text:
Source: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
UNDP Programme of Assistance to the Palestinian People (PAPP)
UN'S Role in the occupied Palestinian territory impeded
Jerusalem, April 29th, 2010- The ability of the United Nations to play a full role in meeting the basic needs and aspirations of the people of Gaza Strip is impeded by the current restrictions on access, a senior United Nations official cautioned today.
Jordan Ryan, an Assistant Secretary-General of the UN today told His Excellency Salam Fayyad, the Prime Minister of the Palestinian Authority, that the United Nations could do much more to promote peace if it could access building materials in order to foster early recovery from the recent conflict in Gaza.
Mr. Ryan, the Assistant Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme and Director of its Bureau of Crisis Prevention and Recovery, met Prime Minister Fayyad to discuss the impact of UNDP's US$80 million programme in the occupied Palestinian territory and to seek ways to further aid Palestinian state building efforts.
Mr. Ryan, who has just returned from Gaza, told the Prime Minister that he witnessed how much reconstruction is already underway through means that by-pass current access restrictions. Repairs had been carried out on private homes, businesses and some infrastructure by making use of recycled materials and the goods available in the local market, he said in the meeting in Ramallah.
"I also witnessed the initiative and drive of Gazans who are showing great determination in improving their circumstances by creating businesses and supporting their families regardless of the restraints and recent losses," said Mr. Ryan.
"I met with beneficiaries who lost loved ones and all means of support and I was very encouraged that through the support of UNDP they have managed to focus on the future despite the pain of their past. But I also heard from many that the focus should shift to development that leads to self-reliance rather than aid dependency," he said.
UNDP is engaged in removing and crushing rubble and debris, rehabilitating farmlands, electricity networks, providing support to Gazans affected by conflict and promoting economic development.
The Prime Minister and Mr. Ryan also discussed UNDP's support to the Palestinian Authority's state building programme, detailed in the document, "Ending the Occupation, Establishing the State".
Mr. Ryan also met with the Minister of Justice, Dr. Ali Khashan, the Chief Justice, Mr. Farid Al Jallad and other representatives of the Palestinian legal community to discuss the UNDP supported Access to Justice programme that aims to improve the function of law in the occupied Palestinian territory.
In Jerusalem: Dania Darwish, Communications Officer, Tel. +972-2-6268229 – e-mail: dania.darwish@undp.org, Conal Urquhart, External Relations Advisor, Tel. +972-2-6268200 – e-mail: conal.urquhart@undp.org
In New York: Elizabeth Diaz, BCPR External Relations Specialist Tel. +1 (212) 906.6175 – e-mail: elisabeth.diaz@undp.org. For more information on UNDP/PAPP see http://www.undp.ps .
UNDP is the UN's global development network, advocating for change and connecting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better life. We are on the ground in 166 countries, working with them on their own solutions to global and national development challenges. As they develop local capacity, they draw on the people of UNDP and our wide range of partners.


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Fashion Industry & History
A Redefinition of Beauty: One Caribbean Model's Journey to Self-Acceptance
Lauren likes to delve into relevant topics concerning the pressures of unrealistic beauty standards and lack of representation.
One Caribbean Model's Journey to Self-Acceptance | Source
Redefining Beauty Standards
With the ever-growing pressure from the public to redefine beauty standards, it's apparent that representation in the fashion industry is rapidly changing. This season of Caribbean's Next Top Model has gained the recent attention of a large international audience. Rather than getting notoriety for their innovative photoshoots or inspiring talent of hopeful models, it's becoming a talking point for acceptance (or lack thereof) of natural beauty.
The conflict occurred during "Make-Over Week," which is when the models head to the salon to receive a look chosen by the panel of judges, and more specifically, the host and head judge, former Miss Universe Wendy Fitzwilliam. Contestant Gabriella Bernard was devastated when she learned that the judges had chosen to have Bernard chemically straighten, or relax, her natural hair.
A relaxer is a cream, generally used by people with high porosity hair types, that makes hair easier to straighten by chemically "relaxing" the natural curls. The active agent is usually sodium hydroxide or "lye," which can cause chemical burns to the scalp, permanent scarring, and even hair loss. The end result is well worth the risks for many women, leaving their hair straighter and seemingly more in-line with broadly represented fashion trends. However, for many their tight, natural curls are a part of what makes them uniquely beautiful.
Bernard considered her natural hair an integral part of both her professional brand and identity, stating in an interview with Daily Express that embracing her natural hair had facilitated a new form of confidence and positive self-esteem. However, pressured by the show executives, Bernard was told that she could either relax her hair or be sent home to no longer participate in the competition.
Feeling that she had come too far and that this may be her only opportunity for the career that she desired, Gabriella Bernard consented to the change that day, which was a decision that she would later regret.
"You Need to Understand My Hair Is My Identity"
After the models received their makeovers, they were taken to a photo shoot to model their new looks for the judges. However, before Bernard was even judged on her photo Fitzwilliam took the opportunity to chastise her for the emotion she displayed in the salon. Fitzwilliam deemed the young model's behavior "naughty" and "unprofessional." This ignited a flurry of international response from women all over the world, criticizing Fitzwilliam for her rebuke as culturally tone-deaf.
Gabriella has since spoken to various media outlets, calling for an apology from the former pageant queen—a call that has gone unanswered. Bernard has once again begun to transition back to a natural hairstyle. The model will also be participating in the 2018 Tobago Film Festival, screening her documentary Black Hair, a 20 minute documentary about her experience on the show.
Fans were dismayed by Fitzwilliam's response and soon the story began to strike a chord with women worldwide. Gabriella was a participant in what is known as the Natural Hair Movement. This is a movement, which gained heavy traction in the US around the early 2000s, which encourages women of African descent to keep their natural high-porosity, textured hair. The pillars of the movement are founded on embracing yourself as you are naturally, and rejecting the idea that you need to alter yourself to be deemed beautiful. With the ever-growing pressure from the public to redefine beauty standards, it's apparent that the representation in the fashion industry is rapidly changing.
Do You Feel Like Fitzwilliam's Comments Were Out of Line?
What Is the French Girl Look?
by rebekahELLE62
The Silver Fox: Stunning Gray Hair Styles
by Ilona E147
Natural Beauty Tips for Men With Dry, Oily, or Sensitive Skin
by theseattlegirl5
Hygiene & Grooming
DIY Beauty: The Benefits of Coconut Oil for Hair and Skin
by Alex Rose3
Is Poshmark Legit? How to Buy and Sell on Poshmark Safely
A History of Trousers and Pants in Western Culture
by Dolores Monet8
Fashion History of the High and Late Middle Ages—Medieval Clothing

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
\section{Introduction}

Crumpling a sheet of paper is the easiest way to make effective shock
absorbing buffer.  A hand crumpled paper ball is very light with
typically more than 80\% of its volume being empty, still shows strong
resistance against compression.  These properties make it ideal spacer
for box packing.
Origin of these properties is the large stretching energy  in
comparison with the bending energy for a thin paper sheet. As a result,
upon crumpling a sheet, Gaussian curvature remains close to zero
everywhere
except for at singular points of developable cone
structures\cite{Lobkovsky-1995,Cerda-1998,Cerda-1999,Witten-2007}.  This
imposes stringent constraint on the way how the paper sheet crumples,
thus produces strong resistance against compression even if
much of the space is still empty\cite{Balankin-2007a,Lin-2008}.

In spite of their complex structure, the balls of crumpled sheet have
been known to show simple scaling
laws\cite{Kantor-1986,Kantor-1987,Gomes-1987}.  The radius of the ball
$R$ follows the scaling relation with the size of the original sheet
$L$ as
\begin{equation}
   R \sim L^\alpha,
  \label{R-L_scaling}
\end{equation}
and  with the force $F$ applied to make the crumpled ball as
\begin{equation}
  R \sim F^{-\delta}.
  \label{R-F_scaling}
\end{equation}
The exponents have been estimated as
 $0.80\lesssim \alpha\lesssim 0.95$
for aluminium foil and paper, and $\delta \approx 0.2$ for aluminium foil
\cite{Kantor-1986,Kantor-1987,Gomes-1987,Lin-2008,Balankin-2007a,
Habibi-2017,Deboeuf-2013}.
The small value of $\delta$ corresponds to the fact that
the crumpled sheets resists strongly against compression.

These two power law relations suggest the fractal structure in the object,
and
may be combined into the single
relation\cite{Vliegenthart-2006,Balankin-2007a}
\begin{equation}

  {R\over h} \propto \left({L\over h}\right)^{\alpha}
  \left({F\over Y h}\right)^{-\delta}, \label{R-LF_scaling}
\end{equation}
where $Y$ and $h$ are the 2-d Young modulus and the sheet thickness,
respectively.  The scaling relations (\ref{R-L_scaling}) and
(\ref{R-F_scaling}), however,  represent different aspects of the
structure, namely, the former implies the scaling in the structure
among the crumpled balls with different sizes, and the latter suggests
self-similarity of internal structure of each crumpled
ball\cite{Balankin-2007b}\footnote{

It should be noted that the definition of the applied force $F$ and
the radius of crumpled ball $R$ depend on an experimental protocol.
Due to the plasticity and the relaxation involved during and after
crumpling, there is certain subtleties in
what these values really mean,
but we will not go into this problem, simply
assuming that such ambiguity does not affect the
scaling relations we will study in the present work%
}.

The internal structure of the crumpled paper ball has been studied by
examining the crease networks on an unfolded sheets\cite{Blair-2005,
Balankin-2006,Andresen-2007,Balankin-2013a}, the cross sections
obtained by cutting the balls in
half\cite{Balankin-2010,Deboeuf-2013,Balankin-2013a}, or the sequences
of holes made by a needle piercing through the
balls\cite{Balankin-2007b} as well as numerical
simulations\cite{Vliegenthart-2006,Tallinen-2008,Tallinen-2009,Liou-2014}.
These are indirect way of observing the internal structure.

The X-ray micro computed tomography (micro-CT) is computer
tomography with the high resolution of the order of 100 $\mu$m, and
makes it possible to study the internal structure of crumpled sheets
without either unfolding or destroying them.  It has been used to
study the crumpled balls of aluminium foil
to examine the density distribution, the curvatures of the sheets, and
the fractal dimensions of the
structure\cite{Cambou-2011,Lin-2009-PRL,Lin-2009-PRE}.  In this paper,
we use micro-CT to examine the internal structure of crumpled sheets
of paper, cellophane, and aluminium foils to determine
scaling properties of the structure.
Experimental procedure is described in Sec.II, the scaling analysis
for the observed quantities is provided in Sec.III, experimental
results are presented to obtain several exponents in Sec. IV, and the
discussions are given in Sec. V.

\section{Experimental procedure}\label{ExpProc}

\begin{table}
  \begin{tabular}{C{8em}| C{10em}C{10em}C{10em}}
& Tracing paper & Cellophane & Aluminium foil \\
     \hline\hline
Manufacturer & Kokuyo Co., Ltd. & Toyo Co.  & Shimojima Co., Ltd.  \\ \hline
Thickness [mm]
  & 0.0385$\pm$ 0.0008 & 0.0203$\pm$0.0002 & 0.0115$\pm$0.0004 \\ \hline
Density [$\rm g/m^2$]
    & 42.7$\pm$0.5 & 30.0$\pm$0.7 & 27.4$\pm$0.6 \\
    \hline
  \end{tabular}
  \caption{Sample specifications.}
  \label{table-I}
\end{table}

Square sheets of tracing paper with the side length $L=$ 50, 100, 200,
and 300 mm are hand crumpled without any specific protocol.
Before being scanned, the crumpled balls are
left for 7 days under the environment with the temperature
$25\pm2^\circ$C and the humidity $25\pm5$\% to allow them to settle,
in order to avoid structure relaxation during about 30 minutes of the
scanning time\footnote{
See Supplemental Material at [url] for the relaxation effects during
the 7-day waiting time in the sample preparation.
}.
The X-ray micro-CT
(inspeXio SMX-100CT, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan)
is operated at 40 kV with 100 $\mu$A,
and
scans a cubic region of
the space with the linear size around $4$ cm at a resolution
50$\sim$150 $\mu{\rm m}$ with around $400^3$ voxels.
We also scan hand crumpled cellophane sheets and aluminium foils of
the size $L=200$ mm
following the same procedure described above except that, in the case
of aluminium foil, the samples are scanned on the day when they are
crumpled.
The thicknesses and densities of the samples are
listed in Table \ref{table-I}.

The micro-CT produces grey scale data for each slice of cross section;
the black and white binary data are generated by setting appropriate
threshold, and then the 3-d structures are reconstructed.
Figure \ref{CT_images} shows examples of
the reconstructed 3-d structures from the CT images
and the cross sections for
crumpled paper, cellophane sheet, and aluminium foil.

We also reconstruct the 3-d configurations of a line drawn on a
crumpled paper (Fig.\ref{Line-on-paper}).  A straight line is drawn
using the ink that contains tungsten (Macky gold, Zebra,
Tokyo, Japan), which absorbs X-rays more efficiently than the paper.
Thus the line positions can be extracted from the CT images by setting
a higher threshold than that for the paper structure.

\begin{figure}
  \centering\includegraphics[width=8cm]{./Figure-1.png}
  \caption{CT images of crumpled paper (a), cellophane sheet (b),
  and aluminium foil (c).
  The upper images are reconstructed 3-d structures and the lower
  images are their cross sections.}
  \label{CT_images}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
  \centering\includegraphics[width=8cm]{./Fig-2-C10-Line-image.jpg}
  \caption{A line on a crumpled paper of the size $L=200$ mm.
(a) schematic illustration of a line drawn on a paper with the ink
  that contains tungsten,
(b) an example of three dimensional image of a crumpled paper with the line,
  and (c) the extracted 3-d image of the line.
}
  \label{Line-on-paper}
\end{figure}

\section{Observed Quantities and Scaling Analysis}\label{sec-3}

Before we show our experimental results, we give some scaling analysis
for the physical quantities we observe.

\paragraph{Three dimensional structure of crumpled sheets:}

The mass fractal dimension $D_M$ is defined by
the scaling relation between the mass of the paper $M$ and
the radius of the crumpled paper ball $R$ as
\begin{equation}
 M \sim R^{D_M}.
  \label{mass_fractal_dim}
\end{equation}
Since the mass of the paper $M$ is  proportional to its area,
$ M \propto L^2 $,
the mass fractal dimension $D_M$ is related to the exponent $\alpha$ in
Eq.(\ref{R-L_scaling}) as
\begin{equation}
  D_M= 2/\alpha .
  \label{D_M=2/alpha}
\end{equation}
On the other hand,
the fractal dimension $d_f$ of the internal structure
of each crumpled ball is measured by the box counting method,
using the relation
\begin{equation}
  N_{\rm box} \sim l^{-d_f},
  \label{BoxCounting-d_f}
\end{equation}
where $N_{\rm box}$ is the number of occupied boxes with the linear
size $l$.

These two exponents correspond to two distinct features, i.e.
the fractal dimension $d_f$ defined by Eq.(\ref{BoxCounting-d_f}) describes
the self-similarity of each crumpled paper ball structure while
the mass fractal dimension $D_M$ represents the similarity among
crumpled paper balls with different size $L$.
However, the self-similar structure of each
crumpled paper ball suggests the self-similarity among those of
different sizes, and Eq.(\ref{BoxCounting-d_f}) could be extended as
\begin{equation}
  N_{\rm box}\sim {M\over h^2 \sigma} \left( {l\over h} \right)^{-d_f},
  \label{BoxCounting-d_f-2}
\end{equation}
where $h$ is  the paper thickness and
$\sigma$ is the area density of the sheet.
This leads to $d_f=D_M$ if $R$ is identified as the box size $l$ that
corresponds to $N_{\rm box}=1$, i.e.
\begin{equation}
  1 \sim {M\over h^2 \sigma} \left( {R\over h} \right)^{-d_f}.
\end{equation}

The structure factor $S(\bm q)$ is the Fourier transform of the
density correlation function $g(\bm r)$,
\begin{equation}
  S(\bm q) =
   \iiint e^{-i\bm q\cdot\bm r} g(\bm r) d\bm r ,
\end{equation}
where the density correlation is defined by
\begin{equation}
  g(\bm r) = \iiint \big<\rho(\bm r'+\bm r)\rho(\bm r')\big> d\bm r'
\end{equation}
in terms of the density distribution $\rho(\bm r)$.
Here, $\left<\cdots\right>$ means the ensemble average.
If the structures of the crumpled paper ball are self-similar
with the fractal dimension $d_f$,
then
the density correlation should be of the scaling form,
\begin{equation}
  g(r) \sim r^{d_f-3},
  \label{scaling_g}
\end{equation}
then the structure factor is expected to be of the scaling form
\begin{equation}
  S(q) \sim q^{-d_f}.
  \label{Sq-d_f}
\end{equation}

\paragraph{Cross section of a crumpled sheet:}
A 3-d CT image consists of  hundreds of two dimensional slices of
the density distribution in the cross sections.
We analyze the structure of the cross section which contains the
center of mass of the crumpled sheet.
Suppose that we take the center of mass of the crumpled sheet  as
the origin of the co-ordinate, and
consider the cross section by the $z=0$ plane.
Let $\sigma_{\rm cs}(\bm r_\perp)$ denote the 2-d density distribution
on the cross section as a function of a position $\bm r_\perp=(x,y)$ on the
$z=0$ plane,
\begin{equation}
\sigma_{\rm cs}(\bm r_\perp) = \int_{-h/2}^{h/2}\rho(\bm r_\perp,z) dz.
\end{equation}
The density correlation on the cross
section $g_{\rm cs}(\bm r_\perp)$ is defined by
\begin{equation}
  g_{\rm cs}(\bm r_\perp)
  = \iint\big<\sigma_{\rm cs}(\bm r'_\perp+\bm r_\perp)
                 \sigma_{\rm cs}(\bm r'_\perp)\big> d\bm r'_\perp,
\end{equation}
and the structure factor of the cross section $S_{\rm cs}(\bm q_\perp)$
is given by the 2-d Fourier transform
\begin{equation}

  S_{\rm cs}(\bm q_\perp) = \iint e^{-i\bm q_\perp\cdot\bm r_\perp}
  g_{\rm cs}(\bm r_\perp) d\bm r_\perp,
\end{equation}
where $\bm q_\perp$ is the wave vector within the cross section plane.
If we assume the same form as Eq.(\ref{scaling_g}) for $g_{\rm cs}$ as
\begin{equation}
  g_{\rm cs}(r_\perp) \sim r_\perp^{d_f-3},
\end{equation}
then the structure factor would behaves as
\begin{equation}
  S_{\rm cs}(q_\perp) \sim q_\perp^{-(d_f-1)},
  \label{S_cs(q)}
\end{equation}
which simply shows that the fractal dimension for the cross section is $d_f
-1$.

\paragraph{Straight line drawn on a crumpled paper:}
The CT technique allows us to study the structure of a line drawn on a
crumpled paper.  A straight line on a flat paper is deformed into a
random structure as the paper is crumpled.  The configuration of the
crumpled line can be represented by the function
\begin{equation}
  \bm r_{\rm line}(s) ; \qquad 0\le s \le L,
\end{equation}
where $s$ is the distance along the line from one of the end.  The
root mean square (RMS) distance $R_{\rm line}(s)$
from one of the end points is defined by
\begin{equation}
  R_{\rm line}(s) \equiv \sqrt{\left< \big(\bm r_{\rm line}(s)-\bm r_{\rm
  line}(0)\big)^2\right>}.
  \label{R_line}
\end{equation}
If this shows the power law behavior
with the Hurst exponent $H$,
\begin{equation}
  R_{\rm line}(s) \sim s^H,
  \label{line-Hurst}
\end{equation}
then the scaling argument based on the self-similarity assumption leads to
the scaling law
\begin{equation}
  g_{\rm line}(r) \sim r^{-3+1/H}
\end{equation}
for the correlation of the line in 3-d space,
and the scaling law
\begin{equation}
  S_{\rm line}(q) \sim q^{-1/H}
  \label{S_q_line}
\end{equation}
for the 3-d structure factor of the line.

The size of the crumpled line $R_{\rm line}$ is expected to scale with
the size of the paper $L$ as
  \begin{equation}
    R_{\rm line} \sim L^{\alpha_{\rm line}}.
  \end{equation}
If the size of the line $R_{\rm line}$ should be of the same order
with the size of the crumpled ball $R$, and also with
RMS of the end-to-end distance
of the line $R_{\rm line}(L)$ of Eq.(\ref{line-Hurst}),
then
the Hurst exponent should be related to the mass fractal dimension as
\begin{equation}
  H = \alpha_{\rm line} = \alpha = 2/D_M.
  \label{H=2/D_M}
\end{equation}

\section{Experimental Results}

We analyze the 3-d structures of the crumpled
sheet balls, the cross sections of the balls, and the lines drawn on the
paper.

\paragraph{Three dimensional structure of crumpled sheets:}

Figure \ref{density-dist}(a) shows the averaged density distribution
of crumpled paper as a function of  the distance from the center of
mass $r$.  Each line represents the average distribution over the
direction and around 10 samples, and the arrows show the average
values of the radii of gyration for the corresponding sizes of the
paper.
One can see that the averaged density distribution inside the ball is
roughly uniform, but it is a slightly decreasing function of $r$ for
the crumpled balls of the smaller sheets $L=50$ and 100 mm,
almost constant in the range of
$r\lesssim 12$ mm for that of $L=200$ mm, and slightly increasing in
$r\lesssim 16$ mm for that of $L=300$ mm.
It is not clear how this tendency extends to larger sheets.
In Fig.\ref{density-dist}(b), the radii of gyration $R_g$ are plotted
against the paper size $L$ in the logarithmic scale.
The data range is less than one decade and not enough to give
a precise value of the exponent, but
the plots are consistent with the power law behavior
\begin{equation}
 R_g \sim L^\alpha
  \label{R_g-L-scaling}
\end{equation}
with the exponent $\alpha\approx 0.74$.
This gives $D_M=2/\alpha \approx 2.7$ from Eq.(\ref{D_M=2/alpha}).

\begin{figure}
  \centering{\includegraphics[width=10cm]
{./Density-Fig.pdf}
  }
\caption{Density distributions (a) and radii of gyration (b)
  for crumpled paper sheets of the size $L=$ 50, 100, 200, and
  300 mm.
  (a) Each curve  represents average over around 10 samples and the
  arrows show the average values of the radii of gyration.
  The density distributions are normalized so that the total mass
  should be proportional to $L^2$.
  (b)
  The grey circles and the black
  circles represent the radius of gyration for each sample and
  average values over them, respectively.
  }
\label{density-dist}
\end{figure}

We estimate the fractal dimensions $d_f$  by the box
counting method;  the number of occupied boxes $N_{\rm box}$ are
plotted against the linear size $l_{\rm box}$ of the box divided by
$R_g$ in the logarithmic scale in Fig.\ref{Total-Structure}(a) for
paper and (b) for cellophane and aluminium foil.  Each data
point is an average of about 10 samples.
The data for different size $L$ or different materials are shifted
vertically by multiplying by the factor 2 to avoid overlapping of the
plots.  The estimated $d_f$ for the crumpled paper is 2.7 from
Fig.\ref{Total-Structure}(a).
This is consistent with $D_M$ estimated by $R_g$, and suggests
the self-similarity in the 3-d structure of the crumpled paper
ball as we have discussed.
The fractal dimensions $d_f$
for both the cellophane sheet and aluminium foil are estimated as 2.8 from
Fig.\ref{Total-Structure}(b).

The structure factors $S(q)$ for the reconstructed 3-d structures
from the CT data are plotted in the logarithmic scale
for the paper of sizes $L=50\sim 300$ mm in
Fig.\ref{Total-Structure}(c), and for the paper sheets, the cellophane
sheets, and the aluminium
foils of the size $L=200$ mm in Fig.\ref{Total-Structure}(d).
Each data point represents averaged value of about 10 samples.
These structure factors $S(q)$ show the power law behavior
\begin{equation}
  S(q) \sim q^{-\beta}.
  \label{S_q}
\end{equation}
The apparent value of the exponent $\beta$ for the crumpled paper in
Fig.\ref{Total-Structure}(c) increases with the paper size $L$ and the
fitted value for the largest paper size $L=300$ mm is $\beta\approx
2.5$.
The exponents $\beta$ for the cellophane sheets and the aluminium foils
are estimated
from the plots for $L=200$ mm in Fig.\ref{Total-Structure}(d)
as $\beta\approx 2.6$.
These values of $\beta$ estimated by $S(q)$ are slightly smaller than
those of $d_f$ estimated by the box counting method although they
should coincide as
\begin{equation}
  \beta = d_f
  \label{beta=d_f}
\end{equation}
from Eq.(\ref{Sq-d_f}) if the self-similarity holds.

\begin{figure}
  \centering{
\includegraphics[width=10cm]
{./Total-Structure.pdf}
}
  \caption{
 The box counting data and the averaged structure factors $S(q)$
 for the 3-d structures of crumpled paper, cellophane, and aluminium foil.
 The box size $l_{\rm box}$  and the wave number $q$ are scaled by the
 radii of gyration of each structure.  $N_{\rm box}$ for different
 size $L$ (a) and different materials (b) are shifted by the factor 2
 to avoid overlapping.}
  \label{Total-Structure}
\end{figure}

\paragraph{Cross section structure of crumpled sheets:}

The structure of the cross section of the crumpled sheet is examined
in the same way.  Figure \ref{Cross-Section} shows
the box counting data and the 2-d structure factor
for the cross section of the crumpled
sheets; The horizontal axes are scaled by the 2-d radius of gyration

The fractal dimensions $d_{f, \rm cs}$ for the cross sections are
estimated  by the box counting method, and we obtain
$  d_{f, \rm cs} \approx 1.8$
for the paper  of the size $L=50 \sim 300$ mm, and
$  d_{f, \rm cs} \approx 1.8 $
for cellophane and aluminium of the size $L=200$ mm.
The 2-d structure factor also shows the power law behavior
\begin{equation}
  S_{2d}(q_\perp)\sim q^{-\beta_{\rm cs}}
\end{equation}
with the exponent
 $ \beta_{\rm cs} \approx 1.5 $ for the paper
and
$\beta_{\rm cs} \approx 1.6$ for the cellophane and the aluminium.
Since the self-similarity leads to the relation
\begin{equation}
  \beta_{\rm cs} = d_{f,\rm cs} = d_f-1
  \label{beta_cs=d_f-1}
\end{equation}
from Eq.(\ref{S_cs(q)}), the obtained values for $\beta_{\rm cs}$ are
consistent with the corresponding exponents for the 3-d structure.

\begin{figure}
  \centering{\includegraphics[width=10cm]
{./CrossSect-Str.pdf}
  }

  \caption{
    The box counting numbers $N_{\rm box}$
    and the averaged structure factors $S_{2d}(q)$
    for the cross sections of crumpled paper sheets,
  cellophane sheets, and aluminium foils.
  The box size $l_{\rm box}$ and the wave number $q$
  are scaled by the radii of gyration of each structure.
  $N_{\rm box}$ for different size $L$ (a) and different materials
  (b) are shifted by the factor 2 to avoid overlapping.}
  \label{Cross-Section}
\end{figure}

\paragraph{Structure of a line on a crumpled paper:}

Fig.\ref{Line-str}(a) shows a configuration of a line one a crumpled
paper.
The radii of gyration $R_{g, \rm line}$ for the lines are plotted as a
function of the paper size $L$ in Fig.\ref{Line-str}(b) along with
$R_{g}$ for the whole structure as have been plotted in
Fig.\ref{density-dist}(b);
the values of $R_{g, \rm line}$ are somewhat smaller than those of
$R_g$, but the plot is consistent with the power law behavior with the
same exponents as it should be, i.e.
\begin{equation}

  R_{g, \rm line}\sim L^{\alpha_{\rm line}}.
\end{equation}
with $\alpha_{\rm line}\approx 0.74$.
In Fig.\ref{Line-str}(c),
RMS distance $R_{\rm line}(s)$ defined by Eq.(\ref{R_line})
is plotted as a function of $s$ in the logarithmic scale to estimate
the Hurst exponent $H$.
The plot shows roughly the power law behavior
\begin{equation}
  R_{\rm line}(s) \sim
    s^H
    \label{R_line-H}
\end{equation}
with  $H\approx 0.9$ for the range $R_{\rm line}(s)\lesssim R_{g,\rm
line}$, beyond which it saturates and  seems to follow the power law
with a smaller exponent $H\approx 0.5$, but the range is too small to
determine its behavior with confidence.
Finally, Fig.\ref{Line-str}(d) shows that the 3-d structure factor for
the line $S_{\rm line}(q)$ behaves as
\begin{equation}
  S_{\rm line}(q) \sim q^{-\beta_{\rm line}}
  \quad \mbox{with }\beta_{\rm line}\approx 1.1.
  \label{S_q-line-2}
\end{equation}
The results by Eqs.(\ref{R_line-H}) and (\ref{S_q-line-2}) are
consistent with the relation (\ref{S_q_line}), but
not with the relation (\ref{H=2/D_M}).

\begin{figure}
  \centering{\includegraphics[width=10cm]
  {./Line-str.pdf}}

  \caption{The structure of a line drawn on a paper.
  (a) An example of a three dimensional configuration of a line
  on a crumpled paper of the size $L=50$ mm.
  (b) Radius of gyration v.s. the paper size $L$.
  (c) Averaged root mean square displacement at the position $s$ from
  one of the ends along the line. The arrows indicate the $R_{\rm
  line,g}$ for each size of the paper.
  (d) Averaged structure factors $S(q)$. The wave number $q$ is scaled
  by $R_{g, \rm line}$ for each size of the paper.
  }
  \label{Line-str}
\end{figure}

\begin{table}
  \begin{tabular}{l|C{3em}C{3em}C{3em}|C{3em}C{3em}|C{3em}C{3em}C{3em}|}
    %
    &\multicolumn{3}{c|}{3-d structure}
    &\multicolumn{2}{c|}{cross section}
    &\multicolumn{3}{c|}{line}\\
    %

    & $\alpha$ & $\beta$ & $d_f$
    & $\beta_{\rm cs}$ & $d_{f,\rm cs}$

    & $\alpha_{\rm line}$ & $H$ & $\beta_{\rm line}$ \\
    \hline \hline
    Paper ($L=50\sim 300$ mm)

    & 0.74 & 2.5 & 2.7 &   1.5 & 1.8

    & 0.74 & 0.9 & 1.1 \\
    Cellophane ($L=200$ mm)
    & $-$ & 2.6 & 2.8 &  1.6 & 1.8
    & $-$ & $-$ & $-$   \\
    Aluminium foil ($L=200$ mm)
    & $-$ & 2.6 & 2.8 &  1.6 & 1.8
    & $-$ & $-$ & $-$   \\
    \hline
  \end{tabular}
  \caption{Obtained exponents for the crumpled paper, cellophane, and
  aluminium foils.}
  \label{table-II}
\end{table}

\section{Discussions}

We have estimated several exponents which describe the scaling
behaviors of the structure of crumpled sheets; The results are
tabulated in Table \ref{table-II}.  Considering the range of the data
points and the data fluctuations, error bars for each exponent would
be around $\pm 0.1$.

As is described in Sec.\ref{ExpProc}, the paper and cellophane samples
are scanned 7 days after they are crumpled.  This is to avoid the
structural relaxation immediately after crumpling and to obtain steady
values of measurement.  One might wonder if the 7-day waiting time is
enough to obtain steady values, especially when logarithmically slow
relaxation has been observed up to three weeks in similar systems of
crumpled thin sheets\cite{Matan-2002, Balankin-2006, Lahini-2017}.
In these works, the slow relaxation is observed
in the compaction height under a constant force\cite{Matan-2002}, the
diameter of crumpled ball after the folding force is
withdrawn\cite{Balankin-2006}, and the stress under a constant
compression\cite{Lahini-2017}.
We have checked if a similar slow relaxation shows any significant effect
on the quantities we measure in the present work, but
it turns out that the relaxation effects are virtually
invisible in the scaling exponents of the structure beyond one hour
after crumpling (See Supplemental Material).

As we have discussed in Sec.\ref{sec-3}, the exponents in Table
\ref{table-II} are related to the two basic exponents: the mass
fractal dimension $D_M$ and the fractal dimension $d_f$.  The former
represents the scaling behavior among the crumpled balls of the
different sheet sizes while the latter describes the self-similarity
of the structure of each crumpled sheet.
For the paper sheet of the size $L=50\sim 300$ mm, the mass fractal
dimension estimated from $\alpha$ by Eq.(\ref{D_M=2/alpha}) is
$D_M\approx 2.7$.  The fractal dimension for the internal structure
$d_f$ are estimated from the box counting and the structure factor;
The structure factor tends to give smaller values for the fractal
dimension as has been found also in \cite{Lin-2009-PRE}, but
overall data suggest that the fractal dimension is in the range
$2.5 \lesssim d_f \lesssim 2.8$.
These estimates are consistent with
\begin{equation}
 D_M = d_f
\end{equation}
within the accuracy of our estimate, suggesting that
the self-similarity in the structure of each crumpled ball
gives rise to the similarity among the balls with different
sizes.
For the cellophane and the aluminium with the size $L=$ 200 mm,
the estimated fractal dimension for the structure
$2.6\lesssim d_f\lesssim 2.8$,
which are slightly larger than that for the paper;
We do not have data to estimate $D_M$ for the cellophane and the
aluminium.

These values for $D_M$ and $d_f$ are somewhat larger than the values
obtained for $D_M$ in previous works: 2.51 \cite{Gomes-1987} and
2.1$\sim$2.5 \cite{Balankin-2007b} for paper, and
2.5 \cite{Kantor-1986,Kantor-1987} and 2.3 \cite{Balankin-2007a} for
aluminium foil.
In these estimates, the external diameter is used for the size of the
ball $R$ while in the present work the radius of gyration $R_g$
calculated from the density distribution is used.  This may lead to
some difference in estimating $D_M$ especially when the data range is
not large enough although they should give the same exponent in the
limit of the infinite data range.
Note that the fractal
dimensions obtained in the present work for cellophane and aluminium
foil are for the internal structure of each crumpled ball.

The unique piece of information that the micro-CT can provide is the
structure of a line drawn of the crumpled paper sheets.  The estimated
value of the Hurst exponent $H\approx 0.9$ for the short length scale
suggests that the line configuration is quite ballistic for the length
scale up to $R_g$, but it eventually
approaches the random walk for the longer scale.
The value of the Hurst exponent $H\approx 0.9$ is consistent with the
relation (\ref{S_q_line}) to the exponent for the structure factor
$\beta_{\rm line}\approx 1.1$, but not with the relation
(\ref{H=2/D_M}) to $\alpha_{\rm line}\approx 0.74$ or
the mass fractal dimension $D_M\approx 2.7$.
In other words, for the line on a crumpled paper, the self-similarity
of each line structure in the short length scale is not consistent
with the overall scaling upon changing the size $L$ in contrast to the
case of the whole structure of a crumpled paper, in which case
$D_M=d_f$, thus the self-similarity of the internal structure is
consistent with the global scaling.
  The existence of these two regimes for the line structure may
come from the layered structure of crumpled sheets;
The whole structure of crumpled sheets consists of random folding of
a wrinkled sheet, and typical scale of random folding is of order of
$R_g$ while wrinkling gives shorter length scale with $H\approx 0.9$.

Before concluding, let us discuss some of the previous works using CT
technique.
Lin {\it et al.} \cite{Lin-2009-PRE,Lin-2009-PRL}
examined the structure of crumpled aluminium foils by CT.
The aluminium foils of different radius $R_0=3\sim 10$ mm are crumpled
into the ball with the same final radius $R=1.5$ mm, i.e. different
compaction ratios.
They estimate the fractal dimension by the box counting and the
correlation dimension as a function of the compaction ratio
$R/R_0$\cite{Lin-2009-PRE}.  Their estimates of the dimensions
coincide fairly well with our estimates for the aluminium foil by the
box counting and the Fourier transform.  They also measured the
correlation for the tangent vector and observed the layered
structure\cite{Lin-2009-PRL}.

Cambou and Menon\cite{Cambou-2011} also used CT to
examine the internal structure of crumpled aluminium foils.  They
obtained the mass distribution, the distribution of the normal vector
and the curvature radii, and found that they are distributed quite
uniformly.  They also found the layered structure, but again their
orientation is distributed uniformly.
These uniform distributions might appear to contradict the fractal
structure that has been found in the present work as well as earlier
studies\cite{Balankin-2007b,Lin-2009-PRE,Balankin-2010,Balankin-2013a}.
They are, however, not contradicting because what they
studied are averaged distributions of the quantities;  Spatial
inhomogeneity of fractal structure varies from a sample to another,
thus does not likely show in the averaged distribution.

In the present work, we did not examine the scaling relation with the
applied force, Eq.(\ref{R-F_scaling}).
Its exponent $\delta$ should represent how the crumpling energy
increases as a paper sheet is crumpled into a smaller ball,
thus should come from the self-similarity of the internal structure,
although we do not know yet how it is related with other exponents.

\acknowledgments  This work is partially supported by JSPS KAKENHI
Grant Number JP20K03882.

\vskip 1cm

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
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102 Iron Triathlons
Swim/Cycle/Run/Repeat
Preparing for Iron102
In April 2023 I'll be have another go at 102 full distance triathlons. I have put a series of videos on my YOUTUBE channel for you too see my progress.
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Big Mile Cycling
In 2008 Sean Conway set off on a 1000 mile bike ride that would shape the next 10 years of his life as he became obsessed with the idea of becoming a real ultra-cyclist.
Sean nearly gave up on his dream after tragically losing two of his ultra-cycling friends, but decided to continue in their honour with his quest to chase big miles on two wheels.
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Hell and High Water
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In June 2013 Sean Conway set out from Land's End in his bid to be the first person to swim the length of Britain. It was a challenge so extreme that not only had it never been attempted before, but most of the sponsors Sean approached turned him down as they were worried that he would die trying.
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Chronicles of William Wiler - Tempura's Treasure
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With major developments in the U.S.-China cold war, Hong Kong, Brexit, Syria, and impeachment in the United States, plus hotspots across Latin America and the Middle East, it looks like the world will continue to heat up in 2020, writes DJ Peterson. Here are the international issues to watch this year.
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A Pacific Council delegation composed largely of Emerging Leaders recently traveled to Colombia to explore the peace process, Venezuela, economic development, and more with government officials, business and NGO leaders, and former FARC combatants.
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Experts discussed the continued persecution of China's Uighurs in a recent teleconference.
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Q: Forcing a type to be a tuple I'm new to Python and it took me some time to realize, in an auto-generated code this syntax means integer, not tuple:
(1)

In contrast [1] is still an array. Looks like a inconsistency in syntax :-(
However, is there a possibility to force (1) be a tuple?
EDIT:
Seems to be obvious for those who gave me - points. I wonder, why I didn't come across it till now.
In fact, the book I've bought for learning Python - "Learning Python, O'Reilly, Mark Lutz, 5th Ed." tells me on the page 121, Chapter Tuples:

Syntactically, they are normally coded in parentheses instead of
  square brackets...

and the first example that follows defines a tuple like this:
>>> T = (1, 2, 3, 4)    # A 4-item tuple

It's embarrassing, this book got so many stars on Amazon. I'm currently on the page 160 of 1500. Should I stop reading it?

A: You need to put a comma:
>>> (1,)
(1,)
>>> type((1,))
<type 'tuple'>
>>>

(1) is just the integer 1 in parenthesis:
>>> (1)
1
>>>

This is because it is the comma that creates a tuple, not the parenthesis (if any):
>>> 1,
(1,)
>>> 1, 2, 3
(1, 2, 3)
>>> a = 1, 2, 3
>>> b = (1, 2, 3)
>>> a == b
True
>>>

Note however that you do need parenthesis to create an empty tuple:
>>> ()
()
>>> type(())
<type 'tuple'>
>>>

Although it could be argued that it is the absence of the comma that creates the tuple in this case. ;)

It is true that the comma creates a tuple, but I should have been more clear.
You are right that in [1,2,3], the commas are not interpreted as a tuple because the square brackets on each end denote a list literal.
The comma in Python has four uses:

*

*Creating a tuple literal, as I demonstrated above.

*Separating items in a list/dict/set literal:
[1, 2, 3]       # List

{'a':1, 'b':2}  # Dict

{1, 2, 3}       # Set

*Separating arguments in function calls:
func(a, b)

*Separating names in various statements:
import a, b

global a, b

nonlocal a, b

with a as b, c as d:

try:
    ...
except (a, b):

and iterable unpacking:
a, b, c = [1, 2, 3]

Only in the first case is the comma interpreted as creating a tuple.  The other three uses simply reuse the , character to mean something different.

A: It's not an inconstency in the syntax: what makes a tuple is the comma, not the parens, and the minimal syntax for a litteral tuple is:
my_tuple = 1,

The parens are only needed for an empty tuple.

A: In [208]: a = (1)

In [209]: type(a)
Out[209]: int

In [210]: a = (1,)

In [211]: type(a)
Out[211]: tuple

In [212]: a = (1,2)

In [213]: type(a)
Out[213]: tuple

In [214]: a = [1]

In [215]: type(a)
Out[215]: list

In [216]: a = [1,]

In [217]: type(a)
Out[217]: list

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Home The Wasmann Club Collector, The Wasmann Collector and The Wasmann Journal of Biology WCV5N1001_Front Cover and Inside Front Cover
The Wasmann Collector Vol. 5, No. 1, April, 1942
WCV5N1001_Front Cover and Inside Front Cover
Vol. 5 April, 1942 No. I
~8fy
Wasmann
::ud ~~
WIDEM:AN, Erich Wasmann, S.J ............... ··---····-·-········ ::J
Reviews ........................ -'--........................................................ 8, 16
McKENZIE, Population Studies of th(~ DomcRtic Mosquitoes
of Marysville, California, Durillg the Autumn
Season, 194-1.............................................................. ......... 9
HOWELL, A Key to the lniligenons and Naturalized
Trees of Marin County, California.. ............................. 17
POLK, The Genus Dilepis Wein1and 1858 ........................ 25
Wasmann Biological Society ............................................... 33
Constitutional Amendments .............................................. -. 34-
Published by the Wasmann Biological Society
EowARo L. KEssEL, University of San Francisco.
Managing .Editor
WILLIAM 0. WEISSICII, University of San li'rancisco .
.A11~tant Managing Editor
HAROLD A. HARPmR, University of San 1!'1•aucisco.
CARL G. KAoNmR, Loyola University, Los Angeles.
RonERT T. Onn, California Academy of Sciences.
RoLAND A. REED, S. J., Port Townsend, Wash.
CHARLES J. WIDEMAN, S. J., Loyola University, Chicago.
Notice to Contributors and Members
THE W .ASM.ANN CoLLECTOR is published by the W asmann Biological
Society from its editorial office at tho University of San
Francisco. .Manuscripts must be previously unpublished and
must be based on original biological research in order to be
considered for publication. They may be addressed to any memller
of the Editorial Board. The basic charge for authors' reprint.
s is $iJ.OO for the first 100 copies of each four pages or
fraction thereof. For larger quantities, an additio11al $1.00
is charged for every extra 50 copies ot cac~h four-page unit.
Orders for reprints must be made when proof is returned.
The Mnno.ging l!.lditor is provided with the last h-nown address
of each paid-up member and subscriber. Any change of address
or a failure to receive any issue should be communicated to him
as early as possible.
Tbe annual subscription rate for the CoLLEcroR is $1.00. Subscriptions
and exchange requests should be sent to the 'Managing
Editor.
A limited number of advertisements will be accepted for the
baclc pages. For rates address the Managing Editor.
Printed by FRANKLIN TYPESETTING COttP., 447 San•omo Street, S.n Fn11oi1Co
Title The Wasmann Collector Vol. 5, No. 1, April, 1942
Source The Wasmann Collector Vol. 5, No. 1, April, 1942
Title WCV5N1001_Front Cover and Inside Front Cover
Identifier WCV5N1001_Front Cover and Inside Front Cover.pdf
Full-text Vol. 5 April, 1942 No. I ~8fy Wasmann ::ud ~~ Collector CONTENTS WIDEM:AN, Erich Wasmann, S.J ............... ··---····-·-········ ::J Reviews ........................ -'--........................................................ 8, 16 McKENZIE, Population Studies of th(~ DomcRtic Mosquitoes of Marysville, California, Durillg the Autumn Season, 194-1.............................................................. ......... 9 HOWELL, A Key to the lniligenons and Naturalized Trees of Marin County, California.. ............................. 17 POLK, The Genus Dilepis Wein1and 1858 ........................ 25 Wasmann Biological Society ............................................... 33 Constitutional Amendments .............................................. -. 34- San Francisco, California 1942 Published by the Wasmann Biological Society Editorial Board EowARo L. KEssEL, University of San Francisco. Managing .Editor WILLIAM 0. WEISSICII, University of San li'rancisco . .A11~tant Managing Editor ASSOCIATE EDITORS HAROLD A. HARPmR, University of San 1!'1•aucisco. CARL G. KAoNmR, Loyola University, Los Angeles. RonERT T. Onn, California Academy of Sciences. RoLAND A. REED, S. J., Port Townsend, Wash. CHARLES J. WIDEMAN, S. J., Loyola University, Chicago. Notice to Contributors and Members THE W .ASM.ANN CoLLECTOR is published by the W asmann Biological Society from its editorial office at tho University of San Francisco. .Manuscripts must be previously unpublished and must be based on original biological research in order to be considered for publication. They may be addressed to any memller of the Editorial Board. The basic charge for authors' reprint. s is $iJ.OO for the first 100 copies of each four pages or fraction thereof. For larger quantities, an additio11al $1.00 is charged for every extra 50 copies ot cac~h four-page unit. Orders for reprints must be made when proof is returned. The Mnno.ging l!.lditor is provided with the last h-nown address of each paid-up member and subscriber. Any change of address or a failure to receive any issue should be communicated to him as early as possible. Subscription Rates Tbe annual subscription rate for the CoLLEcroR is $1.00. Subscriptions and exchange requests should be sent to the 'Managing Editor. Advertising Rates A limited number of advertisements will be accepted for the baclc pages. For rates address the Managing Editor. Printed by FRANKLIN TYPESETTING COttP., 447 San•omo Street, S.n Fn11oi1Co
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Erich Wasmann
Population Studies of the...
A Key to the Indigenous and...
The Genus Dilepis Weinland
Wasmann Biological Society
Population Studies of the Domestic Mosquitoes
A Key to the Indigenous and Naturalized Trees


버지니아 레일웨이 익스프레스(영어: Virginia Railway Express, 이하 줄여서 VREX)는 미국 버지니아주 지역에 여객 철도 운송업을 하는 준공영 기업이다. 1992년에 운행을 시작 했으며 북부 버지니아 교통위원회와 포토맥 앤드 래퍼핸녹 교통위원회가 관리한다.
↑ 가 나 다 라 마 바 사 아 "Virginia Railway Express". The Diesel Shop. 2010년 7월 8일에 확인함.
↑ "VRE Equipment". Virginia Railway Express.
↑ "VRE taps MotivePower for 12 locomotives, option for 8". 2009년 8월 18일. 2010년 7월 8일에 확인함.
↑ "VRE has $5.1 million surplus". 《Washington Post》. 2010년 9월 20일. 2010년 9월 20일에 확인함.
↑ Buske, Jennifer (2010년 8월 5일). "Virginia Railway Express begins adding new locomotives to its fleet". 《The Washington Post》. 2010년 8월 5일에 확인함.
↑ "Virginia Railway Express orders gallery cars". Railway Gazette International. 2012년 2월 17일. 2012년 2월 18일에 보존된 문서. 2012년 2월 18일에 확인함.
이 문서는 2018년 9월 12일 (수) 03:33에 마지막으로 편집되었습니다.


text:
Q: Need to enable proxy settings in SQL for creating External table using Azure Polybase for Production environment The external table creation using polybase was successful in local environment but it was unsuccessful in production where we use proxy servers for internet access.
When tried to create external table in production environment I got following error
"EXTERNAL TABLE access failed due to internal error: 'Java exception raised on call to HdfsBridge_IsDirExist: Error [com.microsoft.azure.storage.StorageException: An unknown failure occurred : Connection timed out: connect] occurred while accessing external file.'"
I tried by enabling proxy settings using IE.Is there any way to enable proxy for SQL for creating
external table which can establish connection to Azure blob.
Following are our  requirement:
- We need to run Polybase queries to create parquet files  on Azure blob

*

*We dont have direct internet connection on the DB server.

*We need to use proxy to connect to internat externally.

*We are able to create container through .Net Azure SDK after enbaling proxy inside the app.config file.

*But we are not able to run the extenral table creation query from the SQL server and we are getting the below error.
"EXTERNAL TABLE access failed due to internal error: 'Java exception raised on call to HdfsBridge_IsDirExist: Error [com.microsoft.azure.storage.StorageException: An unknown failure occurred : Connection timed out: connect] occurred while accessing external file.' "
If this error is because of proxy issues, how can we give proxy for extenal table creation with azure reference.
eg: Sample external table creation is below
-- EXTERNAL TABLE
CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE dbo.SampleExternal (
    DateId INT NULL,
    CalendarQuarter TINYINT NULL,
    FiscalQuarter TINYINT NULL)
WITH (LOCATION='/SampleExternal.parquet',
    DATA_SOURCE=AzureStorage,
    FILE_FORMAT=ParquetFile);

----- DATABASE SCOPED CREDENTIAL
CREATE DATABASE SCOPED CREDENTIAL AzureStorageCredential
WITH
    IDENTITY = 'user',
    SECRET = 'XXXXXXXXXXX=='
;

---DATA SOURCE
CREATE EXTERNAL DATA SOURCE AzureStorage
WITH (
    TYPE = HADOOP,
    LOCATION = 'wasbs://XXContainer@XXStorage.blob.core.windows.net',
    CREDENTIAL = AzureStorageCredential
);


text:
Boeing suppliers Hexcel and Woodward to merge in $6.4 billion deal
(Reuters) - Hexcel Corp , a composites technology company, and aircraft and industrial parts maker Woodward Inc said on Sunday they would combine in an all-stock merger of equals to create an integrated systems provider for the aerospace and industrial sectors. The deal between the two U.S.-based companies is valued at about $6.43 billion based on Woodford's Friday close of $121.96, and values Hexcel at $76.23 per share, a premium of 4.5% from Hexcel's last close, according to Reuters calculations
Reuters January 13, 2020 06:07:48 IST
(Reuters) - Hexcel Corp , a composites technology company, and aircraft and industrial parts maker Woodward Inc said on Sunday they would combine in an all-stock merger of equals to create an integrated systems provider for the aerospace and industrial sectors.
The deal between the two U.S.-based companies is valued at about $6.43 billion based on Woodford's Friday close of $121.96, and values Hexcel at $76.23 per share, a premium of 4.5% from Hexcel's last close, according to Reuters calculations.
The companies said existing Woodward shareholders would own about 55% and existing Hexcel shareholders would own some 45% of the combined company on a fully diluted basis after the completion of the merger.
The combined company, which would form one of the world's biggest aerospace and defense suppliers, will be named Woodward Hexcel and is expected to generate net revenues of about $5.3 billion and EBITDA of $1.1 billion for each company's fiscal-year 2019.
The deal comes as aircraft suppliers struggle with the after-effects of the grounding and halted production of Boeing Co's 737 MAX.
Boeing is Hexcel's second-biggest customer, accounting for 25% of its annual sales and makes composite materials used on the MAX airframe and engines.
Woodward gets about 15% of its annual sales from Boeing, its biggest customer. It makes parts including a thrust reverser actuation system for the MAX. The company said last year the MAX grounding weighed on its sales growth.
Boeing has continued to purchase parts from some suppliers at a production rate higher than its own, in order to keep the supply chain fluid and avoid major disruptions when the MAX returns to service.
Hexcel President and Chief Executive Officer Nick Stanage will head the combined company, and Woodward CEO Tom Gendron intends to retire on the anniversary of the closing of the merger, the companies said.
Annual cost synergies of more than $125 million by the second full fiscal year are expected and combined free cash flow is forecast to be about $1 billion annually.
The combined company, to be headquartered in Fort Collins, Colorado, also plans on repurchasing shares, including executing an expected $1.5 billion share repurchase program within 18 months of closing.
The board of directors will have 10 members, with five directors from each company including Gendron and Stanage.
(Reporting by Mekhla Raina in Bengaluru; Editing by David Gregorio and Peter Cooney)
This story has not been edited by Firstpost staff and is generated by auto-feed.
Updated Date: January 13, 2020 06:07:48 IST
Fwire
U.S. home sales fall as tight supply boosts prices | Reuters
WASHINGTON U.S.
France, Germany to agree to NATO role against Islamic State - sources | Reuters
By Robin Emmott and John Irish | BRUSSELS/PARIS BRUSSELS/PARIS France and Germany will agree to a U.S. plan for NATO to take a bigger role in the fight against Islamic militants at a meeting with President Donald Trump on Thursday, but insist the move is purely symbolic, four senior European diplomats said.The decision to allow the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to join the coalition against Islamic State in Syria and Iraq follows weeks of pressure on the two allies, who are wary of NATO confronting Russia in Syria and of alienating Arab countries who see NATO as pushing a pro-Western agenda."NATO as an institution will join the coalition," said one senior diplomat involved in the discussions. "The question is whether this just a symbolic gesture to the United States
China's Xi says navy should become world class | Reuters
BEIJING Chinese President Xi Jinping on Wednesday called for greater efforts to make the country's navy a world class one, strong in operations on, below and above the surface, as it steps up its ability to project power far from its shores.China's navy has taken an increasingly prominent role in recent months, with a rising star admiral taking command, its first aircraft carrier sailing around self-ruled Taiwan and a new aircraft carrier launched last month.With President Donald Trump promising a US shipbuilding spree and unnerving Beijing with his unpredictable approach on hot button issues including Taiwan and the South and East China Seas, China is pushing to narrow the gap with the U.S. Navy.Inspecting navy headquarters, Xi said the navy should "aim for the top ranks in the world", the Defence Ministry said in a statement about his visit."Building a strong and modern navy is an important mark of a top ranking global military," the ministry paraphrased Xi as saying.
Manchester attacker's younger brother arrested in Tripoli - spokesman | Reuters
TRIPOLI The younger brother of the suicide bomber who killed 22 people at a concert venue in Manchester has been arrested in Tripoli on suspicion of links with Islamic State, a spokesman for a local counter-terrorism force said on Wednesday.The force, known as Rada, detained Hashem Abedi, who was born in 1997, on Tuesday evening, spokesman Ahmed Bin Salem told Reuters. Hashem Abedi had been in touch with attacker Salman Abedi, Bin Salem said."We have evidence that he is involved in Daesh (Islamic State) with his brother. We have been following him for more than one month and a half," Bin Salem said.
UK police arrest fifth person in connection with Manchester attack | Reuters
LONDON A fifth person has been arrested in connection with a suicide bombing in the northern English city of Manchester which killed 22 people, police said on Wednesday. The man, who was carrying a package, was arrested in the town of Wigan, 17 miles (27 km) to the west of Manchester city centre. "We have made an arrest in Wigan this afternoon in connection with the investigation into the horrific incident at Manchester Arena," a spokeswoman for Greater Manchester Police said
British police hunt possible bomb-maker, accomplices after Manchester bombing - sources | Reuters
By Michael Holden and Andy Bruce | MANCHESTER, England MANCHESTER, England British police hunted on Wednesday for potential accomplices who may have helped Salman Abedi build the bomb that killed 22 people at a concert in Manchester and who could be ready to kill again.As police tried to piece together the British-born Abedi's past, Prime Minister Theresa May said security officials had raised their assessment of the threat to Britain to "critical", indicating an attack is imminent.Part of that threat assessment is the fear that Abedi, who blew himself up in the bomb attack, could have been working as part of a group with possible links to militants who have the competence to plot and execute suicide bombings.
Lupin warns of more pricing pressure as fourth-quarter profit halves | Reuters
By Zeba Siddiqui | MUMBAI MUMBAI Indian drugmaker Lupin Ltd expects to launch over 30 products in the United States this year, but warned revenue growth would remain muted due to growing pricing pressure and competition in the world's largest healthcare market."We've talked about medium single digits of price erosion in the past and I think we are now (seeing) high single digits," Managing Director Nilesh Gupta told Reuters after Lupin reported a quarterly profit that halved from a year earlier.The country's third-largest drugmaker has been working on building a pipeline of high-value complex generic drugs in the United States to offset growing competition in plain generics. But a consolidation among drug distributors has hit generic companies' ability to negotiate on prices, and price hikes have also become harder to justify amid regulatory scrutiny."Competition is increasing and (distributors) are getting more powerful than ever before," Gupta said. The company expects to launch more than 30 drugs this year, most of which would be small to medium-sized opportunities, with bigger, more lucrative launches planned for 2019, he added
EXCLUSIVE: Wannacry hits Russian postal service, exposes wider security shortcomings | Reuters
By Jack Stubbs | MOSCOW MOSCOW Russia's postal service was hit by Wannacry ransomware last week and some of its computers are still down, three employees in Moscow said, the latest sign of weaknesses that have made the country a major victim of the global extortion campaign.Wannacry compromised the post office's automated queue management system, infecting touch-screen terminals which run on the outdated Windows XP operating system, one of the workers said.


text:
ITVX Homepage
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Ghislaine Maxwell says she believes Jeffrey Epstein was murdered
Monday 23 January 2023, 10:24pm
Ghislaine Maxwell spoke to TalkTV's Jeremy Kyle from prison in the US.
British socialite Ghislaine Maxwell has said she believes disgraced financier Jeffrey Epstein was murdered.
Epstein was found dead in his cell at a federal jail in Manhattan in August 2019 while awaiting trial on sex trafficking charges. His death was ruled a suicide.
Maxwell, who was sentenced to 20 years in a US prison last year after being found guilty of luring young girls to massage rooms so Epstein could molest them, told TalkTV's Jeremy Kyle Live: Ghislaine Behind Bars, she wished she'd never met the financier.
In the interview, which aired on Monday, Maxwell said she "didn't know" Epstein "was so awful" – though he is "obviously now, looking back with hindsight, of course".
She said: "I believe that he was murdered. I was shocked. Then I wondered how it had happened because as far as I was concerned, he was going to… I was sure he was going to appeal. And I was sure he was covered under the non-prosecution agreement.
"But I wasn't in the indictment. I wasn't mentioned. I wasn't even one of the co-conspirators.
"I honestly wish I had never met him.
Victims slam 'unrepentant' sex trafficker Ghislaine Maxwell after new interview
Ghislaine Maxwell Credit: AP
"Looking back now, I probably wish I had stayed in England. But leaving that aside, you know, I tried to leave and start another new job and move on from the end of '98, '99.
"So I wish I had been more successful in moving on… Because I'd been a banker and so I should have moved on completely."
She added: "But at the time, I mean he had lots of friends. He was friendly with just about everybody you could imagine. There was no reason to imagine that he was someone of interest to people."
The 61-year-old also said there was no photograph showing Prince Andrew with his arm around Ms Giuffre, only a photocopy.
The photograph was said to have been taken inside Maxwell's Mayfair home.
The Duke of York, Virginia Giuffre and Ghislaine Maxwell Credit: US Department of Justice/PA
Maxwell said: "Well, it's a fake. I don't believe it's real. In fact I'm sure it's not… There's never been an original. Further, there's no photograph; I've only even seen a photocopy of it.
"I don't believe it happened, certainly the way as described. It would have been impossible. I don't have any memory of going to (private nightclub) Tramp (where Ms Guiffre said Andrew danced with her).
"Certainly it's not an outfit I would have worn."
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Andrew has also questioned the validity of the image of him with Ms Giuffre, formerly known as Virginia Roberts.
The duke went on to pay millions to settle a civil sexual assault case to Ms Giuffre – a woman he claimed to have never met.
He previously said he has "no recollection" of meeting Ms Giuffre and cast doubt on the picture, claiming he is "not one to hug" or "display affection" in public.
In an interview with BBC Newsnight in 2019, Andrew said while he recognises himself in the picture with Ms Giuffre, he claimed it is not possible to prove if the image has been faked.
It was one of the biggest news stories of our time - and it's still not over. So what did Boris Johnson know about Downing Street's notorious parties? With fresh revelations from our Number 10 sources, in their own words, listen to the inside story...
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What does it mean to do something " In the name of Jesus"? In the Bible a persons name has to do with his or her character. So, in doing something in Jesus' name means to do it as Jesus himself would if he were in my place. I kept reading this statement over and over, I found out what is really important here is that, Paul said, "Whatever you do or say " lest there be any confusion. Paul explains what he means "Whatever you do in Word or Deed do it ALL, in the name of Jesus.
To me that covers everything.
We tend to read rather quickly over statements like this, but Paul's repetition makes me stop and think. Doing all in the name of the Lord Jesus means bringing honor to Christ in every aspect and activity of my daily Living.
Well I think that makes sense , as a Christian We represent Christ at all times, wherever we go and whatever we do or say, but we tend to forget and act on our own.
So what would it mean for All of us to wake up in the morning in Jesus' name?
Some of us wake up differently from others - Some love to get up early in the morning while others wake up grumpy when the alarm clock goes off. What kind of thoughts would pass through our minds, would our heads be filled with anxieties about today or regrets about yesterday?, or would our thoughts go to God?
Recently I have made a point before I get out of bed to praise, thank God and tell Him that my day belongs to Him and ask him to go through it with me. I believe that this is one way to wake up in Jesus' name. How would Jesus greet our spouse, our children or roommate? What words would He use, what kind of _expression would be on His face? I think Jesus would treat these first moments of the day with words that would express Joy and relaxation, I'm sure He would not rush like us through life. What would it mean for us to drive in Jesus' name? If Jesus were behind the wheel of our car, would the car behave differently than if you or I were driving?
Would Jesus listen to a religious stations, Worship tapes. Would He sometimes listen to Country Western music?
I think he might sometimes listen to talk shows or the news and pray for the state of the world as He listens.
I believe sometimes He would drive in silence, which I found it is very hard to do. Would Jesus drive fast or slow? As for me, I get irritated when the car in front of me is slow or when Bahig is driving slow. I am just used to hurrying like all of us. Most of our lives are spent in transit: trying to get somewhere, driving to some place, standing in line, waiting for a meeting to end, trying to get a task or errand completed, worrying about something bad that might happen or being angry about something that did happen.
These are all moments that prevent us from experiencing Joy in life as God intended for us.
How do we watch T.V. in Jesus' name? Everyone I know watches T.V. and good many of us wonder whether we watch too much at times. Would Jesus watch only PBS?. Would He flip channels to find religious or funny shows? What happens if He comes across Desperate Housewives show" Would he watch it? Maybe He likes sports? It makes me stop and think how much and what kind of T.V. programming can I watch before it begins to create in me a disordered heart!
What does it mean to do household chores in Jesus' name? How do I do laundry, wash the dishes or work in the backyard? What happens if you need someone to fix something in your home and they charge you a lot more than it is worth? What would Jesus do if He is in my place?
How do I work in Jesus' name? Our jobs might bring us into contact with many customers and coworkers. To work in Jesus' name means viewing them not just as customers, accounts transactions or problems but just as People, they should be treated with Respect, Kindness, Patience and Love even when they frustrate us or treat us badly. We might say a quick prayer for them. I am sure that this is what Jesus would do.
If we work with our hands and spend physical energy to create something, we can say a quick prayer before and at the end of each task and offer it as a gift to God. After all Adam was a gardener, and a farmer. Jesus was a carpenter and I am sure in every piece He made that He was praying and glorifying His Father as much as when He was traveling as a teacher.
How do we spend money in the name of Jesus? When we enter a mall how do we shop in the name of Jesus? We could get confused here and think that to dress in Jesus' name means to wear ugly clothes!, absolutely not, this is a wrong understanding. We should appreciate and enjoy beauty. Jesus pointed out that God Himself has such an eye for beauty, nature, flowers and birds are better dressed than Solomon (the best dressed man in the history of Israel). The work of Givenchy, Yves St. Laurent and all the designers is nothing by comparison with God's design. However, shopping in Jesus' name means saying no to certain purchases and to realize that beauty is good but it is not the ultimate good.
Now we begin to understand of what Paul means when he said "Whatever you do in Word or Deed, do it All in the name of Jesus.
It is not easy, but the more we try the more we understand God's love for us. The Bible tells us "God is Love" and Love is the essence of God's character, we were created out of God's love and for Gods love. All what God wants most from us is a relationship and a fellowship with Him.
And using our abilities to do it all in the name of Jesus Christ. This relationship with God make us secure in Christ and it will give us stability even in this unstable world.
So we have to live for God, day by day, live your life in Jesus' name and become a branch in His vineyard not only during Lent, but also in every moment of our lives. We will gain a fresh appreciation for Christ as the fullness of God and the only source for living the Christian life.
So make sure of your connection to Jesus Christ Our Lord and Savior.