disposal.
View/Download a PDF showing how the landscape performance benefits were derived.
Download Methods
Park/Open space
Stormwater management facility
Former Land Use
2790 Clinton Street
Climate Zone
Cold semi-arid
$6.3 million - landscape; $15.6 million - total
Overview Sustainable Features Challenge/ Solution Cost Comparison Lessons Learned Project Team
Designed to perform as an urban stormwater conveyance system, yet appear like a natural high-plains ecosystem, Westerly Creek Park seamlessly blends form and function into a 75-acre urban greenway. Buried for nearly 40 years, 30 feet below Stapleton International Airport's East-West runway, Westerly Creek was daylighted in 2002 as part of the Stapleton Redevelopment. Neither a pure ecological restoration, nor a pure engineered solution, the park simultaneously accommodates habitat for aquatic, avian, and terrestrial species and passive recreation amenities, including more than 4.5 miles of continuous off-street trails, two signature bridges, public art, and several contemplative overlooks.
Buried riprap was installed along the channel at a 2:1 slope, approximately 3 feet below the invert of the channel, and varying in width, from 75 to 150 feet. This bioengineering technique fortifies the sinuous meanders against powerful storm events, yet enables typical erosion and deposition to occur. Additionally, it enables vegetation to grow overtop, down to the water's edge, which is important for supporting habitat.
Vegetated coir logs, termed "biologs", and vegetated coir mats, termed "wetland-sod", were installed during the early stages of restoration to provide immediate protection against stream bank erosion. Designed with a pre-vegetated mix of contract-grown woody riparian species and herbaceous wetland species, this technique enabled the riparian vegetation to establish more quickly, providing almost immediate habitat and visual appeal.
As the first step of the park's stormwater treatment train, local runoff enters the site through crescent shaped concrete outfall structures. Complete with "Staplestone" forebay basins, water is both slowed and filtered through these structures before flowing into the vegetated water quality ponds.
The six water quality ponds cover approximately 10 acres and further reduce suspended sediment as well as filter out nutrients and bacterial components before waters spill into Westerly Creek.
The plant palette includes 85% native and naturalized species for wetland, riparian, and upland landscape types. Aesthetics, habitat value, natural associations, low maintenance, and drought tolerance strongly influenced species selection.
Native material was grown locally or provided by growers along the western flyway to ensure western genotypes, particularly for wetland species. Local cottonwoods were dug within a 30-mile radius of the project site.
Pollination is facilitated by forbs, such as liatris, gaillardia and prairie coneflower, and woody species such as honey locust and serviceberry, which provide habitat and nectar.
To create significant habitat, adequate space, food, and shelter were all considered. An abundance of wildlife inhabit the park, including small fish, toads, frogs, crayfish, bats, butterflies, American avocets, snowy egrets, cormorant, killdeer, golden eagles, red-tailed hawks, whitetail deer, muskrat, coyote, and beaver.
To help minimize wildlife disruptions, the park's primary trail maintains a 30-foot distance from the stream edge, except for at crossings.
Concrete from the former airport runways, termed "Staplestone", was recycled locally and reused throughout the site in various applications, including the outfall forebay basins, dry stack seating walls, and pathway edging. Pieces vary from 12 to 16 inches thick and have no steel reinforcement. Remnant white or yellow reflective markings and/or grooved surfaces can still be seen on several pieces, an indication of their former use.
To make way for the restored stream channel, nearly 4,000 linear feet of culvert pipe and over 860,000 cubic feet of contaminated soil had to be excavated and removed. The park needed to not only convey stormwater discharge, remove overbank areas from the regulatory floodplain, and sustain water quality, but also be a safe and maintainable continuous greenway corridor. Passive recreation amenities and significant habitat areas needed to be integrated to minimize disruptions to wildlife. Aesthetic appeal, maintenance, habitat value, and resiliency to both flash floods and periods of drought were other essential considerations.
To protect surrounding development from flooding, the restored stream channel was set approximately 25 feet below adjacent urban grade in an 800-ft wide, 0.75 mile long basin. Excavated soil was relocated to Stapleton's Central Park, capped, and covered. Designed for aesthetic appeal and habitat value, the 18-ft wide, 2-3 ft deep channel has gentle meanders and 4:1 sloped vegetated banks. Stormwater outfall structures, forebays, and an in-stream drop-structure (added to control grade change) were designed to be visually appealing, easily maintainable, and fully accessible. The planting palette includes species that provide year-round visual appeal, have good habitat value, and are genetically suited to Denver's semi-arid climate.
By planting 50 acres of native prairie grasses instead of bluegrass sod, the annual water budget was reduced by approximately 27.9 million gallons per year, saving an estimated $72,000 in annual irrigation costs. In 2008, the park's irrigation system was switched over to supply non-potable water, creating an additional annual cost savings of approximately $2.23 per 1,000 gallons as compared to cost of potable water.
By using a Natural Areas adaptive maintenance and management regime for the park's native prairie vegetation, the city saves on average $2,240 per acre per year over the cost of maintaining a typical Denver city park. The savings result from an annual decrease per acre of 155 labor hours, 130 gallons of fuel, 131 lbs of fertilizer, and 24 lbs of herbicides.
The cost of using the "Staplestone" (recycled runway concrete) was approximately 75% of the cost of using cast‐in‐place concrete for short retaining walls and the floors of the forebays. Savings resulted from onsite recycling of an onsite concrete product, as compared to crushing or hauling offsite for different recycling purposes.
Several areas of vegetation experienced difficulties in establishment. After evaluation, it was determined that there was a mismatch between soil conditions and vegetation type. To help improve plant establishment rates, a soils analysis should be performed prior to, or early in, the design process, so that the planting palette can be designed to match specific soil conditions. Particular consideration should be paid to soil composition and salts.
Original prairie seed mixes contained only 1-2 varieties of forbs, comprising less than 1% PLS/acre. However, to emulate a native prairie ecosystem more closely, prairie seed mixes should contain upwards of 20% PLS/acre of forbs and legumes. To enhance aesthetic appeal for blooming in the spring, summer, and fall seasons, at least three species of forbs should be included, which will also help in pollination. The inclusion of legumes will enhance soil nutrient levels, particularly the macronutrient nitrogen.
The variety and abundance wildlife found within the park has far exceeded expectations, and at a surprisingly rapid rate. To help educate residents about cohabiting with wildlife and minimize potential conflicts, several informational signs have been placed throughout the park, discussing nesting birds, black-tailed prairie dogs burrows, and the presence of coyote.
This landscape presents a tremendous opportunity for learning about urban prairie/ stream restoration. Ideally, a long-term monitoring plan should have been established alongside the construction of the park so that performance data could be collected and analyzed on a regular basis.
Landscape Design Team: EDAW|AECOM, Forest City Stapleton, Stapleton Development Corporation, Park Creek Metro District, Denver Parks and Recreation
Civil Engineer: Matrix Design Group
Structural Engineer: Brown and Caldwell
Irrigation Designer: EDAW|AECOM
Ecologist: ERO
General Contractor: MA Mortenson
Landscape Contractor: ValleyCrest Development
Wetland Construction Consultant: Sue Scherner
Native Grass Seeding and Hydromulching: Peak n' Prairie
Geotechnical: Kumar and Associates
"Staplestone" Contractor: Territory Unlimited
Concrete Contractor: Castle Rock
Specialty Concrete: Technology Constructors, Inc.
Role of the Landscape Architect
Landscape architects were an integral part of this multi-disciplinary effort, along with hydraulic engineers, structural engineers, irrigation engineers, and ecologists. In advocating for the use of bioengineering strategies, the landscape architects led the design and grading of the stream channel, as well as design of plantings, irrigation system, trails, bridges, and architectural features.
Case Study Prepared By
Research Fellow: Jessica Canfield, Assistant Professor, Kansas State University
Research Assistant: Kyle Koehler, MLA Candidate, Kansas State University
Research Assistant: Kevin Cunningham, MLA Candidate, Kansas State University
Canfield, Jessica, Kevin Cunningham, and Kyle Koehler. "Westerly Creek at Stapleton." Landscape Performance Series. Landscape Architecture Foundation, 2011. https://doi.org/10.31353/cs0010
ASLA Colorado Merit Award for Design, 2005
ASLA Colorado Land Stewardship Award, 2005
Colorado Association of Stormwater and Floodplain Managers (CASFM) Grand Award for Engineering Excellence, 2004
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Stormwater management, Water quality, Flood protection, Other water, Carbon sequestration & avoidance, Reused/recycled materials, Recreational & social value, Bioretention, Local materials, Native plants, Reused/recycled materials, Trail, Wetland, Resilience, Restoration
The LPS Case Study Briefs are produced by the Landscape Architecture Foundation (LAF), working in conjunction with designers and/or academic research teams to assess performance and document each project. LAF has no involvement in the design, construction, operation, or maintenance of the projects. See the Project Team tab for details. If you have questions or comments on the case study itself, contact us at (email hidden; JavaScript is required).
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