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GM spending $2 billion to build Cadillac Lyriq electric vehicle, shows off Hummer EV (video)
Spring Hill investment plus another $152 million at other plants will expand capacity for EVs, crossovers.
By Robert Schoenberger
Electric vehicles Cars/Light trucks Manufacturing Design
Cleveland, Ohio – General Motors doubled down on electric drive with $2.2 billion in plant spending announcements to support electric vehicles (EVs) and debuted the $113,000 GMC Hummer EV Edition 1, what the automaker is calling an electric super truck due out late next year.
"We are committed to investing in the U.S., our employees and our communities," said GM Chairman and CEO Mary Barra. "These investments underscore the success of our vehicles today, and our vision of an all-electric future."
In the last 19 months, GM has committed to invest more than $4.5 billion at three U.S. manufacturing sites to prepare those facilities for EV-related vehicle production. In January, GM announced it was investing $2.2 billion at its Detroit-Hamtramck Assembly, now known as Factory ZERO, Detroit-Hamtramck Assembly Center. That plant will build the Hummer and the Cruise Origin autonomous vehicle.
The first edition of the GMC Hummer revives the name of GM's former giant SUV line, derived from military vehicles. Those gas guzzlers went away during the Great Recession, but the name will live on in zero-emissions form. The truck coming out next year boasts the performance levels needed to justify its six-figure price tag: 1,000hp, 11,500 lb-ft of torque, 4-wheel steering that will allow diagonal drive mode,35" wheels, and a 350-mile range.
"The GMC Hummer EV is revolutionary, defying what the industry thinks of as a pickup truck," said Duncan Aldred, vice president of Global Buick and GMC. "The Edition 1's tailored off-road content will make HUMMER EV's unprecedented capability and zero-emissions a very special proposition for customers."
While the truck will start with a lofty price tag, GM has plans to lower pricing in future years with a $100,000 version in late 2022, and $90,000 model in early 2023, and an $80,000 version by early 2024. Those future editions will have fewer features than the Edition 1 model.
Along with the upgrades to Factory Zero to build the pickup, GM is spending heavily elsewhere to support its EV goals. Plans include:
$2 billion in Spring Hill (Tennessee) Manufacturing to build fully electric vehicles including the luxury Cadillac Lyriq; paint, body shops major expansions, comprehensive upgrades to general assembly area – machines, conveyors, controls, tooling
$100 million in Lansing Delta Township (Michigan) Assembly to produce next-generation GMC Acadia (moving from Spring Hill to make room for the Cadillac EV)
$32 million in Flint Assembly for future production of heavy-duty Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra pickups
$17 million in Romulus, Michigan, propulsion plant to enhance automation and increase capacity of 10-speed truck transmissions
$3.5 million in Orion (Michigan) Assembly; $750,000 in Brownstown Charter Township, Michigan; additional production of Cruise AV test vehicle at Orion Assembly
GM's Spring Hill plant will continue to make Cadillac XT5 and XT6 crossovers.
About the author: Robert Schoenberger is the editor of Today's Motor Vehicles and Today's eMobility and a contributor to Today's Medical Developments and Aerospace Manufacturing and Design. He has written about the automotive industry for more than 19 years at The Plain Dealer in Cleveland, Ohio; The Courier-Journal in Louisville, Kentucky; and The Clarion-Ledger in Jackson, Mississippi.
rschoenberger@gie.net
VW's Traton, Navistar agree to $3.7 billion buyout
Traton's $44.50-per-share purchase price will create a global commercial trucking giant.
Commercial vehicles Economy Manufacturing
Cleveland, Ohio – In the end, $1.50 made all the difference.
After rejecting a $43-per-share offer from Volkswagen's Traton SE commercial trucking division for the 83% of Navistar that it doesn't already own, Navistar's board of directors has agreed to a $44.50 share price, $3.7 billion that will be paid in cash to stockholders. The companies still must work out details on the deal, it will need to pass regulatory muster in Europe and the U.S.
Traton originally offered $35 per share for Navistar stock in late January, but Navistar's board quickly rejected that offer. The board also rejected September's $43 offer as too low. It's unclear why the $1.50 figure was so critical – it's $124 million more generous for the holders of roughly 83 million shares of Navistar stock, a 3.5% premium from the September offer.
The January offer would have generated $2.9 billion, so holding out until October generated $800 million for Navistar investors.
In a latter from Navistar Executive Chairman Troy Clarke to Traton CEO Matthias Grundler, Clarke offered no details, saying only that the $44.50 price was acceptable to the board and institutional investors. Carl Icahn's Icahn Group owns about 17% of Nasvistar, as does Mark H. Rachesky's MHR Group.
"We are pleased to have reached agreement in principle for a transaction after intensive negotiations with Navistar," Grundler said. "We are looking forward to completing our due diligence and obtaining the necessary approvals in respect of this exciting deal in order to welcome the new Traton family member."
GIE Media
Reveal the possibilities of metal 3D printing
Reserve your spot now for the free webinar, Open Architecture in Metal 3D Printing, taking place on Tuesday from 2-3 pm ET.
Posted by Elizabeth Engler Modic
Open Architecture in Metal 3D Printing, taking place Tuesday, Oct. 20, 2020, from 2pm to 3pm ET will explore the capabilities of open architecture in metal 3D printing. Join University of Central Florida's Dr. Yong-Ho Sohn and SLM Solutions' Graham Boyd as you view captivating work the UCF team is doing in material development and microstructures. You will also get insight on examples where open architecture was used to identify and optimize process parameters for existing and newly designed metal alloys.
© Dr. Yongho Sohn
Dr. Yongho Sohn
Dr. Yongho Sohn is a Pegasus Professor and Lockheed Martin Professor of Engineering in the Materials Science and Engineering Department at University of Central Florida. His research and teaching interests include metallic alloy powder processing and additive manufacturing, microstructural analysis and control, multicomponent intrinsic and interdiffusion in multiphase alloys, protective metallic/ceramic coatings for high temperature applications, light-weight metallic alloys and metal-matrix composites, and materials characterization. He has published 9 book chapters and more than 170 journal papers. He has given more than 475 presentations including 120 invited lectures at conferences around the globe.
© Graham F. Boyd
Graham F. Boyd
Graham F. Boyd is the Regional Manager – Northeast for SLM Solutions NA where he's been involved in the engineering technologies industry for over a decade having worked alongside many Fortune 500 companies to small shop sole proprietors. His focus at SLM Solutions is helping companies realize everything from design freedom, weight reduction, manufacturing costs, customization and costs savings with best-in-class metal powder bed laser additive manufacturing systems.
Register today.
additive manufacturing (AM)
Magna to build Fisker Ocean EV
Canadian supplier with a long history of contract vehicle manufacturing to take a 6% stake in Fisker in exchange for the manufacturing services.
Posted by Robert Schoenberger
Electric vehicles Manufacturing
Los Angeles, California – Canadian Tier 1 automotive supplier Magna will begin building the Fisker Ocean electric vehicle (EV) in late 2022 in return for a 6% stake in the California company.
Magna President Swamy Kotagiri said, "This is a great example of our strategy to leverage our strong portfolio to scale for future mobility needs and utilize our full vehicle engineering and manufacturing capabilities. This is a unique competitive position for us, particularly with new mobility players and OEMs seeking to expand their electrified offerings."
Magna has a long history of contract manufacturing finished vehicles for several automakers from its Graz, Austria, Magna Steyr plant. Examples include Jaguar's I-Pace SUV and E-Pace EV, BMW's 5-series sedan and Z4 sports coupe, Mercedes G-wagon, and Toyota's GR Supra.
The Fisker Ocean will initially be manufactured exclusively by Magna in Europe. The vehicle will leverage Magna's EV architecture combined with the Fisker-Flexible Platform Adaptive Design (FF-PAD) to create a lightweight, aluminum intensive platform for the Fisker Ocean.
"Magna has a unique position in the industry with its market-leading innovative solutions combined with vehicle assembly capabilities that have produced more than 3.7 million vehicles from 30 different models," said Frank Klein, president Magna Steyr. "Magna's proven capabilities, particularly in electric vehicles, form a strong basis to support Fisker with world class engineering and manufacturing of the Fisker Ocean."
The 6% stake in Fisker will be worth about $175 million based on the projected value of the company as it goes through a reverse merger with Spartan Energy Acquisition Corp., an affiliate of Apollo Global Management Inc. Apollo set up Spartan as a special purpose acquisition company (SPAC), a blank check company that goes public looking for promising startups to buy. SPACs have become the financial vehicle of choice for EV companies with Lordstown Motors and Nikola also using the technique.
The $175 million price tag is a tiny fraction of the cost of establishing a new factory. For Magna, if Fisker succeeds with its low-cost EV crossover, the returns on growing Fisker shares could be huge.
Fisker Chairman and CEO Henrik Fisker said his company chose Magna's EV architecture because it offered the clearest path to meeting the Ocean's aggressive price target of less than $40,000, about half of what Tesla charges for the Model X against which the Ocean will compete.
"Combined with our own Fisker developed IP, the new FM29 platform is projected to deliver class-leading range, interior space with third-row seating and overall vehicle performance. These factors, combined with capital investments, bill of materials, and manufacturing costs, will enable us to deliver the Ocean to market at a starting MSRP of $37,499," Fisker said.
The companies plan to have Ocean models available in early 2023.
Harvey Performance Co. opens tool manufacturing plant in Maine
Facility will expand availability of Helical Solutions tools.
Manufacturing Tooling/Cutting People/Facilities
Gorham, Maine – Harvey Performance Co., parent company of Harvey Tool, Helical Solutions, and Micro 100 industrial cutting tools, has opened a 79,000ft2, state-of-the-art manufacturing facility in Gorham, Maine, to support the growth and product demand its brands continue to experience.
Harvey Performance Co. was quickly outgrowing its Sanford Drive facility in Gorham, Maine, where Helical Solutions products have been manufactured for more than 15 years. The new manufacturing facility, which is just 5 minutes away on Raceway Drive, will become home to Helical Solutions product manufacturing and will serve as an innovation hub for all Harvey Performance Co. brands.
"We couldn't be more excited about this new facility," Harvey Performance Co. Senior Vice President of Sales Jerry Gleisner said. "We're quite literally opening the doors to countless opportunities for us to serve our customers in ways unmatched in the industry."
"This new facility is an exciting step for our business, as this investment will create opportunities for us to continue to grow," said Harvey Performance Co. vice president of operations Steve Vatcher. "In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, we worked closely with state and local officials to ensure that the completion of our new facility was done in a way that prioritized the health and safety of all involved. I couldn't be more proud of how everyone came together to make this facility a reality during these unprecedented times. "When it is safe to do so, we look forward to hosting the Gorham community, our neighbors for more than 15 years, at our new home for a ribbon cutting ceremony to share this exciting milestone with us."
Harvey Performance Co.'s new plant will:
Expand upon its current research and development capabilities to design, test, and manufacture innovative and high performing cutting tools.
Accelerate new product growth while maintaining its in-stock status and same-day shipping options for all catalog standard items.
Host its distributor partners and customers in a state-of-the-art setting that showcases its capabilities.
Meet the needs of the market by scaling the size of Harvey Performance Co.'s business in the future, through added machines and personnel.
Attract, recruit, and retain high quality employees, engineers, and operators with a high-class work environment.


Vases are great to add a decorative touch to any space. Personalize your vases with our easy DIY tip!
Use an old vase that needs refurbishing. Get some puffy paint as well as spray paint. Spray paint has a much smoother finish. Use the puffy paint to create a pattern on the vase itself. Once the puffy paint dries, you can spray paint the vase.
The vase will now have texture and be refurbished with a personal touch. Just add it to your ornaments or add some flowers as a finishing touch.


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Getty Images | Jeff Schear
Outrageous Facts About Pizza You Probably Never Knew
Did you know that the record for the largest pizza is over 13,000 square feet?!
October 8, 2018 October 24, 2018 by Margeaux Baulch Klein
It's cheesy, delicious and one of the most popular foods in the world, but you may be surprised by all the wild and crazy things you don't know about pizza.
From marijuana-infused pies to pizzas so gigantic they broke records to the origins of Hawaiian pizza (hint: it didn't come from Hawaii), here are some wild and crazy facts about pizza to ponder next time you're enjoying a slice.
These Are The Most Popular Pizza Toppings
According to a 2013 study, pepperoni is the most popular pizza topping in the U.S. and Canada, followed by mushrooms and onion. The most surprisingly popular toppings that people order? Pineapple made the list in ninth place, followed by spinach at No. 10.
Getty Images | Shannon O'Hara
This Is Why Pizzas Are Round But Pizza Boxes Are Square
Have you ever wondered why pizzas are circular but the boxes they're delivered in are square-shaped? Reportedly, the reason is because square-shaped cardboard boxes are cheaper to produce and easier to assemble than round ones.
Getty Images | Joe Raedle
In Ohio, There's A Pizza ATM
Although ATMs that dispense pizzas have existed in Europe for many years, the first pizza ATM in the U.S. debuted in 2016. Located at Xavier University in Ohio, the machine holds 70 medium-sized pizzas. Customers can purchase one through a touchscreen, and the machine will heat up and dispense the pizza through a slot.
Flickr | dalecruse
The State That Has The Most Pizza Shops Per Capita Is…
New York and Illinois may be famous for their pizza styles, but the state that has the most pizzerias per capita is actually West Virginia. It is also reportedly the state where "pepperoni" is googled the most often. The state that has the fewest pizza shop per capita is Hawaii.
Flickr | taberandrew
Hawaiian Pizza Was Actually Created In Canada
Despite the name, Hawaiian pizza wasn't actually the creation of a Hawaiian chef. Instead, it was invented by a Canadian cook who started serving pineapple-topped pie in the 1960s. These days, Hawaiian pizza typically consists of pineapple and either bacon or ham.
Flickr | elsie.hui
Norwegians Really Love Pizza
Although pizza was invented in Italy and is beloved by Americans, Norwegians' pizza consumption is among the highest in the world, according to trade publication PMQ Pizza. People in the Nordic country reportedly eat a pizza meal every other week on average.
Flickr | Egil Fujikawa Nes
Brazilians Are Known For Their Love Of Dessert Pizzas
In Brazil, sweet pizzas are as common as savory ones. Chocolate, coconut and even ice cream are toppings that can show up on a Brazilian dessert pizza.
Getty Images | Lisa Lake
You Can Buy Marijuana-Infused Pizza In Some Places
A medical marijuana dispensary in Massachusetts may be the first place in the U.S. to sell marijuana-infused pizzas. (Its tomato sauce contains 125 milligrams of THC.) Cannabis-infused pizzas can also be found at dispensaries in Los Angeles.
Getty Images | David McNew
Eating Pizza May Help With Weight Loss
Think eating pizza is a no-no when you're on a diet? A 2015 study showed that eating whatever you want, including pizza, one day a week, can help maintain your motivation while dropping pounds. In other words: you shouldn't feel bad about indulging in pizza on your "cheat days."
Domino's Ended Their "30 Minutes Or It's Free" Delivery Guarantee In 1993
Prior to 1993, Domino's advertised a 30-minute guarantee to its customers, promising quick delivery. (If delivered after 30 minutes, the pizza would be free or discounted.) However, after the company settled a lawsuit related to an auto accident involving one of its drivers, it ended the 30-minute guarantee.
Thanksgiving Eve is One Of The Most Popular Days To Order Pizza
Besides Super Bowl Sunday, the night before Thanksgiving is one of the most popular days of the year to order pizza, perhaps because people don't want to do a lot of cooking the day before they need to prepare a huge feast. New Year's Eve, New Year's Day and Halloween are also popular pizza-eating holidays.
Getty Images | John Moore
Domino's Has A Wedding Registry For Pizza-Lovers
What do you get the couple that has everything? How about pizza gift cards? Domino's launched a wedding registry in 2017 that allows pizza-loving couples to register for their favorite kinds of pizzas. Expectant parents can also sign up for a pizza baby registry.
Flickr | Eric Fischer
Pizza Hut Concocted A Pizza-Scented Perfume
Love the smell of pizza? You may have been among the target audience for Pizza Hut Canada's limited-edition perfume that they released in 2012. According to the press release, the perfume smelled like "freshly baked, hand-tossed dough."
Getty Images | Matt Cardy
Little Caesars Released A Bacon-Wrapped Pizza
Combining two of our cultural obsessions (pizza and bacon), Little Caesars debuted a limited-edition bacon-wrapped deep dish pizza in 2015. It featured 3.5 feet of bacon wrapped around the crust. Priced at $12, it was one of the pizza chain's most expensive menu items.
Flickr | JeepersMedia
A British University Offers Pizza-Making Courses
If you want to have the most delicious homework in the world, you may want to attend Manchester Metropolitan University in the U.K. In 2015, the university teamed up with Pizza Hut to offer for-credit apprenticeships that teach students the art of pizza-making and prepare them for a career in hospitality. According to some, it's basically like getting a degree in pizza.
Getty Images | VCG
Pineapple Pizza Is A Hot-Button Issue
Many people either love pineapple as a pizza topping or detest it. However, in 2017, Iceland's president, Gudni Thorlacius Johannesson, turned the topic into a hotly debated issue when he joked that pineapple pizza should be banned. The comment quickly drew media attention worldwide, and Johannesson released a follow-up statement in Icelandic and English:
"I like pineapples, just not on pizza," he wrote. "I do not have the power to make laws which forbid people to put pineapples on their pizza. I am glad that I do not hold such power. Presidents should not have unlimited power. I would not want to hold this position if I could pass laws forbidding that which I don't like. I would not want to live in such a country. For pizzas, I recommend seafood."
There Is A Pizza Museum In Philadelphia
In Philadelphia, you can celebrate all things pizza-related at the Pizza Brain Museum of Pizza Culture. The site, which also doubles as a restaurant, is reportedly the world's first pizza museum. It contains advertising, books and toys, among other artifacts related to pizza.
Pizza Brain
Lombardi's Was The First Pizzeria In The U.S.
In 1905, the first pizza shop in the country opened in New York. It was called Lombardi's, named after the Italian immigrant who started it, Gennaro Lombardi. Today, you can still find Lombardi's pizzeria in lower Manhattan just down the block from where the original shop was located.
Lombardi's
Deep Dish Pizza Was Invented In Chicago
Although pizza hails from Italy, deep-dish-style pizza is a distinctly American creation. It was reportedly invented in Chicago in 1943. The geniuses at Pizzeria Uno came up with the idea to make a thicker pizza in a deep dish, so that it felt more like a meal.
October Is National Pizza Month
For pizza-lovers in the U.S., October is a special time of year because it's National Pizza Month. Many pizzerias offer discounts to celebrate, so stay tuned to your favorite local pizzeria for delicious savings.
Getty Images | Bryan Bedder
The Pizza.com Domain Name Sold For Millions In 2008
Talk about some serious dough! In 1994, Chris Clark reportedly bought the domain pizza.com for $20. Years later, he sold it for $2.6 million in an auction.
Getty Images | Cindy Ord
In 2015, Pizza Hut Debuted A Crust Made Out Of Mini Hotdogs
Yes, you read that right. Pizza Hut combined mini hot dogs and pizza and turned them into one crazy limited-edition menu item in 2015. However, even for people who loved both foods, hot dog pizza was very polarizing.
The Record For The Largest Pizza Is Over 13,000 Square Feet
The Guinness World Record for the largest pizza was set in Italy in 2012. It was over 13,000 square feet in surface area and gluten-free. Meanwhile, the longest pizza was created by chefs in California and measured over 6,000 feet long.
Some Pizza May Prevent Cancer
In news we'd definitely like to believe, an Italian study found that thin-crust pizza-eaters had less of a risk for certain types of cancer. However, because there are so many types of pizza (and not all types feature olive oil, which is believed to help stave off cancer), experts say to take the results of the study with a "grain of salt."
This Man Has Eaten Only Pizza For The Last 25 Years
Could you eat pizza every day? A Maryland man named Dan Janssen revealed in 2014 that he's subsisted on a pizza diet for over 25 years. He claims to have eaten pizza for nearly every meal.
https://www.instagram.com/p/tyPKBKM02k
There Are Around 75,000 Pizza Restaurants In The U.S.
No matter what state you travel to, there's bound to be a pizza restaurant nearby. That's because there are reportedly more than 75,000 of them in the U.S. alone. That's a lot of pizza!
Getty Images | Scott Olson
Butternut Squash Pizza Crust Is Now A Thing
Move over, cauliflower crust pizza. The next big trend in vegetable crusts is apparently butternut squash. Trader Joe's began offering the gluten-free pizza crust alternative in fall 2018.
A Brooklyn Pizzeria Created A Pizza Box Made Out Of Pizza
While cardboard pizza boxes get discarded in the trash, Vinnie's Pizzeria in Brooklyn, New York, figured out a more environmentally friendly way to transport pizzas: a pizza box made out pizza! As of today, you can order the Pizza Box Pizza for $45. It can even be delivered.
Vinnie's Pizzeria
A British Pizza Shop Created A Cadbury Creme Egg Pizza
A chocolate-egg-covered pizza? That's what Crazy Pedro's in the U.K. dreamed up in 2016. In addition to the chocolate "egg" topping, the pizza is also covered in brownies, marshmallows and chocolate sauce.
https://www.instagram.com/p/BCa7zFPHneq/
A Texas Pizza Shop Boasts The Largest Pizza That Can Be Ordered
Sure, anyone can bake a massive-sized pizza, but Moontower Pizza Bar in Burleson, Texas, holds the record for the largest pizza that people can actually buy. The pizzeria sells a pizza that is 8 feet by 32 inches for $299.95. It contains over 10 pounds of cheese!
Moontower Pizza
Categories Curiosity, Food & Recipes

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Tiger Woods Expresses Gratitude After PGA Tour Golfers Don Black and Red In His Honor
Jay Connor
Tommy Fleetwood, left, of England, and Cameron Champ watch his tee shot on the 11th hole during the final round of the Workday Championship golf tournament Sunday, Feb. 28, 2021, in Bradenton, Fla.
Photo: Phelan M. Ebenhack (AP)
When you think of golf, one of the last things to come to mind is the attire that players wear when they hit the green. But a cursory glance at "Tiger Woods" in Google Images reveals that yes, the man tied for first in all-time PGA Tour wins might not wear a jersey or shoulder pads, but he does have a signature uniform: a red shirt, black hat, and matching black pants.
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So to honor one of the most dominant athletes of all-time as he recovers from last week's gruesome, single-car accident, the Washington Post and ESPN report that both golfers and staffers donned red and black during the Puerto Rico Championship and the final round of the WGC-Workday Championship on Sunday.
Aside from their attire, competitors like Jason Day, Bryson DeChambeau, and Matt Kuchar also paid tribute by having Tiger's name stamped on their golf balls. It was Tony Finau, however, who fully embraced the opportunity to honor the 15-time major champion. Finau showed up in a red mock-neck golf shirt, black pants and a backward Nike hat backward—Woods' customary regalia upon his arrival at tournaments.
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"I was pretty inspired,'' Finau said. "I heard earlier quite a few guys were going to do it. I for sure felt like it would just be a nice touch. We've enjoyed so many Sundays watching Tiger do his thing. Red and black, that's what Tiger does on Sundays, so to just join in and just let Tiger know we're supporting him in the best way we can. We're still playing as we miss him out here, but it was just cool to be part of that today."
Early in Tiger's career, his mother, Tida, suggested he go with red and black. And in the years since, no matter the event or circumstances, he's made it his mission to follow suit.
"I guess for us, it's just a gesture to let him know that we're thinking about him and we're rooting for him," Rory McIlroy, one of Tiger's closest friends, said on Sunday. "Obviously, things are looking a little better today than they were on Tuesday, but he's still got a ways to go."
He added, "He's got a huge recovery ahead of him. But I think just for everyone to show their appreciation for what he means to us out here. If there was no Tiger Woods, I just think the tour and the game of golf, in general, would be in a worse place. He's meant a lot to us, he still does mean a lot to us, and I think that was just a little way to show that."
Tiger's importance to the sport can't be understated. After suffering significant leg injuries in a single-car accident on February 23, he remains hospitalized at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles where he's undergone surgery to repair two open leg fractures and a shattered ankle.
Tiger Woods Foundation Asks for Privacy, Details 'Significant Injuries' Following Single-Car...
On Tuesday, we reported that golf legend Tiger Woods suffered serious injuries in a gruesome,…
Despite his misfortune, Woods took a break from his recovery to express his gratitude for the outpouring of support.
"It is hard to explain how touching today was when I turned on the tv and saw all the red shirts," he tweeted. "To every golfer and every fan, you are truly helping me get through this tough time."
We wish Tiger a speedy recovery and are keeping him and his family in our thoughts and prayers.
CultureSports


The condition in which we leave polytheism is the condition in which the next generation will find it. By comparison to the responsibilities and opportunities that we have to and with our traditions, answering objections to polytheism may not seem all that important. But, it is.
Some polytheists have and will struggle, not only to understand polytheism – which affects the life of devotion – but even to believe it. This can be especially true for those whose devotions are not well established and only all the more so if they are subjugated to the psychological manipulations of aggressive evangelization, but also for those who are confronted by the human condition and the questions it invariably raises, whether through tragedy and loss or simple observation. Moreover, many will likely be deprived of a life with the Gods because the idea of polytheism will never enter their minds, or will, but with the caveat that it is fantastical or primitive. Addressing objections such as these can be done for the sake of those who may otherwise suffer the injustice of having the opportunity to "meet" the Gods – at least in this life – taken from them.
It can be an act of devotion and trust, an exercise in wonder, a symbol of love. Apologetics is a science and art that should flow from one's life with the Gods. The idea that answering objections is purely or even primarily an armchair activity in the pejorative sense is simply not true.
It's in this spirit that we'll take a look at three objections to polytheism that one can expect to encounter sooner or later, particularly in highly Christianized regions. I last heard them during a nearly 5 hour exchange with one my best friends and they struck me as earnest and deserving of a reply. We'll touch on some of the others at a later time.
I firmly believe that most objections to polytheism arise out of a misunderstanding of what monotheism and polytheism as such involve, and we'll see this with two of the three objections we'll consider here. I hope posts such as this prove useful.
M: There is only one God.
P: There are many Gods.
In each proposition, one is counting how many Gods there are. This is the very grammar, structure, syntax or architecture of these propositions: they quantify the amount of Gods that exist. Thinking about M & P in this way can be fascinating, and (I think) reminiscent of 20th century philosophy of language. What are the constructions "There is only one" and "There are many"? Existential quantifiers in their own right? Or mere shorthand for complex formulae? The logic involved here is worth chewing on. But, our concern will be with the meaning of each proposition, not their logical forms.
The intelligibility of M & P rests on several conditions. For starters, it hardly makes sense to give a count of how many Gods exist unless there is some sense of "existence" that can be attributed to Gods. But, does "existence" signify limitation, and can limitation be attributed to Gods? If so, would something like "supra-existence" be more appropriate? Can one even engage in such inquiries without having some understanding of those on behalf of which the inquiries are being made? A number of positions and ideas are taken for granted by monotheists and polytheists in the mere act of believing their respective views, and it's important to draw them into the light. At the bedrock of these assumptions is the idea that divine plurality makes sense: how could there be any discussion about the amount of Gods that exist unless Gods could be talked about in the plural?
But, is a plurality of "Gods" even coherent?
Right off the bat it is apparent that M and P do not make use of the same notion of divine plurality: true, both purport to give a count of how many Gods exist, but M denies that any but one God does. As such, the plurality that M conceives of is one in which the members are separated from "existence." It is only by conceiving of the Gods in this existentially neutral fashion that one can then say "only one member of this plurality exists." Otherwise, one would utter the contradiction that "there exists only one member of the plurality of Gods that exist." In order for M to make any sense, then, it must presuppose that Gods are, at least in principle, separable from "existence" – and this is true no matter how "existence" is understood.
It is only by drawing a line between divine "individuality" and divine "existence" that M can concern itself with merely hypothetical or abstract divine individuals. M requires that the individuality of a God does not include existence, such that if any deity is to exist, something must be added to her individuality. The only existent deity according to M must therefore be a compound of the separable elements of his or her identity and existence; that is, he or she must be a combination of the 'who' that he or she is and the 'what' of existence. In this respect, M proves utterly ruinous to the age old attempt by theologians to explain how the divine is both transcendent and immanent: on M, "God" is not at all transcendent, differing from everything else not in kind, but only in degree.
By contrast, P does not deny anything, and so it need not treat of a plurality of merely hypothetical individuals who would be combinations of 'who' and 'what' if they existed: unlike M, P can concern itself with absolute individuals, who are utterly simple and without any composition of any sort because they are perfectly peculiar and unique.
This difference between M and P sheds significant light on how each understands divine plurality. For M, Gods are not pure 'whos' or perfectly peculiar and unique individuals, and so they can only be considered as a group or in the plural because they all share in some one thing: some 'what' of which they are each a 'who'. The ground or center of divine plurality in M is not a God or a 'who', but a 'what'. Thus, for example, M collects all of the Gods that it says do not exist into a group on the basis of their common failure to 'exist'. And indeed, this is the model or structure of plurality throughout the world: people form a group on the basis of their common humanity, and the same goes for horses and equinity, cats and felinity and so on and so forth. Here again we see M failing to function "theistically", positing what is really no different than anything else and thus rendering itself indistinguishable in principle from non-theistic positions such as naturalism which understand all things to be of the same type – say 'composite', 'natural' or 'physical' etc.
By contrast, P can concern itself with pure 'whos' or perfectly peculiar and unique individuals. In so doing, P makes use of a model or structure of plurality that is fundamentally unlike that found throughout the world: pure 'whos' cannot be unified into a plurality by sharing in any 'what'; otherwise, they are not pure 'whos'. The ground or center of divine plurality in P must therefore be a God. But, it cannot be any one God exclusively because the role of being the ground or center of divine plurality is not a 'what' of any amount of 'whos'.
How is being the basis of divine plurality not a 'what' – such as a status or activity? Because we're talking about pure 'whos'. As such, "being the center of divine plurality" is not a 'what' that one has or does; but, rather, it is simply who one is. Similarly, saying that the Gods are unified into a plurality by sharing in a God cannot mean that this God is shared like a 'what': she is not like a piece of land that they all have rights over, or a color that they all display – separable from each, but attributable to all – she is rather in them all as part of who they are, and they are all in her as part of who she is.
Having considered M and P to the extent and depth most useful to our humble purposes here, we are now prepared to respond to the three objections to polytheism I mentioned earlier. As will be indicated by these samples, polytheism is oftentimes (to be generous) objected to in ways that presuppose the Gods are not or would not be all-in-each and each-in-all. Polytheists will thus be confronted more often than not by objections to a monotheitized polytheism. It's not a straw-man any of us should fall into defending.
Objection #1: Even granting polytheism for the sake of argument, why wouldn't you worship and devote yourself to the deity who loves you so much that he became human and died for you?
Response: No deity is the deity of just x, y or z: all of the Gods are in each, such that each God is a unique way of being the other Gods. The objection assumes that while YHWH loves us unconditionally, the other Gods do not. But, if any God loves us unconditionally, then all of the Gods do, in their own way, precisely because each is a unique way of being that unconditionally loving deity.
Objection #2: Even if all of the Gods do love us unconditionally, show me a better way to live than living for YHWH – here I have tangible Scriptures, susceptible to concrete interpretations (preventing folks from just "making" up what they think YHWH said), institutions geared toward bettering me as a person and unparalleled community to grow in.
Response: There is a difference between living well as a human being and living well as the individual that you are. The standard for being good at being human is set by what it is to be human, and embodying that to a significant degree. The standard for being good at being you is set by who it is that you really are, and embodying that to a significant degree. One can know what it is to be human and who it is that he or she really is independent of exclusive or even primary devotion to YHWH, let alone participation in all the bells and whistles of Christianity. As such, while it might indeed be best for you to live for YHWH, it certainly is not, nor need be for others.
Objection #3: But, it's nigh on impossible to just choose to be good at being human or to be good at being the individual you really are, at least without divine intervention.
Response: Even if this were true, and it was YHWH's intervention that we relied upon, it would still not follow that we should turn to YHWH in any exclusive or even primary way: just as every act of devotion to one God is (at least ontologically if not intentionally) an act of devotion to all of the Gods; at least insofar as they are all in each other, every act of divine intervention from one God is an act of divine intervention from all the Gods, at least insofar as they are all in each other.
True, with henadology, and the careful distinction between ontological and henological registers, one can have a dialectically stronger defense of polytheism, by appealing to all-in-all, all-in-each. But how is the representation of monotheism here not itself a strawman? For every monotheist philosopher that has presented a form of the ontological argument, from Anselm through Scotus to Spinoza and beyond, what God is requires that there be a single God. So their monotheism cannot be construed as implicitly using an abstract concept of divinity that separates what from who. But even philosophers and theologians who reject the ontological argument still believe in God as the necessary existent and even like Thomas believe that the essence and existence of God are not to be distinguished. It is just bad apologetics to pit a naive monotheism against the most articulate understanding of polytheism that we have from Greek philosophy. Proper apologetics pits naive monotheism against naive polytheism and articulate monotheism against articulate polytheism, for in both cases, the articulate version is merely an attempt to unfold what is contained in simple faith. This is just bad methodology.
As for the answers to the objections, if you concede the divinity of Christ, even just ad hominem, there is a troubling phenomenon to be explained if you are to insist on the divinities being all in all, namely the existence of a clear theomachy, not merely in a mythical narration, but in the actual effects of the divinities on the ground: the presence and action of Christ is exclusive and destructive of the action of other deities on a number of levels, going from the unconditional allegiance of Christians that is destructive of their participation in the activities of other deities, (here we can witness numerous accounts of conversion), other the material destruction of temples and other sunthemata of other deities by members of the Church, which is the Body of Christ. And if you go into Scripture then the plagues of Egypt are clearly described as the Lord judging and condemning the gods of Egypt, to name just one example.
This is not to say that there might be polytheist explanations of the appearance of theomachy. But the problem is so apparent that it must be dealt with before comfortably including the Lord of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob into the all-in-all, all-in-each.
Apologies for the delay Antonio, I didn't see the notification until now. Thanks for the comments, I'll see if I can do them justice.
As far as apologetic method goes, I have sought simply to analyze the propositions of monotheism and polytheism themselves apart from how monotheists or polytheists have understood them. What I've found is that the proposition "There is only one God" intrinsically involves a separation of what from who. This is what one ends up being committed to, unwittingly of course, when she affirms monotheism, and this is so, I would argue, no matter how naïve or erudite one's defense or understanding of monotheism is. This isn't to insult the intelligence of monotheist thinkers: these issues take generations to get right, and I do not believe a lot of these thinkers were really after "monotheism" in the first place. I believe Thomas Aquinas, for example, would have reacted to this analysis of monotheism and polytheism by saying that both are incoherent! For him, it makes no sense to talk about how many "Gods" there are one way or the other, there is just "God." We can talk about whether Zeus is God, or Odin is God, or YHWH is God; sure, but not how many "Gods" there are. And this is due to the doctrine of divine simplicity generally accepted by the Scholastics: there can be no difference between nature and supposit in God. As such, to be "divine", "henadic" or whatever else *just is* to be *this* God, this henad, or whatever else. There is no sense, in this understanding of things, in talking about *that* one in addition to *this* one, whether monotheistically or polytheistically, because all the divine attributes *just are* this one. This position has been called monotheism, but it does not involve the separation of what from who that monotheism does: instead, it identifies what and who in God, thereby either collapsing them or somehow positing both.
"From the Gods to Divination", Walking the Worlds 3.2 (Summer 2017), 16-22.
Hey Buddy!, I found this information for you: "Stay In Your Own Lane Monotheism". Here is the website link: http://paganbloggers.com/thearmchair/blog/2017/07/01/stay-in-your-own-lane-monotheism/. Thank you.


www.internetkeywords.org - Uw Madison Internet Outage. The use of internet nowadays has really upstaged all the habits in the world that we used to know. In fact, it already became a part of the daily routine for most people to the point that their day is incomplete without even checking their emails, updating Facebook status, browsing for the latest news and trends, or even playing a single online game. Indeed, it has greatly influenced today's lifestyles.
WISCONSIN: A belated note that WRVM's WXVM/104.1 (Merrill-Wausau) completed its transmitter move to Wausau around the beginning of the year. The station now uses 8.3kW/144m (class C3) from Rib Mountain.. Because the Internet is made up of a complex matrix of physical, business and international relationships, how these systems interact and collaborate is actually very important to the end user, as well as to those providing Internet services and content. The largest networks may use their size and dominance to hinder growth and innovation within the Internet-connect business community or impede free access to Internet-connected content sources, and with have the power and control which could present challenges to an open Internet environment.
Related to Uw Madison Internet Outage, As you see widespread threats to your computer's data security, Internet security probably hits the top score in your list. You surely want to enjoy online freedom in order to collaborate, communicate and browse the web, but it might protect your sensitive data against risk. Thus, while you use the internet, you need to maintain balance and ensure security by controlling the real Internet security threats. This article talks about the new age internet security issues and how Vipre Internet Security can help you in conquering those challenges.
After the advent of internet, a lot of things have changed. They had to, because of the power internet had within. Internet has changed the very way we used to lead our lives 30 years ago. It has made our lives easier and the world smaller. It has hit almost all the cultures of the world both negatively and positively. (Beaver Dam) One person was injured during an officer involved shooting in the city of Beaver Dam Friday night. The Beaver Dam Police Department responded to a domestic disturbance at 510 Walnut Street at 5:36pm.
What will it take to be successful in Internet Marketing? Let's look at four areas where you need to have some skills. You should be familiar with each of these four areas - and specialize in at least one area. Internet marketing is just like a traditional brick and mortar business, except you are on the Internet! Many people earn good money in the Internet Marketing Niche. But ALL of them use each of these skills at some point in their business. That is relevant to Uw Madison Internet Outage.


text:
<title>
A new step in the Feds' witch-hunt
</title>

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<?php include "../../legacy-includes/Script.htmlf" ?>

<?php include "../../legacy-includes/TopLogo.htmlf" ?>

<?php include "../../legacy-includes/TopAd.htmlf" ?>

<?php include "../../legacy-includes/LeftButtons.htmlf" ?>

<?php include "../../legacy-includes/BodyInsert.htmlf" ?>

Iraqis to be "interviewed"

A new step in the Feds' witch-hunt

By Nicole Colson | March 28, 2003 | Page 2

THE FBI is conducting "voluntary" interviews with more than 50,000 Iraqi nationals living in the U.S. in a sick new escalation of the Justice Department's "war on terror" witch-hunt. According to the ACLU, frightened Iraqis--many of whom fled Saddam Hussein's government--have called to ask if they might be imprisoned or deported.

The FBI is reportedly setting up meetings with local Islamic groups across the country to ask for "support" in identifying terrorists and to promise FBI protection against hate crimes. At the same time, however, one FBI official recently told the Washington Post that any Iraqi found to have an immigration violation would be thrown in jail.

"It is ironic that the government is promising to protect Iraqis against hate crimes, which are attacks based on a person's ethnicity, skin color or religion--in other words, the very kind of profiling the government is resorting to," said the ACLU's Dalia Hashad.

Attorney General John Ashcroft signed an order giving FBI agents and U.S. marshals authority to arrest people on immigration violations--a power that will be used to detain any Iraqis suspected of posing a "wartime threat," according to news reports. Ashcroft ordered the expanded powers so that the FBI could detain several dozen Iraqis who have been under surveillance for being "sympathetic" to Saddam Hussein.

Then there's "Operation Liberty Shield"--the Department of Homeland Security program that was announced as the war began. Hyped as a way of protecting the U.S. from potential terrorist attacks, Liberty Shield will increase border patrols and air space restrictions.

But the cornerstone of the operation is the blanket detention of all new immigrants from approximately 30 undisclosed countries while they seek asylum in the U.S. "It's unfortunate that some people truly seeking asylum may be detained," Homeland Security official William Strassberger told the Los Angeles Times, "but I think it's a small price to pay."

Easy for him to say--Strassberger isn't facing confinement for six months or more.

<?php include "../../legacy-includes/BottomNavLinks.htmlf" ?>

<?php include "../../legacy-includes/RightAdFolder.htmlf" ?>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Alonso named in PFA Team of the Year
Marcos Alonso has been named in the 2017/18 PFA Premier League Team of the Year. The Spanish full-back has been in outstanding form this season which has seen him earn his first senior International call-up.
Marcos has made 43 appearances to date with seven goals – three of which came from dead-ball situations.
The PFA Premier League Team of the Year has been announced ahead of the 45th PFA Awards to be held in the Grosvenor House in London on Sunday April 22nd 2018.
GK | David de Gea (Manchester United)
RB | Kyle Walker (Manchester City)
CB | Jan Vertonghen (Tottenham Hotspur)
CB | Nicolás Otamendi (Manchester City)
LB | Marcos Alonso (Chelsea)
MID | David Silva (Manchester City)
MID | Kevin De Bruyne (Manchester City)
MID | Christian Eriksen (Tottenham Hotspur)
FWD | Harry Kane (Tottenham Hotspur)
FWD | Mohamed Salah (Liverpool)
FWD | Sergio Agüero (Manchester City)
Alonso extends Chelsea stay
Alonso plays crucial role in blues win
Marcos scores late winner!
© 2020 Copyright Marcos Alonso. All rights reserved. Design by 5or6.


text:
Q: Getting elevation of surface in a specific point from DEM? In my python code, I have to get elevation of surface in given coordinates. I know about Extract values to points tool in ArcMap, but I can't use that since it is very time consuming for me because I do evolutionary calculation and have to use it many many times in my python code.
What I need is a module or tool that takes coordinates and DEM direction then gives a number as height. I don't want to deal with creating feature classes or any other unnecessary stuff.
If you know any tools or module which can help me, please let me know.

A: Convert to numpy Array, find out which indices your coordinates correspond to and fetch values from array:
import arcpy, os
import numpy as np

raster = r"C:\GIS\data\SomeDEMraster.tif"
coords = [[364764, 6283003],[383872, 6215199],[352822, 6257659]] #Or read from a csv file etc.
arr = arcpy.RasterToNumPyArray(raster)

def giveRasterValue(x,y,nparr): #Might be better to put the describe parts outside the function (since they are the same for the input raster) if you experience slow performance.
    r = arcpy.Describe(os.path.join(raster,r'Band_1'))
    ex = r.extent.upperLeft.X
    ey = r.extent.upperLeft.Y
    h = r.meanCellHeight
    w = r.meanCellWidth
    ix = int(round((x-ex)/w,0))
    iy = int(round((ey-y)/h,0))
    return nparr[iy,ix]

for c in coords:
    print(giveRasterValue(c[0],c[1],arr))

Outputs:
22.611887
178.1588
-0.07274423

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: How can I draw bracket in compose I want to draw open-close brackets in compose and set a text in the center of them. how can i draw it?

A: You can draw anything behind or front of your Composable using Modifier.drawBehind or Modifier.drawWithContent.

private fun DrawScope.drawHalfBracket() {

    val width = size.width
    val height = size.height

    drawLine(
        color = Color.Black,
        start = Offset(width * .1f, 0f),
        end = Offset.Zero,
        strokeWidth = 2.dp.toPx(),
        cap = StrokeCap.Round
    )
    drawLine(
        color = Color.Black,
        start = Offset(0f, 0f),
        end = Offset(0f, height),
        strokeWidth = 2.dp.toPx(),
        cap = StrokeCap.Round
    )
    drawLine(
        color = Color.Black,
        start = Offset(width * .1f, height),
        end = Offset(0f, height),
        strokeWidth = 2.dp.toPx(),
        cap = StrokeCap.Round
    )
}

@Composable
fun BracketAndSubscriptSample() {

    // create a variable subScript
    // enter the baselineShift to
    // BaselineShift.Subscript for subscript
    val subscript = SpanStyle(
        baselineShift = BaselineShift.Subscript,
        fontSize = 16.sp, // font size of subscript
    )

    val annotatedString = buildAnnotatedString {
        append("f")
        withStyle(subscript) {
            append("x")
        }
        append(" 0 ")
        append("o")
        withStyle(subscript) {
            append("x")
        }
        append("\n\n0")
        append(" f")
        withStyle(subscript) {
            append("y")
        }
        append(" o")
        withStyle(subscript) {
            append("y")
        }
        append("\n\n0")
        append("  0  ")
        append("1")
    }

    Text(
        annotatedString,
        fontSize = 24.sp,
        modifier = Modifier
            .drawBehind {
                drawHalfBracket()
                rotate(180f) {
                    drawHalfBracket()
                }
            }
            .padding(4.dp)
    )
}


text:
Il est un pont sur la Drina (en bosniaque Na Drini ćuprija) est un roman historique du lauréat du prix Nobel de littérature Ivo Andrić, paru en 1945.

Résumé
Le roman se présente comme une chronique de la ville de Višegrad, petite bourgade sur la Drina, aux confins de la Bosnie, du Sandjak et de la Serbie. La ville vit autour de son pont, un magnifique pont de pierre construit par le vizir turc Sokollu Mehmet Pacha, originaire du lieu. C'est sur le pont qu'ont lieu les principaux événements de l'histoire de la ville, mais c'est aussi sur le pont, sur la kapia (vaste espace au centre du pont) qu'a lieu l'essentiel de la vie quotidienne : les hommes s'assoient sur la kapia pour causer, pour boire, pour fumer.

L'arrivée des Autrichiens dans la ville en 1878 transforme radicalement la vie de la ville en la faisant entrer dans la modernité à laquelle elle n'est pas préparée. Bientôt, la construction d'un chemin de fer rend inutile le pont sur la Drina, qui est finalement miné, puis détruit lors de la déclaration de Première Guerre mondiale.

Traductions françaises
 Il est un pont sur la Drina : Chronique de Vichégrad, traduit par Georges Luciani, Paris, Plon, 1961
 Le Pont sur la Drina, traduit par Pascale Delpech, Paris, Belfond, 1999 ; réédition, Paris, LGF,  , 1997  ; réédition, Paris, LGF,  , 1999

Notes et références

Liens externes

Roman serbe
Roman historique se déroulant au XIXe siècle
Roman paru en 1945
Culture en Bosnie-Herzégovine
Roman se déroulant dans l'Empire ottoman

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Thomas Jefferson's Political and Economic Vision
2018, December 4 - 00:00 — wes.whitman
Thomas Jefferson's Ward Republic Model
Thomas Jefferson did not see the American system as the best possible system. In his original draft of The Declaration of Independence, Jefferson had blamed the British monarch for allowing the institution of slavery to exist:
"[The present king of Great Britain] has waged cruel war against human nature itself, violating its most sacred rights of life and liberty in the persons of a distant people who never offended him, captivating & carrying them into slavery in another hemisphere…"—Thomas Jefferson, The Declaration of Independence [in Jefferson: Autobiography, Notes on the State of Virginia, Public and Private Papers, Addresses, Letters
While Jefferson was no abolitionist saint—owning slaves himself and having many other failings—he did recognize the injustice of the institution of slavery and desired its abolition. The failure to abolish slavery was one of America's biggest faults.
The American system, enshrined in the current Constitution, was a mess of compromises with the institution of slavery. In order to get the pro-slavery lot on board with the Constitution, the Founding Fathers had to make a series of compromises, giving us the Electoral College, the Senate, the three-fifths clause, and the Executive Branch—all extremely anti-democratic and anti-republican measures. These compromises were mostly made to ensure that the institution of slavery could not be democratically abolished. We ended up not with a true republic, as Thomas Paine and Thomas Jefferson had hoped for, but rather with a mixed-government as envisioned by John Adams. The original constitution, The Articles of Confederation, was a much better one, but it had to be scrapped in order to compromise with fascists and racists because the Founding Fathers knew that the colonies could not successfully stand up to Britain unless they were all united in their opposition to the crown.
Jefferson saw the United States as a confederation. The states themselves were sovereign nations. And he always referred to himself as a citizen of Virginia, rather than as an American. Jefferson was a republican (an advocate of representative democracy) and he saw the American system, while much better than the previous arrangement, as deeply flawed and in need of reform.
"The purest republican feature in the government of our own State, is the House of Representatives. The Senate is equally so the first year, less the second, and so on. The Executive still less, because not chosen by the people directly. The Judiciary seriously anti-republican, because for life; and the national arm wielded, as you observe, by military leaders, irresponsible but to themselves…. And add, also, that one half of our brethren who fight and pay taxes, are excluded, like Helots, from the rights of representation, as if society were instituted for the soil, and not for the men inhabiting it; or one half of these could dispose of the rights and the will of the other half, without their consent….
"In the General Government, the House of Representatives is mainly republican; the Senate scarcely so at all, as not elected by the people directly, and so long secured even against those who do elect them; the Executive more republican than the Senate, from its shorter term….
"If, then, the control of the people over the organs of their government be the measure of its republicanism, and I confess I know no other measure, it must be agreed that our governments have much less of republicanism than ought to have been expected; in other words, that the people have less regular control over their agents, than their rights and their interests require."—Thomas Jefferson, The Test of Republicanism, to John Taylor in 1816 [in Jefferson: Autobiography, Notes on the State of Virginia, Public and Private Papers, Addresses, Letters]
Jefferson saw the anti-democratic and anti-republican compromises as deeply problematic. Jefferson had a vision of social order that was much closer to anarchism than to anything else. He wanted government divided into subunits, small enough to allow for direct participation at the local level. This was, more or less, a vision of direct democracy. Representation would come into play only at higher levels of organization, where direct participation is not feasible. At these higher levels of government, representation needs to be equal.
"The question you propose, on equal representation…[my view] coincides with your own. At the birth of our republic, I committed that opinion to the world, in the draught of a constitution annexed to the "Notes on Virginia," in which a provision was inserted for a representation permanently equal….
"But inequality of representation in both Houses of our legislature, is not the only republican heresy in this first essay of our revolutionary patriots at forming a constitution. For let it be agreed that a government is republican in proportion as every member composing it has his equal voice in the direction of its concerns (not indeed in person, which would be impracticable beyond the limits of a city, or small township, but) by representatives chosen by himself, and responsible to him at short periods, and let us bring to the test of this canon every branch of our constitution.
"In the legislature, the House of Representatives is chosen by less than half the people, and not at all in proportion to those who do choose. The Senate are still more disporortionate, and for long terms of irresponsibility. In the Executive, the Governor is entirely independent of the choice of the people, and of their control; his Council equally so, and at best but a fifth wheel to a wagon. In the Judiciary, the judges of the highest courts are dependent on none but themselves. In England, where judges were named and removable at the will of an hereditary executive, from which branch most misrule was feared, and has flowed, it was a great point gained, by fixing them for life, to make them independent of that executive. But in a government founded on the public will, this principle operates in an opposite direction, and against that will. There, too, they were still removable on a concurrence of the executive and legislative branches. But we have made them independent of the nation itself…. Where then is our republicanism to be found? Not in our constitution certainly, but merely in the spirit of our people. That would oblige even a despot to govern us republicanly. Owing to this spirit, and to nothing in the form of our constitution, all things have gone well. But this fact, so triumphantly misquoted by the enemies of reformation, is not the fruit of our constitution, but has prevailed in spite of it."—Thomas Jefferson, Reform of the Virginia Constitution, to Samuel Kercheval in 1816 [in Jefferson: Autobiography, Notes on the State of Virginia, Public and Private Papers, Addresses, Letters]
Jefferson also contends that the rights of full citizenship and enfranchisement (i.e. ability to vote) ought to automatically be conferred on anyone who pays taxes or serves in the armed forces. The legislature ought to be a deliberative assembly, where representatives discuss and debate policy issues before voting on them:
"The true foundation of republican government is the equal right of every citizen, in his person and property, and in their management…. Reduce your legislature to a convenient number for full, but orderly discussion. Let every man who fights or pays, exercise his just and equal right in their election. Submit them to approbation or rejection at short intervals."—Thomas Jefferson, Reform of the Virginia Constitution, to Samuel Kercheval in 1816 [in Jefferson: Autobiography, Notes on the State of Virginia, Public and Private Papers, Addresses, Letters]
Jefferson goes on to advocate a radical form of republicanism that is extremely decentralized and directly democratic at the local level. This Jeffersonian model of radical republicanism resembles the types of systems proposed by left-libertarians and anarchists.
"The organization of our county administrations may be thought more difficult. But follow principle, and the knot unties itself. Divide the counties into wards of such size as that every citizen can attend, when called on, and act in person. Ascribe to them the government in their wards in all things relating to themselves exclusively. A justice, chosen by themselves, in each, a constable, a military company, a patrol, a school, the care of their own poor, their own portion of the public roads, the choice of one or more jurors to serve in some court, and the delivery, within their own wards, of their own votes for all elective officers of higher sphere, will relieve the county administration of nearly all its business, will have it better done, and by making every citizen an acting member of the government, and in the offices nearest and most interesting to him, will attach him by his strongest feelings to the independence of his country, and its republican constitution. The justices thus chosen by every ward, would constitute the county court, would do its judiciary business, direct roads and bridges, levy county and poor rates, and administer all the matters of common interest to the whole country. These wards, called townships in New England, are the vital principle of their governments, and have proved themselves the wisest invention ever devised by the wit of man for the perfect exercise of self-government, and for its preservation. We should thus marshall our government into, 1, the general federal republic, for all concerns foreign and federal; 2, that of the State, for what relates to our own citizens exclusively; 3, the county republics, for the duties and concerns of the county; and 4, the ward republics, for the small, and yet numerous and interesting concerns of the neighborhood; and in government, as well as in every other business of life, it is by division and subdivision of duties alone, that all matters, great and small, can be managed to perfection. And the whole is cemented by giving to every citizen, personally, a part in the administration of the public affairs."—Thomas Jefferson, Reform of the Virginia Constitution, to Samuel Kercheval in 1816 [in Jefferson: Autobiography, Notes on the State of Virginia, Public and Private Papers, Addresses, Letters]
The term "anarchism" had not been coined yet, but Jefferson here espouses a ward republicanism that resembles the model proposed by classical anarchism. Many left-libertarians and anarchists have espoused very similar ideas—e.g. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (mutualist anarchism), Mikhail Bakunin (collectivist anarchism); Peter Kropotkin (communist anarchism), Fred Foldvary (cellular democracy), Murray Bookchin (libertarian municipalism), Leopold Kohr (small-cell federalism), and Abdullah Öcalan (democratic confederalism), etc. These thinkers all envisioned a radically decentralized confederation with direct democracy at the local level and delegative/representative democracy for higher spheres of governance. In light of the similarities between Jeffersonian democracy and anarchism, it is easy to see how Benjamin Tucker could remark that "Anarchists are simply unterrified Jeffersonian Democrats."
While the ideas of Jeffersonian democracy and radical republicanism resemble anarchism, Jefferson's politics was basically center-left. Thomas Jefferson was a conservative progressive or a radical centrist. He was opposed to insurrectionary violence and unnecessary revolutions. He, like Edmund Burke, valued security, stability, peace, and social order. He would have been no friend to the insurrectionary anarchist.
"I am certainly not an advocate for frequent and untried changes in laws and constitutions. I think moderate imperfections had better be borne with; because, when once known, we accommodate ourselves to them, and find practical means of correcting their ill effects. But I know also, that laws and institutions must go hand in hand with the progress of the human mind. As that becomes more developed, more enlightened, as new discoveries are made, new truths disclosed, and manners and opinions change with the change of circumstances, institutions must advance also, and keep pace with the times. We might as well require a man to wear still the coat which fitted him when a boy, as civilized society to remain ever under the regimen of their barbarous ancestors."—Thomas Jefferson, Reform of the Virginia Constitution, to Samuel Kercheval in 1816 [in Jefferson: Autobiography, Notes on the State of Virginia, Public and Private Papers, Addresses, Letters]
Here, in Jefferson's conservatism, we find something that he got right and that many revolutionaries and radicals have gotten wrong over the years. Revolutions and insurrections are destabilizing and undesirable. People die in every revolution and human lives are irreplaceable. Revolution is only a last resort. Being too conservative or regressive leads to revolution, so ultra-conservatism is self-defeating. Jefferson contended that European rulers' refusal to change was the real cause of the regular insurrections and revolutions that take place. So, to avoid revolution, we must allow for progress and change. Jefferson's analysis agrees with that of Edmund Burke, the founder of conservatism. There is a difference of degree, not of principle, here.
"Let us follow no such examples [as those European monarchies that refuse to change], nor weakly believe that one generation is not as capable as another of taking care of itself, and of ordering its own affairs…. And lastly, let us provide in our constitution for its revision at stated periods. What these periods should be, nature herself indicates. By the European table of mortality, of the adults living at any one moment in time, a majority will be dead in about nineteen years. At the end of that period, then, a new majority is come into place; or, in other words, a new generation. Each generation is as independent as the one preceding, as that was of all which had gone before. It has then, like them, a right to choose for itself the form of government it believes most promotive of its own happiness; consequently, to accomodate to the circumstances in which it finds itself, that received from its predecessors; and it is for the peace and good of mankind, that a solemn opportunity of doing this every nineteen or twenty years, should be provided by the constitution; so that it may be handed on, with periodical repairs, from generation to generation, to the end of time, if anything human can so long endure…. This corporeal globe, and everything upon it, belong to its present corporeal inhabitants, during their generation. They alone have a right to direct what is the concern of themselves alone, and to declare the law of that direction; and this declaration can only be made by their majority. That majority, then, has a right to depute representatives to a convention, and to make the constitution what they think will be the best for themselves. But how collect their voice? This is the real difficulty. If invited by private authority, or county or district meetings, these divisions are so large that few will attend; and their voice will be imperfectly, or falsely pronounced. Here, then, would be one of the advantages of the ward divisions I have proposed. The mayor of every ward, on a question like the present, would call his ward together, take the simple yea or nay of its members, convey these to the proper general authority; and the voice of the whole people would be thus fairly, fully, and peaceably expressed, discussed, and decided by the common reason of the society. If this avenue be shut to the call of sufferance, it will make itself heard through that of force, and we shall go on, as other nations are doing, in the endless circle of oppressions, rebellions, reformation; and oppression, rebellion, reformation, again; and so on forever."—Thomas Jefferson, Reform of the Virginia Constitution, to Samuel Kercheval in 1816 [in Jefferson: Autobiography, Notes on the State of Virginia, Public and Private Papers, Addresses, Letters]
Thus, Jefferson envisioned a radical republicanism so democratic as to render revolution permanently unnecessary—insurrections and rebellions would never again occur. His vision was deeply conservative but also very progressive and radical to the core.
Thomas Jefferson's Political Economy
Jefferson thought that the success of a republic required a good deal of egalitarianism. You cannot allow extreme inequality to exist, otherwise the wealthy will buy politicians and republicanism will give way to plutocracy and oligarchy. Thomas Jefferson envisioned what can best be described as a decentralized, georgist, and distributist form of social democracy—admittedly, these terms ("georgism," "distributism," "social democracy") had not yet been coined, so it is anachronistic to use these terms in reference to Jefferson's ideas. Nevertheless, these anachronistic terms do give us the most accurate description.
Capitalism is a system in which capital dominates and labor serves. There is private ownership of the means of production, but productive property is monopolized by a relatively small minority of the population—the vast majority own no productive property and, therefore, have no choice but to rent themselves out to the capitalist class as wage-laborers in order to survive. Socialism, or collective ownership of the means of production, seeks to remedy this by eliminating private ownership altogether. Distributism is a third way, between capitalism and socialism, in which all people (or nearly all people) own some productive property. None of these terms were in use when Jefferson was writing, as the terms had yet to be coined, but Jefferson was clearly a distributist. He saw the widespread distribution of property in America as one of its greatest features.
In Jefferson's day, capitalism had just taken hold in Europe. The United States was not yet capitalistic, as industrialism and wage labor were not yet common. Jefferson observed that this new system in Great Britain was impoverishing the working class and he equated wage labor with slavery.
"A comparison of the conditions of Great Britain & the US. which is the subject of your letter of Aug. 17. would be an interesting theme indeed. to discuss it minutely and demonstratively would be far beyond the limits of a letter. I will give you therefore, in brief only, the result of my reflections on the subject. I agree with you in your facts, and in many of your reflections. my conclusion is without doubt, as I am sure yours will be, when the appeal to your sound judgment is seriously made. The population of England is composed of three descriptions of persons, (for those of minor note are too inconsiderable to affect a general estimate) these are 1. the Aristocracy, comprehending the Nobility, the wealthy commoners, the high grades of priesthood, and the officers of government. 2. the laboring class. 3. the eleemosinary class, or paupers, who are about one fifth of the whole. the Aristocracy, which has the laws and government in their hands, have so managed them as to reduce the 3d description below the means of supporting life, even by labor; and to force the 2d whether employed in agriculture or the arts, to the maximum of labor which the construction of the human body can endure, & to the minimum of food, & of the meanest kind, which will preserve it in life, and in strength sufficient to perform it's functions. to obtain food enough, and clothing, not only their whole strength must be unremittingly exerted, but the utmost dexterity also which they can acquire; and those of great dexterity only can keep their ground; while those of less must sink into the class of paupers. nor is it manual dexterity alone, but the acutest resources of the mind also which are impressed into this struggle for life; and such as have means a little above the rest, as the master workmen for instance, must strengthen themselves by acquiring as much of the philosophy of their trade as will enable them to compete with their rivals, & keep themselves above ground. hence the industry & manual dexterity of their journeymen & day-laborers, and the science of their master-workmen keep them in the foremost ranks of competition with those of other nations, and the less dexterous individuals, falling into the eleemosinary ranks furnish materials for armies & navies to defend their country, exercise piracy on the ocean, and carry conflagration, plunder and devastation on the shores of all those who endeavor to withstand their aggressions. a society thus constituted possesses certainly the means of defence. but what does it defend? the pauperism of the lowest class, the abject oppression of the laboring, and the luxury, the riot, the domination, & the vicious happiness of the Aristocracy. in their hands, the paupers are used as tools to maintain their own wretchedness, and to keep down the laboring portion by shooting them whenever the desperation produced by the cravings of their stomachs drives them into riots. such is the happiness of scientific England: now let us see the American side of the medal.
"And, first, we have no Paupers. the old and crippled among us, who possess nothing and have no families to take care of them, being too few to merit notice as a separate section of society, or to affect a general estimate. the great mass of our population is of laborers; our rich, who can live without labor, either manual or professional, being few, and of moderate wealth. most of the laboring class possess property, cultivate their own lands, have families, and from the demand for their labor are enabled to exact from the rich and the competent such prices as enable them to be fed abundantly, clothed above meer decency, to labor moderately and raise their families. they are not driven to the ultimate resources of dexterity and skill, because their wares will sell, altho' not quite so nice as those of England. the wealthy, on the other hand, and those at their ease, know nothing of what the Europeans call Luxury. they have only somewhat more of the comforts & decencies of life than those who furnish them. can any condition of society be more desirable than this? Nor in the class of laborers do I mean to withold from the comparison that portion whose color has condemned them, in certain parts of our Union, to a subjection to the will of others. even these are better fed in these states, warmer clothed, & labor less than the journeymen or day laborers of England. they have the comfort too of numerous families, in the midst of whom they live, without want, or the fear of it; a solace which few of the laborers of England possess. they are subject, it is true, to bodily coercion: but are not the hundreds of thousands of British soldiers & seamen subject to the same, without seeing, at the end of their career, & when age & acciden[t] shall have rendered them unequal to labor, the certainty, which the other has, that he will never want? and has not the British seaman, as much as the African been reduced to this bondage by force, in flagrant violation of his own consent, and of his natural right in his own person? and with the laborers of England generally, does not the moral coercion of want subject their will as despotically to that of thei[r] employer, as the physical constraint does the soldier, the seaman or the slave? but do not mistake me. I am not advocating slavery. I am not justifying the wrongs we have committed on a foreign people, by the example of another nation committing equal wrongs on their own subjects. on the contrary there is nothing I would not sacrifice to a practicable plan of abolishing every vestige of this moral and political depravity. but I am at present comparing the condition & degree of suffering to which oppression has reduced the man of one color, with the condition and degree of suffering to which oppression has reduced the man of another color; equally condemning both. now let us compute by numbers the sum of happiness of the two countries. in England, happiness is the lot of the Aristocracy only; and what proportion they bear to the laborers & paupers you know better than I do. were I to guess that they are 4. in every hundred, then the happiness of the nation would be to it's misery as 1. to 25. in the US. it is as 8. millions to Zero, or as all to none."—Thomas Jefferson, To Thomas Cooper, 10 September 1814 [from founders.archives.gov]
Jefferson, of course, has exaggerated his case here, but his argument still stands. America, unlike Britain and other places in Europe, had a largely agrarian and distributist economy. Jefferson saw this as America's virtue. He believed that the preservation of this relatively egalitarian and distributist economy was necessary for the preservation of the republic.
"This little attendrissement, with the solitude of my walk, led me into a train of reflections on that unequal division of property which occasions the numberless instances of wretchedness which I had observed in this country and is to be observed all over Europe.
"The property of this country is absolutely concentrated in a very few hands, having revenues of from half a million of guineas a year downwards. These employ the flower of the country as servants, some of them having as many as 200 domestics, not laboring. They employ also a great number of manufacturers and tradesmen, and lastly the class of laboring husbandmen. But after all there comes the most numerous of all classes, that is, the poor who cannot find work.... I am conscious that an equal division of property is impracticable, but the consequences of this enormous inequality producing so much misery to the bulk of mankind, legislators cannot invent too many devices for subdividing property, only taking care to let their subdivisions go hand in hand with the natural affections of the human mind. The descent of property of every kind therefore to all the children, or to all the brothers and sisters, or other relations in equal degree, is a politic measure and a practicable one. Another means of silently lessening the inequality of property is to exempt all from taxation below a certain point, and to tax the higher portions of property in geometrical progression as they rise. Whenever there are in any country uncultivated lands and unemployed poor, it is clear that the laws of property have been so far extended as to violate natural right. The earth is given as a common stock for man to labor and live on. If for the encouragement of industry we allow it to be appropriated, we must take care that other employment be provided to those excluded from the appropriation. If we do not, the fundamental right to labor the earth returns to the unemployed. It is too soon yet in our country to say that every man who cannot find employment, but who can find uncultivated land, shall be at liberty to cultivate it, paying a moderate rent. But it is not too soon to provide by every possible means that as few as possible shall be without a little portion of land."—Thomas Jefferson, Property and Natural Right, to James Madison in 1785 [in Jefferson: Autobiography, Notes on the State of Virginia, Public and Private Papers, Addresses, Letters]
Here, Jefferson shines through as both a distributist and a georgist. Like Hilaire Belloc, he advocates a differential tax in order to keep a small group from owning too much of the land and natural resources of the nation. Like Henry George and Thomas Paine, he advocates a land value tax or ground-rent: "who can find uncultivated land, shall be at liberty to cultivate it, paying a moderate rent." Elsewhere, more explicitly, he had suggested that ""a land tax supply the means by which the individual States were to contribute their quotas of revenue to the Federal Government." (Cf. Fred Foldvary, The Ultimate Tax Reform: Public Revenue from Land Rent) Georgism holds that all people are entitled to the product of their own labor, so taxes should be levied only against non-productive or destructive activities. People are entitled to the product of their own labor, not to the value produced by nature and society. Georgism's land value tax seeks to fund government without taxing productive activity. An added benefit of land value tax is that it also prohibits excessive concentrations of land and natural resources, thereby facilitating a widespread distribution of ownership throughout society. This is why advocates of distributism—like Thomas Jefferson and John Médaille—have also been advocates of georgism. The one is a means to the other. They are complementary.
Jefferson saw the ownership economy, the distributist vision of a society in which most people own some means of production for themselves, as the ideal we ought to strive for. It is upon this economic model that republicanism rests. If ownership becomes concentrated into the hands of the few (capitalism), then republican democracy as a form of government is doomed to fail. Once the wealthy become too powerful, they will use their wealth to subvert democracy. To Thomas Jefferson, geo-distributism (a synthesis of distributism and georgism) is the economic foundation of the republic, the way of preserving republican liberty and allowing democracy to work.
Jefferson also notes that the wards—the most local level of governance, which are to be directly democratic—ought to be responsible for "the care of their own poor." (Cf. Jefferson, To Samuel Kercheval, 1816) Then, with apparent approval, Jefferson remarks on the role that the parish, as a civil institution, held in colonial Virginia, noting how public revenue was used for welfare purposes:
"The poor, unable to support themselves, are maintained by an assessment on the titheable persons in their parish. This assessment is levied and administered by twelve persons in each parish, called vestrymen, originally chosen by the housekeepers of each parish, but afterwards filling vacancies in their own body by their own choice. These are usually the most discreet farmers, so distributed through their parish, that every part of it may be under the immediate eye of some one of them. They are well acquainted with the details and economy of private life, and they find sufficient inducement to execute their charge well, in their philanthropy, in the approbation of their neighbors, and the distinction which that gives them. The poor who have neither property, friends, nor strength to labour, are boarded in the houses of good farmers, to whom a stipulated sum is annually paid. To those who are able to help themselves a little, or have friends from whom they derive some succours, inadequate however to their full maintenance, supplementary aids are given, which enable them to live comfortably in their own houses, or in the houses of their friends. Vagabonds, without visible property or vocation, are placed in workhouses, where they are well cloathed, fed, lodged, and made to labour. Nearly the same method of providing for the poor prevails through all our States…."—Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia [in Jefferson: Autobiography, Notes on the State of Virginia, Public and Private Papers, Addresses, Letters]
We see here a decentralized take on social democracy. Thomas Jefferson, along with John Adams and Alexander Hamilton, was also a supporter of an early version of single-payer healthcare and of socialized medicine. In fact, in 1798, the Founding Fathers passed legislation that (1) established a mandatory payroll tax on privately employed sailors, which was to fund health insurance for those sailors, and (2) established government-owned hospitals at port cities. (Cf. Rick Ungar, Congress Passes Socialized Medicine and Mandates Health Insurance - In 1798 and Thomas Jefferson Also Supported Government Run Health Care)
Thomas Jefferson envisioned a confederation of decentralized, geo-distributist, and social democratic municipalities.
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Hospital at Allen University Receives $100K from Palmetto Citizens Federal Credit Union
Palmetto Citizens Federal Credit Union has awarded Allen University $100,000 to support the renovation of the Good Samaritan-Waverly Hospital Restoration Project. Allen University is a UNCF-member institution.
"As a community-chartered credit union, Palmetto Citizens exists to provide more than just low-cost financial services. We also look beyond our walls to support many deserving organizations and social causes in our community, such as the Good-Samaritan Waverly Hospital Restoration Project," said Nick Wodogaza, president and CEO of Palmetto Citizens. "We are excited to continue our support of Allen University and look forward to the completion of this project and witnessing the positive impact it will have on our community for many years to come."
The investment into Allen University will assist in renovating the Good Samaritan-Waverly Hospital. The $11 million renovation project will house The Boeing Institute on Civility, which will serve as a permanent memorial for the Emanuel Nine, the nine individuals who tragically lost their lives on June 17, 2015, when a gunman entered Mother Emanuel AME Church in Charleston, S.C. It will also house the Levett School of Education, the Dickerson-Green Theological Seminary, the Waverly Wall Museum Portrait Display and the Dominion Energy Palmetto African American Hall of Fame.
The newly named Palmetto Citizens Federal Credit Union Welcome Center will be the first stop for visitors as they enter the Good Samaritan-Waverly Hospital and will be a focal point of the facility upon its completion.
Allen University President Dr. Ernest McNealey has championed the University's aspiration to demonstrate expansive service to the greater good. As such, all Palmetto Citizens staff members and officials will complete the Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion training program through the Boeing Institute on Civility at the Good Samaritan-Waverly Hospital, at no charge, within the first three years of its being.
About Allen University
For more information about Allen University, visit www.allenuniversity.edu
Allen University is accredited by Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges to award associate, baccalaureate and master's degrees.
About Palmetto Citizens Federal Credit Union
Palmetto Citizens Federal Credit Union is a not-for-profit financial institution offering a full range of services. They have been serving the financial needs of their member-owners since 1936.Operating from 14 locations and over 40 ATMs, their field of membership is open to residents and businesses within eight counties in central South Carolina. Currently, Palmetto Citizens assists over 100,000 members and joint owners and have over $1.2 billion in assets. For more information, visit www.palmettocitizens.org.
Allen University


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Alexandr Vasiljevič Vinter (rusky, Александр Васильевич Винтер, 10. října 1878, Staroselcy - 9. března 1958, Moskva) byl ruský a sovětský vědec v oboru výstavby elektráren. Proslul jako vedoucí výstavby vodních děl Dněproges na Dněpru a Ugličské, Rybinské a Kujbyševské elektrárny na Volze.

Životopis
Alexandr se narodil 10. října 1878 ve vesnici Staroselcy na západě Ruského impéria na území dnešního Polska do rodiny strojvůdce. Jeho rodiště se nacházelo na čerstvě vybudované trati Petrohrad-Varšava. Setkání se systémem parního stroje trvale nasměrovalo již od časného dětství jeho pozornost směrem k vývoji a odběru parního výkonu.

Studijní období
V roce 1899 nastoupil ke studiu na Polytechnickém institutu v Kyjevě. V roce 1900 byl ze studia pro účast na studentských nepokojích vyloučen a po čtyřměsíčním věznění byl převelen na práce v parní elektrárně v Baku. Zde se osvědčil ve všech funkcích provozu a získal cenné praktické zkušenosti. V roce 1905 se stal vedoucím provozu elektrárny "Bjelyj gorod" od které se v Rusku poprvé odvíjel přenos o napětí 20 kV. Pracoval na sytému napájení Baku a Grozného. Během působení v Baku se dvakrát pokusil obnovit studium na Kyjevském polytechnickém institutu, ale jeho politická nedůvěra zůstala překážkou. Až v roce 1907, s pomocí profesora M. A. Šatelena, děkana elektromechanického oddělení Petrohradského polytechnického institutu, byl přijat na toto oddělení. Souběžně se studiem pracoval na konverzi moskevské kabelové sítě z 2 na 6 kV.

Výstavba prvních parních elektráren GOELRO

Po absolvování ústavu v roce 1912 pracoval nejprve jako asistent vedoucího a poté jako vedoucí výstavby první regionální elektrárny v Rusku na rašelinu "Elektroperedača" (nyní GRES-3 imeni R. E. Klassonova). V roce 1915 byl Vinter pozván na stavbu továrny na střelný prach Vladimír v Moskevské gubernii. Po říjnové revoluci v roce 1917 byl Vinter jmenován vedoucím výstavby elektrárny Šatura na zpracování místní rašeliny. Tato elektrárna byla jedním z pilířů GOELRO a od roku 1925 poskytovala energetickému systému hlavního města výkon 32 tisíc kW.

Vodní energetika
V roce 1927 byl pověřen řízením výstavby Dněprogesu. Projekt akademika Alexandrova pozměnil ve smyslu zvýšení instalovaného výkonu při snížení počtu jednotek. Nad činností Dněprostroje dohlížel spolu s americkým specialistou Hughem L.Cooperem, autorem do té doby největších vodních děl.  Po dokončení výstavby Dněprogesu v roce 1932 byl Vinter zvolen řádným členem Akademie věd SSSR a pracoval jako vedoucí výstavby Ugličské a Rybinské elektrárny na Volze. Po válce připravil základní schéma projektu Kujbyševské elektrárny a počal se plně věnovat energetickému využití Angary. Osobně se účastnil výstavby Irkutské vodní elektrárny.

Podílel se na tvorbě Technické encyklopedie o 26 svazcích, a to články na téma Hydraulické konstrukce.

Zemřel 9. března 1958 v Moskvě, pochován tamtéž.

Odkazy

Reference

Související články
 Dněproges
 Ugličská vodní elektrána
 Rybinská vodní elektrárna
 Angarská kaskáda
 Irkutská vodní elektrárna
 Michail Andrejevič Šatelen

Externí odkazy

Ruští vynálezci
Narození 10. října
Narození v roce 1878
Úmrtí 9. března
Úmrtí v roce 1958
Muži


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I made my first-ever pair of denim jeans. I have been wanting to make jeans for so long, but have been waiting to find a pattern that I thought would be successful. I stumbled upon Baste + Gather's 'Birkin Flares' and saw how many beautiful versions of these pants were popping up on Instagram and I had a good feeling about it!
I have a 28" waist and a 38" hip, and I read lots of reviews that said the pants fit accurately. After having completed them, I am SO HAPPY with how they fit. I took them in a bit through the knee to the hem because they were too large in the knee, and the flare was just a hair too much for my liking. In the future, the only other alteration I would make would be to curve the waistband a bit to make up for the big sway in my lower back.
The denim I used is beautiful stuff, and can be purchased here.
Lauren's directions for installing the pockets, waistband, yoke, and fly were so clear and easy to follow. I used denim-specific top stitching and I can't even believe how professional they look! All I have left to do is install rivets.
I think they're just vintage-y enough, flattering and I love the fact that people can't believe they're handmade. Just goes to show what beautiful things we can make all on our own!
Have you made jeans? What pattern did you use? Have you made these specifically? Please share!
Well done! These look fabulous. Jeans is on my to-do list, I haven't had the courage yet! I think I'm going to use the Ginger Jeans pattern, it seems super popular.
Thank you so much! It took me a long time to build up the courage to make them, but I am SO glad I did. It was a big challenge and a total achievement. You can do it! I've heard wonderful things about the Ginger Jeans. I'd love to see them when you're done making them!
I LOVE making jeans and have been for several years now. All of the color choices and top stitching choices are so fun! My favorite jean pattern is by Kwik Sew.
I'm totally hooked, they were so fun to make! What is the number of your favorite pattern? I'd love to add another to my collection! Thank you for sharing!


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