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4283 new lawyers called to bar
By Reporter On Dec 13, 2017
…with the set setting record of producing 29 First Class
The official Call to Bar ceremony of new Lawyers held yesterday. 4283 candidates' were called to the Nigerian Bar, 29 of them made First Class honours, 211 made Second Class Upper Division, 1046 made Second Class Lower and 2997 made a Pass in the final Bar examination conducted earlier in the year.
The Chief Justice of Nigeria, Justice Walter Onnoghen charged the 4283 new Lawyers to be honest with their clients when advising them on their chances of winning a case.
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He congratulated and urged the new lawyers to imbibe the principles of integrity and diligence if they are to succeed as Lawyers. He also stated that the Body of Benchers has resolved to set out the modalities for a successful take-off of a mandatory pupillage and mentoring scheme.
In his words: " I urge you to acquaint yourselves with the provisions of the Administration of Criminal Justice Act and all other relevant laws as far as administering justice is concerned"
"You are expected to be at the forefront in the campaign for justice, equity and fairness. Your level of proficiency is of immense significance to the efficiency of the Justice system in our country"
Earlier, the Director-General of the Nigerian Law School, Olarenwaju A. Onadeko commended the 29 students who graduated with First Class honours; while noting, the feat was rare as "it is the first time the school would produce 29 First Class honours students in a set. He also urged Law Faculties to adhere strictly to allocated student numbers in their admission carrying capacity as stipulated.
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Gunmen invade Magu's house, kill policeman on guard
Abducted ex-Customs chief, Mohammed Zarma freed in Kwara


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3 Important Gold Charts - Transparent Holdings Fall As Bullion Goes East To Russia and China
Commodities / Gold and Silver 2014 Sep 02, 2014 - 05:44 PM GMT
By: GoldCore
Nick Laird of www.ShareLynx.com has compiled some great new charts on the transparency of public gold holdings over time. The charts were emailed to us Monday night. Sharelynx.com is one of the internet's most comprehensive sources for market related charts and is well worth the subscription. The charts are very illuminating and provide great insight into how gold has shifted between non public sources and public sources over the last 10-12 years. Below we reproduce some of Nick's charts and some GoldCore commentary on the trends that we find most interesting.
Chart 1: Changes in Holdings (millions of oz) vs Gold Price
In his charts, Nick has defined transparent gold holdings as "Total Published Repositories, Mutual Funds and ETFs", and the gold holdings in millions of ounces are derived from these sources. The data therefore covers known private holdings of gold but excludes both the holdings of central banks, the official sector, and holdings in private ownership including for example GoldCore Secure Storage holdings.
The first chart shows a long term view of transparent gold holdings since 1970. As the gold bull market began in the late 1990s, the amount of gold held in transparent holdings rose sharply and displays a very high correlation with the rising gold price.
Chart 2: Total Ounces by Source 2004-2014
While there would obviously be some data issues in collecting gold holdings data from periods such as the 1970s and 1980s, more importantly, there was a very limited choice of accessible gold vehicles and the futures markets were in their infancy. It was only since the early 2000s that the choice of gold vehicles, and therefore high quality holdings information, became available.
Beginning in 2001, when only a few millions ounces of private gold holdings could be tracked through publically available sources, the amount of gold held in public repositories exploded as the gold price rose, reaching 20 million ounces in 2006, 50 million ounces by 2009, and over 100 million ounces by the beginning of 2013.
Interestingly, as the gold price peaked in 2011, the amount of gold flowing into ETFs, mutual funds and other public repositories kept increasing and only peaked In January 2013 as the gold price began its fall from $1,700/oz through to $1,300/oz.
Chart 2 shows a ten year view from 2004 to 2014 and drills down into the sources that make up the transparent gold holdings totals.
These sources include everything from COMEX and the GLD ETF to the iShares ETF and the Central Fund of Canada, and also publically available data on some of the smaller ETFs and online gold retailers.
While the holdings represented by the futures exchange did grow over the 2000s, their growth was quite stable. By far the largest growth in trackable gold holdings was in the GLD and the other large ETFs such as the ETF Securities and iShares products.
Gold holdings in GLD grew consistently from 2005 to 2009, but then rocketed up from 2009 to 2011 before stabilising until the end of 2013. As has been documented elsewhere, there was then a huge outflow from GLD. The trend in the other ETFs is similar although on a smaller scale.
Chart 3: Total Weight (millions of oz) vs Total Value
Chart 3 compares total weight of gold held to total value in US dollars of those holdings. The key takeaway from this chart is that, again, as the price of gold rose, there was a huge mobilisation of gold out of non publicly tracked sources into vehicles and on to exchanges where it could be publically tracked. This mobilisation of gold at its peak was somewhere between 90 million and 100 million ounces (2800 tonnes - 3100 tonnes).
The question is where did all this gold come from? Some would obviously have been from new mine supply, some probably from central bank sales, and some from dis-hoarding out of private hoards. Although HNW investors were more likely to have been buying gold in the years immediately preceding the global financial crisis and almost certainly were buying during the financial crisis.
An equally important question is that now that the public repositories have lost 30 million ounces in under 2 years, where has all that gold gone?
It would be realistic to assume that some has gone to China and the Far East since there has been evidence of such flows. Equally its possible that some of the gold that has disappeared from the ETFs and other products and sources has again gone back into private hoards or else is being accumulated by the official sector such as emerging market central banks such as the Russian central bank and the People's Bank of China (PBOC).
We discussed this, 'peak gold', Russian gold buying and producing and Russia and China's plans for gold in a short interview at the weekend:
MARKET UPDATE Today's AM fix was USD 1,277.75, EUR 974.42 and GBP 773.27 per ounce. Yesterday's AM fix was USD 1,287.25, EUR 979.34 and GBP 774.47 per ounce. Yesterday's PM fix was USD 1,286.50, EUR 979.44 and GBP 773.84 per ounce.
The US markets were closed for a national holiday yesterday.
Gold in Singapore fell by $10 in illiquid trading prior to further falls in London which saw gold fall to $1,270/oz. Silver slipped $0.30 or 1.55% to $19.17 per ounce in London trading.
Platinum is down 0.35% to $1,420 after falling from $1,426. Palladium failed to hold above the key $900 level and fell 2% today to $890 from $909 yesterday.
Despite ongoing significant geopolitical tensions in Ukraine and elsewhere, gold has not managed to break above $1,300/oz. It continues to trade at the lower end of a tight trading range between $1,270/oz and $1,300/oz. Silver, likewise, has followed gold lower.
This update can be found on the GoldCore blog here.
Mark O'Byrne
Exective Director
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WINNERS MoneyMate and Investor Magazine Financial Analysts 2006
Disclaimer: The information in this document has been obtained from sources, which we believe to be reliable. We cannot guarantee its accuracy or completeness. It does not constitute a solicitation for the purchase or sale of any investment. Any person acting on the information contained in this document does so at their own risk. Recommendations in this document may not be suitable for all investors. Individual circumstances should be considered before a decision to invest is taken. Investors should note the following: Past experience is not necessarily a guide to future performance. The value of investments may fall or rise against investors' interests. Income levels from investments may fluctuate. Changes in exchange rates may have an adverse effect on the value of, or income from, investments denominated in foreign currencies. GoldCore Limited, trading as GoldCore is a Multi-Agency Intermediary regulated by the Irish Financial Regulator.
GoldCore is committed to complying with the requirements of the Data Protection Act. This means that in the provision of our services, appropriate personal information is processed and kept securely. It also means that we will never sell your details to a third party. The information you provide will remain confidential and may be used for the provision of related services. Such information may be disclosed in confidence to agents or service providers, regulatory bodies and group companies. You have the right to ask for a copy of certain information held by us in our records in return for payment of a small fee. You also have the right to require us to correct any inaccuracies in your information. The details you are being asked to supply may be used to provide you with information about other products and services either from GoldCore or other group companies or to provide services which any member of the group has arranged for you with a third party. If you do not wish to receive such contact, please write to the Marketing Manager GoldCore, 63 Fitzwilliam Square, Dublin 2 marking the envelope 'data protection'
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The magic of the FA Cup has often been doubted in the last few years, with some fans and pundits alike suggesting that the competition has lost some of its allure. Regardless of whether or not you agree with that sentiment, there's no denying the fact that a place at Wembley is special – even if it is for the semi finals. One club who knows that better than most is Watford, after they were able to dispatch of Crystal Palace in their FA Cup quarter final encounter at Vicarage Road.
Coming into the game it was well known that Watford were the favourites, but it was still the kind of encounter that was very much up in the air. These two teams have met several times before in games of this magnitude, including an FA Cup semi final and a Championship playoff final all in the last few years. Alas, this time around, it was Watford who won the Battle of London.
Watford seemed to dictate the pace early on in the game, and that was evident to see regardless of which team you were backing. Etienne Capoue stuck them ahead with a nice instinctive finish, which took us through to half time. Palace had certainly worked their way back into the game by that point, but you couldn't deny that Watford deserved the goal.
As we went into the second half it was obvious to see the Eagles had a new sense of life injected into them, as they began to come forward with a real purpose. Gomes pulled off a series of nice saves in what could prove to be his final appearance at home for the club, but he couldn't prevent Michy Batshuayi from equalising after catching Mariappa off guard.
Palace never really seemed to take the game by the scruff of the neck despite the equaliser, though, which has been a major complaint from their fans in the aftermath of the game. As a result Watford were able to hang around, and ten minutes before time, they scored the winner as Andre Gray sent them to Wembley.
Watford have been drawn against Wolverhampton Wanderers in their semi final, whereas Palace need to turn their attention towards the relegation battle as they prepare to host Huddersfield in two weeks time.


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Q: Drawing a line section of length $\sqrt[3]2$ As a well-known fact, we know how to draw a line segment of length $\sqrt[2]2$ with  a compass. Even a line segment of length $\pi$ can be obtained (at least theoretically) by opening and flattening a circle of unit diameter. My question is

How can one draw a line segment of length $\sqrt[3]2$ with just a simple compass, ruler and straight edge on a $2$D plane without touching the third dimension?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Unlike most air cleaning systems that require the pollutants to be brought to the device, called passive devices (like a filter), the Triad Aer air purifier is proactive, seeking out and destroying all impurities in the air. The Triad Aer air purifier attacks pollution at its various sources throughout your indoor environment, including your breathing space and even on surfaces. The Triad Aer will literally purify anywhere the air can get to- reducing particles, breaking down dangerous gasses, and deactivating bacteria, and viruses. In summary, the Triad Aer uses some of the most advanced and effective technology that has ever been discovered, resulting in clean air and happy customers that breath and live better.


When iHerb started their 'K-Beauty' section, I spent several bus journeys scrolling through the items they offered. And of course, the Su:m37˚ Miracle Rose Cleansing Stick caught my eye. After all, this luxuriously magical product was OOS everywhere at one time. For those who don't know, this travel-friendly solid cleanser comes in a twist-up tube and is a small but precious column of essential oils, dotted with actual rose petals. To use it, swivel the cleanser on wet palms and wash your face as usual.
Some people have broken out from this which caused me quite a bit of worrying, especially with last year's (traumatic) encounter with facial eczema. But you know, skincare products, roses... So tempting! And thankfully, my very sensitive skin didn't react aversely to it. It was a sheer delight to use, but only because of the rose scent. It doesn't strip my skin after cleansing, but it isn't life-changing either. More of a want than a need, really because it doesn't come cheap. Also, I can't help but wonder how hygienic it is to wet the cleanser and then, let it dry in the tube like that. Same concern with bar soaps.
Still, my interest in Su:m37˚ is piqued and the next item that I really want to try is the Secret Essence. If I can tear myself away from Naruko Face Renewal Miracle Essence, which is another story for another time. Till then, x.
Su:m37˚ Miracle Rose Cleansing Stick retails at SGD36.20 on iHerb.com.


We now offer a variety of Conversion Rate Optimisation services for our clients. The best tool for tracking these conversions it Google Analytics.
If you would like to know how to utilise the awesome power of Conversion Rate Optimisation and driving extra sales contact us.


Comparable in sound to gut, without gut's disadvantages. These strings have a highly flexible, multi-strand nylon core and cater for artists who feel uncomfortable with steel strings. The resounding success of our Dominant string owes a lot to its similarity in tone and response to gut strings, without gut's attendant drawbacks.


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L'Estivada (prononcer [esti'βaδo]) est le Festival interrégional des cultures occitanes, créé en 1995 à l'initiative de la ville de Rodez, qui a lieu tous les ans la dernière semaine du mois de juillet.

Il s'agit du plus grand festival de musiques et chansons en langue occitane.

L'édition 2020, initialement prévue du 23 au 25 juillet, est annulée le 21 avril par la municipalité, en raison de la pandémie de coronavirus.

Présentation

L'Estivada qui se déroule à Rodez, centre géographique de l'Occitanie, est devenue au fil des ans le rendez-vous incontournable de la création occitane, tant dans le domaine de la musique que la littérature et la poésie. L'Estivada est le seul point de rencontre de toute l'Occitanie, de Bordeaux à Coni (Italie) et de Montluçon à Vielha (Espagne) venant démontrer, s'il en était besoin, que la culture occitane est bien vivante et en mouvement.

L'Estivada est sans doute l'événement qui a le plus de succès à Rodez mais aussi dans l'Aveyron, (2011, environ soixante mille festivaliers, 2012, la barre des cent mille festivaliers n'est pas franchie notamment du fait d'une pluie incessante le vendredi en soirée).

L'Estivada regroupe l'ensemble des territoires occitans répartis sur 3 pays (France, Italie, Espagne). Les quatre régions du Sud de la France y participent : (Occitanie, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, PACA, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes)

On y retrouve chaque jour des concerts, des contes, des présentations d'auteurs, de la poésie. Un « village occitan » se tient également tous les ans avec des stands des associations occitanes les plus représentatives.

Un espace de restauration est alimenté par la présence d'agriculteurs producteurs fermiers aveyronnais, d'artisans, de commerçants et de filières de l'industrie agroalimentaire aveyronnaise.

De nombreuses formes d'expression artistique sont valorisées : musiques, chants, littérature, théâtre, poésie, conte ou cinéma.

Histoire de l'Estivada

Les premiers jalons de ce que deviendra l'Estivada sont posés en 1995 à l'initiative de la Ville de Rodez.
Dès son origine l'Estivada se veut une grande fête de la culture occitane, l'animation estivale de Rodez est placée sous le signe de l'Occitanie.
Le festival Estivada est né en cœur de ville, place Foch, son développement s'est ensuite poursuivi dans le jardin du Foirail jusqu'en 2010.

De 2006 à 2015, Org & Com (Association de promotion culturelles artistiques Occitanes) a eu la charge d'organiser le festival Estivada de Rodez.

De 2010 à 2015 l'ensemble des spectacles produits à l'Estivada fait l'objet d'une captation vidéo professionnelle par le collectif Dètz.
L'objectif est triple : permettre aux artistes de pouvoir bénéficier d'outils efficaces au service de leur stratégie de diffusion, contribuer à enrichir un fonds archivé sur le patrimoine artistique occitan et alimenter l'inter-plateau de la grande scène.

- 2011 - En raison des travaux sur l'esplanade et le jardin du Foirail (construction du Multiplexe et du musée Soulages) l'Estivada se déplace dans le quartier de Bourran (me. 27 au di. 31/07).
La région Poitou-Charentes, au titre de la Charente limousine, a décidé de rejoindre cette inter-régionalité, il est historique que l'ensemble des régions d'Occitanie se trouve réuni dans un même projet, une même action.

- 2012 - En raison de difficulté de circulation, le festival se déplace dans le val de Bourran. L'Estivada est devenue un gros festival comptant dans les festivals de renommée nationale.

- 2013 - L'Estivada poursuit son chemin avec une programmation pour tous les publics, toutes les générations. Une tempête écourta la fin du festival.

- 2014 : Présence du groupe punk breton les Ramoneurs de Menhirs.

- 2015 : En raison de la baisse des subventions, l'édition 2015 n'accueillera pas de têtes d'affiches mais des groupes comme Du Bartàs, Dupain, Aspencat, La Talvera et Alidé Sans seront présents.

- 2016 : Org & Com, estimant que les conditions ne sont plus réunis pour organiser une Estivada digne de ce nom abandonne l'organisation. La ville de Rodez reprend le festival en régie directe; réduit la durée de 4 à 3 jours, augmente les tarifs d'emplacement dévolus au commerce. Le pari de la nouvelle équipe : proposer à des artistes de créer un spectacle original chaque soir. Un travail d'accompagnement afin d'accueillir les artistes au travers de résidences dans la ville. Ce projet sera soutenu par la MJC de Rodez et le conservatoire de musique départemental.

- 2018 : Participation de Francis Cabrel, qui chante et parle également l'occitan. Il écrit à cette occasion une chanson en occitan spécialement pour cette édition.

Directeurs
 1995 et 1996
 1997 à 2008 - Christian Grenet
 2009 à 2015  Patrick Roux
 2016 : Stefane Alberny

Programmation

2016

Du jeudi  au samedi  dans toute la ville.

2012

Du mercredi 25 au dimanche  au Val de Bourran

Musée Fenaille
 Estève Salendres

Cinéma le Royal
 Mostra de cinéma occitan - 23 et  : Plusieurs courts-métrages de fiction et/ou humour diffusés au cinéma le Royal de Rodez.

...

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Article connexe
 Rodez

Festival en région Occitanie
Rodez
Culture occitane
Culture dans l'Aveyron
Événement dans l'Aveyron

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
2022 FABBS Early Career Award Winners
FABBS is pleased to announce our 2022 Early Career Impact Award winners. This award is presented to early career scientists of FABBS member societies during the first 10 years post-PhD and recognizes scientists who have made major contributions to the sciences of mind, brain, and behavior. Member societies are invited to submit nominations on a rotating basis and the awardees will be featured in profile pieces throughout the year.
Association for Behavior Analysis International
A Look Inside the Visual System: Advancements in How the Brain Processes Perception
Though the visual world is a constant stream of information, we perceive the world not as an overwhelming flood of light, but as discrete events, with clear settings and distinct objects. For example, the scene in front of you: a room, a monitor or mobile phone, and this text. How does the brain assimilate this visual input? How can we use this information in the next frontier of research?
Dr. Radoslaw Cichy is a Research Group Leader at the Free University of
CUR Highlights Undergrad Voices on Capitol Hill
Posters on the Hill graphic from CUR.org
FABBS congratulates the undergraduate students and their mentors in the behavioral and brain sciences featured in the Council on Undergraduate Research Posters on the Hill 2022 that took place virtually on April 26-27. The annual event celebrates the impressive work of the accepted students across disciplines and supports the messages of the importance of undergraduate research at the federal level.
CUR is an organization of
Webinar Showcases Initial Findings from NIH-funded SBE Health Impacts of COVID-19
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has made it abundantly clear that highly effective vaccines and therapeutics alone have been insufficient to control the pandemic. To best prevent the spread, health leaders at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) quickly recognized the urgent need to apply evidence from the behavioral and social sciences to increase vaccine acceptance and uptake, adoption of effective behavioral mitigation strategies such as face mask wearing and physical


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Group of women fighting poverty at home
Julie Sherwood
An organization of women helping women is addressing a statewide problem in Ontario County.
Women in New York state fare worse economically than they did in 1989, according to a report by a New York City-based philanthropic organization that helps women overcome poverty.
In addition, women in the state are more likely to live in poverty than their national counterparts, the report notes, with 15.2 percent living in poverty here compared with 12.7 percent nationwide.
The report was compiled by the Institute for Women's Policy Research, a nonprofit organization that researches policy issues of importance to women.
"We are deeply troubled by the growing gap between the rich and poor in our state," said the foundation's CEO, Ana Oliveira. "It is unacceptable that in such a resource-rich environment, thousands of women and families live in poverty."
While there are many organizations and government programs aimed at helping people in need, one organization co-founded by a South Bristol, N.Y., woman is working to specifically address the needs of women through education, programs and the development of a support network.
Co-founder Deb Denome is now director of that organization, a nonprofit called Seeking Common Ground. She and four friends started it in 1997.
At first they wanted to form a community-based business, said Denome, who then had a corporate job in publishing. The idea soon evolved into much more than that. They discovered that other women were "feeling the same pressures we did," she said, wanting to spend quality time with their children and make a living, too.
That wasn't all.
"We saw women not being able to break out of poverty," said Denome, 41, a mother of three who was facing her own set of challenges then that included her newborn daughter being diagnosed with cancer. Denome, who was married at the time, said her husband was starting his own business, which added to the financial strain.
Then she had a dream about a type of place that would soothe the spirit as well as help women manage financially.
Seeking Common Ground and the programs that operate under its umbrella are the embodiment of that dream. The programs include a community organic farm at Denome's home on Hicks Road in South Bristol; a farm-to-cafeteria program that works with Ontario County Cornell Cooperative Extension, local farmers and food service directors to increase the use of local foods in cafeterias; and Herb Haven, an herbal gardening and retail training program for women and children who are striving to become economically self-sufficient.
About 50 women are participating in one or more of the programs. The community farm is a cooperative that offers the chance to learn about agriculture and help grow a variety of vegetables and other edibles in exchange for having healthy, homegrown food. At Herb Haven, women attend eight to 10 hours a week to learn life skills (such as budgeting and setting goals), horticulture and retail job skills and attend a support group. They plant, tend and harvest the garden, create useful products with the herbs and then sell them from a shop at the site in Crystal Beach on Route 364. Free nutritious meals are provided for women and children, and a child-care program offers arts, crafts, song, dance, gardening, cooking and creative play.
Herb Haven is grant-funded and free to participants, said Denome, who is an herbalist and horticulture therapist. The women are asked to make a minimum commitment of six months. Most of the women are from Ontario and Yates counties and in transition from situations such as underemployment, job displacement, illness, divorce, abuse, chemical dependency and incarceration for non-violent crimes.
Robin Cross, 45, of Canandaigua, is one of those women who turned to Herb Haven. A widow, Cross is a mother of three and legally blind. "It's strengthening, the support here," said Cross, who works in the garden and may soon be using her computer skills to help with organizing special events at Herb Haven.
Herb Haven doesn't provide job-placement services, but it does work with Finger Lakes Works, an organization that helps match people with jobs.
Margaret Hiller, 29, of Rushville, is rebuilding her skills and self-esteem after breaking her neck in a car accident in 2003.
"I like coming here, being around the people," said Hiller, who moves pretty much normally but gets lots of headaches and neck aches. Her plan is to begin working in the Herb Haven gift shop, she said. She has lived with her parents since the car accident, she added, with plans to eventually move out and support herself.
Jessica Smith, 31 of Rushville, is a single mom with two boys, ages 6 and 7. She just graduated from Finger Lakes Community College in massage therapy and finds moral support at Herb Haven.
"I needed somewhere to go, somewhere to get a break," she said. "This is a good place."
Contact Daily Messenger writer Julie Sherwood at (585) 394-0770, ext. 263, or jsherwood@messengerpostmedia.com.


Happy New Year to all. I hope everyone had a good Christmas break. Rowing has now returned to normal as we get into the new year. On 7th November 2015 the club Raced at the Head of the River fours. The club claimed no wins, but this was a very competitive event giving good experience for all involved.
The club was also due to race at Hampton Head on 21st November 2015, but unfortunately this event was cancelled due to bad weather. Winter training has been hard recently with very little time on the river since Christmas, but we are training hard and looking to be in a good position for the upcoming season.


"I can see the area starting to thrive and a big part of that is the dynamic …"
Victoria Harbour and its close surrounds, with its many bike paths, walking and running tracks, community spaces and state-of-the-art gyms, is quickly gaining a reputation as one of Melbourne's most active pockets. Kiloran Hiscock has a chat to Andrew Ward, Manager of YMCA Docklands, about the many options available to Victoria Harbour residents and workers who are keen to get moving and get healthy.
For the past three years Andrew Ward has overseen the management of four YMCA Victoria businesses, including one on Collins Street (at the base of ANZ) and another at Victoria Point, and has acted as a representative for workers at the Docklands Community Forum. As a result of this close involvement he has witnessed the area's growth first-hand. Heavily engaged with the local community, YMCA also has a not-for-profit focus, working with organisations such as Melbourne City Mission, WIRE Women's Information and Corrections Victoria to promote health and fitness within marginalised groups. "My strong direction is to bring in community programming alongside our business," Ward says.
Ward's goal is for the precinct to become Australia's most active community, and from what he says things seem right on track. This has a lot to do with a large demographic of young corporate workers eagerly embracing the many facilities available before and after work and even during their lunch breaks, especially the thirty-minute group fitness classes that are easily accommodated into a busy worker's day. In fact, a great deal of the programming at YMCA reflects the '9 to 5' lifestyle, with an appreciation that time is of the essence. "I can see the area starting to thrive and a big part of that is the dynamic that categorises a young corporate environment," Ward says.
Part of this success can be attributed to Active Melbourne City Sports. AMCS organises a range of corporate sports competitions throughout the CBD and Docklands, enabling city workers to escape the office and enjoy the benefits of engaging in team-based activities. Encompassing a diverse array of sports including soccer, netball, basketball and even lawn bowls, this program is incredibly popular – Ward says places often book out well in advance.
AMCS offers a number of options for Victoria Harbour residents, including Twilight Soccer at the Docklands Sports Courts (on Harbour Esplanade, across the road from Docklands Park) on Monday and Wednesday nights. Ward explains that with recent relaxation around the use of public space in the precinct both residents and workers are using the facilities, including basketball, netball and futsal courts. "The courts are basically being used at all hours of the day," he says. With the growing popularity of sports and fitness, in addition to the increasing number of local businesses providing movement options such as yoga and Pilates, it would appear that Ward's vision is well on its way to being realised.


FMB wishes a Merry Christmas. Happy New Year. And a successful year 2019.
https://www.fmb-care.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/FMB-care-Formidabel-Weihnachtsmann-klein-634x331px.jpg 331 634 Svenja https://www.fmb-care.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/FMB_Care_Pflegebetten_Logo-300x300.png Svenja2018-12-14 13:24:432018-12-17 17:01:53FMB wishes a Merry Christmas. Happy New Year. And a successful year 2019.
The new production hall at FMB care: We continue with big steps.
https://www.fmb-care.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Produktionshalle-FMB.jpg 331 635 Svenja https://www.fmb-care.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/FMB_Care_Pflegebetten_Logo-300x300.png Svenja2018-09-03 12:20:482018-09-03 13:14:48The new production hall at FMB care: We continue with big steps.


Duncan B. Campbell, the author of many fine books and articles on the Roman army, has published a new book on the mysterious fate of the 9th legion, which fades from the historical record with a building inscription at York dated 108, a scattering of stamped tiles at Nijmegen, and a series of officers who were promoted away from the legion in the middle of the second century CE. It certainly was not involved in the building of Hadrian's Wall and the other construction projects in Britain after 122 CE. When only the inscriptions from York were known, this lead to a romantic theory that it had been destroyed by the Caledonians or the Brigantes which inspired one of Rosemary Sutcliffe's novels. Campbell goes through the history of investigations into this legion, showing how excavations in the Netherlands and Egypt and painstaking work reconstructing the careers of Roman officials allow us to sketch the history of this legion after it left its station at York. This is a story about how scholars methodically build a history of the Roman army and the men who made it up, but also about how once they have committed to a theory, human beings fight to salvage it rather than ask whether a premise was incorrect.
You can find a shorter, earlier version of his argument from Karwansaray Publishers and buy The Fate of the Ninth from Amazon.
Trump claimed that Walls are a Medieval solution that worked. The border wall context would be more applicable to the Vallum Antonini and Vallum Aelium built in the UK, or the long walls in China that started centuries earlier.
Trump can't get his historical eras, or his border defence technology effectiveness, correct, but neither is surprising.
For the last 30 years, a number of scholars like Benjamin Isaac who have looked hard at the Roman frontiers have argued that the basic purpose of the limes was to seize control of populations not to provide defence. So in Syria/Palestina/Arabia they would build forts overlooking all the major sources of water, and then the nomadic (and hard to tax and conscript) population would have to come by the fort and get shaken down every so often; in Britannia they built walls across the island so that people who were fed up with their rule could not just wander north and disappear.
When the Normans threw up all those castles in Britain, it was to protect themselves from the angry English not to protect their not-so-loving subjects from anyone.


text:
The Girl Who Saved The King Of Sweden
byJonas Jonasson
Paperback | September 22, 2015
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A wildly picaresque new novel from Jonas Jonasson, author of the internationally bestsellingThe 100-Year-Old Man Who Climbed Out the Window and Disappeared
In a tiny shack in the largest township in South Africa, Nombeko Mayeki is born. Put to work at five years old and orphaned at ten, she quickly learns that the world expects nothing more from her than to die young, be it from drugs, alcohol or just plain despair. But Nombeko has grander plans. She learns to read and write, and at just fifteen, using her cunning and fearlessness, she makes it out of Soweto with millions of smuggled diamonds in her possession. Then things take a turn for the worse . . .
Nombeko ends up the prisoner of an incompetent engineer in a research facility working on South Africa's secret nuclear arsenal. Yet the unstoppable girl pulls off a daring escape to Sweden, where she meets twins named Holger One and Holger Two, who are carrying out a mission to bring down the Swedish monarchy . . . by any means necessary. Nombeko's life ends up hopelessly intertwined with the lives of the twins, and when the twins arrange to kidnap the Swedish king and prime minister, it is up to our unlikely heroine to save the day-and possibly the world.
In this wild romp, Jonasson tackles issues ranging from the pervasiveness of racism to the dangers of absolute power while telling a charming and hilarious story along the way. In the satirical voice that has earned him legions of fans the world over, Jonasson gives us another rollicking tale of how even the smallest of decisions can have sweeping-even global-consequences.
JONAS JONASSONis the author of the novelThe 100-Year-Old Man Who Climbed Out the Window and Disappeared, which has sold more than eight million copies worldwide. He was a journalist for many years, then became a media consultant and later the founder of a sporting-events production company for Swedish television. After selling his comp...
Title:The Girl Who Saved The King Of SwedenFormat:PaperbackProduct dimensions:400 pages, 8 X 5.31 X 0.9 inShipping dimensions:400 pages, 8 X 5.31 X 0.9 inPublished:September 22, 2015Publisher:HarperCollinsLanguage:English
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text:
Theater|Exploring the Cold War History Behind 'Perfect Arrangement'
https://nyti.ms/1PD6j8b
Exploring the Cold War History Behind 'Perfect Arrangement'
Matthew Coffey with his daughter, Julia Coffey, who stars in "Perfect Arrangement."Credit...Edwin Tse for The New York Times
By Laura Collins-Hughes
Julia Coffey wasn't even born yet when her father worked for the federal government, but a distant bell rang in her mind when she read the script for Topher Payne's "Perfect Arrangement," a frothy but ultimately dark comedy set in 1950 Washington. It reminded her of something her father used to do.
Ms. Coffey, 39, plays Norma Baxter, a State Department employee whose job involves rooting out communists and other supposed menaces from the ranks of the government. "It's my duty as an American to identify threats to our way of life," Norma says, fitting right in as McCarthyism takes hold. "When your country calls, you answer."
The actress's father, Matthew Coffey, sounded not so different in recollecting a job he held in the early '60s — a chapter of his past that, for Ms. Coffey, personalized the play, lending it "a certain sort of believability factor."
Before he went to work in personnel at the White House during the Johnson administration, he spent less than a year as an investigator, and then an interrogator, for the Civil Service Commission, looking deep into the lives of people who sought or held jobs that required security clearances.
"If you're considered for a sensitive position, they want to know every aspect of your life," Mr. Coffey, 74, said one October morning at the Duke on 42nd Street, his 6-foot-8 frame settled into a mustard-colored armchair on the set, his daughter beside him. "At the tender age of 22, my whole feeling was that I was protecting the United States. I was doing the things that the government needed done."
"Perfect Arrangement," which opened this week in a Primary Stages production, hangs on a symbiotic ruse: Two sham marriages meant to camouflage a pair of same-sex relationships. Wedded to a teacher named Jim, Norma has in fact built a life with a housewife named Millie, while Norma's boss, Bob, is both Millie's husband and Jim's significant other.
For all four of them, living in a pair of side-by-side Georgetown duplexes connected by a secret closet passageway, alarm strikes when a federal directive adds gay employees to the list of targeted groups, ostensibly because they could be vulnerable to blackmail. By continuing in their jobs on the Personnel Security Board, Norma and Bob help to end the careers and damage the lives of people much like themselves, even as they cling to the charade they've cultivated.
Then Norma, exhausted from "staging this elaborate display for the comfort of strangers," relaxes her grip.
"Topher has written a play about masks," said Ms. Coffey, an Off Broadway actor ("London Wall") who spent a decade working in Los Angeles before moving to New York. "This is a story about people who are tired of living under those very heavy masks. It's about liberation from hiding."
Ms. Coffey's mother, Sharon West Coffey, and father go to every production she's in. "Even when it's Bloomington, Indiana," Julia Coffey said.
"Or that crazy Dracula thing you did in Cleveland," her father said, and laughed. "We're a trio in the sense of her career."
But when the senior Coffeys went to see "Perfect Arrangement," he watched it with both the warm gaze of a parent and the critical eye of experience.
The next morning, in the role of doting daughter, Ms. Coffey listened respectfully as her father told her and a reporter what bothered him about the play — partly that it gives little Cold War context for the paranoia of postwar America, which had recently seen the destruction nuclear bombs could wreak.
Excerpt: 'Perfect Arrangement'
Jennifer van Dyck and Mikaela Feely-Lehmann in a scene from Topher Payne's comedy, at the Duke on 42nd Street.
"I'm not defending the activity and behavior of the federal government at that time," Mr. Coffey said, but he believes it "takes a little bit of an excessive rap" in "Perfect Arrangement."
In midcentury America, as in the play, to be accused of homosexuality or a homosexual act could have ruinous consequences. Lester Hunt, a senator from Wyoming, killed himself in 1954 after his son was arrested in Lafayette Park, a popular cruising spot across from the White House. Walter W. Jenkins, an aide to Lyndon B. Johnson, resigned after he was caught with another man in a YMCA bathroom in 1964.
"The D.C. police department had a very active vice squad under a guy named Roy Blick," Mr. Coffey recalled. "He was a very aggressive guy at identifying people soliciting in public places. Anyone who got an arrest of any kind, their file got sent to us, and then we had to go investigate what the police file showed and whether or not that was a violation of the trust that had been placed in them.
"Oh, sure, you pick up gossip," he added, but among the testimony from different sectors of a person's life — colleagues, classmates, neighbors — the quantity of similar assertions could help to determine the truth. "When you hear from 40 people, and you get 10 or 12 saying the same thing, it gives you a pretty good picture of what's the gossip and what isn't."
Whether someone posed a danger to the country was a different matter. That people could lose their jobs based on the information Mr. Coffey collected wasn't clear to him until nearly the end of his tenure with the Civil Service, he said. By then, he was an interrogator working on a case in "the so-called Lavender Files," involving a man who had been fired.
Mr. Coffey's own last government job was under President Johnson. In the decades that followed, he spent most of his career as an executive in Washington, yet he retains an investigator's disdain for webs of deceit — which makes him not terribly sympathetic to the situation of the characters in the play.
In real life, the problem of closeted people living in fear has not disappeared from contemporary Washington, he said. He and his wife "know four or five couples" whose opposite-sex spouses are their shields.
"And they're very prominent people," he said. "They bought into hiding their identity. The higher up you are, the more you hide."


The IL&FS hostage crisis in Ethiopia appeared far from over despite the distressed group on Monday transferring money to pay one month's salary. The Indian expats held hostage were not released as the local workers are demanding that IL&FS Transportation Network Ltd-Elsamex clear dues for two months – October and November. Sources told TOI that the company is in contact with local authorities and Ethiopian police to arrange for a safe passage for its Indian employees who are under house arrest in their camps, while IL&FS arranges for more funds to settle the salary dues.
At least five Indian expats working for two road projects in the African nation have now been captive for over a week as ITNL and Elsamex have failed to clear salary and other statutory payments for several months.
The Indian expats also have unpaid salary claims since July with some of the arrears dating back to April. When contacted, an IL&FS spokesperson refused to comment on the issue.
Sources, however, said that efforts have been mounted to arrange funds at a war footing. On Friday, Exim Bank of India, which had assisted ITNL-Elsamex in the road projects, asked Commercial Bank of Ethiopia to came to the rescues of IL&FS.
"Exim Bank is agreeable to permit the withdrawal from the accounts, after they are adequately funded, towards meeting immediate pressing dues, that is, payment of salary, statutory and local dues in Ethiopia. ITNL needs to take necessary actions to correct the deficiencies, that is shortfall of funds in the account to facilitate release of funds from the account. Pending suitable actions, the entire responsibility of non-payment of salary, local and other statutory dues lies only with Elsamex and ITNL," Exim Bank deputy managing director Debasish Mallick told TOI, when contacted.
Exim Bank had invoked guarantee amount $31.7 million and guarantee commission of over $285,000 due to the problems at the IL&FS Group which have led to a series of repayment defaults. But the amount in the bank account was not sufficient with just around $230,000 at the end of November. So far, ITNL has neither submitted any document estimating and evidencing salary dues, local and other statutory dues to Exim Bank nor any concrete plan to clear Exim Bank's dues and suitably fund the accounts.
While IL&FS Group has been trying to remit funds since November 16, restrictions imposed by Indian authorities have led to delays with Axis Bank seeking permission for several days now.


text:
The 2010 season was Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors's seventeenth season in the K-League in South Korea. Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors is competing in K-League, League Cup, Korean FA Cup and Champions League as defending champions.

Current squad

K-League

Championship

Korean FA Cup

League Cup

Group stage

Knockout stage

Champions League

Group stage

Knockout stage

Squad statistics

Appearances and goals
Statistics accurate as of match played 28 November 2010

Top scorers

Discipline

Transfer

In

29 July 2010 — Cho Sung-Hwan move from Consadole Sapporo
30 October 2010 — Jeon Kwang-Hwan move from Gwangju Sangmu FC

Out

 27 July 2010 — Choi Tae-Uk move to FC Seoul
 29 July 2010 — Shin Kwang-Hoon move to Pohang Steelers (loan end)

References

 Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors website

Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors
Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors seasons


text:
Duglas (Pseudotsuga menziesii <Mirb.> Franco), Duglas verde sau  pinul de Oregon este un arbore din genul Pseudotsuga aparținând familiei Pinaceae, nativă vestului Americii de Nord.

Este un arbore veșnic verde puternic, atingând o înalțime de 100 m, cu o grosime a trunchiului de 4 m. Formează păduri uriașe de-a lungul coastei Pacificului, din Columbia Britanică până în California, Montana, Colorado, Texas și New Mexico.

Galerie

Referințe

Flora Americii de Nord
Pinaceae


text:
Q: Flutter error with nested firebase GET requests I am working on a fitness project, where the user takes "exercises" and can make some of them favorite. The Exercises and the Favorites by user are stored in different collections in Firebase Firestore. When I load the exercises into the app, as I load them I want to check per exercise, which have been favorited. I want to do this at the same time I load the exercises. So I have created the following code:
Future<void> fetchAndSetExercises() async {
    final List<Exercise> loadedExercises = [];

    final extracted = await _firestore.collection('exercises').get();

    extracted.docs.forEach(
      (exerciseData) async {
        print("EXERCISE DATA: ${exerciseData['title']}");

        // TODO: Get Favorite
        final checkFav = await _firestore
            .collection('favorites')
            .doc('${_firebaseAuth.currentUser.uid}')
            .collection('userFavorites')
            .doc(exerciseData.id)
            .get();
        if (checkFav.exists) {
          print('FOUND A RECORD');
        }

        loadedExercises.add(
          Exercise(
            id: exerciseData.id,
            title: exerciseData['title'],
            description: exerciseData['description'],
            imageUrl: exerciseData['imageUrl'],
            itemUrl: exerciseData['itemUrl'],
            minutes: exerciseData['minutes'],
          ),
        );
      }, // end for each function
    ); // end for each

    _exercises = loadedExercises.toList();

    notifyListeners();
}

Here as the extracted exercises are loaded, I make another get request. So there are two different get requests in this code. When I run the code without the second firebase get, it works fine, but with the second get it gives and error:
RangeError (index): Invalid value: Valid value range is empty: 0

I haven't been able to find any solution for this. Maybe it is not possible to nest Firebase get requests to different collections...
If anyone could help clarify this or point to how I can solve this?

A: extracted.docs.forEach(
  (exerciseData) async {

The forEach method waits for your function to finish, but your function is async, which means it finishes immediately and returns a Future<> that needs to be awaited. But you do not await. the forEach method does not await the results either.
So move your code using await out from the anonymous method that is not awaited into your main body of code:
for(var exerciseData in extracted.docs) {
   print("EXERCISE DATA: ${exerciseData['title']}");

// TODO: Get Favorite
final checkFav = await _firestore
    .collection('favorites')
    .doc('${_firebaseAuth.currentUser.uid}')
    .collection('userFavorites')
    .doc(exerciseData.id)
    .get();
if (checkFav.exists) {
  print('FOUND A RECORD');
}

loadedExercises.add(
  Exercise(
    id: exerciseData.id,
    title: exerciseData['title'],
    description: exerciseData['description'],
    imageUrl: exerciseData['imageUrl'],
    itemUrl: exerciseData['itemUrl'],
    minutes: exerciseData['minutes'],
  ),
);
}


text:
Kickin' It Old Skool
This Friday night the clock turns backwards a few decades, as an amazing roster of seminal rap and hip-hop talent converges on our very own Martin Luther King, Jr. arena.
The Back In The Day Tour finds such pioneers of these distinctly American art forms as Big Daddy Kane, Kurtis Blow, The Sugarhill Gang, Grandmaster Melle Mel & The Furious Five, The Force MDs, and The Fearless Four settling in for a long retro-tastic night of music and lyrics.
In a day and age where rap and hip-hop seem increasingly synonymous with misogyny, aggression, profanity and anti-social behavior, this throwback to a time when the genres were primarily known for communicating good vibes and positive-themed (if at times caustic) street wisdom should be a welcome find to those who long ago found they had little truck with the thug and crunk lifestyle epitomized by today's urban superstars.
It was my distinct pleasure to speak directly with three internationally known founding fathers of hip-hop culture. The following are excerpts from those informal rap sessions.
MC Master Gee
As one of The Sugarhill Gang's 3 frontmen, Master Gee holds the distinction of being part of the team which first exposed the world to the burgeoning rap and hip-scene in and around New York City. After performing an off-the-cuff audition in the backseat of famed disco producer Sylvia Robinson's car on a busy street corner, the New Jersey native quickly co-wrote a humorous, surreal narrative, and a few days later he —along with fellow nascent "rappers" Wonder Mike and Big Bank Hank— rhymed their way into the history books. The smash club and radio single "Rapper's Delight" would eventually sell more than 8 million copies, shining a light on the newest African-American music form, and jumpstarting a following for syncopated wordplay across the globe.
Connect Savannah: Back when you cut "Rapper's Delight," what was the most you thought would ever come of it?
Master Gee: I thought it would probably be a Tri-State thing. You know, we're from New Jersey, so, New York, Philly, Connecticut, I knew there were records that were big —my dad was a jazz recording engineer— but at the time there was no such thing as a rap industry or a hip-hop star. The mind set was so different back then. We'd play house parties. (laughs) Then we went into the studio, recorded the song and decided we'd just let the chips fall where they may.
Connect Savannah: That single was a worldwide smash. Did you guys get paid fairly?
Master Gee: It's been a work in progress. Let's just put it like that! It's funny you called me today, because I was just watching a documentary on the History Channel, and Ben E. King made a statement that just killed me. He said no matter what happened with his royalties, people all over the world get to listen to his songs every day. No matter what they stole, they can never take that away from him. This is something I used to do in people's basements when I was 16 for fun and to make a little extra pocket money. I was just expressin' myself.
Connect Savannah: What are some of the most indelible memories from your career?
Master Gee: The first time we went to Europe. Think about this: those people had never seen another human being rap live in person! We'd been in the states dealing with screaming fans and girls goin' crazy, and then we walk out for the first show in Amsterdam, and the place was completely quiet. They didn't make a single noise. They were so blown away by the whole thing. After they got over the initial shock, they livened up, but at first, I thought we were bombing! By the end of the night, though, we tore it up. At that time I was 17. I had just gone into the 12th grade. I'd never been to Europe before. This has been my ticket to the world. It exposed me to so many different things and different people. It gave me another lease on life.
Connect Savannah: Have all 3 of the Sugarhill Gang remained friends?
Master Gee: Definitely. I had stepped away from the group for a while, and they toured as a duo for many, many moons. Then Wonder Mike and I reconnected, and now the two of us are out again. We've got a great show. We're showin' everybody how these hits are supposed to be done.
Connect Savannah: Played here before?
Master Gee: Years ago in the late '70s, we played the Civic Center opening up for Funkadelic on the Mothership Tour.
Connect Savannah: What keeps you going?
Master Gee: I want to perpetuate what we're doing. It's really important to make sure people know where this all started. Where it came from. What's it's truly about.
Connect Savannah: How long did it take to write and record "Rapper's Delight?"
Master Gee: The music track was waiting on us. I wrote the master lyric the night before we went into the studio. It took 15 minutes to record. We did it in one take! (laughs) We just passed the mic like we used to do at parties, and took turns rapping. We were novices, so we thought we had to keep singing till the music stopped! That's why it was so long. We only quit when the tape ran out. (laughs)
MC Scorpio
Though many remember turntablist Grandmaster Flash as the titular head of The Furious Five (to many, early rap's greatest innovators), it was frontmen Melle Mel and Scorpio who stood out most in the group, with their literate, rhythmic take on urban life in classics like "White Lines (Don't Do It)" and "The Message." Their 1980 track "Freedom" went Top 20 on the U.S. R & B Charts, and helped jumpstart a musical revolution. Flash and Melle would eventually part ways, but he, Scorpio and the others continue to tour and keep the Furious Five name alive.
Connect Savannah: Have you ever done a show in Savannah before?
Scorpio: We haven't been to Savannah in a long, long time, but it was a great market for us in the past. To be honest, the main thing I remember about Savannah is —no disrespect intended— the paper mill. (laughs) That smell was in the air, boy! You could always tell when you were pullin' into Savannah. (laughs) It's actually kind of a blessing, cause when you're out on the road doin' 80 or 90 shows in a row, everything starts to run together, and after all these years a lot of memories start to fade. You can't always remember where you were, but I'll always remember Savannah because of that smell. (laughs)
Connect Savannah: This bill is amazing.
Scorpio: We perform with a lot of these cats on a fairly regular basis. See, the music you'll hear on this show comes from all over the world of hip-hop, but the media and the record labels want to push us all into one little pot no matter who were are, what we do, or what has happened in our careers. They just lump it all together and call it "old-school." Promoters have a habit of packaging all these so-called old-school groups together instead of putting some new groups with some of the originators. That's not because we can't bring it right to 'em onstage, though! But these young bands and managers fall in with all that propaganda. They start thinkin' that we're old and they're young and that it won't work to have us perform together. However, those folks out there that know their music and their history are aware that most old-school artists can bring it to anybody at anytime. See, like the songs says, all we rely on is 2 turntables and a microphone. We're not all caught up in how much money is in our bank account and how flashy we can dress. That's not what entertainment's all about, as far as I'm concerned. Now, I definitely ain't no hater. I listen to all of it, and 50 Cent is definitely my favorite.
Connect Savannah: A lot of guys brag about their cribs and cars, but the truth is the label charges half of that back to them!
Scorpio: That's it. And, yo, it's more than you will ever imagine. Right now the labels are banking on the propaganda machine to fool the public. They ain't gonna let most folks learn what cats like you and I already know! Some of these guys might be on MTV and BET every day, so sitting in your living room, they look like stars. But you and I, we watch the charts, and they ain't really got it goin' on. It's all a facade. Now, trust me. I understand that when you come from the inner city and you first get some money, the first thing you wanna do is show that you done good. That's a part of the come up. That's entertainment. But nobody's bigger than the game! (laughs)
Connect Savannah: Besides 50 Cent, what current hip-hop artists really move you?
Scorpio: In the end, I wish there was more cats saying something you can actually apply to your life. I like to get my drink on and throw my hands in the air and not worry about the content of the lyrics — just like anyone. But I also like to hear from somebody who's speaking to the fact that they've been through the same kinds of things that I have. That's why everybody loved Tupac so much. Because no matter what he might have done to upset you, he always dropped jewels. Today, 9 years after his death, he can still put out a new album each year and outsell most of the living people! He really was the chosen one. He said more in his time on earth than some cats said in a full lifetime.
Connect Savannah: Were you surprised when a lot of early hip-hop stars got cast aside in favor of thug and gangsta rap?
Scorpio: I have to admit it was very surprising, because when groups like NWA came out —and they were really the father figures of the whole gangsta thing, in my opinion— there was still plenty of other stuff available. You still had your KRS-One and your RUN-DMC and all that to balance it out. You had options. Right now, the hurtin' thing about hip-hop is there are no options whatsoever. It's so one-sided. Every artist sounds like all the others. It's like, hey man. I know what you're gonna say before you even say it. If I come on your block, you're gonna shoot me. I know, I know. (laughs)
Connect Savannah: Did you ever think you'd still be on the road in 2006?
Scorpio: Well, to be honest, I always thought we were gonna rock it till the wheels fell off. But, to do it in '79 and to still be doin' it this hard in '06? The honest answer would be no. A lot of cats wonder why we still do it. Well, we do it because we love it. But economically, some folks just aren't where they wanna be, you know what I mean? It's like a job. Everybody should realize that we didn't get the big paychecks. Corporate America was still fighting the growth of hip-hop. The big stars of today are reaping the benefits of all the groundwork we did and all the doors we knocked down. Worldwide. It's arrogant of these young acts to think that they're 100 percent responsible for their own success. For example, Martin Luther King, Jr. fought for the equal rights of people of all colors. Now, all of a sudden, a black guy comes along and gets a corporate job making 7 figures a year and thinks he did that on his own! (laughs) The fact that young rap and hip-hop acts can walk in and get decent deals, no matter how the labels look at the old-schoolers —or don't look at us— each of those big checks proves that we were on the right track when nobody but us knew what it could become. It's not about kissing our asses or bowing down to us. That's not what I'm sayin'. But you gotta pay some kind of respect for those of us that broke it wide open. There's a lot of groups out there today that hug you and love you to your face, and then step aside and ignore you when it counts.
Connect Savannah: How's your show now?
Scorpio: This show features Grandmaster Melle Mel and myself. That's the banner. We lay it down for the Furious Five, because that's who we are. A lot of radio stations and clubs would shorten our name to just Grandmaster Flash, so a lot of people don't even know who the Furious Five are, but Melle Mel and myself and the others were the MCs dropping the lyrics while Flash scratched the turntables. Some folks treat us like we're The Pips and he's Gladys Knight! (laughs) That confusion has hurt us a little, but we're trying to build the name back up on that level. No disrespect to Flash, because he was a key to our sound and he's my main guy, but it was the MCs who gave the songs their words.
Connect Savannah: What's the most important aspect of this tour?
Scorpio: It's important for people to know that even though we're not on TV every day, if you love hip-hop, then this is something worth seeing. You'll have a better understanding of the real, true reasons it was created. You'll see the love all the originators have for each other. You know, people think we're old, dead dinosaurs or somethin', but we're all still livin' and breathin'! Sometimes I'm stopped at a red light and the people next to me are listening to rap, and they have absolutely no idea that they are a few feet away from one of the guys that literally, actually created the whole thing! You know? It's me. I'm right here! I'm one of the first dudes that ever grabbed a mic. I helped start hip-hop, and they owe it to themselves to come out and see what we're up to. I guarantee they will enjoy it. Most of all, I want people to know that 9 times out of 10 there will be absolutely no drama or fights at our shows. Our music doesn't give off that kind of energy. You know, you'd really have to be out of your mind to hear "Rapper's Delight" and get so riled up that you wanna fight or stab or shoot somebody! (laughs) I mean, listen to the words! You'd have to be a real nutcase.
Connect Savannah: Is there anything else?
Scorpio: Yeah. It's about time Savannah heard our voices. I'm even looking forward to smellin' that paper mill! (laughs)
Born Antonio Hardy, "The Kane," ruled the hip-hop game for several years in the late '80s. A commanding presence on the scene, his lyrical approach to sensuality and his lover-man image paved the way for countless others that have come along in his wake. At the height of his fame, he recorded kitschy duets with both Barry White and Rudy Ray Moore (of "Dolemite" fame), while still maintaining a spiritually conscious, enlightened persona.
Connect Savannah: You've always seemed so much larger-than-life. At 37, do you feel like an elder statesman of hip-hop?
Big Daddy Kane: Well, I guess I just feel like someone that's been doin' it for a minute. I still have every bit as much fun as when I first started in music.
Connect Savannah: You laid pretty low for a while. Did you consider quitting music?
Big Daddy Kane: There was a point where I didn't really wanna be involved in what the game had started to represent. You know, the whole gangsta thing was goin' on, and I didn't want to play a part in any of that. I wasn't surprised that things moved in that direction. That's just the way of the world. There comes a time when you put your Spiderman doll down for a G.I. Joe and your Barbie down for Dora The Explorer. Something new comes along and people wanna try it out. That's cool. I'm happy to see anyone succeed at their art.
Connect Savannah: Do you have any plans to record a new CD anytime soon?
Big Daddy Kane: Not at the present moment. I've been doing a whole lot of touring lately, playing the old stuff with a bunch of new freestyles thrown in to keep it fresh. I want to leave people with an updated view of who Big Daddy Kane is.
Connect Savannah: What got you excited about jumping back into touring?
Big Daddy Kane: I never really stopped doing shows, 'cause that's been one of the main things I enjoy about this business — to be on stage and please an audience. I guess when the music industry decided to start calling hip-hop artists from the early and late '80s "old-school," it created a new genre, where an older crowd can come and mingle with a younger crowd, have a good time and not feel out of place.
Connect Savannah: Why do you think this old-school marketing angle works?
Big Daddy Kane: The young white college kids are not being heavily influenced by the major label rap music anymore. They're more interested in the "underground" hip-hop artists of today, like Common or Talib Kweli. Those groups were doing their research, studying artists like Big Daddy Kane, Rakim, and KRS-One. To see that a young white audience was more interested in that than what you been puttin' in front of them was a wake-up call. Now, the labels are starting to pay attention again.
Connect Savannah: What are your crowds like today? Did they grow up with you?
Big Daddy Kane: It differs. It's either black hip-hop fans that are 25 up to 40, or a younger white audience that's between 18 and 25 that's into the underground.
Connect Savannah: Tell me a little bit about this Back In The Day Tour.
Big Daddy Kane: I do a lot of package bills, and usually it's me and Slick Rick and a few others like Public Enemy or KRS-One. The lineup for Savannah is different because it's the first time everyone else has come from the era before me. These are the artists I came up listening to. I'm pretty much the baby of the crew.
Connect Savannah: Have you ever played Savannah before?
Big Daddy Kane: I played there in 1989 with De La Soul, Slick Rick and LL Cool J.
Connect Savannah: Do you remember anything in particular about the city?
Big Daddy Kane: I sure do. I remember stayin' in that Hilton Hotel with the Confederate flag out front. I distinctly remember that. č
The Back In The Day Tour hits the Savannah Civic Center Friday at 8 pm. Advance tickets are on sale now at the Box Office, or online at www.savannahcivic.com.
Savannah Police charge two men following drug and weapons investigation
Savannah native serves aboard historic warship
Savannah-area leaders respond to deadly riot at U.S. Capitol
Savannah's historical institutions strive to preserve materials that capture 2020


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University > Research portal > Research publications > Variation in δ13C and δ15N values of mothers and their calve...
Variation in δ13C and δ15N values of mothers and their calves across southern right whale nursery grounds: the effects of nutritional stress?
https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12871
Embargoed (until 13/09/22)
Emma L. Carroll, Glenn Dunshea, Paulo H. Ott, Luciano O. Valenzuela, C. Scott Baker, Simon J. Childerhouse, Oscar E. Gaggiotti, Paulo A. C. Flores, Karina Groch, Darren R. Gröcke, Mark A. Hindell, David Lundquist, Larissa R. Oliveira, Victoria Rowntree, Mariano Sironi, Seth D. Newsome
School/Research organisations
Sea Mammal Research Unit
Scottish Oceans Institute
Marine Alliance for Science & Technology Scotland
St Andrews Bioinformatics Unit
Southern right whales (SRW) are capital breeders that use stored energy reserves to sustain themselves and their calves on nursery areas. With successful calving events declining in some SRW populations, it has been hypothesized that nutritional stress in adult females causes reproductive failure or death of calves shortly after birth. Here we compared offsets in carbon and nitrogen isotope values of mothers and their offspring (Δ13Ccalf-cow and Δ15Ncalf-cow) among three SRW populations. SRW from Aotearoa New Zealand, with high population growth rates and body conditions scores, have negative Δ13Ccalf-cow suggesting calves are utilizing 13C-depleted lipid carbon in milk to fuel the synthesis of nonessential amino acids used to build new tissues and rapidly grow. In contrast, a significantly positive Δ13Ccalf-cow offset previously reported for SRW from Argentina during a mass die-off event was hypothesized to be due to calves consuming milk with low lipid content. Patterns in Δ15Ncalf-cow were more difficult to interpret and highlight the complexity in nitrogen transfer between mother and offspring. When combined with similar data collected from Brazil and during a low mortality year in Argentina, we hypothesize this approach provides a way to retrospectively compare nutritional condition of breeding adult female SRW across nursery areas.
Marine Mammal Science
E-pub ahead of print - 13 Sep 2021
Capital breeder, Eubalaena australis, Maternal investment, Physiology, Southern right whale, Stable isotope
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You probably think you know about all the atrocities committed under slavery, right? You've heard about the appalling physical abuse, even murder, of a people kept subjugated as property. But what about the breeding of slaves, using a man, a fellow human being, as a stud for hire, charging for the use of his fertility and for the potential attributes he will pass along to offspring? Margaret Wrinkle's novel, Wash, details just such a practice from the perspective of both slaveholder and slave.
Richardson is a veteran of both the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. After his first war, he was hoping that slavery would be abolished but when that didn't come to pass and economic necessity pushed him, he reluctantly abandoned his principles and joined the ranks of slaveholders. He justifies owning slaves as necessary to fulfill his deep seated desire to make his father proud by building the Western Tennessee town of Memphis into a successful empire. Richardson buys Wash's mother, Mena, a so-called "saltwater" slave because she sees something in him that makes her capture his interest and this same spark of something draws Richardson to her son Wash.
Wash, having been badly beaten and scarred by another owner leasing him while Richardson was at war, is never temperamentally suited to working in the fields but he does have an affinity with horses, landing him in Richardson's stable. Perhaps it was his proximity to the stallions used for stud that first put the idea in Richardson's mind or perhaps it was an acknowledgement of Wash's bad boy appeal to so many of the slave women and girls but when Richardson needed a financial infusion to continue to fund his dreams for Memphis, he turned this prized slave of his into a stud no different from his horses, maintaining a stud book and carefully watching the offspring that result from Wash's forced couplings. But Wash is of value to Richardson for more than his stud fees, being Richardson's chosen listener as he talks through the experiences of his life and his beliefs many nights when he cannot sleep.
For his part, Wash holds tight to the teachings of his mother and his early mentor the blacksmith Rufus, as he endures the indignity of what he must do. He perfects the ability to escape inside his own soul to a place where he cannot be touched and to tap into his ancestors' strength in the ways so important to his own sense of self. Inside himself, in this place, he is free and unenslaved. In the only relationship he is allowed to choose for himself, his connection to and comfort with the healer, Pallas, another damaged soul, he finds a balm and offers her the same in return.
Wrinkle doesn't shy away from the brutality and inhumanity, physical and emotional, inherent in owning human beings and denying their personhoods. She details the philosophy and justification for slavery unflinchingly here, making them as multi-faceted as they must have been but without glorifying or accepting them as right or true. As Richardson talks to Wash, his views come across loud and clear but so does Wash's deeply hidden desire to destroy this man even as he is forced to listen without action, his complete negation as a human being. Flipping from point of view to point of view offers Wrinkle the chance to tell her tale from each character's perspective, sometimes blind to the other characters' deepest held feelings and sometimes in full recognition of them. As careful and beautifully well written as the novel is, though, it is a ponderous and slow read. The plot is simply Wash's life, and as such there's not much driving the story along. There is a muted feel to the events it details, slightly lessening the impact of even those so horrific they should inspire range and an outcry. While beautiful, this novel carried more promise than it delivered.


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The New Rebecca: A Pocahontas Mystery
by James Ring Adams
Rebecca Rolfe. This was the name chosen by Pocahontas, the spirited daughter of Powhatan, when she grew up to be a wife and mother. This phase of her life was even more historically significant than her legendary childhood. Defying barriers raised by her own people and by the English, it was marked by a name change of great meaning, just as her birth name Matoaka was replaced by a nickname meaning willful child. But in all the writing about this fascinating woman, very few ask why she selected Rebecca, a Biblical figure fraught with significance for Jamestown.
The Baptism of Pocahontas, commissioned for the Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol, was painted between 1837 and 1839 by John Gadsby Chapman (1808–1889) and reflects the racial attitudes of the period of Indian removal. By focusing on the christening of Pocahontas, instead of her wedding to John Rolfe, Chapman indicated his discomfort with their inter-marriage. The attitude comes across overtly in the secondary figures. The couple with child highlighted in the first pew are John and Anne Laydon, the first English couple married in the settlement and the first to have a child in Virginia. Their expression is distinctly reserved, if not sour. On the Native side, Pocahontas' brother, Nantequas, stands with his back to the ceremony, and her uncle Opechancanough hunkers on the floor in disapproval. Opechancanough, a leader of the resistance to Jamestown, almost certainly refused to attend the ceremony. Neither did her father Powhatan, who expressed fear for his personal security. Photo courtesy of architect of the capitol
Matoaka als Rebecca. The English portraitist Simon van de Passe is believed to have painted Pocahontas from life during her visit to England. This engraving, published in Captain John Smith's General History of Virginia in 1624, is based on the now-lost painting. The painting of Pocahontas in the National Portrait Gallery, the so-called Booton Hall portrait, is considered to be an inferior 18th century copy of the engraving. Photo courtesy of Library of Congress
A Chiefe Herowans wife of Pomeoc and her daughter of the age of 8 or 10 years. Pocahontas might have resembled this young girl in dress when she visited and played in the Jamestown settlement at a similar age. The drawing, part of a famous and invaluable series from life, circa 1586, is by John White, recording artist for several British expeditions to America and for a short time governor of the "Lost Colony" of Roanoake. The young girl is holding an English doll. Original is in the British Museum. Courtesy Trustees of the British Museum
John Rolfe and Pocahontas by James William Glass (1825–1857). Chapman's Baptism inspired a prequel in this artist's conception of Rolfe's tutelage of the young lady. "Carnall attraction" appears paramount, as the two gaze at each other instead of the crucifix to the right. Placement of the sword in the foreground not too subtly underscores the point. Curators for the Virginia Historical Society, which owns the painting, note that the figures bear a crude resemblance to Chapman's. 1845, oil on canvas, Virginia Historical Society. Courtesy of Virginia Historical Society
Wedding of Pocahontas with John Rolfe by George Spohni (ca. 1822 – after 1870). This 1867 lithograph romanticizes the wedding scene, forsaking Chapman's overly ornate church and taking it entirely outside. It adds many more of Powhatan's people to the wedding party and emphasizes their amity with the settlers. Instead of sulking, the senior in-law grasps a settler's hand. But the scene is ominously framed by armored soldiers bearing pikes. Published in Philadelphia by Joseph Hoover. Photo courtesy of Library of Congress
Pocahontas in King James' Court by Richard Rummels. This souvenir postcard was sold at the Jamestown Tricentennial in 1907, a crucial event in popularizing the Pocahontas myth. It greatly exaggerates the pomp of Mrs. Rolfe's presentation to the royal family. According to John Smith, Powhatan's councillor Uttamatomakkin, who accompanied Pocahontas, was conversing at court with an unimpressive Englishman and asked afterwards when he would meet the king. He was astonished to be told he had just been talking with him. Richard Rummels. American Colortype Co., N.Y. Photomechanical print (postcard): half-tone, color. Published in Norfolk, Va., by The Jamestown Amusement & Vending Co., Inc. 1907.
Portrait once thought to be of Pocahontas and son and sold to her descendants has recently been identified as 1830s portrait of Pe-o-ka, wife of Seminole warrior Osceola, and their son. Courtesy Kings Lynn Town Hall, Norfolk, U.K.
Osceola, the Black Drink, A Warrior of Great Distinction, 1838, by George Catlin. Osceola (ca. 1804 -1838). Oil on canvas. 30.88" x 25.88", 1838. Object 1985.66.301. Smithsonian American Art Museum, gift of Mrs. Joseph Harrison, Jr. Photo courtesy of Smithsonian American Art Museum
Part of the answer lies with the two men involved in her marriage, her husband John Rolfe (1585–1622) and the minister who converted her, Alexander Whitaker (1585–1617). They both became involved with Matoaka in 1613 when she had been kidnapped and brought to Jamestown as a hostage against renewed hostilities with her father, head of the Powhatan tribal empire. The governor, Sir Thomas Dale, entrusted her to the young minister Whitaker at the new, well-fortified outpost, Henrico, for Christian instruction and conversion. The widower Rolfe was a frequent visitor.
Governor Dale sent Powhatan a series of demands for the return of the hostage. The old chief reluctantly complied with most, the return of eight English captives and some of the muskets, swords and tools he had seized, but he tried to hold onto the rest, "which it delighted him to view, and look upon."
After a year of delay, Dale forced the issue, leading an expedition to Powhatan's territory with Pocahontas in tow. In the midst of the parleys, Pocahontas sprang a series of surprises. During her long captivity, she and her sometime guard Rolfe had fallen in love. She went ashore to talk to her brothers, ignoring her other tribesmen, and said coolly that if her father had loved her, he would not value her less than old swords, muskets and axes. Therefore she would stay with the Englishmen, who loved her.
At the same time, Rolfe, the Englishman who did love her, sent a letter to Dale asking permission to marry her. This double announcement, apparently orchestrated by the two, gave Dale and Powhatan a way out of their impasse. Both leaders approved the match and Rolfe married Pocahontas, now Rebecca, the following month, on April 5, 1614, in the church at Jamestown. Two of her brothers attended, and an elderly uncle named Opachisco gave her away.
This story was told by Ralph Hamor (1589–1626), secretary to the Virginia council, in a pamphlet published in London in 1615. The book A True Discourse of the Estate of Affairs in Virginia was part of the advance publicity for Pocahontas' visit to England on behalf of the Virginia Company and helped to make her an international celebrity. (Hamor's book also preceded Captain John Smith's account of Pocahontas by nearly a decade, but that is another story.)
Indian feminist writers these days see the conversion and marriage of Pocahontas as her own manipulation of the white man or as the result of coercion, or brainwashing, but this view seriously underestimates this remarkable, headstrong woman. Her voice, when it emerges as in Hamor's account, is self-assured and even acerbic. She handled herself with aplomb amidst the highest society in London. The famous Simon van de Passe portrait of 1616 shows her haughtily wearing a Jacobean tunic and a perhaps uncomfortable high lace collar and fixing the viewer with a penetrating, intelligent gaze. The whole course of her life argues against the idea that she was a passive, bewildered victim.
Our concern, however, is the European attitude. The barrier to inter-marriage was much higher for the English settlers than for Native tribes, who often relied on marriages and sexual partnerships to seal alliances.
In one famous departing sermon, the adventurers to Virginia heard the admonition, "They may not marry nor give in marriage to the heathen, that are uncircumcised." William Symonds offered this aside in his April 25, 1609, sermon at Whitechapel, and continued, "The breaking of this rule, may breake the neck of all good successe of this voyage." Old Testament injunctions from the Babylonian captivity were harsh and explicit. "Ye shall not give your daughters unto their sons, nor take their daughters unto your sons, or for yourselves." (Nehemiah 13:25. Also Ezra 9:10-12).
Rolfe was well aware that he defied these injunctions. He defended his decision in a famous letter to Governor Dale, which Hamor had delivered to Sir Thomas and, perhaps to the newlyweds' chagrin, also published in his book. Rolfe said that he had meditated on the warnings against "marrying strange wives, nor of the inconveniences which may therefore arise."
In prose as tortured as his conscience, Rolfe concluded that two concerns superseded and purified a "merely carnal" attraction. One was the safety of the colony, which would be advanced by a marriage alliance. The other was the conversion and salvation of Pocahontas/Matoaka herself. "Why dost not thou indeavor to make her a Christian?" Rolfe asked himself.
"Likewise, adding hereunto her great appearance of love to me, her desire to be taught and instructed in the knowledge of God, her capablenesse of understanding, her aptness and willingnesse to receive anie good impression, and also the spirituall, besides her owne incitements stirring me up hereunto."
Rolfe received "no small encouragement" in this course by his "conference with honest and religious persons."
One of these men was undoubtedly the Rev. Alexander Whitaker, spiritual mentor to Pocahontas. Whitaker is already known as "the Apostle of Virginia," but his historical standing would be much higher if he had lived longer (he drowned at the age of 32 crossing the James River) and if more of his writings had survived. His education and intellectual ability were outstanding. His father, Dr. William Whitaker, was master of St. John's College at Cambridge and a leading Church of England theologian with Calvinist leanings.
Alexander answered the call to emigrate to Virginia in 1611, leaving a comfortable position. His main surviving work Good Newes from Virginia was published in 1613. Although it predated his encounter with Matoaka, it laid the intellectual foundation for her marriage and much that followed. His interest in the Indian population, and his emphasis on their human rights, is particularly illuminating when read in conjunction with John Rolfe's letter.
Whitaker describes the Virginia natives as "naked slaves of the divell" but quickly blames their condition on their awe of the Powhatan priesthood, the Quiokosoughs (an elaborate institution relatively rare in North American tribes). He compares the Quiokosoughs to English witches and reminds the reader of the benighted state of England "before the Gospell was preached in our Countrey." The language is jarring to modern ears, but it leads to a surprisingly broad-minded conclusion. The comparison to ancient Britain was meant to emphasize their common humanity. It echoes the famous report by Thomas Harriot and the artist and Roanoke Governor John White, which included pictures of the ancient Picts, "to showe how that the inhabitants of the great Bretannie have bin in times past as sauvage as those of Virginia."
Even though Whitaker calls the Powhatan priests "Sathan's own brood," he shows a lively curiosity about their conduct and promises to study it further. "When I have more perfectly entered into their secrets, you shall know all."
Moreover he sees an obligation to rescue the "miserable people" under their spell. "One God created us, they have reasonable soules and intellectual faculties as well as wee: we all have Adam for our common parent: yea, by nature the condition of us both is all one, the servants of sinne and slaves of the divell." Whitaker carries the argument further in a very important sentence. "Finally, there is a civill government amongst them which they strictly observe, and show thereby that the law of Nature dwelleth in them." This statement is more than an echo of a famous 1532 lecture by the Spanish jurist and Dominican theologian Francisco de Vitoria (1480?–1546); it is a precis of Vitoria's thesis, which is now widely cited as a foundation of modern human rights.
Vitoria's lecture "On the Indians Lately Discovered" addressed the rights of the indigenous peoples of the Americas in the face of Spanish conquest. To those raised in the shadow of the Elizabethan "Black Legend" of Spanish cruelty, it is a major surprise to learn that Vitoria, the eminent Dominican and theology professor at the University of Salamanca, condemned the conquistadors and defended the rights of the Indians. Vitoria's basic point, after a prolonged medieval-style back-and-forth, was that Indians had basic political and property rights because they possessed the basic human quality of reason. "This is clear, because there is a certain method in their affairs, for they have polities which are orderly arranged and they have definite marriage and magistrates, overlords, laws and workshops, and a system of exchange, all of which call for the use of reason; they also have a kind of religion." It didn't matter that their government or religion sometimes sanctioned evil deeds, even human sacrifice, or that they were pagans. The capacity for organization demonstrated human reason; in Aristotelean terms, Indians were political animals and thus possessed human souls.
This emphasis on common humanity justified Whitaker in his labors to educate Pocahontas and Rolfe in his proposal of marriage. The Biblical barriers, in their view and in the view of current traditionalist authorities, were not based on biology or an anachronistic pseudo-science of racism; they dealt with divides in language, culture and religion which could be overcome by human effort and divine grace.
This message, moreover, would have come across strongly in Whitaker's education of the intelligent young lady, capable of understanding and apt and willing to receive instruction. In his teaching of religious principles, it would be surprising if he did not use the document prepared by his own father, A Short Summe of Christianity. Delivered by way of Catechism. This popular book was a clear and concise distillation of Calvinist doctrine.
In Calvin's own explanation, all humanity is "damned and forlorn by nature. Hath not the devil a tyrannical domination over us, from whence no man can deliver himself by his own power." Deliverance from this domination comes not from human merit, "but from the peculiar mercy of God."
But this doctrine argues strongly against the current academic effort to build a Puritan "Black Legend." Some indigenously oriented scholars maintain that the Euro-American invaders demonized the Natives as children of Satan and thus justified dispossession and genocide. This historiography has plenty of material to work with, but it ignores the acceptance in the 16th and 17th centuries by theologians such as Vitoria and Whitaker of the fundamental principle of universal human rights and the Calvinist insistence that all humans are in the same boat.
No matter how many statements one compiles to the effect that Indians are "children of the divell" or "slaves to Sathan," one has to acknowledge that to a Calvinist, all members of humanity are conceived in sin and enslaved to the devil, except for the Immaculate Conception. There is no warrant here for murder and dispossession.
We can't say whether or to what extent Alexander Whitaker engaged in such discussions with his ward, but we do know he was pleased with the result. In a short letter home, printed in Hamor alongside Rolfe's soul-searching, he reported the marriage of "Pocahuntas or Matoa the daughter of Powhatan" as "that which is best" of the news from the colony. And, as a Biblical scholar, he was certainly involved in the next step in this project, the daring decision to christen Pocahontas/Matoaka as Rebecca.
To understand how provocative this choice was, look to the original Rebekah in Genesis, chapter 24, the chosen wife of the second patriarch Isaac. Abraham, the first patriarch, was originally a city boy from the prosperous civilization of Mesopotamia; he had been ordered by God to emigrate to a wilderness surrounded by alien peoples. In arranging a marriage for his son, Abraham instructed his major domo in a solemn oath "that thou shalt not take a wife unto my son of the daughters of the Canaanites, among whom I dwell." The wife was to come from Abraham's homeland and his kindred. But the bride must emigrate to Canaan to found a great nation; under no circumstances was Isaac to return to Mesopotamia. The servant journeyed to Mesopotamia and at the city of Nahor encountered Rebekah, the great-grand-daughter of Abraham's brother. She agreed to return with him, with her family's blessing, "Be thou the mother of thousands of millions." This story is so important to Israelite identity that the Bible tells it twice.
It would not have been lost on a Biblical scholar of Whitaker's quality that in accepting the name Rebecca, the new bride was stepping into the role of "mother of thousands of millions." She was to be the foundation of a new people, sent far away from its homeland and never to return. But the analogy took a breathtaking reversal; instead of coming from the homeland, the new Rebecca was in fact "a daughter of the Canaanites." Rolfe, the equivalent of the patriarch Isaac, was turning to the surrounding peoples, not his faraway kindred, to find a wife. It is hard to believe that none of these thoughts crossed Whitaker's mind, and possibly that of Pocahontas too. The name was at the least a deliberate defiance of preachers like William Symonds. One can even see in the choice of the name a glimmering awareness that a new national identity, an amalgamation of Indian and English, was in the making.
This article is adapted from a paper delivered at the Virginia Forum on March 23, 2013, at Randolph-Macon College.
The National Museum of the American Indian gratefully acknowledges the generosity of Mrs. Philip E. Nuttle and the Barksdale Dabney Patrick Henry Family Fund, which supports museum research and scholarship.
James Ring Adams
James Ring Adams is a senior historian at the National Museum of the American Indian and managing editor of American Indian magazine.