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Big Tobacco's enduring interest in children: insights from its internal documents
Posted by Simon Chapman AO in Blog
Tomorrow is World No Tobacco Day. This year its theme is the targeting of children by the tobacco and vaping industries.
In 2001 I led a team of researchers at the University of Sydney's School of Public Health on a 5 year US National Institutes of Health grant. Our aim was to explore many millions of pages of previously internal tobacco industry documents on the transnational tobacco industry's activities in Australia and Asia.
We published 40 papers from this grant, including 32 in these two Tobacco Control supplements on Australia and Asia.
As we excavated the relevant documents housed in University of California at San Francisco's Legacy (now numbering over 14 million) our team would make screen shots of important passages and add these to powerpoint sets, as well as filing whole documents in various work-in-progress files.
This morning I revisited one of these powerpoints, containing 72 slides on what we found about the tobacco industry's interests in children. As you will expect, these show naked, intense interest by the industry in children, sometimes very young children. They also show the ways in which the industry tried to deny this interest whenever confronted with it.
The standard response by the industry to these documents today is to dismiss them as being old and irrelevant: they would, of course, never pass such data, analysis and comments among themselves today. Of course.
The slide collection is here (in powerpoint form)
bestdocskidsDownload
When the COVID-19 pandemic going gets tough, the conference scammers get going
I've written here before about the relentless deluge of obsequious email supplications all academics get, tempting them to part with thousands of dollars to submit their research to junk, predatory journals or to attend often shady conferences in far-off places. To my amazement, these junk conference temptations have continued through the global COVID-19 pandemic. This week my inbox offered jaunts to Tokyo, Amsterdam and California, all on subjects totally unrelated to my own areas of interest.
During the COVID-19 lockdowns, there are stories about of one-way, economy class passengers being asked to pay $20,000 to or from Europe. Once you arrive, you get to spend two weeks in quarantine often in a low grade hotel room and so the same when you get back home. You get to attend a conference on a topic of zero relevance to your interest, run by scammers who sometimes forget to actually put it on after you shell out your registration fee and early-bird discounted slide packages from the other missing speakers. So what's not to like here? Particularly when you get addressed like this.
But amazingly, the emails keep coming. These offers often make me try to imagine those who are suckered by these dogs-balls obvious swindles. An email this week took me to a whole different level of audacity out there.
It started with this from an "Iris Reed"
My interest was piqued. Here we had a brazen pitch to sell contact details about conference attendees whom I felt certain would have all given their full permission for their private information to be flogged off like this to anyone paying up. I immediately wrote back to Iris "Dear Iris, I'm very interested in looking at this list. Where and when was the meeting held?"
Twenty six minutes later, I got a reply, not from Iris, but from her helpful top dog colleague "senior business analyst" Macie, who had a small dose of the stray apostrophes and a helpful yellow highlighter.
Now what a coincidence that just 26 minutes after I enquired about the pain conference attendance data, the company cancelled the conference! However, the agile Macie, perhaps anticipating my disappointment, now dangled the prospect of 10,000 names from something called a "Careers Expo" in Perth held in 2020. But Iris had been offering 12,147+ names from the just cancelled "Pain Society 36th Annual Scientific Meeting".
I needed to share my confusion with Macie. I wrote "But I thought it was a Pain Society 36th Annual Scientific meeting 2020? Now it is a "Careers Expo" meeting in Perth. That sounds rather different." I'd googled "36th annual pain scientific meeting" and found that one by that name was held in Perth, not in 2020 but in 2016. I gave Macie the link (https://www.dcconferences.com.au/aps2016/).
Twenty minutes later the indefatigable Macie was back:
She just wasn't listening! So I quickly replied wrote, "No, the email I got was explicit that it was a pain conference. That's what I'm interested in. I will pay big money for this."
So imagine my confusion when I then heard from yet a third employee, Selah Lloyd, suffering from the exact same stray apostrophe problem as Iris:
So, they "reached out" to me with a pain conference (cancelled), then switched to a Careers Expo in Perth, and within two hours that one had apparently been postponed too. But now they figured I would like to get my hands on 3500 names from a TedXSydney 2020 meeting. I steeled myself in anticipation that this one would shortly also be postponed.
The next day, Iris was back on my case, answering my yesterday's questions about when and where the pain conference was being held. Apparently it had just recently been held in Hobart, not Perth.
By now smelling the unmistakable odour of fetid bullshit, I called the Hotel Grand Chancellor in Hobart, asked for reservations and enquired whether they had recently hosted a conference with 10,917 in attendance during the COVID-19 lockdown. I could hear the receptionist spray her coffee into her headset microphone.
Having been earlier told by Iris that the pain meeting had 12,147 participants, but now reading there were only 10,917 (9 times more than could fit into the hotel's plenary hall), it was time for some plain talking with Iris. I wrote:
"So first question. Could you please ask your manager if I can please have a 12.3% discount for the smaller number of names? That would be $438.50. I'll round that up to $440.00 for you.
Second – and this is a little awkward for me to raise with you – but I have just spoken to the management of the Hotel Grand Chancellor in Hobart, and they said that they have not been holding any conferences there for months because of COVID. They suggested that you are probably a scammer.
I'm sure that can't be right. But is it true, Iris? I hope not!"
Iris now kicked this one upstairs to the top brass.
Mr Williams got back to me immediately.
So the 2020 pain conference in Hobart, which never took place, started out with 12,147 attendees, fell to 10,917 and then rose to 14,927, all within two days. I politely let him know I was no longer interested.
Chris' very professional company website, said to be in Fort Worth, Texas is here www.influxdatasolutions.com
Indelibly sear this into the national public and political DNA: evidence-based prevention saves many lives. So let's all honour our COVID-19 heroes.
If we went back two months, "epidemiologist" was a word you might need occasionally to complete a crossword. But now we hear it all day long. Throughout each day, we see and hear people who with a few exceptions, have never been household names. Most prominent have been Brendan Murphy, the chief medical officer and secretary of the Department of Health and Aging; his deputy, Paul Kelly, as follicularly challenged as his more famous musician namesake but lately also bringing us daily salve in the form of hopeful news about falling new cases; and the peerless Norman Swan, for 35 years the presenter of ABC's The Health Report, mandatory listening for all seriously interested in evidence-based health and medicine.
There's also Professor Raina McIntyre from UNSW, a global expert in pandemic epidemiology; state chief health officers like NSW's Kerry Chant, also with post graduate qualifications in public health; a phalanx of highly connected mathematical epidemic modellers; and many, many others working tirelessly in the background to fast-track testing, obtain personal protective equipment for front-line health care workers, contact tracing, record keeping, and scientists working in vaccine development.
The daily ritual for many of us in checking bookmarked data sites mapping the COVID-19, pandemic has lately brought huge relief. The chart showing newly confirmed cases is the first we click on. Since hitting a peak of 450 new cases on March 28, Australia has seen almost continual daily falls, with an average of 37 a day reported in the last 10 days, a fall of 413 or 92% off the peak.
While it is very early days, and while cautions about possible upswings if we take our foot off the brake too quickly are deadly serious, these encouraging data look very much like a trend. There are key signs that we are getting on top of this thing, quite fast.
Four lessons
The decline is exactly what our newly limelighted national heroes, the public health experts advising the government and communicating with the public, would have hoped for. If it continues, and does not dramatically bounce back when isolation is eventually relaxed, it will go down in our history as a triumph of evidence-based health policy, the lessons of which deserve to be indelibly seared into the national public and political DNA.
What are some of these lessons? First, if it ever needed saying, this is a dramatic, thundering reminder that health protection and prevention can avert national catastrophes. In medicine, the "rule of rescue" has for decades dominated health care resource allocation and political urgency. This rule states that those in need of medical attention will always take primacy over vague backroom recommendations from faceless committees about how we might prevent people from needing medical attention in the first place.
Public health (health protection, prevention and education) has long been the Cinderella of the health services. Next to high tech treatment centres, it has drab offices, much less than 2% of the health care budget, and few prominent individuals to fight for its goals. Unlike treatment with its memorable patients, its waiting lists are unnamed statistical victims who will need health care in the future, if prevention fails. Prevention can often wait for the next budget. Treatment cannot. This might well change for good, thanks to COVID-19.
Second, Australia's likely success is a reminder that Nanny State policies and interventions for public safety are politically hobbled and denigrated to our great peril. Never in anyone's living memory have we seen more draconian measures here than we are all living with today. With each new ratcheting up of social isolation edicts, we have heard pin-drop silence from the doctrinaire civil libertarians. The National Cabinet of conservative and Labor leaders are behaving like a socialist politburo and everyone is applauding them wildly.
Nanny is not just good for us, she is yet again saving many, many lives. Meanwhile, the libertarian right remain in the brace, foetal position, seeing their dogmas collapsing around them.
Third, the truth serum of science and evidence being force fed to our political leaders seems likely to have lasting impacts in tempering the global creep of anti-science. As former Liberal leader John Hewson put it, the coronavirus story is a dress rehearsal for what happens if governments continue to ignore science. Its few remaining carnival barkers in parliament have been struck a fatal blow with the political unanimity across all major parties. The last memorable time I recall this happening was when the Opposition fully supported the Gillard Labor government's plain packaging bill way back in 2010.
And next, the widespread population-wide embrace of social isolation, and the stories of untappable geysers of community support and care for those doing it tough may be rejuvenating communities, in many wonderful ways. We are enduring the deprivations not just for the sake of reducing our own risk, but because suddenly we all understand that Margaret Thatcher's infamous "no such thing as society" has deadly, dehumanising consequences. It feels very good to be living among a resurgence of such values. They will resonate well into the future with progressive policies right across government.
Australia's achievement is simply remarkable
In 2018, Australia 158,493 people died from all causes. So far, COVID-19 has claimed 74 Australian lives, at a median age of 79 (which is around the same as all-cause life expectancy). Australia has 261 cases per million population and 3 per million deaths, while Spain – at the moment the nation worst infected on a per capita basis — currently has 4367 cases per million people and 455 per million deaths, 17 times our per capita rate of cases and 152 times our death rate. These are just remarkable differences.
In 1996, I wrote one of my columns in the BMJ on the paradox of prevention. I wrote:
"That's the paradox with prevention – it works when nothing happens. People thank doctors for performing a lifesaving operation, but if they grow up without being badly injured or without taking up smoking and developing emphysema they are seldom thankful for the preventive actions of people who bore the brunt of public anger about inconvenience years ago."
Our infectious disease prevention heroes deserve our greatest thanks and support for all they are doing. As of course do our thousands of front-line health care staff. We're not just some lucky country. We're a public health vanguard country, setting standards for the world.
How can we erode self-exempting beliefs about COVID-19 contagion and isolation that might subvert flattening the curve?
Cognitive dissonance is a much-studied phenomenon concerned with a branch of the mental heuristics that people use to enable them to sustain particular beliefs or behaviours in the face of overwhelming evidence that could swing a wrecking ball at the foundations of those beliefs and behaviours. Coined by American psychologist Leon Festinger in 1957, cogntive dissonance theory suggests "we have an inner drive to hold all our attitudes and behaviour in harmony and avoid disharmony (or dissonance). This is known as the principle of cognitive consistency. When there is an inconsistency between attitudes or behaviours (dissonance), something must change to eliminate the dissonance."
Self-exempting beliefs about smoking
Early in my career I was struck by the multitude of ways that smokers rationalised their smoking, in the face of what US Surgeon Antonia Novello noted 30 years ago that "It is safe to say that smoking represents the most extensively documented cause of disease ever investigated in the history of biomedical research."
With others, I published two well-cited papers in the American Journal of Public Health (1993) and Preventive Medicine (2004) documenting the range and clustering of these beliefs in Australian smokers. We called them "self-exempting" beliefs: beliefs that people cling to as psychological talismen they found useful in warding off the deluge of unsettling information about the risks of smoking.
In the first paper, we found that while 50-80% of smokers agreed that several diseases were caused by smoking, nearly half of all smokers we surveyed agreed with 5 or more of 14 different self-exempting beliefs we asked them about. So smokers could simultaneously agree that smoking caused lung cancer, but also believe that "scientists are telling us every day that all sorts of other things also cause cancer" or "I play sport every week and get the toxins out of my system".
In the second paper, we grouped these beliefs into three clusters.
"Bulletproof" beliefs: Beliefs suggesting smokers think they have some personal immunity to the health effects of smoking. Examples:
Cancer mostly strikes people with negative attitudes
They will have found cures for cancer and all the other problems smoking causes before I am likely to get any of them
You can overcome the harms of smoking by doing things like eating healthy food and exercising regularly
I think I must have the sort of good health or genes that means I can smoke without getting any of the harms
I think I would have to smoke a lot more than I do to put my health at risk
"Skeptic" beliefs: Those indicating smokers do not believe medical evidence about smoking and disease. Examples:
Some doctors and nurses smoke, so it cannot be all that harmful
The medical evidence that smoking s harmful is exaggerated
Smoking cannot be all that bad for you because many people who smoke live long lives
Smoking cannot be all that bad because some top sports people smoke and still perform well
More lung cancer is caused by such things as air pollution, petrol, and diesel fumes than smoking
"Jungle" beliefs: Beliefs normalizing the dangers of smoking because of the ubiquity of risks to health (''life's a jungle of risks'') Examples:
If smoking was so bad for you, the government would ban tobacco sales
It is dangerous to walk across the street
Smoking is no more risky than lots of other things that people do
We found that ex-smokers adhered to far less of these beliefs than smokers. This made us wonder if some of these beliefs were porous and vulnerable to being eroded to flaccid levels of talismanic potency by strategic efforts at countering them. The NSW Cancer Institute ran a campaign called "excuses" where it targeted several common beliefs about why smokers often delayed quitting.
Self-exempting beliefs about COVID-19
With COVID-19, self-isolation and distancing are the two behaviours that all infectious disease experts agree are absolutely critical to "flattening the curve" and reducing contagion. But we have all by now heard a wide range of self-exempting excuses for why some are taking self-isolation lightly.
Some I've noticed include:
It's only very old people who are dying
170,000 people – mainly old — die in Australia every year. Old people will die anyway from something if not COVID-19
I'm young and healthy, I'll be fine
I've had the 'flu a few times. I can live with getting that again
We've got such a low rate of cases per million population, my chances of being getting near to someone with it are negligible
The odds of getting it in Australia are far, far lower than the risks we take all the time – driving, flying, surfing, skiing
How come it's OK to have a barber or hairdresser stand right next to you and touch your head for 30 minutes or more but not OK to go to a beach?
Look at all the shops that are open selling non-essentials, like some department stores, Ikea, Bunnings, Officeworks, and garden nurseries. How come lots of people can go to these, but not have a picnic in a park?
How come you can still take a domestic flight and sit well within 1.5 metres of other passengers?
Why are the distances you must keep different in different states?
The Bluetooth movement monitoring app they are planning is just an excuse for a surveillance state
It's a conspiracy to under the cover of isolation, roll out the pernicious 5G network
Doubtless there are many more of these in circulation. Some will have a tiny number of adherents, but others will be muttered by larger swathes of the community and may be amenable to strategic efforts to render them less potent. Those in government who are planning the communication campaigns would do well to get a handle on which of these sort of beliefs are most prevalent in those who are breaching isolation. What they learn could then stimulate efforts to deflate these beliefs.
Respectful communication is critical
It is important to understand that those who are sub-optimally isolating and breaching the guidelines are not all simply stupid or willfully ignorant. Efforts through announcements and interviews to set them right with fact-based refutations will have only limited success.
At the heart of cognitive dissonance theory is the understanding that people cling to self-exempting beliefs because they make them feel comfortable and more harmonious across values and decisions they cherish. Self-exempting beliefs bring comfort and sustain these wider and deeply held beliefs and decisions. So a communication objective which sets out only to say "you're wrong, listen to this instead" will miss the point.
Subverting false beliefs to render them unsustainable in a COVID-19 non-isolator's top-of-mind lexicon may be an intermediary goal on the way to them changing their behavior, but it needs to be done respectfully, not combatively.
Apposite analogies
Over my four decades in public health advocacy, I've found analogy to be very useful in gently eroding sticky beliefs.
In gun control, resistance to gun registration was eroded by pointing out that we all understand that cars, boats and even dogs require registration for good reasons. So why not guns too? And law-abiding gun owners outraged at gun control measures which assumed every gun owner could be dangerous, is no different to assuming every driver might be alcohol affected in random breath testing. Or every airline passenger a terrorist when passing through airport security. Or every shopper a thief when bags are inspected at the checkout.
In tobacco control, resistance to the news that other people's smoke could be harmful was memorably disarmed by analogies from cartoonists like the one below and about the urinating and non-urinating sections of public swimming pools.
Smokers who insisted that it was "all the additives and chemicals" in cigarettes (not tobacco smoke itself) that caused all the health problems were reasoning as if the infernos in hell might be less uncomfortable if the temperature was turned down one degree by removing additives.
And tobacco companies' hand-on-heart efforts to tweak the toxicity of their products was like the owners of the White Star Line removing the splinters from the handrails of the Titanic.
Analogies are inherently respectful as they memorably point to equivalences between things that everyone agrees with and seed the idea that "this is just like that".
Freedom to vs freedom from
With COVID-19, the "freedom to" imperative often dominates resistance isolation, while the "freedom from" the risk of rapid exponential growth in an untreatable, often fatal disease takes a back seat. Efforts to reframe freedom as importantly including freedom from the indelible scenes we have seen playing out in the USA, Italy, Spain and the UK are likely to provide fertile ground strengthening the already widespread view that our deprivations are helping us dodge a hideous population-wide bullet.
And the deprivations of staying at home can be flipped in the memorable words of the (unknown) creator of this art compilation put it "Don't count the days, make the days count."
COVID-19 home isolation: except for food, medicine and exercise. So why are so many other stores open?
Ikea is open today in Sydney from 10am to 9pm. They have an online catalogue and will deliver, but yes, it's open to us all too. My nearest Bunnings has been open since 6am, and will close 7pm. Tradies (who can keep working) need supplies, and they have cards to prove their work status. But non-tradies can go to Bunnings too and buy whatever they like, no questions about "essentials" or "necessities" asked.
If you want stationary supplies, you can get on down to Officeworks. You might want to sit a while and print some photos while you are there.
Think your garden could so with a makeover? All plant nurseries are open. And what about a haircut? No problem – many are open and your hairdresser, even if he's Edward Scissorhands, certainly won't be cutting your hair from 1.5 metres away.
And fancy a new pair of shoes, a shirt or dress? Off you can go to a department store. Furniture? Yep. Open as usual. A new TV to help your isolation? A hair dryer or coffee machine? Sure, go out right now and just walk in. No problems.
But meanwhile, we read stories and hear people calling into radio about being fined, warned or moved on for sitting reading or eating on a park bench or sunbaking, or simply driving – sometimes alone. Police are patrolling beaches and parks.
Yet we aren't hearing any stories about police frisking shoppers coming out of any of the shops above and quizzing them to explain why each of the goods they have just purchased are essential. The shops haven't been told to rope off non-essential items. It's all for sale.
Each time we hear a government official, police spokesperson or politician summarising how we should understand home isolation and self-distancing we hear the litany of food and medicines purchasing, distanced exercising in a maximum of two people (unless in the one family) and visiting family members who live elsewhere, within the guidelines (one person only).
However, the current gazetted NSW guidelines list of 16 "reasonable excuses" starts off with an "excuse" far wider than being out to purchase food and medicines. The first point explains that you can be "obtaining food or other goods or services for the personal needs of the household or other household purposes (including for pets) and for vulnerable persons." [my italics]
Neither "needs" nor "purposes" are anywhere defined in the guidelines. But Prime Minister Scott Morrison told the country on March 31 that his wife had gone out to purchase jigsaws "Our kids are at home now, as are most kids, and Jenny went out yesterday and bought them a whole bunch of jigsaw puzzles. I can assure you, over the next few months we're going to consider those jigsaw puzzles absolutely essential."
Unless he was openly declaring family lawlessness, Morrison's example role-modeled a process of legitimate individual decision-making: his household regarded non-nutritious or medicinal jigsaws as "absolutely essential" and a justifiable reason for leaving their house. Others might equally regard regularly buying cut flowers, stocking up on new plants for the garden, buying hobby, art or musical instrument supplies as essential to their household "needs".
The NSW government's very broad guideline would seem to have been worded in the way it was to provide such latitude. But the contrast with what it states and the constant far narrower emphasis on food, medicines and exercise is stark.
Let me here be emphatic. In concert, quarantine, social isolation and distancing, and the virtual closing of Australia's borders together appear to be to not only flattening the curve of new cases, but to be quite rapidly reducing the daily rate (see graph below). Importantly too. as an island continent, Australia has very non-porous borders compared with the great majority of the world's nations in Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Americas where many nations have several land borders.
The changes we have seen in the last week owe a great deal to Australians having taken home isolation very seriously. Citymapper's global mobility index shows people in Australian cities have dramatically decreased their movement. Sydney for example, has fallen from 121% of normal movement on March 2, to 17% on April 5. As many infectious disease experts have warned, any rapid abandonment of current policies that saw equally dramatic rises in movement (and erosion of self-isolation) could see the fall in daily new cases reverse. And as we have seen in nations like Italy, Spain, France, Germany and the USA, this can be very, very rapid and catastrophic.
It is beyond important that we sustain high levels of home isolation and social distancing when we need or choose to go outside.
The contradictions between the constant narrow framing of where you can go when you leave your house, reports of over-zealous policing directed at individuals engaged in very low risk activities and what the government guidelines currently say we can actually do, risk eroding trust in important government messaging.
People are not stupid. When they are told repeatedly they should only go out for food, medicine or exercise and then see the car park at Bunnings, Ikea and Officeworks chockers with cars and people pushing trolleys, they join the dots that this just doesn't add up. Maybe the other messaging is shonky too, many will reason. Crying wolf has always been fatal for public health messaging.
Absolute transparency, as far as our current knowledge allows us to go, should be a cardinal principle of all communication in this crisis. It makes no sense that we are told to keep a minimum of 1.5 from others in the street or in shops, then read the truly bizarre "Hairdressers and barbers can continue to operate under strict new rules. The 4 square metre rule and social distancing must be observed."
The hairdressing example may be nit-picking (sorry …) but hassling people driving or quietly reading and getting some sunshine in a park risks fomenting corrosive community conversations about other political agendas and disproportionate surveillance.
Aussie vaping advocates' latest lobbying fiasco
In an earlier blog, I explored the luvvy relationships between Australia's vaping advocates and the far right of Australian politics (Leyonhjelm, Bernardi, Abetz, Wilson, Paterson et al).
In a recent Senate motion from the Centre Alliance's Sen Stirling Griff urging the government to regulate the manufacture and labeling of e-cigarette liquid to ensure safety and consistency of ingredients in imported and domestically-available products, and ban the importation of e-cigarette liquids containing nicotine, Griff was supported by his colleague Sen Rex Patrick, and all Coalition, Labor and Green Senators, with only the predictable brains trust of Pauline Hanson, Malcolm Roberts and Jacqui Lambie voting against the motion. The funereal-faced vaping supporter Senator Paterson was not there for the vote.
In the eighth report of the Petitions Committee presented to the 46th Parliament on Feb 10, 2020, we read that a whole 238 Australians signed a Legalise Vaping Australia petition to the parliament. This was considerably more than the 15 or so dedicated vaping advocates who turned out in a Sydney suburban park to launch Australia's first "Aussie Vape Day" in May 2019.
Undeterred by the political demise of its political heavyweight champions Leyonhjelm and Bernardi, and the above rather modest numbers that Legalise Vaping Australia has inspired to turn out at shows of strength or to sign petitions, like the limbless, gallant Black Knight with only a flesh wound, our local vape warriors are currently at it again. Another petition is up and running and there's an on-line campaign to have vapers get into the inboxes of their local members and warn them that "we vape and we vote", an observation that has not exactly changed the course of politics in earlier outings.
A few minutes of web browsing reveals that some vaping advocates risk getting a serious bout of repetitive strain injury from all this button clicking, not to mention a virulent dose of dreaded Pinocchio nose syndrome.
https://images.app.goo.gl/ukry1n88JvkKR2Us5
This is producing some hilarious examples of unleashed lobbying ineptitude that seem destined to become case studies in how to not run a lobbying campaign. Here for your enjoyment and early voting for the political division in the 2020 Darwin Awards, are a couple of examples, out there in plain sight:
Shayne didn't seem to realise that senators don't have electorates.
But the goalkeeper for the darts team? Meet Stuart who has the same misconception, but … errm … has missed the idea that you are not allowed to be registered to vote in more than one electorate.
Vaping Australia is a project of the Australian Taxpayers Alliance, and part of the same stable of regulation-loathing libertarians which all apparently share exactly the same thoughts on issues they tweet about.
Legalise Vaping Australia says it has over "13,000" signatures on its latest petition.
But LVA's fraternal twin, the Australian Taxpayers' Alliance, has what some might some rubbery form with numbers.
Funny, but I have a feeling someone might be poised to go through these 13,000+ signatures and do some random checks on the bona fides of some signatories.
If self-isolating COVID-19 cases won't isolate, should they be monitored with GPS wearables?
Update: since I published this blog 12 days ago, I've learned that the Singapore government has implemented GPS monitoring of its citizens who are required to self-isolate. This news report and the illustration below describes the process which involves daily texts sent to those in isolation requiring them to send their GPS coordinates.
As at 22 March 2020, Singapore has recorded 432 cases of COVID19 and 2 deaths, in a population of 5.7 million (74 cases per million population). This compares with Australia's tally of 1072 cases and 7 deaths (42 cases per million).
On March 8, ABC News reported that a Tasmanian man who was awaiting his COVID-19 test results and had been asked to self-isolate until the results were known, ignored this and worked several shifts at a Hobart hotel.
Self-isolation or self-quarantining at home is a core infectious disease containment strategy which can see forced isolation and strong penalties apply when a person fails to self-isolate. For example Queensland Health advises:
What happens to those who do not comply with self-quarantine orders?
"The health and wellbeing of Queenslanders is our top priority, and we know Queenslanders are always supportive of measures that protect the community.
Queensland Health is issuing notices to people who have travelled to at-risk areas, or who have been in contact with a confirmed case, that requests them to voluntarily quarantine themselves.
If a person is suspected to have breached the notice they had voluntarily agreed to, we'll initially work closely with the person to ensure they not only understand their obligations, but also the importance and seriousness of self-quarantine under the current global circumstances.
There are additional compliance measures available to Queensland Health under the Public Health Act 2005, and any further failure to comply may be subject to enforced quarantine and receiving fines of up to $13,345 and other penalties."
The British Medical Association's ethics manager, Julian Sheather, has written this excellent summary of the ethical issues that arise in the decision of a state to coerce citizens into quarantine. He writes of the rights and duties of citizens, and of the key considerations of proportionality and government reciprocity when it requires the serious restrictions on individual liberty in quarantine:
"But where restrictions are justified, another critical principle comes in to play: reciprocity. Where individual rights are limited, the state accrues additional duties. These include ensuring that any burdens imposed are as limited as possible. Basic amenities such as food, water and medical care must be met. Compensation for lost income should be given. Priority access to novel treatments should be considered. Experience from Ebola suggests that without these guarantees, people will be imaginative in dodging restrictions."
Here's what the Australian Health Department means about isolation
As I write today, there are an estimated 50 million people in China's Hubei province in lockdown, and 16 million in Northern Italy. [breaking: Italy has just declared the whole country to be in lockdown]. In Australia in the early days of the epidemic, those with Australian passports returning from China were asked to self-isolate. This has been extended to those coming from Iran and Korea with those arriving from northern Italy being carefully checked.
On seeing the ABC breaking news item above, I tweeted
The Tasmanian case struck me as highly unlikely to be unique. With a high proportion of COVID-19 positive cases experiencing mild symptoms, particularly in younger age groups, it seemed very likely that many being asked to stay fully at home for 14 days would self-diagnose that, hey, I'm not feeling too ill, and self-exempt themselves from isolation, thereby risking infecting others in the community. If hundreds or thousands were to do this should the epidemic accelerate as it did in Hubei and is now doing in Italy and Iran, the consequences could be catastrophic.
Quarantine has been used around the world for centuries as a major strategy to try and contain outbreaks of deadly, highly infectious diseases like smallpox, plague, leprosy and TB (before the advent of effective drugs). Quarantinable diseases today include smallpox, cholera, diphtheria, plague, yellow fever, TB, Marburg and Ebola.
Courts have long used home detention in lieu of prison custodial sentences for those deemed suitable. Home detention is far less expensive than detaining someone in prison. It keeps families intact, avoids immersing some without previous criminal records in brutalising prison incarceration, keeps offenders away from the public in consideration of public safety and serves as a punishment. Wearable GPS-linked monitors like Fitbits are today inexpensive and in extremely widespread use particularly for personal activity and journey tracking, monitoring of those with dementia, and by parents wanting to track where their kids are. Programing them to signal when a person has moved out of a prescribed area is a basic capability. Making them non-removable without activating a signal is also the way they have long operated in custodial use.
The comparative costs of combining 14 day self-isolation of COVID-19 people with cost free, state-supplied, returnable mandatory wearable and non-removable monitors, against the stratospheric costs to lives and the economy of rapidly spreading COVID-19 is a no brainer.
Negative responses
My tweet set off several hours of extremely negative responses, all of which were highly case-in-point relevant to my assumption that the failure of self-isolation without monitoring would be anything but rare.
Here's a sample of what I received. Stu opened the batting with:
Another agreed:
This of course, is an objection to quarantine per se, when those quarantined are not able to draw on employment sick leave benefits, nor compensated (almost never the case).
Ian seemed to think I was extremely wealthy and by raising monitoring for discussion, was offering to fund it!
Note the host of assumptions with all of these: that some ordered to self-isolate, particularly those with hand-to-mouth incomes, in the casualised or gig economy workforce with no sick or holiday leave entitlements, will put economic necessity, hunger and shelter ahead of any concern that they might infect others; that quarantine "criminalises" and stigmatises people who are sick (when silly me thought it was all about trying to control a rapidly spreading disease with no cure or vaccine that could kill many, many people); that because China was engaging in quarantine, this is all we needed to know: it is a totalitarian state strategy (conveniently overlooking that every nation has quarantine laws and practices, Australia's dating from the arrival of the first fleet); and that quarantine was somehow a knee-jerk authoritarian solution being proposed instead of every other possible strategy (rather than being just one vitally important component).
In late February I'd tweeted in anticipation of employers trying to shaft their staff, and especially causal workforces, who may have little to no sick leave to fall back on, that legislation should make it illegal for any employer to not pay an employee in isolation, or caring for child from a shut-down school, for example.
No one tweeting against the monitoring idea who invoked the impact of short term quarantine on the most vulnerable workers seemed to have thought about the consequences on those same workers if COVID-19 became very widespread and devastated economies. Many industries employing casual staff would suffer badly with many casual staff laid off. So such objections seem very myopic.
Remarkably, those making these arguments were actually using them as arguments against fully complying quarantining, or perhaps didn't understand that ordered self-isolation was already happening. They argued that there will be significant recalcitrance, pointed to the numbers who have "gone underground" in previous epidemics and implied that therefore because all won't comply with its conditions, it should be abandoned.
But no public health and safety regulation has 100% compliance, and this is usually not a sensible argument for abandoning liberty curtailing policies like random breath testing or speed limits. When I asked a few if they therefore did not support quarantine, interestingly none answered.
Just like HIV/AIDS
Some also castigated me for my alleged ignorance in not understanding the lessons from the HIV/AIDS epidemic, where coerced isolation (for example with HIV positive sex workers who kept working without condoms, needle sharing drug users) was only rarely used with just 5 cases of forced quarantine in the USA. If it didn't need to be used with HIV/AIDS, it doesn't need to be used for this new disease, ran the argument.
But there are of course immense differences between deliberate attempts to not avoid HIV transmission by knowingly positive people via sex, needle sharing and blood donation and the unintentional way that COVID-19 is spreading around the world (eg: skin contact, sneezing and contact with everyday surfaces that harbour live virus).
Importantly, there is a large body of research showing that social distancing is an effective way of slowing contagion of infectious diseases (eg: see here, here, here and here). A very recent paper with eye-watering modelling the of the comparative impact of quarantining and active monitoring of COVID-19 contacts concluded:
"individual quarantine may contain an outbreak of COVID-19 with a short serial interval (4.8 days) only in settings with high intervention performance where at least three-quarters of infected contacts are individually quarantined."
Epidemic waning in China
The graph below compiled from WHO data by the University of NSW's global biosecurity group shows how dramatically the Hubei epidemic is waning, following lockdown. Today, China reported zero new cases outside of Hubei for the third day in a succession. Few countries will be willing or able to enforce lockdowns or self-isolation in the manner China has been able to do (recall the ghastly, dramatic scenes from the recent Four Corners program where highly distressed COVID-19 positive people were being forcibly dragged into detention by authorities and doors of apartments were shown being welded shut to keep sick people inside).
Did the #lockdown work in #China ? The epidemic curve gives the answer – the epidemic peaks on Feb 5th and begins t… twitter.com/i/web/status/1…—
Global Biosecurity (@Globalbiosec) February 26, 2020
In Australia, GPS monitoring of confined people over the two-week period of isolation may be a reasonable and far more humane way of minimising the spread of COVID-19. Some would very understandably have the instinctive reaction that a requirement to wear a GPS monitor for two weeks would be frankly insulting and a sign that the government did not trust them. For this reason, it may frighten policymakers off.
But against this, there are quite obviously many who already do not trust governments, very many who very sadly say they do not trust science and medicine (while relying on and benefit from it in practically all they do every day) and many who give little concern to infection control when they have colds, influenza and other communicable diseases.
People won't like it
This is an idea that will have many practical, cost and social acceptability implications. Many will not like it, as Anthony below suggested.
For debate.
Did the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners really back vaping as a second-line therapy?
This is a guest blog from Sarah White PhD, director of Quit Victoria. Reproduced from Australian Doctor, with permission
The RACGP's Smoking Cessation Guidelines are generally excellent.
However, I worry the e-cigarette recommendation is not pragmatic and that deliberate misrepresentation of the nuance in the recommendation risks will create a situation in which doctors are faced with an ethical dilemma.
The guidelines acknowledge the lack of approved nicotine-containing e-cigarette products and argue this is creating an "uncertain environment for patients and clinicians, as the constituents of the vapour produced by vaping have not been tested and standardized".
They add: "However, for people who have tried to achieve smoking cessation with approved pharmacotherapies but failed, and who are still motivated to quit smoking and have brought up e-cigarette usage with their healthcare practitioner, nicotine-containing e-cigarettes may be a reasonable intervention to recommend."
So is this the college endorsing vaping as a possible second-line therapy for doctors dealing with patients wanting to quit?
To me, the recommendations, when read in context, suggest that doctors should gently dissuade patients from using e-cigarettes through a "shared decision-making process"
It's important to acknowledge the very real qualifications the guidelines make.
Firstly, they suggest doctors discuss the option only if brought up by the patient themselves when all else has failed.
They also say that doctors should make sure the patient is aware of the following:
there are no tested and approved e-cigarette products available;
the long-term health effects of vaping are unknown;
possession of nicotine-containing e-liquid without a prescription is illegal;
in order to maximise possible benefit and minimise risk of harms, only short-term use is recommended; and
dual use needs to be avoided (for example, with continued tobacco smoking).
This advice is not surprising given the current low certainty of evidence. However, more importantly, no products have been assessed as meeting basic Australian consumer safety standards, let alone having gained TGA approval.
There are literally tens of thousands of e-cigarette products available to any patient in Australia, presented by the possible combinations of multiple devices (some with adjustable temperature and electrical resistance settings) with e-liquids that can contain one (or more) of 2000+ chemical flavours, different ratios of carrier and flavouring liquids and a range of nicotine concentrations.
We don't know which devices shed heavy metals and other chemicals from their interior or which e-liquids contain impurities or contaminants.
We don't know the by-products created by admixture, pyrolysis and decomposition of e-liquids. Australia's chemicals watchdog, the National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS), set out these concerns in a comprehensive—and alarming—2019 review of a small number of non-nicotine e-liquids available for retail sale in Australia.
In my view, the e-cigarette recommendation should have been much less equivocal and based on a synthesis of evidence as it applies to the current retail and regulatory contexts in Australia.
Had this been the case, the recommendation would have been along the lines: "The RACGP is unable to recommend the use of e-cigarettes until a product has been approved by the TGA. If a patient chooses to use an e-cigarette, they should be made aware of the following issues to maximise potential benefit and to minimise potential harm…."
Naturally, inevitably, lobbyists and commercial interests (including tobacco companies) leaped to publicise the RACGP's new guidelines, conveniently omitting the e-cigarette recommendation's nuance.
One media release appeared an impressive 35 minutes after the guidelines were issued, claiming the RACGP "endorses" e-cigarettes "in a major policy shift".
Some hours later, RACGP president Dr Harry Nespolon was forced to tweet an unequivocal "the RACGP does not endorse vaping".
I note these public relations efforts because I fear that doctors will start seeing patients wanting to discuss e-cigarettes because they have been told by those with vested interests that "doctors recommend them now".
So, what is a doctor to do if a patient is adamant about trying an e-cigarette in the absence of any safety or efficacy data for a retail product?
Which device type or e-liquid(s) should be recommended? What dose of nicotine should be used? Is it a doctor's responsibility to inform the patient how to dilute a potent neurotoxin to the right dose?
And how often should the device be used and for what duration? What is the legality of possessing liquid nicotine? (As of December 2019, nicotine possession, even with a doctor's prescription, is illegal in the Northern Territory.)
Are doctors really going to recommend their patients pop down to the nearest high street 'Wicked Groovy Vapes' shop—as advocated by e-cigarette lobbyists—for the answers to these and other questions?
It seems inevitable that doctors will be forced into a choice of either refusing to provide a prescription for liquid nicotine or providing one in the full knowledge their patient could be harmed by how they use it.
To my mind, this presents an ethical dilemma that could have been avoided by a more definitive recommendation along the lines of that issued by Dr Nespolon on Twitter.
Want to work for a pariah industry? Big Tobacco fears it is unable to attract top staff
Imagine yourself as a newly-minted, honours-showered graduate from a world class business, marketing or management school. Lots of exciting career possibilities crowd your head: renewable energy, robotics, electric vehicles, affordable housing, to name just a few. You lay out company and agency profiles and analyses across the table and consider the risks and benefits of each, and the leverage of an early strategic choice might have if more exciting but highly competitive priorities were unrealistic at the moment.
How likely would it be today that such a short list would include a tobacco company? How would your resumé look to other employers later if they could see you'd made the choice to work for a tobacco company?
The tobacco industry has suffered public and corporate reputational bottom-feeder status for decades.
A 1993 corporate image study prepared for Philip Morris in Australia found the company were fellow cellar dwellers with other tobacco companies, running last against all other companies in the mix:
A year later in 1994, an Australian Financial Review article quoted Nick Waterford of Michael Page Recruitment saying:
"I don't think there's any doubt that it's harder to get enthusiasm for tobacco companies. There is a trend. If you have ten qualified candidates and you tell them it's a tobacco company, five might say they don't want the job."
In the same piece, a former industry employee said:
"From a personal and family point of view, it just became wearing having to discuss and defend the industry at every dinner party we went to."
In the 26 years since, things have almost certainly got a lot, lot worse.
An analysis of 5 years (1993-7) of Australian press reports mentioning the tobacco industry found routine narratives and memes of the industry as callous merchants of death, corporate leviathans, toxic pied pipers beguiling children, and blood money grant dispensers engaged in conspiracies to cover up awkward facts about death, addiction and targeting kids.
A 1999 South Australian survey on community perceptions of honesty and ethics found tobacco industry executives rated lower/very lower (73.6%) than even car salesmen (67%), the time-honoured low watermark of trustworthiness.
By 2004, 79% of Victorians (and even 71.3% of smokers) believed tobacco companies never or mostly don't tell the truth. Can there be any other product where so many of its customers think those making and selling it are so dishonest?
And by 2010, the global Reputation Institute reported "Again securing the last place [reputational] ranking [of 25 industries], the global tobacco industry's average Pulse score dropped 4.4 points" with 51.24, against an all-industry average of 64.2. And there was daylight between the 24th place getter (diversified finance) and tobacco in last place.
No further reports have since been sighted but you could bet your house that if these had shown any upward movement by tobacco, the industry's spinmeisters would have issued frenzied, gushing releases on the good news. But tellingly, there's been utter silence, so go figure.
The companies love to publicly congratulate themselves on social media when they rank anywhere remotely respectable on anything other than their core business. Their pool room display cabinets are full of awards no one has ever heard of for every conceivable virtuous activity: affirmative employment action, greening policies, charitable giving, even picking up litter (where cigarettes butts are always the most common item). Yet global awards for annually causing the early deaths of two in every three of their longest, most loyal customers – more than 7 million a year — are strangely uncelebrated.
Decades of relentless, unflushable bad news like this inevitably reduces the quality of staff prepared to work for such industries. Big tobacco has become the index case for shorthanding corporate malfeasance. Just try googling "just like the tobacco industry", and stand back while a Niagara of appalling fellow travellers pour down the screen. The world has long calibrated corporate ugliness against the tobacco industry, although coal and other fossil fuel industries may by now be pressing their case for the most-loathed prize.
The tobacco industry has set the low watermark for corporate indecency and indifference to the consequences of its key performance indicators on the health of millions of people. Unless they have been in a 40 year coma, those joining the tobacco industry in 2020 do so with their eyes wide open to the toll wrought by the tobacco products which are the backbone of every tobacco company. While some staff would rationalise their decisions after a long draft of industry kool-aid about the recent embrace of ecigarettes and other putative reduced risk products, the day-to-day of working in a tobacco company for most employees remains all about selling as any cigarettes as possible.
A request I made in February 2019 to Philip Morris International for the release of typical key performance indicators of their cigarette division staff was ignored.
In 2016, before the big tobacco companies went into turbo drive to promote their "transformation" into quasi public health agencies via risk reduced products, Mike Daube and I published a collection of statements companies had made to government corporate regulators about the risks that the companies faced, which were relevant to investors' decisions.
Altria (Philip Morris USA's parent company) reported that, "Altria Group, Inc. may be unable to attract and retain the best talent due to the impact of decreasing social acceptance of tobacco usage and tobacco control actions … our strategy of attracting and retaining the best talent may be impaired by the impact of decreasing social acceptance of tobacco usage … "
The Lorillard Tobacco Company reported that, "As a tobacco company, we may experience difficulty in identifying and hiring qualified executives and other personnel in some areas of our business. This difficulty is primarily attributable to the health and social issues associated with the tobacco industry".
Philip Morris International report "… We may be unable to attract and retain the best global talent".
And Reynolds American report "… Recruiting and retaining qualified personnel may be difficult given the health and social issues associated with the tobacco industry".
These are all code for "understandably, most people aren't rushing at the opportunity to work for a company whose addictive products cause the annual death of millions"
And today?
So how do they see their prospects of attracting top tier staff today? At Altria the company report to the US Securities and Exchange Commission for the quarter ending Sept 30 2019 stated:
"We cannot guarantee that any forward-looking statement will be realized … You should bear this in mind as you consider forward-looking statements and whether to invest in or remain invested in Altria's securities …we are identifying important factors that, individually or in the aggregate, could cause actual results and outcomes to differ materially from those contained in, or implied by, any forward-looking statements made by us … These factors include the following …
our inability to attract and retain the best talent due to the impact of decreasing social acceptance of tobacco usage and tobacco control actions"
How many other industries and companies would make a special point like this about the calibre of their staff being a possible risk for investors? It's unlikely that they are referring here to their cleaning staff, their janitors, their gardening, driving, factory or secretarial staff. It seems far more likely that they are alluding to planning and marketing staff employed to maximise sales; to corporate affairs and government relations staff charged with defeating, diluting and if all else fails, delaying tobacco control policy which might adversely impact on sales; and to scientific staff who know which side of optimising nicotine addiction their salary bread is buttered on. And did those at the top who signed off these statements believe they might also apply to them?
So where do these tobacco companies get the idea that the "talent" they recruit and are able to retain may not be the very best? Does it come from intelligence gathered from recruiting agencies, urged to be candid about the quality they are seeing? And frankness about how many fine applicants run out of the room when it's revealed an anodyne job description is in fact a job in a tobacco company? Or is it from facing up to the hard reality that there has been not a single policy or piece of legislation the industry has fought and won since they first tried and failed to defeat the very early tepid pack warnings, and every generation since? That the tobacco industry is where you go if you are going to fail to stop policy that will be bad for your industry. "What did you achieve in your last job?" "Oh, we lost every battle we fought."
When I interviewed Australia's Nicola Roxon, the former health minister and attorney general responsible for introducing our historic plain packaging laws, for our book, I asked her why the Labor government had done it. One of the most emphatic reasons she gave, described in the book, was that "it was a no brainer politically – everyone hates the tobacco industry." They believed, accurately, that they would be cheered on by all sides of politics (except the tiny irrelevant libertarian fringe), by the public and even by large proportions of smokers. Those we interviewed for the book often made comments about how underwhelmed they were about the staff who led the local industry and fronted for it in media advocacy.
When the companies themselves feel obligated to acknowledge this issue explicitly to corporate regulators, it would be very interesting to be a fly-on-the-wall inside the industry as they struggle to work out this seemingly intractable problem.
Trump's profligate and unpunished lies threaten to cause an epidemic of ethical collapse
Cathy Wilcox Sydney Morning Herald Jan 2020
On December 16, 2019, the Washington Post's on-going logging of Donald Trump's false and misleading statements since becoming US president listed 15,413 of these across his 1,055 days in office: an average of 32 a day.
Trump has been busier selling his rancid pork pies to the world than a one one-legged man in an arse-kicking contest, all the while braying about other people's "fake news".
This week, the Guardian's Greg Jericho tweeted about Bridget McKenzie's "they were all eligible" response to the revelations of the humongous pre-election pork-barrelling of community sporting development grants that "The biggest thing conservatives around the world have taken from Trump is to never admit error even in the face of total evidence. And then to keep doing what you were doing."
To which I replied "The legacy of this new normal obdurate political denial & lying for a generation of kids growing up witnessing the opposite of what mum, dad & teachers have always said about lying may be tragic for the basic civilised principle of honesty."
I've helped raise three children and now have two grandkids, 7 and 9. My wife is a retired primary school teacher, with 40 years in front of classes of kids. Our dinner table and pillow talk has often seen long dissections of some outrageous lies that children tell – some highly amusing and others utterly flabbergasting – often in the face of in-your-face evidence that they can't seem to take on board.
Across these years I've been fascinated at the evolution of children's moral development. Our 9 year old is currently in a full embrace of altruism. She's busked with her ukulele and set up table in the front of her house to sell unwanted books and toys to help raise money for fire victims. Bless her.
But it wasn't long ago that she would clock her younger brother when she thought we weren't looking and then strenuously deny it when it had been in full sight. With our kids, loose change around the house went missing occasionally, and homework had not been set that night when it had been. All very normal when you are a small child.
Jean Piaget's classic The Moral Judgement of the Child (1932) described the normal moral development in children, with all the implications for when and how we should understand that a child fully understands notions of right and wrong. A 2008 review of studies into children's lying concluded:
"These studies have shown that children show rudimentary conceptual and moral understanding of lying around 3 years of age but take more than a decade to reach maturity (e.g., being able to consider intention when categorizing a statement as a lie and evaluate its moral values.)"
So from this, if we are generous, we might conclude that Trumpian liars probably never made it into their teens and have the moral development of small children trapped in their adult bodies.
When you are an adult, foundational values on which all institutions and codes of conduct are built have honesty at their core. We have all known sad and pathetic adults who regularly lie. The law calls it perjury when it happens under oath. False declarations carry severe legal penalties in every area of finance, licensing, professional standards and the rest. Thou shalt not bear false witness, says the eighth commandment.
It would only be a psychopathic parent who would try to teach their infant children to lie and reward them for doing so. Yet each day the man in one of the world's most venerated offices, role-models deception to the world. Many have made the point that if Obama or any president before him had misled the nation even once like Trump does every day, he would have been politically lynched.
Lying and misleading parliament has always been unpardonable in nations adhering to Westminster standards of honesty, integrity and concern for public trust in democracy. Under Trump's example, abetted by slavering Republican politicians who line up beside him and are predicted to wave him through his impeachment, all this may disappear.
Trump has debased the office of the US President in almost uncountable ways.
The deafening silence of (most) global religious leadership to Trump and his ilk's bottom-feeding ethical standards is shameful. The silence of nearly all of his Republican elected politicians is frightening.
45% of Americans today support Trump. These people presumably would say in ignorance or as mesmerised cultists tend to do, that they do not believe he lies and misleads. But many would say they don't care if he does. Ethically corrupt politicians around the world are watching this cataclysmic collapse of ordinary standards of honesty and taking their chances.
All who fear this ethical collapse need to speak out at every opportunity and on every occasion that our elected officials behave dishonestly. Civilisation will depend on it.
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For a more detailed write up and information, see Elizabeth on Food (here).
Definitely on my list for my next trip to London.
Nice to see that you`re back posting again. Cheers and all the best HH.
Blog backlog - hope to post soon!


Wouldn't it be lovely to have fresh eggs for your restaurant?
Chickens come in more shapes and sizes than you've ever imagined. They can have beautiful head plumes, sport mottled feathers, and vary greatly in size depending on the breed. Not only are these heritage breeds beautiful but they also lays delicious eggs. Isn't it time you had your own backyard chickens?


The tiny Union Territory of Lakshadweep (One Lakh Islands) makes an exotic tropical holiday destination for anyone who loves the sun, sea and sand, plus a relaxing ambience away from the mainland! This compact conglomerate of scenic islands located just off the coast the Kerala replete with beautiful beaches is a perfect getaway if you are looking to spend quality time with loved ones or simply enjoy your time alone, most importantly without active nightlife and alcohol! Not all islands are inhabited but require special permissions to visit them. Foreigners are not allowed to visit islands other than Kadmat, Bangaram and Agatti. Comfortable accommodation, lip-smacking local cuisine, island hopping, water sports and the picturesque settings make your time away from the hectic cityscape both enjoyable and memorable as well.
Do make sure that these places figure in your itinerary when drawing up your travel plans for Lakshadweep.
Agatti is literally the gateway to Lakshadweep as it has the only airport on this archipelago, but is also accessible via sea. This immensely scenic island with pleasant blue beaches and impressive coral reef is an ideal setting to relax on the sand or enjoy a rush of adrenaline by indulging in water sports of your choice- snorkelling, scuba diving, kayaking or even fishing in the sea. You can also play safe by cycling through the terrain, or exploring the marine life along coast in a glass-bottomed boat. Allow yourself at least a day to revel in the beauty of this island.
Closest to the Maldives, the unique culture, matrilineal society, and Lava dance of this erstwhile Maldivian territory, pristine white beach leading to turquoise waters that house a vibrant coral ecosystem, quaint cluster of villages, lush terrain filled with coconut and palm trees, colourful traditional racing boats "Jahadhoni" and exciting water sporting activities make this island a must visit in Lakshadweep. A tuna canning facility also is active on this island. Minicoy's large captivating lagoon, hardly few meters deep, makes a great wading/swimming pool. Staying at a beach resort often proves a luxurious experience! Foreign nationals are not permitted to visit Minicoy.
The ancient Lighthouse on Minicoy Island dating back to 1885 offers impeccable views for those who dare to climb nearly over 200 steps to the viewing point. Visitors can also find interesting displays that trace the history of the Lighthouse over the years, in the gallery area. Spruced up with a Differential Global Positioning System and Radar Transponder, the unit is still very much functional, flashing a bright ray of light every 15 seconds. You may want to check out a smaller lighthouse on the other end of the island as well!
The administrative headquarters /capital of Lakshadweep, Kavaratti is reportedly the most-developed of all inhabited islands. Submerged banks, coral reefs and atolls housed in aquamarine waters of the placid lagoon make just the perfect setting to sit back and relax, or indulge in water sports – kayaking, wind-surfing, canoeing, or snorkelling in the shallow waters. The scenic beauty of the surroundings is simply captivating.
Interestingly Kavaratti is home to over 50 mosques – not surprising as Islam is the religion widely followed. However Ujra Mosque in the south-east of the island, is unique as it is more of a meditation center, structured similar to the temples of Kerala, with four carved pillars each sporting different designs, ornamental verandah and sloping tiled roof to prevent damage by rains. The ceiling of this 17th-century structure is reportedly crafted out of a single piece of driftwood. No regular prayers are organized at this Mosque, but the surroundings are still calm and serene to soothe a troubled soul.
Facilities – Eateries, accommodations and washroom facilities are available nearby.
A perfect haven for Scuba diving enthusiasts, beginners or professionals, this dive center in Kavaratti offers professional PADI Scuba diving programs and courses to aspirants. While the shallow lagoon bound by coral reefs makes ideal learning ground for beginners and tourists, the open waters are a treat for seasoned divers. Rays, Turtles, tropical fishes and the occasional reef shark are but few marine species that you encounter in this part of the waters.
Facilities – All essential facilities are available here.
This uninhabited island with spectacular settings, with just the waves, nature, birds and your loved one(s) for company is a dream destination where time literally comes to a stop. There is a resort on this island, should you wish to enjoy the calm and solitude for longer. The beauty of the place is further enhanced at night when the phosphorescent plankton washed ashore light up the sands with a bluish glow. Of course a host of water sporting activities – snorkelling, deep sea fishing, canoeing, do break the monotony and make life more exciting. You can reach Bangaram on ferry boats or helicopter from nearest island of Agatti.
The Kalpeni atoll is a group of three tiny islands – Thilakkam, Cheriyam and Pitti separated by shallow lagoons is indeed a pleasure to explore on foot. The key feature of Kalpeni is a vast mound of coral wreck created around the eastern shores by a fierce storm back in 1847. Boating or snorkelling at the lagoon is enjoyable and so is reef-walking. The Tip beach is a great place to unwind and relax and catch up with some swimming too. The 37-metre tall Lighthouse at Kalpeni offers panoramic views of the island and surrounding waters. The entire terrain is filled with coconut trees, so all you can see is a vast green patch set in blue background!
Facilities – Water sports, food joints, accommodation, changing huts and washrooms at Koomel Beach resort.
The off-beat coral island Chetlat is yet another serene and secluded piece of beautiful land, amidst the vast oceans with picture postcard shores, verdant coconut tree farms, and native fauna including giant tortoises and marine life. There's not much scope for activity here but to laze on the beach or stroll around the place, enjoy the ambience and the local cuisine.
Facilities – Food, Shelter and washrooms are available.
Flanked by impressive lagoons and coral ecosystems on the eastern and western shores and beaches and sand banks to the south, the island of Kadmat is an adventurer's paradise where tourists can enjoy the best of water sport activity – different boat rides, snorkelling and scuba diving. Tourist huts overlooking the sea and nestled amidst lush groves of palm offer a great view of the setting. A Water Sport Institute and a fully-equipped Scuba Diving Center are active on this island. Rich marine life and excellent visibility make diving more rewarding. This island is open to foreign nationals as well.
Facilities – All essential facilities and water sports.
Andretti aka Andrott/Androth, is the Island closest to India, largest in the archipelago and runs east-west unlike other atolls in Lakshadweep. Though inhabited, the scenic setting and charm of the island remain uncompromised. Stunning beaches, swaying palms, vast turquoise lagoons bound by white sandy shores awash in sunlight, impressive views at dawn and dusk and an opportunity for close encounters with aquatic life make Andretti an appealing destination for beach buffs. An ancient Buddhist site of archaeological relevance and the tomb of Hazrat Ubaidullah, the Arab Saint who propagated Islam in Lakshadweep are other places of interest here.
Yet another impressive, captivating island with the largest lagoon (45 sq. km.) in Lakshadweep, Bitra is the smallest and thinly populated atoll here. The well-preserved ecosystem today has managed to still attract a large number of sea-faring birds, but never quite restored to the glory it enjoyed earlier before the habitat was disturbed by human activities. Travel responsibly! Colourful fishes darting through intricate web of corals make a pretty picture. Snorkel or dive into the waters for a closer look at the rich marine life. You can also visit the shrine of an Arab saint Malik Mulla, a significant religious site that draws pilgrims to Bitra.
Facilities – It is possible to stay on the island as accommodation, food and washrooms are available.
Situated right opposite Bangaram, Thinnakara shares the same lagoon and natural settings as Bangaram. Impressive coral formations, inviting beach front, coconut palms dotting the terrain, facilities for water sporting including scuba diving, plus rustic yet comfortable non-a/c tent accommodations over-looking the sun-kissed shores are in store for travellers who wish to stop by. Thinnakara is open to foreign tourists as well.
Facilities – Essential facilities are all here.
With harsh climate except for winters, storm-prone shores, and hardly any attractions except for a lighthouse, the lagoon area, coral colonies and calm beaches, Kiltan is home to few Muslim families. Off the tourist-trail, Kilton is still worth a visit if you are a die-hard fan of beaches, lagoons and solitude! The terrain has its unique vegetation, apart from the usual coconut palms. Summers are exceptionally warm, forcing people to spend most time on the beach.
Facilities – Basic food/accommodation/wash is available for tourists wishing to spend time here.
The Juma Masjid holds special religious significance in Lakshadweep, where most people follow Islam. Believed to be constructed in medieval times using remains of a wrecked ship, the structure houses an array of interesting and valuable ancient artefacts of yesteryears including a well- preserved stone anchor. Similar to other mosques on the archipelago, this one also has typical Kerala-style sloping, tiled roofs. The religious, cultural, architectural and historical value of this structure has its own appeal. Footwear is prohibited in places of worship.
Facilities – Minicoy Island can comfortably host visitors.
Lakshadweep isn't just about corals and aquatic creatures, but also about several species of birds that are an integral part of this ecosystem which you can observe at the Bird Sanctuary in Pitti. This tiny coral island is a pit stop/breeding ground for many (over 70 species) migratory birds such as the Terns. Pitti sits on the same atoll as the Amini island, with the major part of the landmass submerged under the sea. The absence of a prominent reef surrounding the island keeps it clean as the waves wash off bird waste quite effectively!
Facilities – Uninhabited hence expect limited facilities. Sanctuary is open between 10 AM and 5 PM.
Marine life enthusiasts will find this small Museum/Aquarium at Kavaratti quite interesting as it houses quite a few preserved specimens of aquatic creatures, a sperm-whale skeleton, displays of coral, several captivating live ornamental fish, plus live sharks at the shark pool. A glass-boat ride at the aquarium is bound to help spotting different fish when out snorkelling or scuba diving in the lagoons. Visitors are allowed between 10 AM and 5 PM. Entry and photography attract a small fee.
Facilities – Best of facilities, food, water-sports, and accommodation are available at Kavaratti.
One of the key attractions of Agatti is this museum, which is a treasure trove for history and culture enthusiasts as it highlights the influence of Buddhism on Lakshadweep, before Islam became more prevalent. Standing two-storeys tall, the structure houses impressive bust-sized Buddha sculptures from 9 -12th centuries A.D in the ground floor. On display are a great set of gold coins, antique jars, chests made of wood and other items of historical value. The museum is open to visitors between 10 AM and 5 PM and definitely is a must visit.
Facilities – Agatti has all facilities to accommodate and engage tourists on the island.
The Dive center in Minicoy offers diving certification courses and classes to aspirants. Home to 3 ship wrecks all submerged underwater (roughly 8-meter depth) and colourful array of fish, Minicoy makes an excellent diving destination. Dive sites at Rabberufarai, Ragganmathi, Mulimatti guarantee sightings of Manta Ray during Sep-Oct and Jan-Feb. Other species such as sharks, barracudas, bull rays, snappers, wrasses and hump-back parrot fish can be spotted at Boduhavaligang, Murambu and Bose Point.
An idyllic group of 2 islets Suheli Valiyakara and Suheli Cheriyakara connected by thin long strip of sand aka Suheli Pitti, set in a vast lagoon bound by a banyan reef go by the name of Suheli Par. Valiyakara or the larger island is a turtle rookery, while Suheli Pitti is a nesting ground for several migratory birds. Fisherfolk temporarily camp out on this atoll to process their tuna catch during the dry season. Suheli par is uninhabited and makes a great secluded excursion spot, provided you carry your supplies and plan the trip in advance.
Believed to be one of earliest inhabited islands, Amini, apart from its natural beauty and richness is also well-known for its culture, markets, and quality coir products churned out by the local communities. You are likely to find daily-use items crafted out of coconut ad tortoise shells that make excellent souvenirs. There's no dearth of water sporting opportunities – scuba diving, surfing etc., here. It is also the hometown of Saint Ubaidullah, a revered Islamic preacher in Lakshadweep, and hence enjoys a religious significance as well.
The Ajara Mosque in Kavaratti, apart from being a center of worship also is a place of architectural interest. This impressively structured 17th century edifice with ornate ceilings and exquisite pillars crafted out of driftwood is a pleasure behold. Similar craftwork can also be observed at the Jamnath and Ujra mosques as well.
Viringili is a small gravel-fringed islet off the south-western end of Minicoy, with hardly a few bushes and short coconut palms dotting the uninhabited terrain. The place is ideal for a short excursion, but make sure to carry supplies. A plunge into the shallow waters, a stroll through the 200 meter stretch, and resting on the waterfront completes the visit. The island reportedly housed lepers who were banished from the inhabited parts of the archipelago.
This coral atoll, comprising a large lagoon and spectacular reefs has three small islets of sand on the eastern side, with rest of the feature submerged underwater. A 2-hr boat trip from Bangaram, brings travellers to this uninhabited atoll, which makes a great secluded deep dive site; one that can be explored without much disturbance. Pelagic birds, especially Terns are spotted at Perumal Par. The surrounding waters abound with fish.
Yet another spectacular coral reef in the region, Byramgore is accessible by boat from Bitra and makes a great spot to enjoy the lagoon, a deep dive into the lively waters, and relax on whatever part of the sandbank that is not submerged! The northern half of the atoll is submerged and most of the structure is flooded during high tide leaving very little land above the sea. The reef has an abundance of aquatic life attracting Terns and other migratory birds to the place.
There is no rail or road connectivity from India as Lakshadweep is located in the Arabian Sea.
Helicopter services are available from Agatti to Kavaratti all year round. The service is extended to Bangaram Island only during monsoons.
Speed boat ferry services from Agatti to Kavaratti, Kadmat are available.
Boats/Ferries regularly ply between the different islands.
It is important for travellers to note that collecting/plucking corals for souvenirs is a criminal offense that attracts severe penalties. While major islands do boast of luxury accommodations, availability likely to be limited and in few cases rooms/tents/homestays with just basic amenities may be available.


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does what I need and price was right.
I'm not familiar with it's efficiency, but if there is duct collecting on the filters, then it's NOT collecting in your lungs.
Same to you friend !
Wow, what luck, great find. Wish I were that lucky. It should help keep you lungs clearer.
Looks like the same unit that Grizzly and Rikon sell. I wonder if the filters are all interchangeable?
I put one of these in my small shop and changed the filter to an electrostatic one. Cost was a bit high I think like $60 (for the filter) but it really catches the dust and it's washable. Plus I put it on a timer so when I leave the shop it runs for up to an hour and then shuts off. Great find, your lungs will thank you!!!
I know this is a really old post but do you still run this filter? Can you still get filters for it.


From patient to pharma, everyone involved in the health service stands to benefit from closing the NHS leadership gender gap — and there has never been a better time to act.
The NHS is powered by women. They make up the overwhelming majority of those working on the frontline of the country's health: but go a little further up the food chain and it's a different story.
Women make up 77% of the NHS workforce. Yet, a report from the Health Service Journal published in 2015 found that just 36% of chief executives, 26% of finance directors and 24% of medical directors are female.
This is quite simply bonkers — and it needs to change.
We live in a country that prides itself on equality, diversity and parity, yet this massive gender gap exists at the heart of our biggest, most beloved institution.
The under-representation of women in NHS leadership has significant implications for the quality of services. This legion of female workers are a source of untapped talent who could be playing a pivotal role in building the health service of the future.
It's not just GPs and hospitals any more. Integrated care systems are needed if we are to meet the challenges of delivering sustainable, quality care to an aging population that's living with more long-term conditions.
To do that we need people who can build consensus across health care, social care, mental health and beyond: women have a huge range of skills in this area and they are skills that are desperately needed.
We all want the NHS to be a better institution, led by people who make the right decisions to improve patient care. That means we need more talent, opinions and experiences around the table when those decisions are being made.
There is a huge need to empower women, so I decided to do something about it by setting up the NHS Women Leaders network. The initiative aims to help current female leaders to support each other as well as inspire others, by building a community of mutual support and an online repository of tools and resources.
In the coming weeks and months, we will be interviewing a wide range of female NHS leaders about their experiences. We will find out how they got to where they are today and how they overcame the barriers that so obviously exist.
These profiles, which will offer motivation, inspiration and practical advice, will be published on a dedicated website and pushed out through various publications, social media and digital channels.
What we are finding is that women want to be involved in empowering each other and they want to profile the work they are doing.
With NHS Women Leaders, we want to drive the conversation and build a community. We also want to inspire some joint working across the health and pharma sectors.
Because we all want the same thing – better patient outcomes.
Experience in the private sector shows us that diversity at leadership level is critical to success, and the NHS needs to follow that example.
And this is well recognised. When Matt Hancock took on the role of health secretary earlier this year, he said upskilling and developing the workforce was one of his top priorities.
"Only when the whole workforce has the chance to fulfil their potential can the health and care system operate at its best," he said.
Nationally, we are starting to see a shift in the conversation regarding equality and diversity, and the Government has committed to improving leadership in the NHS.
We have started the momentum and now is the perfect time to come together to create a more diverse health service. Because closing the gender gap will help us all achieve our goal of greater patient care.
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