Leona Watson's first job was as an administrative assistant making $13,000 a year in a remote Queensland mining town. She's a self-admittedly poor assistant who wasn't that great at filing and typing. Rather than letting her job description define her duties rigidly, she took a "no boundaries" approach and was soon doing PR and interviews on behalf of the company. And she was only sixteen at the time.
About a dozen years later, Leona Watson landed a plum gig working at Microsoft in the UK, launching Windows NT. On a whim, she took a vacation working on the crew of a tall ship, and had the 4:00 pm to 8:00 pm and 4:00 am to 8:00 am watch. While surveying the scene for submarines and other boats in the tranquility of dawn at open sea, Leona had a moment of clarity. She realized that she was in the wrong job. Even though she had a fabulous role flying around the world and making good money in a great corporation, the big corporate thing was not her bag.
She promptly resigned her Microsoft position at age twenty-eight to move back to Australia. She'd fallen in love with a sailor on the tall ship and ended up working on a yacht with him—but earning only $1 an hour. Her friends and family were shocked at her decision to leave Microsoft, but she contended that if things didn't work out, she could always go back. In addition, how could anyone argue with working on the water beneath a smiling sun in a bathing suit and sarong?
Leona's responsibility on the boat was preparing meals. She loved the people interaction aspect. So, when she moved back to Sydney, she studied at Le Cordon Bleu to sharpen her culinary skills.
Around that time in 2001, Leona was approached by two other chefs to start a foodcompany with an innovative concept—team-building through cooking—and she took the plunge and started the Cheeky Food Group. Eventually, she bought out the other partners and has been the sole director for the last five years. Their vision was to take the joy, fun, laughter, and interaction of cooking and put it together with relationship-building at corporate events, cooking classes, and tours.
Today, Cheeky Food Group employs ten full-time staff and maintains a bench of twenty part-time chefs. Leona Watson claims that the company's main strategic assets are the brand, reputation, and people. She fervently believes that the brand has to be embodied by everyone, from the person answering the phone to the chefs. Even if a prospect doesn't end up buying, they should have such a strong connection to the brand that they would recommend Cheeky anyway. Cheeky actually maintains a 100 percent track record of "Yes, I'd recommend you" from their clients, which feeds into their strong reputation.
The people who embody the brand and make the reputation start to build bonds with people in their very first conversation, so that by the time of the event, clients are hugging the Cheeky staff because they have already started a great relationship. Sixty to seventy percent of Cheeky's business is repeat and referral events. So, as Leona states, "unless we really screw up, we can keep this up with no marketing." Such a great repeat customer rate is definitely a huge asset.
After ten years, Leona Watson has seen her share of triumphs and learnings as she's grown Cheeky Food Group. Leona reveals the following insights and lessons for other entrepreneurs.
Leona came up with about ten possible names for the company. She emailed those options to fifty people for feedback. Cheeky Food Group was the second most popular name, and it didn't polarize anyone. The most popular choice was "Mad about Food": most people loved it, but some did hate it. So, in the end, Leona decided on the second-most-popular name—one that didn't rub anyone the wrong way.
Leona Watson astonished friends by walking away from a golden role at Microsoft, yet she said that the decision was quite easy. Leona relates that some people operate from a position of fear, but she refuses to. She even notes that, if everything went downhill with Cheeky Food Group, she would still land on her feet—she could work at a coffee shop and be okay. Leona is someone I deem a "cat." Regardless of how high the fall or how great the turbulence, she has enough skill and tenacity to land on her feet.
I grinned when Leona shared this anecdote with me over beers at the local taco shop where I interviewed her. It wasn't the alcohol (or maybe it was a little bit) but the fact that it's okay to jump! Along the same lines, I like to ask myself when confronted with a major decision, "what's the worst thing that will happen?" If you're like most people, you'll find a way to land on your feet. Jump!
Leona Watson states that every time that she made a wrong hiring decision, it was because she misjudged the applicant's people skills. She cautions fellow entrepreneurs to test for this, especially in a small-team environment. In addition, when pressed to choose between someone with a high culture fit but low skill level, and someone with a low culture fit but high skill level, she said that it depends on the role and how easily she can coach the weak areas. So there's no one-size-fits-all answer to that question, but she suggests always thinking about a person's own strengths and weakness, plus the company's values, before putting someone into the mix.
Listen to Your Job Applicants—On Voicemail!
Cheeky desires outgoing, energetic personalities to come on board, so to screen for those, they ask job applicants to call a specific number—and never email a résumé. The voicemail asks for basic information, such as what role you're applying for, why you would be good in that position, and what "Cheeky" X factor you would bring. Leona says that by hearing the candidate's voice and energy (or lack thereof) in the voicemail, she saves a tremendous amount of time. She can ascertain if she wants to meet the applicant within thirty to sixty seconds of hearing the voicemail.
How happy are you here?
How much do you fit into our "Own it, do it, smash it" culture?
How effectively are you working with other people?
Leona is also a big fan of Verne Harnish and his "start, stop, continue" templates. She likes to ask her staff to come up with three bullets in each category to share. This quickly bubbles up areas for improvement and problem spots. She even took her entire team to a Verne Harnish event.
After the company had gone to the Verne Harnish event, they were very gung-ho. They had collected a lot of great action items to work on. Unfortunately, after the event lit the fire, there wasn't enough follow-through to maintain the momentum. So the ideas and goals died a slow death. Leona has vowed to improve this in the future, and to follow through on problem-solving after identifying the trouble areas. Leona now believes in achieving "less" but doing things well instead of setting Cheeky up to fail or get overextended with new ventures.
Recently there was an employee who requested a raise, but Leona knew that the individual had areas that needed work. So they devised a three-month plan. If the individual improved in the four areas that they both agreed upon, then Leona would provide her a raise along with back pay from the prior three months.
For the past year or so, Leona admits that she's taken her eye off of the people-management horizon. She was experiencing challenging personal and professional issues, and it culminated in losing six out of nine employees. She admits that it's tough to lose so many employees in a short period of time, but it can also be a refreshing new start. In fact, in some instances a big "clean out" is the best way to go, because if people's attitudes or performances can't be turned around, it's best to replace those folks with new team members.
Everyone at Cheeky Food Group takes the DISC personality assessment. Leona knows that they have a lot of "type-A" personalities. Everyone is rather fiery, and that's part of their culture. However, for two recent hires, she's been looking for a better complement to herself and the team, with higher Influence and Compliance attributes. Leona is a big proponent of knowing her strengths and limitations as she hires the right team to surround her.
Leona just started working with PricewaterhouseCoopers. The consultants asked her what was holding the business back from growing. Leona said, "me." It's an amazingly self-aware answer, and Leona knows that she's why the business is as successful as it is. But she's also the reason why it hasn't reached the next level yet. She wants to make sure that there's another executive who can team up with her to take Cheeky Food Group to the next level.
At an early age, Leona Watson realized that work—and life, for that matter—didn't require boundaries. She could take the initiative, follow her heart, and devote herself to something that she could be passionate about, from PR to marketing to sailing to cooking. She asks, "What's the worst thing that could happen?" Even if that worst thing happens, she will always land on her feet, be able to get a job somewhere, and be OK.
This refreshing approach frees Leona, yet she's also introspective enough to know her own strengths and weaknesses. By initiating strong people-management processes like personality tests and outside coaching for herself, Leona has realized that she's part of Cheeky Food Group's limitations. Now it's up to her to help bring in the right people and get out of the way, so that they can smash the boundaries to success. Hopefully they'll quickly add to the 50,000 happy participants while maintaining the company's perfect zero-ambulances and zero-stitches track record.


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Q: how to select all the data from many tables? how to select all the data from many tables?
i try
`"SELECT * FROM `table1`, `table2`"`

,
 but result none understandable for me. it returns only some rows from table1, and 3 times all the data from table2. i've red one same question here, but don't understand the answer. so could you help me? thanks in advance.
update:
when i try
(SELECT * FROM `table1`) UNION (SELECT * FROM `table2`)

it returns
#1222 - The used SELECT statements have a different number of columns

A: By doing that select with the "," between 2 tables and no WHERE clause, you are doing an implicit cross join of the 2 tables (all combinations of rows between the 2 tables). This is likely Not What You Want. See UNION, as mentioned by other answers.

A: Use the UNION SELECT construct

A: How do you want the data displayed? Are both tables of the same schema? If so you could use the UNION operator.
http://www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_union.asp

A: If you are just trying to show the data from many tables and there is no relationship between the data, you have to program logic instead of database logic.
show tables  (SQL command)
foreach result  (programming language of your choice)
  select * from tablename (SQL command)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Former Al Jazeera America CEO Ehab Al Shihabi's name has been removed from the leadership masthead of the network's website.
The ousted boss of Al Jazeera America who declared last week that he would remain at the company as chief operating officer has not been seen at the troubled news channel's New York City headquarters.
The departure of Ehab Al Shihabi from AJAM was confirmed to CNN by two editorial employees in a position to know.
An AJAM spokesman declined to comment.
Al Shihabi's last appearance was at an executive dinner just hours after his replacement was named last week.
Most of the invited executives assumed that the dinner at Craft restaurant in Manhattan would be canceled, in light of the extraordinary events that had transpired only hours earlier. The dinner had been planned weeks before last week's shakeup.
The executives were seated at two tables, and according to one attendee, Al Shihabi didn't leave his seat to interact with anyone.
One source said that Al Shihabi has relocated to Doha, home to the parent company Al Jazeera Media Network. His name and photo have been removed from the channel's leadership masthead.
Last Thursday, AJAM announced that Al Shihabi had been replaced as chief executive officer by Al Anstey, previously the managing director of Al Jazeera English.
The announcement was met with celebrations in the newsroom, but the jubilation quickly gave way to disappointment and confusion when Al Shihabi circulated an email to say that he would remain as COO.
Despite Al Shihabi's email, a high level source at AJAM told CNN last week that he would not wield any authority.
"Ehab will not be in a functional role," the source said.
AJAM, which has struggled to build an audience since its launch in 2013, has been consumed with internal turmoil in recent weeks. The channel was hit with a lawsuit from a former employee who alleged that he was fired after complaining about an executive's alleged sexism and anti-Semitism. In the last two weeks, three high-profile female officials left the channel.
One of those officials, former senior vice president of outreach Marcy McGinnis, told the New York Times that she resigned to escape the "culture of fear" instilled by Al Shihabi.
It will be up to Anstey, who started in his new role this week, to clean up this mess. He addressed AJAM employees in an email sent Sunday, promising to host editorial sessions in the weeks ahead and to "outline the strategy for our future development and evolution."
One of the sources at AJAM said the change in leadership has prompted a "palpable" mood change in the newsroom.
"I think it's fair to say we're all very bullish and hopeful about Al," the source said. "We're kind of feeling like it was a one-person issue. It just so happened to be the guy with all the power at the top. He's gone now, and I think people are relieved and hopeful."


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December 2, 2022 — Mauna Loa Northeast Rift Zone eruption fissure 3 thermal map
This map shows activity from Fissure 3 on the Northeast Rift Zone.
November 16-December 2, 2022— Mauna Loa Ground Surface Change
This map shows areas of surface change as determined through a comparison of satellite radar images acquired on November 16, 2022 and December 2 at 6:13 a.m. HST
December 2, 2022 — Mauna Loa Radar Interferogram
This radar interferogram spans before the eruption (November 16, 2022) until December 2 at 6:13 a.m. HST.
Volcano Hazards, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, Mauna Loa, Mauna Loa
December 1, 2022 — Mauna Loa Eruption Map
This reference map depicts the ongoing Mauna Loa eruption on Dec. 1, 2022.
November 30, 2022 — Mauna Loa eruption map
This reference map depicts the ongoing Mauna Loa eruption on Nov. 30, 2022.
November 30, 2022—Mauna Loa Northeast Rift Zone eruption thermal map
November 23, 2022—Kīlauea summit UAS thermal maps
Uncrewed aircraft systems (UAS) flights on November 23, 2022, allowed for aerial visual and thermal imagery to be collected of Halema'uma'u crater at the summit of Kīlauea.
Bathymetric map and surface area and capacity table for Table Rock Lake near Branson, Missouri, 2020
Table Rock Lake was completed in 1958 on the White River in southwestern Missouri and northwestern Arkansas for flood control, hydroelectric power, public water supply, and recreation. The surface area of Table Rock Lake is about 42,400 acres, and about 715 miles of shoreline are at the conservation pool level (915 feet above the North American Vertical Datum of 1988). Sedimentation in reservoirs
A helicopter overflight on November 17, 2022, allowed for aerial visual and thermal imagery to be collected of Halema'uma'u crater at the summit of Kīlauea.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Glossary Home Genre
Prose is a written and spoken language form that does not make use of a metrical pattern or rhyme scheme.
There is an ordinary grammatical structure in the lines and usually full sentences. The word "prose" first appeared in English in the fourteenth century. It comes from the French word "prose" meaning straightforward or direct speech.
The majority of that which we read and write is done so in prose. It is made of paragraphs and the correct use of punctuation and grammar. The sentences do not, as they do in poetry, normally run on for multiple lines or extend past that which makes sense. Aesthetic appeal is much less important than it is in poetry.
Clear language is valued over complex figurative language. Often, it is as easily read as everyday speech is understood. It is the language of people, that which we most readily understand. It can be found in kinds of written communication, such as broadcasting, newspapers, journals, textbooks, magazines, and speeches. Without prose, we would not have poetry.
Purpose of Prose
Prose is a comfortable structure in which writers can convey stories, messages, and various kinds of information. It allows writers to use complex details, create settings, characters that change over time and convey facts to their readers. Writers look to this form of writing in order to communicate easily with readers.
Types and Examples of Prose
Prose Poetry is a social kind of prose that exhibits some of the qualities of poetry. The imagery and sensory experience of the reader is more important than it would be otherwise but the lines are structured as they would be in a novel. There are still paragraphs and full sentences. Examples include Amy Lowell's Bath and Harryette Mullens Kills bugs dead. This kind of writing is much less common than fiction or nonfiction. It is also often up for interpretation. Some poems fall in between being a strict poem and prose poetry, especially if the writer used longer lines and more paragraph-like stanzas.
Fictional Prose
Fiction includes novels and books read and written for pleasure. It is a literary work that includes imagined elements These elements might be based in fact, such as in the genre of historical fiction, or they might be completely fantastical, such as in fantasy novels.
For examples of fiction, a reader simply has to look to their own bookshelf. Some of the best stories ever written fall into the category. These novels include all periods of written literature from the classic to the victorian, Elizabethan, modern and contemporary. Also included in this category, and often her look, are the novels written by authors from non-English speaking countries.
Some well-known authors who have worked in this category include Charles Dickens, George Orwell, and Emily Brontë. Modern and contemporary writers that readers might be family with are Haruki Murakami, Gabriel Garcia Marquez, and Stephen King.
Heroic Prose
Heroic Prose includes legends and tales. These are imagined stories that were once told only orally. They were eventually written down and have since been shared with a wider audience. This includes legends that originated from all over the world. A reader might look to the Icelandic Sagas, the Poetic Edda, and Le Morte d'Arthur.
Nonfictional Prose
Nonfiction includes biographies and reports. It is based primarily in reality. There are many fewer imagined elements, if any. It is usually written to inform before entertain.
This style uses even fewer literary techniques than the others on this list. The writers who chose to write nonfiction work usually do so in order to tell a real and accurate story. Contemporary examples of nonfiction writers include Erik Larson, Naomi Klein, Stephen Hawking, and Susan Sontag.
Home » Genre » Prose
The Definitive Literary Glossary
Crafted by Experts
All terms defined are created by a team of talented literary experts, to provide an in-depth look into literary terms and poetry, like no other.
Discover 876 more terms
Baldwin, Emma. "Prose". Poem Analysis, https://poemanalysis.com/genre/prose/. Accessed 24 January 2023.


080A15 steel suppliers, we deliver to the whole of the UK. West Yorkshire Steel are suppliers of this low carbon steel grade in round bar and flat bar. 080A15 is a low carbon unalloyed steel commonly supplied as bright drawn bar. It is a good quality general engineering bright mild steel. Its low carbon content gives this grade good welding characteristics and it is also well suited for case hardening heat treatment.
We welcome export enquiries for 080A15 steel. Contact our sales office and consult our shipping policy for further details.
080A15 is supplied as bright drawn round and flat bar. The steel bars can be cut to your required lengths as one offs or multiple pieces. Centreless ground steel bar can be supplied in 080A15, providing a good quality ground bar to tight tolerances.
Contact our experienced sales team who will assist you with your 080A15 carbon steel enquiry.
A popular low carbon bright mild steel 080A15 gives reasonable strength and is commonly used for general engineering applications such as shafts, spindles, gears, bolts, spacers, brackets, fixtures and jigs.
080A15 is commonly supplied bright drawn, if the steel requires normalising heat to 880-910°C then furnace cool.
If stress relieving is required heat to a temperature of 650°C and allow to cool in air.
080A15 is suitable for case hardening, Components when case hardened have a core strength range of 430-490N/mm² with a hard wear resistant surface case. Heat treatment temperatures, cooling and soaking times will vary due to factors such as the shape and size of each component. Other considerations during the heat treatment process include the type of furnace, quenching medium and work piece transfer facilities. Please consult your heat treatment provider for full guidance on heat treatment of 080A15 bright mild steel.
080A15 bright mild steel is commonly available with a cast and analysis certificate or a certificate of conformity, please request when placing any orders.


If Nicki Minaj did metal, that would be rather laughable.
Let's just cross our fingers that it never happens!
10 5 Seconds of Summer 5 Seconds of Summer are an Australian pop-rock band from Sydney that formed in 2011. The group were originally YouTube celebrities, posting videos of themselves covering songs from various artists during 2011 and early 2012. They rose to international fame while touring with One Direction on the Take ...read more.
15 Kimbra Kimbra Lee Johnson, known mononymously as Kimbra, is a New Zealand recording artist based in Los Angeles.


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If you're like most small-business owners, you're always thinking about ways to grow your business. In fact, coming up with growth strategies probably consumes your thoughts. Some business owners don't want to invest large sums to cover the costs of opening other locations. Others are eager to expand but don't want to hire more employees or are concerned that the employees they hire will start their own business and become competitors. If these problems sound familiar, franchising may be your best bet for business growth. From my 26 years of franchise industry experience, I have identified three questions you should ask yourself to determine if franchising is right for you.
1. Can you teach and implement processes quickly?
When you choose to franchise, your processes and best practices need to be passed on to others in a format that's easy to understand and follow. Ideally, these processes will be compiled into an operations manual.
2. Is your business duplicable?
Scalability: Is there room to grow? Scalability addresses both the ability for your business to handle sizable growth and the ability to pursue different options on how your business can be operated. For example, can your business start out small and then expand later? Can your business support multiple models; i.e., storefront, kiosk or mobile? Can someone run your business from home and then expand into an office space?
Sustainability: Is there consistent demand for your product or service? Identifying your markets is important in assessing your business' sustainability. Typically, who are your clients or customers? Is there demand for your product or services in other areas beyond where you are currently doing business? The more people and areas that your business can appeal to, the easier it is to duplicate your business into those markets. And, more importantly, is it more than just a fad?
Training and Mentoring: Can you trust others with your business? Ask yourself if your focus can shift to training, mentoring and providing support to other people who are running your business in different locations. Are you comfortable conducting training, or is there someone on your team who can do it? At some point, you may need to pull yourself out of everyday operations. Do you have someone in mind to handle operations? In the beginning, your involvement and mentorship will be invaluable to ensure that the growth of your franchise system is consistent and your quality standards are maintained.
3. Do you have the "IT" factor?
Imagine a business that offers its clients or customers an experience, not just a transaction. Or a company that people will go out of their way to patronize, even just for a simple errand. Maybe it's a local company that's only been around for a couple years, but there's something about it that makes people think it's a national brand. Or perhaps this company has services and products that are a notch above the rest.
While it's hard to explain the "IT Factor," people know it when they see it. How do customers feel about your business? Does it have the IT Factor, or can you ignite it?
The best way to assess whether franchising is right for your business is to take a look at processes, duplicability and the IT Factor. Do you have what it takes to teach and mentor others on your business? If your answer is yes, you may find that you're closer than you think to franchising your business.


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Arabic Bengali Chinese (Simplified) English French Georgian Hausa Indonesian Kurdish (Kurmanji) Kyrgyz Portuguese Russian Serbian Sesotho Sinhala Spanish Swahili Tamil Ukrainian Zulu
Equality & Inclusion
Gender-Based Violence and Harassment at Work
Forced Labor & Trafficking
Freedom to Form Unions
Domestic Worker Rights
ILAW
Workers & Human Rights
Southeastern Europe
Fact Sheets & Advisories
Cambodia: Brands Could Help Garment Workers Get Better Nutrition
by Tula Connell | Jan 24, 2013
Among the thousands of Cambodian garment workers who have fainted on the job over the past few years, many suffer from malnutrition, anemia and dehydration. Low wages and a relative monopoly on food canteens surrounding factories leave workers with few options for healthy food. In recent months, however, Cambodia's garment manufacturers and unions have begun working together to urge clothing and apparel brand makers to fund one free meal for workers each day. The Solidarity Center played a key role in facilitating the agreement between the two groups.
The cost to corporations would be minimal, yet would be a big boost for garment workers, who now spend 60 percent of their salary on food, says David Welsh, the Solidarity Center's Cambodia program director.
At a brown bag lunch at the Solidarity Center in Washington, D.C., last week, Welsh provided an update on the Solidarity Center's work in Cambodia, where the garment industry represents 90 percent of the country's exports and employs an estimated 357,000 workers, most of whom are women.
Garment workers received a 25 percent wage increase in the past year, says Welsh, but it has been eroded by a commensurate hike in food costs, which are high at the factory-owned cafeterias. In addition, the workers are under pressure to send much of their earnings back to their families at home. Poor nutrition is one of many factors behind the fainting incidents in Cambodia's garment factories, according to the International Labor Organization (ILO). "Contributing factors include poor worker nutrition, excessive overtime, high heat levels, poor ventilation and mass psychogenic illness (MPI)," according to the ILO's Better Factories-Cambodia report. Workers in factories where mass faintings have occurred say they work between 12 and 14 hours a day while being exposed to strong chemicals in hot and poorly ventilated environments. Most of the female workers said they also travel long hours standing in overcrowded trucks to get to work each day.
In addition to working to improve conditions in Cambodia's garment factories, the Solidarity Center has been instrumental in helping local unions reshape Cambodia's proposed trade union law. As originally drafted, the proposed law was in clear violation of every major agreement ratified by the ILO, says Welsh. The trade union law now being considered adheres closely to international labor standards and would include informal sector workers, a group not currently covered by the nation's labor law. More than 80 percent of Cambodia's population is younger than age 30, and 70 percent of young workers are in informal sector jobs (including irregular and non-wage jobs such as street vendors).
Welsh also reported that large-scale union organizing is taking place in industries such as construction, where workers at Cambodia's biggest building materials factory recently formed a union. More than 100 workers restoring the nation's historic tourist destination, Angkor Wat, also recently joined the BWTUC (Building and Construction Workers Trade Union Confederation), which is affiliated with the independent Cambodian Labor Confederation.
Kate Conradt
(+1) 202-974 -8369
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Solidarity Center 1130 Connecticut Ave., NW, Suite 800 I Washington, DC 20036
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Leo's Restaurant - ArtPrize Venue - An open art contest based in Grand Rapids Michigan, the world's largest Art Prize.
Leo's is a causal fine dining restaurant located in the heart of Downtown Grand Rapids. Our Art Prize entries are displayed in our spacious front lobby, with lots of natural light from the large windows.


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Kurdish Fight for Independence
Kurdistan, the Middle East
The Kurdish people are an ethnic group native to western Asia whose population of around 30 million people is divided chiefly between four Middle Eastern countries – Iraq, Turkey, Iran and Syria. Having been split between the Ottoman Empire and a succession of Iranian dynasties throughout the early modern period, the end of the First World War and the resultant dissolution of the former entity presented a unique opportunity for the realisation of Kurdish independence. This chance looked set to be taken when, in 1920, the victorious allied powers met with the defeated central powers in the Parisian commune of Sèvres to discuss the post-war settlement and division of the Ottoman territories. The proposed settlement, signed by all parties (including representatives of the Ottoman Empire), stipulated for the ceding of large swathes of Ottoman land to the Allied administration together with the creation of a sovereign Kurdish entity in the former Empire's east. This entity would include only those Kurds currently living in what is modern day Turkey – Iraqi and Syrian Kurds would be included within British and French Mandates.
Nevertheless, this proposed autonomy was never to be realised. The terms outlined in the Treaty of Sèvres provoked the ire of Turkish nationalists, instigating what would later become known as the Turkish War of Independence. The nationalists' victory saw the recapture of much of the land of which it would have been stripped by the settlement of Sèvres, including Kurdistan. The final settlement, reached by the Treaty of Lausanne three years later, had no room for an independent Kurdish entity after the region's recapture by the forces of Kemal Atatürk. The Kurds in the east of what was formerly the Ottoman Empire would be subsumed into the Republic of Turkey, declared in October 1923, while those further south were split between the British Mandate for Mesopotamia and the French Mandate for Syria.
The Kurdish desire for independence began in earnest largely as a reaction to the Turkish ethno-nationalism which had become increasingly prevalent throughout the First World War and in its aftermath, expressing itself most tragically in the Armenian, Greek and Assyrian Genocides. During the war, over half a million Kurds had been displaced by Turkish military forces, partly with a view to frustrating their political unity. Several Kurdish agitations against Turkish rule ensued throughout the 1920s, culminating in the brief declaration of the Republic of Ararat in October 1927 – an entity which would only last for three years before being defeated by Atatürk's forces (a similarly short-lived Kingdom of Kurdistan existed from 1922-24 in what is present-day Iraq, before the British defeated its forces and included the territory within its Mesopotamian Mandate). Continued revolts against Turkish rule throughout the 1930s led to the declaration of martial law and further displacement of Kurds before, during the 1950s, Kurdish parties began to integrate themselves into the Turkish political system. It was at this time, in 1946, that the Kurdistan Democratic Party – which would come to dominate Iraqi Kurdish politics from the 1990s onwards – was founded in Mahabad in Iran.
With increasing prohibitions placed on Kurdish communities and enforced resettlement in both Turkey and Iraq after the Second World War, Kurdish nationalism grew more prominent throughout the 1960s and 1970s. In the former, this culminated in the founding by Abdullah Ocalan of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) in 1978, which raged a prolonged guerrilla war against the Turkish state from 1984 until Ocalan's capture in 1999. In the latter, after continual strife throughout the 1960s produced a peace agreement ostensibly granting greater autonomy to Kurds, it seemed that similar conflict could be avoided. However, the failure to implement this agreement and its replacement with a weaker Law of Autonomy in 1974 reignited tensions. After the Iran-Iraq War erupted the following decade, the Iraqi army would soon turn brutally against its Kurdish citizens, displacing them, sending them to detention camps, and using chemical weapons against them. Eventually, autonomy would be realised in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) following the First Gulf War in 1991. A brief intra-Kurdish civil war would follow between the two parties administering this region – the KDP and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) – before reconciliation was achieved.
The KRI remains the only legally mandated autonomous Kurdish region in the world having been recognised as such in the 2005 Iraqi constitution which followed the Anglo-American invasion and toppling of Saddam Hussein. Since 2012, de facto autonomy has also existed for Rojava in Syria – a region with a substantial Kurdish population – since being established during fighting against the Syrian government and ISIL during the country's ongoing civil war. Despite low-level guerrilla warfare being waged by a secessionist Kurdish group in western Iran since 2004, the relationship between Kurds and their central government here has been much more cordial (although there is still a considerable desire for greater autonomy). Tensions between the government and the Kurds continue in Turkey, as do concerns that Iraq could face further disruption in the wake of a 2017 Independence Referendum which demonstrated an overwhelming desire within the KRI to secede.
This problem is not one that can be solved purely by security measures. It requires all political parties, NGOs and all sections of society to act responsibly together in harmony.
Cemil Cicek, Speaker of the Parliament of Turkey
People killed
People displaced
Kurdistan (crossing borders of Turkey, Iran , Iraq, Syria, Armenia).
Recognized Kurdish Regions: The Kurdistan Region (in Iraq) and the de-facto Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria.
The Key Actors
Kurdistan Worker's Party (PKK)
People's Protection Units (YPG)
The European Union and The United States
Turkey maintains 20% of the Kurdish population, yet the political ideology of the Turkish state has focused on the disarmament of PKK soldiers instead of improving minority rights and equality. Turkish officials have viewed the Kurdistan Workers Party and the Syrian Democratic Front as rebels of terrorist organizations. Furthermore, the Turkish state has continually countered the progress of Kurdish Independence and accuracy of information of the Kurdish conflict – especially in civilian deaths. Western Turkish cities such as Istanbul and Ankara have been heavily impacted by terror attacks allegedly conducted by the PKK and its affiliates.
Initially forming as a political interest group, the Kurdish Workers Party was a response to the ethnic discrimination and state repression of the Kurdish people in Turkey. Until 1984, the Kurdistan Workers Party became a body of armed resistance fighting for Kurdish autonomy in Turkey. It has been deemed as a terrorist organization internationally ever since.
The People's Protection Unit (YPG) is a homegrown defense force of Kurdish Syrians allied with Syrian, Assyrian, and Armenian Christians formed to combat against the Islamic State. Created after the Syrian Civil War, the YPG is a democratic socialist organization in which higher officials are elected by troops and equality regardless of gender, religion and ethnicity. Turkish leaders view the People's Protection Unit as an extension of the Worker's Peoples Party, which are both seen as terrorist organizations to the state. However, in reality they are separate entities entirely that at times may be closely allied.
The United States has developed a close relationship with the People's Protection Unit (YPG) while assisting them in the fight against the Islamic State in 2016. Additionally, US multinational coalitions have helped the Syrian Democratic Forces in fighting for the Autonomous Administration in Northeastern Syria against the Islamic State. Ultimately, the US and the EU have opposed the referendum for Kurdish Independence in 2017 and Western powers fear that it could fragment Iraq causing broader ethnic and secular conflicts.
Iraq hosts 20% of the Kurdish population and implemented a new constitution in 2005 to form the Kurdish Region in Iraq (KRI) under a separate regional government. The central government of Iraq strongly opposes the cause for Kurdish Independence as it has the potential to fragment and weaken the country. Not only this, but also the development of a Kurdish state could cause more a threat to them than allyship. The Iraqi government has deemed the KRI's Independence Referendum of 2017 as unconstitutional, denying the Kurdish people the right to autonomy at all costs.
With 11% of the ethnic Kurdish population residing in Iran, the state has ushered success in advocating for the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). Iran has exploited the concerns of the Kurdish people to expand its political strength and challenge the authority of neighboring countries, specifically Iraq. In 2014, Iran provided military support to fighting Peshmerga units (Kurdish) fighting the Islamic State before Western assistance arrived. Many Iranian militias have infiltrated the Kurdistan Region in Iraq maintaining a stronger influence than the Kurdish Regional Government.
Since the Syrian civil war, Kurdish militias have allied with other forces in defending Syrian territories against the Islamic State. This has allowed Syrian Kurds to develop de-facto autonomous Kurdish provinces, under the name Rojava. Although the country hosts 10% of the Kurdish population, the Syrian government still rejected the vote for the KRI Independence Referendum. Another contributing factor is that many Syrian Kurds are also satisfied with remaining a part of decentralized Syria.
The Israeli state is one of the few countries in the Middle Eastern region to support the autonomy and independence of the Kurdish populations. In 2017, Israel supported the Kurdish Independence Referendum while Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria backed out of the vote. Israel has had extensive security and business ties to the Kurdistan region and sees the autonomy of the Kurdish population as a potential ally.
The rise and fall of the Islamic State has been a unifying opposition to the Kurdish populations in these neighboring territories of the Middle East. The People's Protection Unit (YPG), the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), and Iraqi Kurds were crucial components in the fight against Islamic State. Not only did this conflict allow the Kurdish diaspora to gain ally-ship from the Soviet Union, the United States, and the European Union, but also showcased the Kurdish pleas for autonomy to be recognized by democratic countries internationally.
Russia has created alliances with the Kurdish populations for years, especially Syrian Kurds while fighting against the Islamic State in 2016. Russia's stance on Kurdish Independence has been uncertain but the country supports the territorial integrity of the countries in the region. Russia has also delivered arms to Iraqi Kurds to support their fight against the Islamic State, and Russian oil investments are increasingly growing in Iraqi Kurdistan.
Classification: Ethnic Conflict/Independence
Adviser's suggestions:
Similar Humanitarian Crises
Worsening
The Kurdish population has continually been denied full independence by the government of Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey. The agendas of these neighboring countries is worsening the ethnic conflict for Kurdish independence. Turkish troops have recently been accused of 'ethnic cleansing' by burning the fields of Kurdish farmers. Turkey has also cut off water supplies to Kurdish refugees, which has impacted the welfare of the ethnic population especially as COVID-19 cases spike. Additionally, the end of 2020 also marks the first time that the populations of the autonomous Kurdistan region will be counted in the Iraqi census.
1934 - Creation of Turkish population, ethnic cleansing of Kurds ensues
Turkey was established and began ethnically cleansing the population of Kurds.
1978 - PKK officially formed by Abdullah Ocalan
The PKK was officially formed by Abdullah Ocalan and started to spread a Marxist ideology. This group engaged in violent clashes with the Turkish National Forces
1980 - Turkish military coup, PKK slowly lose control and dominance of Kurdish populations in Turkey, moves into Syria border areas
General Kenan Everen stages a coup and throws the Turkish leader Suleyman Demirel out of power. As a result of this coup, The PKK starts to slowly lose their dominance and control in Turkey and start to move into the borders of Syria.
10 November 1980 - Turkish embassy in Paris attacked, staged by PKK and Armenian Secret Army
Turkey's embassy in Paris was attacked which turned out to be a collaboration between the PKK and the Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia.
6 June 1982 - Lebanese war with Israel begins, PKK helps fight Israel with Syria and Palestine
The start of the Lebanon war. PKK helps fight Israel with Syria and Palestine.
15 August 1984 - PKK attempts to re-enter Turkish fray
PKK attempts to regain dominance in Turkey by brewing a violent rebellion against the police.
19 July 1987 - Turkish government declares a state of emergency due to Kurdish insurgency
The Turkish government declared a state of emergency due to the Kurdish insurgency in Southwest Turkey.
1990 - Turkey's first Kurdish political party is formed
The People's Labor Party (HEP), Turkey's first Kurdish political party was formed. This party was made up of ex-Kurdish populist party members.
5 February 1990 - 500 Iraqi kurds protest in Turkish city
In the Turkish city Diyarbakir, 500 Iraqi Kurds protested leading to a violent exchange with Turkish police forces. Over 90 people were arrested.
18-21 August 1992 - 3 day battle of Sirnak begins
The 3 day battle, known as the battle of Sirnak, takes place in town of Sirnak between Kurdish rebels and Turkish forces.
1993 - Turkish constitutional court bans HEP, Kurdish political party
The HEP is banned by the constitutional court of Turkey, limiting Kurdish representation. The court claimed that the HEP conducted actions that was against the Turkish constitution.
15 September 1993 - Iran & Turkey sign agreement tightening border controls
Turkey and Iran sign an agreement in order to tighten border control and prevent Kurdish rebels from illegally roaming across borders.
1994-1995 - Turkish forces initiate operation to cut PKK's winter food supply
A plot known as the Winter Campaign was carried out by Turkish forces in order to cut the PKK's winter food supply.
1995 - Turkish operation unsuccessful in riding northern Iraq of the PKK
Another operation known as Operation Steel was carried out by Turkish forces to rid Northern Iraq of the PKK. This operation was unsuccessful.
1998 - PKK leader, Ocalan, asked to leave Syria, finds refuge in Moscow
Leader of the PKK, Ocalan is asked to leave Syria and finds refuge in Moscow.
1999-2004 - Turkish pro-Kurdish party, HADEP, wins sizeable amount of seats in Turkish government
Turkey was largely violence free for 5 years. Pro-Kurdish party, HADEP, is able to win a sizeable amount of seats in the Turkish government.
2000 - PKK pursues political representation within Turkish government. Death toll for insurgency around 37,000.
PKK goes on to pursue political representation within the Turkish government. Death toll for this first insurgency is around 37,000.
2002 - Kurdistan Freedom and Democracy Congress is formed
Kurdistan Freedom and Democracy Congress (KADEK) was formed, which largely included members of the PKK. The PKK had been briefly disbanded.
2005 - Kurdish guerrillas in Turkey kill 6
6 people were killed on a train that was bombed by Kurdish Guerrillas in Turkey.
2007-2012 - Numerous attacks take place in different parts of Turkey & Iraq
Numerous attacks take place in different parts of Turkey and Iraq. Some attacks were conducted by Kurdish rebels, others conducted by Turkish forces in order to purge rebels.
22 May 2007 - PKK stages a suicide bombing in Ankara
The PKK stage a suicide bombing in Ankara killing 8 and injuring over 100. Turkish government decided to take military action upon knowing this. Much of The PKK is now in Iraq after fleeing from conflict in Turkey.
21 February 2008 - Turkey launches Operation Sun in northern Iraq
Turkey launches Operation Sun to destroy PKK's presence in northern Iraq.
2012 - Two Kurdish political parties form the YPG in Syria
Two Kurdish political parties, the Democratic Union Party and the Kurdish National Council form the YPG in order to protect Kurds in Syria
2013 - YPG defends Syrian Kurdish towns from Al-Qaeda
YPG defend Syrian Kurdistan from Al-Qaeda
2014 - YPG joins forces with the Free Syrian Army to fight ISIS
YPG joins forces with the Free Syrian Army in order to battle ISIS
2015 - YPG engaged in further attacks against ISIS, supported by U.S.
YPG engaged in further offensive attacks on ISIS with the monetary and military support of the United States
28 February 2015 - Ocalan declares that PKK will no longer be a threat to Turkey, will focus on defeating ISIS
Ocalan, leader of PKK, claimed that PKK will no longer be a threat to Turkey and will join forces in defeating ISIS.
2015-2018 - Third Kurdish insurgency begins
The beginning of the third Kurdish insurgency. Numerous attacks exchanged between Turkish forces and PKK loyalists.
2018 - Turkey initiates Operation Olive Branch in Syria
Operation Olive Branch was carried out by the Turkish military in order to rid Syria, specifically the city of Afrin, of the Kurdish Democratic Union party which was armed with the YPG militia. Estimated death toll: 500.
4 August 2019 - Turkey to push for new operation in northern Syria
Turkey will carry out an operation east of the Euphrates River in northern Syria, in an area controlled by the Kurdish YPG militia, Turkish President Tayyip Erdogan said on Sunday.
18 August 2019 - Iran to officially recognize border crossings with Kurdistan Region
Tehran said it would internationally recognize three border crossings between the Kurdistan Region and Iran for trade and tourism.
27 August 2019 - Syrian Kurdish fighters 'start pulling back' from Turkish border
Kurdish authorities in northeastern Syria say their forces have started to withdraw from outposts along the Turkish border after the United States and Turkey reached a deal to establish a "safe zone" there earlier this month.
31 August 2019 - Turkey 'to start Syria operation' if US delays safe zone plan
Turkey will launch its own operation to establish a "safe zone" in northern Syria if talks with the United States fail to give Turkish troops control of the area "within a few weeks", President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has said.
31 August 2019 - Masoud Barzani calls on Kurdish deputies in Iraq to defend interests of Kurds
The President of the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), Masoud Barzani, has called on his party deputies in the Iraqi Parliament to defend the interests of the people of Kurdistan. Barzani on Sunday received a delegation from the Iraqi Council of Representatives which consisted of KDP members in the Iraqi government.
12 September 2019 – Iraqi population census raises concerns of Kurds
Political concerns among Kurds and Turkmens in Iraq may impede the country's census, set to be held by late 2020, especially in the disputed oil-rich city of Kirkuk. Iraq's last population census in 1997 put the country's population at 16 million, excluding Iraqi Kurdistan. It was estimated there were 3 million Kurds. Those figures are now out of date, and the real population unknown.
6 October 2019 - Donald Trump gives Turkey the green light to invade northern Syria
U.S. President Donald Trump has given Turkish President Erodgan the greenlight to begin a military operation in northern Syria and create a safe zone" in the area by withdrawing U.S. troops from the area, in a statement released on twitter. The area is currently controlled by the Kurdish forces and their allies, and is home to the ethnic Kurdish population.
9 October 2019 – Turkey launches military offensive in Syria
Turkey's army has launched an offensive in northern Syria, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan announced Wednesday, as part of an operation to move US-backed Kurdish forces away from its border.
13 October 2019 – Syrian army begins to move troops to confront Turkey in northern Syria
The Syrian army has begun deploying its troops to northern Syria battlefronts to "confront a Turkish aggression" on Syrian territory, after the Kurds asked the Syrian government in Damascus for support.
13 October 2019 – U.S. to pull last troops from north Syria as Turkey presses offensive against Kurds
The United States is poised to withdraw some 1,000 troops from northern Syria, its defense secretary said on Sunday, after learning that Turkey planned to extend its military incursion against Kurdish militia further south than originally planned.
13 October 2019 – Hundreds of ISIS-affiliated foreigners escape Syria camp after Turkish shelling
Turkish forces approached a key Kurdish-held town in northern Syria on Sunday, setting off clashes that allowed hundreds of ISIS supporters to escape from a camp for displaced people near a U.S.-led coalition base.
13 October 2019 - Germany, France to curb arms sales to Turkey over Syria operation
Germany and France said Saturday they would not export any more weapons to Turkey that could be deployed in the country's military operation in Syria.
18 October 2019 - US, Turkey agree on Turkish ceasefire with Syrian Kurds
Washington and Ankara have agreed on a five-day ceasefire in Turkey's attacks on Kurdish fighters in northeast Syria. The U.S. said Ankara would pause its offensive, dubbed Operation Peace Spring, for 120 hours in order to allow the Kurdish Protection Units (YPG) to pull 30km back from the Turkey-Syria border.
20 October 2019 - Kurdish forces agree to withdraw from Turkey-Syria border
A senior Syrian Kurdish official has said his forces will pull back from a border area in accordance with a US-brokered deal after Turkey allows the evacuation of its remaining fighters and civilians from a besieged town in northeast Syria.
23 October 2019 - Russia urges Kurdish fighters to quickly withdraw from Syria's border
Russia has warned Kurdish forces to quickly withdraw from the Turkey-Syria border – after a deal between Moscow and Ankara – or be crushed by the Turkish army, adding that the United States had "betrayed and abandoned" the Syrian fighters.
28 October 2019 - Turkey says Kurdish YPG has not fully withdrawn from Syria border
The Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG) have not fully withdrawn from the Syria-Turkey border territory as agreed in a Russia-brokered accord, Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu has said, as Turkey prepares to discuss its next steps with Russia.
30 October 2019 – UN-backed talks on new constitution begin in Geneva
One-hundred-and-fifty delegates representing Syria's government, opposition and various sectors of civil society are meeting in Geneva to try to draft a new constitution. The UN says the talks will be "Syrian-owned and Syrian-led", and could pave the way for reforms and elections. It suggests they might, eventually, lead to peace negotiations.
1 November 2019 – Turkey, Russia begin joint patrols in northeast Syria
Russia and Turkey on Friday began jointly patrolling north-eastern Syria after a deal that stopped Turkey's military offensive in the region and forced the withdrawal of Kurdish forces.
2 November 2019 – At least 13 killed in Syrian border town
At least 13 people were killed by a car bomb in the northern Syrian border town of Tal Abyad, Turkish authorities said.
23 November 2019 - U.S. Vice President Mike Pence makes a surprise visit to Iraq amid deadly protests
United States Vice President Mike Pence has arrived in Iraq on an unannounced visit to US troops at the al-Asad airbase in Anbar province in the western part of the country rocked by weeks of anti-government protests.
Pence, on his first visit to Iraq, on Saturday also spoke on the phone with the embattled Iraqi Prime Minister Adel Abdul Mahdi and met the president of the autonomous Kurdistan region, Nerchirvan Barzani, in Erbil. According to a source at the premier's office, the phone call involved a discussion around ways to strengthen bilateral relations between the US and Iraq, and possible solutions to the current crisis in the oil-rich country.
5 December 2019 - Iraq's Kurdish region to hand over oil to Baghdad
Iraq's Kurdish Regional Government (KRG) has reached an agreement with Baghdad on the budget and oil, which includes providing Baghdad 250,000 barrels of oil per day for the first time since 2014, said the region's finance minister on Thursday in a conference.
26 January 2020 - Syrian Kurds ready for dialogue with Turkey, says SDF chief
Mazloum Kobani, commander of the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), has expressed the group's readiness for dialogue with Turkey.
16 February 2020 - Kurds, Sunni Arabs fear exclusion from Iraq's new cabinet
Iraq's Prime Minister-designate Mohammed Tawfiq Allawi is set to announce his new government, but he has not consulted major Kurdish and Sunni parties about the formation of his cabinet. Kurdish and Sunni leaders met to call for an Iraqi government which is representative of Iraq's culturally diverse population.
1 February 2020 - Sur Gas-Golden Jaguar gas dispute leaves many in KRI without gas during cold winter
In the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI), a dispute between the Sur Gas Company and Golden Jaguar – each aligned to opposing factions in the Kurdish Regional Government (KRG) – leaves many in the region without gas for cooking or heating as temperatures drop below zero. Public anger leads to some anti-corruption protests across the region.
20 February 2020 - Terrorist attack in Hanau, Germany, kills nine
Nine people are killed in a terrorist attack carried out by white supremacist Tobias R in the German city of Hanau. The 43-year-old strikes two shisha lounges frequented by Turkish and Kurdish communities, who number among the victims.
2 March 2020 - UN accuses Tukey of war crimes in Kurdish areas of Syria
A report commissioned by the UN finds that rebels allied to Turkey committed abuses in Kurdish-held areas of Syria which could see Turkish commanders held liable for war crimes.
13 March 2020 - Friday prayers cancelled in KRI
As 80 cases of Covid-19 are confirmed across Iraq, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq scraps Friday prayers in an attempt to limit the spread of the virus.
26 March 2020 - Turkey blames PKK attach for deaths of two Turkish soldiers
The Turkish defence ministry attributes the deaths of two soldiers to mortar attacks allegedly carried out by the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK). Turkey boasts of "neutralising" PKK targets in retaliation.
29 March 2020 - US forces pull out of K1 airbase in northern Iraq
US-led forces pull out of K1 airbase from which they had been launching attacks on ISIL forces and Iranian-backed militias. The surrounding area remains disputed territory between the Iraqi government and the autonomous Kurdish region.
31 March 2020 - Iran accuses PKK of "terrorist attack" inside Turkey
The director of the National Iranian Gas Company, Medhi Jamshidi-Dana, accuses activists from the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) of carrying out a "terrorist attack" on a gas pipeline inside Turkey, halting gas exports to the country from Iran.
12 April 2020 - President of Kurdish autonomous region backs al-Kadhimi for prime minister
After rejecting the candidacy of Adnan al-Zurfi, Nechirvan Barzani – the president of the Kurdish region in northern Iraq – confirmed his backing for Mustafa al-Kadhimi.
20 April 2020 - Kurdish medical personnel use rubbish bags for protective gear
In the Kurdish-run areas of north-east Syria, medical personnel are forced to fashion protective gear out of rubbish bags amid a shortage in supplies. The provision of UN shipments via Iraq had previously been vetoed by Russia.
29 April 2020 - Nearly 50 killed in Afrin explosion
A fuel truck explosion in the Turkish-controlled northern Syrian town of Afrin claims the lives of at least 46 people. The Turkish government blames the Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG) for the attack.
15 June 2020 – Turkish planes attack PKK bases
Turkish warplanes launch a series of strikes against Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) strongholds in northern Iraq. More than 80 sites are hit, drawing condemnation from Iraq's Joint Operations Command which condemned the strikes as "provocative".
18 June 2020 – Turkish forces continue to batter PKK in northern Iraq
Turkish fighter jets continue to bomb Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) targets in northern Iraq and claim to have hit more than 500 of their targets in the country. Iraq has called upon Ankara to stop violating its sovereignty and bring an end to the strikes immediately.
19 June 2020 – Civilian killed in Turkish air strikes
A Kurdish shepherd has been revealed as the first known casualty of Turkey's air strikes against Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) targets in northern Iraq. Turkey's "Operation Claw-Tiger" has ostensibly been launched in response to increased cross-border terrorist activity by the PKK. Iraq has condemned the actions.
26 June 2020 – Turkish air strikes kill one in Iraq
One is killed and 6 wounded as a Turkish air strike hits a car in northern Iraq. The strikes are part of the continuing operation 'Claw-Tiger' purportedly targeting Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) militants in the region. At least 5 civilians and 3 soldiers have so far been killed during the operation.
28 June 2020 – Turkish soldier killed in PKK clashes
The Turkish defence ministry confirms the death of a soldier during clashes with Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) forces in northern Iraq. The death comes following days of heavy aerial bombardment of the area by Turkey in an operation dubbed "Claw-Tiger".
4 July 2020 - Turkish air strikes kill 3 in northern Iraq
Three Kudistan Workers' Party (PKK) fighters are killed by Turkish jets in northern Iraq, according to a statement released by the Turkish defence ministry. Military equipment belonging to the group is also purportedly destroyed.
26 July 2020 – Vegetable market bomb kills 8 in northern Syrian town
The Turkish-held Syrian town of Ras al-Ain is hit by an explosion at a vegetable market. The blast kills 8 people and wounds a further 19, with Turkey's defence ministry blaming the attack on the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK).
31 July 2020 – Five killed by car bomb
A car bomb targeting a checkpoint operated by forces supported by the Turkish government results in the deaths of five people in north-eastern Syria. The bombing in the village of Tal Halaf leaves a further 12 people wounded, with Turkish officials suggesting Syrian Kurdish fighters may have been responsible for the blast.
2 August 2020 – Syrian government criticises US oil deal with SDF
The Syrian government has accused the US of trying to steal its oil, after one of its oil companies signed an agreement with the Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF). Statements in recent days indicate the US government was both aware and in favour of the deal, which Syrian officials have described as "without legal basis".
11 August 2020 – Two Iraqi officers killed in Turkish drone strike
The Iraqi army has claimed that a Turkish drone strike has killed two border guard battalion commanders in the Bradost area of northern Iraq. The strikes form part of a weeks' long raid on the area, which is intended to stifle Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) militiamen who allegedly operate in the area.
12 August 2020 – Iraq summons Turkish ambassador after officers' deaths
Iraq has responded angrily to the apparent violation of its sovereignty by Turkish military forces attacking Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) positions in the north of the country, which saw two high-ranking Iraqi military officers killed in a drone strike. Iraqi officials are set to provide the ambassador with a letter of protest and will no longer welcome the Turkish defence minister for a scheduled visit later in the week.
13 August 2020 – Turkey defiant over PKK attacks
Turkey vows to continue its assaults against Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) targets in northern Iraq, despite heightened tensions over the violation of its neighbour's sovereignty. Turkish officials have remained defiant, claiming it is Baghdad's duty to deal with the "terrorist threat" represented by the PKK's presence in the country.
15 October 2020 - Hundreds of ISIL fighters released by Kurdish authorities in Syria
Over 600 former ISIL fighters are released by Kurdish authorities in northern Syria, as the head of the Syrian Democratic Council Amina Omar says that they have relinquished any ties to or affinity with the terrorist group.
17 October 2020 - Kurdistan Democratic Party offices stormed in Baghdad
The Kurdistan Democratic Party's (KDP) offices in Baghdad are burned down by supporters of Hashd al-Shaabi. The group is dominated by pro-Iranian, anti-US factions and some were seen carrying posters of assassinated general Qasem Soleimani.
1 December 2020 - Kurdish authorities accused of torturing journalist
The lawyer of an imprisoned Kurdish journalist in northern Iraq has accused authorities of torturing him while he is being held in Erbil prison. Sherwan Amin Sherwani has been kept in solitary confinement for almost two months. He was arrested after being openly critical of Kurdish authorities on social media.
2 December 2020 - Fears of war between PKK and KRG
Increasing skirmishes between the forces of the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) in northern Iraq and the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) have led to fears that a full-scale war could break out between the two bodies.
9 December 2020 - KRG leader blames Iraq for economic concerns
Masrour Barzani, the Prime Minister in the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) in Iraq, has blamed the central government in Baghdad for the region's economic concerns. Unpaid salaries, which have been the cause of protests across the region, have apparently resulted from the failure of the capital to send the KRG's share of the national budget.
14 December 2020 - Tension between Kurdish groups in Iraq intensifies
The Kurdish Peshmerga and Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) forces exchanged fire in the Kurdish region of northern Iraq, as tension between the groups intensifies. One member of each of the groups was killed in the skirmish.
21 December 2020 – Kurdish former lawmaker given 2-year sentence in Turkish court
Leyla Guven, a former deputy of the opposition Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP), is sentenced to a 22-year term in prison by a Turkish court for terror-related offences. She was convicted of being the member of a "terror group" and disseminating "terrorist propaganda".
27 December 2020 – Thousands flee following clashes in north-east Syria
Increasingly violent clashes between the Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) in north-east Syria and the Turkish-supported Syrian National Army (TSNA) have seen nearly 10,000 people flee their homes in Ain Issa. Turkish-backed forces have been shelling the city daily for the past week.
14 June 2021 - International Attendees of Kurdistan Peace Delegation Detained in Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan
A group of activists, MPs, academics, and lawyers are detained in Erbil Airport. Two German MPs were barred from boarding their planes to Kurdistan. The delegation was formed in response to Turkey's recent attacks in Iraqi Kurdistan
14 June 2021 - Syrian Kurdistan Experiencing Water Shortage, Reportedly due to Turkey Cutting Off Supply
Turkey is violating the 1987 agreement to guarantee a minimum 500 cubic meter per second flow of water through the Euphrates River. It is allowing less than 200 cubic meters per second into Syria through the Euphrates. Half a million people in Syrian Kurdistan lack safe drinking water. Turkey has been accused of weaponizing water cut-offs and flooding Kurdish land.
8 July 2021 - Facebook Oversight Board Makes Mistake Removing Post about Abdullah Öcalan, Imprisoned PKK Founder
Öcalan and the PKK are considered "dangerous entities" by Facebook and cannot be supported on their platforms. Facebook removed a post in January which denounced Öcalan's imprisonment. Öcalan has been held on Imrali Island in Turkey since 1999. He was held in solitary confinement until 2011 and remains imprisoned today. The Facebook Oversight Board invoked a 2017 policy allowing "discussion on the conditions of confinement for individuals designated as dangerous". This policy had previously not been transferred to their review system and sets a new precedent for online discourse on Kurdistan and other issues.
8 July 2021 - Iran, Turkey, Russia Reject Kurdish Autonomy in Northeast Syria During International Summit
In a joint statement, Iran, Turkey, and Russia affirmed the "preservation of the sovereignty and territorial integrity" of the Syrian Arab Republic, in a clear rejection of the Democratic Federation of Northeast Syria (Rojava/Syrian Kurdistan) and the United States' historic support for the Syrian Democratic Forces.
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Charles Holcombe Fisher Manager
Robert Fisher Bogart Funeral Director
Ryan Christopher Winfield Funeral Director
Mark Patrick Whittaker Funeral Director
Charlie, Rob, Ryan and Mark
Charles Holcombe Fisher
Charles Holcombe Fisher, great-grandson of Charles Holcombe and son of Charles R. Fisher, is a lifelong resident of the Borough of Flemington. Mr. Fisher is a 1956 graduate of Flemington High School and then went on to receive his B.A. from Lafayette College, Easton, PA where he majored in History. He then graduated from the American Academy of Funeral Service in New York City and received his Funeral Director's license in 1962. Mr. Fisher is a member of the National Funeral Director's Association, the New Jersey State Funeral Directors Association, and a member and past-president of the Tri-County Funeral Directors Association. Additionally, Mr. Fisher is a member and past-president of the Flemington Rotary Club, and a member of the Hunterdon County Historical Society and the Flemington Elks Lodge #1928. He is a past member of the Flemington Board of Health, the Flemington-Raritan Merger Committee and the Economic Development Committee. Mr. Fisher and his wife Elizabeth live in the Borough of Flemington.
Robert Fisher Bogart
Robert Fisher Bogart, nephew of Charles H. Fisher, grandson of Charles R. Fisher, and great-great grandson of Charles Holcombe, has been with the firm since 1996. Born and raised in the Borough of Flemington, Mr. Bogart graduated Hunterdon Central Regional High School in 1983. He attended West Virginia University where he received his B.S. in Recreation Management. He was also a graduate of the National Outdoor Leadership School (NOLS). He then went on to graduate from the Monmouth County Police Academy and obtained the rank of Senior Ranger with the Hunterdon County Park System. In 1996 he left the Park System and attended Northampton Community College where he received an Associate Degree in Funeral Service Education. Passing the required Federal and State written and practical examinations, Mr. Bogart received his Funeral Director's license in 1998. In addition to working in the family business, Mr. Bogart is a member of the New Jersey State Funeral Directors Association, the Tri-County Funeral Directors Association, Flemington Lion's Club, a Trustee of the Hunterdon Healthcare Foundation, a member of the Flemington Presbyterian Church, and former Chief and current President and Chaplain of the Flemington Fire Department. Mr. Bogart resides in Raritan Township along with his wife Amy and his two children, Jeffrey and Rachel. N.J. Lic. No. 4274
Ryan Christopher Winfield
Ryan Christopher Winfield was born and raised in Hunterdon County, NJ. He is a 2004 graduate of Voorhees High School. Joining the Holcombe-Fisher family in September of 2007, Ryan graduated in 2010 from Mercer County Community College with degrees in Mortuary Science and Business. He was honored to be the recipient of both the Tri-County Funeral Director's Association and the New Jersey State Funeral Director's Association Scholarships. Passing the required proficiency and practical examination, he received Funeral Director's License, No. 4888, in 2010.
Ryan was formerly a personal fitness trainer at HealthQuest, Flemington, NJ for many years. Ryan and his wife, Norma, currently reside in Readington Township. N.J. Lic. No. 4888
Mark Patrick Whittaker
Mark Patrick Whittaker joined Holcombe-Fisher Funeral Home in October of 2013. He is a graduate of Millburn High School and received a Bachelor's Degree in Business and Computer Management from Springfield College (MA), where he received the highest award for the top student in the Business Department. He has worked in various positions for more than eighteen years in the financial services and commercial banking fields; as an Insurance Agent, Commercial Loan Officer, Equities Analyst, Credit Manager, and Financial Planner, with investment firms, commercial banks and major insurance carriers in New Jersey, Florida and Arizona. Mark joined Kimble Funeral Home in 2001 (Princeton NJ), working along-side his father-in-law, attended and received a degree in mortuary science from Mercer County Community College (MCCC), and was licensed as a Mortuary Practioner in 2002. He is currently an Adjunct Professor at MCCC in the Mortuary Science Program, teaching Funeral Service Management. Mark was the former two-term President of the Mercer County Funeral Directors Association, and currently serves as the Secretary/Treasurer of the MCFDA. He is a member of the National Funeral Directors Association, a Board member of the New Jersey Funeral Directors Association, where he is a member of the Audit Committee, and has been a previous member of the Legislative & Law Committee for that organization. He has been a member of Rotary International, the East Amwell Recycling Committee, and the Yardley (PA) Historical Society. Mark lives in Flemington with his wife, Amy, and their two children. N.J. Lic. No. 4549.
Charlie, Rob, Ryan and Mark are supported by a caring and dedicated part-time staff who perform various tasks around the Funeral Home. They are composed of current and retired law enforcement officials, teachers, emergency service personnel, hair stylists, students and others whose genuine empathy is in line with the standards that have stood the test of time since 1894. Valued members of the "Holcombe-Fisher Family," the Director's are grateful for the support they provide to all of the families that Holcombe-Fisher is honored to serve.


The mission and vision of Jack and Jill of America Foundation is to provide financial support to organizations that promote leadership development for children, youth and young adults.
The Foundation in collaboration with the community service agenda of Jack and Jill of America, Inc. is an internationally recognized center that furnishes personal, professional and financial support to children in the areas of leadership skills, training and development.
The Hope Center at Pullen connects young people aging out of foster care in Wake County with the resources and support they need for a successful transition to adulthood.
At any given time, there are about 170 youth between the ages of 13-18 in foster care in Wake County. Most of these young people were removed from their families of origin due to abuse or neglect. At age 18 these young people "age out" of foster care and are expected to be self-sufficient. Few 18-year-olds are ready to live completely independently, and the young people we work with have additional challenges due to childhood trauma.
Youth exiting foster care are far more likely than their peers to experience homelessness, poverty, unemployment, teenage pregnancy, and incarceration. More than 1 in 5 will become homeless after age 18. Only a little over half (58%) will graduate from high school by age 19. One in four will be incarcerated within two years of leaving the system.
The Hope Center at Pullen was founded in 2009 to help those most at risk of homelessness in Wake County. They work with young adults between the ages of 16-24 who have aged out of foster care or are at risk of aging out of foster care without appropriate support. Young people with histories of foster care have had numerous traumatic experiences in their short lives. Often, they had multiple foster home placements and little stability. The Hope Center at Pullen provides that stability. They become the hub of services for them—the one place where they can get the support they need to be self-sufficient.
The staff at the Hope Center at Pullen spends time getting to know each young person, understanding his or her strengths and working alongside him or her to build and carry out a plan for a successful transition to adulthood.


Over the years I have read countless number of stirring biographies and autobiographies that contained fresh morsels for my journey at that given time. Apart from times of seeking God's face through prayer and the Scriptures, a good riveting account of a saint from a bygone era will do wonders for my soul. Currently I am delving into The Heart of Asbury's Journals (edited by Ezra Tipple) - as written by Francis Asbury. He is the called the Father of American Methodism. This treasure was a gift to me when I graduated recently from Regent University.
Years ago ('96ish) while researching at the James Madison University library for a term paper, a blue book caught my eye. I can't recall the title, but I can vividly recount the story about Asbury braving the harsh climate to reach a home where he was to preach. This entailed going through a marshy swampland despite the enduring poor health that plagued him at that time. This account left an indelible impression upon me. Although brief, this window captured the commitment of our spiritual forefather in spite of great odds and adversity. My struggles as a college student no longer seemed to be looming larger than life as I properly contextualize my current situation. So whenever I find myself in a difficult season, I often will turn to biographies to glean from seasoned men and women of God who endured much for the Cause of Christ. Hence, I am both humbled and inspired; broken, yet compelled; in awe, but challenged.
Do you have any that you would recommend reading? I'm always open to finding great biographies to read!
Brian, some of my favorite biographies are fictionalized accounts of real history. Among them are: The Frontiersman by Allen Eckert, and Long Knife, Follow the River, and From Sea to Shining Sea, by James Alexander Thom.
The Frontiersman focuses on two primary characters from American history: Simon Kenton, a rugged frontiersman, and Tecumseh, the legendary Shawnee chief.
Two of Thom's books, Long Knife and From Sea to Shining Sea, are about the Clark family of Virginia, actually just south of you in Caroline County. William Clark was, of course, THE Clark of Lewis and Clark, and his older brother, George Rogers Clark, was a magnificent Revolutionary War leader, who with a small rag-tag band of men, subdued the British in what was then the Northwest Territory.
Follow the River is the true, harrowing story of Mary Draper Ingalls, her capture by the Shawnee, her escape, and her long, perilous journey home.


text:
Album Review: Greg Graffin's sound evolves on solo record Millport
Julie Parker
twitter Millport - https://riffmagazine.com/album-reviews/greg-graffin-millport/">
stumbleupon Millport">
It's been well established that Greg Graffin is not your typical old-school punk rocker, and his third solo release, Millport, described as "Laurel Canyon country-rock," is no exception to his 40-year career of refusing to be pinned down.
Greg Graffin
As a founding member of Bad Religion, Graffin's status as punk rock royalty is beyond reproach, but right next to those credentials you might be surprised to find a stack of degrees, including a master's in geology and a doctorate in zoology. So when he's not touring or recording, he fills his time authoring books on evolution and teaching life sciences at UCLA.
With Graffin's history of going his own way, perhaps it shouldn't be surprising that his solo career would take a sharp departure from the political tirades and power chords of his punk rock roots. Previous solo releases American Lesion (1997) and Cold as Clay (2006) have featured melodic vocals about the demise of his marriage, acoustic guitar and centuries-old American folk songs, backed by banjo and harmonica.
Millport was produced by Bad Religion co-founder Brett Gurewitz, with the support of guitarist Jonny 'Two Bags' Wickersham, bassist Brent Harding and drummer David Hidalgo Jr., all members of Social Distortion, known for blurring the line between punk rock and country.
The latest iteration of Graffin has seen him diving headlong into the twang of country, but artifacts from his decades-long punk career are sprinkled throughout. Two traits for which Bad Religion is well-known are heavy use of harmonies and Graffin's intelligent and insightful lyrics, both of which are well-represented on Millport.
On "Time of Need," Graffin delves into a topic of which he's espoused strong criticism in both of his careers: religion. The song's chorus includes the backing of what sounds like a choir, and it begins with the words, "Hey man/ Hey man," which, in their repetition throughout the track, achieve a pseudo-homophonic effect between "hey man" and "amen." The chorus continues, "No religion can help this time of need," and Graffin's vocals are backed primarily by piano. Paired with the choir, the ironic hymnal sound comes through loud and clear.
"Lincoln's Funeral Train" is the heaviest electric guitar cameo on Millport. Yes, the song is about the train that carried the assassinated president to his home in Illinois. Professor Graffin teaches science at UCLA, but here he offers listeners a history lesson. The song has a sorrowful tone as it describes Pennsylvania Railroad Locomotive No. 331's long journey across the country: "331 in the morning sun/ The hearse that journey made/ See that train coming boys/ Rolling down the main/ Draped in black she won't be back/ It's Lincoln's funeral train."
A cursory glance at Graffin's discography, from Bad Religion to his three solo releases, might give the impression of a confusing jumble of genres, but on closer inspection common threads can be found throughout. For a guy who literally teaches Darwinism, it's only natural that he would practice a little evolution in his music, too. Certainly, fans of his previous solo work will find his new direction with Millport to be a logical, and perhaps welcome progression.
Follow reporter Julie Parker at Twitter.com/jpwhatsername.
Julie Parker grew up listening to Bay Area punk rock and is still holding out hope for a Jawbreaker reunion. In the meantime, she's studying journalism at San Francisco State University and thanking her lucky stars that writing about music is a real job. Parker is a Seattle native and lives in Berkeley with her two wiener dogs.
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Description: Contenidos emitidos por Radio Olavarría: noticias, entrevistas y comentarios.
Site brasileiro dedicado ao ator mexicano Alfonso Herrera. Traz biografia, fotos, not�cias, v�deos, �udios e tudo relacionado ao ator.
La Kueva Bar & Grill is the Legendary and Original Latin Rock Bar in New York featuring live local and international rock bands every weekend since 1999. La Kueva Bar & Grill has moved to 94-10 Astoria Blvd, East Elmhurst Queens, NY.
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PHP PBKDF2
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Angry Birds () — компьютерная игра, разработанная финской компанией Rovio Entertainment, первая игра одноимённой серии. Изначально была выпущена для устройств на iOS и Maemo 11 декабря 2009 года. После успеха игры в App Store были выпущены версии для Android, Symbian, Windows Phone и BlackBerry 10. Впоследствии появились версии игры для других платформ, а в 2022 вышел ремейк Rovio Classics: Angry Birds.

Геймплей игры таков: игрок должен запускать птиц в свиней при помощи рогатки. Уровень будет пройден, если игрок уничтожит всех свиней, в противном случае его придётся проходить заново. Чаще всего свиньи используют строения из блоков в качестве укрытия.

Описание
В игру вошли эпизоды: «Варёные яйца» (), «Величайший обман» (), «Опасность сверху» (), «Большая перестройка» (), «Ветчина выше них» (), «Шахта и ужин» (), «Вечеринка в честь дня птиц» (), «Прибой и берег» (; ранее представлена в версии игры на Facebook), «Плохие свиньи» (), «Могучие перья Рэда» (; есть уровни с отличным от других геймплеем), «Короткое замыкание» (), «Любимцы стаи» (), «Пятый день рождения в честь птиц» () и бонусный эпизод «Ред спасает жизни» (; был доступен 2 недели после его выпуска). В дополнение к уровням Surf & Turf появились бонусные активаторы. Также появились дополнительные уровни-новые режимы игры Angry Birds. Золотое яйцо «Король свиней» (), которое дается за прохождение всех золотых яиц, включает несколько таких режимов: «Король свиней» (), «Замена материала» (), «Птичье бешенство» (), «Полное уничтожение» ().

 Доступные обновления на разных платформах:

 Уровни:

Особенности обновлений:

Разработка
В начале 2009 года сотрудники Rovio начали рассматривать идеи о новых играх. Одно из таких предложений поступило от старшего игрового дизайнера Якко Исилало в виде картинки с изображением нескольких сердитых птиц без видимых ног или крыльев. Персонажи понравились разработчикам, и было решено начать их эксплуатацию. В начале 2009 года флеш-игры с разрушением, такие как Crush the Castle, были популярны, поэтому команда Rovio была вдохновлена ими. Во время развития Angry Birds персонал компании понял, что птицам нужен враг. В то время в интернете и средствах массовой информации бушевала эпидемия свиного гриппа, который сравнивался с птичьим гриппом, поэтому было решено сделать врагами свиней.

Angry Birds была 52-й игрой, производимой студией. После того, как Angry Birds стала популярной игрой в App Store Великобритании в феврале 2010 года и быстро достигла № 1, она достигла и первого места App Store США в середине 2010 года, а затем осталась там на 275 дней. Первоначальная стоимость разработки Angry Birds, по оценкам, превысила 100 000 евро, не включая расходы на последующие обновления. Для версии iOS Rovio в партнерстве с дистрибьютором Chillingo опубликовал игру в App Store. Дистрибьютор утверждал, что участвовал в разработке, например, добавляя видимые траектории, увеличивая масштаб, эмоции свиней, кувырки птиц при посадке. С тех пор Rovio самостоятельно издаёт почти все более поздние игры, за исключением версии для PSP, которая была выпущена по лицензии Abstraction Games.

Когда Rovio начали создавать версии игры для других устройств, появились новые проблемы. Когда команда начала работать над версией для систем Android, они наблюдали большое количество конфигураций типов устройств и версий программного обеспечения. Это создало определённые трудности, но разработчику всё оказалось нипочём, и игра таки вышла в тогдашний Android Market.

Специальные версии
 Angry Birds Free — показательная и бесплатная версия игры Angry Birds. Каждый уровень заключён в темы — подобие эпизодов в полной версии. В каждой теме по 5 уровней, всего 12 тем.

 Angry Birds Lite — бесплатная и показательная демо-версия Angry Birds. Игра включает в себя 12 уровней из эпизода оргининальной игры Poached Eggs.

 Angry Birds Mult — бесплатная версия Angry Birds на Java (S40, S60, Bada). Сама игра очень похожа на оригинальную Angry Birds, но имеет несколько маленьких отличий в количестве эпизодов и фоне.

 Angry Birds HD — специальная часть серии игр Angry Birds. Доступна только на iOS, стоит дороже обычной версии. В целом, похожа на оригинальную, но имеет несколько незначительных отличий в графике и фоне игры.

 Angry Birds Free HD — HD-версия игры Angry Birds Free. Доступна только на iOS. Является высококачественной версией Angry Birds Free, геймплей никак не изменился, но некоторые уровни полностью изменены, и на них присутствуют другие птицы. Звук, фон и графика игры улучшены.

Angry Birds for Kakao
Angry Birds for Kakao — специальная версия игры, доступная только для пользователей бесплатного южнокорейского мессенджера «KakaoTalk». Вышла в 2015 году, практически полностью аналогична классической игре. Из отличий: «система жизней» (как в Angry Birds 2), ежедневные награды и возможность соревноваться с друзьями в прохождении уровней.

Консольные версии
Angry Birds PSP — это специальная версия игры для игровой приставки PSP. Выпущена в 2010 году. Содержит первые 4 эпизода оригинальной игры и бонусный эпизод Golden Eggs. Кроме того, она содержит уникальные золотые яйца, которые были удалены из игры после некоторых обновлений. Меню у неё как в Angry Birds Lite. Изначально открыт только эпизод Poached Eggs.

В 2012 году Rovio заявили, что Angry Birds вместе с Angry Birds Rio и Angry Birds Seasons станет доступной для платформ PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 и Nintendo 3DS. В итоге было решено объединить все три игры в одну большую — Angry Birds Trilogy, которая стала доступна 28 сентября 2012 (в США 25 сентября 2012).

Игры для VR шлема
Angry Birds VR — аркада из серии игр Angry Birds. Про неё мало что известно. Была анонсирована турниром Rock in Rio в Angry Birds Friends. Геймплей игры прост — управляя Редом, нужно добраться до финиша на конце уровня, при этом пролетая через фиолетовые круги. Игра имеет тот же графический движок, что и Angry Birds Go!.

Ремейк
31 марта 2022 года Rovio представил переиздание оригинальной версии игры под названием Rovio Classics: Angry Birds. Позже было объявлено что игра будет удалена из Google Play 23 февраля 2023 года, в связи с тем, что она негативно влияет на популярность других игр серии.

Отзывы

Игра была высоко оценена экспертами. Крис Хольт из Macworld сказал, что она «увлекательная, захватывающая, умная». Джонатан Лю из Wired News написал, что игровой процесс напоминает «попытки получить максимальное количество звёзд». Хвалебный комментарий отпустил и Кейт Эндрю из Pocket Gamer. Игра была неоднократно рассмотрена специализированными изданиями по всему миру, в том числе российскими.

Определённую дозу критики получили версии игры для несенсорных платформ (PSP, PS3, Win, Mac) — целиться из птицемётной рогатки с помощью джойстика или мышки оказалось неудобно, к тому же в версии для PSP плохо реализовано масштабирование, и в некоторых случаях вообще непонятно, куда целиться. По мнению экспертов, играть в Angry Birds без сенсорного экрана неудобно и вообще противно.

Примечания

Ссылки

Angry Birds
Игры для Android
Лауреаты премии Вебби

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