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The American Presbyterian Review
publié par Henry Boynton Smith, James Manning Sherwood
Dr. Hodge probably would not thank us for volunteering to vouch his exemption from the bias which Dr. Baird charges on New School writers, and yet he says frankly: "It must be admitted that the language of the Act leaves the intention of its authors a matter of doubt." He insists that the interpretation which he gives to it is the cnly one which will save it "from the charge of direct contradiction." He adds: "It is very evident indeed that the Act was a compromise." And yet this "ambiguous" document, this "compromise," which only Dr. Hodge's interpretation can save "from the charge of a direct contradiction," is, in the view of Dr. Baird, so lucid, strict and consistent, that he does not hesitate to say that "the liberal principles of Dr. Gillett find no shadow of countenance in the Adopting Act of 1729."
The Adopting Act—including in the use of the word the Preliminary Act-bears concession on its face. It was so understood at the time. It was so interpreted by different parties. The Old Side implied the fact in their protest against persons sitting with them in the synod who had not accepted the standards according to "our last explication of the Adopting Act." It was assumed by the New Side, when, four years later, they organized themselves on the basis of the Adopting Act simply, utterly ignoring the "last explication." It was asserted by the Seceders, and those who were in sympathy with them, and the assertion was persisted in, generation after generation. And yet the whole scope of Dr. Baird's elaborate effort is the conclusion that "the liberal principles of Dr. Gillett find no shadow of countenance in the Adopting Act of 1729."
The well-known views of Jonathan Dickinson were, as we have seen, such that, with his consent, the Synod of New York could have been constituted only on a liberal basis.* These views he held unchanged, and the language which we have quoted from him on terms of communion, etc., was employed after the "last explication of 1736." He never recalled or modified them, and yet Dr. Baird, scouting the very idea of
* The Synod of New York and Philadelphia simply accepted in this respect the busis of the Synod of New York.
his consistency, and pronouncing the assertion of it a remarkable statement from one familiar with the history, declares that the "liberal principles of Dr. Gillett find no shadow of countenance in the Adopting Act of. 1729, nor the reunion of 1758, nor any where else in the history of our fathers."
We have no doubt that Dr. Baird himself will readily admit that John Thomson, the author of the overture which led to the Adopting Act, understood the results of his movement and understood the latitude intended in the Act itself. Yet he says expressly (1741):"I suppose that what our brethren value the printed declaration (Preliminary Act included) which they mention, most for, is the too great latitude expressed in it, which fault was amended in the following year, when that latitude was taken away as dangerous." And yet Dr. Baird, in the face of the fact that this "too great latitude" is asserted by Thomson to be "expressed" in the Adopting Act, and that in the following year it was taken away as "dangerous," declares that "the liberal principles of Dr. Gillett find no shadow of countenance in the Adopting Act of 1729."*
It is, of course, perfectly obvious that when the New York Synod, in 1745, and the reunited Synod, in 1758, took their stand on the Adopting Act of 1729, simple and unqualified, making no mention whatever of the modification of 1730, which took away the too great latitude as dangerous, or of the explication of 1736, they left the original latitude of the Adopting Act just as it was before the Synod of 1730 tampered with it; and yet Dr. Baird sums up his attempt to convince us of error, by saying that "the liberal principles of Dr. Gillett find no shade of countenance in the Adopting Act of 1729, nor the reunion of 1758, nor any where else in the history of our fathers."
* The manner in which Dr. Baird disposes of Pres. Davies' testimony, is only less amusing than the process by which he eliminates the word doctrine from the (Preliminary) Adopting Act, as apparently an "extemporaneous addition to the document." One would scarcely suspect, from the manner in which he slurs over the matter, that Davies has said, " that we allowed the candidate to mention bis objections against any article in the Confession, and the judicature judged whether the articles objected against were essential to Christianity, and if they judged they were not, they would admit the candidate notwithstanding the objections."
"This is a very remarkable statement for a writer familiar with the history." It is by no means so remarkable for one who manifests such ignorance of it. "If it is true, in the sense intended," then history may be written in the teeth of evidence and an author's prepossessions may shape his facts. That it is not true, we are thoroughly convinced, and we have no doubt that our readers will share our convictions. If it is not true, then, by the confession of Dr. Baird, the position of those whom he assumes to represent is "an innovation on the established principles of our church." We trust that if our remarks do not work conviction in his mind, he will continue to prosecute his investigations, not disheartened by his present mistakes. A historic knot, as well as any other, is sometimes drawn fast in virtue of two opposing forces, and we feel under obligation to him for the occasion he has afforded us of vindicating what we deem the truth of history. If he has assailed our character for patience in the past, we are confident that he will do so no longer. Indeed, we question whether, after the remarkable declaration that "the liberal principles of Dr. Gillett find no shadow of countenance in the Adopting Act of 1729," any historic statement that could fall from his pen would at all move, or even greatly surprise us. We shall be prepared, we trust, to listen with perfect composure to whatever he may have to offer, and we take leave of his attempted refutation in the words of the "great Mr. Dickinson," whose character he has so unwarrantably assailed: " Thus I have entertained you with some counter evidences, and have more at your service, if these won't satisfy."
The question as to the spirit of American Presbyterianism -whether it was of a liberal or rigid type—is one at this present time of special significance. We do not, indeed, feel ourselves bound and fettered by precedent, for our fatherslike ourselves—were fallible men, and we do not believe that wisdom died with them. But, entering upon the inheritance they have bequeathed to us, we claim the right to know and determine its metes and bounds. We want the question set
tled, not by technicalities, not by by abnormal incidents of their history, not by special pleas that blink vital facts, but by historical evidence, fairly and impartially weighed. If the Adopting Act of 1729, re-accepted and endorsed by the united synod of 1758, and constituting the doctrinal basis of our church, while defining its policy, was not what we have claimed it to be, the fact can be shown. That Dr. Baird bas not shown it, we presume all candid readers will admit, and that he can not show it they will be apt to infer. If he can not do it, who can ? And shall mere surmise or insinuation or theological prejudice be allowed to wrest from facts their historical significance, and obscure the fame and memory of men whom we delight to honor ?
We claim in behalf of the American Presbyterian Church, that, considered in its historical aspect, it is liberal in spirit, while resolute in maintaining the vital doctrines of the Reformed faith. It has been charged with bigotry on one side, and with laxness on the other, but it has never more than temporarily swerved from the line of fidelity to the spirit of its symbols. We do not believe that this passing time is a fitting occasion for the shadow to go back on the dial of its history. The mind of the world was never more active than to-day, never more disposed to resent the narrowness of inherited or antiquated ideas, rigidly imposed. There is much in the signs of the times to occasion alarm. Many a good man's heart fails him for fear. It is an anxious and pertinent inquiry, What shall be done ?
There are two paths of policy before us which we are invited to consider. One is that of a rigid repression of all interpretations of the meaning of the standards, unless they are of a certain specific type. The other is that which, while allowing a larger liberty, and placing less confidence in authoritative decisions, has faith in that grand harmony of divine truths, so fitly compared by Andrew Fuller to "chain-shoť" bound together by an iron-linked connection, and necessitating the acceptance, sooner or later, by all rightly constituted minds, of that system of truth which we find so excellently comprehended and embodied in the Westminster Standards.
It is this last which will invite and win over scrupulous consciences, while the other will tend only to exasperate and provoke rebellious protest. One fences in, or shuts out, by virtue of a human authority that overtops the limitations of the divine word. The other allures by Christian gentleness and invites the weak in faith to no doubtful disputations.
Ard yet our history, and the spirit of our church, furnish no shelter for Broad-church notions, in the accepted meaning of that phrase. We are Calvinists—not as accepting all that Calvin taught--not as bound by his authority--not as calling him or any man master, but as excluding from the scheme of divine truth those systems of religious error, against which the career and teachings of the Genevan Reformer have become a historical protest. Our Christian sympathies are as broad as the church of Christ under all its forms, but we believe that, as an organized body, we can, for the present at least, harmonize appropriately and act effectively only by adhering in a considerate and liberal spirit to the standards of the Westminster Assembly. Planting ourselves on these, and claiming the sanction of the Fathers of the American Presbyterian Church in our manner of adopting them, we feel that we combine sufficient safeguards against fatal error with a liberality of spirit, and a toleration of minor diversities, which reflect, in a measure, the mind of Christ.
Art. III. THE UNION QUESTION IN SCOTLAND.* By Rev. MELANCTHON W. Jacobus, D. D.. Prof. in the Western Theological Seminary, Allegheny City, Pa.
It is a signal fact that the great Presbyterian Church, on both sides of the water, is moving vigorously in the direction of organic and visible union. However it may have been initiated, here or there, no one can doubt that it forms an era in the history of this great denomination of Christians, and that it is accordant with many special leadings of Providence,
Fifih Annual Report of the Union Committee of the Free Church of Scotland, presented to the General Assembly at Edinburgh, May 28th. With the Deba'e thereon. The Rev. ROBERT BUCHANAN, D. D., Glasgow, Convener. The Daily Review, Glasgow.


Arthritis: A Deeper Dive, provides an overview of the disease, with scientific and medical expressions explained in simple terms.
Arthritis isn't a single disease, it's actually an umbrella term for the various causes of joint pain or joint disease. As a result there are over 100 specific types of arthritis, and they affect people of all ages, sexes and races. The symptoms can include swelling, pain, stiffness and decreased range of motion. The symptoms may not be continuous, and they may get worse over time. Some types of arthritis can result in permanent damage to the joints.
Arthritis (from the Greek word for joint) is a chronic multifactorial disease. The term 'multifactorial disease' simply means a disease that is caused by multiple factors. Arthritis is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic components and environmental factors, each of which alone would not cause the condition. This means that it's a bit of a lottery, some people have a few of the genetic components but never suffer from arthritis. Others are exposed to exactly the right environmental factors to trigger the disease, yet never get it. While some people with the same genetic or environmental circumstances will suffer.
Arthritis has been around for as long as creatures and people have had bones.
In 2012 a research team at Bristol University reported arthritis-like conditions in the skeletons of a 150-million-year-old Pliosaurus, a 90-million-year-old Iguanodon.
Neanderthal skeletons from as far back as 250,000 to 35,000 years ago show evidence of what could be osteoarthritis.
The remains of Native Americans dating back to 4500 BC have been shown to exhibit signs of rheumatoid arthritis.
A papyrus scroll dating from 1550 BC describes gout, a type of arthritis, as a disorder and recommends treating as Imhotep advised, which suggests that the ancient Egyptians recognised arthritis 1000 years earlier than that.
In 1528, Charles I of Spain developed gouty arthritis, and by 1556 it had became so bad that he gave up the throne to his son.
1591: Guillaume de Baillou identified a condition characterised by swelling, stiffness, and pain, as rheumatism. The timing of this is significant, as it coincides with the discovery of the Americas and an infection, which caused inflammation in the joints, being carried back to Europe. This infection, coupled with tobacco smoking, which was introduced to the Europeans by the Native Americans, might have given rise to increased cases of arthritis (smoking is a known risk factor of rheumatoid arthritis).
1715: William Musgrave wrote the De Arthritide Symptomatica, the earliest text to describe in detail the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.
In 1818, Jean-Louis-Marc Alibert first identified a relationship between psoriasis and arthritis.
1859: Dr Garrod named rheumatoid arthritis as distinct from osteoarthritis.
In 1860, the term "psoriasis arthritiqe" was first used.
In 1886, John Kent Spender coined the term osteoarthritis.
In 1904, SpondyloArthritis was named by Fraenkel after formative discoveries by the neurologists Vladimir Bechterew and Pierre Marie, and pathologist Eugen Fraenkel. This in turn has lead to the more specific classification of axial spondyloarthritis and peripheral spondyloarthritis.
The two most common types of arthritis are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis and they are very different in cause, in effect, and in treatment.
It usually begins much later in life.
Onset is slow, often taking years to develop.
The affected joints ache and feel tender, but there is little to no swelling.
Symptoms are not symmetrical, so if the wear-and-tear has been more pronounced on one side, then the arthritis will affect only the joints on on that side. The problem is that the body is likely to compensate for the pain, causing wear-and-tear on the joints on the other side of the body, so symptoms often spread.
Stiffness in the morning usually lasts less than an hour, but may return at the end of the day or after physical activity.
The patient will not experience general bodily symptoms, like being overly fatigued or feeling unwell.
Age - the older the person the more time their joints have had to wear down.
Genetics - osteoarthritis can run in families, although no studies have been able to identify a gene that might be responsible.
Obesity - the extra strain put on joints by excess weight, can cause them to wear more quickly.
Injury - often put down to overuse after an accident or operation.
Contributing conditions - osteoarthritis can occur in joints that are damaged by another condition, like gout.
Maintaining a healthy weight and continuing to exercise.
Supportive therapies to make everyday activities easier.
If these treatments are not working, surgical procedures can repair, strengthen or replace the damaged joints.
Analgesics - Pain relievers that include acetaminophen, opioids (narcotics) and tramadol. These are available over-the-counter or by prescription.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and celecoxib.
Corticosteroids - powerful anti-inflammatory injections directly into the affected joint, available at most GP practices.
Hyaluronic acid - available by injection at most GP practices. Hyaluronic acid occurs naturally in the synovial fluid, which lubricates the bone, and this fluid is broken down in joints affected by arthritis.
If you are caring for someone with arthritis, the HomeTouch team can help. We can provide you with advice and support, and help you to find a top quality carer in your local area.
Each cell is specific, each receptor is specific, the cytokines, proteins or cells produced are specific, and they bind to different, specific cell receptors. This will normally serve to fight off an infection. However, occasionally this complex cascade goes wrong and the resulting cells start to attack and neutralise the wrong cells, cells that are needed.
In rheumatoid arthritis, the cells being attacked are in the synovial tissue.
Synovial tissues include the synovial membrane, which is situated between bones in a joint, and holds the synovial fluid, which provides lubricant for the joint itself. As the synovial tissue is attacked, the body attempts to heal itself, increasing blood flow to the area and causing inflammation. The inflammation causes pain as the ligaments attaching the bone to the muscle, stretch. When the flare-up subsides the ligaments are still stretched, which means the joint isn't held in place as tightly as it should be. This means that the bone can settle in an unusual position, leading to further discomfort and/or deformity. The immune system is body-wide, which is why rheumatoid arthritis usually occurs in multiple joints.
It can begin at any time in life.
It commonly starts in the hands and feet, then progresses to the wrists, knees, elbows and/or shoulders.
Once it takes hold it can spread rapidly, usually in a few weeks or months.
Joints become painful, swollen, stiff and warm, as blood flow increases.
It causes joint damage in 80% to 85% of patients, with most of the damage occurring in the first 2 years.
The effects are symmetrical, for instance both knees and both hands.
Stiffness in the morning usually lasts longer than an hour.
The patient will often feel fatigued and ill as a result of their condition, and may lose weight.
Before the onset of the more extreme symptoms, the patient may get coldness in their hands and feet, along with numbness and tingling.
It's not yet known what triggers the signalling cascade in the immune system, leading to rheumatoid arthritis. What is known is that it's more common in women than in men, it usually develops between the ages of 40 and 60, and there is some evidence that there's a genetic predisposition to the disease. There is also some evidence that cigarette smoking, infection, or trauma may trigger the disease. In this instance, trauma refers to a physical accident that impacts on a joint.
Every person with rheumatoid arthritis is different and will react differently to treatment. Therefore, the medications below will often be used together in different combinations, and more than one combination might be tried before a successful medication regime is found.
Treatment often starts with DMARDs, which are usually in tablet form. These ease symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. DMARDs block the effects of the chemicals released when the immune system attacks the joints, which could otherwise cause further damage to the bones, ligaments and cartilage.
Methotrexate - common side effects include nausea, loss of appetite, sore mouth, diarrhoea, headaches, hair loss. Methotrexate is an immunosuppressant and is the go-to DMARD treatment as people usually don't experience bad side effects, and it's often taken alongside another DMARD. Immunosuppressants suppress the immune system in general, and as it's the immune system that attacks the joints, it is hoped that suppressing it will help to stop the symptoms. It can have a negative effect on blood counts and liver function, routine blood tests are vital. Additionally, methotrexate can affect the lungs, so regular chest x-rays and breathing tests should be scheduled. Leflunomide - common side effects include diarrhoea (20% of patients), nausea, stomach pain, indigestion, rash, hair loss. Leflunomide is an immunosuppressant that blocks the reproduction of cells that causes the painful swelling in joints. It can also have a negative effect on the liver and blood counts, so regular blood tests are a must. It can also cause lung problems, so respiratory tests should be scheduled. Hydroxychloroquine - common side effects include headache, nausea, loss of appetite and weight loss, changes in mood, skin rash, and hair loss. It isn't known how hydroxychloroquine works, but it's believed that it disrupts the signalling cascade in the immune system that leads to the painful swelling and negative effects of rheumatoid arthritis. Hydroxychloroquine can cause damage to the retina, and if the patient experiences any problems with their vision they are advised to seek medical attention immediately. It is also poisonous and often fatal if taken in high doses, especially in children, so extra care is required. It is well worth investing in a pill sorter to avoid accidental overdose. Sulfasalazine - common side effects include stomach pain, headache, heartburn, nausea, loss of appetite. Sulfasalazine is a combination of salicylate (the main ingredient in aspirin) and a sulfa antibiotic. It works to decrease the pain and swelling of rheumatoid arthritis. This medication may cause serious side-effects, one of which is called Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and it's important that if the patient experiences any unusual rashes or blistering anywhere on the skin or mouth, they seek medical attention as soon as possible. Other side effects that require immediate attention are seizures, fever, signs of liver problems and chest pain.
These treatments are often taken alongside a DMARD and are normally only taken if DMARDs alone aren't working. These medications are given by injection, usually 1 or 2 times a week and they work to disrupt the immunological signalling cascade that causes the reaction that leads to rheumatoid arthritis. Each one targets a different cell or receptor or cytokine, or protein and aims to neutralise it. Etanercept - common side effects include itching, pain, headache, dizziness and ENT (ear, nose and throat) problems. Etanercept is a TNF-⍺ inhibitor. TNF-⍺ (tumor necrosis factor - alpha) is a protein that's part of the signalling cascade that causes inflammation. Etanercept is a protein made from two TNF receptors, coupled with a section of monoclonal antibody. This new cell binds to TNF-⍺ and stops it from working.
Receptors are the parts of a cell that reach out and bind to other cells, and monoclonal antibodies are cells in the immune system that want to bind to targeted cells.
This means that a specific type of monoclonal antibody that can harm TNF-⍺, is given arms that will bind to TNF-⍺, when usually it wouldn't harm TNF-⍺ because TNF-⍺ is a natural part of the immune system.
When it's working properly, TNF-⍺ is an important part of the immune system, so taking a TNF-⍺ inhibitor will limit the immune system as a whole. This can lead to higher instances of infection. In very bad cases, etanercept may cause cancer, multiple sclerosis, myelitis (inflammation in the spinal cord that causes nerve damage) and optic neuritis. New cases or worsening of congestive heart failure may also occur. Infliximab - common side effects include coughing, rash, sinus infection, sore throat, stomach pain. Infliximab is another TNF-⍺ inhibitor. The main difference between infliximab and etanercept is that while etanercept is more likely to bind to the active TNF-⍺ cells, infliximab binds to both inactive and active TNF-⍺ cells. The side effects and reported complications that go with taking Infliximab are generally in line with those experienced with etanercept, except infliximab has a higher risk of fungal lung infections and reactivation of tuberculosis.
With all treatments for rheumatoid arthritis it is vital that regular checks are carried out on heart, lung, and liver health.
Adalimumab - common side effects include back pain, headache, or itching, bruising, bleeding, pain at the site of injection. Adalimumab is another TNF-⍺ inhibitor. Both adalimumab and infliximab can destroy the cells that create TNF-⍺, whereas etanercept binds to them but doesn't destroy them. Adalimumab comes with increased risk of infection, certain cancers including lymphoma or leukaemia. Certolizumab pegol - common side effects include increased risk of infection (including possible reactivation of tuberculosis), sore throat and/or fever, coughing, diarrhea. Certolizumab pegol is another TNF-⍺ inhibitor that is built in a slightly different way. Etanercept, Infliximab and Adalimumab are relatively large components, while certolizumab pegol is smaller and more lightweight. As it's smaller, it would usually be destroyed by the body before it could do any good. To make it last longer, it undergoes a process called PEGylation, which is when the chemical PEGOL is added to the protein that neutralises TNF-α. The resulting molecule lasts much longer in the body, so it only needs to be injected every 2 weeks. With certolizumab pegol it's important to be wary of coming into contact with chicken pox or shingles, and it can also cause skin cancer. Rituximab - side effects include fever, wheeziness, rash and drop in blood pressure. Rituximab is a B-cell depleting, anti-CD20 antibody. This means that it removes B-cells or B-lymphocytes. B-cells are white blood cells that can mature and trigger inflammation. Rituximab works by targeting and blocking the CD20, which would prompt the B-cells to mature, which would prompt TNF-α cells to be made. Abatacept - side effects include dizziness, headaches, nausea, sore throat, cough, unexpected weight loss. Further up the chain still, abatacept is a T-cell signaling inhibitor. This means that it disrupts the T-cells that would cause the response in B-cells that would cause more TNFα cells to be made. As you can see, each one of these medications selects a specific part of the chain to disrupt. Tocilizumab - side effects include cough, sore throat, headaches, diziness, mouth ulcers, conjunctivitis, high blood pressure, weight gain, skin rashes, stomach irritation. The newest treatment that affects the chain one link further up, is tocilizumab, an anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody. This means that it stops Interleukin-6 (IL-6) from binding with the receptor IL-6R, which stops the signals that would summon the inflammatory reactions in the T-cells and B-cells targeted by rituximab and abatacept.
Metaphors help to clarify things, and as immunobiology is one of the most complex areas of biology to talk about, help is usually necessary. I therefore invite you to think of a stampede. Imagine a herd of 2000 wildebeest on an African plain. These wildebeest represent the cells in the immune system. In a healthy immune system the wildebeest stampede is triggered by real threats, like lions. However, when a patient has an autoimmune disease, 200 of the wildebeest can't tell the difference between a lion and a zebra. It only takes a few wildebeest to start running, and very quickly the rest of the herd starts to run too. DMARD treatments aim to prevent the stampede by tying two out of four legs on every wildebeest. This stops them from stampeding, but it makes their movement slow in general. It also means that the real threats, like lions, can just wander up and attack wherever they like. On the other hand, biologics go through the herd, tying the legs of the wildebeest that run away from zebra. This supposedly keeps the rest of the herd mobile, but tying the legs of these few can affect the rest of the herd in unpredictable ways. Both of these options can stop the immuno-stampede, which is good when it comes to psoriatic arthritis, but it's not so good when one considers the lions. Everyone's inner-wildebeest herd is triggered by different things, and finding the right solution is often a case of trial and error.
Twice the risk of heart attack.
40% higher risk of atrial fibrillation.
30% higher risk of stroke.
Interstitial lung disease, a leading cause of death amongst those with rheumatoid arthritis.
Twice the risk of developing osteoporosis.
Cancers, including leukaemia, lung cancer, lymphoma and multiple myeloma.
Rheumatoid arthritis is not in itself directly linked with shorter life expectancy, but it does increase the risk of developing other conditions that are.
Rheumatoid arthritis can be difficult to diagnose, especially as quite a few conditions cause swelling and joint stiffness. However, early diagnosis is important, so a GP should be seen as soon as possible after the symptoms begin.
The GP will carry-out a physical examination.
If they suspect rheumatoid arthritis they will refer their patient to a rheumatologist.
Scans, including X-rays, MRI and Ultrasound, may be organised to test for joint damage and inflammation.
How does arthritis affect life?
Arthritis is a degenerative disease that has an effect on almost every aspect of life. For those with osteoarthritis the effects are often minimal until later in life. In the early stages, symptoms can be managed with over-the-counter medications and holistic therapies like exercise and muscle strengthening routines. Rheumatoid arthritis is a different story. The decline can be slow, but it can also be rapid and will often lead to disfigurement and a need for constant care. Rheumatoid arthritis can affect people of any age, but it is most likely to affect those aged between 40 and 60. This means that quality of life at an otherwise active time can be seriously impaired.
The key way to help someone with arthritis is to stay positive and be sensitive to their mental health and wellbeing. Pain isn't fun, and the reality that the condition will only get worse can be difficult to face. It's important to adhere to medication and treatment regimens, and to keep-up with regular physical activity. If your loved one has been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis it is vitally important to stay informed about the various side effects associated with the complex medications prescribed, and aware of any abnormalities in behaviour and health. It is also important to take care of yourself. Caring for someone is rewarding, but it can also be incredibly challenging and stressful. Making sure you don't neglect yourself can make a big difference to your own long-term health. . If you are caring for someone with arthritis, HomeTouch can help. Simply search by postcode and browse the profiles of self-employed carers near you. All of the carers on our site have gone through a thorough 42-point vetting process, and only 5% are accepted. You choose the carer you want to work with, and we provide support with contracts, payments, and holiday and sickness cover.
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Arthritis Research UK. What is rheumatoid arthritis? Available at: https://www.arthritisresearchuk.org/arthritis-information/conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/what-is-rheumatoid-arthritis.aspx. Last accessed 31/08/2017.
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While I've passed through the city of Selkirk on a few occasions, it was always on my way to somewhere else. I never really thought about Selkirk as a destination, neither had it dawned on me that I could spend a weekend there and actually enjoy it. But spend a weekend I did at Evergreen Gate Bed and Breakfast in St. Andrews, whose hosts, Rob and Laurel, introduced me to Selkirk's intricacies and reassuring small-town charm.
For those who want to get away without going too far, Selkirk is a convenient 40-minute ride from Winnipeg, and Evergreen Gate, which is just a mere five-minute ride away from Selkirk, offers the ever-so-perfect balance of a home away from home. Driving onto the property of this bed and breakfast, I had this sense of entering a mini estate. The grounds were impeccably breathtaking with greenery and flowers everywhere (which I later learned had everything to do with Laurel's green thumb and Rob's lawn-mowing prowess – talk about dedication). As I entered the doors of the bed and breakfast, I was greeted by Rob who made me feel right at home, taking me from room to room. While each room possessed its own unique charms, it was the screened-in porch with its high ceilings and large windows that captured me the moment I set foot onto it. It would end up becoming my go-to spot on the cool spring evenings.
There's one thing that is certain: you can accomplish a lot on a two-day visit to the city of Selkirk and its neighbouring towns. But if Lower Fort Garry is on your list of must-sees, then it's advisable to dedicate a decent portion of one of your days to doing just that. For my family and I, we chose to start our journey into Selkirk with an introduction to the fort. While I had heard from just about everyone I talked with about what a tremendous and immersive experience Lower Fort Garry is, this was one of those times where the skeptic in me had to give way to the notion that seeing definitely meant believing. And so, for one day, I let go of my introversion, stepped back in time to circa 1852, and learned more than I ever thought I would about Manitoba's fur trading past and the lives of those who lived in that era and worked at the fort.
I have always been fascinated by history, so starting my stay in Selkirk with a visit to Lower Fort Garry proved to be the perfect tie-in to my next destination: River Road. After my introductory stop-in at Evergreen Gate, I was off again – this time with Rob – to learn all about River Road, its heritage homes and historic sites, the Red River itself, and the integral role it played in Manitoba's fur trading past. As Rob took me along the River Road, driving slowly and stopping occasionally to point out places of historic interest and the stories behind them, it wasn't hard to conjure up images of these people in that space and time, such a vivid storyteller Rob proved to be. One of the most poignant stops along River Road, however, was to the home of Thomas Bunn, who was, essentially, Louis Riel's right-hand man. The Thomas Bunn House, which Bunn built in 1862 for his wife, and which now operates as a bed and breakfast, is owned by Fraser Stewart and his wife Bev. And it was at this historic site that Mr. Stewart not only showed me around the Bunn House, but also introduced me to his three pet llamas.
Fun fact: Many of the streets in Selkirk are named for key women and wives who were citizens of Selkirk, such as Eveline Street, while many of the avenues were named for some of the city's most prominent men, like Robinson Avenue.
My next morning started with breakfast by Rob, who proved to know the ins and outs of the kitchen just as well as those of River Road. As Laurel kept me company, regaling me with stories of her time living and working in Selkirk, her love of plants, and her passion for the area she calls home, our conversation switched from English to French, once we realized we both spoke the language. Once breakfast was done, it was time to explore the heart of Selkirk. And once again, I was transported back in time – this time to the 1900s – by Rob as we ran aground at the Marine Museum. Walking through the ships, I couldn't help but note just how small some of the confined spaces were, and the fact that often enough, it was two or three people sharing the space!
After bidding adieu to the Keenora, Bradbury and the rest of the fleet, it was on to Selkirk Park, an amazing green space with its own skating rink, pool, boat launch, and campgrounds. And thereafter began my quest, in the company of a few friends, for the Brokenhead Wetland Interpretive Trail. And what a quest it proved to be, getting lost umpteen times, winding up in Gull Lake, then on a back road along Beaconia Beach, and later in Grand Marais, only to stumble across Brokenhead as we were just about to give up! Was it worth the effort? Definitely! Would I go back if I had the chance? Undoubtedly!
All in all, my weekend at Evergreen Gate in St. Andrews, the city of Selkirk and the neighbouring areas turned out to be an unexpected and welcome surprise. What made it even more memorable was the people I met along the way. While Rob and Laurel are quite proud of their home-turned-bed-and-breakfast, there's no doubt that much of that pride stems from their experience of having that home-turned-bed-and-breakfast ideally situated near Selkirk and on the historic River Road along the Red River. Their passion and vision for the area of Selkirk no doubt keep them going and made a believer even of the skeptic in me.


... And which ones will rip you off?
First, let's distinguish between Russian marriage agencies actually operated in Russia, and marriage agencies based in the west, but which focus on Russian "mail order brides".
There is certainly no shortage of marriage agencies operated in Russia, and we will touch on them in this discussion.
But for our purposes, we are mainly concerned with marriage agencies which provide introduction services to single Russian women and are based in the west, mainly the USA.
Some have expressed the opinion that if you stick with marriage agencies involved with single russian women based in the US, at least you have recourse in the event of a dispute.
That said, there are quality marriage agencies operated in Russia, and many of them partner with western marriage agencies.
But there are a handful of well known US based Russian marriage agencies which you may want to consider if you are serious about your search for a Russian mail order bride.
Anastasia-Russian Brides is one such agency, more formally known as AnastasiaWeb. Their sister site is RussianBrides.com.
Another is A Foreign Affair, also quite well known in the industry, and a quality, reputable source, well worth checking out for single Russian women.
Still another which we highly recommend is Elena's models, founded by Elena Petrova, who herself has gone through the experience of being a Russian "mail order bride" (a term which she rightfully detests, and which we only use here because most people are familair with it.).
You can find out more about these Russian marriage agencies at our main site. We encourage you to explore the informaton we have there, and submit any questions you may have.


text:
iCad gets 510k clearence. XOMA jumps on Orphan designation
By BioMedReports.com Staff
Below is a list of the companies that made news in the healthcare sector on Wednesday, August 4, 2010.
iCad Inc. (Nasdaq: ICAD) Announced today that The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has given clearance to VeraLook, iCAD's computer-aided detection product used in the interpretation of virtual colonoscopy exams. iCAD is an industry-leading provider of advanced image analysis solutions for the early detection of cancer.
"This breakthrough technology will aid radiologists in detecting and highlighting suspicious areas that could be missed during an initial review of a virtual colonoscopy exam," said Dr. Abraham Dachman, Professor of Radiology and Director of Fellowship Programs at the University of Chicago. "As with breast and prostate cancer detection, computer-aided detection for virtual colonoscopy will help us find more cancers at an earlier stage."
VeraLook from iCAD uses sophisticated interpretive technology to automatically identify polyps in images produced from a virtual colonoscopy, also known as CT colonography (CTC). A typical exam may contain between 1,200-1,500 images per patient. The identified polyps can then be highlighted to the interpreting physician after initial review of the CTC exam with the intent of identifying additional potential polyps that may not have been identified on initial review.
Shares of iCad soared 17.71% or 34 cents to $2.26.
XOMA Ltd. (Nasdaq:XOMA), a leader in the discovery and development of therapeutic antibodies, announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has designated XOMA 052, an antibody to interleukin-1 beta, an orphan drug for the treatment of Behcet's disease. As previously announced, the Committee for Orphan Medical Products of the European Medicines Agency has recommended the granting of orphan medicinal product designation for XOMA 052 for the same indication in the European Union.
Shares of XOMA jumped as much as 40% in early trading before paring back some of its gains and closing the day at 32 cents, up 15.48%.
NeoStem, Inc. (NYSE Amex: NBS) today announced that it has appointed Thomas Einhorn, M.D., Chairman of Orthopaedic Surgery at Boston University to its Medical Advisory Board. Thomas A. Einhorn, M.D. is Chairman of the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, Biochemistry and Biomedical Engineering at Boston University. A graduate of Rutgers University and Cornell Medical College, he completed his internship at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, orthopaedic residency at St. Luke's – Roosevelt Hospital in New York City, and a fellowship at the Hospital for Special Surgery. His professional focus is on the repair and regeneration of bone and cartilage using autologous adult stem cells, reconstructive surgery of the hip and knee, and the treatment of metabolic bone disease. He has authored over 200 peer-reviewed articles during his career to date.
Shares of NeoStem, which have been on a steady incline over the past couple of weeks, were up another 7.5% on the day.
NewCardio, Inc., (OTC Bulletin Board:NWCI.ob) announced today that, in collaboration with a leading global biopharmaceutical services provider that signed a Master Services Agreement (MSA) for the use of NewCardio's QTinno software solution earlier this year, the first revenue generating study has been completed.
NewCardio successfully installed QTinno at one of their Phase 1 units, enabling the sponsor to complete a small initial study. The data will provide an initial cardiac safety profile which can then be used to determine the next steps for the compound which could include further QT analysis or potential out-licensing of the compound. NewCardio expects to recognize the modest revenue from this study during the third quarter.
"The successful completion of this study, which satisfied all NewCardio's expectations for accuracy and timeliness, will facilitate the ongoing transition to more automated studies in the future," said Vincent Renz, NewCardio's President and Chief Operating Officer. "QTinno was implemented to help perform a small Phase 1 study rapidly and at low cost for their sponsor, providing useful data indicating the cardiac safety profile of the drug. We are excited to have achieved this milestone, and look forward to this leading to additional business with the biopharmaceutical services provider as well as this sponsor in the future."
ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NASDAQ: ARIA) today reported financial results for the second quarter and six months ended June 30, 2010 and provided an update on corporate developments.
"We made excellent progress during the second quarter on the ridaforolimus transition to our partner, Merck, which we expect to complete before the end of this year, and with preparations to initiate a global registration trial of AP24534, our investigational pan-BCR-ABL inhibitor, this fall," stated Harvey J. Berger, M.D., chairman and chief executive officer of ARIAD. "We are on track to achieve these goals and to drive and retain important shareholder value for our pipeline products."
CEL-SCI Corporation (NYSE AMEX: CVM) announced today that it has successfully produced and filled its first lot of Multikine® in preparation for the upcoming pivotal Phase III trial targeting advanced primary head and neck cancer.
The drug was filled in CEL-SCI's state-of-the-art "Cold-Fill" manufacturing facility. The Company completed this test in order to ensure that it is able to produce significant quantities of Multikine to support the 880 patient clinical trial which is expected to commence prior to the end of the year. CEL-SCI's manufacturing facility, located outside of Baltimore, has been designed to fill biologics such as Multikine in true cold conditions (4 degrees Centigrade) which prevents/minimizes the loss of biological activity.
"Over the past few months, we have been highly focused on staffing and testing the facility in order to ensure that we have the equipment, resources and personnel to deliver Multikine to patients in the Phase III trial," said Geert Kersten, CEL-SCI's Chief Executive Officer. "We recognize that in a trial of this scale involving a biologic there are many precautions that we need to take, and we have made excellent progress in completing these tasks so we can begin the trial later this year. With a strong balance sheet, the new manufacturing facility, a global CRO in place and having Phase III partners Teva Pharmaceuticals and Orient Europharma, we are well positioned to take Multikine through this pivotal trial. We believe that Multikine represents a paradigm shift in the way cancer patients are treated."
Cell Therapeutics, Inc. (Nasdaq and MTA: CTIC) today announced it has filed for a Special Protocol Assessment with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the design of its new phase III trial of pixantrone for patients with relapsed or refractory aggressive B-Cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma ("NHL").
In the filing, CTI proposed to the FDA that the randomized study will compare pixantrone plus rituximab against the current standard regimens used to treat this patient group. This trial is planned to enroll relapsed or refractory aggressive B-Cell NHL patients who failed first-line to third-line treatment with standard chemotherapy and are not transplant eligible.
Cypress Bioscience, Inc. (NASDAQ:CYPB) today announced that it is discontinuing its rights under its agreement with Forest Laboratories to co-promote Savella®, its drug for fibromyalgia. Forest has agreed to pay Cypress a one-time payment of $2.0 million to help facilitate with this transition. Cypress will retain all other rights under its agreement with Forest including its royalty on Savella sales and may pursue the opportunity to re-activate the co-promotion right through discussions with Forest in the future. Forest will maintain promotional levels behind Savella.
In an effort to further reduce its cost structure, Cypress will also either discontinue or sell its personalized medicine services business by the end of Q3'2010. Cypress estimates that these actions will decrease its operating costs by approximately $10 million on an annualized basis. Operating results for the remainder of 2010 will be adversely affected by charges related to severance payments and termination of contractual obligations, which the company currently estimates will be approximately $3.5 million and up to approximately $1.0 million in impairment charges.
Additionally, Cypress will be decreasing its workforce by approximately 86% affecting 123 of its employees. Concurrent with this announcement, all affected employees will receive appropriate notice of the lay off to be effective October 6, 2010.
Penwest Pharmaceuticals Co. (Nasdaq:PPCO) surged more than 10% today after the company reported record financial results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2010. For the second quarter of 2010, revenues increased 159% year-over-year and total operating expenses decreased 28% year-over-year, leading to record net income of $8.4 million, or $0.26 per share.
pSivida Corp. (NASDAQ:PSDV) (ASX:PVA), a leader in the development of sustained release back of the eye drug delivery systems for difficult-to-treat conditions, announced that it has been added to the Russell Microcap® Index, following the Russell Investment Group's annual reconstitution of its indices.
Also Wednesday:
Aeterna Zentaris Inc. (NASDAQ: AEZS, TSX: AEZ) a late-stage drug development company specialized in oncology and endocrinology, will announce its second quarter 2010 financial and operating results before market open on Thursday, August 12, 2010.
American Oriental Bioengineering, Inc. (NYSE:AOB) a pharmaceutical company dedicated to improving health through the development, manufacture and commercialization of a broad range of prescription and over the counter ("OTC") products, today announced that it plans to release second quarter 2010 financial results on Monday, August 9, 2010, before the market opens.
Amicus Therapeutics (Nasdaq:FOLD) announced today that the Company's Chairman and CEO John F. Crowley will be presenting a corporate overview, including the Company's continued progress with its global Phase 3 program for Fabry disease, at the Canaccord Genuity 30th Annual Growth Conference.
ArQule, Inc. (NASDAQ: ARQL) today announced its financial results for the second quarter of 2010.
Catalyst Health Solutions, Inc. (NASDAQ: CHSI), a pharmacy benefit management (PBM) company, today announced its financial results for the quarter ended June 30, 2010.
Celldex Therapeutics, Inc. (NASDAQ: CLDX) today reported financial results for the second quarter ended June 30, 2010.
Celgene Corporation (NASDAQ: CELG) today announced that it has received verbal confirmation of early termination of the Hart-Scott-Rodino Act (HSR) 30-day waiting period without the United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC) requesting additional information with regard to Celgene's pending acquisition of Abraxis Bioscience, Inc. (NASDAQ: ABII).
Catalyst Health Solutions, Inc., (NASDAQ:CHSI) and Independence Blue Cross (IBC) announced today that they have entered into a definitive agreement for Catalyst to acquire IBC's pharmacy benefit management subsidiaries, FutureScripts, LLC and FutureScripts Secure, LLC (FutureScripts), for $225 million, which includes the value of a future tax benefit for Catalyst based on the structure of the transaction.
Clarient, Inc. (Nasdaq:CLRT), a premier anatomic pathology and molecular testing services resource for pathologists, oncologists and the biopharmaceutical industry, today announced that the Company is scheduled to make investor presentations at two investor conferences in the month of August.
Dyadic International, Inc. (Pink Sheets:DYAI) announced today that the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida has approved the final resolution of the consolidated stockholder class action lawsuit, Miller v. Dyadic International, Inc. et al, and dismissed the lawsuit with prejudice.
Genzyme Corp. (NASDAQ: GENZ) and Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc. (NASDAQ: ISIS) today announced results of two phase 3 studies of mipomersen in patients who had high cholesterol levels while on maximally tolerated lipid-lowering therapy. In the study of patients with severe hypercholesterolemia, mipomersen reduced LDL-C, the primary endpoint, by 36 percent compared with a 13 percent increase for placebo.
Insmed Inc. (Nasdaq:INSM), a biopharmaceutical company, today reported results for the second quarter and six-months ended June 30, 2010.
Kendle (Nasdaq:KNDL), a leading, global full-service clinical research organization, today reported net income of $1.9 million or $0.12 per diluted share for the second quarter of 2010 compared with net income of $3.2 million or $0.21 per diluted share for the second quarter of 2009.
Life Technologies Corporation (NASDAQ:LIFE) today announced the commercial availability of the Applied Biosystems AutoMate Express™ Forensic DNA Extraction System, which is designed to streamline sample preparation and improve downstream DNA profile quality.
MannKind Corporation (Nasdaq: MNKD), focused on discovering, developing and commercializing treatments for diabetes and cancer, announced today that it will present at the 30th Annual Canaccord Genuity Growth Conference on Wednesday, August 11, 2010 at 9 AM (EDT) at the InterContinental Hotel in Boston.
Maxygen, Inc. (Nasdaq:MAXY), a biopharmaceutical company focused on developing improved versions of protein drugs through both internal development and external collaborations and other arrangements, today announced financial and business results for the quarter ended June 30, 2010.
MedLink (OTCBB: MLKNA), a leadin provider of Electronic Health Records and practice management solutions, is pleased to announce the acquisition of Health Informatics, Inc. a provider of cutting edge clinical data digitization technology that simplifies and streamlines the adoption of Electronic Health Records.
Neoprobe Corporation (OTCBB: NEOP), a diversified developer of innovative oncology and surgical diagnostic and treatment products, today announced that the Company will report financial results for the second quarter ended June 30, 2010 on Monday, August 9, 2010 following the close of the financial markets.
Osteotech, Inc. (Nasdaq:OSTE), a leader in the emerging field of biologic products for regenerative healing, announced today that the Company's second quarter ended June 30, 2010 financial results will be released before the market opens on Monday, August 9, 2010.
Optimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Nasdaq:OPTR) today reported financial results for the second quarter ended June 30, 2010.
Oncology, Inc. (Nasdaq: ZIOP) announced today that Jonathan Lewis, MD, PhD, Chief Executive Officer, will present at the Canaccord Genuity 30th Annual Global Growth Conference on Wednesday, August 11, 2010 at 9:30 am ET at The Intercontinental Hotel in Boston, MA.
Par Pharmaceutical Companies, Inc. (NYSE:PRX) today reported results for the second quarter ended June 30, 2010.
Pluristem Therapeutics Inc. (NasdaqCM: PSTI) (DAX: PJT) today announced that it appointed Dr. Aristidis Veves to the company's Scientific Advisory Board.
ProPhase Labs (NASDAQ: PRPH) a nounced today that financial results for the second quarter, ended June 30, 2010, will be released before marketopen on August 12, 2010.
Quidel Corporation (NASDAQ:QDEL), a leading provider of rapid diagnostic testing solutions, today announced that it will present at the Canaccord Genuity 30th Annual Growth Conference to be held at the InterContinental Boston hotel in Boston, Massachusetts on Thursday, August 12, 2010.
RTI Biologics Inc. (RTI) (Nasdaq:RTIX), a leading processor of orthopedic and other biologic implants, reported operating results for the second quarter ended Jun 30, 2010 as follows: "Revenues met expectations, and we are confident we can reach our financial goals for the second half of the year due to the ongoing strong performance by our direct distribution group and higher orders from our distributors."
Rotech Healthcare Inc. (OTCBB: ROHI) today announced financial results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2010.
Seattle Genetics, Inc. (Nasdaq:SGEN) announced today that Eric L. Dobmeier, Chief Business Officer, will speak at the Canaccord Genuity 30th Annual Growth Confere ce on Tuesday, August 10, 2010, at 9:30 a.m. Eastern Time.
Somaxon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NASDAQ:SOMX), a specialty pharmaceutical company, today announced that it will release its second quarter 2010 financial results on Wednesday, August 11, 2010 after the closing of the U.S. financial markets.
Sunesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NASDAQ: SNSS) today announced the Steering Committee and other clinical trial partners for its pivotal Phase 3 trial of vosaroxin in acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
Taro Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. (Pink Sheets: TAROF) today announced that it has filed its audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2007 in a Form 6-K with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
Tengion, Inc. (Nasdaq:TNGN), a regenerative medicine company focused on discovering, developing, manufacturing and commercializing neo-organs and neo-tissues, today announced it will release its second quarter 2010 financial report before market open on Wednesday, August 11, 2010.
Walgreens (NYSE: WAG) (NASDAQ: WAG) had July sales of $5.58 billion, an increase of 6.2 percent from $5.26 billion for the same month in 2009.
Watson Pharmaceuticals (NYSE:WPI) today announced that Sigurdur Oli Olafsson has joined the Company as Executive Vice President, Global Generics, effective September 1, 2010.
ZIOPHARM Oncology, Inc. (Nasdaq: ZIOP) announced today that Jonathan Lewis, MD, PhD, Chief Executive Officer, will present at the Canaccord Genuity 30th Annual Global Growth Conference on Wednesday, August 11, 2010 at 9:30 am ET at The Intercontinental Hotel in Boston, MA.
ZymoGenetics, Inc. (NASDAQ: ZGEN) announced today that Douglas E. Williams, Ph.D., Chief Executive Officer of ZymoGenetics, will present at the Canaccord Annual Growth Conference in Boston on Tuesday, August 10, 2010 at 8:30 a.m. Eastern Time.
Biotech investors interested in seeing more details about these companies and a full list of their related stories can do so by typing the stock ticker symbol into the Stock Quotes box on the right side of the page.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Alba Nora Gúnera Osorio (May 1942 – 1 October 2021) was a Honduran politician and wife of General Juan Alberto Melgar, the Honduran military Head of State from 1975 to 1978. After being elected mayor of Tegucigalpa, she ran for presidency for the National Party in 1997 elections, but lost to Liberal Party nominee Carlos Roberto Flores. She served as the 6th Vice-President of the National Congress of Honduras during the 2010-2014 legislature.

References

1942 births
2021 deaths
Mayors of Tegucigalpa
First ladies of Honduras
Mayors of places in Honduras
National Party of Honduras politicians
Deputies of the National Congress of Honduras
Candidates for President of Honduras
21st-century Honduran women politicians
21st-century Honduran politicians

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


HL-telematics brings to you the ability to monitor and control your fuel costs at all times from your PC.
Special Fuel sensors which are developed by HL-telematics are placed on the vehicles and directly connected to our AVL device to allow on line monitoring of actual and total fuel consumption, tank fuel level at an accuracy of 0.7% to 2 % on fuel additions or fuel deductions. All fuel fillings and fuel deductions are saved and able to be viewed by our software daily report. Information such as fuel consuption/trip, average consuption/mile are automatically calculated and added to our reports therefore giving a complete picture on fuel usage and cost.
Special charts are also inserted in our software program in order to provide you with a cleaner indication of fuel activity and consumption.


I have spent 47 years of my life studying Martial Arts and authored 13 books between 1982 and 1996. In 2007 I began training a Demonstration Team and subsequently developed and published five instructional DVDs. Two of them are my exclusive development of a system of self defense designed for lay persons wishing to learn an effective system of self defense using the Steel Telescoping Baton. The DVDs are entitled Tie Gun Lian Shi and Tie Gun Lian Shi Level II. The terms Tie Gun mean "Iron Stick" and Lian Shi is my style of Kung Fu. The thrid DVD is "Advanced Guge Gongji" which teaches structurally disabling an opponent in self defense; the fourth is "Fight for Your Life, Unarmed Against the Gun" which teaches techniques for safely taking a handgun away from an attacker, and the fifth is "Combat Boxing for Competition and Self Defense" which teaches basic and advanced boxing skills with a focus on systemic boxing and training methods. They're all on my website at www.longsystemcombativearts.com. In addition to selling these DVDs and a small number of training utensils on the website, I also sell to dealers and distributors at a 50% discount.
VERY cool...it's important to be resourceful & creative when thinking of ways to get very important messages out!
Great! The site is only about 3 weeks old, but I feel that once the word gets out, it will grow by leaps and bounds! Thanks for helping to spread the word!
Welcome to the group! Great Pictures!
Regarding this group...feel free join or create a group, change the "theme" of your page, and/or adjust your "settings" (profile, appearance, privacy & email alerts) so they work the best for you.
Welcome aboard and I look forward to networking with you!


Greek Cuisine for Dinner at Tassos (42% Off). Two Options Available.
BBQ Meats and Sides at KC Baby Back Ribs (Up to 38% Off). One Option Available.
Gastropub Cuisine for Dinner or Lunch at Spectators Restaurant & Bar (43% Off). Three Options Available.
Italian Cuisine at Monetti's Pizzeria Ristorante (Up to 45% Off). Two Options Available.
From the merchant: The entire staff of our family owned and operated bar and grill works hard to serve great food & drinks.
Authentic wood-fired pizzas from Naples, Italy; Italian beers and wines exclusively on draft at this locally owned pizza restaurant.


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Q: How does django parse url queries? How do django views parse url queries? For example, suppose I have a view that lists all of the users at
localhost:8000/users/

If I wanted to add my own pagination feature, without django's built in one, how would I handle
localhost:8000/users/?page=10

or
localhost:8000/users/?id=526

I know that this defies that traditional sense of pretty url's, but I feel that it is necessary at some points.

A: Use request.GET.get():
fallback_page_num = '1'
page = request.GET.get('page', fallback_page_num)

A: Just give a look at the official documentation: URL Dispatcher
Or look at this: Capturing the URL parameters in request.GET

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


NaVorro Bowman Bottom Line.Group I leaders Croatia were not given easy ride at home to bottom side Kosovo a match played to its conclusion having been abandoned on Saturday.State Warriors 8 PM ?could get some competition for touches out of the backfield 2018 after the Tennessee Titans agreed to terms on a contract with on Tuesday, of The Tennessean reports.'s breakout performance the postseason suggests he'll likely still receive the bulk of early down work, but the versatile should nearly monopolize the snaps on passing downs.
Scotland, who are currently without a permanent manager after parting ways with Strachan, host Costa Rica their first match of the year on 23.3 against the Washington Mystics DC as the Aces failed to appear.But Netherlands, also Group A, must beat Sweden with a huge goal difference swing to steal second place and a play-off spot.3 against the Washington Mystics DC as the Aces failed to appear.
01 2018 by RotoWire Staff | RotoWire Titans' : Posts 66-yard receiving touchdown win.Club executives said the matches would be available via the MUTV app.Adept coverage, can get his hands on a slot receiver or tight end, yet still come off to run with a crosser.The presence of is a bigger concern than scheme fit, as it's hard to imagine approaching 20 touches per game unless his new teammate suffers injury.With DeMarco ruled out, per of the Tennessee Titans' official site, is line to head the Titans' backfield Sunday against the Jaguars.The Titans can secure a wild-card playoff spot with a win, so we'd expect to plenty of on Sunday.
With no longer around to contend with, — health permitting — should easily eclipse the 176 carries that he logged 2017.ManU's tour includes matches that are part of the International Champions Cup .The visitors were gifted a to go ahead the 40th minute following a clumsy challenge on Fraser by Laszlo Kleinheisler, but Peter Gulacsi threw himself to his left to push away Mulgrew's firmly-hit spot-kick.
He made up for it with a 35-yard scoring scamper early the fourth, slashing his team's deficit to five points.The club said it has more than 659 million fans worldwide.Oklahoma City Thunder vs.
Everybody is excited for the tour and it gives us the opportunity to play front of some of the millions of Manchester United supporters which we have across the USA, said Woodward.ManU is the third most valuable soccer franchise, and fifth most valuable sports franchise the world, with a value estimated at more than $3 billion.Switzerland's comfortable 3 win Latvia means they stay three points clear at the top of Group B but automatic progress is not beyond Portugal, who host Switzerland their final fixture.the and bringing some popular and valuable friends along.We have witnessed first-hand the passion and support for the Club the U.S.
July 17 Real Salt Lake Rio Tinto Stadium, Salt Lake ?Mulgrew gifted possession to striker Szalai with 20 minutes remaining but came to his captain's rescue, blocking the one on one before the Hungary striker flicked Gergo Lovrencsics' driven cross agonisingly wide the next passage of play.Scotland took some time to settle into a rhythm on a bumpy surface at the Groupama Arena and Allan made a good stop from a Balazs Dzsudzsak free-kick 20 minutes .He didn't get much of a to play during his two years with the Hurricanes, getting 23 contests and making just 17 tackles.The club said it has more than 659 million fans worldwide.
Bulgaria pulled one back within two minutes with Georgi Kostadinov claiming the final touch after a curling free kick by captain Ivelin went straight through the defence, but the Dutch restored a two-goal advantage the 80th minute when Propper headed home Promes cross.After Tennessee finally took the lead later the frame, the power runner sealed the victory by earning first downs with runs of 12 and 22 yards.the start for DeMarco and logged a career-high amount of carries, but the sledding on the was decidedly rough versus a stingy Jaguars front.Against Baylor, Brown intercepted Heisman Trophy-winning quarterback Robert Griffin III to set up the Wildcats' game-winning field goal — it was the only second-half interception RG3 threw all .
I am delighted that those fans be able to every kick of every match of the 2017 Tour, presented by Aon, on the new MUTV app.Scotland took the lead inside three minutes of the restart when Phillips met Fraser's cross and fired home first time from eight yards.ManU is the third most valuable soccer franchise, and fifth most valuable sports franchise the world, with a value estimated at more than $3 billion.The Harvard University commit was also named to the USHL All-Academic Team.


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Home›State religions›Does our "supreme" leader have the courage to confront media like Biden, Putin did in Geneva?
Does our "supreme" leader have the courage to confront media like Biden, Putin did in Geneva?
Vidya Bhushan Rawat *
Two leaders of two great nations met in a neutral location known for its peaceful locations and absolutely neutral position around the world. President Joe Biden of the United States and President Vladimir Putin of the Russian Federation came to Geneva for their first face-to-face meeting after the United States saw a change of government.
President Putin had, in his long career as Head of State of the Russian Federation, met four US presidents since 1999. They are President Bill Clinton, President George W Bush, President Barack Obama, President Donald Trump and now Joe Biden was the fifth president to meet with Putin. . Indeed, Putin was probably well aware of the American political "expectations" on his part.
However, things this time around in Geneva were different from what happened in Helsinki when Donald Trump and Vladimir Putin came to discuss various issues. Donald Trump is flamboyant and loves "the media", Putin seems to know this art much better than his counterparts. Unlike Donald Trump, President Joe Biden is a serious man, who believes that diplomatic skills cannot be demonstrated through "the media" but through serious behind-the-scenes negotiations.
The American media, frustrated with Trump, wanted to make the Geneva talks a "victory" for Joe Biden. He had already started correcting the narrative, and there was an effort to project Vladimir Putin as a very "small" man, or Russia as an absolute "non-entity" to the United States.
Putin's story was known to have made the world leader "wait" for his arrival to begin to be discussed. Also, how the US administration did not want President Biden to "wait" for Putin. Therefore, it has been suggested that Putin arrived on Moscow time, arrived at the hotel to be greeted by the Swiss president, and waited for President Biden to arrive for the talks.
The US media have sought to "analyze" every aspect of the "summit," doing everything possible to demean Putin and Russia. Putin would use the summit to bolster his "ratings" at the national level, one commentator said. Another nodded, he must have felt "good" sitting with the "most powerful" man in the world and gaining international "importance".
Pathetic to say the least. Russia may not be the same as the United States, but it is definitely a great nation. It still inspires the nations that fought against colonialism and Western hegemony.
After the first handshake between the two presidents and their footage of the face-to-face meeting, CNN commentators suggested Putin was "nervous" and looked like a "student." They were "amazed" by President Biden who looked "confident". The one-on-one meeting between the two presidents lasted about two hours; it continued for about three additional hours by the official delegations of the two parties present.
After the summit, it was clear that the Americans did not want a joint press conference for fear that Putin would "steal" the show, as happened during his joint press conference with Donald Trump in Helsinki. The US administration as well as the Western media were determined not to give Putin the opportunity to "shine" this time around. Apparently, the media had come "well prepared" to counter Putin. Therefore, it was made clear that the two leaders would address the media separately.
Putin was the first to address the media. He looked confident and always had to deal with the media. He said the talks were constructive and praised President Joe Biden. He is a "statesman," Putin said. Then he announced that the Russian and American ambassadors would soon resume their respective functions.
As usual, the Western media wanted to "embarrass" Putin on his record in matters of "human rights" and on the opposition leader in prison for espionage. The American media kept ranting about the issue and pretending that Putin was going to be taught a lesson if he didn't agree.
Putin is a classic Russian leader who knows how to deal with Western media. All these "liberals" got it all in return when Putin responded forcefully and spoke of "Black Lives Matters" which does not exist in Russia. He also said he did not want to tell America what happened in the aftermath of the presidential election when Trump supporters attacked Capitol Hill.
Putin also rejected the allegation of the American media concerning the ill-treatment inflicted on "Russian dissident" Alexei Navalny who languishes in prison. Putin insisted that America called Russia an adversary and therefore how can a person supported by an adversary be a friend of Russia?
A man who has not spoken to any journalist in the past 7 years and who enjoys doing fake interviews with worshipers cannot handle the media in a neutral place
Western journalists could not in fact trick Putin through their "difficult" questions. Every time he visits the West, Putin wins the limelight. After Putin's long conference, it's President Joe Biden's turn to address the media. As a seasoned politician, he said the talks were constructive and hoped he would continue to defend American interests.
However, the media were not "happy" with Biden's response. They wanted to know whether Biden had "scolded" Putin or not. Such a stupid attitude can only be expected when the media is a propaganda apparatus of the ruling dispensation. As President Biden was about to leave, the last question asked by a reporter infuriated him. "Are you convinced that Putin's behavior will change? », Declared the journalist.
This question actually hurt Biden and he was a little aggressive when he said, "What will change their behavior is if the rest of the world reacts to them and it diminishes their position in the world. I don't trust anything; I am only stating a fact.
The president knew the art of diplomacy and, being a seasoned political leader, he understood that not everything can be discussed at a press conference. Joe Biden knew he wasn't talking to a president in any country. It was addressed to Russia, still the greatest country in the world and a great power of yesteryear that has not been diminished as many had assumed.
It is a country which still gives hope to many other countries. Even in the days of Covid, it was the Russian Sputnik vaccine that was initially scorned by Western media, but they soon realized that it was more effective than any of their own products. .
The problem in the Western media world is that the narrative begins about their opponents. Russia is an independent nation and has the right to defend itself. Putin will not speak the American language like Americans will not speak the Russian language. Why do the American media want Putin to speak out for their interests?
These are the same media that passed off as terrorists Fidel Castro, Che Guevara, Nelson Mandela, Yasser Arafat. They always questioned the "human rights" record of these leaders and their countries. Fortunately, all of them were extremely well read and understood the games of the Imperial Powers.
Whether it was Nelson Mandela or Fidel Castro, they remained powerful, thoughtful and the Western media understood this. Anyone who spoke for their own country and showed their autonomy became villains. Kenneth Kaunda, Julius Nyerere, Robert Mugabe – all have become villains in the Western world. I'm not saying they haven't done anything wrong. Of course, the crisis of the Global South is the absence of autonomous institutions, which have made heroes of the anti-colonial war absolute monarchs, without contesting their leadership.
The leadership of a nation cannot be judged by the standards that a foreigner imposes on us. The world is turning into a village and information technology has brought us together. Yet the media are a means of communicating a message. The duty of the media is to report and not to push the agenda of their political leaders. The international media must provide both sides of the story.
There is a tendency to ignore that the US administration has supported fundamentalists, military dictators and monarchs. Who can ignore the powerful Pakistani general Ziaul Haq who destroyed the constitution and created a sharia law in his country, found the full support of the Americans to counter Russian influence in Afghanistan? It is a well-known fact that before the Taliban, Afghanistan had a very progressive regime under Najibullah.
Likewise, in the Middle East, the Americans supported all the monarchs while trying to delegitimize Iran, which had a much better political record than Saudi Arabia, the United States' biggest ally. U.S. human rights concerns have seldom questioned Israel's brutality and utter disrespect for international law in the Gaza Strip and the rest of Palestine, where innocent citizens are criminalized at will without never respect the autonomy and sovereignty of the Palestinian Authority.
Regardless, Joe Biden was courteous, and when he realized he had overreacted to the reporter's question, he apologized to her before taking off from Geneva. It takes a lot of courage and conviction to do it. Joe Biden deserves his respect and appreciation. We can never expect such things to happen in our part of the world. Frankly, we now have armies of social media trolls to wreck real journalists. They are paid trolls who humiliate anyone who deviates from "official" lines.
We wonder if our supreme leader has the capacity to independently manage such aggressive and hostile media, as Putin did in Geneva. We might not like Putin, but the point is, he stole the show in Geneva despite all the media's attempts to make him a villain. For that, it takes a lot of courage and conviction.
A man who has not spoken to any journalist in the past seven years and who enjoys doing "sham" interviews with "devotees" cannot manage the media in a neutral place. The strength of a leader is measured in these neutral places by the way he manages the media and explains the facts about his country.
Indian leaders can learn a lot from this summit that a superfluous leader created by a false narrative cannot really answer the tough questions at the international level. Joe Biden and Vladimir Putin have shown that they are leaders in their own right and that they know how to manage the media according to the interests of their country.
The lesson for the media is to focus on reporting and not try to build a one-sided narrative to increase their TRPs. Diplomacy and negotiations are a difficult art, and it is therefore important to give the diplomats on the return route a breathing space so that the talks succeed and ensure their continuation in the best interests of world peace and stability.
* Human rights defender, Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/vbrawat, twitter: @freetohumanity
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Q: Custome route in django admin I wanted to customize my django admin route
Not from /admin to something else but to add new clickable custom route inside admin panel
Currently I have created superuser using python manage.py createsuperuser command.
I can login to django admin panel , but what I want is to have a custom route to be displayed in left sidebar or anywhere else after logging into django admin panel. My custom route is like localhost:8000/my-view/ and my-view should be displayed somewhere in admin panel.
TIA.


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Phoenix, AZ - Flinn Foundation announced the selection of the 2019 Flinn Foundation Bioscience Entrepreneurship Program participants. View the press release here.
By Episcopal Health Foundation CEO Elena Marks and St.


along the T3 Bankstown Line reduced travel times to key employment and education precincts. Sydney Metro A new standalone railway, this 21st century network will deliver 31 metro stations and 66 kilometres of new metro rail for Australia's biggest city – revolutionising the way Sydney travels. Sydney's new metro railway will have a target capacity of about 40,000 customers per hour... West Ryde Cars Avis car rental location is well located at 899 Victoria Road in downtown West Ryde. With so much to see and experience in West Ryde a rental car offers you the flexibility to fully enjoy your stay and is a quick and easy way to explore West Ryde.
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Quest North Ryde offers impeccable service and all the essential amenities to invigorate travelers. A selection of top-class facilities such as free Wi-Fi in all rooms, 24-hour front desk, facilities for disabled guests, Wi-Fi in public areas, car park can be enjoyed at the hotel.


A Ghana-based pastor, Isaac Owusu Bempah of Glorious Word Ministry International (GWMI) in Accra, Ghana, has claimed that the recent loss of lives in a guest house of the Synagogue Church of All Nations ( SCOAN) that collapsed last week may not be unconnected to Prophet T.B. Joshua's quest for promotion in the spiritual realm.
The Pastor seen as an undershepherd made this disclosure during a recent interview with Ghanaian morning show, Okay Fm.
He stated that: "This is evil hands at work because I know people who have to make human sacrifices in order to be promoted in the spiritual realm. I know some people will vilify me for making this known".
According to Owusu, it wasn't the first time that people would lose their lives courtesy of the controversial pastor, as he recalled the loss of four lives when TB Johsua came to Ghana for a program.
"Look at what is happening to him. You came for a program in Ghana and that led to the death of four people. You also woke up one day and a whole building collapsed, killing over forty people," he stated.


We read this over several times and it still doesn't make sense to us. Also, that font is pretty terrible.
It's hard to say who that's supposed to be a tattoo of, but again there are surely better places to have it done.


"Explore the remotest part of Costa Rica with your free Travel Guide"
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Inside the southern guide you will find travel tips on vacationing in Costa Rica and who should travel within the southern zone. Also, find the best attractions and what to do when you visit these popular areas. At my Costa Rica, we have compiled great hotels and tours for the best possible vacation to southern Costa Rica.
The southern zone is full of wonder and thrilling adventure. When you come here, you will be amazed at all flora and fauna within the national parks and surrounding area. Feel truly away from it all and experience a thrilling adventure full of the most exciting tours. Or you can also choose to relax and spend your time with your family.
There are many cool things to do in the Southern Zone. For example, you could take a tour of Corcovado National Park or maybe you would like to take a whale watching and dolphin tour in the Golfo Dulce. Either way, we a My Costa Rica can make it happen.


No matter how you look at it, handbags are an important piece of our wardrobes. This is a fact I am constantly trying to stress to my husband. For the record, there is no such thing as "too many handbags". That absurd idea just doesn't exist. I am always trying to collect more. One of my favorite pieces is my GUCCI LARGE INDY HOBO. I will admit, this one was a bit of an investment, but the leather tassels and metal plates sold me. I opted for the dark brown in their famous Guccissima leather because I wanted to invest in a bag that was classic and iconic.
I love THIS BAG; it gets compliments wherever I go. There is only one small downfall to this bag... it is heavy. With the leather covered bamboo handle, metal plates, and removable strap the bag can feel like it weighs a ton after a long day of shopping. The bag is heavy even before I add my iphone, make up pouch, wallet, sunglasses, and a host of other things I can't leave the house without. Sometimes I do come home with a sore shoulder, but then I think of all the adulation it's received during the day and suddenly I fell all better.


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You are at:Home»News»NIAB has appointed Dr Richard Harrison as its new Director of Cambridge Crop Research.
NIAB has appointed Dr Richard Harrison as its new Director of Cambridge Crop Research.
By JohnSwire on	 May 1, 2019 News, People, Research
Dr Harrison currently leads the crop genetics, genomics and breeding research programme at NIAB EMR in Kent. He takes up his new role with immediate effect, guiding the overall scientific direction, development and management of NIAB's crop genetics and breeding, pathology, and crop variety characterisation at Cambridge. This includes taking a leading role in the development of the Cambridge Centre for Crop Science (3CS), a collaborative initiative between NIAB and the University of Cambridge.
Announcing Dr Harrison's appointment NIAB chief executive Dr Tina Barsby said: "We are delighted to be able to promote a scientist of Richard's strength and experience from within our organisation. He is a superb asset to NIAB and will be central to the development and communication of our science direction and strategy.
"NIAB has a leading role in supporting sustainable and efficient production of agricultural and horticultural crops in the UK and internationally.We can only do this through world-class research, innovative applied science and effective translation into practice via knowledge, products and services delivered to growers, industries and public bodies. Richard, as our new Director of Cambridge Crop Research, will be instrumental in this continued success, and growth, of NIAB."
Dr Harrison completed his PhD in systems biology at the University of Manchester, followed by a Medical Research Council Fellowship at the University of Edinburgh in bioinformatics and population genetics. He joined East Malling (now NIAB EMR) in 2011 as a research leader, taking his current role as the head of the genetics, genomics and breeding department in 2016, spanning applied to fundamental crop research in the horticultural sector. Dr Harrison coordinated seven research group themes at NIAB EMR, including applied crop breeding, imaging and precision agriculture, new technology, statistical genomics, fruit quality and plant development. His own research focuses on understanding the genetic basis of complex traits, such as the interactions between plants and microbes.
Dr Harrison is a member of the BBSRC Agri-food Strategic Advisory Panel, the KTN Plant Science advisory board, and the BBSRC pool of experts.
Dr Harrison said: "This is a great opportunity, and a privilege, to join the senior team at NIAB and to help to grow and strengthen the research base. Current global challenges call for new ways working in order to develop an environmentally and economically sustainable food system. I am looking forward to contributing to an exciting future for NIAB, and for 3CS, in this vital area of research and development."


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Nat Rev Microbiol. 2009 May;7(5):383-92. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2056.
Using movies to analyse gene circuit dynamics in single cells.
Locke JC1, Elowitz MB.
Department of Applied Physics, Division of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
Many bacterial systems rely on dynamic genetic circuits to control crucial biological processes. A major goal of systems biology is to understand these behaviours in terms of individual genes and their interactions. However, traditional techniques based on population averages 'wash out' crucial dynamics that are either unsynchronized between cells or are driven by fluctuations, or 'noise', in cellular components. Recently, the combination of time-lapse microscopy, quantitative image analysis and fluorescent protein reporters has enabled direct observation of multiple cellular components over time in individual cells. In conjunction with mathematical modelling, these techniques are now providing powerful insights into genetic circuit behaviour in diverse microbial systems.
10.1038/nrmicro2056
Circuits, variability, and movies
A) Circuit level view: genes and gene products interact to generate an ordered behavioural program. B) Noisy view: Isogenic populations exhibit large degrees of heterogeneity, both in terms of gene expression and differentiated states. As an example, we show an image of a B. subtilis strain with two chromosomally integrated reporter constructs, PspoIIq-cfp (shown in yellow), PspoIID-yfp (shown in red), superimposed on a phase contrast image (gray). Cells were grown in sporulation medium. However, they initiate sporulation at different times, leading vegetative cells (dark rods) to coexist with cells various stages of sporulation (coloured cells). C) Movies allow us to analyse the effects of circuit interactions on the relative timing of gene expression in variable and dynamic circuits. Here, two schematic gene expression traces are shown in red and green for a simple activating interaction (x activates z). Note that the movie enables one to observe delayed correlations that would not be evident in snapshots. τ indicates a typical delay before regulatory effects of x are visible in z.
Using Movies to Analyse Gene Circuit Dynamics in Single Cells
Nat Rev Microbiol. ;7(5):383-392.
Tracking and segmenting single cells
A) Schematic of data flow for a cell tracking and segmentation system. During tracking cell shapes must first be identified in images (segmentation) and then tracked over time. Finally the fluorescence values must be extracted. B-E) Segmentation and tracking input and output: B) Phase-contrast images are obtained at time-intervals (shown at the bottom). C) Fluorescence images of the microcolony. In this example, filters for yellow and cyan fluorescent proteins are used (shown in red and green respectively). D) Segmentation, performed on the phase-contrast images, finds the locations of each cell in the image. Arbitrary colours are used for labelling. E) The descendents of cell #4, are shown highlighted. The final panel shows the descendants of each of the 4 initial cells after ≈ 4 generations. Figure is courtesy of J. Young, California Institute of Technology, California, USA, and N. Rosenfeld, Rosetta Genomics, Rehovot, Israel.
Automated lineage analysis reveals epigenetic states
A) The aging of Escherichia coli (from ). This lineage tree depicts 9 generations of E. coli from 94 movies. The lengths of the lines connecting cells to their progeny are proportional to the average growth rate of that cell, so a shorter line represents a shorter growth rate. At each division, the cell inheriting the old pole is placed on the right side of the division pair, and shown in red, while new poles are placed on the left side of each pair, and shown in blue. Green lines indicate the point at which the first cell divides in the last four generations. B-D) Genealogical switching history in the Yeast Galactose system (from ). The first cell in each movie is designated cell number 1 and sequential daughters of that cell 1–1, 1–2, 1–3. These daughter cells bud in turn, giving rise to cells 1-1-1, 1-1-2, 1-2-1, etc. (B) An initially OFF cell grows into a variegated microcolony. Beginning at 600 min, or 4 generations, several cells fluoresce almost simultaneously. This includes the mother-daughter pairs (1,1–2) and (1-1-1,1-1-1–1). Conspicuously, cell 1–1 does not switch for the duration of the movie, even though its mother, daughter, and closest sibling all do. (C) The family tree for colony in (B). Black lines indicate cells in the OFF state, whereas pink lines represent cells after they have switched to the ON state.(D) Fluorescent time courses for mother cell 1 and her daughter 1–2, showing each as they switch into the ON state.
In vivo Biochemistry
A-B) Measuring the gene regulation function (GRF) of a repressor-promoter interaction in individual E. coli cell lineages (from ). Here, CI-YFP (lambda repressor fused to yellow fluorescent protein) represses expression of cyan fluorescent protein (CFP). In the regulator dilution experiment: Cells are transiently induced to express CI-YFP and then observed in time-lapse microscopy as repressor dilutes out during cell growth. Part A) shows a filmstrip of a typical experiment. CI-YFP is shown in red and CFP is shown in green. Part B) shows quantitation of the movie. CI-YFP levels decrease by dilution (red lines), eventually permitting expression of the cfp target gene (green lines). The darker lines correspond to the cell lineage shown in the insets to part A). C) Monitoring transcriptional bursts in single cells (from ). Frames from film footage of the expression of Tsr-Venus under the control of a repressed lac promoter. Tsr-Venus expression is shown in yellow and is overlaid with simultaneous DIC images (differential interference contrast) images (gray). Note the burst like expression pattern.
Circuit level Dynamics
A-C) Analysis of Bacillus subtilis competence circuit dynamics in individual cells (from). Part A) shows a snapshot from a movie. PcomS expression is shown in green and PcomG expression is shown in red. The red cell is in the competent state (high ComK levels). White depicts spores or sporulating cells. Part b shows a quantitative time series of PcomS –yellow fluorescent protein (yfp) (green lines) and PcomG –cyan fluorescent protein (cfp) red lines) for the competence event shown in A). Note the anti-correlation in expression between the two promoters, which can be explained by the circuit diagram in part C. PcomS and PcomG activities obtained from the non-competent sister cell are shown in light green and light red, respectively. Part C) shows a map of the effective regulatory interactions in the core competence circuit in B. subtilis. The dashed inhibitory arrow depicts indirect repression. ComS competes with ComK for degradation by the MecA–ClpP–ClpC complex, effectively stabilizing ComK. D) The B. subtilis phosphorelay is required to generate variability in sporulation in B. subtilis (From ). Time-lapse microscopy shows that heterogeneity in this system does not require the positive-feedback loop of Spo0A on itself (top row), but does require the activity of the phosphorelay (bottom row). Membranes are stained with FM5–95 (red), and expression of the sporulation reporter PspoIIA is shown in green. The insets show a close-up of the cells.
Publication types, MeSH terms, Grant support
Bacteria/cytology
Bacteria/genetics*
Bacterial Physiological Phenomena
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Motion Pictures*
R01 GM079771-03/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States
P50 GM068763/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States
Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States
R01GM079771/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States
P50 GM068763-060006/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States
R01 GM079771/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States