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Harold Lee Washington (April 15, 1922 – November 25, 1987) was an American lawyer and politician who was the 51st Mayor of Chicago. Washington became the first African American to be elected as the city's mayor in April 1983. He served as mayor from April 29, 1983 until his death on November 25, 1987. Born in Chicago and raised in the Bronzeville neighborhood, Washington became involved in local 3rd Ward politics under Chicago Alderman and future Congressman Ralph Metcalfe after graduating from Roosevelt University and Northwestern University School of Law. Washington was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1981 to 1983, representing Illinois's first district. Washington had previously served in the Illinois State Senate and the Illinois House of Representatives from 1965 until 1976.

Biography

Ancestry
The earliest known ancestor of Harold Lee Washington, Isam/Isham Washington, was born a slave in 1832 in North Carolina. In 1864, he enlisted in the 8th United States Colored Heavy Artillery, Company L, in Paducah, Kentucky. Following his discharge in 1866, he began farming with his wife Rebecca Neal in Ballard County, Kentucky. Among their six children was Isam/Isom McDaniel (Mack) Washington, who was born in 1875. In 1896, Mack Washington had married Arbella Weeks of Massac County, who had been born in Mississippi in 1878. In 1897, their first son, Roy L. Washington, father of Mayor Washington was born in Ballard County, Kentucky. In 1903, shortly after both families moved to Massac County, Illinois, the elder Washington died. After farming for a time, Mack Washington became a minister in the African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.) Church, serving numerous churches in Illinois until the death of his wife in 1952. Reverend I.M.D. Washington died in 1953.

Early life and education
Harold Lee Washington was born on April 15, 1922, at Cook County Hospital in Chicago, Illinois, to Roy and Bertha Washington. While still in high school in Lawrenceville, Illinois, Roy met Bertha from nearby Carrier Mills and the two married in 1916 in Harrisburg, Illinois. Their first son, Roy Jr., was born in Carrier Mills before the family moved to Chicago where Roy enrolled in Kent College of Law. A lawyer, he became one of the first black precinct captains in the city, and a Methodist minister. In 1918, daughter Geneva was born and second son Edward was born in 1920. Bertha left the family, possibly to seek her fortune as a singer, and the couple divorced in 1928.  Bertha remarried and had seven more children including Ramon Price, who was an artist and eventually became chief curator of The DuSable Museum of African American History. Harold Washington grew up in Bronzeville, a Chicago neighborhood that was the center of black culture for the entire Midwest in the early and middle 20th century. Edward and Harold stayed with their father while Roy Jr. and Geneva were cared for by grandparents. After attending St Benedict the Moor Boarding School in Milwaukee from 1928 to 1932, Washington attended DuSable High School, then a newly established racially segregated public high school, and was a member of its first graduating class. In a 1939 citywide track meet, Washington placed first in the 110-meter high hurdles event, and second in the 220-meter low hurdles event. Between his junior and senior year of high school, Washington dropped out, claiming that he no longer felt challenged by the coursework. He worked at a meatpacking plant for a time before his father helped him get a job at the U.S. Treasury branch in the city. There he met Nancy Dorothy Finch, whom he married soon after; Washington was 19 years old and Dorothy was 17 years old. Seven months later, the U.S. was drawn into World War II with the bombing of Pearl Harbor by the Japanese on Sunday, December 7, 1941.

Military service
In 1942, Washington was drafted into the United States Army for the war effort and after basic training, sent overseas as part of a racially segregated unit of the U.S. Army Air Corps unit of Engineers. After the American invasion of the Philippines in 1944, on Leyte Island and later the main Luzon island, Washington was part of a unit building runways for bombers, protective fighter aircraft, refueling planes, and returning damaged aircraft. Eventually, Washington rose to the rank of First Sergeant in the Army Air Forces.

Roosevelt College
In the summer of 1946, Washington, aged 24 and a war veteran, enrolled at Roosevelt College (now Roosevelt University). Washington joined other groups of students not permitted to enroll in other local colleges. Local estimates placed the student population of Roosevelt College at about 1/8 black and 1/2  Jewish. A full 75% of the students had enrolled because of the "nondiscriminatory progressive principles." He chaired a fund-raising drive by students, and then was named to a committee that supported citywide efforts to outlaw  "restrictive covenants" in housing, the legal means by which ethnic minorities (especially blacks and, to a lesser extent, Jews) were prohibited from purchasing real estate in predominantly white neighborhoods of the city.

In 1946, after the college had moved to the Auditorium Building, Washington was elected the third president of Roosevelt's student council. Under his leadership, the student council successfully petitioned the college to have student representation on Roosevelt's faculty committees. At the first regional meeting of the newly founded National Student Association in the spring of 1948, Washington and nine other delegates proposed student representation on college faculties, and a "Bill of Rights" for students; both measures were roundly defeated. The next year, Washington went to the state capital at Springfield to protest Illinois legislators' coming probe of "subversives". The probe of investigation would outlaw the Communist Party and require "loyalty oaths" for teachers. He led students' opposition to the bills, although they would pass later in 1949.

During his Roosevelt College years, Washington came to be known for his stability. His friends said that he had a "remarkable ability to keep cool", reason carefully and walk a middle line. Washington intentionally avoided extremist activities, including street actions and sit-ins against racially segregated restaurants and businesses. Overall, Washington and other radical activists ended up sharing a mutual respect for each other, acknowledging both Washington's pragmatism and the activists' idealism. With the opportunities found only at Roosevelt College in the late 1940s, Washington's time at the Roosevelt College proved to be pivotal. Washington graduated in August 1949, with a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degree. In addition to his activities at Roosevelt, he was a member of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity.

Northwestern University School of Law
Washington then applied for and was admitted to study law at the Northwestern University School of Law in Chicago. During this time, Washington was divorced from Dorothy Finch. By some accounts, Harold and Dorothy had simply grown apart after Washington was sent overseas during the war during the first year of his marriage. Others saw both as young and headstrong, the relationship doomed from the beginning. Another friend of Washington's deemed Harold "not the marrying kind." He would not marry again, but continued to have relationships with other women; his longtime secretary is said to have said, "If every woman Harold slept with stood at one end of City Hall, the building would sink five inches into LaSalle Street!".

At Northwestern Law School, Washington was the only black student in his class (there were six women in the class, one of them being Dawn Clark Netsch). As at Roosevelt, he entered school politics. In 1951, his last year, he was elected treasurer of the Junior Bar Association (JBA). The election was largely symbolic, however, and Washington's attempts to give the JBA more authority at Northwestern were largely unsuccessful. On campus, Washington joined the Nu Beta Epsilon fraternity, largely because he and the other people who were members of ethnic minority groups which constituted the fraternity were blatantly excluded from the other fraternities on campus. Overall, Washington stayed away from the activism that defined his years at Roosevelt. During the evenings and weekends, he worked to supplement his GI Bill income. He received his JD in 1952.

Early political career
From 1951 until he was first slated for election in 1965, Washington worked in the offices of the 3rd Ward Alderman, former Olympic athlete Ralph Metcalfe. Richard J. Daley was elected party chairman in 1952. Daley replaced C.C. Wimbush, an ally of William Dawson, on the party committee with Metcalfe. Under Metcalfe, the 3rd Ward was a critical factor in Mayor Daley's 1955 mayoral election victory and ranked first in the city in the size of its Democratic plurality in 1961. While working under Metcalfe, Washington began to organize the 3rd Ward's Young Democrats (YD) organization. At YD conventions, the 3rd Ward would push for numerous resolutions in the interest of blacks. Eventually, other black YD organizations would come to the 3rd Ward headquarters for advice on how to run their own organizations. Like he had at Roosevelt College, Washington avoided radicalism and preferred to work through the party to engender change.

While working with the Young Democrats, Washington met Mary Ella Smith. They dated for the next 20 years, and in 1983 Washington proposed to Smith. In an interview with the Chicago Sun-Times, Smith said that she never pressed Washington for marriage because she knew Washington's first love was politics, saying, "He was a political animal. He thrived on it, and I knew any thoughts of marriage would have to wait. I wasn't concerned about that. I just knew the day would come."

In 1959 Al Janney, Gus Savage, Lemuel Bentley, Bennett Johnson, Luster Jackson and others founded the Chicago League of Negro Voters, one of the first African-American political organizations in the city. In its first election, Bentley drew 60,000 votes for city clerk. The endorsement of the League was deciding factor in the re-election of Leon DesPres who was an independent voice in the City Council. Washington was a close friend of the founders of the League and worked with them from time to time. The League was key in electing Anna Langford, William Cousins and A. A. "Sammy" Rayner who were not part of the Daley machine. In 1963 the group moved to racially integrate and formed Protest at the Polls at a citywide conference which Washington independent candidates had gained traction within the black community, winning several aldermanic seats. In 1983, Protest at the Polls was instrumental in Washington's run for mayor. By then, the YDs were losing to
independent candidates.

Legislative career

Illinois House (1965–1976)
After the state legislature failed to reapportion districts every ten years as required by the census, an at-large election was held in January 1965 because 177 representatives needed to be elected. With the Republicans and Democrats combining to slate only 118 candidates, independent voting groups seized the opportunity to slate candidates. The League of Negro Voters created a "Third Slate" of 59 candidates, announcing the creation of the slate on June 27, 1964. Shortly afterwards, Daley created a slate which included Adlai Stevenson III and Washington. The Third Slate was then thrown out by the Illinois Election Board because of "insufficient signatures" on the nominating petitions. In the election, Washington received the second-largest number of ballots, behind Stevenson. Washington's years in the Illinois House were marked by tension with Democratic Party leadership. In 1967, he was ranked by the Independent Voters of Illinois (IVI) as the fourth-most independent legislator in the Illinois House and named Best Legislator of the Year. His defiance of the "idiot card", a sheet of paper that directed legislators' votes on every issue, attracted the attention of party leaders, who moved to remove Washington from his legislative position. Daley often told Metcalfe to dump Washington as a candidate, but Metcalfe did not want to risk losing the 3rd Ward's Young Democrats, who were mostly aligned with Washington.

Washington backed Renault Robinson, a black police officer and one of the founders of the Afro-American Patrolmen's League (AAPL). The aim of the AAPL was to fight against the racism which was directed against minority officers by the rest of the predominantly white department. Soon after the creation of the group, Robinson was written up for minor infractions, suspended, reinstated, and then placed on the graveyard shift on a single block behind central police headquarters. Robinson approached Washington and asked him to fashion a bill which would authorize the creation of a civilian review board, consisting of both patrolmen and officers, to monitor police brutality. Both black independent and white liberal legislators refused to back the bill, afraid to challenge Daley's grip on the police force.

After Washington announced that he would support the AAPL, Metcalfe refused to protect him from Daley. Washington believed that he had the support of Ralph Tyler Smith, Speaker of the House. Instead, Smith criticized Washington and then allayed Daley's anger. In exchange for the party's backing, Washington would serve on the Chicago Crime Commission, the group Daley tasked with investigating the AAPL's charges. The commission promptly found the AAPL's charges "unwarranted". An angry and humiliated Washington admitted that on the commission, he felt like Daley's "showcase ni***r". In 1969, Daley removed Washington's name from the slate; only by the intervention of Cecil Partee, a party loyalist, was Washington reinstated. The Democratic Party supported Jim Taylor, a former professional boxer, Streets and Sanitation worker, over Washington. With Partee and his own ward's support, Washington defeated Taylor. His years in the House of Representatives were focused on becoming an advocate for black rights. He continued work on the Fair Housing Act, and worked to strengthen the state's Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC). In addition, he worked on a state Civil Rights Act, which would strengthen employment and housing provisions in the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964. In his first session, all of his bills were sent to committee or tabled. Like his time in Roosevelt College, Washington relied on parliamentary tactics (e.g., writing amendments guaranteed to fail in a vote) to enable him to bargain for more concessions.

Washington was accused of failing to file a tax return, even though the tax was paid.  He was found guilty and sentenced to 36 days in jail. (1971)

Washington also passed bills in honor of civil rights figures. He passed a resolution in honor of Metcalfe, his mentor. He also passed a resolution in honor of James J. Reeb, a Unitarian minister who was beaten to death by a segregationist mob in Selma, Alabama. After the 1968 assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., he introduced a series of bills which were aimed at making King's birthday a state holiday. The first was tabled and later vetoed. The third bill he introduced, which was passed and signed by Gov. Richard Ogilvie, made Dr. King's birthday a commemorative day observed by Illinois public schools. It was not until 1973 that Washington was able, with Partee's help in the Senate, to have the bill enacted and signed by the governor.

1975 speakership campaign
Washington ran a largely symbolic campaign for Speaker. He only received votes from himself and from Lewis A. H. Caldwell. However, with a divided Democratic caucus, this was enough to help deny Daley-backed Clyde Choate the nomination, helping to throw it to William A. Redmond after 92 rounds of voting.

Redmond had Washington appointed as chairman of the Judiciary Committee.

Legal issues
In addition to Daley's strong-arm tactics, Washington's time in the Illinois House was also marred by problems with tax returns and allegations of not performing services owed to his clients. In her biography, Levinsohn questions whether the timing of Washington's legal troubles was politically motivated. In November 1966, Washington was re-elected to the House over Daley's strong objections; the first complaint was filed in 1964; the second was filed by January 1967. A letter asking Washington to explain the matter was sent on January 5, 1967. After failing to respond to numerous summons and subpoenas, the commission recommend a five-year suspension on March 18, 1968. A formal response to the charges did not occur until July 10, 1969. In his reply, Washington said that "sometimes personal problems are enlarged out of proportion to the entire life picture at the time and the more important things are abandoned." In 1970, the Board of Managers of the Chicago Bar Association ruled that Washington's license be suspended for only one year, not the five recommended; the total amount in question between all six clients was $205.

In 1971, Washington was charged with failure to file tax returns for four years, although the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) claimed to have evidence for nineteen years. Judge Sam Perry noted that he was "disturbed that this case ever made it to my courtroom" — while Washington had paid his taxes, he ended up owing the government a total of $508 as a result of not filing his returns. Typically, the IRS handled such cases in civil court, or within its bureaucracy. Washington pleaded "no contest" and was sentenced to forty days in Cook County Jail, a $1,000 fine, and three years of probation.

Illinois Senate (1976–1980)

Campaign for a seat on the Illinois Senate
In 1975, Partee, now President of the Senate and eligible for his pension, decided to retire from the Senate. Although Daley and Taylor declined at first, at Partee's insistence, Washington was ultimately slated for the seat and he received the party's support. Daley had been displeased with Washington for having run a symbolic challenge in 1975 to Daley-backed Clyde Choate for Illinois Speaker of the House (Washington had only received two votes). Additionally, he had ultimately helped push the vote towards Redmond as a compromise candidate. The United Automobile Workers union, whose backing Washington obtained, were critical in persuading Daley to relent to back his candidacy.

Washington defeated Anna Langford by nearly 2,000 votes in the Democratic primary. He went on to win the general election.

Human Rights Act of 1980
In the Illinois Senate, Washington's main focus worked to pass 1980's Illinois Human Rights Act. Legislators rewrote all of the human rights laws in the state, restricting discrimination based on "race, color, religion, sex, national origin, ancestry, age, marital status, physical or mental disability, military status, sexual orientation, or unfavorable discharge from military service in connection with employment, real estate transactions, access to financial credit, and the availability of public accommodations." The bill's origins began in 1970 with the rewriting of the Illinois Constitution. The new constitution required all governmental agencies and departments to be reorganized for efficiency. Republican governor James R. Thompson reorganized low-profile departments before his re-election in 1978. In 1979, during the early stages of his second term and immediately in the aftermath of the largest vote for a gubernatorial candidate in the state's history, Thompson called for human rights reorganization. The bill would consolidate and remove some agencies, eliminating a number of political jobs. Some Democratic legislators would oppose any measure backed by Washington, Thompson and Republican legislators.

For many years, human rights had been a campaign issue brought up and backed by Democrats. Thompson's staffers brought the bill to Washington and other black legislators before it was presented to the legislature. Washington made adjustments in anticipation of some legislators' concerns regarding the bill, before speaking for it in April 1979. On May 24, 1979, the bill passed the Senate by a vote of 59 to 1, with two voting present and six absent. The victory in the Senate was attributed by a Thompson staffer to Washington's "calm noncombative presentation". However, the bill stalled in the House. State Representative Susan Catania insisted on attaching an amendment to allow women guarantees in the use of credit cards. This effort was assisted by Carol Moseley Braun, a representative from Hyde Park who would later go on to serve as a U.S. Senator. State Representatives Jim Taylor and Larry Bullock introduced over one hundred amendments, including the text of the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, to try to stall the bill. With Catania's amendment, the bill passed the House, but the Senate refused to accept the amendment. On June 30, 1979, the legislature adjourned.

U.S. House (1981–1983)
In 1980, Washington was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in Illinois's 1st congressional district. He defeated incumbent Representative Bennett Stewart in the Democratic primary. Anticipating that the Democratic Party would challenge him in his bid for re-nomination in 1982, Washington spent much of his first term campaigning for re-election, often travelling back to Chicago to campaign. Washington missed many House votes, an issue that would come up in his campaign for mayor in 1983. Washington's major congressional accomplishment involved legislation to extend the Voting Rights Act, legislation that opponents had argued was only necessary in an emergency. Others, including Congressman Henry Hyde, had submitted amendments designed to seriously weaken the power of the Voting Rights Act.

Although he had been called "crazy" for railing in the House of Representatives against deep cuts to social programs, Associated Press political reporter Mike Robinson noted that Washington worked "quietly and thoughtfully" as the time came to pass the act. During hearings in the South regarding the Voting Rights Act, Washington asked questions that shed light on tactics used to prevent African Americans from voting (among them, closing registration early, literacy tests, and gerrymandering). After the amendments were submitted on the floor, Washington spoke from prepared speeches that avoided rhetoric and addressed the issues.  As a result, the amendments were defeated, and Congress passed the Voting Rights Act Extension. By the time Washington faced re-election in 1982, he had cemented his popularity in the 1st Congressional District. Jane Byrne could not find one serious candidate to run against Washington for his re-election campaign. He had collected 250,000 signatures to get on the ballot, although only 610 signatures (0.5% of the voters in the previous election) were required. With his re-election to Congress locked up, Washington turned his attention to the next Chicago mayoral election.

Mayor of Chicago (1983–1987)

1983 Chicago mayoral election

In the February 22, 1983, Democratic mayoral primary, more than 100,000 new voters registered to vote led by a coalition that included the Latino reformed gang Young Lords led by Jose Cha Cha Jimenez. On the North and Northwest Sides, the incumbent mayor Jane Byrne led and future mayor Richard M. Daley, son of the late Mayor Richard J. Daley, finished a close second. Harold Washington had massive majorities on the South and West Sides.  Southwest Side voters overwhelmingly supported Daley. Washington won with 37% of the vote, versus 33% for Byrne and 30% for Daley. Although winning the Democratic primary was normally considered tantamount to election in heavily Democratic Chicago, after his primary victory Washington found that his Republican opponent, former state legislator Bernard Epton (earlier considered a nominal stand-in), was supported by many high-ranking Democrats and their ward organizations, including the chairman of the Cook County Democratic Party, Alderman Edward Vrdolyak.

Epton's campaign referred to, among other things, Washington's conviction for failure to file income tax returns (he had paid the taxes, but had not filed a return). Washington, on the other hand, stressed reforming the Chicago patronage system and the need for a jobs program in a tight economy. In the April 12, 1983, mayoral general election, Washington defeated Epton by 3.7%, 51.7% to 48.0%, to become mayor of Chicago. Washington was sworn in as mayor on April 29, 1983, and resigned his Congressional seat the following day.

First term and Council Wars
During his tenure as mayor, Washington lived at the Hampton House apartments in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. He created the city's first environmental-affairs department under the management of longtime Great Lakes environmentalist Lee Botts. Washington's first term in office was characterized by conflict with the city council dubbed "Council Wars", referring to the then-recent Star Wars films and caused Chicago to be nicknamed "Beirut on the Lake". A 29-alderman City Council majority refused to enact Washington's legislation and prevented him from appointing nominees to boards and commissions. First-term challenges included city population loss and a massive decrease in ridership on the Chicago Transit Authority (CTA). Assertions that the overall crime rate increased were incorrect.

The 29, also known as the "Vrdolyak 29", were led by Vrdolyak (who was an Alderman in addition to Cook County Democratic Party chairman) and Finance Chair, Alderman Edward Burke. Parks superintendent Edmund Kelly also opposed the mayor. The three were known as "the Eddies" and were supported by the younger Daley (now State's Attorney), U.S. Congressmen Dan Rostenkowski and William Lipinski, and much of the Democratic Party. During his first city council meeting, Washington and the 21 supportive aldermen walked out of the meeting after a quorum had been established. Vrdolyak and the other 28 then chose committee chairmen and assigned aldermen to the various committees. Later lawsuits submitted by Washington and others were dismissed by Supreme Court Justice James C. Murray because it was determined that the appointments were legally made. Washington ruled by veto. The 29 lacked the 30th vote they needed to override Washington's veto; female and African American aldermen supported Washington despite pressure from the Eddies. Meanwhile, in the courts, Washington kept the pressure on to reverse the redistricting of city council wards that the city council had created during the Byrne years. During special elections in 1986, victorious Washington-backed candidates in the first round ensured at least 24 supporters in the city council.  Six weeks later, when Marlene Carter and Luís Gutiérrez won run-off elections, Washington had the 25 aldermen he needed. His vote as president of the City Council enabled him to break 25–25 tie-votes and enact his programs.

1987 election

Washington defeated former mayor Jane Byrne in the February 24, 1987 Democratic mayoral primary by 7.2%, 53.5% to 46.3%, and in the April 7, 1987 mayoral general election defeated Vrdolyak (Illinois Solidarity Party) by 11.8%, 53.8% to 42.8%, with Northwestern University business professor Donald Haider (Republican) getting 4.3%, to win reelection to a second term as mayor. Cook County Assessor Thomas Hynes (Chicago First Party), a Daley ally, dropped out of the race 36 hours before the mayoral general election. During Washington's short second term, the Eddies lost much of their power: Vrdolyak became a Republican, Kelly was removed from his powerful parks post, and Burke lost his Finance Committee chairmanship.

Political Education Project (PEP)
From March 1984 to 1987, the Political Education Project (PEP) served as Washington's political arm, organizing both Washington's campaigns and the campaigns of his political allies. Harold Washington established the Political Education Project in 1984. This organization supported Washington's interests in electoral politics beyond the Office of the Mayor. PEP helped organize political candidates for statewide elections in 1984 and managed Washington's participation in the 1984 Democratic National Convention as a "favorite son" presidential candidate. PEP used its political connections to support candidates such as Luis Gutiérrez and Jesús "Chuy" García through field operations, voter registration and Election Day poll monitoring. Once elected, these aldermen helped break the stalemate between Washington and his opponents in the city council. Due to PEP's efforts, Washington's City Council legislation gained ground and his popularity grew as the 1987 mayoral election approached. In preparation for the 1987 mayoral election, PEP formed the Committee to Re-Elect Mayor Washington. This organization carried out fundraising for the campaign, conducted campaign events, and coordinated volunteers. PEP staff members, such as Joseph Gardner and Helen Shiller, went on to play leading roles in Chicago politics.

The organization disbanded upon Harold Washington's death. Harold Washington's Political Education Project Records is an archival collection detailing the organization's work. It is located in the Chicago Public Library Special Collections, Harold Washington Library Center, Chicago, Illinois.

DuSable Park

Washington, during his mayorship, announced a plan to redevelop a commercial site into a DuSable Park, named in honor of Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, the honorary founder of the city. The project has yet to be completed, has experienced a number of bureaucratic reconceptions and roadblocks, and is currently spearheaded by the DuSable Heritage Association.

Approval ratings
Despite tumult between Washington and the City Council, Washington enjoyed positive approval among the city's residents.

An April 1987 Chicago Tribune poll of voters indicated that there was a significant age and gender gap in Washington's approval, with Washington being more popularly approved of by voters under the age of 55 and by male voters.

Historical assessments
A 1993 survey of historians, political scientists and urban experts conducted by Melvin G. Holli of the University of Illinois at Chicago ranked Washington as the nineteenth-best American big-city mayor to have served between the years 1820 and 1993.

Death and funeral

On November 25, 1987, at 11:00 am, Chicago Fire Department paramedics were called to City Hall. Washington's press secretary, Alton Miller, had been discussing school board issues with the mayor when Washington suddenly slumped over on his desk, falling unconscious. After failing to revive Washington in his office, paramedics rushed him to Northwestern Memorial Hospital. Further attempts to revive him failed, and Washington was pronounced dead at 1:36 p.m. At Daley Plaza, Patrick Keen, project director for the Westside Habitat for Humanity, announced Washington's official time of death to a separate gathering of Chicagoans. Initial reactions to the pronouncement of his death were of shock and sadness, as many black people believed that Washington was the only top Chicago official who would address their concerns. Thousands of Chicagoans attended his wake in the lobby of City Hall between November 27 and 29, 1987. On November 30, 1987, Reverend B. Herbert Martin officiated Washington's funeral service in Christ Universal Temple at 119th Street and Ashland Avenue in Chicago. After the service, Washington was buried in Oak Woods Cemetery on the South Side of Chicago.

Rumors
Immediately after Washington's death, rumors about how Washington died began to surface. On January 6, 1988, Dr. Antonio Senat, Washington's personal physician, denied "unfounded speculations" that Washington had cocaine in his system at the time of his death, or that foul play was involved. Cook County Medical Examiner Robert J. Stein performed an autopsy on Washington and concluded that Washington had died of a heart attack. Washington had weighed , and suffered from hypertension, high cholesterol levels, and an enlarged heart. On June 20, 1988, Alton Miller again indicated that drug reports on Washington had come back negative, and that Washington had not been poisoned prior to his death. Dr. Stein stated that the only drug in Washington's system had been lidocaine, which is used to stabilize the heart after a heart attack takes place. The drug was given to Washington either by paramedics or by doctors at Northwestern Memorial Hospital. Bernard Epton, Washington's opponent in the 1983 general election, died 18 days later, on December 13, 1987.

Legacy

At a party held shortly after his re-election on April 7, 1987, Washington said to a group of supporters, "In the old days, when you told people in other countries that you were from Chicago, they would say, 'Boom-boom! Rat-a-tat-tat!' Nowadays, they say [crowd joins with him], 'How's Harold?'!"

In later years, various city facilities and institutions were named or renamed after the late mayor to commemorate his legacy. The new building housing the main branch of the Chicago Public Library, located at 400 South State Street, was named the Harold Washington Library Center. The Chicago Public Library Special Collections, located on the building's 9th floor, house the Harold Washington Archives and Collections. These archives hold numerous collections related to Washington's life and political career.

Five months after Washington's sudden death in office, a ceremony was held on April 19, 1988, changing the name of Loop College, one of the City Colleges of Chicago, to Harold Washington College. Harold Washington Elementary School in Chicago's Chatham neighborhood is also named after the former mayor. In August 2004, the  Harold Washington Cultural Center opened to the public in the Bronzeville neighborhood. Across from the Hampton House apartments where Washington lived, a city park was renamed Harold Washington Park, which was known for "Harold's Parakeets", a colony of feral monk parakeets that inhabited Ash Trees in the park. A building on the campus of Chicago State University is named Harold Washington Hall.

Six months after Washington's death, School of the Art Institute of Chicago student David Nelson painted Mirth & Girth, a full-length portrait depicting Washington wearing women's lingerie. The work was unveiled on May 11, 1988, opening day of SAIC's annual student exhibition. Within hours, City aldermen and members of the Chicago Police Department seized the painting. It was later returned, but with a five-inch (13 cm) gash in the canvas. Nelson, assisted by the ACLU, filed a federal lawsuit against the city, claiming that the painting's confiscation and subsequent damaging violated his First Amendment rights. The complainants eventually split a US$95,000 (1994, US$138,000 in 2008) settlement from the city.

Electoral history

Illinois State Representative

Illinois State Senator

U.S. Congressman

Chicago Mayor

See also
 List of African-American United States representatives
 Ed Lee, the first Asian American Mayor of San Francisco, who also died in office of a heart attack at the same age as Washington
 Events in the Life of Harold Washington (mural)

Notes

References

Further reading
 Biles, Roger. Mayor Harold Washington: Champion of Race and Reform in Chicago (U of Illinois Press, 2018). online
 Clavel, Pierre, and Wim Wiewel, eds. Neighborhood Mayor: Harold Washington and the Neighborhoods: Progressive City Government in Chicago, 1983–1987 (1991)

 Kleppner, Paul. Chicago Divided: The Making of a Black Mayor (1985).
 Marshall, Jon, and Matthew Connor. "Divided Loyalties: The Chicago Defender and Harold Washington's Campaign for Mayor of Chicago." American Journalism 36.4 (2019): 447–472.
 Preston, Michael B. "The Election of Harold Washington: Black Voting Patterns in the 1983 Chicago Mayoral Race." PS 16#3 1983, pp. 486–88. online

External links
 "Harold" Program 84 – A This American Life radio story that aired on November 21, 1997. It recounts the political history of Washington's mayoralty.  Another program on This American Life is Act 4 "The Other Guy," Program 376: Wrong Side of History. This program recounts the story of Bernie Epton, the opponent in the mayoral race against Harold Washington.
 [ The Harold Washington Commemorative Year]
 Harold Washington Archives and Collections at Chicago Public Library
 "The Legacy of Chicago's Harold Washington", Cheryl Corley, All Things Considered, November 23, 2007. Retrieved November 23, 2007.
 , video excerpt from a 1986 documentary special on Richard J. Daley
 Harold Washington's Political Education Project Records, Black Metropolis Research Consortium
 Young Lords in Lincoln Park Neighborhood Collection

African-American mayors in Illinois
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1922 births
1987 deaths
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United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
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Democratic Party Illinois state senators
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Roosevelt University alumni
Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law alumni
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Most popular water sports in San Diego?
San Diego famous with different water sport option such as Yacht Cruising, Sailing, Fishing, Swimming, Scuba Diving, Jet Ski and many more.


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Текстовий відеорежим
 Графічний відеорежим


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National Convenience Distributors Announces Jeff Allen as Chief Executive Officer
Home News Industry News National Convenience Distributors Announces Jeff Allen as Chief Executive Officer
Edward Berro to Remain Chairman of the Board
FARMINGDALE, N.Y.–(BUSINESS WIRE)–National Convenience Distributors ("NCD" or the "Company"), the 5th largest wholesale distributor to the convenience industry, today announced that Jeff Allen has been named its Chief Executive Officer. Edward Berro will continue as Chairman of the Board. In addition, Paul Murphy has been appointed the Company's Chief Operating Officer.
Jeff Allen, formerly an NCD divisional president, joined the Company in March 2020 when his business, Allen Brothers Wholesale Distribution located in Philadelphia, merged with NCD. Jeff was the third generation President at Allen Brothers and, since taking over its daily operations in 1981, helped grow it into an industry leader.
Paul Murphy joined NCD in 2016 and previously served as its EVP of Business Development. Prior to that role, Murphy held various senior positions at the Altria Group.
"The convenience distribution industry, like many others before it, is going through a period of consolidation," said Allen. "Distributors are looking to join forces with companies that share their growth philosophies and strategic vision. However, they want to remain rooted in the core principles like quality service and employee empowerment that NCD exemplifies but many others have forgotten." Allen concluded, "These entrepreneurial companies view NCD as the acquiror of choice. We will continue to grow the NCD operations both through strategic acquisitions and internal, organic growth in the years to come."
Ed Berro, NCD Chairman stated, "I am pleased to announce the appointments of Jeff Allen to our Chief Executive Officer and Paul Murphy to Chief Operating Officer. Jeff's entrepreneurial spirit, industry vision and unparalleled leadership skills are exactly what the company requires to take it to the next level." Berro continued, "The NCD executive management team, along with Jeff and Paul, will remain focused on customer service and expanding the breadth of our product offerings."
National Convenience Distributors, with origins dating back more than 120 years, is the result of private equity group Palm Beach Capital's vision to build the preeminent wholesale distributor servicing convenience stores throughout the northeast. After its initial investment in Harold Levinson Associates in 2014, the firm made subsequent investments in J. Polep Distribution Services, Allen Brothers and Wustefeld Candy. In 2020, the company began to consolidate and rebrand itself as National Convenience Distributors.
"We are very pleased with the remarkable progress that NCD has achieved in the few short years since our investment," stated Mike Schmickle, Palm Beach Capital partner. "Ed Berro has been instrumental in the growth of the company and we thank him for his dedication and service. We are extremely excited to elevate Jeff Allen to the CEO role and are confident that, under his leadership, NCD will continue its impressive growth strategy in the fragmented convenience distribution industry."
About National Convenience Distributors
With roots dating back more than 120 years, National Convenience Distributors is the parent entity of three main operating divisions doing business as J. Polep Distribution Services, Harold Levinson Associates and Allen Brothers Wholesale Distributors. The company services customers in eleven states as the country's 5th largest full-line convenience store distributor. All three divisions have shared nearly identical histories, family values, corporate cultures and customer-centric philosophies. Now working together as "NCD", the company will continue to enhance the legacy of excellence and shared values while providing value-added services and personalized product recommendations that nurture long-term relationships.
About Palm Beach Capital
Founded in 2001, Palm Beach Capital is a private equity investment firm with offices in both West Palm Beach and Sarasota, Florida. Currently investing out of its fifth committed fund, the firm focuses on high-growth investment opportunities and partners with management teams in middle market management buyouts, recapitalizations and growth equity investments. Since its inception, Palm Beach Capital has made investments in 49 platform portfolio companies (59 distinct investments including co-investment vehicles). For more information, please visit the firm's website.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Q: Retrieving Azure Docker host logs I have been running a single container .net core web app on Azure using their preview single-container service for a couple of months.
It runs fine and Azure diligently proxies requests to the container from the web as expected - albeit with an important caveat.
What it doesn't do, to my chargrin, is proxy the requester's IP address to the container directly, it does this via an additional http header. This means that the backend code, which uses Application Insights for telemetry, is capturing the proxy's IP address (0.0.0.0) instead of the originating client's IP address.
This is clearly an oversight and is addressable via a pull request (since the Application Insights code is open source) - the problem I have is I'm missing important IP address information.
Does anyone know if there's a way to obtain this retrospective request/log data (at host level) from the Azure Portal?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Top 5 Reasons to Deploy Windows Server 2016 By Aidan Finn in Windows Server | Intermediate
Top 5 Reasons to Deploy Windows Server 2016
Aidan Finn | October 21, 2016
Microsoft Tops Earnings With Strong Cloud Growth
Connect Two Azure Resource Manager Virtual Networks Using VNet Peering
In this article I will explain why I think that you should consider deploying the now generally available Windows Server 2016 (WS2016) in your network.
Smaller and Faster
Every version of Windows Server makes strides in improving the efficiency of the operating system (OS). Windows Server 2008 (W2008) introduced a new installation option called Server Core; Microsoft removed the Windows from Windows Server and left us with a server OS that only had a command prompt and a PowerShell prompt. This smaller installation required less RAM, had a smaller footprint, and had less of a surface area for attackers to target.
Windows Server 2012 continued this movement, and saw the kernel be improved with old code being reworked or removed.
And in WS2016, yes, we continue to get Server Core as an installation option, but we also get something newer, smaller, and with an increased emphasis on remote management and automation. Nano Server (an installation option, not an edition) doesn't just remove the GUI, it removes the UI completely! Nano Server is a headless server OS, with the smallest disk requirement I can remember seeing with Windows Server, and consumes less than 200MB RAM when sitting idle!
If you want to run Hyper-V or Storage Spaces/Direct then you can use Nano Server, but where I see Nano Server being best used is for born-in-the-cloud applications, where you want to minimize resource usage, OS patching, and security vulnerabilities the most.
Improved Service Availability
A lot of the improvements in WS2016 were driven by improvements in Azure. Azure, Microsoft's public cloud, has a lot of service-level agreements (SLAs) that dictate guaranteed uptime, so Microsoft is pretty sensitive to the issues that also affect us:
Transient storage issues that crash virtual machines.
Network glitches that last for seconds, but create minutes of downtime when virtual machines are failed over within a Hyper-V cluster.
OS upgrades that require painful cluster-to-cluster migrations if you want a newer version of Hyper-V.
Microsoft built in several new features to improve service uptime. The first is rolling cluster upgrades, allowing us to painlessly upgrade Hyper-V clusters from WS2012 R2 to WS2016. A cluster can temporarily run both versions of Hyper-V, with virtual machines capable of live migrating or failing over across the mixed-level cluster.
The process of performing a rolling upgrade on a Hyper-V cluster [Source: Microsoft]
New resiliency solutions were introduced to deal with transient network or storage errors, thus ensuring that virtual machines don't crash in the event of a SAN glitch or a network cable being wrongly pulled/replaced, and hosts are automatically quarantined if they start to "flap" between healthy and isolated states.
Storage Resiliency prevents Hyper-V virtual machine crashing during transient storage outages [Image Credit: Microsoft]
Availability is more than just a cluster; many mid-large businesses have stretched clusters across sites for disaster recovery (DR) reasons. WS2016, in my opinion (it's been possible for a long time), is the first version of Windows Server that really is ready for doing DR using failover clustering. This is because clustering now understands the concept of a site/location, and you can constrain storage/live migration/failover to within a site unless a true disaster occurs. Microsoft also made stretch clusters easier with a cloud witness hosted in Azure (instead of having a file share in a third site) and built-in storage replication (see below).
A True Hybrid Cloud
Microsoft argues that a hybrid cloud is more than just a network connection between a customer's LAN and a cloud, such as Azure. Hyper-V is the common foundation of on-premises private clouds, hosted public/private clouds, and Azure. Software-defined storage and networking abstract the complications of physical infrastructure. In terms of deployment and management, the Azure Portal and Azure Resource Manager (ARM) will be made available to customers via a new product (in mid-2017) called Microsoft Azure Stack. The solution will mean that developers and operators can use the same tools, the same architectures, and the same templates (solutions and virtual machines) no matter where they choose to deploy new services.
The hybrid cloud, according to Microsoft [Image Credit: Microsoft]
I am a Hyper-V nerd, so I cannot pretend to ignore the fact that this is the biggest and best release of Hyper-V yet. Microsoft is making it possible to build a software-defined data center, on top of the most secure, open, fastest, and best version of Hyper-V yet.
You are already planning your deployment of WS2016 if security is important to you. Some features have made their way over from Windows 10 Enterprise; Credential Guard hides LSASS in a special Hyper-V partition called VSM, protecting stored administrator rights from malware behind a hardware-supported security boundary. Device Guard protects critical parts of the kernel against rogue software, ensuring that what is running is what is meant to be running.
Those that are running Hyper-V in a sensitive environment can deploy some very interesting functionality. A Host Guardian Service (HGS) can be deployed into an isolated environment; this enables a Hyper-V feature called shielded virtual machines. A host is checked for health (for example, root kit malware) when it boots up, and virtual machines are only allowed to start on or live migrate to healthy and authorized hosts — this prevents virtual machines being run on unauthorized or compromised environments. Shielding can also prevent KVPs (host-guest integrations) and console access to a virtual machine. Owners of virtual machines might be sensitive to unwanted or unauthorized peeking by administrators; virtual TPM allows the tenant to encrypt their virtual machine's disks using BitLocker so that no one without guest admin rights can peek at the OS, programs, or data in the virtual hard disk files.
The HGS authorizing hosts to run Hyper-V Shielded Virtual Machines [Image Credit: Microsoft]
Solving Storage Challenges
Hurricane Sandy made quite the impact in 2012 on the U.S. and on Microsoft; the software maker noted that many SAN customers didn't have DR solutions. Microsoft asked why this was, and those affected customers said that the licensing to enable replication for their vendor's SAN was too expensive. WS2016 adds Storage Replica (SR), enabling you to replicate volumes at a block level from one storage system to another (both the same or different) using synchronous (short distance, no data loss) or asynchronous (longer distances, small data loss) replication. The solution is fully supported by Failover Clustering, so it allows from some interesting stretch-cluster designs. Admittedly, some storage systems (such as those by Dell) include free or very affordable licensing, so SR might not be attractive (at first, but wait to see what Azure might offer later) to those customers, but there are horror stories with other brands of SAN.
The big news in WS2016 storage is Storage Spaces Direct, which is the newest version of Microsoft's software-defined storage system that was introduced in WS2012 and improved in WS2012 R2. This is a longer conversation, but I'll keep it short. You can deploy a hyper-converged infrastructure using WS2016 Hyper-V, without giving more than $60,000 to some hardware company for each Hyper-V node, and get better and more stable performing solutions than many have offered in recent years. For example, DataON recently announced that it hit 2.4 million IOPS on a 4-node cluster. If you want simpler, more affordable, and better performing Hyper-V/cloud storage, then WS2016 has something to offer you.
Aidan Finn
Aidan Finn writes about Microsoft virtualization for the Petri IT Knowledgebase. He is a Microsoft Valuable Professional with the Virtual Machine (Hyper-V) expertise. Aidan has been working in IT infrastructure since 1996, and is the Technical Sales Lead for MicroWarehouse Ltd., a Microsoft value added distributor in Ireland. He runs the aidanfinn.com blog and has written or co-written books such as Windows Server 2012 Hyper-V Installation And Configuration Guide, Microsoft Private Cloud Computing, and Mastering Hyper-V Deployment.
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What's in Store for Windows in 2020


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Schoolgirl, 12, dies after condom got trapped inside her after being defiled in school
By Sir Richard On Jul 2, 2021
A schoolgirl identified as Keren-Happuch Aondodoo Akpagher, has sadly passed on after she was allegedly defiled at school and a condom got trapped inside her.
The 12-year-old girl who was reportedly a boarder at Premiere Academy Lugbe, in Abuja fell ill and couldn't walk a few days ago.
After series of tests were run on her at the hospital, it emerged that a condom was causing damage in the system leading to her untimely death.
According to a source, "The school would not release her but transported her to the clinic where her mother met her and facilitated her treatment. Aondodoo was distraught when she learnt she would be going back to the school.
Her mother called and texted the principal and the matron for over four hours asking for them to release her but they refused initially saying she will have to stay in isolation for seven days on her return.
READ ALSO Meet The Slay Queen Who slept with 700 men and 27 Ghanaian celebrities
But they finally allowed her to follow her mother home. On getting home with her mother, she took ill on Sunday night and was rushed to the hospital.
On Monday, her condition had deteriorated and was rushed to the hospital. While examining her, the doctor saw a discharge, ran a test, and discovered that it was a condom that was left in her.
Her urine test revealed dead spermatozoa and she died early hours of Tuesday from hyperglycemia triggered by sepsis resulting from the infection caused by the condom in her.
READ ALSO Popular Pastor caught in bed with member in a hotel room [Video]
Her mom picked her up on June 19 and she died on June 21. She slipped into a coma and died. She was traumatised.
Her family demands justice as the school is trying to cover it up." Her mom, in a chat with newsmen, alleged that three employees of the school had been dismissed for sexual abuse.
General Mosquito Brings Why NPP Government Lifted COVID-19 Lockdown Ban
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Sir Richard 15 posts 0 comments
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Heartbreaking: Kaaka's mother Collapses in front of Interior Minister [Video]


Starting from the car park at Old Moor, east along the Trans Pennine Trail and then north on a short stretch of footpath to join the Barnsley Boundary Walk heading west. Joined the Dearne Way to Darfield and continued on the way to Storrs Wood, turning west on a footpath to Ardsley. South on a footpath at Stairfoot to join the Transpennine Trail back to Old Moor.


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\section{Modeling ferroelastic domain walls}
We begin by constructing a 2D model of ferroelasticity at the surface of the LAO/STO heterointerface. Our goal is specifically to model the fluctuations of domains induced by charge density at the LAO/STO interface as opposed to bulk domains in STO. First principles density functional calculations show that ferroelastic domain walls are extended objects with a size of roughly $3\,\text{nm}$~\cite{Hellberg2019}.

The largest distortion in tetragonal STO is the rotation of the oxygen octahedra, which can be used to define a vector that rotates by 90 degrees across a domain wall~\cite{Schiaffino2017}. To characterize the domain wall, we take the data of Ref.~\cite{Hellberg2019} and compute the local rotation vector. For each Ti atom the local rotation vector is
\begin{align}
    \vec{v}_i=\frac{1}{4}\sum_j \vec{\delta v}_j \times \vec{e}_j
\end{align}
where $i$ labels the Ti atom, the sum runs over its six neighboring oxygens $j$, $\vec{\delta v}_j$ is the displacement vector of the $j$th oxygen with respect to its ideal position, and $\vec{e}_j$ is the unit vector from the titanium atom to the ideal position of the $j$th oxygen. Thus in the bulk tetragonal structure, $\vec{v}_i$ gives the displacement of the planar oxygens from their ideal positions.  We plot $\vec{v}_i$ as a function of position across the domain wall in Fig.~\ref{fig:spin-wave}a. The length of this vector varies from $0.315$~\AA\ in the bulk regions to $0.353$~\AA\ in the center of the domain wall.
These calculations were performed on a 17.5 nm supercell containing two identical ``head-to-tail" domain walls, but only one is shown; computational details are given in \cite{Hellberg2019}.

It is natural, therefore, to model the ferroelasticity using a Heisenberg model (as opposed to an Ising model that would have abrupt domain walls)
\begin{align}
    H_{\text{FE}}=-J \sum_{\langle ij \rangle} \sigma_i \cdot \sigma_j - \sum_i h_i \cdot \sigma_i,
    \label{eq:HFE}
\end{align}
where $\sigma_i$ are the spin-1/2 operators representing the ferroelastic distortions, $J$ represents the elastic modulus, and $h_i$ is an effective magnetic field that locks the ferroelasticity in the $z$-direction in the electron rich region and the $x$-direction in the electron poor region (see Fig.~\ref{fig:spin-wave}b). We justify the use of the locking field by noting that away from domain walls, ferroelastic domains are locked to the heterointerface surface and the crystallographic axis. The locking field has an important implication as it gives mass to the spin-wave (Goldstone) mode which would otherwise be massless.

We construct the ferroelastic-wave spectrum of $H_{\text{FE}}$ using mean-field theory + spin-wave fluctuations analysis. We begin by writing down a trial wave function for the spins
\begin{align}
    |\psi[\{\phi_i\}]\rangle=\prod_i \left[\phi_i |\downarrow\rangle_i + \sqrt{1-|\phi_i|^2} |\uparrow\rangle_i\right],
    \label{eq:trPsi}
\end{align}
where the optimization parameters is the set of complex numbers $\{\phi_i\}$. Next, we find the variational ground state by minimizing $\langle\psi[\{\phi_i\} |  H_{\text{FE}} |\psi[\{\phi_i\}]\rangle$ with respect to the $\phi_i$'s to obtain the mean field ground state defined by $\phi^{0}_i$. Finally, we expand in small fluctuations around the variational ground state $\phi_i \rightarrow \phi^{0}_i + \delta_i(t)$, and minimize the action  $\langle\psi[\{\phi_i\} | i\partial_t - H_{\text{FE}} |\psi[\{\phi_i\}]\rangle$ to obtain the ferroelastic-wave spectrum.

\begin{figure*}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{figAttraction.pdf}
    \caption{Electron-electron attraction mediated by ferroelastic deformations. (a) Setup of the calculations: two electrons are placed in the vicinity of a domain wall (at positions $j_1=\{x_1,y_1\}$ and $j_2=\{x_2,y_2\}$). The sum of the ferroelastic and interaction energy is minimized to obtain the effective electron-electron interaction energy. (b) Electron-electron interaction energy, mediated by ferroelastic deformations. The first electron is fixed at lattice site $x_1=\{5,8,11,\dots\}$ and the electron-electron interaction energy is plotted as a function of position of the 2nd electron. [In constructing this plot we subtracted off single-electron energy]. Interactions propagate further and are stronger when both electrons are in the vicinity of the domain wall. (c) Total electron-electron attraction energy as a function of the position of the 1st electron showing that the attraction is strongest when the 1st electron is inside the domain wall.   }
    \label{fig:energy}
\end{figure*}

Let us now consider a concrete example of a domain wall defined by the locking field
\begin{align}
    h(x,y)=\left\{
    \begin{array}{cc}
    \{0,0,1\} & x \leq 5\\
    \{1,0,0\} & x \geq 12
    \end{array}
    \right.,
\end{align}
where $1 \leq x \leq 25$, $1 \leq y \leq 100$, we set $J=1.5$, and we use open boundary conditions in the $x$-direction and periodic in the $y$-direction. The ground state ferroelastic (spin) configuration for this domain wall has elongation in the $z$-direction for $x \leq 5$ simulating an electron-rich region and in the $x$-direction for $x \geq 12$ simulating an electron-poor region (see Fig.~\ref{fig:spin-wave}b). Spin-wave theory tells us that away from a domain wall, the ferroelastic-wave spectrum has a gap of $2|h|$, where $|h|$ is the magnitude of the locking field (we use the bulk value of $|h|$ as the energy scale in the remainder of the manuscript). By introducing a domain wall as depicted in Fig.~\ref{fig:spin-wave}b, we find that the ferroelastic-wave spectrum acquires a set of modes inside the bulk gap (see Fig.~\ref{fig:spin-wave}c). The mode weight, $\delta_i$, of these low energy modes lies almost entirely inside the domain wall, see Fig.~\ref{fig:spin-wave}d and e.

\section{Electron-electron attraction}
We investigate electron-electron interactions mediated by introducing a linear coupling between the electron density and ferroelasticity. This coupling is inspired by the experimental evidence that the electron density at the LAO/STO interface directly couples to an expansion of the crystal perpendicular to the surface~\cite{Bi2016}. Hence, we choose the interaction Hamiltonian
\begin{align}
    H_{\text{int}}=-\alpha \sum_{i,\sigma} n_{i,\sigma} S^z_i,
\end{align}
where $n_{i,\sigma}=c^\dagger_{i,\sigma}c_{i,\sigma}$ is the electron number operator and $\alpha$ is the coupling constant (we set $\alpha=h$ in the remainder of the manuscript).

To estimate the electron-electron interaction energy, we invoke the Born approximation and treat the electrons as heavy particles and ferroelastic waves as light particles. We begin by considering the effect of a single electron on the ferroelasticity. Within our model, an extra electron placed in an electron-rich domain has very little effect on the ferroelasticity as it is already full polarized. On the other hand an electron placed in an electron-poor domain results in a deformation of the ferroelasticity that heals on the over the length-scale $\xi_{\text{bulk}}=\sqrt{J/h}$. An electron placed in a domain wall results in the deformation of the ferroelasticity, mainly inside the domain wall, that heals over a length-scale $\xi_{\text{DW}} \approx \sqrt{w}$, where $w$ is the domain wall width.

To compute electron-electron interaction, within the Born approximation, we need to find the energy $H_{\text{FE}}+H_{\text{int}}$ for each electron configuration (that is defined by the positions of the two electrons). Therefore, we place two electrons, of opposite spin, at positions $j_1=\{x_1,y_1\}$ and $j_2=\{x_2,y_2\}$ (see Fig~\ref{fig:energy}a) and use the trial wave function of Eq.~\ref{eq:trPsi} to minimize the energy of this configuration
\begin{align}
    E[j_1,j_2] = \langle \psi[\{\phi_i\} |  H_{\text{FE}} + H_{\text{int}}[j_1,j_2] |\psi[\{\phi_i\}]\rangle.
    \label{eq:E2e}
\end{align}
As the system is invariant with respect to displacements along the domain wall, the two-electron energy is described by three parameters:
\begin{enumerate}
    \item $x_1$: the displacement of the first electron away from the center-line of the domain wall,
    \item $x_2$:  the displacement of the first electron away from the center-line of the domain wall,
    \item $\Delta y = y_2-y_1$: the displacement of the two electrons along the domain wall.
\end{enumerate}

The energy in Eq.~\eqref{eq:E2e} is composed of the electron-electron interaction energy $E_2$ and the single-electron energy $E_1$
\begin{align}
E[j_1,j_2] = E_2[j_1,j_2]+E_1[j_1]+E_1[j_2].
\end{align}
$E_2$ describes the electron-electron attraction mediated by the ferroelasticity; $E_1$ describes the attraction of electrons to electron-rich region, which is also mediated by the ferroelasticity.
We extract the two-electron energy $E_2$ from the computed energy $E[x_1,x_2,\Delta y]$ using the formula
$E_2[x_1,x_2,\Delta y] \approx E[x_1,x_2,\Delta y]-E[x_1,x_2,\Delta y\rightarrow L_y/2]$, where $L_y/2$ is the maximum value of $\Delta y$ for two electrons in a box of length $L_y$ along the $y$ directions. In Fig.~\ref{fig:energy}b we plot $E_2$. As $E_2$ is a function of three parameters ($x_1$, $x_2$ and $\Delta y$), we choose to fix $x_1$ (i.e. the position of the 1st electron) and vary $x_2$ and $\Delta y$ (i.e. the position of the 2nd electron) in each panel of Fig.~\ref{fig:energy}b.

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{pairingEnergy.pdf}
    \caption{Binding energy of a real-space Cooper pair as a function of the barrier position $x_\text{min}$. The barrier prevents the occupation of sites to the left $x_\text{min}$ by the two electrons that are forming the pair. The pairing energy was computed for a number of values of the on-site repulsion $U$.}
    \label{fig:pairBindingEnergy}
\end{figure}

We find that $E_2[x_1,x_2,\Delta y]$ attains a minimum (indicative of electron-electron attraction) when the two electrons are near each other. The spatial extent of the ``dip'' around the minimum depends on the position of the first electron $x_1$. When the 1st electron is in the electron-poor region the dip has a smaller spatial extent than when the 1st electron is inside the domain wall.

To quantify the size of this dip, we plot the integrated two-electron energy $E[j_1]=\sum_{j_2} E_2[j_1,j_2]$ as a function of the distance between the first electron and the domain wall. When the first electron is inside the electron rich region (on the left side of the domain wall) there is essentially no electron-electron attraction. This is due to the fact that ferroelasticity is already maximally deformed and the addition of one more electron has no effect. Similarly, the electron-electron attraction is also very weak when the first electron is located in the electron-poor region. This is a consequence of the fact that ferroelastic deformations induced by en electron in the electron-poor region have a very short range that is associated with the large gap to ferroelastic modes. Finally, when the first electron is in the middle of the domain wall, it induces long-range ferroelastic deformations (that propagate along the domain wall) and thus we observe strong electron-electron attraction.

\section{Real space Cooper-pair model}
In order to demonstrate that electrons can form pairs in the vicinity of a ferroelastic domain wall, we construct a Cooper-pair-like model in real (as opposed to momentum) space. Specifically, we concern ourselves with the motion of two  electrons with opposite spin. The motion of the two electrons is described by the Hubbard model
\begin{align}
    H_{\text{el}}=-t\sum_{\langle ij \rangle, \sigma} c^\dagger_{i,\sigma} c_{j,\sigma} + U \sum_{i} n_{i,\uparrow} n_{i,\downarrow} + \sum_{i,j} E[i,j] n_{i,\uparrow} n_{j,\downarrow}
    \label{eq:el}
\end{align}
with hopping amplitude $t$, on-site repulsive interaction $U$, and long-range electron-electron interaction mediated by ferroelasticity $E[i,j]$ from Eq.~\eqref{eq:E2e} (here we include both the one- and two-electron terms).

To understand the contribution of ferroelastic domain walls to the strength of electron-electron pairing, we consider two cases: (1) a pair of electrons in the electron-poor bulk; (2) a pair of electrons in the vicinity of a ferroelastic domain wall. To be able to smoothly interpolate between these cases, in analogy to the Cooper problem, we supplement the electron Hamiltonian of Eq.~\eqref{eq:el} with the condition that the two select electrons must remain to the right side of a barrier located at $x=x_0$.

In Fig.~\ref{fig:pairBindingEnergy} we plot the electron pair binding energy as a function of $x_0$ for various values of the on-site repulsion $U$ (with $t=0.25 h$). As $x_0$ increase the electron pair is pushed into the middle of the domain wall, and we observe strong pairing. As we keep increasing $x_0$ the electrons are pushed out of the domain wall and into the electron poor region. Consequently, the pair binding energy decreases as we would expect from Fig.~\ref{fig:energy}. As we increase the on-site repulsive interaction $U$, we observe that the pair binding energy decreases. The pair binding energy decreases proportionately more in the electron-poor region as compared to the domain wall region, as the electron-electron interactions have a shorter range in the electron-poor region as compared at the domain wall.

To summarize, we observe that ferroelastic domain walls enhance the electron pair binding energy and make electron-pairing more robust to local repulsive interactions. We believe that this enhancement helps to mediate superconductivity in the LAO/STO interface.

\section{Summary and outlook}
In summary, we have presented a scenario ascribing the mechanism of superconductivity in LAO/STO heterostructures to ferroelastic domain walls that form at the interface of electron-rich and electron-poor regions. Specifically, we built up a model that encompass our scenario. First, we modeled ferroelastic waves and showed that ferroelastic domain walls support low-energy modes analogous to capillary waves at the interface of two fluids. Second, we coupled our model of ferroelasticity to electron density and showed that electron-electron attraction is indeed strongest and also has the longest range in the vicinity of domain walls. Finally, we computed the electron-electron binding energy for a select pair of electrons, in analogy to the Cooper-pair problem, and showed that ferroelastic domain walls indeed enhance electron binding.

The scenario that we present is consistent with available data on LAO/STO heterointerfaces. It naturally provides an explanation for the one-dimensional nature of superconductivity reported in Ref.~\cite{Pai2018}. It may also help to explain the origin of the superconducting dome that is observed as a function of the carrier density~\cite{Lin2013}: as we increase the electron density pairing first becomes stronger as the gap to ferroelastic modes decreases; however, as electron density become higher ferroelasticity becomes fully saturated in the $z$-direction resulting in the closing of the bulk superconducting gap as superconductivity is pushed to the edges of the electron puddle.

We note that the presented scenario predicts that superconductivity should be strongly affected by strain fields which could move existing domain walls or introduce new domain walls.

\begin{acknowledgments}
We thank Anthony Tylan-Tyler for useful discussion and performing initial analysis of the related Ising model domain walls. DP and JL acknowledge support from NSF grant PHY-1913034. DP acknowledges support from the Charles E. Kaufman Foundation under grant KA2014-73919. CSH acknowledges support from the Office of the Secretary of Defense through the LUCI program and a grant of computer time from the DoD High Performance Computing Modernization Program.  JL acknowledges support from the Vannevar Bush Faculty Fellowship program sponsored by the Basic Research Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering and funded by the Office of Naval Research through grant N00014-15-1-2847.

\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


This gorgeous sterling silver star bracelet for women is not only fashionable and trendy, but is unique and really stands out from the rest! The stylish delicate bracelet come with a simple polished stars set at regular intervals around the entire bracelet. The ladies bracelet is made in 925 sterling silver which, being a hypoallergenic precious material is the ideal choice for those with sensitive skin. The bracelet is adjustable in length (between 6.5-7.5 inches) and comes with a secure spring operated lobster clasp.


text:
Now that we have time to read: four literary approaches to pandemics
Apart from Psalm 91 and Revelation chapter 6 there is some relevant literature that might help keep readers occupied in current weeks:
Samuel Pepys' diary entries on the Great Plague of 1665: 'One at the table told an odd passage in this late plague: that at Petersfield, I think, he said, one side of the street had every house almost infected through the town, and the other, not one shut up.'
Daniel Defoe's A Journal of the Plague Year (full text here; describes 1665 but written about 1722, based on a contemporary source: '[I]t was rumoured that an order of the Government was to be issued out to place turnpikes and barriers on the road to prevent people travelling …';
Albert Camus' The Plague (1947), which has been seen as both literal and allegorical;
Gabriel García Márquez' Love in the Time of Cholera (1985), which is more about the former than the latter.
Any more? Let us know.
More on the Spanish Influenza pandemic of 1918-19.
‹ A JOURNAL OF THE PLAGUE YEAR: AN ARCHIVE OF COVID19
Amid the gloom, coronavirus points to new definitions of 'security': statement from Medical Association for Prevention of War ›


text:
Q: html/css generation link issue I have an issue with parcel.
I have a first html file in src folder (index.html) that reference an other html: help.html (in a <a> tag).
This file is in src/gen because it is generated from markdown.
src
|- index.html
|- gen
|  | help.html
|- help.css

This help.html reference a css in src folder: help.css, so with
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../help.css">`

It works fine in debug with parcel serve.
But with parcel build, it generate the help.html in a gen folder (I am OK with that), but move the css in this folder (why not)
build
|- index.html
|- gen
|  |- help.html
|  |- help.b3bef967.css

but in the html, it is a wrong path, relatively to the file:
<link rel="stylesheet" href="gen/help.b3bef967.css">

and my target configuration in package.json is:
  "source": "src/index.html",
  "distDir": "./output",
  "publicUrl": "./"

Where I am wrong ?


text:
Former Senate Investigator to Lead POGO's New Congressional Oversight Initiative
By Joe Newman | Filed under analysis | December 03, 2014
Justin Rood, a former Senate investigator and award-winning journalist, has joined the Project On Government Oversight to direct its new Congressional Oversight Initiative.
Before joining POGO, Rood served as director of investigations on Homeland Security matters for U.S. Sen. Tom Coburn (R-Okla.), ranking member of the Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee.
Previously, Rood served under Sen. Coburn as senior investigator on the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Minority Staff. There he led a 2012 investigation into domestic intelligence fusion centers, finding them "pools of ineptitude, waste, and civil liberties intrusions," in the words of the Washington Post's front-page coverage of the report.
"For over three decades, POGO has been a firm, credible, nonpartisan voice for better oversight by and of the federal government," said Rood. "I'm excited to join them to help build Congress's capacity for oversight and investigations."
Before joining Coburn's staff, Rood was an award-winning investigative producer and reporter with ABC News and other outlets. At ABC, Rood helped uncover the D.C. Madam scandal, which led to a number of resignations including that of Deputy Secretary of State Randall Tobias. In 2006, while at Talking Points Memo, Rood was part of a two-man reporting/blogging team that broke the story about the Bush administration dismissing seven U.S. Attorneys during a midterm purge. The story earned Talking Points Memo a Polk Award.
"Justin's experience makes him the ideal person to help us expand on our proven track record of training congressional staff on how to conduct effective oversight," said POGO Executive Director Danielle Brian.
Details of the new Congressional Oversight Initiative will be announced in the coming weeks.
Joe Newman
At the time of publication, Joe Newman was a Multi-Media Specialist for the Project On Government Oversight.
Accountability Congress Governance


The major mining group, Rio Tinto, is a diversified venture with headquarters both in London and Melbourne. The company was founded in 1873 and has since then expanded greatly, owing to numerous mergers and acquisitions. Today, the group is known as a world leader in the production of commodities such as iron ore, aluminium, copper, uranium and coal, as well as diamonds. The prime focus of the company is the extraction of minerals, but other important business operations include the process of refining bauxite and iron ore. The company currently operates across six continents, the main territories being Australia and Canada.


text:
Really Big Pinecone
Alexander F brings explosive garage pop to Baby's All Right on 02.11 for LP release
Alexander F is electric, loud, and something that you're not likely to forget, and from the opening bass hits of new single "Swimmers," you can tell that they're here to get rowdy. The Brooklyn-based garage pop band offers wild musings on the absurdity of life, but serve it up with a side punk snarls and raucous beats--yeilding a sound that's as fun and unhinged as it is utterly catchy. Check them out at Baby's All Right 2/11 alongside Total Slacker, Exhibition, and Really Big Pinecone for their new record release, but do yourself a favor and stream them below in the meantime. - Olivia Sisinni
Published: January 24, 2017 |
DIY/Lo-Fi
Alexander F
Total Slacker
Really Big Pinecone releases sophomore LP 'What I Said About The Pinecone'
We somehow missed the excellent, almost self titled debut record by Brooklynites Really Big Pinecone, released in early 2015: it's a math flavored psych-pop gem that made the Rolling Stone list of 15 Great Albums You Didn't Hear in 2015. The group, which would be an ideal touring companion for Deli NYC favorites Celestial Shore, just released their sophomore album 'What I Said About The Pinecone.' The record, while being thoroughly enjoyable, fulfils the band's promise to deliver music that's "messy, but playful, abstract, as well as earnest and joyful." Check out single W.I.S.A.T.P. below, and follow the band's bandcamp profile for updates about upcoming shows.
We added this song to The Deli's playlist of Best psych songs by emerging NYC artists - check it out!
Published: November 28, 2016 |
best-emerging-bands-artists


text:
Bryan Christopher, Suspect arrested of Idaho murders Update
Bryan Kohberger, 28 Ph.D. student at the department of criminal justice arrested for murder
Ethan Chapin, 20, Madison Mogen, 21, Xana Kernodle, 20, and Kaylee Goncalves, 21 are the victims
on Nov. 13 at 11:58, Students were stabbed to death in their Moscow, Idaho, residence
In Idaho Bryan is being held without bail for extradition on possible charges of murder
Bryan's DNA matched the DNA got from the crime scene
Idaho authorities had been searching for a white Elantra, which is similar to the Bryan Kohberger's car
Kohberger's next court date will be Tuesday, January 3, 2023
Andrew Tate, Influencer Detained in Romania for Human Trafficking Case


You facilitate and inspire university lecturers in innovating and implementing their courses in the new learning management system and by advising them in applying blended and online innovations in their teaching. Activating and engaging students in their learning process while developing high quality teaching materials are central in this. Together with the lecturers and experts in multimedia and assessments, you develop creative and yet pragmatic innovations, combining existing with new online tools and media in the university teaching formats.
In addition to advise, you offer training and workshops on implementing courses in the new online learning management system and applying digital tools and media in this. You will work in a team of instructional designers, project coordinators, functional managers and multimedia experts.
Competences: assertive, solution oriented, team player, creative and curious.
These concern initially temporary appointments, up to 0,8 or 1 fte (32-38 hours) as Educational Developer 2, starting with a one year contract with a possibility to extend. Salary depends on educational background, training and work experience and based om a fulltime employment, ranges from € 3545,- gross per month to € 4852,- gross per month (scale 11) according to the Collective Agreement for Dutch Universities (CAO Nederlandse Universiteiten). In addition, we offer a holiday allowance of 8% and an end-of-the-year bonus of 8.3% of your annual salary and a good pension of the ABP Pension Fund.
For additional information about this position, please contact Education Support Centre: Office.ESC@wur.nl. telephone: 0317 483616.
For this position you can apply up until November 5th online by uploading an application letter and resume.


My work is intended to be both utilitarian and decorative, with both aspects being equally considered. The surfaces are embellished with textures and ornament of a regular, rhythmic nature. The forms, colors, and textures are derived from and inspired by various aspects of nature, especially botanical forms, and the winter landscape of the American Midwest.
My careful treatment of the object is intended to convey the sense that this is in some way a special object and with a sense of detail I hope to entice the viewer to give the work closer scrutiny.
I strive to give a sense of precision in my work, but not of a cold, mechanical nature. I prefer a more casual, fluid precision- a sense of care, really- that reminds the viewer that the object was made by hand.
For more information on Pete Pinnell please click here.


text:
Separating hydrogen from natural gas
Rule changes required to enable 'deblending' on the GB gas networks
Blending low-carbon hydrogen into the gas networks may be a transitional step towards the UK meeting its net zero carbon emissions goal by 2050. It is expected that up to 20% hydrogen can be blended into the gas networks without needing to change most end-user appliances such as domestic boilers. However, some non-domestic gas users may be sensitive to receiving hydrogen blends, and wish to continue consuming natural gas during this transition period. Other users may wish to extract hydrogen instead, or a specific hydrogen blend level. Deblending technologies that can separate hydrogen from natural gas could play a role in helping to manage these needs during the transition to a fully net-zero compliant system.
Our new report, commissioned by National Grid Gas through the Network Innovation Allowance (NIA), sets out the changes that are needed to gas frameworks in order to enable the use of deblending technologies in the UK gas networks, and provides a roadmap for the industry to make these changes in time for the start of commercial-scale hydrogen blending in the gas networks. Frontier and Dentons collaborated closely with a group of industry experts to identify the necessary changes.
Overall, we have found that changes are needed in three main areas of the gas frameworks.
Network planning. Deblending is one of multiple possible solutions to meeting customers' gas quality needs. Alternative solutions include managing upstream hydrogen and methane injections, or customers adapting their equipment to handle hydrogen blends. It is therefore important that where deblending investments are made, these are efficient from a whole system perspective. Processes therefore need to be put in place to enable customers to apply for specific gas quality needs, for network operators to assess these applications, and for investment decisions to be made only after weighing up alternative solutions.
Managing system impacts. Deblending will have an impact on downstream hydrogen blend levels if unwanted gas is reinjected into the system. Processes need to be put into place to enable network operators to manage these blend levels and prevent breaches of the hydrogen blend cap.
Recovering the costs of deblending. Decisions will need to be taken regarding how to recover the costs incurred by network companies, if they build and operate deblending facilities. Absent any government policy decision to the contrary, we recommend that the costs of building and running deblending facilities should be recovered through targeted charges. In addition, changes to charging methodologies will be needed to ensure that customers owning and operating deblending do not face 'double charging' of gases that are not consumed, but simply withdrawn and reinjected into the grid.
Our report sets out specific recommendations in each of these areas, and a clear roadmap of actions to be taken forward by gas industry participants in order to implement those recommendations. While some of these actions can be taken forward by the industry with low regrets, some of the work required will only be likely to start in earnest once BEIS provides a policy decision about the role of blending in the energy transition, and the nature of any funding arrangements to support low-carbon hydrogen production for blending.
We recently hosted a webinar in partnership with National Grid Gas Transmission and DNV, where we provided an overview of the findings of our work, and DNV provided an overview of the engineering work that was carried out in parallel. You can watch the recording here.
Gas framework changes to enable hydrogen deblending
Dan Roberts
Aurora Phillips
Vikram Balachandar
Paving the way for hydrogen - Snam buys stake in North African gas pipelines
Improving security of gas supply and competition in Germany
Frontier experts contribute to OUP handbook on electricity market design
Import opportunities for renewable hydrogen to Austria


text:
NCMC plans for new cancer center
Jennifer Stanley
Hospital board members voted Wednesday to spend $250,000 to pay architects and engineers to start planning a cancer center.
Plans call for gutting the old diagnostic center on the east wing of North Colorado Medical Center's 16th Street campus. NCMC moved outpatient diagnostic services to Summit View Medical Commons in west Greeley earlier this month.
The center is expected to cost $4.2 million and will be part of the hospital's $130 million Second Century project that will add up to 100 beds, larger operating rooms and more space to the Monfort Family Birth Center.
The 25,000-square-foot cancer center will house medical services such as chemotherapy and radiation, education, counseling and research. Three oncologists are considering leasing space in the center.
NCMC chief executive officer Jon Sewell likens the idea to the McKee Cancer Center in Loveland.
Patients will have to make only one stop to get care, and doctors can stay in one place, rather than moving throughout the hospital to visit patients.
"It's nice to consolidate all services so that caregivers can work together," Sewell said.
The NCMC Inc. board is waiting to OK the rest of the Second Century project until it approves a management contract with Banner Health.
Banner has been in charge of the hospital's day-to-day business operations since 1999, but under a contract, either side can end with one-year notice. Banner, a nonprofit company based in Phoenix, and NCMC have been trying to work out a long-term deal.
Negotiations began more than two years ago, and many people expected a signed contract by January.
Board members believe the end is near, and some said it could be less than a month until the board votes.
Since March, NCMC has faced a shortage of gastroenterologists. The hospital has contracted with temporary doctors to cover shifts, and Sewell said he expects a permanent solution by September.


this was our first cruise.My wife's ambition to cruise the Med. Visions of good food, good service and interesting places to visit, the main reason for chosen this particular cruise was its ports of call. Unfortunately it wasn't as we had hoped. Dumped at the harbour side with our luggage, ignored by some attendants wearing high vis jackets and expected to fathom out the boarding procedures. when we were acknowledged it was a curt' go over there. ' .having left home at 2.30 am arriving at Barcelona port at 10 and not expected to board ship until 3 it was not a god first impression. Obtaining the cabin key was another farce. it would have made more sense to have explained that the key, along with the luggage would be in the allocated cabin which would be unlocked.The cabin was clean and adequate but the wind noise when at sea and the drone of the engines was nearly un-acceptable. the ship was clean and tidy, well furnished if perhaps a little dated. The staff were friendly and some very helpful. The items to purchase on board, drinks,water and excursions ( if you hadn't purchased in advance) were very expensive. The self service cafeteria was like feeding time on the farm with everyone pushing and shoving and devouring as much as they could get there hands on. not like the vision of civilised dining we had anticipated. the food was bland and tasteless and a bit monotonousness. the allocated evening restaurant served minute portions of similar quality. Not to be recommended is the Chinese, Japanese restaurant that was available for an extra charge, i can say it must rate as one of the worst i have ever eaten in and is an embarrassment to the nations it is meant to represent. avoid at all costs. now the good points. The salad bar and fruit bar were both excellent. the evening entertainment was superb, a pleasure to watch and the fact we had pre-purchased a drinks package allowed us to sample different cocktails.. sorry but that's it . The daily itinerary, along with suggested evening dress code was a good idea, telling us times of various activities and also which musician was in which bar. its a pity that most people chose to ignore it, unless jeans, trainers and open neck shirts are classified as evening dress for men . ! ! ! we were charged a charitable donation to our on-board account, another payment they think there gusts should make . this seems to be an automatic, not notified charge that the inexperienced guest need to be aware of. our overall opinion of this cruise line is, that it wants to extract as much money as possible from its guests and give as little in return as possible.
this was our first cruise.My wife's ambition to cruise the Med. Visions of good food, good service and interesting places to visit, the main reason for chosen this particular cruise was its ports of call. Unfortunately it wasn't as we had hoped.
Dumped at the harbour side with our luggage, ignored by some attendants wearing high vis jackets and expected to fathom out the boarding procedures. when we were acknowledged it was a curt' go over there. ' .having left home at 2.30 am arriving at Barcelona port at 10 and not expected to board ship until 3 it was not a god first impression.
Obtaining the cabin key was another farce. it would have made more sense to have explained that the key, along with the luggage would be in the allocated cabin which would be unlocked.The cabin was clean and adequate but the wind noise when at sea and the drone of the engines was nearly un-acceptable.
the ship was clean and tidy, well furnished if perhaps a little dated. The staff were friendly and some very helpful. The items to purchase on board, drinks,water and excursions ( if you hadn't purchased in advance) were very expensive.
The self service cafeteria was like feeding time on the farm with everyone pushing and shoving and devouring as much as they could get there hands on. not like the vision of civilised dining we had anticipated. the food was bland and tasteless and a bit monotonousness. the allocated evening restaurant served minute portions of similar quality. Not to be recommended is the Chinese, Japanese restaurant that was available for an extra charge, i can say it must rate as one of the worst i have ever eaten in and is an embarrassment to the nations it is meant to represent. avoid at all costs.
now the good points. The salad bar and fruit bar were both excellent. the evening entertainment was superb, a pleasure to watch and the fact we had pre-purchased a drinks package allowed us to sample different cocktails.. sorry but that's it .
The daily itinerary, along with suggested evening dress code was a good idea, telling us times of various activities and also which musician was in which bar. its a pity that most people chose to ignore it, unless jeans, trainers and open neck shirts are classified as evening dress for men . ! ! !
we were charged a charitable donation to our on-board account, another payment they think there gusts should make . this seems to be an automatic, not notified charge that the inexperienced guest need to be aware of.
our overall opinion of this cruise line is, that it wants to extract as much money as possible from its guests and give as little in return as possible.
clean and tidy, small shower room. balcony. adequate.down side was the continual wind noise whilst at sea and the drone and vibration of the engines.


The courts are located on the north side of Greville Smyth park. Parking is available nearby on Ashton Gate Road if you are lucky. The postcode for navigation purposes is BS3 2EA.
The appropriate person will get back to you as soon as they can.


text:
Ozyptila bejarana is a species of crab spiders found in Spain and France.

References

External links

bejarana
Spiders of Europe
Spiders described in 1998


text:
Q: How to avoid popup cmd? I am writing a program which has to call another program. So I've done some research and found the os module. The problem with this solution is that the cmd always pops up. How can I avoid this?
So far I used the command like this: os.system("something.py")

A: What you are looking for is probably found in the subprocess module.
Now there is not really any detail as to what you are trying to do when something.py runs, so lets say we have a file called test.py that creates a new file and writes something:
test.py
t = r"C:\Users\Paul\Desktop\test.txt"

with open(t, 'w') as f:
    f.write("This worked!")

So in whatever program we want to run test.py, we would have the following:
import subprocess
f = r"C:\Users\Paul\Desktop\test.py"
subprocess.run(f, shell=True) # shell=True since this is really an arg

And the program will execute without opening a terminal. See here:
>>> import subprocess
>>> f = r"C:\Users\Paul\Desktop\test.py"
>>> subprocess.run(f, shell=True)
CompletedProcess(args='C:\\Users\\Paul\\Desktop\\test.py', returncode=0)


On September 22, 2015, the Human Services Department presented to the Board a report on public assistance spending.
Download the presentation file by Mark Sizer, Human Services Administrator (1 Mb Acrobat PDF document).
Or watch the presentation as delivered (1:42:46 video excerpt from the September 22 meeting).
Do you have a question around this topic? E-mail us your question at info@co.stearns.mn.us.
Who brings Refugees to the US?
Each October, the President and Congress sets the number of refugees.
How many Refugees come to the US?
Who makes the decision as to the specific number assigned to Stearns County?
US Department of State – Bureau of Population, Refugees & Migration sends a request for assurance of placement to the VOLAGs.
How many Primary Refugees have been assigned to Stearns County annually?
2016 is expecting 215 primary placements.
What is the foreign country of origin breakdown over each of the last five years?
What is the average monetary amount each Refugee has access to when they get to Stearns County?
Does Stearns County talk to the VOLAGS relative to their Refugee Resettlement?
Does Stearns County have special benefits for refugees?
Why do we have to provide Interpreters?
Upon arrival to Stearns County, are refugees placed ahead of the line of others waiting for housing?
Do employers get special subsidies for employing refugees or immigrants?
Do refugees get tested and screened for diseases?
Can refugees and immigrants apply for public assistance?
Yes, just like any other US resident, refugees and immigrants can apply for public assistance benefits at their local county agency. The following programs are administered by county governments. Other programs are administered by other government agencies.