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Appeal to the Newfoundland and Labrador Supreme Court from a decision of the Eastern Newfoundland Regional Appeal Board upholding the grant of a conditional development permit by the City of Mount Pearl
Posted by Nathaniel Turner
Administrative law – Decisions of administrative tribunals – Municipal boards – Municipalities – Planning and zoning – Building permits – Judicial review – Jurisdiction – Conflict of interest – Bias – Failure to provide reasons
Faulkner v. Newfoundland and Labrador (Eastern Newfoundland Regional Appeal Board), [2015] N.J. No. 301, 2015 NLTD(G) 118, Newfoundland and Labrador Supreme Court Trial Division – General Division, September 10, 2015, R. P. Stack J.
Mr. Faulkner appealed a decision made by the City of Mount Pearl (the "City") issuing a development permit for the construction of "affordable seniors housing" on property within the City. His appeal was dismissed by the Eastern Newfoundland Regional Appeal Board (the "Board"). Mr. Faulkner then sought to appeal the decision of the Board, arguing the Board had erred in law or exceeded its jurisdiction in failing to find two municipal councilors were in a conflict of interest and in failing to find the development contravened a section of the City's municipal plan. He also alleged the Board had failed to afford him a fair opportunity to be heard and failed to provide adequate reasons for its decision.
Mr. Justice Stack refused to allow the appellant to adduce fresh evidence on his appeal to the Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador, and ultimately found the Board had not failed to provide the appellant with a fair hearing or erred in dismissing the appeal with respect to the alleged contravention of the municipal plan.
As to the issue of the alleged conflicts of interest, Stack J. found he did not need to decide which standard governed his review of the Board's decision, as his decision would be the same under either. He then helpfully reviewed the distinction between a conflict of interest and a reasonable apprehension of bias. While the former was, in this case, a statutory concept allowing for the removal of a councilor, the latter is a common law concept permitting an appellate body to vacate a decision. The allegations raised by the appellant were more properly characterized as involving a reasonable apprehension of bias.
Stack J. found the reasons provided by the Board failed to adequately address the allegations of bias. The Board failed to discuss the allegations made against one councilor, aside from naming them as a ground of appeal, and provided only a cursory analysis of one of several alleged indications of bias on the part of the other councilor. The reasons therefore failed to inform the appellant why the Board had rejected his arguments and failed to allow for effective judicial review.
On that basis, Stack J. referred the issue of bias back to the Board for reconsideration; however, his referral allowed the Board to "choose its own course of action" in reconsidering the matter. The Board was expressly permitted to reconsider the matter on the existing record and provide a supplementary decision giving its reasons on that issue, or to allow supplemental submissions as it saw fit.
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Jo and I had a brief conversation at 1:00 p.m. this past Sunday, just before the first of what would be twenty-six relatives arrived to spend the afternoon at our shared acreage for the Popjes Family Reunion.
And she was right, we all thoroughly enjoyed the next seven hours. It was great to be together with all four of my siblings, and to see our kids and grandkids interacting with my siblings' kids and grandkids. I was glad that my youngest sister and her husband from Prince Edward Island were making a trip out west so we could capitalize on their presence and plan a reunion for whoever could come. We had a great time eating and drinking, of course, but also sitting around visiting. The skies, though intermittently cloudy, produced no rain—an answer to our fervent prayers—and the wind kept the mosquitoes away.
The emphasis of the warning is that since neither the disciples then, nor we today, know just when Jesus is returning in power and majesty, we need to be continually ready. Our family reunion was planned quickly, but we still had plenty of time to get ready.
If a month ago, my sister and brother in law along with two dozen other relatives, had suddenly arrived without warning, the reunion would have been quite different. Nothing ready, the house dirty and everything in chaos, no new furniture, no food, no drink, and outside nothing but heaps of clay, gravel and black soil piled everywhere. Yes, we would have handled it, but being fully prepared quintupled our enjoyment and satisfaction.
About eight years ago, I wrote and published a blog post on the subject of being prepared for the Great Heavenly Family Reunion when Jesus returns. Later, I edited it and included the column in my second book, A Kick in the Pants.
It is not my opinion of how or when the "End Times" will occur. Rather it is a Popjes Paraphrase of Matthew 25:31-46, giving a vivid and clear description of what we, God's family on earth, need to be doing to be ready for that Last Reunion when Jesus returns.
It is called This Will Happen and you can read it on the WordMan Facebook page.
Fathers teach—mostly by example. My father's example put a strong desire in my eleven-year-old heart to be a cigar smoker like he was. Loving fathers also teach their children by exposing them to experiences that teach. My father, or Papa as I called him, was a loving father.
He exemplified the Dutch saying, "Hij is geen man die niet roken kan." (A man who can't smoke is not a real man.) For years I had envied my Papa, my Opa (grandpa) and all my uncles who smoked cigars every Sunday as they walked home from church. Sometimes they had a second cigar with coffee while lunch was being prepared. I couldn't wait until I was a teenager and could be a real man.
I couldn't wait, and I didn't. I saved the pennies and nickels I earned as tips when delivering orders to customers of Papa's store. One day I walked into the tobacco shop where Papa often sent me to buy cigars for him and, laying my money on the counter, asked if it was enough to buy a cigar. It was!
When I got home I realized I hadn't thought through my plan too well. I couldn't hide the cigar in the house, my Mama would be sure to find it when cleaning house, which was all the time. So I hid my carefully wrapped package outside, behind the drain spout coming down from the roof. It was dry, the spider webs testified to that, and totally safe from prying parental eyes.
But not safe from the eyes of the Saturday afternoon gardener. He turned my cigar in to Mama who passed it on to Papa who confronted me with it after supper. To my surprise and relief, he was not angry but simply said, "So you want to smoke a cigar. Fine, we'll smoke our cigars together after church tomorrow." Wow! I was beginning to feel like a real man already!
Arriving home from church the next day, he picked out a cigar for himself, clipped the end and lit it. I unwrapped my cigar, clipped the end and lit it. Then we walked out the front door puffing contentedly—in between my coughing spells that is. As we sauntered around the block, I started to get the hang of it, and inhaled deeply from time to time.
All was well, and I felt my real manhood arriving several years early, but half way around the block I stumbled—the sidewalk seemed to be moving. I walked along, not saying much, while Papa kept saying, "Come on, take another puff, your cigar is going out." I was sort of hoping it would.
By the time the house was in view I was sweating, my stomach hurt and, when we finally got to our gate, all I could do was lean over the fence and vomit onto Mama's violets.
Yes, Papa was a great teacher. Seven years later, after smoking for thirty years, he strove for a full year to quit. As I watched his struggle, he taught me another lesson. Smoking cigars together and allowing me to feel deathly ill was his way of showing love to his oldest son.
God, our Heavenly Father, is also a loving Father. Just like my Papa, God also exposes us to experiences that teach us. He allows us to live in the consequences of our actions, even when our actions result in nasty, unpleasant things like illness or accidents, fines or firings, or painful broken relationships. Sometimes He provides experiences that are not of our own making: computer crashes, economic meltdowns, loss of jobs, or loss through sickness, accident, fire or robbery.
How do we handle these pains and problems? It took me seven years to fully understand that my Papa's action that day we smoked cigars together was done in love for my ultimate good. It might take seven years for us to understand that our Heavenly Faher's action was for our ultimate good. We may not know until we leave time and enter eternity.
In the meantime, we believe that He loves us and that He is good, all the time.
What Is Your View of Time?
Pioneers in Canada and the northern United States knew that they needed to produce a crop every single year. If a farmer's crop failed and he had no reserves, he and his family had to depend on the help of others or they and their livestock would starve. The growing season was short and winter cold stopped all food production.
These pioneers, not surprisingly, saw time as linear, one event following another in rigid succession. The right time to plant was critical, miss it by even a week or two and the crops would not ripen before the first killing frost. They had to do things at the right time, they had to keep their word when they promised a neighbor they would help, and they expected the neighbor to be dependable in return. The harsh winter weather looming ahead kept them working hard at harvest time.
This is not so in tropical or sub-tropical countries. Jo and I lived for decades in Brazil, and have spent considerable time, even years in at least a half a dozen other tropical countries. In Brazil, we planted fruit trees in our garden area with no regard for the month or the season. The Canela people can leave their manioc plantations grow right through the whole year, and if they don't harvest the roots, they can leave them in the ground to grow for another year. A Manitoba potato farmer trying that would face financial ruin.
No wonder that the societies that live in a more forgiving climate developed a completely different view of time. Instead of seeing time as linear—a straight line with no recurrence of events, they see time as cyclical—as a cycle of events coming around repeatedly like a wheel. Miss an opportunity to plant? No problem, it will come around again in another day, or week or month.
In the countries where time is seen as cyclical, cultures tend to have many things in common. One is the lack of urgency. Delay is expected, no one is surprised when things don't happen as planned. People may, or may not show up for meetings. Deliveries may, or may not be delivered at the stated time. Deadlines are missed without people getting upset. Projects are completed, eventually, but with no sense of urgency.
North Americans returning from vacations in some of these countries often express the wish they could live relaxed like that. No rush. No deadline. Finish the job tomorrow, or next week, no problem.
But there is a problem. On earth, ever since the dismal event in the Garden of Eden, entropy or disorder operates unless human being act to stop it. Work must be done at the right time. Metal rusts, unless we paint it, gardens turn into weed beds, unless we cultivate them, unused muscles wither away, skills not practiced are forgotten, peace will deteriorate into war unless someone interferes, and human relationships must be maintained or they too will deteriorate.
Evangelize the world and start by being "light and salt" to our own families, friends and neighbors.
Stop the mass murder of made-in-the-image-of-God babies in the womb.
Promote and protect the God-instituted man-woman institution of marriage and family.
Protect the freedom of parents to have their children educated in Christian schools.
Get involved in the nitty-gritty of politics such as the nominations of candidates.
The world desperately needs God-oriented activists in every facet of society. People who, like God, have a linear view of time. What view of time do your actions show?
The Church is a Family. Not!
Following high school, I joined a seismic oil exploration crew in central Alberta, and worked at a variety of tasks. As driller's helper, I noticed the specific layers of material that lay beneath the sod and black soil. The first was usually a thick layer of yellow clay, then came other layers of material, sand, gravel, grey clay, and several kinds of shale. I can't remember the order of the strata, but I do remember that the layers were completely separated, no mixing between layers at all.
I thought of that long-ago job recently when I was paging through the bulletin of a large church and noticed that almost every event was stratified according to age. From babies, toddlers, and elementary school age children, right through to teenagers, young couples, midlife adults and retired older folk, the congregation was rigidly segregated by age.
That church is not unique, North American churches tend to be organized by age levels. We Christians didn't get this from the Bible, but from the surrounding culture. For generations, schools have been dividing students into thirteen distinct and separate levels from kindergarten through to senior high school. It goes on through college, and ends in adult communities, retirement homes and finally, the hospice for the dying. Our culture has influenced churches to organize the same way, with relationships being lateral, to others of the same age group. We like to call the congregation the Church family but it's more a Church school.
I remember visiting a church during a furlough when our daughters were teenagers. After the service at which I brought an inspirational message on missions, we were greeting people in the vestibule of the church. Our daughters were stationed at the information tables, showing Canela artifacts, explaining photos and maps, handing out literature, etc.
I explained that in Brazil we live on a mission centre, where we are part of a huge extended multi-family group. We all know each other well, we work together, we pray together, and old and young interact with each other not only among peers, but also vertically up and down the age scale.
Our life on the mission centre was much like the Canela society among whom we were working at that time. A Canela mother will have all her daughters living in or near her house, along with their husbands and families. Many societies in Asia value families living close to each other, Grandpa and Grandma, several sons and daughters and their families, often all live in the same large house.
But in our stratified western society, the relationships tend to be lateral, and teenagers talk with each other, not with adults. They don't know how. Ever since kindergarten, they have been rigidly segregated into peer groups and as a result, they learned to talk only with those within the same age group.
What would church be like if there were more multi-age, old and young together in sharing groups and Sunday school classes?
What about social activities where old and young come together, tell stories and jokes and share experiences, or where teams made up of all ages go bowling together?
Children have much to learn from older people, but older folks also need to learn from the younger ones. A grandpa likes to hear, "What was it like when you were my age, Grandpa?" He tells about getting into trouble for chewing gum in class.
But his grandkids face different troubles. They are exposed to dangerous drugs, their classmates worry about pregnancy, and if they should abort their babies. Grandpas and grandmas need to learn from their grandkids about their so very different world.
What would Church be like if we really were a Church Family?


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Construction on monument honoring Gold Star families gets underway in North Ogden
DeseretNews
Ground is broken for the first Utah Gold Star Families Memorial monument during a ceremony in North Ogden on Tuesday. The monument, the first of its kind in Utah, will honor the families of those members of the U.S. armed forces who have given the ultimate sacrifice. Fundraising for the project has been underway since last summer, and it is expected the monument will be dedicated in July.


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Q: Maven 2 replace class implementation depending on profile? I have MailTransport.java and two classes extending it: LiveMailTransport.java and TestMailTransport.java.
LiveMailTransport will really send emails while TestMailTransprot will only write them to the log for testing purpose.
Somewhere I do new MailTransport(); and I would like to replace every usage of MailTransport in my server-side code either with Live- or with TestMailTransport depending on the profile used for compiling (local, production, etc..).
(Similar to gwts "replace-with" on client side...)
How could I do that with maven?
Thanks!

A: What you want is a factory which accepts a system property. If the system property isn't set, create an instance of LiveMailTransport. If the property is there, create an instance of TestMailTransport.
Proposed name of property: com.pany.app.enableTestMails
Boolean.getBoolean(String) is your friend.
Now configure the surefire plugin to set the property and you're done.

A: That sounds like a misuse of Maven, cause this looks more like dependency injection task (guice for example) but there is no relationship with Maven.

A: If you're using Spring or some other dependency injection framework you could manipulate dependencies injected based on inclusion of corresponding configuration.
But if you want to do it with a plain bare bone Java application you could create multiple factories that will create corresponding instances of yoor MailTransport and place these factories into a different source folders. Then use build-helper-maven-plugin to add correspoinding source folder based on active profiles.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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2 Organise
1 Corporate Press
2 Scientific Press
3 Press Review
4 Newsletter
5 Facts and Figures
gewählt: 7 Archive
7.1 Archive Corporate Press
Standort: 7.2 Archive Scientific Press
7.3 Archiv Press Review
You are here: Home Press Archive Archive Scientific Press
04.09.2018	: Lung cancer: number of deaths in women could almost double by 2030
Bild " Lungenkrebs" vergrößern
Cancer is the second most common cause of death in Austria today, with one in four fatalities attributable to the disease. In light of the decision to reverse parts of the Austrian smoking ban in 2018, lung cancer will be increasingly in the public eye. It is expected that the number of cases of this particular cancer among women will jump by 92% by 2030. From 7-9 September a group of 1,200 oncologists will meet at the Austria Center Vienna to discuss the latest cancer research and treatment breakthroughs.
Cancer rates are on the increase all around the world: although survival rates for many types of cancer are improving, the overall number of cases is still predicted to increase by 68% from 2012-2030. This trend is chiefly attributable to demographic changes – but not exclusively. "Lung cancer is still the most deadly form of cancer worldwide. And the majority of lung cancer cases are caused by active or passive smoking," explained Dr Ian Banks, Co-Chair of the 2018 European Cancer Summit in Vienna.
First smoking rates, then lung cancer – women catching up quickly
The WHO put the number of deaths from lung cancer worldwide at 1.59m in 2012 alone. In Austria, 4,860 people were diagnosed with the disease, and 3,889 died from it. While men have traditionally been more likely to be affected, experts expect the number of cases in women to increase sharply. The reason for this is a significant rise in the proportion of female smokers over the past few decades: while the proportion of males who smoke has dropped from 39% to 27% since the 1970s, that of females has more than doubled from 10% to 22%. In 2016, lung cancer surpassed breast cancer as the most common form of the illness in women in Austria. And the trend is set to continue – by 2030, the number of cases involving females is set to increase by 110%, and the number of deaths by 92%.
New therapies still in their infancy
Despite the studies conducted – and unlike other cancers such as breast and prostate cancer – there is no preventive screening programme in place for lung cancer. As a result, the disease often remains undetected until it has already reached a late stage and metastasised. While conventional therapy revolves around surgical intervention and radiotherapy, significant strides have been made in recent years in immunotherapy – an approach which aims to reactivate the parts of the body's immune system that have been put out of action by the cancer. "Despite new treatment options, survival rates for lung cancer have barely changed in recent years. The effectiveness of these therapies depends heavily on the type and precise location of the cancer in question, as well as the individual patient's circumstances – put simply, they just cannot be used successfully on all people," Banks noted. In Austria the survival rate for lung cancer in 2015 was just 19.2%. By comparison, the survival rates for breast cancer and prostate cancer were 86.3% and 91.8% respectively.
The best prevention: avoid active or passive smoking
Alongside a genetic predisposition, which currently cannot be proven in lung cancer (unlike in breast cancer), lifestyle factors play a major role: healthy diet, healthy weight, moderate alcohol consumption, regular exercise and – of course – not smoking all help to prevent lung cancer. The earlier age that people take up smoking, and the more they smoke, the higher the risk of them developing cancer. And this also applies to passive smoking, a subject which is increasingly in the public eye due to the decision to reverse an impending complete ban on smoking in bars and restaurants in Austria in 2018. However, smoking bans have been proven to reduce the risk of dying from cancer significantly, even after years of tobacco consumption. Banks clarified: "In my entire medical career I am hard pressed to think of any lung cancer patients who survived: usually they die within six to 12 months. The best form of lung cancer prevention is not smoking."
Dr Ian Banks (c) Dr Ian Banks
Lung cancer (c) IAKW-AG, iStock, utah778
About IAKW-AG
Internationales Amtssitz- und Konferenzzentrum Wien, Aktiengesellschaft (IAKW-AG) is responsible for maintaining the Vienna International Centre (VIC) and operating the Austria Center Vienna (ACV). The Austria Center Vienna is Austria's largest conference centre, with 24 halls, 180 meeting rooms, and some 22,000m² of exhibition space, and is one of the top players on the international conference circuit.
IAKW-AG – Austria Center Vienna
Carina Fuchs
Deputy Press Officer
Tel: +43-676 845 653 332
Email: carina.fuchs@acv.at


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European police to seize domains and IPs
Plans to create a cybercrime task force with the power to seize web sites suspected of being used for illegal purposes were yesterday agreed by European ministers.
The EU's General Affairs Council set the European Commission the task of creating more detailed proposals for the centre, probably based at Europol. Its remit will be to "adopt a common approach in the fight against cybercrime internationally, particularly in relation to the revocation of domain names and IP addresses".
In Britain, Nominet - the not-for-profit private company that administers .uk domain names - already has the power to seize suspect domains. The controversial Digital Economy Act, which passed into law earlier this month, gives the Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills, Peter Mandelson, the power to replace Nominet if it doesn't take sufficient action to clamp down on cyber crime.
The EU will find it more difficult to implement its plan to revoke individual IP addresses, as these are handed out by hundreds of ISPs which are likely to oppose the burden of more regulatory red tape.
In addition to announcing plans for the new cybercrime centre, the Council of Ministers urged police forces in member states to co-operate further on child pornography, and to produce pan-European cybercrime statistics.


Even though it is probably not easy virtually anybody can paint their own home. Determined by the length of time you have lived in your house, and how long it has been since it was painted, you'll know how difficult the job will be. If you create the time to do it, you can save a lot of money. In case you lack the time, but you have the money, you can hire someone to make it happen.
After some time, the paint on your wall is going to either start to fade or peel. As it happens, your single option will be to scrape the paint off your wall. If your home might be very old, it is conceivable that you may have a number of coats of paint underneath. This can be a more challenging job if your previous paint was an oil-based paint. As soon as the peeling paint has become stripped off, you must plug any holes in the wood with putty or spackle parts of your drywall and sand it down as best you can. When you are done, now remove the dust and give it an opportunity to completely dry. It is best to wait approximately 24 hours to fully dry. Visit Energydonwell.com for more home remodeling tips and ideas.
Among the bigger issues with older homes is from moisture build-up. Should there be extreme condensation, a leak, or moisture content building-up, the result will also be cracking paint. You will see this typically in the bathroom, where mold and mildew will likely grow. Even if this is normally a bathroom problem, it may possibly happen in other parts of the house. If you have a leak or hedges that are too close to your house, you'll get paint cracks. When your paint might be cracking as a result of moisture build-up, you will need a different solution. Since you will probably have mildew, and if it happens to be on the inside, you will need a solution consisting of one part bleach and three parts water. Should it be on the outside of the house, you simply wash it with a pressure washer and the solution that comes with it.
You will also have to repaint if the paint on your home is fading. It could materialize inside, but it is essentially caused when exposed to the hot sun. To lessen fade, don't use bright colors like red for your home. If you want colors that get noticed, try ones that are generally golden or with a ruddy tone.
You shouldn't ever let your home wind up in lousy shape. Do your best to help keep the paint on your residence looking vibrant and stop any leaks from damaging your paint job.


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D'Alembert's paradox
Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1717-1783)
From experiments it is known that there is always – except in case of superfluidity – a drag force for a body placed in a steady fluid onflow. The figure shows the drag coefficient Cd for a sphere as a function of Reynolds number Re, as obtained from laboratory experiments. The dark line is for a sphere with a smooth surface, while the lighter line is for the case of a rough surface. The numbers along the line indicate several flow regimes and associated changes in the drag coefficient:
•2: attached flow (Stokes flow) and steady separated flow,
•3: separated unsteady flow, having a laminar flow boundary layer upstream of the separation, and producing a vortex street,
•4: separated unsteady flow with a laminar boundary layer at the upstream side, before flow separation, with downstream of the sphere a chaotic turbulent wake,
•5: post-critical separated flow, with a turbulent boundary layer.
In fluid dynamics, d'Alembert's paradox (or the hydrodynamic paradox) is a contradiction reached in 1752 by French mathematician Jean le Rond d'Alembert.[1] D'Alembert proved that – for incompressible and inviscid potential flow – the drag force is zero on a body moving with constant velocity relative to the fluid.[2] Zero drag is in direct contradiction to the observation of substantial drag on bodies moving relative to fluids, such as air and water; especially at high velocities corresponding with high Reynolds numbers. It is a particular example of the reversibility paradox.[3]
D'Alembert, working on a 1749 Prize Problem of the Berlin Academy on flow drag, concluded: "It seems to me that the theory (potential flow), developed in all possible rigor, gives, at least in several cases, a strictly vanishing resistance, a singular paradox which I leave to future Geometers [i.e. mathematicians - the two terms were used interchangeably at that time] to elucidate".[4] A physical paradox indicates flaws in the theory.
Fluid mechanics was thus discredited by engineers from the start, which resulted in an unfortunate split – between the field of hydraulics, observing phenomena which could not be explained, and theoretical fluid mechanics explaining phenomena which could not be observed – in the words of the Chemistry Nobel Laureate Sir Cyril Hinshelwood.[5]
According to scientific consensus, the occurrence of the paradox is due to the neglected effects of viscosity. In conjunction with scientific experiments, there were huge advances in the theory of viscous fluid friction during the 19th century. With respect to the paradox, this culminated in the discovery and description of thin boundary layers by Ludwig Prandtl in 1904. Even at very high Reynolds numbers, the thin boundary layers remain as a result of viscous forces. These viscous forces cause friction drag on streamlined objects, and for bluff bodies the additional result is flow separation and a low-pressure wake behind the object, leading to form drag.[6][7][8][9]
The general view in the fluid mechanics community is that, from a practical point of view, the paradox is solved along the lines suggested by Prandtl.[6][7][8][9][10][11] A formal mathematical proof is lacking, and difficult to provide, as in so many other fluid-flow problems involving the Navier–Stokes equations (which are used to describe viscous flow).
1 Viscous friction: Saint-Venant, Navier and Stokes
2 Inviscid separated flow: Kirchhoff and Rayleigh
3 Thin boundary layers: Prandtl
4 Open questions
5 Proof of zero drag in steady potential flow
5.1 Potential flow
5.2 Zero drag
Viscous friction: Saint-Venant, Navier and StokesEdit
First steps towards solving the paradox were made by Saint-Venant, who modelled viscous fluid friction. Saint-Venant states in 1847:[12]
"But one finds another result if, instead of an ideal fluid – object of the calculations of the geometers of the last century – one uses a real fluid, composed of a finite number of molecules and exerting in its state of motion unequal pressure forces or forces having components tangential to the surface elements through which they act; components to which we refer as the friction of the fluid, a name which has been given to them since Descartes and Newton until Venturi."
Soon after, in 1851, Stokes calculated the drag on a sphere in Stokes flow, known as Stokes' law.[13] Stokes flow is the low Reynolds-number limit of the Navier–Stokes equations describing the motion of a viscous liquid.[14]
However, when the flow problem is put into a non-dimensional form, the viscous Navier–Stokes equations converge for increasing Reynolds numbers towards the inviscid Euler equations, suggesting that the flow should converge towards the inviscid solutions of potential flow theory – having the zero drag of the d'Alembert paradox. Of this, there is no evidence found in experimental measurements of drag and flow visualisations.[15] This again raised questions concerning the applicability of fluid mechanics in the second half of the 19th century.
Inviscid separated flow: Kirchhoff and RayleighEdit
Steady and separated incompressible potential flow around a plate in two dimensions,[16] with a constant pressure along the two free streamlines separating from the plate edges.
In the second half of the 19th century, focus shifted again towards using inviscid flow theory for the description of fluid drag—assuming that viscosity becomes less important at high Reynolds numbers. The model proposed by Kirchhoff[17] and Rayleigh[18] was based on the free-streamline theory of Helmholtz[19] and consists of a steady wake behind the body. Assumptions applied to the wake region include: flow velocities equal to the body velocity, and a constant pressure. This wake region is separated from the potential flow outside the body and wake by vortex sheets with discontinuous jumps in the tangential velocity across the interface.[20][21] In order to have a non-zero drag on the body, the wake region must extend to infinity. This condition is indeed fulfilled for the Kirchhoff flow perpendicular to a plate. The theory correctly states the drag force to be proportional to the square of the velocity.[22] In first instance, the theory could only be applied to flows separating at sharp edges. Later, in 1907, it was extended by Levi-Civita to flows separating from a smooth curved boundary.[23]
It was readily known that such steady flows are not stable, since the vortex sheets develop so-called Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities.[21] But this steady-flow model was studied further in the hope it still could give a reasonable estimate of drag. Rayleigh asks "... whether the calculations of resistance are materially affected by this circumstance as the pressures experienced must be nearly independent of what happens at some distance in the rear of the obstacle, where the instability would first begin to manifest itself."[18]
However, fundamental objections arose against this approach: Kelvin observed that if a plate is moving with constant velocity through the fluid (at rest far from the plate, except for the wake) the velocity in the wake is equal to that of the plate. The infinite extent of the wake—widening with the distance from the plate, as obtained from the theory—results in an infinite kinetic energy in the wake, which must be rejected on physical grounds.[22][24] Moreover, the observed pressure differences between front and back of the plate, and resulting drag forces, are much larger than predicted: for a flat plate perpendicular to the flow the predicted drag coefficient is CD=0.88, while in experiments CD=2.0 is found. This is mainly due to suction at the wake side of the plate, induced by the unsteady flow in the real wake (as opposed to the theory which assumes a constant flow velocity equal to the plate's velocity).[25]
So, this theory is found to be unsatisfactory as an explanation of drag on a body moving through a fluid. Although it can be applied to so-called cavity flows where, instead of a wake filled with fluid, a vacuum cavity is assumed to exist behind the body.[21][22][26]
Thin boundary layers: PrandtlEdit
Pressure distribution for the flow around a circular cylinder. The dashed blue line is the pressure distribution according to potential flow theory, resulting in d'Alembert's paradox. The solid blue line is the mean pressure distribution as found in experiments at high Reynolds numbers. The pressure is the radial distance from the cylinder surface; a positive pressure (overpressure) is inside the cylinder, towards the centre, while a negative pressure (underpressure) is drawn outside the cylinder.
The German physicist Ludwig Prandtl suggested in 1904 that the effects of a thin viscous boundary layer possibly could be the source of substantial drag.[27] Prandtl put forward the idea that, at high velocities and high Reynolds numbers, a no-slip boundary condition causes a strong variation of the flow speeds over a thin layer near the wall of the body. This leads to the generation of vorticity and viscous dissipation of kinetic energy in the boundary layer. The energy dissipation, which is lacking in the inviscid theories, results for bluff bodies in separation of the flow. The low pressure in the wake region causes form drag, and this can be larger than the friction drag due to the viscous shear stress at the wall.[15]
Evidence that Prandtl's scenario occurs for bluff bodies in flows of high Reynolds numbers can be seen in impulsively started flows around a cylinder. Initially the flow resembles potential flow, after which the flow separates near the rear stagnation point. Thereafter, the separation points move upstream, resulting in a low-pressure region of separated flow.[15]
Prandtl made the hypothesis that the viscous effects are important in thin layers – called boundary layers – adjacent to solid boundaries, and that viscosity has no role of importance outside. The boundary-layer thickness becomes smaller when the viscosity reduces. The full problem of viscous flow, described by the non-linear Navier–Stokes equations, is in general not mathematically solvable. However, using his hypothesis (and backed up by experiments) Prandtl was able to derive an approximate model for the flow inside the boundary layer, called boundary-layer theory; while the flow outside the boundary layer could be treated using inviscid flow theory. Boundary-layer theory is amenable to the method of matched asymptotic expansions for deriving approximate solutions. In the simplest case of a flat plate parallel to the incoming flow, boundary-layer theory results in (friction) drag, whereas all inviscid flow theories will predict zero drag. Importantly for aeronautics, Prandtl's theory can be applied directly to streamlined bodies like airfoils where, in addition to surface-friction drag, there is also form drag. Form drag is due to the effect of the boundary layer and thin wake on the pressure distribution around the airfoil.[8][28]
Open questionsEdit
To verify, as Prandtl suggested, that a vanishingly small cause (vanishingly small viscosity for increasing Reynolds number) has a large effect – substantial drag — may be very difficult.
The mathematician Garrett Birkhoff in the opening chapter of his book Hydrodynamics from 1950,[29] addresses a number of paradoxes of fluid mechanics (including d'Alembert's paradox) and expresses a clear doubt in their official resolutions:
"Moreover, I think that to attribute them all to the neglect of viscosity is an unwarranted oversimplification The root lies deeper, in lack of precisely that deductive rigor whose importance is so commonly minimized by physicists and engineers."[30]
In particular, on d'Alembert's paradox, he considers another possible route to the creation of drag: instability of the potential flow solutions to the Euler equations. Birkhoff states:
"In any case, the preceding paragraphs make it clear that the theory of non-viscous flows is incomplete. Indeed, the reasoning leading to the concept of a "steady flow" is inconclusive; there is no rigorous justification for the elimination of time as an independent variable. Thus though Dirichlet flows (potential solutions) and other steady flows are mathematically possible, there is no reason to suppose that any steady flow is stable."[31]
In his 1951 review[32] of Birkhoff's book, the mathematician James J. Stoker sharply criticizes the first chapter of the book:
"The reviewer found it difficult to understand for what class of readers the first chapter was written. For readers that are acquainted with hydrodynamics the majority of the cases cited as paradoxes belong either to the category of mistakes long since rectified, or in the category of discrepancies between theory and experiments the reasons for which are also well understood. On the other hand, the uninitiated would be very likely to get the wrong ideas about some of the important and useful achievements in hydrodynamics from reading this chapter."
In the second and revised edition of Birkhoff's Hydrodynamics in 1960, the above two statements no longer appear.[33]
The importance and usefulness of the achievements, made on the subject of the d'Alembert paradox, are reviewed by Stewartson thirty years later. His long 1981 survey article starts with:[10]
"Since classical inviscid theory leads to the patently absurd conclusion that the resistance experienced by a rigid body moving through a fluid with uniform velocity is zero, great efforts have been made during the last hundred or so years to propose alternate theories and to explain how a vanishingly small frictional force in the fluid can nevertheless have a significant effect on the flow properties. The methods used are a combination of experimental observation, computation often on a very large scale, and analysis of the structure of the asymptotic form of the solution as the friction tends to zero. This three-pronged attack has achieved considerable success, especially during the last ten years, so that now the paradox may be regarded as largely resolved."
For many paradoxes in physics, their resolution often lies in transcending the available theory.[34] In the case of d'Alembert's paradox, the essential mechanism for its resolution was provided by Prandtl through the discovery and modelling of thin viscous boundary layers – which are non-vanishing at high Reynolds numbers.[27]
A new resolution, connecting to second quote of Birkhoff above, was published by Hoffman and Johnson in Journal of Mathematical Fluid Mechanics , August 2010, Volume 12, Issue 3, pp 321–334, which is entirely different from Prandtl's resolution based on his boundary layer theory. The new resolution is based on the discovery supported by mathematical analysis and computation that potential flow with zero drag is an unphysical unstable formal mathematical solution of Euler's equations, which as physical flow (satisfying a slip boundary condition) from a basic instability at separation develops a turbulent wake creating drag. The new resolution questions Prandtl's legacy based on the concept of boundary layer (caused by a no-slip boundary condition) and opens new possibilities in computational fluid mechanics explored in Hoffman and Johnson, Computational Turbulent Incompressible Flow, Springer, 2007. The new resolution has led to a new theory of flight.
Proof of zero drag in steady potential flowEdit
Streamlines for the potential flow around a circular cylinder in a uniform onflow.
Potential flowEdit
The three main assumptions in the derivation of d'Alembert's paradox is that the steady flow is incompressible, inviscid and irrotational.[35] An inviscid fluid is described by the Euler equations, which together with the other two conditions read
∇ ⋅ u = 0 (incompressibility) ∇ × u = 0 (irrotational) ∂ ∂ t u + ( u ⋅ ∇ ) u = − 1 ρ ∇ p (Euler equation) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {u}}=0&&{\text{(incompressibility)}}\\&{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\times {\boldsymbol {u}}=0&&{\text{(irrotational)}}\\&{\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}{\boldsymbol {u}}+\left({\boldsymbol {u}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\right){\boldsymbol {u}}=-{\frac {1}{\rho }}{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}p&&{\text{(Euler equation)}}\end{aligned}}}
where u denotes the flow velocity of the fluid, p the pressure, ρ the density, and ∇ is the gradient operator.
We have the second term in the Euler equation as:
( u ⋅ ∇ ) u = 1 2 ∇ ( u ⋅ u ) − u × ∇ × u = 1 2 ∇ ( u ⋅ u ) ( 1 ) {\displaystyle \left({\boldsymbol {u}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\right){\boldsymbol {u}}={\tfrac {1}{2}}{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\left({\boldsymbol {u}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {u}}\right)-{\boldsymbol {u}}\times {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\times {\boldsymbol {u}}={\tfrac {1}{2}}{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\left({\boldsymbol {u}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {u}}\right)\qquad (1)}
where the first equality is a vector calculus identity and the second equality uses that the flow is irrotational. Furthermore, for every irrotational flow, there exists a velocity potential φ such that u = ∇φ. Substituting this all in the equation for momentum conservation yields
∇ ( ∂ φ ∂ t + 1 2 u ⋅ u + p ρ ) = 0 . {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\left({\frac {\partial \varphi }{\partial t}}+{\tfrac {1}{2}}{\boldsymbol {u}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {u}}+{\frac {p}{\rho }}\right)={\boldsymbol {0}}.}
Thus, the quantity between brackets must be constant (any t-dependence can be eliminated by redefining φ). Assuming that the fluid is at rest at infinity and that the pressure is defined to be zero there, this constant is zero, and thus
∂ φ ∂ t + 1 2 u ⋅ u + p ρ = 0 , ( 2 ) {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \varphi }{\partial t}}+{\tfrac {1}{2}}{\boldsymbol {u}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {u}}+{\frac {p}{\rho }}=0,\qquad (2)}
which is the Bernoulli equation for unsteady potential flow.
Zero dragEdit
Now, suppose that a body moves with constant velocity v through the fluid, which is at rest infinitely far away. Then the velocity field of the fluid has to follow the body, so it is of the form u(x, t) = u(x − v t, 0), where x is the spatial coordinate vector, and thus:
∂ u ∂ t + ( v ⋅ ∇ ) u = 0 . {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {u}}}{\partial t}}+\left({\boldsymbol {v}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\right){\boldsymbol {u}}={\boldsymbol {0}}.}
Since u = ∇φ, this can be integrated with respect to x:
∂ φ ∂ t = − v ⋅ ∇ φ + R ( t ) = − v ⋅ u + R ( t ) . {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \varphi }{\partial t}}=-{\boldsymbol {v}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\varphi +R(t)=-{\boldsymbol {v}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {u}}+R(t).}
The force F that the fluid exerts on the body is given by the surface integral
F = − ∫ A p n d S {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}=-\int _{A}p\,{\boldsymbol {n}}\;\mathrm {d} S}
where A denotes the body surface and n the normal vector on the body surface. But it follows from (2) that
p = − ρ ( ∂ φ ∂ t + 1 2 u ⋅ u ) = ρ ( v ⋅ u − 1 2 u ⋅ u − R ( t ) ) , {\displaystyle p=-\rho {\Bigl (}{\frac {\partial \varphi }{\partial t}}+{\tfrac {1}{2}}{\boldsymbol {u}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {u}}{\Bigr )}=\rho {\Bigl (}{\boldsymbol {v}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {u}}-{\tfrac {1}{2}}{\boldsymbol {u}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {u}}-R(t){\Bigr )},}
F = − ∫ A p n d S = ρ ∫ A ( 1 2 u ⋅ u − v ⋅ u ) n d S , {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}=-\int _{A}p\,{\boldsymbol {n}}\;\mathrm {d} S=\rho \int _{A}\left({\tfrac {1}{2}}{\boldsymbol {u}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {u}}-{\boldsymbol {v}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {u}}\right){\boldsymbol {n}}\;\mathrm {d} S,}
with the contribution of R(t) to the integral being equal to zero.
At this point, it becomes more convenient to work in the vector components. The kth component of this equation reads
F k = ρ ∫ A ∑ i ( 1 2 u i 2 − u i v i ) n k d S . ( 3 ) {\displaystyle F_{k}=\rho \int _{A}\sum _{i}({\tfrac {1}{2}}u_{i}^{2}-u_{i}v_{i})n_{k}\,\mathrm {d} S.\qquad (3)}
Let V be the volume occupied by the fluid. The divergence theorem says that
1 2 ∫ A ∑ i u i 2 n k d S = − 1 2 ∫ V ∂ ∂ x k ( ∑ i u i 2 ) d V . {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}\int _{A}\sum _{i}u_{i}^{2}n_{k}\,\mathrm {d} S=-{\frac {1}{2}}\int _{V}{\frac {\partial }{\partial x_{k}}}\left(\sum _{i}u_{i}^{2}\right)\,\mathrm {d} V.}
The right-hand side is an integral over an infinite volume, so this needs some justification, which can be provided by appealing to potential theory to show that the velocity u must fall off as r−3 – corresponding to a dipole potential field in case of a three-dimensional body of finite extent – where r is the distance to the centre of the body. The integrand in the volume integral can be rewritten as follows:
1 2 ∂ ∂ x k ( ∑ i u i 2 ) = ∑ i u i ∂ u k ∂ x i = ∑ i ∂ ( u i u k ) ∂ x i {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial x_{k}}}\left(\sum _{i}u_{i}^{2}\right)=\sum _{i}u_{i}{\frac {\partial u_{k}}{\partial x_{i}}}=\sum _{i}{\frac {\partial (u_{i}u_{k})}{\partial x_{i}}}}
where first equality (1) and then the incompressibility of the flow are used. Substituting this back into the volume integral and another application of the divergence theorem again. This yields
− 1 2 ∫ V ∂ ∂ x k ( ∑ i u i 2 ) d V = − ∫ V ∑ i ∂ ( u i u k ) ∂ x i d V = ∫ A u k ∑ i u i n i d S . {\displaystyle -{\frac {1}{2}}\int _{V}{\frac {\partial }{\partial x_{k}}}\left(\sum _{i}u_{i}^{2}\right)\,\mathrm {d} V=-\int _{V}\sum _{i}{\frac {\partial (u_{i}u_{k})}{\partial x_{i}}}\,\mathrm {d} V=\int _{A}u_{k}\sum _{i}u_{i}n_{i}\,\mathrm {d} S.}
Substituting this in (3), we find that
F k = ρ ∫ A ∑ i ( u k u i n i − v i u i n k ) d S . {\displaystyle F_{k}=\rho \int _{A}\sum _{i}(u_{k}u_{i}n_{i}-v_{i}u_{i}n_{k})\,\mathrm {d} S.}
The fluid cannot penetrate the body and thus n · u = n · v on the body surface. So ∑ i n i v i = ∑ i n i u i {\displaystyle \sum _{i}n_{i}\,v_{i}=\sum _{i}n_{i}\,u_{i}}
F k = ρ ∫ A ∑ i ( u k v i n i − v i u i n k ) d S . {\displaystyle F_{k}=\rho \int _{A}\sum _{i}(u_{k}v_{i}n_{i}-v_{i}u_{i}n_{k})\,\mathrm {d} S.}
Finally, the drag is the force in the direction in which the body moves, so
v ⋅ F = ∑ k v k F k = 0. {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {v}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {F}}=\sum _{k}v_{k}F_{k}=0.}
Hence the drag vanishes. This is d'Alembert's paradox.
NotesEdit
^ Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1752).
^ Grimberg, Pauls & Frisch (2008).
^ Falkovich (2011), p. 32.
^ Reprinted in: Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1768).
^ M.J. Lighthill (1956), "Physics of gas flow at very high speeds", Nature, 178 (4529): 343, Bibcode:1956Natur.178..343., doi:10.1038/178343a0 Report on a conference.
^ a b Landau & Lifshitz (1987), p. 15.
^ a b Batchelor (2000), pp. 264–265, 303, 337.
^ a b c Schlichting, Hermann; Gersten, Klaus (2000), Boundary-layer theory (8th revised and enlarged ed.), Springer, ISBN 978-3-540-66270-9 , pp. XIX–XXIII.
^ a b Veldman, A.E.P. (2001), "Matched asymptotic expansions and the numerical treatment of viscous–inviscid interaction", Journal of Engineering Mathematics, 39: 189–206, Bibcode:2001JEnMa..39..189V, doi:10.1023/A:1004846400131
^ a b Stewartson (1981).
^ Feynman, R.P.; Leighton, R.B.; Sands, M. (1963), The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, ISBN 978-0-201-02116-5 , Vol. 2, §41–5: The limit of zero viscosity, pp. 41–9 – 41–10.
^ Saint-Venant, A. (1847), "Mémoire sur la théorie de la résistance des fluides. Solution du paradoxe proposé à ce sujet par d'Alembert aux géomètres. Comparaison de la théorie aux expériences", Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, 24: 243–246, retrieved 2008-08-15
^ Stokes, G.G. (1851), "On the effect of the internal friction of fluids on the motion of pendulums", Trans. Camb. Philos. Soc., 9: 8–106, Bibcode:1851TCaPS...9....8S . Reprinted in Stokes, G.G., "On the effect...", Mathematical and Physical Papers (2nd ed.), Cambridge Univ. Press, 3
^ The Stokes flow equations have a solution for the flow around a sphere, but not for the flow around a circular cylinder. This is due to the neglect of the convective acceleration in Stokes flow. Convective acceleration is dominating over viscous effects far from the cylinder (Batchelor, 2000, p. 245). A solution can be found when convective acceleration is taken into account, for instance using the Oseen equations (Batchelor, 2000, pp. 245–246).
^ a b c Batchelor (2000), pp. 337–343 & plates.
^ Batchelor (2000), p. 499, eq. (6.13.12).
^ Kirchhoff, G. (1869), "Zur Theorie freier Flüssigkeitsstrahlen" (PDF), Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik, 1869 (70): 289–298, doi:10.1515/crll.1869.70.289
^ a b Rayleigh, Lord (1876), "On the resistance of fluids", Philosophical Magazine, 5 (2): 430–441 . Reprinted in: Scientific Papers 1:287–296.
^ Helmholtz, H. L. F. von (1868), "Über discontinuierliche Flüssigkeitsbewegungen", Monatsberichte der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 23: 215–228 . Reprinted in: Philosophical Magazine (1868) 36:337–346.
^ Batchelor (2000), pp. 338–339
^ a b c Wu, T. Y. (1972), "Cavity and wake flows", Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 4: 243–284, Bibcode:1972AnRFM...4..243W, doi:10.1146/annurev.fl.04.010172.001331
^ a b c Lamb, H. (1994), Hydrodynamics (6th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 679, ISBN 978-0-521-45868-9
^ Levi-Civita, T. (1907), "Scie e leggi di resistenza", Rendeconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo, 23: 1–37, doi:10.1007/bf03013504
^ Lord Kelvin (1894), "On the doctrine of discontinuity of fluid motion, in connection with the resistance against a solid moving through a fluid", Nature, 50 (1300): 524–5, 549, 573–5, 597–8, Bibcode:1894Natur..50..524K, doi:10.1038/050524e0 Reprinted in: Mathematical and Physical Papers 4: 215–230.
^ Batchelor (2000), p. 500.
^ Batchelor (2000), pp. 493–494.
^ a b Prandtl (1904).
^ Batchelor (2000) pp. 302–314 & 331–337.
^ Garrett Birkhoff, Hydrodynamics: a study in logic, fact, and similitude, Princeton University Press, 1950
^ Birkhoff (1950) p. 4.
^ Birkhoff (1950) p. 21.
^ James J. Stoker (1951), "Review: Garrett Birkhoff, Hydrodynamics, a study in logic, fact, and similitude", Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., 57 (6): 497–499, doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1951-09552-X.
^ Closest to the first quote comes, on page 5:
"...It is now usually claimed that such paradoxes are due to the differences between "real" fluids having small but finite viscosity, and "ideal" fluids having zero viscosity. Thus it is essentially implied that one can rectify Lagrange's claim, by substituting "Navier-Stokes" for "Euler". This claim will be discussed critically in Ch. II; it may well be correct in principle for incompressible viscous flow. However, taken literally, I think it is still very misleading, unless explicit attention is paid to the plausible hypotheses listed above, and to the lack of rigor implied by their use. Though I do not know of any case when a deduction, both physically and mathematically rigorous, has led to a wrong conclusion, very few of the deductions of rational hydrodynamics can be established rigorously. The most interesting ones involve free use of Hypotheses (A)-(F)..."
The Lagrange claim is given by Birkhoff on page 3:
"...One owes to Euler the first general formulas for fluid motion ... presented in the simple and luminous notation of partial differences ... By this discovery, all fluid mechanics was reduced to a single point of analysis, and if the equations involved were integrable, one could determine completely, in all cases, the motion of a fluid moved by any forces..."
(Birkhoff, 1960, 2nd ed.)
^ For instance, the paradox of the constancy of the speed of light in all directions, was solved by the special theory of relativity.
^ This article follows the derivation in Section 6.4 of Batchelor (2000).
HistoricalEdit
d'Alembert, Jean le Rond (1752), Essai d'une nouvelle théorie de la résistance des fluides
d'Alembert, Jean le Rond (1768), "Memoir XXXIV", Opuscules Mathématiques, 5 (§I ed.), pp. 132–138
Prandtl, Ludwig (1904), Motion of fluids with very little viscosity, 452, NACA Technical Memorandum
Further readingEdit
Batchelor, G. (2000), An introduction to fluid dynamics, Cambridge Mathematical Library (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-66396-0, MR 1744638
Falkovich, G. (2011), Fluid Mechanics, a short course for physicists, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-107-00575-4
Grimberg, G.; Pauls, W.; Frisch, U. (2008), "Genesis of d'Alembert's paradox and analytical elaboration of the drag problem", Physica D, 237 (14–17): 1878–1886, arXiv:0801.3014, Bibcode:2008PhyD..237.1878G, doi:10.1016/j.physd.2008.01.015
Landau, L. D.; Lifshitz, E. M. (1987), Fluid Mechanics, Course of Theoretical Physics, 6 (2nd ed.), Pergamon Press, ISBN 978-0-08-009104-4
Stewartson, K. (1981), "D'Alembert's Paradox", SIAM Review, 23 (3): 308–343, doi:10.1137/1023063
Potential Flow and d'Alembert's Paradox at MathPages
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%27Alembert%27s_paradox&oldid=927704969"


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Home > Articles > What Yoga is and Why You Should Try It
What Yoga is and Why You Should Try It
Lucy Greeves
meditation , yoga
Ask a hundred yoga devotees, and you'll get a hundred different answers. But most will agree that yoga in the modern world is having a bit of an identity crisis.
At one end of the spectrum, it's an ancient system of physical and spiritual discipline, with its origins in the Indus Valley perhaps as long as 5000 years ago. At the other, it's a multi-million pound industry, a wellbeing cliché that's used to sell everything from probiotic yogurts to cashmere hotpants.
Yesterday I saw a poster advertising "BoxingYoga™" – just the latest of many attempts to stake a claim in what has become a branding goldrush. As Brand Yoga grows more and more commercialised, many yoga students find themselves searching anxiously for an 'authentic' yoga experience.
So, what is Yoga?
The problem is there's no such thing as a typical yoga class - or a typical student. Watch the hard-bodied athletes powering through an advanced Ashtanga workout, and you might struggle to see what they have in common with the smiling pensioners gently surrendering to gravity in a Scaravelli-inspired session, or the roomful of bright-eyed, mantra-chanting Kundalini babes - yet these are just three of the many things we call 'yoga classes'.
With such a vast range of options available, how can you find your path through the yoga jungle? Is there any way to tell if you're doing the right kind of yoga? The 'real' kind, the kind that works? In other words: are you on the road to enlightenment, or just jumping around for a bit, then lying down?
Here on welldoing.org, we will be running through the different forms of yoga out there to leave you with a comprehensive guide, steering you through some of the jargon and demystifying the main styles of yoga commonly taught in the UK today. Since the beginning, various practitioners have claimed health benefits for their particular style of yoga that range from reduced back pain and better moods, to ecstatic sexual experiences – and even immortality. I'll outline what results you can realistically expect – and how much effort it will take to achieve them!
Defining 'yoga'
First, a few basics. The word yoga comes from the Sanskrit root yuj, meaning a yoke. Sanskrit is a religious language with magical properties: the words really matter, and it's worth thinking hard about what they mean. We could talk about yoga as the 'yoking' or joining together of mind and body. In most styles of physical yoga, breathing is key: by synchronising the breath with the physical movement of the body, the breath acts as a conduit between mind and body, bringing intention into harmony with action.
We could also see yoga as the yoking or harnessing of certain energetic forces within the person. In the Bhagavad Gita (a key text for Hindus and the wider yoga community) the human mind is compared to a horse which must be trained and mastered by the charioteer. His aim is not to conquer the horse utterly, but to form a partnership with it so that it does what he asks. That's the sort of yoke that yoga implies: a pressing into service of all the internal powers at one's disposal by means of steady, long-term training.
Why practice yoga?
The word yoga also carries the sense of a way or path, a bit like the tao in Chinese philosophy. I had a real lightbulb moment when I discovered this, because it freed me up to see yoga as a 'way of doing' rather than a 'thing to do'; as an attitude towards the world, rather than a rigid set of practices. The goal of yoga is always moksha: liberation from suffering. For a devout Hindu yogi that means that when the body dies, the soul is freed from the endless wheel of reincarnation. For me that means a sense of being at one with myself; being grounded and comfortable in my skin; a certain inner calm.
One of the oldest surviving "how to" manuals for yogis is the Hatha Yoga Pradipika, a 15th century Sanskrit text belonging to a secretive, forest-dwelling monastic sect. It instructs the adept in the proper performance of 16 asanas: physical postures designed to purify the body and channel the energies it contains. It goes on to describe various breathing practices, energetic techniques and cleansing rituals with the same aim. All of these are steps designed to prepare the student for long periods of meditation; the whole package has the ultimate aim of gaining extraordinary powers of physical and mental control, and liberation from the limitations of physical existence.
The postures (asana) we practice in most yoga classes in the West today are the distant descendents of this ancient spiritual training system. We still value them for their 'purifying' effects on the body – but the more mystical aspects of classical hatha yoga have largely fallen away. Many people will attend hundreds of yoga classes without ever hearing about meditation, and without realising that some of the shapes they are making with their bodies were originally part of a religious practice. In that sense, we are dealing with a drastically narrowed-down view of the whole yoga picture – even though there are so many different yoga 'brands' for us to choose from.
Finding the real thing
You'll find plenty of commentators complaining that reducing yoga to just another gym-based fitness class sucks the soul out of it. In 15th century India, the original hatha yogis lived in celibate seclusion in their huts in the forest, standing on their heads for hours on end in pursuit of enlightenment. It's more difficult to imagine reaching nirvana at the gym on a Tuesday night in October, with the muffled thud of Abs, Bums 'n' Tums leaking in from the studio next door.
But I don't think it follows that what we do in gyms up and down the country today is 'not really yoga'. Let's not forget that the forest yogis also drank their own urine, shunned the company of women, and were regarded as dangerous cultists by the general public.
Modern yoga has had to adapt to survive in a secular, capitalist society; we've moulded it to accommodate our cultural values. Far from the secret, all-male cult of medieval India, yoga in the UK today is dominated by women, recommended by GPs and taught in primary schools. Appeals to 'authenticity' in this context are almost meaningless.
Here's my suggestion: if yoga is a way of doing, an attitude to the world, why can't we do it anywhere? Couldn't the magic happen in a dusty church hall – or a sweaty gym for that matter? Some of the most sincere spiritual enquirers amongst my yoga friends started out as gym bunnies, chasing the endorphin high of tough physical exercise. And I've taught students with very low levels of physical fitness who 'get it' almost immediately, despite not being able to hold any of the postures. I say, let the people find the yoga where they can. Or, when I'm feeling mystical, let the yoga find the people - wherever they try to hide.
As the Hatha Yoga Pradipika tells us, success in yoga cannot be obtained by reading books about yoga, adopting a special way of dressing, or telling stories about yoga. "Practice alone is the means to success. This is true, there is no doubt." From that point of view, the important thing is not so much what you practice, where or even how you practice, but that you practice.
In the end whatever works for you – whatever you feel motivated to stick at, and practice regularly – is the 'right' kind of yoga. Yoga philosophy holds that the core of your being is pure and perfect, although darkened and obscured by the world's influences.
The path of yoga is one of uncovering, finding a way back to that blissful state we all hold within us. Ultimately, each of us has the potential to become our own teacher and develop our own yoga practice. So take comfort from the knowledge that the perfect yoga class is destined always to elude you; but while you're searching, your inner yogi might just meet you halfway.
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A stone's throw from the centre of town and the foreshore, Hartog Cottage's offer spotless, comfortable accommodation with plenty of room to spread out. Each Cottage is 2 bedroom and sleeps five, is self contained with a fully equipped kitchen, washing machine, reverse cycle air-conditioning, shower, toilet, T.V. and D.V.D player.
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With two Cottages on the one block the Cottages are ideal for group getaways, plus there is ample room for parking cars and boats.


A California woman apparently drowned Thursday (November 15) in waters along the South Kohala coast.
The woman has been identified as 70-year-old Eileen Melville of Midvalley, California.
South Kohala patrol officers responded to Beach 69 in Puako after receiving a 12:08 p.m. call reporting an unresponsive snorkeler.
Responding officers learned that bystanders had pulled the woman from the water and attempted cardiopulmonary resuscitation until Fire Department personnel arrived. She was taken to North Hawaiʻi Community Hospital, where she was pronounced dead at 1:17 p.m.


Brand consistent with the owner of the sushicatering.com.au, this Japanese restaurant and use the black, red and white colour throughout of the website.
The website consists of order form which callculate the total amount automatically.
Note: this website is under maintenance.


3. The time of foundation of EKL: November 14, 1992.
4. EKL is a voluntary non-profit association.
4.1. all structures giving prehospital extraordinary medical aid, individuals with the same type of occupation.
5.2. to represent the interests and of EMS and other structures giving prehospital extraordinary medical aid in healthcare establishments, different ministries, courts, certifying commissions etc.
6.4. compiles, edits and publishes materials, collections, instructions etc.
6.6. participates in working out of the training system and organizing the work of it.
8.1. Full members of EKL can be private and legal persons giving prehospital extraordinary medical aid and persons connected with it.
EKL financially or in other ways.
8.3. The actions of EKL members are directed by the Statute of EKL.
8.4. To join EKL an application must be written. One can become a full member of EKL after the positive decision of the board.
8.5. The joining of a supporter member is also confirmed by the board after writing an application.
8.6. An EKL member (private person) can elect and be elected into leading organs of EKL.
-because of his own will writing an application. The decision is done by the board.
-because of the proposal of the board-by the decision of the General Assembly.
9. EKL is led by the General Assembly, during the time between-by the board.
10. EKL works by the Statute, accepted in General Assembly.
11. The General Assembly must be held minimum once a year. Delegates are sent to the Assembly as following-one delegate per 10 members or one EMS ambulance unit.
11.1. Problems to solve during the General Assembly are set up by the board after proposals of members.
11.2. The decisions of the General Assembly take effect and are legal only then when minimum 50% of authorized persons have taken part in voting.
11.3. The General Assembly has right to replace excluded members of the board till the next ordinary elections.
12. The reporting meeting held once a year.
12.1. The reporting-electing meeting of EMS listens and confirms the reports and plans of the board and inspecting commission.
to Vice Chairman (Vice President). Financial operations of the board are inspected minimum once a year by the inspecting commission.
12.3. The General Assembly confirms the amount and paying order of membership fee.
13.1. Leads the work of EKL between General Assemblies according to the Statute and decisions of the last General Assembly.
13.2. Compiles work program, budget, financial and action reports.
13.3. Uses money, administers the properties of EKL, awards grants and financial supports.
13.4. Undersigns contracts, holds financial operations, develops economic activities.
13.5. Prepares and calls together ordinary and extraordinary meetings of EKL.
13.6. The board is decisive when min.60% of its members are taking part (incl. President or Vice President). The decisions are made using simple majority of voices.
13.7. Meetings of the board are held at least 4 times a year, they are called together by The President or Vice President of the board.
13.8. The board makes proposals for changes or additions in the Statute. They are confirmed by General Assembly.
14.5. special services, organizing training courses, lectures etc.
15.1. Inspecting commission is elected by General Assembly for three years (3 members) the Chairman of the commission is elected by members of the commission.
15.2. Inspecting commission has to check financial operations of the board and accounting.
15.3. Inspecting commission is having an overview of financial operations, gives necessary information to the Tax Department. Inspects paying of state and local taxes.
17. The properties of EKL are realized by the decision of the board.


text:
Google cancels product launch out of respect…
Google cancels product launch out of respect for Jobs
By Jeremy C. Owens | Bay Area News Group
Google (GOOG) and Samsung postponed a product announcement planned for next week due to the death of Apple (AAPL) co-founder Steve Jobs, the Mountain View search giant confirmed Friday.
The event was reportedly going to be the unveiling of the new Nexus smartphone, the first phone expected to be equipped with the newest Android iteration, dubbed Ice Cream Sandwich.
Though a Google spokeswoman would not confirm that was the focus of the event, she did say that it was put off out of respect for Jobs, the legendary Silicon Valley leader who died Wednesday.
"Last night, a decision was made by both companies to postpone the event." Shari Yoder Doherty told this newspaper.
The product announcement was scheduled to be held jointly with Samsung at the CTIA Enterprise & Applications trade show in San Diego on Tuesday. While Google declines to specifically state the product that was going to be announced, Doherty did say that there were no issues with the product that forced the postponement. A new date for the event was not announced.
The newest version of Android is expected to combine the smartphone and tablet versions — dubbed Gingerbread and Honeycomb, respectively — into one operating system that works on all Android-based mobile devices. Previous versions of Android have debuted on the Nexus line of phones, including the Nexus One (Android 2.1) and Nexus S (Android 2.3).
Apple announced Tuesday that its new mobile operating system, iOS 5, will debut Wednesday. That announcement was part of the Cupertino company's product launch of an upgraded iPhone 4, the iPhone 4S, and was the first major product announcement helmed by new CEO Tim Cook, who permanently took over the company when Jobs stepped down for health reasons in August.
When Jobs died the next day at age 56, Google founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page both paid their respects publicly on the Mountain View company's new social network, Google+.
Jobs "was a great man with incredible achievements and amazing brilliance," Page, Google's CEO, wrote. "My thoughts and Google's are with his family and the whole Apple family."
Mercury News staff writer Mike Swift contributed to this report.
Jeremy C. Owens
East foothills fatal shooting victim identified as 26-year-old San Jose man
The man's death marks San Jose's second homicide of 2020.


text:
Andrea Barrett
Ship Fever
Servants of the Map
The Forms of Water
The Middle Kingdom
Secret Harmonies
Lucid Stars
The Story Prize Reading and Awards, March 2014
"One of the things [the stories in Archangel] seemed to to me to have in common was that sense [of] the great passion and love we can have for a theory that will turn out to be completely wrong – we can't know that when we're working on something, we love a wrong theory the way we love a right theory; it's history that makes that judgment. But the people who have spent their whole life working so hard on something that turned out not to turn out well, that's a difficult path."
The Believer, June 2009
"Any kind of serious work is full of drama and passion, yearning and disappointment, complicated choices, sacrifices, moments of bliss—and science is serious, wonderful work."
One Story, December 20, 2008
"It's typical for me to be delving into several apparently unrelated areas at once; our lives and our interests aren't divided into the categories of academia or card-catalogs and so I try not to let my characters' interests be shoe-horned into those boxes either."
Ploughshares, Fall 2007
"Teaching stories, later on, made me realize that actually the stories I liked best, and wanted to write, were ones that did nearly as much as a novel but in a smaller space."
The Paris Review, Winter 2003
"What it feels like is that slowly, over time—a bit more with each book—I trusted my ability to bring alive characters from other times and places, who were interested and involved in things beyond the narrow confines of my life experience."
New York Times, June 6, 2002
"Scientific questions are very precise and very directed. A scientist poses problems that can be answered if one works hard enough." In contrast, writers "pose question after question, and none of them get answered," she continued, adding, "A lot of what I write about in science and history serves as a metaphor for the discoveries we make as writers."
Audio / Podcasts
WAMC The Book Show, with Joe Donahue, October 18, 2022
First Draft: A Dialogue on Writing, with Mitzi Rapkin, October 17, 2022
Fiction/Non/Fiction, September 15, 2022
"On Meaning and Time: Andrea Barrett on What the Past Tells Us About Today. In Conversation with Whitney Terrell and V.V. Ganeshananthan"
To the Best of Our Knowledge, July 2014
"[What starts me writing a story] is not an idea—what is the ether of space?—it's an image related to that idea. So it's an image of, in this case, these gigantic, whirling machines made of iron that Sir Oliver Lodge used… It's jellyfish pulsing in the ocean, and a line drawing of a gigantic jellyfish from the 1870s. That image leads me into the idea, and those two things together lead me to the characters in a story."
Studio 360, November 2013
"That idea of – what is evidence, how much evidence or data do you need to convince someone of a politically difficult or emotionally difficult position, that's what really fascinates me, and I think that's what drove some of the stories in [Archangel]."
Key West Literary Seminar, 2009
"And because nobody was watching and there was no risk involved, what I chose to write about was the thing I actually loved the most but had never dared to write fiction about before, because who writes fiction about old dead scientists?"
NPR, 2007
"Infectious disease exists at this intersection between real science, medicine, public health, social policy, and human conflict. There's a tendency of people to try and make a group out of those who have the disease. It makes people who don't have the disease feel safer. So I think it's that moment that really interests me."


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2.5mm Ø, 7x7 stainless steel wire rope.
Self-tensioning wall bracket end fitting.
1.5mm Allen key required for installation.
Screw fixings are required for wall bracket.
Floor to Wall Mount ´Easy Fit´ Cable Display Kit.
Complete suspended cable display kit with floor tensioner and self-tensioning wall bracket, supplied with stainless steel wire rope for you to trim to size.
The wall bracket tensioner has an adjustable elbow, to allow for perfect positioning on angles and inclines.
3 x No.6 Countersunk Screws required for wall bracket installation.
1 x Floor Mount Tensioner.
1 x Wall Bracket Tensioner.
4 Metres of 2.5mm Diameter 7x7 Stainless Steel Wire Rope.
Tensioners are suitable for direct installation onto wood, we would always recommend using a plastic/rawl plug for mounting on to other materials.
Simply add horizontal and vertical supports for glass and acrylic from the ´Easy Fit´ cable display and wire hanging system.
Always check that mounting surfaces are strong enough to take the weight of the items being displayed. No responsibility will be taken for incorrect loading. This responsibility rests with the installer.
This cable display kit will only accept shelf and signage supports from the ´Easy Fit´ Cable Display range.
Download and print our installation advice sheet for the Floor to wall mount Cable Display Kit.
We recommend marking the position of the top tensioner first and using a plumb line to mark the position for the bottom tensioner.
You can place shelf supports and connectors onto the wire rope before connecting both ends - supports can be adjusted to the correct position once the wire has been tensioned.
1. Use suitable no.6 countersunk screws to secure bracket base plate to mounting surface.
2. Unscrew the end fitting.
3. Press the end fitting towards the body and insert wire rope firmly until it locks in place.
4. To fully secure the wire, screw the end fitting back towards the main body.
1. Unscrew the main body from the threaded mounting block to reveal end stopper.
2. Secure the threaded mounting block in place with the screw provided.
3. Pass wire rope through body and end stopper, fix in place by tightening the grub screws using a 1.5mm allen key.
4. Replace main body onto the threaded mounting block.
Stainless steel No.6 Pozi Countersunk Wood Screws.
Single Shelf Support - Adjustable cable display clamp.
Double Shelf Support - Adjustable cable display clamp.
Single Shelf Support - Fixed position cable display clamp.