MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA—The first point of the Australian Open men's final on Sunday told the story of all that was to come.
With his opening serve, Novak Djokovic stretched Rafael Nadal wide, sending the Spaniard sprawling. Djokovic quickly had his longtime rival exactly where he wanted: off balance and unglued.
In a flash, as Nadal spun and scrambled to recover, Djokovic took a half-dozen confident steps forward. He lined up a backhand, and then unleashed a buzzing winner that Nadal did not even try for.
Point won. Point made. Rafael Nadal: toast.
The match, held at Rod Laver Arena on a warm and slightly breezy evening, finished just two hours and four minutes later, Djokovic winning in a full-blown knockout: 6-3, 6-2, 6-3.
This was a win that tightened the 31-year-old Serbian's hold on the top spot in men's tennis. It also boosted his name once again in the annals of tennis history. He now has a record seven Australian Open titles and has moved to sole possession of third place in major championships with 15, breaking a tie with Pete Sampras.
The three powerhouse sets were as fine and dominating as Djokovic — or anyone — has ever played in a major tournament final.
He could not have seen this coming. Nobody could.
Djokovic versus Nadal, No. 1 vs. No. 2, was arguably the most anticipated match of the tournament. It was the first occasion in which these two tense rivals — who have now played 53 times on tour, with Djokovic winning 28 — have met in the final of a grand slam event since 2014, when Nadal slipped by Djokovic in four sets at Roland Garros in Paris.
Given the scintillating way both had performed all tournament, with Nadal winning every set he had played in his first six matches, and with Djokovic winning all but a pair, it seemed certain that they would duel once again deep into the Melbourne night.
It was a match that was expected to dust off hallowed memories of what may have been their greatest combined moment of glory. In 2012, the two played one of the most epic finals in grand slam history, right here on the sea-blue centre court: a five-hour, 53-minute marathon won by Djokovic, the longest major final ever.
But a reprise was not to be. What unfolded was not even a reasonable facsimile.
Still, the night had its own way of being unforgettable. The final failed to offer drama, but it did present beauty — that of a top-flight athlete, among tennis' greatest champions, operating at the very peak of his powers.
Nadal, 32, did not appear particularly downcast after the match. Instead it seemed as if he had simply resigned himself to the result. He noted that he had been injured and had not been able to prepare for the tournament as he had wished. Indeed, after pulling out of his semifinal at the U.S. Open last September, then having ankle surgery, he had not played a match on tour until this tournament began.
It was a rare lopsided grand slam final between men's tennis greats, reminiscent of Nadal's wipeout of Federer at the 2008 French Open and John McEnroe's rout of Jimmy Connors at Wimbledon in 1984.
But it should not be forgotten how far the two came to get that far, the hurdles overcome. There is Nadal and his injuries, which have piled up over the years, especially on hard courts. There is Djokovic and the way he struggled with his confidence and his health after winning the French Open in 2016. For two full seasons, it felt as if he was lost in the wilderness, including during a fourth-round loss at Melbourne Park last year to the unseeded South Korean Hyeon Chung.
Djokovic underwent elbow surgery not long after that match. At first, the operation did not help his on-court results. He appeared to be a doubting and unhappy shadow of his self. Improbably, he found his game on the Wimbledon grass, winning the title there and then following that up with another championship at the U.S. Open in September.
According to the International Tennis Federation, Djokovic is the first man to record three streaks of three or more grand slam titles. He won four straight from Wimbledon in 2015 to the 2016 French Open, and three in a row from Wimbledon in 2011 to the 2012 Australian Open.
His chance to hold all four major titles at the same time will come in four months at the French Open, which he has won only once (Nadal has been the champion at Roland Garros 11 times).
Sustain this level through the U.S. Open, and it is not impossible to imagine him winning a calendar-year slam. No man has done that since Rod Laver in 1969.
And what about reaching Federer's record 20 grand slam titles?
Asked about those milestones on Sunday, Djokovic was his typically reflective self.
"I am aware that making history of the sport that I truly love is something special," he said.
He then gave a nod to the kind of uncertainty that he knows very well, firsthand: the way injuries and the loss of confidence can shake the very best of foundations. There are no sure bets.
"How many seasons are to come? I don't know," he added, noting that he was trying hard not to get too far ahead of himself. "I do want to definitely focus myself on continuing to improve so I would be able to compete at such a high level for the years to come — and have a shot at eventually getting closer to Roger's record.
True, but if he keeps playing in the fluid, focused way he did on this Sunday evening in Melbourne, 20 grand slams will come into focus soon enough.


text:
Q: "unable to resolve class" error after upgrading gradle 3 to gradle 4
*

*Grails version: 3.2.9

*Gradle initial version: 3.4.1 (everything works fine with this version)

*Gradle upgraded version:4.10.3

*Plugin: org.grails.grails-gsp

When I run gradlew war after upgrading gradle version to 4.10.3 I start to get the following error during execution of compileGroovyPages task:

dashboard_gsp.groovy: 2: unable to resolve class com.abnd.CarStatusEnum
@ line 2, column 1.
import  com.abnd.CarStatusEnum
^

Location of class com.abnd.CarStatusEnum is src/main/groovy/com/abnd/CarStatusEnum in the same project where the build is being run and gradlew war task completes successfully with gradle version 3.4.1. However when I upgrade gradle version to 4.10.3 then I start to get this error. Same happens with gradle version 4.1.
1) Any clue what can be the problem ?
2) Is that a good idea to use gradle version 4.x.x or 5.x.x with grails version 3.x.x as with gradle 5.x.x I start to get even more issues as some grails plugins(like grails-gsp v3.3.2 which is latest stable version) use some features that have been deprecated in gradle 4.x.x and removed from gradle 5.x.x (see the error bellow)?

Failed to apply plugin [id 'org.grails.grails-gsp']
Could not get unknown property 'classesDir' for main classes of type org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.DefaultSourceSetOutput.

A:
1) Any clue what can be the problem ?

Yes.  The error message is a clue that the GSP compiler can't find the enum class.  This is because our plugin isn't compatible with Gradle 4.10.3.

2) Is that a good idea to use gradle version 4.x.x or 5.x.x with
  grails version 3.x.x

No.  Those Gradle versions are not supported with the version of Grails you are using.
I hope that helps.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
import React from 'react';

export interface TextAreaProps {
  value: string;
  className?: string;
  placeholder?: string;
  onChange?(newValue: string): void;
  focusOnMount?: boolean;
  focusTarget?: boolean;
  additionalAttributes?: React.ComponentPropsWithoutRef<'textarea'>
}

const TextArea = React.forwardRef<HTMLTextAreaElement | null, TextAreaProps>(({
  value,
  className,
  placeholder,
  onChange,
  focusOnMount,
  focusTarget = false,
  additionalAttributes = {}
}, ref) => {
  const onChangeValue = (e: React.ChangeEvent<HTMLTextAreaElement>) => {
    if (onChange) {
      onChange(e.target.value);
    }
  };

  // Resize the textarea whenever the value is changed
  const textAreaElement = React.useRef<HTMLTextAreaElement>(null);
  React.useImperativeHandle<HTMLTextAreaElement | null, HTMLTextAreaElement | null>(ref, () => textAreaElement.current);

  React.useEffect(() => {
    if (textAreaElement.current) {
      textAreaElement.current.style.height = '';
      textAreaElement.current.style.height =
        textAreaElement.current.scrollHeight + 'px';
    }
  }, [value, textAreaElement]);

  // Focus the textarea when it is mounted
  React.useEffect(() => {
    if (focusOnMount && textAreaElement.current) {
      textAreaElement.current.focus();
    }
  }, [textAreaElement]);

  return (
    <textarea
      data-focus-target={focusTarget}
      rows={1}
      style={{ resize: 'none', overflowY: 'hidden' }}
      className={className}
      placeholder={placeholder}
      ref={textAreaElement}
      onChange={onChangeValue}
      value={value}
      {...additionalAttributes}
    />
  );
});

export default TextArea;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Assata Zerai
Professor of Sociology and Associate Chancellor for Diversity at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
PhD Sociology (University of Chicago)
Assata Zerai is a professor of sociology and associate chancellor for diversity at the University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign). At Illinois since 2002, Zerai's research interests have included maternal and child health, activism, people-centered development, centering the work of African women scholars, and gender/race/class/LGBTQI inclusiveness and institutional transformation. Dr. Zerai's books include: Intersectionality in Intentional Communities: The Struggle for Inclusivity (2016); Hypermasculinity and State Violence in Zimbabwe (2014). She has also authored Dehumanizing Discourse, Law and Policy in America (with Rae Banks, 2002); and Safe Water, Sanitation and Early Childhood Malnutrition in East Africa (in press). She is currently completing her fifth book manuscript, African Women, ICT and Neoliberal Politics: The Challenge of Gendered Digital Divides to People-Centered Governance (Routledge).
In 2015, while associate dean in the Graduate College, Zerai began service as co-primary investigator on a $1M award from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation to increase numbers of graduate students underrepresented in STEM. In 2015-16, Zerai served as co-primary investigator on a US State Department award to offer a Young African Leaders Public Management Institute to Mandela Washington Fellows at the Center for African Studies at the U of I. In 2017-18, Zerai is a Big-10 Academic Alliance Leadership Program Fellow.
How can we promote people-centered governance in Africa? Very recent research has shown that broad access to cell phones and other information and communications technologies (ICTs) is linked to more democratic governance structures. These structures are defined by World Bank indicators such as rule of law, control of corruption, regulatory and government effectiveness, political stability, low levels of violence, and voice and accountability. But in key areas, these neoliberal indicators of democratic governance fall short: they do not encompass gender equity, disability services, or pro-poor policies seen in bottom-up approaches to democratic governance. To better understand and promote people-centered governance in Africa, Zerai's project shifts our focus to the marginalized, understood on two levels: 1) Zerai examines whether access to ICTs by marginalized groups, especially women, makes a difference to the success of bottom-up governance structures; and 2) Zerai shows how research by African scholars, too often marginalized, must be used to expand and redefine the goals and indicators of democratic governance in African countries.
Professor Assata Zerai has been offered a contract from Routledge to complete African Women, ICTs and Neoliberal Politics: The Challenge of Gendered Digital Divides to People-Centered Governance. The heart of the book is a focus on ICTs, women's status and governance in Zimbabwe, Uganda, and Nigeria, respectively. She examines regional differences to discuss the varied ways that women's status, diffusion of knowledge, and quality governance are represented throughout these countries. On the basis of African women's scholarship, Zerai analyzes World Bank development and governance indicators, and challenges both the World Bank definitions of good governance as well as the conclusions arrived at by researchers utilizing these indices, that a gender-blind understanding of diffusion of knowledge sufficiently explains factors resulting in better governance in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Gender/race/class/lgbtqi inclusiveness, maternal and child health; water and sanitation; bridging intellectual digital divides; African studies

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


2016 Toyota Camry - Great commuter car.
Very reliable car nice exterior. not attention grabbing or sporting but nice. Purchased due to the reputation for reliability and resale value. Great car to take on road trips and commute.
We took a girls road trip from California to Las Vegas. Awesome time. Stopped along the way at various restaurants. Can't wait to do it again.
Great gas mileage compared to my last car. The car is smooth, it is quiet, and the adjustable seats are comfortable. Awesome truck space much roomy than expected. Nice paint unusual color titanium that sparkles in the sunlight. Fuel economy has been good as well. My driving is mainly on two-lane suburban roads, and I average over 35 mpg overall.
2016 Toyota Camry - Nice car great mileage, outside trim is great, fabric seats not recommended. No issues with keyless control, would get a navigation system.
I like the gas mileage and the sporty look. Low mileage when purchased and easy maintenance program. Love the color which is titanium unusual sparkly grayish brown. Goes quickly from 0 to 60 lots of pickup.
Great on gas, nice exterior look, great car for road trip, lots of storage, large trunk.
The interior materials are fabric not high quality. Several small holes already even though the car is not used much. I would not purchase a car with fabric seats again as they will not hold up over time. Needs to have a navigation system as standard feature. Backup camera does not have a signal.
Sales people stayed back and allowed me to look at cars. When I was ready to ask questions, there wasn't a mad, vulture rush to me. The salesman was very polite and professional. He answered all my questions, and even asked me some questions that he used to show me a variety of cars that would suit my need. Once inside to write up that paperwork, he was considerate of my needs and worked with the finance to get the best deal possible. He didn't just write everything up or just push me out as fast as he could to get to the next person. And he didn't treat me like an idiot just because I'm female.
This dealership was great because of a few things. Firstly, I didn't get treated as a second class citizen for being a younger woman. Secondly, they were very respectful and did not question my desire for a giant truck. Finally, there was no haggling involved. You just pick out what you want and do the paperwork.


text:
\section{introduction}
Virtual Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar systems operating at mmWave frequencies have recently become very popular since they are low cost and compact. Also, they generate high bandwidth signals which makes it possible to achieve incredibly high  resolution in the range direction \cite{Shahrokh_TDM, Shahrokh_CDM, 24GHzTDM, 77GHzTDM, FDMMIMO}.

The range resolution depends on the bandwidth of the transmitted signal, a.k.a., chirp signal \cite{Skolnik, Mahafza}. However, the angular resolution depends on the effective length of the array relative to the wavelength of the transmitted signal. Therefore, to achieve high angular resolution, large antenna arrays are required.

Nevertheless, increasing the effective length of the array comes at great cost. Antenna coupling, power consumption, heat sink issue, complexity of the system, and cost are among the challenges that we encounter if we decide to use large array of antennas.

To cope with this issues, the arrays can be generated synthetically by creating relative motion between the radar and the target to be imaged. This is indeed the idea behind Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging which has been used for decades to produce high resolution images specifically in the field of space-borne and air-borne SAR imaging \cite{Cumming, Spotlight, Soumekh, Curlander, Munson_Stripmap, Harger}.

Although creating synthetic aperture is a promising idea for achieving high angular resolution, the SAR systems still suffer from issues such as spending a long period of time to collect the data over the synthetic aperture.

Virtual MIMO radars are another option to increase the effective length of the array using limited number of tx and rx antennas by exploiting techniques such as Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), Code Division Multiplexing (CDM), and Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) methods \cite{Shahrokh_TDM, Shahrokh_CDM, 24GHzTDM, 77GHzTDM, FDMMIMO}.

In fact,  virtual MIMO arrays have recently found their applications in the field of radar imaging and are considered as promising options for creating high angular resolution for radar applications \cite{MMW_SAR_Zhuge, Yanik_2D, Yanik_2D_SAR_MIMO, Yanik_3D_SAR_MIMO, Shahrokh_SAR}.

A combination of SAR and virtual MIMO FMCW radars are, therefore, a promising candidate for high resolution radar imaging systems since they provide imagery systems with lower complexity and they offer shorter period of time to be spent on the data collection process.
In this paper, we address 3D high resolution radar imaging procedure by combining the idea of virtual MIMO array processing with the SAR concept using FMCW radar systems.

In the horizontal direction, a large aperture is created synthetically to produce high angular resolution.
In the vertical direction, however, which using the SAR concept increases the time we need to spend on the data collection process, we will combine the idea of creating a synthetic aperture with using a virtual MIMO array.

Upon using a virtual MIMO array in the vertical direction and taking advantage of the TDM method, we can then increase the number of elements virtually and this way we can create a large aperture which by combining this idea with the SAR technique, we can then create the effect of a large 2D aperture to generate high resolution 3D radar images.

The virtual MIMO FMCW radar used in this paper, has been designed by Texas Instruments (TI) Inc. It is a 4-chip cascaded FMCW radar system composed of 4 similar FMCW radar chips, each having 3 tx and 4 rx antennas. After synchronization, we achieve a system with 12 tx and 16 rx antennas which upon using the TDM method, we can obtain an equivalent system of 1 tx and 192 rx antennas out of which 86 non-overlapped antennas can be used for the radar imaging application.
The radar system operates at $77 \; \rm GHz$ and is capable of generating up to $4 \; \rm GHz$ bandwidth.

The paper has been organized as follows. In Section \ref{System Model}, we address the system model and formulate the imaging problem. In Section \ref{Image Reconstruction}, we present the procedure required to process the raw data and reconstruct the image. Finally, Section \ref{Experimental Results} has been dedicated to the experimental results based on the data gathered from a cascaded chip FMCW radar operating at $77 \; \rm GHz$ followed by the concluding remarks.

\section{System Model}\label{System Model}
In this section, we describe the system model. Fig.~\ref{fig:Model_Geometry} illustrates the geometry of the imaging problem.
\begin{figure}[htb]
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}
  \node (img1)  {\includegraphics[scale=1]{Model_Geometry.png}};
  \node[above=of img1, node distance=0cm, xshift=0.2cm, yshift=-7.3cm,font=\color{black}] {\small z};
  \node[above=of img1, node distance=0cm, xshift=-0.5cm, yshift=-1.3cm,font=\color{black}] {\small A point target located at $(x^{\prime},y^{\prime},z_d)$};
 \node[above=of img1, node distance=0cm, xshift=-1.1cm, yshift=-3.9cm,font=\color{black}] {\small x};
   \node[above=of img1, node distance=0cm, xshift=-3.9cm, yshift=-4.8cm,font=\color{black}] {\small Radar};
   \node[above=of img1, node distance=0cm, xshift=-3.7cm, yshift=-3cm,font=\color{black}] {\small y};
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{The geometry of the model.
\label{fig:Model_Geometry}}
\end{figure}
The radar is mounted on a two-axis motorized scanner which spans the x-y plane to create the 2D synthetic aperture. The aperture plane is at $z=0$. Next, we consider a continuum of point reflectors in $(x,y,z)$ space on $z = z_d$ plane.

When the target is illuminated by the transmitted signal, according to the Huygens principle, each point reflector can be considered as a secondary point source and they, in turn, start radiating a portion of the received energy back towards the radar. The signal received at the location of the receive antenna, from a point reflector located at $(x^{\prime}, y^{\prime}, z_d)$, is described as
\begin{align}
\label{beat_signal}
&s_0(k,x_t,y_t,x_r,y_r,z_d) = p(x^{\prime},y^{\prime},z_d)\times \nonumber \\ &e^{\displaystyle -jk\sqrt{(x_t-x^{\prime})^2+(y_t-y^{\prime})^2+z_d^2}}\times \nonumber \\ &e^{\displaystyle -jk\sqrt{(x_r-x^{\prime})^2+(y_r-y^{\prime})^2+z_d^2}}.
\end{align}
In (\ref{beat_signal}), $k = \frac{2\pi}{c}(f_0+\beta t)$, in which, $\beta = \frac{b}{T}$ where $b$ and $T$ stand for the bandwidth and the chirp time, respectively. The complex parameter $p(x^{\prime},y^{\prime},z_d)$ is the reflection coefficient of the point reflector located at $(x^{\prime},y^{\prime},z_d)$. Furthermore, $f_0$ is the start frequency and $c$ is the speed of light in vacuum. Also, $(x_t, y_t)$ and $(x_r, y_r)$ refer to the location of the transmit and receive antennas, respectively.

In the case of a continuum of point reflectors, based on the superposition principle, the signal received at the location of the receive antenna, is given as
\begin{align}
\label{beat_signal_continuum_1}
& s_0(k,x_t,y_t,x_r,y_r,z_d) =  \int \int p(x^{\prime},y^{\prime},z_d)\times \nonumber \\ &e^{\displaystyle -jk\sqrt{(x_t-x^{\prime})^2+(y_t-y^{\prime})^2+z_d^2}}\times \nonumber \\ &e^{\displaystyle -jk\sqrt{(x_r-x^{\prime})^2+(y_r-y^{\prime})^2+z_d^2}}dx^{\prime}dy^{\prime}.
\end{align}
The goal in the field of radar imaging is to estimate the complex reflectivity coefficient field $p$. The FMCW radar system we consider in this paper, is a multi-static radar system which means that the transmit and receive antennas are separated spatially. In order to be able to perform the imaging procedure efficiently, however, it is better to have each rx antenna at the same location as its corresponding tx antenna. In other words, in order to be able to implement the imaging algorithm efficiently, we are required to perform multi-static to mono-static transformation \cite{MMW_SAR_Zhuge, Yanik_2D_SAR_MIMO, Yanik_3D_SAR_MIMO_}. To accomplish this goal, we move the location of the $i^{\rm th}$ tx-rx pair to the midpoint value which upon performing that we can rewrite (\ref{beat_signal_continuum_1}) as
\begin{align}
\label{beat_signal_continuum_2}
& s_0(k,x,y,z_d) =  \int \int p(x^{\prime},y^{\prime},z_d)\times \nonumber \\ &e^{\displaystyle -jk\sqrt{((x + \frac{\Delta_x}{2}) - x^{\prime})^2+((y + \frac{\Delta_y}{2}) -y^{\prime})^2+z_d^2}}\times \nonumber \\ &e^{\displaystyle -jk\sqrt{((x - \frac{\Delta_x}{2}) -x^{\prime})^2+((y - \frac{\Delta_y}{2})-y^{\prime})^2+z_d^2}}dx^{\prime}dy^{\prime},
\end{align}
where $\displaystyle x = \frac{x_t+x_r}{2}$, $\displaystyle y = \frac{y_t+y_r}{2}$, $\displaystyle \Delta x = \frac{x_t-x_r}{2}$ and $\displaystyle \Delta y = \frac{y_t-y_r}{2}$.
Finally, we can express (\ref{beat_signal_continuum_2}) as
\begin{align}
\label{beat_signal_continuum_3}
& s_0(k,x,y,z_d) = e^{\displaystyle j \Phi (\Delta_x, \Delta_y, z_d)} \int \int p(x^{\prime},y^{\prime},z_d)\times \nonumber \\ &e^{\displaystyle -j2k\sqrt{(x - x^{\prime})^2+(y + y^{\prime})^2+z_d^2}} dx^{\prime}dy^{\prime},
\end{align}
where $\Phi (\Delta_x, \Delta_y, z_d)$ is an extra phase shift due to the midpoint transformation. After the multi-static to mono-static transformation is preformed, the multi-static radar is now turned into a mono-static radar system.  We can then rewrite (\ref{beat_signal_continuum_3}) by bringing the extra phase term $\Phi (\Delta_x, \Delta_y, z_d)$ to the left hand side of the equation which upon doing that (\ref{beat_signal_continuum_3}) can be described as
\begin{align}
\label{beat_signal_continuum_4}
& s(k,x,y,z_d) = \int \int p(x^{\prime},y^{\prime},z_d)\times \nonumber \\ &e^{\displaystyle -j2k\sqrt{(x - x^{\prime})^2+(y  -y^{\prime})^2+z_d^2}} dx^{\prime}dy^{\prime}.
\end{align}
In (\ref{beat_signal_continuum_4}), $s(k,x,y,z_d) = e^{\displaystyle -j \Phi (\Delta_x, \Delta_y, z_d)} s_0(k,x,y,z_d)$.

Moreover, we can rewrite (\ref{beat_signal_continuum_4}) as
\begin{align}
\label{beat_signal_conv}
s(k,x,y,z_d) =  p(x,y,z_d)\ast_x\ast_ye^{\displaystyle -j2k\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z_d^2}},
\end{align}
where $\ast_x$ and $\ast_y$ represent the convolution operation in the x and y directions, respectively.
From (\ref{beat_signal_conv}), it is clear that $e^{\displaystyle -j2k\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z_d^2}}$ is the impulse response (IPR) of the system.

\section{Image Reconstruction}\label{Image Reconstruction}
The ultimate goal in radar imaging is to estimate the complex reflectivity coefficient field of the targets.
Among the well-known techniques for image reconstruction, we can mention the Time Domain Correlation (TDC) method \cite{Soumekh}, the Back Projection (BP) technique\cite{Soumekh}, the Chirp Scaling Algorithm (CSA) \cite{Cumming}, and the wave-number method which is also known as Range Migration Algorithm (RMA) and $\omega-k$ technique \cite{Soumekh, Cumming, MMW_SAR_Zhuge, Cumming_wk}.

The TDC is a highly time consuming technique which is implemented in the fast-time time domain and slow-time time domain.

The BP method is implemented in the fast-time frequency domain and slow-time time domain and is more efficient than the TDC technique. Nevertheless, the BP method is still considered to be a time consuming algorithm.

The $\omega-k$ algorithm is based on the 2D convolution formula presented in (\ref{beat_signal_conv}). To perform the 2D convolution efficiently, the algorithm is implemented in the fast-time frequency domain and slow-time frequency domain which by exploiting the fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique, it can be implemented very efficiently \cite{Cumming}.

However, since the multi-static to mono-static transformation is a range dependent process, therefore, we will not implement the traditional $\omega-k$ algorithm which is based on reference phase multiplication and Stolt interpolation \cite{Cumming}. We instead take a 3D Fourier transform from (\ref{beat_signal_conv}), which based on the principle of stationary phase (POSP) method \cite{Optics}, is given as follows,
\begin{align}
\label{beat_signal_3dfft}
S_{z_d}(k_x,k_y) = & P(k_x,k_y)\times \nonumber \\
&e^{\displaystyle j\left(z_d \sqrt{4k_c^2 - k^2_x - k^2_y}-x^{\prime}k_x-y^{\prime}k_y \right)},
\end{align}
where $P(k_x,k_y) = \mathfrak{F}_{3D}\{p(x,y,z_d)\}$, in which $\mathfrak{F}_{3D}$ stands for 3D Fourier transform and $S_{z_d}(k_c,k_x,k_y)$ represents the energy of the signal at the range cell corresponding to the plane $z = z_d$. Also $k_c$ represents the wave-number at the center frequency of the transmitted signal.

The next step is to compensate for the first phase term in (\ref{beat_signal_3dfft}) by applying $e^{\displaystyle -j z_{d} \sqrt{4k_c^2 - k^2_x - k^2_y}}$ to the signal.

Finally, we perform an inverse 2D Fourier transform to obtain the final image as follows,
\begin{align}
\label{RMA_Algorithm_f}
\hat{p}(x,y,z_d) =
  \mathfrak{F}^{-1}_{2D}\left (S_{z_d}(k_x,k_y)e^{\displaystyle - j z_d \sqrt{4k_c^2 - k^2_x - k^2_y}}\right),
\end{align}
where $\mathfrak{F}^{-1}_{2D}$ stands for the 2D inverse Fourier transform in the $x$ and $y$ directions and $\hat{p}(x,y,z_d)$ is the estimated value for the complex reflectivity coefficient of the targets on the plane that has been located at $z = z_d$.

As can be seen from (\ref{RMA_Algorithm_f}), we first perform phase cancelation per each given value of $z = z_d$. We will then take a 2D inverse Fourier transform in the x and y directions. By choosing different values for $z_d$, we can reconstruct the image of the targets located at different distances from the radar and this way we can obtain a 3D image from the scene to be imaged.

\section{Experimental Results}\label{Experimental Results}
In this section, we present the experimental results.
The virtual MIMO FMCW radar system that we use in this paper, is the 4-chip cascaded FMCW radar sensor TIDEP-01012 from TI with 12 tx and 16 rx antennas. The radar is used in TDM mode which results in 86 non-overlapped virtual antenna elements. Therefore, it is considered as an 86-element FMCW radar system.

Fig.~\ref{fig:CASCADEBoard_1} illustrates the RF board which consists of 4 AWR1243 chips. Each AWR1243 chip has 3 tx and 4 rx antennas which after synchronization the entire board corresponds to a system of 12 tx and 16 rx antennas. Then, by exploiting the TDM technique we can achieve 192 elements virtually.

The effective time duration of the transmitted chirp signal is $40 \; \rm \mu s$. The center frequency of the radar has been set at $78.8 \; \rm GHz$. The effective bandwidth of the radar has been chosen to be $3.5997 \;\rm  GHz$ which theoretically\emph{} results in $3.7086\; \rm cm$ for the $3 \; \rm dB$ resolution in the range direction. Also, the sampling frequency of the ADC is $8 \;\rm  MHz$.
The high pass filters at the RF front end, have been set to the smallest possible cut-off frequencies.

Fig.~\ref{fig:CASCADEBoard_2} shows the DSP board which helps with collecting the raw data at the output of the ADCs.

The layout of the RF board has been depicted in Fig.~\ref{fig:layout} which clearly shows the distances between different elements that we need for the 3D imaging process.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[height=5.5cm,width=8cm]{RFBoard.png}
\caption{The RF board consisting of 4 synchronized awr1243 chips each having 3 tx and 4 rx antennas which results in 12 tx and 16 rx antennas.
\label{fig:CASCADEBoard_1}}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[height=5.5cm,width=8cm]{DSPBoard.jpg}
\caption{The DSP board which is situated underneath the RF board.
\label{fig:CASCADEBoard_2}}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[height=5.5cm,width=8cm]{layout.png}
\caption{The layout of the RF board. The dimensions are in mm.
\label{fig:layout}}
\end{figure}
There are two separate stepper motors which have been used to create 2D motion in azimuth and elevation directions. The stepper motors are controlled using Arduino DUE. One stepper motor is for generating linear motion in the horizontal direction and the other one is to create linear motion in the vertical direction which as a result we can create a 2D aperture. The Arduino DUE has been programmed using C++ programming language. The 4-chip cascaded radar board is controlled via the LUA commands provided by TI and are run in MATLAB environment. The stepper motors are controlled using a python script with the help of the Arduino. A schematic of how different parts are connected has been presented in Fig.~\ref{fig:schematic}.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[height=4cm,width=8cm]{schematic.png}
\caption{A schematic which shows how different parts are connected. A laptop sends commands to the Radar and the stepper motors simultaneously.
\label{fig:schematic}}
\end{figure}
After the data is collected, it is stored in a flash memory on the DSP board which can be later transferred to the laptop via Ethernet connection.
When the data is stored in the laptop, the algorithm is applied and the image is generated subsequently. The algorithm for the image reconstruction has been written in MATLAB as well as python.

Before discussing the image reconstruction procedure, we first perform single channel performance analysis for the radar system. Fig.~\ref{fig:spectrogram}-(a) illustrates the spectrogram of the beat signal for tx1-rx1 pair and for a $20\;\rm dbsm$ corner reflector is located at the bore-sight. Fig.~\ref{fig:spectrogram}-(a) shows the effect of the non-linearity for the transmitted chirp signal.

In fact, the spectrogram should have been a straight line along the time axis. In Fig.~\ref{fig:spectrogram}-(b), we have presented the spectrogram for the same signal after compensating for the chirp non-linearity \cite{Meta_1, Meta_2}. As can be seen from Fig.~\ref{fig:spectrogram}-(b), the energy of the signal is distributed along a straight line horizontally over the entire chirp time.

Chirp non-linearity causes image de-focusing and image blurring \cite{Meta_1, Meta_2}.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\centerline{
\includegraphics[height=5cm,width=8cm]{spectrogram_1.png}
}
\centerline{(a)}
\vspace*{0.1cm}
\centerline{
\includegraphics[height=5cm,width=8cm]{spectrogram_linear_1.png}
}
\centerline{(b)}
\vspace*{0.1cm}
\caption{a) the spectrogram of the beat signal corresponding to the tx1-rx1 channel from the reference corner reflector which shows the chirp non-linearity, b) the spectrogram of the same signal after compensating for the chirp non-linearity.
\label{fig:spectrogram}}
\end{figure}
It should be noted that, the chirp non-linearity is different from channel to channel. Therefore, the chirp non-linearity compensation should be performed separately for each channel.

From Fig.~\ref{fig:spectrogram}, it is also obvious that the power of the system is fluctuating over the entire bandwidth.
In Fig.~\ref{fig:power_spectrum}, the power spectrum for the same beat signal presented in Fig.~\ref{fig:spectrogram}, has been depicted which shows the power fluctuation with respect to frequency. The result is prior to performing any adjustment for the chirp non-linearity effect. However, the power fluctuation pattern does not change with the non-linearity compensation procedure. Similar to the chirp non-linearity, the power fluctuation is different for different channels.

From Fig.~\ref{fig:power_spectrum}, we can see that there is deep a null around $80 \; \rm GHz$ which makes this portion of the chirp practically ineffective in the radar imaging process. In other words, the effective length of the chirp is considered to be lower which results in range resolution reduction.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\centerline{
\includegraphics[height=5.5cm,width=8cm]{power_spectrum.png}
}
\vspace*{0.1cm}
\caption{The power spectrum of the beat signal presented in Fig.~\ref{fig:spectrogram}.
\label{fig:power_spectrum}}
\end{figure}

After presenting the performance analysis for the single channel, we then focus on the array calibration concept.
Before applying the algorithm to the experimental data and performing image reconstruction, we address the process of the virtual MIMO array calibration.
The vertical direction is covered by the virtual MIMO array which has $86$ non-overlapped elements in total.

To calibrate the system, we use a $20\;\rm dbsm$ corner reflector.
The IPR of the array for the corner reflector, has been shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:IPR_no_cal_2D}.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[height=5.5cm,width=8cm]{corner_reflector_no_cal.png}
\caption{The IPR of the array based on a $20 \;\rm dbsm$ corner reflector located at bore-sight and at $8.95 \;\rm m$ radial distance from the cascaded chip radar system.
\label{fig:IPR_no_cal_2D}}
\end{figure}
As can be seen from Fig.~\ref{fig:IPR_no_cal_2D}, there is a strong imbalance for the side-lobe levels along the array elements. This implies the necessity for precise array calibration.

To obtain a better understanding of how to calibrate the array, we have focused on the IPR of the virtual MIMO array separately. In Fig.~\ref{fig:IPR_no_cal_1D}, the IPR of the virtual MIMO array has been shown, which is a horizontal cut of the IPR shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:IPR_no_cal_2D} at the specific range cell, where the energy of the target is located along the array elements.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[height=5.5cm,width=8cm]{corner_reflector_no_cal_cut.png}
\caption{The IPR along the elements of the virtual array using the data from the reference corner reflector.
\label{fig:IPR_no_cal_1D}}
\end{figure}
There are several different effects that can cause errors. We consider the $l^{\rm th}$ channel and express the beat signal corresponding to a point reflector located at range $R$ as
\begin{align}
\label{beat_signal_error_0}
s_l(t,R) = g_l\; p(t)\; e^{\left(\displaystyle -j 2 \pi (f_0 + \beta t) \frac{2(R+R_l)}{c}\right)},
\end{align}
where $g_l$ and $R_l$ are the gain and the error induced terms for the $l^{\rm th}$ channel, respectively.
Based on (\ref{beat_signal_error_0}), the error signal can then be expressed as
\begin{align}
\label{beat_signal_error}
\bar{s}_l(t) = g_l\; e^{\left(\displaystyle -j 2 \pi (f_0 + \beta t) \frac{2R_l}{c}\right)}.
\end{align}
We ignore other sources of error such as in-phase and quadrature imbalance and only focus on the three terms presented in (\ref{beat_signal_error}). The first error term is related to the gain of the channel, $g_l$. The gain varies from channel to channel. The second error term, which is the most important one, is the phase of $\bar{s}_l(t)$. Finally, the third part of the error is the frequency of the error signal $\bar{s}_l(t)$.

Upon taking Fourier transform from (\ref{beat_signal_error}), with the purpose of localizing the energy of the signal in the range direction, the frequency of $\bar{s}_l(t)$ will contribute to the range cell migration (RCM) \cite{Cumming}. It spreads the energy of the signal over range cells other than the specific range cell that the energy of the target is supposed to be concentrated.
We can compensate for the effect of the frequency of $\bar{s}_l(t)$ by performing range alignment \cite{ChenISAR}.

If the point target is located at the bore-sight and in the far field zone, the phase of $\bar{s}_l(t)$ should be the same for all the channels. Therefore, any differences can be calculated and then their complex conjugate be applied to the raw data along different channels to compensate for the phase error term.
We can, further, compensate for the gain differences between different channels to complete the calibration procedure.

After performing phase calibration using the $20 \; \rm dbsm$ corner reflector, we obtain the result which has been shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:IPR_with_cal_2D}.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[height=5.5cm,width=8cm]{cal_phase.png}
\caption{The IPR of the array after phase calibration.
\label{fig:IPR_with_cal_2D}}
\end{figure}
From Fig.~\ref{fig:IPR_with_cal_2D}, it is clear that the phase calibration has considerably improved the IPR of the system. In fact, the symmetry of the side-lobes are more pronounced compared to the situation presented in Fig.~\ref{fig:IPR_no_cal_1D}. However, from Fig.~\ref{fig:IPR_with_cal_2D}, it is also clear that the IPR is far from ideal.

The phase calibration has only taken into consideration the error corresponding to the phase of the signal given in (\ref{beat_signal_error}). The error corresponding to the frequency of $\bar{s}_l(t)$, given in (\ref{beat_signal_error}), is yet to be removed. As we mentioned before, the frequency of $\bar{s}_l(t)$ contributes to the RCM phenomenon.

To see this effect, we have shown the range compressed image in Fig.~\ref{fig:range_compressed_no_rcmc}, which is one step prior to the final image formation.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[height=5.5cm,width=8cm]{range_compressed_no_rcmc.png}
\caption{The range compressed image before compensating for the RCM effect.
\label{fig:range_compressed_no_rcmc}}
\end{figure}
To concentrate the energy of the target in one range cell and therefore compensate for the effect of the RCM, we perform range alignment \cite{ChenISAR}. The result for the range aligned image has been illustrated in Fig.~\ref{fig:range_compressed_rcmc}.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[height=5.5cm,width=8cm]{range_compressed_rcmc.png}
\caption{The range compressed image after performing range alignment.
\label{fig:range_compressed_rcmc}}
\end{figure}
The result for the IPR of the system, after phase calibration and range alignment, has been shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:IPR_with_cal_2D_range_alignment}.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[height=5.5cm,width=8cm]{cal_phase_range_alignment_rcmc.png}
\caption{The IPR of the array after phase calibration and range alignment.
\label{fig:IPR_with_cal_2D_range_alignment}}
\end{figure}
Furthermore, Fig.~\ref{fig:IPR_with_cal_1D} illustrates the horizontal cut of the 2D IPR in the direction parallel to the array elements at the location of the main-lobe. Basically, Fig.~\ref{fig:IPR_with_cal_1D} depicts the 1D IPR along the array elements.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[height=5.5cm,width=8cm]{cal_phase_cut.png}
\caption{The IPR along the virtual array elements after phase calibration and range alignment.
\label{fig:IPR_with_cal_1D}}
\end{figure}
However, based on Fig.~\ref{fig:IPR_with_cal_1D}, we can see that the IPR is not exactly the same as the ideal IPR for a linear array with $86$ transceivers.
Therefore, we apply the following optimization problem to further compensate for any remaining phase errors.
\begin{equation}
\label{opt}
\begin{array}{rrclcl}
\displaystyle \min_{{\bf w}} & \multicolumn{3}{l}{\| ({\bf w} \bigodot {\bf s}){\bf A} - \mathbf{1}^{T}{\bf A} \|_2},\\
&{\bf w} \in \mathcal{C},   \\
\end{array}
\end{equation}
where ${\bf w}$ is a 1D complex vector and ${\bf s}$ is the signal presented in Fig.~\ref{fig:IPR_with_cal_1D}. Moreover, $\bigodot$ is the element-wise multiplication operator and matrix ${\bf A}$ represents the array manifold. Finally, $\mathbf{1}$ is a column-wise vector with all elements equal to 1.

The optimization problem presented in (\ref{opt}) is a convex optimization problem \cite{Boyd} and can be solved using available packages such as $\rm cvx$ in MATLAB or $\rm cvxpy$ in Python.

After applying the optimization problem to the signal shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:IPR_with_cal_1D}, we achieve the result illustrated in Fig.~\ref{fig:IPR_opt} for the 1D IPR of the system.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[height=5.5cm,width=8cm]{optimization_result_cut.png}
\caption{The IPR of the array along the virtual elements after phase calibration, range alignment and applying the optimization problem given in (\ref{opt}).
\label{fig:IPR_opt}}
\end{figure}

Before performing image reconstruction based on the cascaded chip radar system, we manage to obtain an mmWave image using a single tx-rx pair, which basically means using a single channel. We are using a single chip AWR1243 FMCW radar from TI to create a 3D image from the sample under test. To create the image we use the data from a single tx-rx pair \cite{Shahrokh_SAR}. In fact, we are benchmarking the performance of the virtual MIMO-SAR FMCW radar against the single channel system.

The sample under test, which is a metallic object, has been shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:test_sample}.
The distance between the sample under test and the aperture is $z_d = 30 \; \rm  cm$.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[height=3cm,width=5cm]{test_samplePicture.png}
\caption{The sample under test which is a small metallic piece with all dimensions given in the figure.
\label{fig:test_sample}}
\end{figure}
In Fig.~\ref{fig:img_single_channel}-(a), the image acquired using the data gathered from a single channel radar system, has been shown.
The 2D aperture has been created synthetically in the azimuth and elevation directions. The time duration for the data collection is around 7 minutes which can be reduced considerably by exploiting the virtual MIMO array in the vertical direction.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\centerline{
\includegraphics[height=5.5cm,width=8cm]{img_single_channel.png}
}
\centerline{(a)}
\vspace*{0.1cm}
\centering
\centerline{
\includegraphics[height=6.5cm,width=9cm]{3Dimage.png}
}
\centerline{(b)}
\vspace*{0.1cm}
\caption{a) the reconstructed image from the sample under test based on using a single tx-rx pair from the AWR1243 FMCW radar chip, b) the 3D view of the reconstructed image.
\label{fig:img_single_channel}}
\end{figure}
Also, Fig.~\ref{fig:img_single_channel}-(b) shows the 3D view of the reconstructed image.

After performing array calibration, we can use the virtual MIMO array to cover the vertical direction of the 2D aperture which we are about to create for the 3D imaging process. The sample under test can be covered by the 86 non-overlapped elements of the virtual MIMO array, therefore, there is no requirement to move the virtual MIMO array in the vertical direction anymore. Therefore, in the vertical direction we have the virtual MIMO array and in the horizontal direction the aperture is created synthetically and hence the name MIMO-SAR imaging.
\begin{figure}
\centering

\centerline{
\includegraphics[height=5cm,width=8cm]{test_sample.png}
}
{(a)}
\vspace*{0.1cm}
\centerline{
\includegraphics[height=5.5cm,width=8cm]{test_sample_nocal.png}
}
{(b)}
\vspace*{0.1cm}
\centerline{
\includegraphics[height=5.5cm,width=8cm]{test_sample_Result.png}
}
{(c)}
\vspace*{0.1cm}
\caption{a) the experimental set-up which shows the cascaded chip radar system mounted on the mechanical system and the target in front of it,
         b) the resulting image without array calibration, c) the reconstructed image after calibrating the virtual MIMO array.
\label{fig:TestSample}}
\end{figure}
In Fig.~\ref{fig:TestSample}-(a), the experimental set-up has been shown which illustrates the cascaded chip radar, the 2D aperture, and the target.

In Fig.~\ref{fig:TestSample}-(b) the reconstructed image for the data without calibration has been presented. Finally, Fig.~\ref{fig:TestSample}-(c) illustrates the reconstructed image after the calibration procedure has been applied to the raw data.
The image has been reconstructed based on (\ref{RMA_Algorithm_f}).

Fig.~\ref{fig:TestSample}-(b) shows clearly the effect of the errors associated with the MIMO array in the reconstructed image along the vertical direction which upon applying the calibration procedure, the errors are removed and the reconstructed image is focused.

The speed of the stepper motor has been set to $5 \; \rm cm/s$. Only a single position in the elevation direction has been used for the data collection.
The number of elements in the elevation direction is $86$ which has been achieved based on the virtual MIMO system which allows to increase the number of elements virtually by exploiting the TDM method and sparsity of the array. In the azimuth direction, we have created the effect of an array with $197$ elements by using the SAR concept.
The entire data collection has taken $4 \;\rm s$.

From Fig.~\ref{fig:TestSample}-(c), we can see that the final result still suffers from some remaining errors. This can be related to the fact that we did not perform a precise measurement on the location of the corner reflector which we used for array calibration. This can contribute to the remaining errors in two ways.

The first effect is related to the multi-static to mono-static transformation which was presented by the phase term given in (\ref{beat_signal_continuum_3}). The phase term $\Phi (\Delta_x, \Delta_y, z_d)$ expressed in (\ref{beat_signal_continuum_3}) is range dependent and when we apply the multi-static to mono-static transforation to the calibration data since we have not measured the location of the corner reflector precisely so we should anticipate some phase errors generated by the transformation.

The second source of the phase error is again attributed to the imprecise measurement for the calibration data. The assumption behind the calibration is based on having a corner reflector at bore-sight. In reality, however, the corner reflector might not be located at bore-sight exactly which results in some phase errors which subsequently blurs the reconstructed image.

The third contributing factor to the remaining error, can be traced back to the antenna pattern. For the single channel-based image, presented in Fig.~\ref{fig:img_single_channel}, the array has been used in horizontal direction. The antenna pattern in the azimuth direction is wider than that of the elevation direction. The effect might not be of high importance in our case but it still plays an important role in the field of SAR imaging. Moreover, we use the 4-chip cascaded FMCW radar in the vertical direction, which simply means the polarization has already been rotated by $90^o$ from vertical to horizontal, another extra factor that can be taken into consideration.

It should be noted that the horizontal direction is also prone to errors related to the non-uniformity of the linear motion along the $x$ direction. The non-uniform motion in the $x$ direction can be translated into non-uniform sampling phenomenon and can be addressed via interpolation technique \cite{Soumekh}. However, there might be vibrations in the $y$ and $z$ directions as well which are further cause of image de-focusing. These undesired effects can be compensated by exploiting techniques such as array calibration, which we have used to calibrate the MIMO array, or by applying motion compensation methods \cite{ChenISAR, Soumekh}. Another effective technique, is auto-focus approach which is used extensively in SAR and ISAR image formation to further focus the reconstructed image \cite{ChenISAR}.

\section{Conclusion}
In this paper, we presented 3D near-field high resolution mmWave radar imaging technique based on a combination of virtual MIMO array and SAR. We described the model as well as the image reconstruction method at length and at the end applied the algorithm to the experimental data gathered from a virtual MIMO array FMCW radar operating at $77\;\rm GHz$ and showed the final result. Combination of a virtual MIMO array and SAR offers a low cost imagery system with lower complexity and higher speed which can be used to produce high resolution 3D radar images.

\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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RIVIERA BEACH, Fla. —
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Lisa Ann O'Neill: Woman gave teen boy oral sex in Toys R Us parking lot, deputies say
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R. Douglas Fields, Contributor
Neuroscientist and author
Scientists Target and Block a Specific Memory
Erasing memory is the plot for several popular science fiction movies, but the fact is that there is no convincing evidence that the memory of specific experience (called declarative memory) can be erased in humans -- until now. A new study published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Science reports that memory of a specific event was impaired by targeting it selectively. What's more, the study used no drugs, electroshock, or other invasive measures to wipe away the memory.
When neuroscientist Jason Chan first presented his findings together with Jessica LaPaglia at a scientific meeting he received a sharply polarized response. "Some liked it a lot, but some did not... they didn't believe the results," he said. "I didn't believe it myself three years ago when we first got the data."
So Chan and LaPaglia, working at Iowa State University, repeated the experiments and tested the results in several other ways. The results are now clear: the researchers had blotted out a specific memory by intervening at the precise time in the multi-phase biological process that makes memories stick.
"What's nice about his particular study," memory researcher Daniela Schiller, who was not involved in the research explained, "is that they used a memory that is very similar to real-life memories (a movie in this case)." Moreover they demonstrated that the memory interference was very specific. A specific memory was targeted for ablation, and the method only worked when launched at a particular phase in the process of memory storage and recall. "The memory has to be reactivated and thus active during the interference" to suppress the memory Schiller explained. This critical point in memory recall and storage is called "reconsolidation." Animal research suggests that when a memory is recalled it becomes vulnerable to tampering because it must be re-encoded into memory or it can be lost.
Chan and LaPaglia had subjects watch a movie: a pilot episode of a TV drama 24 involving a terrorist attack in which the villain jabs a hypodermic needle into a flight attendant to disable her with a drug injection. Later they quizzed the viewers about details in the video, allowing only 25 seconds to answer each of 24 questions about specific events in the 40 minute thriller. The purpose of the quiz was in fact to make the subjects recall specific events from memory so that they could be selectively targeted for ablation. Now, according to reconsolidation theory, the memories that were retrieved could be disrupted as they were re-encoded into memory after recall. To accomplish this they had the subjects listen to an eight minute audio recap of the movie they had seen, but some of the facts were altered in the recap. For example, the recap stated that the flight attendant had been rendered unconscious, not by a hypodermic needle, but rather by using a stun gun. When these people were tested later, only 17 percent recalled the hypodermic as the weapon used, instead of 42 percent who had been similarly misinformed by the false recap, but they heard the recap after playing a computer game rather than after taking a quiz to force them to reactivate the original memory.
This fits perfectly with the results from laboratory animal research on memory and memory reconsolidation. New experiences can be held in mind temporarily but soon forgotten (short-term memory), or they can be stamped into long-term memory through a complex biochemical process that requires the synthesis of new proteins to make long-lasting connections between neurons. Block the synthesis of new proteins with a drug right after learning something new and the event will never get stored in long-term memory. Timing, however, is critical. Wait too long to block protein synthesis, generally a few hours after training, and it is too late -- the memory has already been cemented into long-term storage. When a well-established memory is later recalled, however, the cycle of memory encoding and storage begins again, making the recalled event vulnerable to being forgotten. Protein synthesis inhibitors given right after recalling a long-term memory blocks its reconsolidation and the memory is lost. These drugs cannot be used in people because of serious side effects, but this new research shows that the memory can be disrupted during reconsolidation by subtle misinformation.
The researchers were able to greatly discount several alternative explanations for the effect by clever experimental design. It might have been that futzing with the facts in this way could have simply confused matters in the minds of participants. That is, people might have remembered the hypodermic needle being jabbed into the flight attendant perfectly well, but they were uncertain whether that particular memory was the correct answer to the question. However, when the test subjects were latter quizzed about the video, participants could only give true or false answers to the probing factual questions -- and, the scientists never mentioned a stun gun. Instead they asked questions like "The terrorist used a hypodermic syringe on the flight attendant, true or false?" Or, the terrorist used a chloroform rag on the flight attendant, true or false?" Why, if they had simply been confused by the disinformation conflicting with their memory of events, would anyone pick the chloroform rag scenario as fact unless they had lost the true memory of what they had originally observed?
Also very telling were experiments that spaced the misinformation and recall at different times after watching the video. As predicted by the time line of the biological process of memory encoding into long-term memory and memory reconsolidation, the method did not work if applied at the wrong times. If the false recap was given 48 hours after watching the video instead of 20 minutes after, the original memory remained intact, exactly as happens when drugs are used too late to block protein synthesis. They only work if given before the memory is reconsolidated. The researchers probed their findings with 6 different kinds of experiments, all of which fit the pattern of disrupting reconsolidation of a well-established memory.
"There is a time-window for the interference to occur -- beyond a certain time, when reconsolidation is complete and the memory is safely stored, the opportunity to interfere is lost," explains Schiller, whose own research on reconsolidation of fearful memories conducted at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine is leading to the similar conclusions. Most importantly, she emphasizes "Not any new information at the time of retrieval could modify the original memory. It has to be directly relevant but novel or contradictory for it [the misinformation] to have an effect." If the false recap involved a flight attendant getting knocked out on a flight in the context of a different plot -- a drug trafficking scenario rather than terrorism, for example -- the new information did not overwrite the original memory.
This new research suggests that memory reconsolidation is an update mechanism. After all, we continue to learn and add new relevant information to existing memories all the time. Your memory of the name "Obama," for example, has no doubt changed considerably from the time you first heard the word. Indeed, this is why we are so often delightfully surprised when we view an old photo of a loved one. Even though the person is seared into your memory, you have in fact forgotten how she looked back in the days of polyester leisure suits and disco. That memory is gone. Memory is not a recording; memory is a construction. To be useful to us in the present and future, that reconstruction must constantly change. That reality, however, raises some troubling issues related to witness tampering by authorities and the reliability of eye witness testimony.
Chan and LaPaglia (2013) Impairing existing declarative memory in humans by disrupting reconsolidation. PNAS http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/05/16/1218472110.abstract
R. Douglas Fields (2005) Making Memories Stick, Scientific American http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=making-memories-stick
R. Douglas Fields (2005) Erasing Memories, Scientific American Mind http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=erasing-memories
R. Douglas Fields (2010) Nightmares in PTSD: Don't get your blood pressure up. Huffington post http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-douglas-fields/nightmares-in-ptsd-dont-g_b_422368.html
Memory and Cognition Memory Loss Witness Tampering Amnesia Science


text:
Q: Psuedo-Tabs in android I want to let the user know what page of the app he is on using tabs. So if he is on page one the page one tab will be lit and if he is on page two the page two tab will be lit etc. But i want it so that the tabs don't have any function. They are stay the same across all the pages (execpt what is lit) and do not have touch/click events. Should I use tabs for this or is there a better option? How exactly do I accomplish this with tabs for the better option? Thanks in advance

A: Probably the best way to do this is to avoid using the tab widgets altogether, and simply roll your own with TextViews arranged in a container like LinearLayout.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<!-- Top-level layout for page -->
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
  android:layout_width="match_parent"
  android:layout_height="match_parent"
  android:orientation="vertical">

  <!-- Tab Bar -->
  <LinearLayout
     android:id="@+id/tab_bar"
     android:layout_width="match_parent"
     android:layout_height="wrap_content"
     android:orientation="horizontal">

     <!-- Tab 1 -->
     <TextView
        android:id="@+id/tab_bar_file"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="@string/file_label"/>

     <!-- Tab 2 -->
     <TextView
        android:id="@+id/tab_bar_edit"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="@string/edit_label"/>

     <!-- More tabs go here -->
   </LinearLayout>

  <!-- Page content goes here -->

</LinearLayout>

Some notes about this:

*

*You can set padding on the TextView
to expand the tab size.  You can set a
background drawable (including a
color or an image resource) to
change the 'look' of the tab, as
well as style the text.

*You can extract the enclosing LinearLayout for the tab bar into a
separate XML file, and then use the
<include> directive to incorporate
it into whatever layouts need to
display the tab.

*In your Java code, you simply change
the style/color of whatever tab is
current, to highlight it for the user.


Congress will begin hearings Wednesday titled "What Should America Do about Gun Violence," for bills introduced in Congress calling for new gun safety regulations in the wake of the massacre at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut in December, in which 20 first graders and six adults were slaughtered by a deranged gunman who gained access to his weapons from his mother, whom he also killed (his mother was an avid gun enthusiast and obtained her guns legally).
On the schedule to testify today is the NRA's vice president and public spokesman, Wayne LaPierre, who will essentially argue that "the perfect should be the enemy of the good," i.e., since no one law is the perfect solution, we should do nothing. NRA's LaPierre to tell Congress more gun laws 'not a serious solution'.
One congressional source tells CBS News that Giffords herself is expected to attend the hearing; she is expected to accompany her husband and there are reports she will address the committee, although she's not officially scheduled to testify. NRA vs. Giffords' husband at Senate gun control hearing – CBS News. UPDATE: The Washington Post reports that Gabrielle Giffords will make an opening statement. Gabrielle Giffords to speak at Senate hearing on gun violence.
The NRA has issued an alert to its members to attend the congressional hearing today. NRA Urges Members To Attend Senate Hearing To Offset 'Anti-Gunners'. In an email titled "URGENT: Please Attend U.S. Senate Gun Control Hearing Tomorrow! Show Your Support for The Second Amendment and NRA!," sent from the NRA's political arm, the nation's largest gun lobby told its 4 million-plus members, "You can bet the anti-gunners will be trying to mobilize their supporters to pack the hearing room, so we need to make sure the room is filled with supporters of the Second Amendment!"
The rallying call to attend the hearing at the U.S. Capitol came less than a day after gun rights advocates heckled the father of a boy who was killed in the Sandy Hook Elementary School massacre, as the man testified before a Connecticut state General Assembly task force hearing. The hecklers, some wearing hats and shirts with NRA logos, yelled "the Second Amendment!" when Neil Heslin questioned why the state permitted certain assault-style weapons to be sold.
The depth of depravity of these gun worshipers knows no bounds. Will they also heckle Mark Kelly and Gabrielle Giffords today as well?
Lawrence O'Donnell took apart the NRA supporters who heckled Neil Heslin after his emotionally moving testimony in this Rewrite segment on Tuesday.
Lawrence O'Donnell takes apart their nonsensical Second Amendment arguments.


The Royal House of Nepal claims descent from the Chitor dynasty ruling at Udaipur. Ajaya Simha (alias Mincha Khan), younger son of Bhupal Ranaji Rao, established himself as Prince of Nayakot, Lambjang, Kaski, and Tanhun ca. 1495. His successor, Jagdeva Khan, conquered the principality of Kaski and secured the title of Shah from the Emperor of India during the sixteenth century.
Drabya Shah, great-grandson of Jagdeva, conquered Gorkha, establishing himself as the founder of the fortunes of the dynasty. His descendant, Prithvi Narayan, entered the Katmandu valley and ejected the Malla dynasty, becoming King in 1768. His successors conquered or subdued all the remaining petty principalities and unified the kingdom. They twice invaded Tibet but were severaly beaten and forced to become tributaries of the Emperor of China. The Indian borderlands and seized several principalities, thereby coming into conflict with the British East India Company.
Although severely beaten back to within reach of their borders, the Gurkha soldiers put up such an heroic defence that won the admiration of their foes. Enemies became firm friends and peace terms were generous, leaving Nepal as a virtually independent buffer state. The close association with the British forces, date from this period, captured Gurkha units being recruited en masse.
Court intrigues and the succession of minors, resulted in the advent of powerful Ministers. Assassinations and revolutions became commonplace as different court favourites and their families competed for power. Eventually, and perhaps inevitably, the tables were turned. The prime ministership became a virtual dictatorship.
Jang Bahadur Kunwar Ranaji, became Prime Minister in 1846 after yet another bloody coup. He consolidated his position in 1857, laying the foundations of a military oligarchy, which lasted for a century. He received the title of Maharaja of Lambjang and Kaski and the offices of Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief made hereditary within his family.
The status of the King during the Rana period closely resembled that of the Emperors of Japan. He became a semi-divine figure, greatly venerated but kept away from political matters, his movements watched and actions closely controlled. The Prime Minister's position was not unlike that of the Shogun, his office was hereditary and he controlled all political and military affairs. Foreign relations were limited to the periodic tribute missions to China and close co-operation with the British in India, no more than a handful of foreigners were permitted to visit the country and trade was restricted.
The immense contribution by Gurkha troops during the Great War prompted recognition of the full independence of the country, by Britain, in 1923. Although diplomatic relations were opened with the major European powers, the closed system remained in place. However, Nepal could not remain immune from the strong currents of change that engulfed South Asia in 1947 and 1948. Within two years a revolution had broken out, overthrowing the Rana oligarchy and bringing the monarchy centre-stage once more.
The 1950 revolution may have secured a democratic regime, but Nepal's journey has not proved to be a stable one, since then. The Kings of Nepal have often had to play an important part in Nepalese politics. On two occasions the constitution has been abrogated and democratic institutions suspended, with the King assuming executive powers.
King Birendra, Queen Aishwari, their two younger children and five other members of the Royal Family were massacred by the then Crown Prince Dipendra, in the grounds of Narayanhiti Royal Palace in June 2001. This was the worst incident of its kind in modern history. King Gyanendra, the surviving brother of Birendra, succeeded to the throne in an atmosphere of much confusion and great sadness. He attempted to solve the mounting crisis of a Maoist revolution by dismissing the ineffectual elected politicians and assuming direct rule in 2006. The result of his actions were to unite opposition against him, leading to riots in the streets and further unrest, until he was forced to bow to popular pressure and recal parliament in 2007. He was subsequently deposed by the Constituent Assembly on 28th May 2008, when Nepal was declared a federal republic.
The Sovereign: Svasti Sri Giriraja Chakra Chudamani Narayanetyadi Vividha Virudavali Virajamana Manonnata Mahendramala Parama-Nepal-Pratapa-Vaskara-Ojaswi-Rajanya Parama-Gauravamaya-Tejaswi-Tribhuvana-Prajatantra-Shripada Parama-Ujjwala-Kirtimaya-Nepal-Shripada Parama-Projjwala-Nepal-Tara Parama-Pavitra-Om-Ram-Patta Parama-Jyotirmaya Subikhyata-Tri-Shakti-Patta Parama-Suprasiddha-Pravala-Gorkha-Dakshina-Bahu Paramadhipati Atirathi Parama Senadhipati Sri Sri Sri Sri Sri* Shriman Maharajadhiraja (personal name) Bir Bikram Jang Bahadur Shah Bahadur Shamsher Jang Devanam Sada Samara Vijayinam, King of Nepal, with the style of His Majesty.
The chief wife of the sovereign: Svasti Sri Ojaswi Rajanya Sri Sri Sri Sri Sri* Sriman Maharajadhiraja Patta Rajninam Bada Maharani (personal name) Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shahanam Sada Saubhajnabatinam, Queen of Nepal, with the style of Her Majesty.
The Heir Apparent: Crown Prince (Sri Sri Sri Sri Sri* Yuvarajadhiraj) (personal name) Bir Bikram Shah Deva, with the style of His Royal Highness.
The consort of the Heir Apparent: Crown Princess (Sri Sri Sri Sri Sri* Yuvarajadhiraji) (personal name) Rajya Lakshmi Kumari Devi, with the style of Her Royal Highness.
The eldest son of The Heir Apparent: Young Crown Prince (Sri Sri Sri Sri Sri* Nava Yuvaraj) (personal name) Bir Bikram Shah Deva, with the style of His Royal Highness.
The consort of the eldest son of the Heir Apparent: Young Crown Princess (Sri Sri Sri Sri Sri* Nava Yuvaraji) (personal name) Rajya Lakshmi Kumari Devi, with the style of Her Royal Highness.
The younger sons of the sovereign, by a Queen: Prince (Sri Sri Sri Sri Sri* Adhirajkumar) (personal name) Bir Bikram Shah Deva, with the style of His Royal Highness.
The daughters of the sovereign, by a Queen: Princess (Sri Sri Sri Sri Sri* Adhirajkumari (personal name) Rajya Lakshmi Kumari Devi, i.e. Princess, with the style of Her Royal Highness.
Sons-in-law of the sovereign: Kumar (personal name).
Grandsons of the sovereign in the male line: Prince (Sri Sri Sri Sri Sri Shahajada) Bir Bikram Shah Deva, with the style of His Royal Highness.
Granddaughters of the sovereign in the male line: Princess (Sri Sri Sri Sri Sri Shahajadi) (personal name) Rajya Lakshmi Kumari Devi, with the style of Her Royal Highness.
The younger sons of the Heir Apparent: Prince (Sri Sri Sri Sri Sri Yuvarajkumar) (personal name) Bir Bikram Shah Deva, with the style of His Royal Highness.
The daughters of the Heir Apparent: Princess (Sri Sri Sri Sri Sri Yuvarajkumari) (personal name) Rajya Lakshmi Kumari Devi, with the style of Her Royal Highness.
Sons of the sovereign by lesser wives or concubines: Rajkumar (personal name) Shah.
Daughters of the sovereign by lesser wives or concubines: Rajkumari (personal name) Rajya Lakshmi Devi.
* note: sometimes abbreviated to "Sri Panch", meaning "five Sri".
Succession follows male primogeniture amongst the legitimate issue of the sovereign.
Other issue, born of morganatic marriages, classed as legitimate, but not in the line of succession (these individuals are marked as (b) in the text below). The issue of unmarried concubines, likewise, cannot succeed (these individuals are marked as (c) in the text below).
See separate page - link below.
Note: Although many of the offices and titles used in Nepal are common to India, in many instances subtle differences in meaning and function apply. Therefore, some care should be taken to ensure that the meanings that pertain in India are not assumed to apply in the kingdom.
Adhirajkumar: 'son of the ruler of rulers', or Prince. The usual title borne by the sons of a sovereign, his brothers, and paternal uncles.
Adhirajkumari: 'daughter of the ruler of rulers', or Princess. The usual title borne by the daughters of a sovereign, his sisters, and paternal aunts.
Ati-Gauravamya-Tejaswi-Tribhuvan-Prajatantra-Shripada: Grand Master of the Tribhuvan Order of Footprint of Democracy.
Ati-Jyotirmaya-Subikhyat-Tri-Shakti-Patta: Grand Master of the Most Illustrious Order of the Three Divine Powers.
Ati-Nepal-Pratap-Bhaskara: Grand Master of the Nepal Decoration of Honour.
Ati-Prasidha-Prabala-Gorkha-Dakshina-Bahu: Grand Master of the Most Puissant Order of the Gurkha Right Hand.
Ati-Projjwala-Nepal-Taradisha: Grand Master of the Most Refulgent Order of the Star of Nepal.
Ati-Ujjwal-Kirtimaya-Nepal-Shripada: Grand Master of the Order of the Footprint of Nepal.
Bada Maharani: the title of the principal Royal consort, or Queen.
Baisi: the twenty-two petty principalities in the far-western provinces, before their full integration into the kingdom of Nepal.
Bharadar: 'bearer of the burdens of the state', or Counsellor of State.
Bharadari Sabha: Council of State.
Bijuli Garad: the personal bodyguard of the Rana Prime Ministers, established by Maharaja Ranaudip Singh.
Bintipatra Niksari Adda: Supreme Court of Appeal.
Birta: lands that were conferred by the King in recognition of services, as a mark of respect or ritual gift, but which could be subdivided, sold or mortgaged.
Cand: a leaf shaped ornament set with diamonds and emeralds, used to adorn crowns and headwear. The number of cand corresponding to the number of Sri's which accompany the title of the holder: five for the King, three for the Rana Prime Minister, etc.
Chaubisi: the twenty-four petty principalities in the western provinces, before their full integration into the kingdom of Nepal.
Chautaria: title conferred on senior collateral descendants of the Royal House, originally involving administrative functions, later simply a rank and title of honour.
Chautariyani: the title of a wife of a Sri Chautaria.
Chetri: Nepalese corruption of Kshatriya, the Hindu caste to which princes, aristocrats and warriors belong.
Dadar: ADC to a Royal prince.
Darsan Bhet: levy paid to superiors when an appointment or confirmation to a title or office is recived.
Dharma Adhikar: the Chief Royal Priest, who originally also enjoyed the office of principal judicial officer or chief justice.
Dittha: civil functionary employed as a judicial or administrative officer.
Durbar: palace, audience hall, King-in-Council.
Gaunda: the largest administrative unit during the early Rana regime, containing several principalities or districts.
Gharkhaj Adda: Public Works Office.
Hazuria General: ADC General, the chief officer deputed to keep the King under surveilance under the Rana regime.
Jagir: land granted by the state to soldiers and government servants instead of remuneration, but which they could not transfer or subdivide.
Jagirdar: holder of a jagir.
Jangi Adda (later Jangi Bandobast Adda): War Office.
Jangi Lat: 'war lord', the term used for the Senior Western Commanding General, the active commander of the army.
Jyotishi: astrologers, consulted by the authorities before any major decision.
Kaji: Minister of State, later a title of honour assigned to between four and seven individuals at any one time. Junior in rank to Sahebju, but senior to Sardar.
Kancha Sri Chautaria: Chief Chautaria.
Kapardar: Controller of the Royal Household.
Khadga Nishana Adda: the Prime Minister's Office.
Khana: office, or government department.
Khilat: ceremonial robes of honour bestowed by the King as a mark of honour.
Kitab Khana: Civil and Military Registry.
Kukri: heavy, curved knife peculiar to Nepal.
Kumar: 'son', the usual title bestowed on the son-in-law of a sovereign.
Kumari Chowk: Accounts and Audit Department.
Lakshmi (or Lakshmi): goddess of prosperity.
Lal Mohur: 'red seal', used to refer to the official seal of the King and also to the edicts to which the seal is affixed.
Mahaprabhu: supreme lord, a form of address sometimes used for the King and princes of the blood-royal.
Maharajadhiraja: 'great ruler of rulers', or King.
Maharajadhiraja Walet Maharaj: 'Great Royal Heir Apparent of the King', a title used for Crown Prince Trailokya from ca. 1853, and designed to signify a rank superior to 'Yuvarajadhiraj'.
Maharaj Adhirajkumar: the usual prefix for the son of a king holding the rank and title of Sri Chautaria.
Mir Munshi: from the Arabic 'Amir-i-Munshi', or commander of the secretaries, i.e. Chief Secretary of the Foreign Office.
Mir Umrao: from the Arabic 'Amir ul-Umara' or commander of commanders. A senior military officer ranking below a Sardar and charged with the command of a fort and surrounding territories, the training and equipment of soldiers and the supply of materiel.
Mukhtiyar: a title of Persian origin meaning 'he who is competant to act' or 'guardian'. Chief Minister or head of the civil administration, first created in 1806 but later superseded by pradhan mantri. Office held by the second most senior military officer in the hierarchy, during the Rana regime.
Muluki Adda (later Muluki Bandobast Adda): State (i.e. Home) Office.
Naba Yuvaraj: 'young crown prince', or Heir Presumptive. The usual title for the eldest son of the Heir Apparent.
Nayab: the usual title for Regent, before 1806. Taken from the Mughal term 'naib', meaning deputy or lieutenant.
Nazzar: a present or offering, usually gold coins, given by an inferior to his superior.
Panch: 'five' of 'five times', a reference to the King or Royal family, from the Royal honorific style 'Sri Panch' or 'Sri Sri Sri Sri Sri'.
Parama-Gaurabmaya-Tejaswi-Tribhuvana-Prajatantra-Shripada: Sovereign of the Tribhuvan Order of the Footprint of Democracy.
Parama-Jyotirmaya-Subikhyata-Tri-Shakti-Patta: Sovereign of the Order of the Three Divine Powers.
Parama-Nepal-Pratap-Bhaskara: Sovereign of the Nepal Decoration of Honour.
Parama-Ojaswi-Rajanyako-Manapadvi: Sovereign of the Most Glorious Order of the Ojaswi Rajanya.
Parama-Pavitra-Om-Ram-Patta: Sovereign of the Order of Om Ram Patta.
Parama-Projjwala-Nepal-Taradisha: Sovereign of the Most Refulgent Order of the Star of Nepal.
Parama-Suprasiddha-Prabala-Gorkha-Dakshina-Bahu: Sovereign of the Most Puissant Order of the Gurkha Right Hand.
Parama-Ujjwala-Kirtimaya-Nepal-Shripada: Sovereign of the Order of the Footprint of Nepal.
Pavitra-Om-Ram-Patta: Grand Master of the Order of Om Ram Patta.
Pradhan Senadhipati: Chief of Staff.
Pridhuladhisha: Grand Master of the Royal Orders.
Raj Guru: spritual counsellor to the King.
Raja: title of a vassal or subordinate ruler.
Rajkumar: 'royal son', title borne by the sons of a Raja and by the sons of a Nepalese King by a lesser wife or concubine.
Rajkumari: 'royal daughter', title borne by the daughters of a Raja and by the daughter of a Nepalese King by a lesser wife or concubine.
Rajya: vassal principality, a term also applied to the property holdings of certain vassal rulers, but which could not be subdivided, sold or mortgaged.
Rajya Lakshmi (also Laxmi, or Luxmi): title borne as a suffix by female members of the junior branches of the Royal clan, or female members of the Rana family of Lambjang and Kaski, by birth or equal marriage.
Rajya Lakshmi Devi (also Laxmi, or Luxmi): title borne as a suffix by a princess of the Royal Family, by birth or equal marriage.
Rana: title borne as a suffix by the male-line descendants of the former hereditary Prime Ministers of Nepal and Maharajas of Lambjang and Kaski, frequently mistaken as their surname.
Sadar Dafdar Khana: Civil Lands Office.
Sahibju: title of honour conferred on certain senior members of the Royal clan.
Sarbangamaphi rajya: vassal principality where the ruler retained the land revenue, and other taxes, collected within his territory.
Sardar: originally a military title equivalent to General and assigned to four individuals at any one time, later a title of honour conferred on both military and civil officials, junior in rank to Kaji.
Sera Fera-ko Adda: the office administering the private lands of the royal family.
Shah (or Shaha): title borne by the Kings of Nepal and their male-line descendants. Originally conferred as a title by the Muslim King of Delhi on Kulananda Khan, after he made himself ruler of Kaski. Also borne by several families descended from rulers of certain vassal principalities.
Shahajada: 'Shah's son', or Prince. The usual title borne by the grandsons and male of a sovereign, in the male line. Taken from the Mughal title Shahzada meaning 'king's son'.
Shahajadi: 'Shah's daughter', or Princess. The usual title borne by the granddaughters and female descendants of a sovereign, in the male line. Taken from the Mughal title Shahzada meaning 'king's daughter'.
Sircar: the government, the state.
Sri: an honorific placed before a name or title to enhance the holder's dignity.
Subha: a civil title conferred on subordinate officials, junior in rank to Sardar.
Sunnad: Royal Warrant. A document or parchment conferring titles, emoluments, privileges, office, or land revenue rights.
Taksari: Master of the Mint, an officer also responsible for weights and measures, customs collection, etc.
Teen: 'thrice', a reference to the Rana Prime Minister or his family, from his honorific style 'Sri Teen' or 'Sri Sri Sri'.
Teen Chand: the headress of the Maharaja of Lambjang and Kaski.
Thakuri: one who belongs to or descends from the caste of ruling families.
Thekka rajya: vassal principality, following unification, in which the ruler farmed the revenues of his principality, from which he remitted a fixed amount to the central government.
Tower: widowed, from the English Dowager.
Vaidya: government or army traditional physician.
Vakil: diplomatic representatives posted to Calcutta or Lhasa.
Walet: alternative title for Heir Apparent, first used Crown Prince Trailokya in the middle of the nineteenth century and taken from the Mughal title 'Vali Ahad' meaning 'successor by virtue of a covenant'.
Yuvarajadhiraj: Heir Apparent, Crown Prince.
Yuvarajkumar: Prince, the usual title for the younger sons of the Crown Prince.
Yuvarajkumari: Princess, the usual title for the daughters of the Crown Prince.
Zilla: administrative unit in the Terai and grouped into circles or zones, each governed by a Bada Hakim.
Madhu Raman Acharya. Nepal Enclyclopedia. A concise encyclopedia of the facts and knowledge about the kingdom of Nepal. Nepal Encyclopedia Foundation. 1994.
Krishna Kant Adhikari. Nepal under Jang Bahadur, 1846-1877. Buku, Kathmandu, 1984.
Nepal Almanac (A Book of Facts). Yuba Raj Singh Karki, Katmandu, Nepal, 1983.
Prof. Isvar Baral and Shri Debu Mozumdar (eds.), Nepal: 1960-61 Trade & Information Directory. Nepal Trading Corporation, New Delhi, 1961.
Kumar Bahadur Bhatta. Some important marriages of the Royal Family and the Ranas. The People\rquote s Review: A Political and Business Weekly. Pasang Lhamu Sadak, Kathmandu, 2532.
Mark Brentnall. The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Vol. 1: Himachal Pradesh. Indus International, New Delhi, 2004.
Bikrama Jit Hasrat (ed.). History of Nepal As Told by Its Own and Contemporary Chronicles. Bikrama Jit Hasrat, Hoshiarpur, 1970.
Perceval Landon. Nepal. Constable and Co. Ltd., London, 1923.
Nepal 1972-73 Trade & Information Directory. The Eastern Trading & Investment Co., Katmandu, 1973.
The Orders, Decorations and Medals of Nepal. Katmandu, 1999.
Ishwari Prasad. The Life and Times of Maharaja Juddha Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana of Nepal. Asia Publishing House, New Delhi, 1975.
Prakash A. Raj. Queens of the Shah Dynasty in Nepal. Nabeen Publications, Kathmandu, 1997.
Padma Jung Bahadur Rana. Life of Maharaja Sir Jung Bahadur of Nepal. Pioneer Press Co. Ltd., Allahabad, 1909.
Prabhakar SJB Rana, Pashupati SJB Rana, Gautam SJB Rana, and Panjiar Prashant. Nepal, art et civilisation des Ranas. Naef-Kister SA, Geneva, 2002.
Pramode Shamshere Rana. A Chronicle of Rana Rule. R. Rana, Kathmandu, 2000.
Dr. Jagadish C. Regmi (com. & ed.)."Historical & Biographical Dicionary of the Royal Shah Family". Nepal - Antiquary, Journal of Socio-Historical Research, Nepal Studies Digest, No. XLI-XLV, December 1981 (Paush, 2038), Naxal, Kathmandu, 1981.
P.C. Roy Chaudhury (ed.). Champaran Bihar District Gazetteer. The Superintendent, Secretariat Press, Bihar, Patna, 1960.
Adrian Sever. Nepal Under the Ranas. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1993.
Tulsi Ram Vaidya. Prithvinarayan Shah. The Founder of Modern Nepal. Anmol Publications, New Delhi, 1993.
Adrian Sever. Aspects of Modern Nepal. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1996.
Ludwig F. Stiller, SJ. Letters from Kathmandu: the Kot Massacre. Research Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies. Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, 1981.
Who is Who - Nepal. Katmandu School of Journalism, Dillibazar, Katmandu, 1977-1999.


A porcelain plaque, commemorating the life of David Bowie, who died earlier this year, is to be installed outside the building in which he lived in what was then West Berlin.
From 1976 to 1979, Bowie shared an apartment at Hauptstrasse 155 with fellow musician Iggy Pop, and which is where he worked on the albums, Low, "Heroes" and Lodger, three seminal albums which have become known collectively as the Berlin Trilogy.
The legend on the plaque gives Bowie's dates and references the three albums.
It also features a quote from one of his most iconic songs: "We can be heroes, just for one day".
The address has been a tourist attraction for Bowie fans for years. On the day his death was announced in January fans bringing candles and flowers turned it into a virtual shrine to the musician.
Several doors down is the gay café Neues Ufer, which in the 70s was then known as Anderes Ufer and was Bowie's favoured local.
Aware that some fans might want to steal the plaque as a souvenir, a spokesperson of the Royal Porcelain Factory who produced the plaque said that it would be so securely mounted that it would be almost impossible to steal.
However she did say that, should the unthinkable happen, they had made provision to replace the plaque within 24 hours.
The plaque to David Bowie will be unveiled on Monday at Hauptstasse 155 in the Schöneberg district of Berlin.


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You are here: > Books > Original novels > Telos novellas > Ghost Ship
By: Keith Topping
Rating: 4.7 (51 votes) Vote here
Review: Misfire Read more (4 in total)
Editions: UK (standard hardback) | UK (limited hardback) | UK (paperback)
Perhaps sensing the Doctor's deepening mood of introspective melancholy, the TARDIS lands in the most haunted place on Earth, the luxury ocean liner the Queen Mary on its way from Southampton to New York in the year 1963.
But why do ghosts from the past, the present and, perhaps even the future, seek out the Doctor? What appalling secret is hidden in Cabin 672? And will the Doctor be able to preserve his sanity as he struggles to save the lives of the passengers against mighty forces which even he does not fully understand?
ISBN: 1-903889-09-X
(Unable to fetch price)
Note: Limited edition of 800 copies.
Edition: UK (paperback)
Released: December 2003
Note: One of only two Telos novellas to be issued in a paperback edition — the other was Foreign Devils.
Perhaps sensing the Doctor's deepening mood of introspective melancholy, the TARDIS lands in the most haunted place on Earth, the luxury ocean liner the Queen Mary on its way from Southampton to New York in the year 1963. But why do ghosts from the past, the present and, perhaps even the future, seek out the Doctor? What appalling secret is hidden in Cabin 672? And will the Doctor be able to preserve his sanity as he struggles to save the lives of the passengers against mighty forces which even he does not fully understand?
An adventure featuring the fourth Doctor
'The plot is gripping and the final revelation surprising. Keith Topping has taken a proven formula and given it a unique and enjoyable twist.' Ottakar's Newsletter


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Street Parking on Thornton. Uber is a good call.
Established in November 2012, @gustostudios Studios is a newly re-purposed studio, gallery and event space at 2309 Thornton Road #M, Austin, Texas 78704, in the @thorntonroadstudios Studios Complex in the heART of South Austin, presenting the photographic works of National Geographic Creative Photographer Greg Davis.
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