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I recently came across a summary of Nine Nations of North America, written by Joel Garreau in 1981. In it, he argues that national and state borders are largely arbitrary, and he redrew the borders of North America according to what he thought were following cultural and economic lines. Thus, my home in Portland, Oregon was part of the nation of "Ecotopia".
As an admirer of maps and geography, I was immediately drawn into the theme and thought the premise was brilliant. I live in a state and nation that have arbitrary borders that don't follow any particular logic. Big, square states dominate the western USA, cutting across rivers, mountains, and lakes like their borders were drawn by a child who never set foot on their ground. Why not take another look at better ways to administer land?
It took me just a few seconds reviewing his map to decide that I disagreed with his rationale for borders. For starters, he left huge swaths of land empty of authority and completely left out what should be the main concern of administrative boundaries: water. Then it took me just a few more seconds to decide that I should perform the same exercise and draw my own nations of North America. Then it took me just one more second to decide that I should perform the exercise on the entire earth. Then it took me about 20 hours of work spread out over several weeks to finish the maps using Google Earth, and thus my thought experiment Twenty Nine Nations of the Earth was born.
In older days it made sense for large rivers to act as borders, because they were hard to cross and the water was plentiful and clean, but today shared water resources creates mismanagement of a precious resource, resulting in conflict, inefficiency, and pollution.
Yes water. Despite the appearance of plenty, water is a scarce and valuable resource. It has been and will be the source of immense conflict around the world. Aquifer depletion will reach an endgame over the next 25 years as half the world's population will reach the bottoms of their wells. Just to name a few current examples
· In California's central valley water is being pumped over the hills into Los Angeles and also diverted towards irrigating farms to such an extent that the reduced volume of the Sacramento river is causing the ocean to wash up into the valley and fish runs are almost entirely depleted.
· By the time the Colorado river reaches Mexico, it's just a trickle. After making electricity and being diverted for agricultural as it rolls southward, the largest canal in the US siphons off a huge chunk of the remaining river and pulls it into the Imperial Valley of California. Mexico gets almost nothing.
· The Ogallala aquifer under the Great Plains of the United States, which is responsible for historic food production since WWII and currently 30% of the nation's irrigation, will be dry in about 25 years.
· Lake Chad supplies four countries of Africa with water, but has mostly dried up in the past few decades, inciting violence over water rights and being declared an ecological catastrophe by the UN.
· The Sea of Galilee supplies most of the fresh water for Israel, and when Syria began constructing a diversion of the headwaters of the Jordan river, 3 years later Israel captured the Golan Heights and continue to hold the area to this day. The final stretch of the Jordan, where Jesus was baptized, is now full of raw sewage as it dumps into the dead sea.
· Egypt has claimed water rights to the Nile and may soon enter into conflict with countries of the upper Nile who plan on building hydroelectric plants and other water diversion.
· In Spain, despite an attempt to control water use, many illegally dug wells are sucking the aquifers dry to grow cabbage and to water golf courses.
· Saudi Arabia sits on a grand aquifer with more water than the Persian Gulf, and has been pumping it unsustainably to grow wheat and supply a booming population. The aquifer is halfway depleted and its refresh rate is so low that it is essentially non-replenishable.
· The Caspian Sea is bordered by five countries and is almost entirely fed by the Volga River, which is in Russia. Diversion and release of the Volga waters have caused the sea to rise and fall over time, to the consternation of those who share its shores, and Russian contamination of the Volga is cited as the source of infectious diseases that have appeared around the Caspian.
It's clear that, 1) water management will become a high priority over time, 2) water rights should include the interests of all people that share a watershed, regardless of political boundaries and 3) the rights of future generations should be safeguarded. Similar principles can be applied to oil and gas deposits, as well as natural resources such as forests. These principles, along with transportation and population centers, were the principles behind my ideas for national borders.
I don't want anyone to take this too seriously, but at the same time nobody should immediately disregard this idea as the fanciful musings of a crazy person. Ask yourself this question: why is the USA the most successful and affluent country in the world? Most people wouldn't say "federalism", but our system of administration plays an enormous role, possibly the greatest. Imagine the 50 states of the US as independent sovereign countries, each with its own military and currency. Nobody in Oregon can appreciate the value of not having to fend off militias from Idaho crossing the border, or the efficiency of shared national services that reduce the tax burden, or the federal initiatives that developed the dams on the Columbia River that provide electricity at the cheapest rates in the country.
Now ask yourself this question: what does Africa need to pull itself out of abject poverty and militancy? Nobody I know would say federalism, but that's exactly it. The borders of African states were drawn by European powers with the explicit intention of promoting division. Even now many European countries oppose efforts by the African Union to form a continent-wide political unity, and now China has moved in to begin raping the land of resources. The AU has a mandate to "promote peace, security, and stability on the continent", and retains the right to intervene in member states in circumstances of unconstitutional changes of government, war crimes, genocide, and crimes against humanity. This would just be a talking shop like the United Nations, but the AU already has a military deployed in Sudan's Darfur region and another campaign ramping up in Mogadishu. Africa won't bring itself out of its current mess by middle-class Americans donating $10 a month to starving children in Somalia, or missionaries building a hospital in the Congo, but it can be successful by pooling resources and creating a level of sovereignty above individual states that will crush warlordism and establish a strong currency.
In past ages the racism that now seems so abhorrent to all but a handful of the world's citizens was part of the social reality of the time. Its falsehood is now clearly recognized. In the future nationalism will likewise have abated to the point where people look down upon the thought of promoting the people within one arbitrary political border over the people of another arbitrary political border. The same principle underlies both racism and nationalism, but nationalism is still part of the current social reality that will naturally fade away when its falsehood is clearly recognized and the unity of humankind is firmly established.
When this happens, as I believe it must, it will be possible for political borders to be debated and redrawn with a focus on the proper administration of transportation and ecological boundaries. This re-drawing will itself promote efficiency of resources and environmental sustainability, and the act of reorganization will be the source of economic and cultural growth. All this is to say that while my little project here shouldn't be taken too seriously, the principles behind it are profound.
There are four primary administrative divisions in most countries of the world. First there is the nation or country, then the state or province, then the county or principality, then the city or town. These maps draw national borders, presumably with each containing many states within each, but I left out the state borders on all but my own home nation, which I'm more familiar with. I'll go into detail about my home area, then I'll just provide a brief description of all the others. The names of each nation are the first thing that came to mind.
There is one consideration in borders that I considered but didn't incorporate due to the amount of work required. Mountains make up most of my borders, but they don't make good border checkpoints. Assuming that each nation would want to control immigration, the borders would have to be adjusted to consider human transportation. Minor adjustments could be made along major highways so that where highways and national borders intersect, they can be conveniently located in valleys instead of mountaintops.
The original Oregon Country was jointly administered by the US and Britain, and covered the watersheds of the Columbia and Fraser rivers. The area has a natural cohesion and is surrounded by mountains or desert on all sides. The land was hotly debated and then divided between the two powers along the 49th parallel, a totally arbitrary division running all the way from the Great Lakes.
The unsound border caused some problems as it hit the Pacific, cutting right through Vancouver Island and the Puget Sound. Canada claimed the entire island and the US demanded that the 49th parallel be maintained as the border. This dispute caused a war that resulted in the death of a pig (no humans). The island was ceded to Canada, but the US held onto the San Juan islands and the tiny exclave of Point Roberts that happened to be south of the 49th parallel. This division also meant that the Fraser River delta was politically separate from the rest of the territory, despite the obvious cultural and geographical similarities.
Cascadian
There is a distinct common culture that runs from Vancouver to Seattle, Tacoma, Olympia, Portland, Salem, and Eugene, all of which are tied together with Interstate-5. This is the "heartland" of a distinct independence movement called "Cascadia", taking its name from the Cascade mountain range that runs north to south through the area. The approach behind Cascadia is similar to my idea that the current borders are arbitrary and need to be redrawn to account for ecological bioregions. For my map, I took this highly populated area and grouped it with some of the unpopulated lands of the North. The three Canadian arctic territories currently represent 3.5 million square kilometers, with a population of just 110 thousand. This area can't simply be left as an "empty quarter" as Joel Garreau put it. Areas like this should be administered by a few population centers to provide the human resources required for proper management of resources, while giving some higher level of autonomy for those actually living there.
I divided Cascadia into nine states, each representing a bioregion. The state of Oregon is the Rogue River, Willamette River, and lower Columbia watersheds, and the rest of the Columbia is divided into three other states. The state of Jefferson (taking its name from an actual state-hood movement) represents the middle Columbia and its tributaries east of the Cascades, including the Deschutes River. The state of Idaho now represents the Snake River watershed, which gathers a large area up to the continental divide near Yellowstone. Above that is Montana, representing the headwaters of the Columbia. The area around the Puget Sound and Olympic Peninsula make up the new state of Washington, and to the north the Fraser river watershed and several smaller rivers make the state of Vancouver. The new Alaska is shortened to the southern coast, and to the north is the Yukon. The state of Mackenzie follows the Mackenzie River watershed, which swallows up a huge portion of northern lands and dumps its water into the Arctic Ocean.
Besides the cities already mentioned, Cascadia has sizeable populations in Pasco, Kennewick, Spokane, Boise, Anchorage, and Fairbanks.
The nation of Cascadia, as with all the nations I created, would be a powerhouse. The economy of Seattle, its largest city, is currently greater than that of Venezuela, Columbia, or Thailand. Its vast forests, petroleum reserves, and capacity for hydro power represent its greatest natural resources, and its industry is home for Microsoft, Boeing, and Nike.
The Nation of California follows the great Colorado River, the California Central Valley and the gulf of Baja California. A great deal of it is covered by desert that would be uninhabitable except for the Colorado River; Las Vegas is a clear example of that. Any water diverted or used for power must be accounted for, but if sovereignty of the river is shared, as is currently, then anyone upstream could siphon off the water into profitable crops to the detriment of anyone downstream, as is done currently.
I also see a natural cohesion in these boundaries following cultural and travel lines. For example, the current state of Colorado has three distinctly different ecosystems, and in its current form doesn't fit neatly into groupings of other states. If split along the continental divide, the land fits nicely into bioregions.
The new nation of Canada follows the watershed of the Great Lakes, or any water that dumps into Hudson Bay. It also extends into the islands of the far north and includes all of Greenland. Look closely and you'll see that Chicago and the industrial cities of Milwaukie and Detroit are all part of Canada, adding to Toronto, Ottawa, and Montreal. The farmers in southern Illinois are tied to the plains instead of the lakes.
The joining together of the Great Lakes is important for ecological reasons. It only takes one kid peeing to ruin a day at the pool, and it only takes one factory along the border of any lake to destroy the ecosystem for everyone else. Currently nobody is in charge of the Great Lakes, at least not effectively, and the absence of authority has allowed environmental destruction to persist long after it should.
The western panhandle is actually the watershed of lake Winnepeg, and boasts the cities of Edmunton, Calgary and Saskatoon, representing millions of people and an important economic area. With the thawing of arctic ice and the opening of the northwest passage in the last few years, this nation should see nothing but green pastures in its future.
Enough food is currently grown in the Mississippi watershed to feed the entire world, notwithstanding transportation. The nation of Mississippi stretches from Denver to Pittsburg, Bismarck to Dallas, and New Orleans to the continental divide, not to mention Oklahoma City, Memphis, Nashville, Indianapolis, and Columbus. Its economic power is undoubtedly vast, and the administration of water rights will become increasingly important as one of the largest aquifers in the world begins to dry up right in the center of this country.
This nation will also be responsible for the pesticide runoff into the gulf that is currently causing dead zones.
I'm sure someone out there can come up with a better name than "New England", but this is roughly the original thirteen British colonies of America. This region has clear cultural and transportation ties, while the ecosystem similarity is mostly related to it representing the coastal region, as opposed to the watershed of a major river.
Texans will have a hard time accepting it, but the state doesn't represent any logical cohesion other than cultural history. The Rio Grande currently represents a border, and it should be the center of a region that has similar ecology.
The deserts around Albuquerque, El Paso, Juarez, San Antonio, are now grouped with Houston, Mexico City, and most of current Mexico.
When I was 14 I actually drove through California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and into Mexico as far as Mexico city and La Huasteca. Although I've never been to western Mexico, I'm pretty confident in the border of this nation as representing logical administration.
Anyone who's been to southern Florida knows that it's nothing like the rest of the United States. In the nation of the Caribbean, it's tied together with all the islands and central America extending all the way to the Orinoco River in current Venezuela. Even though there is no watershed, the islands of the Caribbean need a regional administration, or some kind of federal grouping. In this region the island of Cuba will be a strong presence, as well as the area of current Venezuela and Columbia.
The Panama Canal represents a major resource of the Caribbean, as well as some gulf oil deposits, fishing, and of course tourism.
I admit, South America took quite a bit of consideration. The Amazon represents an obvious large eco-region, but its western slope in the Andes mountains runs very close to the Pacific Ocean, and there are virtually no population centers in the Amazon basin. The major cities are all along the rings of the watershed, and those cities might be inclined to be grouped politically with closer cities. I decided to stick to the basis of watershed, which means cities like La Paz and Santa Cruz are in the nation with Georgetown, Paramaribo, and Cayenne along the northeast coast, with no major transportation routes connecting them. This seems appropriate as long as there is an established capital, and the nation would continue to be broken into somewhat autonomous states.
The reason I stuck with watershed is the same as reasons already given to the importance of water. Santa Cruz has a major river flowing through it that feeds into the Amazon basin, and to ally it politically with another power means that water diversion and pollution would not be managed on the same water source. Political alignment can work between distant lands as long as the constitution is set up similar to the United States, where individual states have a shared sovereignty, and clearly defined roles. A "light" federal system would be ideal.
Patagonia represents the cultural and economic centers that make current Brazil and Argentina noteworthy. Its coastline is dotted with Buenos Aires, Sao Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro, and its inland represents vast agricultural potential.
Its western border is defined by the watershed of the Rio de Plata, which spills into the Atlantic near Buenos Aires.
The nation of Peru covers the Andes mountains and everything west, along with the southern tip of the continent. Despite its narrowness, there are actually many cultural similarities that run through the mountains and coastal lands.
Major cities include Santiago, Lima, and Quito. The nation has exclusive use of a great area of the Pacific, and its territory includes the Galapagos islands.
The first of the new African nations is South Africa, which covers an enormous and plentiful land, and includes several population centers. It also is home to the world's largest known deposits of platinum, chromium, vanadium, and cobalt, along with lesser amounts of diamonds, gold, titanium, iron, and uranium.
The ecology of South Africa is not uniform, but its cohesiveness comes from it being the horn of Africa. The border I've drawn almost exactly follows the Southern African Customs Union, a loose economic grouping of countries similar to the beginnings of the European Union.
Making the Congo region a single nation is actually much easier than for the Amazon. The Congo has several centrally located cities that already govern the watershed with some minor variations. The main concern is Burundi and Rwanda on the eastern side, which run along the Great Rift Valley. However, both Burundi and Rwanda are some of the smallest countries in Africa, and the lack of higher authority in the area has resulted in genocidal wars, and massive misuse of resources. The countries were arbitrarily made by European powers, and the people in the area would be best served by being split along natural borders into parts of much larger nations.
Lake Chad is another example of misuse of water rights. The several nations that currently border this endorheic lake all rely heavily on it for their water supply. The mismanagement of it has led to its steady disappearance, which is at the heart of the unrest in Darfur. Providing a central authority over the watershed of the lake is essential for the long term stability of central Africa.
The strip between Lake Chad and the Atlantic is what remains between the Congo and the Niger watersheds.
The Niger River is the largest in western Africa, and snakes its way westward along the edge of the Sahara desert. Both the coastal and inland cities of the nation of Niger have some of the greatest potential in all of Africa to create a booming economy and nation. They are currently sorely lacking in success due to political disunity and poverty.
Northwestern Africa was always referred to as the Maghreb (western) part of the Islamic world, and the term is still used to this day. Although the Sahara desert doesn't have much to offer in the way of population and resources, the coastal cities, particularly Tripoli, Tunis, Alger, and much of Morocco have strong populations and some natural resources.
If you look closely, this nation also has control of Gibraltar, and thus the narrow passageway to the Mediterranean.
It's only been a century since the clear discovery of the true source of the Nile River, but it didn't take long to cause controversy. Egypt's attempt to build the Aswan dam controlled the periodic flooding of the river, and made some power at the same time, but it also stopped the periodic silting of the banks of the river, which caused the fertile ground. In more recent years Egypt has become very blatant in claiming exclusive rights to the water of the Nile, just as Ethiopia and other countries are constructing water diversion projects that could leave Egypt barren.
Clearly the entire Nile River watershed needs to be grouped together politically, if for no other reason than the incredibly valuable resources of the river. And if these are grouped together, it makes sense to add the area bordering the Red Sea to this federation, since the Suez canal connects it to the Mediterranean.
The Nation of Europa encompasses every last bit of European land whose water drains into the Atlantic. This actually leaves many cultural and transportation ties intact, since past empires largely had to follow coastlines and were thwarted by large mountains.
This nation has no shortage of population and economic capacity. It is the heartland of western civilization, with cities such as Lisbon, Madrid, Paris, London, Brusseles, Berlin, Prague, Warsaw, and St Petersburg. It also has surprisingly large petroleum deposits in the North Sea.
The Mediterranean coastline represents a frequently conquered land that was ruled for centuries by Romans, Byzantines, and later Ottomans. The region has clear social and economic ties, and even similar ecosystem. Included in its boundaries is the Dardanelles, the strait that connects the Mediterranean and Black Seas.
Among its major cities, it boasts Barcelona, Marseilles, Rome, Athens, Istanbul, Ankara, Damascus, and Jerusalem.
The Danube River drains a large part central Europe into the Black Sea. This area has always been historically linked together, at times being dominated by Austria, Hungary, Romania, and even Russia. It naturally becomes allied together with other lands that drain into the Black Sea, mainly parts of Poland and most of the Ukraine.
The Caspian Sea has an interesting ecology. It is endorheic, so it doesn't drain into the ocean, and it is fed almost entirely from the Volga River, which runs through the heartland of Russia. It makes sense to tie the area together with the watershed of the Aral Sea, which collects from central Asia. This area has always had cultural ties to Moscow, which itself was founded by Mongol traders from central Asia. The Aral sea is another example of water mismanagement. Its endorheic basin is split between several dry nations, and it has largely dried up in recent decades.
Another endorheic basin just to the East could also be grouped into the Caspian nation, but it seemed more appropriate for it to be with Siberia, otherwise a large section of arctic lands would have a very small population.
On the southern end of the nation of Siberia, Lake Balquash is an endorheic lake that collects water from northern central Asia. Just to its north, the Ob and Dvina Rivers have large basins that drain into the Arctic Ocean. The eastern border is defined by the Yenisei River, which also drains into the Arctic and has its headwaters near Lake Baikal, the oldest, deepest, and second most voluminous lake in the world (second to the Caspian).
This nation is admittedly lacking in human resources. Its main cities will obviously be in the South, mostly in central Asia, but its northern territories are resource rich, and the thawing of the Arctic may play out well for this nation also.
The nation of Iran follows roughly the old Persian Empire. The entire Persian gulf, with its immense capacity for energy resources, is all under a single authority. Also are the rivers that pour into the gulf that are currently part of disputes of water rights between Iraq and Turkey. When this region is politically coherent, civilization here will flourish.
Major cities include Baghdad, Tabriz, Tehran, Shiraz, Basra, Kuwait, Riyadh, Dubai, and Esfahan. It also includes the southern shore of the Caspian, which has only a very small watershed that drains into the Caspian, and is much more culturally allied with Tehran.
The border between the current countries of Afghanistan and Pakistan were drawn by a British man who never visited the area, yet they persist to this day. Afghanistan is currently a huge, mostly impassable mountain range surrounded on three sides by flat dry land. The mountain range represents the western border of the new nation of India, stretching all the way across the sub-continent into current Burma, and includes the watershed of the Indus and Brahmaputra Rivers, which stretch all the way around the Himalayas into Tibet. The islands of the Maldives are also included.
The Indus Valley represents one of the cradles of civilization and in ancient times hosted the largest cities in the world. It is almost certainly the most populous of any of the 29 nations, and has a strong agricultural base.
Southeast Asia has an interesting terrain. There is a stretch of land high up in the mountains where three major rivers run parallel to each other for a short time before diverging into three completely different seas. The Salween runs southwest through Burma and into the Indian Ocean; the Mekong runs southeast through Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and into the South China Sea in Vietnam; the Yangtze runs east through the Sichuan basin and into the East China Sea. The need to manage the shared resource of the Mekong flowing through six countries has already caused controversy. China has begun construction of three dams on its headwaters that will threaten the livelihoods of all those living on its lower reaches.
The lands of current Cambodia and Thailand have seen the rising and falling of great civilization over time, and combining them with Vietnam and the prosperous Yangtze and Pearl watersheds seems like a proper match. There is already extensive cultural mixing between southeast Asian countries and southern China.
For lack of a better name, I called this Southeast Asia. Maybe Siam would work?
The new nation of Indonesia encompasses Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and some other small islands. This seemed like an obvious fit for a nation, although I debated how much of Malaysia should be associated with the islands.
This land has rich biodiversity, especially on the main islands of Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and Bali. Here you'll find a rhinoceros, orangutan, and an elephant romping around the forest, although their numbers are dwindling. The human population is doing much better. Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, and the Philippines have about 350 million people, larger than the current United States, and a combined GDP of about $1.75 trillion.
Australia is a continent and country. The only change here is to group it with New Zealand, which doesn't fit as well into the Pacific Islands. Given the land and cultural resources, I think this nation has sufficient means to compete with the rest of the world and administer its affairs.
The Hawaiian islands are the most isolated grouping of islands on earth, and didn't have any mammals or edible vegetation on them, but that didn't stop some Polynesians two thousand years ago from setting off on an adventure in advanced boats fully stocked with plants, animals and women. Hawai'i should naturally be grouped with the rest of the Polynesian Islands in a large nation with similar culture and ecosystems.
Many of these islands are already grouped into political federations, such as the Federated States of Micronesia, Cook Islands, Solomon Islands, Kiribati, and French Polynesia. These, along with New Guinea, could easily represent individual states of a federal system for the larger nation to combine resources.
The Yellow River, representing another historic cradle of civilization, rolls across the heartland of the oldest definition of China and dumps its water into the Yellow Sea. The headwaters of this river extend all the way up into Tibet. The far western area is the large endorheic Tarim Basin, the bulk of Xinjiang autonomous region and a major part of the old Silk Road. The Tarim Basin is most closely associated with northern China and Mongolia, so for this reason they are part of the same nation. Also noteworthy is the inclusion of most of Korea.
Chinese people will immediately notice the division of China through the coastal plain as a grievous error, but anyone who has been to China also knows of a clear north/south cultural and linguistic divide, not to mention the obvious ecological differences. Nationalism has to fall for the Chinese too!
The last nation is Japan, tied together with the Amur and the Lena Rivers, and some uninhabited arctic lands.
The powerhouse of this nation is obviously the Japanese islands, but the continental land includes the Chinese city of Harbin, and the Russian port city of Vladivostok, connected to the Trans-Siberian Railroad
Similar to Cascadia, the northern lands need to be part of a nation with significant human resources for administration and industry. For the land in the far northeast of Asia, it seems more logical to group it with a power in the Pacific Ocean, instead of Russia.
All the images used here can be seen in this Picasa album. If you want the Google Earth files, post your email address.
Posted by Bryan
Mr. Cat October 5, 2010 at 4:29 AM
We live in a patch-work world of illogically divided states. But I think to a great extent we already live in the world described by Baha'u'llah in the expression "the earth is but one country and mankind its citizens."
Just think about anytime that two countries have a border dispute. It has global consequences, so half the world has to weigh in anyway. Try to imagine diplomats from the US, EU, and China all agreeing that what happens in Kashmir is just between Pakistan and India and irrelevant to everyone else. It would never happen.
So since we're thinking about nation-level governance at a global scale anyway, we might as well get creative and try new things. And by "we" I of course mean all the peoples of the world. Devising new patterns of civil governance for the world would be perhaps the largest undertakings in human history. It would require unprecedented levels of participation to make it work.
Another thing that this got me thinking about is that we don't need to use the same borders for all the same issues. For example, there could be a political entity for all the Caribbean tasked with dealing with hurricanes on a holistic basis. But for education, there might be different borders and different organizations. After all, Tampa and Porte-au-Prince will be dealing with very different educational issues for the foreseeable future. So it might not make sense to lump them together in one political unit.
All of this is, of course, speculation. But it's very helpful to think outside the box of what already exists. Humanity, it seems, tends to walk backwards through history, highly aware of the past and everything that happened then, but generally oblivious about what lies in the path ahead of it. So it's good to take a chisel to our unquestioned assumptions every once in awhile.
Maeve October 5, 2010 at 6:21 AM
This is incredibly impressive and quite an amazing thought piece. Thank you so much for taking on this project and posting it. As a Geographer this is like candy :)
a person October 8, 2010 at 1:45 PM
I think that a lot of what needs to be done to help people both materially and spiritually can be done before this and through people becoming more equal and more welcomed for working in other countries, as well as settling long-standing disputes, a vast reorganization of cultures will occur and a shift in economic realities that will require completely redrawing these maps. There also might have to be settled long-standing misplacements of peoples due to conflicts from centuries ago that are still creating antagonism between peoples and might best be settled by solving the original difficulty, which could simply happen on the personal level through spiritual development, still creating great changes in culture. What if the Chinese all commute to Russia for work, or if more Italians than natives end up in Algeria? What if the European Australians gave the land back to the Aborigines, as they have been asking? What if Persia was no longer an Islamic majority? What if America had more Mexicans in it than Europeans? Or the Russians moved back into Alaska? If we are not so picky about borders I do not know what other reorganizations might take place. Also, Pakistan exists as a separate country currently for a good reason. They separated from India because all the Muslims live there and the Hindus in India (Originally Pakistan and Bangladesh were one country and they were East Pakistan and West Pakistan). If religious circumstances changed that might change. Overall I do not think we need to worry about border right now. As we work to get along we will sort it out.
In a community I am involved in there was a large community that was split up according to county lines and part of it was far away from the rest but they saw people in another community more often, so they asked to be split apart and join the other community and it was done. Some of this seems hopeful though.
Jason October 11, 2010 at 6:33 PM
I really like this post a lot, I don't know how practical it is politically in the short term, but it makes a lot more sense to organize nations how you describe. Mr. Cat's point about there being different borders for different issues also makes a lot of sense. I like the idea of a holon, everything is a whole entity in and of itself, but it is also composed of parts and is also itself a part of something larger. In this case each nation would "exist" for a specific reason, and each region might be part of many different nation-reasons.
Bryan October 16, 2010 at 10:40 AM
A friend commented that my maps don't include aquifer basins, which don't always overlap with major watersheds. I think he's right that this information should be included in politically organized bioregions, but there doesn't seem to be good documentation of aquifers and their attributes. It becomes very complicated when you consider hydrology, cause some aquifers are much more porous than others, and some have a very slow seepage rate. They don't all act like underground lakes, and their connectedness is not always clear.
I found this map that shows some major aquifer boundaries, but as you can see, it's complicated. I noticed that in general they follow river basin boundaries, so this isn't a huge change from the maps I drew.
http://www.whymap.org/cln_092/nn_1055978/whymap/EN/Downloads/Global__maps/whymap__125__pdf,templateId=raw,property=publicationFile.pdf/whymap_125_pdf.pdf
I would like to download the google earth files.
Bryan July 28, 2012 at 3:07 PM
Hi Cliff. Comments are moderated, so just post your email address. Only I will see it. I'll send you the file and delete the comment.
Bryan March 1, 2013 at 12:46 PM
Interesting map of US states by equal population:
http://fakeisthenewreal.org/reform/
Souang January 5, 2016 at 9:41 PM
Not surprised to find you on here. Hi Bryan!
Just stumbled across your blog, which I consider to be very interesting and thoughtful and I find this particular article very, very thought-provoking. In the near term, unfortunately, I see states and nations becoming more fragmented. In my state of Wisconsin, there has been great division politically over the last 2 years, and sometimes, as a Madison WI resident I will run into someone from another part of the state who will insist that Madison isn't part of Wisconsin. (Certainly the culture here in Madison is in many ways unique to Wisconsin).
Sometimes I think that the only way to stop this internecine warfare is to give localities as much autonomy as possible so that they don't feel as threatened culturally or otherwise by their neighbors, and maybe from that place the nations as you describe them can be reconstituted, with the default being local governance unless certain issues--such as water allocation--need to be worked out regionally or nationally. Even then, I would see the potential for some ugly fights unless we as a human race evolve. I wonder if there are resources besides water that need to be taken into consideration?
Bryan November 13, 2013 at 8:54 AM
Here is another attempt to redraw north America along cultural lines, similar to Joel Garreau. This one is by Collin Woodard:
http://www.npr.org/2013/11/11/244527860/forget-the-50-states-u-s-is-really-11-nations-says-author
This is so awesome! I was like, I want to be friends with this person! Then I scroll down and see that its Bryan Donaldson. I knew you were awesome, but now you're so totally super OMG yeehaw chocolate and snorkeling awesome!
I'm saving this. Thanks bro! PS. I'm glad you made all of the Pacific Islands one section. I'm cool with that. :)
Paladon January 19, 2019 at 10:04 PM
Dope. Make it so. :)
The Roots of Human Morality
Blog Action Day: Water
The End of War
Cooperation for Survival
The Art of Buying Stuff
In peril? There's a Help for that.


text:
» Environment & Security
Qatar International Court welcomes seconded judges from Supreme Judicial Council
Qatar International Court and Dispute Resolution Centre (QICDRC), Qatar's leading civil and commercial court, announced the secondment of two distinguished Supreme Judicial Council (SJC) judges as part of the parties' ongoing cooperation.
The secondment of Mubarak Saad Al-Hajri (pictured), President of the Court of First Instance, and Al-Reem Nasser Al-Nuaimi, Judge in the Court of First Instance, aims to bolster exchange of judicial knowledge. Both judges will participate in the QICDRC proceedings of litigation and case hearings. Faisal Al-Sahouti, Qatar International Court CEO, said: "The Court welcomes the esteemed judges from our partner institution as part of our efforts to attract Qatari judicial staff. We would also like to take this opportunity to thank the SJC for their commitment in delivering the highest level of home-grown judicial expertise to the Court."
As a specialised civil and commercial court, QICDRC delivers English-language proceedings for the Qatar Financial Centre entities. To date, the Court's staff consists of 16 judges from 10 different countries – a level of diversity that offers seconded judges the opportunity to learn about other judicial specialisations and develop their legal expertise. Targeted development of judicial talents is part of the Court's mission to contribute to enhancing the country's legal skillset in line with the objectives outlined in the Qatar National Vision 2030.
Qatar Business news
Qatar International Court
Dispute Resolution Centre
QICDRC
commercial court
Supreme Judicial Council
Mubarak Saad Al-Hajri
Court of First Instance
Al-Reem Nasser Al-Nuaimi
Faisal al-Sahouti
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From Environment & Security
MME stresses need to safely dispose of hazardous waste
Qatar announces new labour reforms for expatriates
Nominations for Qatar Sustainability Prize will continue until January 26
Quarantine offices discard shipments for violations
Cabinet approves proposal to amend Labour Law provisions

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Pacquiao, a 39-year-old eight-division world champion, will challenge Matthysse's World Boxing Association welterweight title in the July 15 bout in Kuala Lumpur.
'My time is not done yet, that's what I'm trying to prove,' he told a pre-fight press conference in Manila. 'Manny Pacquiao is not done yet in boxing ... I will do my best to win convincingly.
'If I could have the chance to finish it right away, I'll finish it,' he added.
Pacquiao's last knockout win was in 2009 against Puerto Rican Miguel Cotto for the World Boxing Organization welterweight title.
Matthysse, who scored a knockout victory against Thailand's number one boxer Tewa Kiram in January, vowed to do his best to defend his title in the 'dream' fight with Pacquiao.


Associated School Boards of South Dakota and the School Administrators of South Dakota have joined the South Dakota's Chiefs and Sheriffs Association, Project StandUp and the South Dakota Attorney General's Office to bring an anonymous tipping platform for school violence to South Dakota.
The new public safety tool, which the S.D. Department of Criminal Investigation has been working on, is an optional tool for school districts based on school safety concerns and is very similar to Project StandUp, which has been in place for anonymous drug tips since May of 2017.
Local law enforcement agencies will be contacting districts to gauge their interest in participating in the Project StandUp for School Safety program, which operates similarly to the anonymous drug tip program, but collects tips on potential school threats.
There is no cost to associated with the implementation of the program.
Once an agreement is reached between local law enforcement and the school district, the S.D. DCI will request email addresses of all those designated to receive the email notification of a school safety threat for the school identified within the tip. There is no maximum number of email addresses that can be added to the system.
This project will be ready for launch for the 2018-2019 school year.
Should you have questions about the program, please contact Wade at wpogany@asbsd.org or at 605-773-2500.


Jonathan Gold contributed this essay about Saint Estèphe for the book To Live and Dine in L.A.: Menus and the Making of the Modern City. The book was part of the special exhibition "To Live and Dine in L.A." that was hosted at Central Library in 2015.
If you had visited Saint Estèphe in the mid-1980s, a bleached-white dining room near a Coco's in a Manhattan Beach mall, you probably ordered the chile relleno with goat cheese, the restaurant's most famous dish. This was a different L.A. then, with Depeche Mode on the radio and Less Than Zero on the best-sellers list; the internationalist good vibes and the turquoise-magenta palette from the 1984 Olympics just beginning to fade. Spago was the dominant restaurant not just in Los Angeles but in the United States then, and casual, highly flavored Spago-style grill cuisine was in its ascendency.
But Saint Estèphe, you could tell in an instant, was something else entirely. That chile relleno, for example, was listed on the menu as "chile relleno, farci avec une duxelle et servi avec un sauce de chevre et d'ail,'' and the crispness of both the service and the dining room also hewed to the original French. The roasted, peeled chile, when it came, was in the precise center of a very large plate, atop a pillow of cream sauce flavored with Laura Chenel's fresh goat cheese from Sonoma, which was as ubiquitous in a certain kind of restaurant then as uni is now, and stuffed with duxelles, a rich preparation of minced mushrooms cooked down in butter that has been a part of haute cuisine since at least the time of La Varenne. This was not smoky, crisp, herbaceous California cuisine; this was classic French cooking with New World ingredients, and in fact the same duxelles had stuffed a steamed chicken breast at Saint Estèphe just a few years before when the restaurant was purely French. It was the birth of something, but of what it was hard to tell.
John Sedlar, who is chef at Rivera now, and who was the young auteur of Saint Estèphe then, is one of the most innovative chefs ever to wield a whisk in Los Angeles, a veteran of Jean Bertranou's great La Cienega French restaurant L'Ermitage who created the institution of Modern Southwestern Cuisine at Saint Estèphe out of classical technique and the earthy ingredients he'd grown up eating as a boy in Abiquiu, New Mexico, not far from the studio of Georgia O'Keeffe.
Twenty-five years later, when Sedlar served the 1986 Saint Estèphe menu at his downtown restaurant Rivera, it was a fascinating look at the food at an important moment in Los Angeles culinary history, like a set by Led Zeppelin tucked into the context of a Robert Plant show. That chile relleno, that interplay between the goat cheese and suave chile heat, the impossible butterfat bomb of the cream sauce and the duxelles, was as precise an evocation of a specific historical moment as anything I've ever encountered: an old menu made flesh.
Saint Estèphe had been a restaurant in a constant state of evolution, from classic nouvelle cuisine to what it had become by 1986 or so: still a French restaurant but transformed, so that the squab was served with a buttery puree of pinto beans instead of sorrel sauce; the red-wine sauce with the duck breast, formerly in the style of Bertranou, was spiked with hominy; and the jus on the saddle of lamb was amped up with tiny, spicy chiles piquins. In just a couple of years, the sauteed sweetbreads in the style of the Parisian chef Alain Dutournier, with turnips, pistachios and orange zest, had become sweetbreads with chile con queso, the favorite guilty pleasure of every Tex-Mex aficionado, although I suspect that Sedlar's version contained neither Velveeta nor Ro-Tel tomatoes.
But as the Don Quixote written by a 20th-century Frenchman in the Borges story was not the Don Quixote written by the 16th-century Cervantes – in the context of Rivera, Saint Estèphe became something radically different. In the 1980s, diners may have recognized a dish of eggs scrambled with goat cheese, cream and jalapenos, then put back in their shells, as a Southwest challenge to the nouvelle cuisine standard of soft-scrambled eggs with caviar. Twenty-five years later, the preparation read as nostalgic comfort food.
A plate of ravioli stuffed with carne adobada, a dish that had worked its way through the Cheesecake Factories of the world by the end of the Reagan administration, was less revolutionary than it was delicious. I loved that Painted Desert salmon, and the frieze of squirted cream sauces that framed the small piece of steamed fish — I once compared the pattern to an EKG chart — and Sedlar's seared-scallop nachos with Roquefort. The slouchy blue-corn crepes were exactly as I remembered, down to the half-melted scoop of pumpkin ice cream. The prices on the menu were even pretty much unchanged – we were spending a lot more for nice meals in the 1980s.
But could the same menu cooked by the same chef, with the same ingredients from the same farmers possibly be the same as it was in that Manhattan Beach dining room? Clearly, it could not.


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Condos /
Aventura /
2950 NE 188th St
Rental Price Range:
Carlos Ott
Re-Sales
Units SqFt:
Average Rental Price
Residence Features
Artech Aventura was designed by Carlos Ott. The property offers something different in Florida housing. These properties are townhomes that offer stylish, upscale environs. The property was built by Fortune international. This property offers its residents access to tennis courts, a beach club and the marina. It is situated on 188th Street, providing very convenient access to many of the fashionable Aventura destinations. There are 235 townhomes at this property.
There are a host of options in sizes and styles of residences at this property. You can choose a unit with up to 3 bedrooms. All units, excepting the penthouse, feature a den. There are views in all of these properties that include the nearby Intercoastal Waterway. These views are made available via the floor-to-ceiling windows found in every unit. The smallest residences are the bachelor studios, which do feature dens. There are Bay and Marina side choices. There are 1and 2-bedroom selections on the bay side and 2-bedroom residences on the Marina side. The penthouse has 3 bedrooms and is 2,814 square feet in size. The 2-bedroom residences are just under 2,000 square feet in size and the 1 bedroom is 1,556 square feet in size.
Each of the residences features upscale finishes and design. There are touch-screen panels provided that offer access to all the concierge services offered by this property. Each of the units is also provided with wiring for high-speed Internet connectivity and for cable television service. A washer and dryer are included in each unit. The units also feature kitchens with Italian cabinets and with upscale appliances, including a wall-mounted oven and a microwave. The bathrooms feature marble vanities. Each of the bathrooms also has a hard floor and a bidet.
Please call our office Lana Bell – One Sotheby's International Realty to get more information. We are expert realtors servicing Bal Harbour, Miami Beach, South Beach , Aventura and Sunny Isles Beach areas.
Waterfront infinity edge-pool with zero entry
State-of-the-art fitness center/spa
Steam and sauna
Yoga terrace
Access to Marenas Sunny Isles 5 Star Resort Beach Club and amenities
Intracoastal views
Hard flooring in baths
Italian cabinetry
Wall oven and integrated microwave
Pre wired for multi-line communication
Cable TV wired
Top-of-the-line appliances
Designer bath fixtures and faucets
Marble vanities
Penthouses with roof top private terraces
Touch-screen monitor and multi-media computer for interactive communication in each residence with access to professional concierge services
Sold 32


Jack joined the K4 Team in 2012 having spent 16 years in the healthcare arena. As an Account Management Pharmaceutical professional he worked with physician groups, managed care plans, and pharmacy chains among others. He coordinated several high profile projects involving the Indianapolis Colts, CVS, Spartan Stores, and the Grand Rapids African American Health Institute.
As Business Director, Jack is responsible for some of the day to day operations of the firm as well as directs Sales and Marketing activities. He is an avid Cincinnati Bearcat fan and a dedicated Alumni of the University of Cincinnati.


When 14-year-old Nick Zinsky secretly busks for money on the streets of downtown, he soon learns how hard it is to keep his 'job' a secret.
Coming soon - my ebook, 'Newbie Nick,' published by Lycaon Press. Stay tuned for release dates and availability!
Eagerly waiting. I would be happy to receive an advance copy for a fair review on Facebook, Amazon, blogloving, Kindle, hubpages, goodreads, Wattpad, Wordpress, Tumblr & Pinterest. Just let me know if that's something you're interested in doing.
Hi Carolyn! Thanks for stopping by and for the wonderful offer!!! Please write me at lisamc2010@yahoo.ca I know you did once before, but the email disappeared :( Thank you again!


We will have music and light eats.
displays of all kinds of memorabilia and other things you'll love, a DJ, heavy eats, and a gift.
($50.00 per person for both nights).
Now - here is the catch.
The cost will be $130 per couple ($65.00 per person for both nights, $40.00 per person for just Saturday) if you pay after September 15 (yes, even if you pay September 16th).
so, thanks for paying on or before September 15.
08/19/05 PLEASE COME. I know I want to see everyone.
And - I may just have a better time than Carol :>).
Similarly, you may pre-pay $22.00 plus $5.00 S & H, and fill out the necessary form Saturday night.
These are waaaay cool, and you'll want to be there, and you'll want to purchase one, trust me!
(imagine that!). My teacher, Mrs. Ransome, had moved me all around the room to no avail. Finally, she said she was moving me to sit by the quietest person in the class. It was Debby Fink. But, it didn't work - I got Debby in trouble talking when we shouldn't have been (I am SO sorry, Debby). Mrs. Ransome announced that she believed I could make the dead speak.
I know Van Rowell has a great story about someone breaking his leg - no lie! Van, please send me that.
---So, if you want to share, please do.
We have reserved a block of 20 rooms at the hotel.
When those run out, you are on your own, but there are plenty of places around. Please make your own hotel reservations.
numbers is necessary to make the event as much fun as possible.
Point Plaza at (757) 599-4460. Mention the reunion for a special rate.
or telephone (757) 345-2382. We look forward to seeing you in October.
We wanted to give you a brief on the survey responses to this point. As of today we've received 11 responses.
early in the process so I'm not too concerned at this point. We've also received $350.00 in contributions.
I have assumed the responsibilities of treasurer for the Class of '65 Reunion Committee.
We are in the planning stages, but there will be expenses prior to the actual reunion.
to Class of '65 Reunion Committee, % Ron Smith, 815 Lancaster Lane, Newport News, VA 23602.
The more we can get prior to the actual event will mean the less each person attending will have to pay.
Last night we had another meeting of the Reunion Committee with good attendance.
In order that folks may begin to plan we have selected a date for the 2005 reunion.
October 21 and 22, 2005, will be the days for the big event.
to obtain good rates for class members and guests.
We also hope to have several activities during the weekend that will cater to lots of interests.
to determine which activities would generate the most interest.
so if you could place that request on the page we'll start compiling that information.
Please come prepared to discuss upcoming plans for our 40th Reunion scheduled for October, 2005.
If you haven't followed up on your assignments form the April meeting please do so prior to the 24th.
At the reunion committee meeting last week we decided to establish an e-mail address for any activity regarding the 40th reunion.
Please make an announcement on the site that the address is nnhs65@cox.net.
I'll be monitoring the account and will forward or distribute correspondence among the committee as necessary.
We hope this will make it easy for class members or others that check the site to keep in touch.
The meeting was well attended and everyone was very enthusiastic.
We have another meeting scheduled for June and should have some time frames ready to announce.
Thanks again for all your hard work in keeping all of us in touch.


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Tell me this isn't the cutest thing you've seen in a long time? He's adorable in the bath and has so much fun splashing.
Says the video is no longer available ... did you remove it so as to now show "kiddie nakedness?"
Shoot- I want to see it, you know how much I love naked babies.


Frank Reade: Adventures in the Age of Invention re-imagines a 19th-century American dime novel hero and his family as real-life inventors. In the late 1800s, Frank Reade Jr.—globe-trotting inventor and original steampunk hero—was the star of Frank Reade Library magazines, the world's first science fiction periodicals. Millions of readers were enthralled by tales of Frank's outlandish inventions and adventures.
In Frank Reade: Adventures in the Age of Invention, spectacular illustrations from the vintage dime novel series have been restored and are reprinted for the first time in more than a century, along with excerpts from the old stories. This lost legacy of Americana is interwoven with a biography of the supposedly "real" Reade family—inventors and explorers who travel the world with their helicopter airships, submarines, and robots, encountering people like Geronimo, Houdini, Texas Guinan, and the Wright brothers.
Told through the viewpoint of Frank Reade's daughter, Kate, this generation-spanning saga weaves together science fiction, history, adventure, and family drama. The book also features appearances by our own robot character, Boilerplate, and its inventor Archie Campion.
Paul digitally restored the dime novel artwork for Frank Reade: Adventures in the Age of Invention; made physical models of Frank Jr.'s vehicles; Photoshopped, photographed, and drew all the other images; and wrote most of the image captions and historical sidebars. Anina wrote the main narrative, chose the dime novel excerpts, edited those and Paul's text, and created the Reade family timeline. Martin Venezky helped weave it all together with beautiful graphic design.
Autographed Frank Reade books are available from our Square shop.


text:
Astronomia
 Bath – cratere meteoritico di 951 Gaspra

Geografia
 Canada
 Bath – villaggio canadese situato nella provincia del Nuovo Brunswick
 Regno Unito
 Bath – città del Somerset
 Stati Uniti d'America
 Bath – città della Contea di Beaufort, Carolina del Nord
 Bath – comunità non incorporata della Contea di Aiken, Carolina del Sud
 Bath –  comunità non incorporata e census-designated place statunitense della contea di Brown nello Stato del Dakota del Sud
 Bath – città della Contea di Mason, Illinois
 Bath – capoluogo della Contea di Sagadahoc, Maine
 Bath – chartered township della Contea di Clinton, Michigan
 Bath – città della Contea di Grafton, New Hampshire
 Bath – capoluogo della Contea di Steuben, New York
 Bath – villaggio della Contea di Steuben, New York
 Bath – borough della Contea di Northampton, Pennsylvania
 Bath – capoluogo della Contea di Morgan, Virginia Occidentale

Altro
 Bath – album dei Maudlin of the Well del 2001
 Adelardo di Bath (1080-1152) – filosofo, matematico e astrologo inglese
 Bathilda Bath – personaggio immaginario della saga di Harry Potter

Altri progetti

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Gills were due to host fellow promotion chasers Walsall on Good Friday (25th March), but the match has been postponed due to three Walsall players having international call ups.
The rearranged date is Tuesday 12th April (7.45pm KO).
Note: Adults sitting in the Brian Moore Stand can take 2 under-12's for FREE!


Fenix is managed by a small team, all with international banking and consultancy background. With early experiences being shaped within investment banking operations and technology groups, the team has worked together since 1999 managing consultancy services across Europe. All are founding directors and shareholders.
Kevin is an industry practitioner with over 15 years experience with leading US and European Investment Banks, including Goldman Sachs, JP Morgan and ABN AMRO. His experience covers both senior line and project management roles. Kevin has used his extensive process and change management experience to implement complex programmes in areas such as legacy system retirement, process reengineering, risk assessment and global operations business strategy formulation and implementation. Kevin possesses robust analytical skills with a keen awareness of the practical business challenges facing the Securities Industry now and in the future. Since 1999, Kevin has been providing consultancy support in a wide variety of projects and international locations encompassing retail, Investment, Institutional and related support transaction services.
Tony began his career working in IT projects at Salomon and then UBS. Moving to consultancy, he specialised in project management for investment banking operations in London, the US and Latin America. More recently, Tony has established a market leading financial services transaction processing business, as well as a successful IT consultancy practice. Tony provides business strategy and management oversight, as well as supporting senior consultants and key clients.
Iris has been traditionally trained in the German Investment Banking Industry. She has more than 15 years experience, initially working for several years at the Frankfurt Stock Exchange then moving onto managing front, middle and back office departments and projects for BHF Bank and ABN AMRO. Her career always had a strong focus on International Client Relationship Management. Since 1999 Iris has focused on project management in Front Office and business migration projects in London, Frankfurt and Dusseldorf. The detailed process knowledge of the Investment business, together with the keen awareness of client needs and her ability to optimally manage resources, positions Iris to be an efficient driving force on projects regardless of complexity.
David is an operations technician and project management specialist with a wide range of international experience, gained at JP Morgan in line, project and business development roles. Working within emerging markets, David has frequently demonstrated the ability to manage complex change in diverse environments. Most recently, he has provided consulting and project management services for a number of European banks and fund managers.


I love these long garnet earrings with clusters of tiny, genuine gemstones. Blue-violet tanzanite, purple amethyst and raspberry-coloured rhodolite garnet make up the three clusters, while gorgeous deep red garnets swing underneath. These are very lightweight and glittery, and are topped off with gold filled earwires. Perfect for a night out!
Earrings are approx. 2 1/2" (62mm) long from the top of the earwire to the bottom of the garnets.


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text:
Conflicts of Interest Appear Rampant Within the Interior Department
Statement of Craig Holman, Government Affairs Lobbyist, Public Citizen's Congress Watch Division
Note: The U.S. Department of Interior Inspector General's office on Tuesday released an investigative report finding that Assistant Secretary for Insular and International Affairs Douglas Domenech violated the conflict of interest rule 5 CFR §2635.502 that prohibits public officials from participating for one year in particular matters that involve their former employers. The finding arises from an ethics complaint filed by the Campaign Legal Center last February.
The Trump administration, and the Department of Interior in particular, are plagued with a continual parade of conflicts of interest with senior officials – and ethics officers for the most part have turned a blind eye.
Public Citizen has filed dozens of ethics complaints across all agencies of the Trump administration over the past two years, only to have the complaints ignored by the administration. In the Interior Department alone, we have asked ethics officials to investigate likely violations of conflicts of interest of former Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke for accepting gifts from those with business pending before the agency; current Interior Secretary David Bernhardt for getting involved in the same issues he lobbied on as a hired-gun lobbyist; and Interior Assistant Daniel Fisher for potentially violating Trump's own ethics pledge. The designated agency ethics officers have not acted on any of these complaints.
Refreshingly, we now see a separate ethics agency, the Interior's Inspector General's office, finding that Interior Assistant Secretary Doug Domenech violated conflicts of interest rules by accepting meetings with his former employer that could influence official actions by the agency. It is way past time that other ethics officials step up and do their jobs.
The finding by the inspector general still requires the administration to take official actions to enforce the ethics rules, but the record of the Trump administration enforcing its own ethics rules raises little hope.
Protecting Democracy: Ethics & Lobbying Reform, Money in Politics, Protecting Voting Rights
Taking on Trump
The Shield Act Is Precisely What Is Needed to Rein in Foreign Interference in U.S. Elections
McConnell Buries Popular Democracy Reforms in His Private Legislative Graveyard
Lobbyists Profit off Trump-Pence Ties As Swamp Remains Un-Drained
Only Structural Reforms Can Fix Our Political System – and the For the People Act Delivers


Join in this exclusive opportunity for Mercer Union Sustaining Members to meet over drinks with artists Ian Carr-Harris and Yvonne Lammerich.
Ian Carr-Harris is an artist based in Toronto whose work has been exhibited nationally and internationally since 1971. Exhibitions include the Paris Biennale (1975), the Venice Biennale (1984), Documenta (1987), the Canadian Biennial at the National Gallery (1989), the Sydney Biennale (1990), the Montreal Biennale (1998) and Threshold at The Power Plant, Toronto (1998). He has been Director of Library Services and Chair of the Experimental Arts & the Sculpture/Installation programs, as well as Acting Chair of the Criticism and Curatorial program at OCADU, where he continues to teach full time as an instructor in studio and theory. Carr-Harris's active publication schedule includes the writing of reviews and articles as well as catalogue essays. He was a founding board member of A Space (1971) and The Power Plant (1987), and has served on boards at Harbourfront and the Art Gallery of Ontario. He is represented by the Susan Hobbs Gallery in Toronto.
Yvonne Lammerich has exhibited in Canada and Europe since the 1980s, including peinture peinture, Montreal (1997, 1999), Le Musée de Quebec (1998), and the Québec International Biennale, 2000. Since moving to Toronto she has contributed a major installation, Island, to the Nature in the Garage Project, Toronto (2006) and mounted a solo exhibition, Belief, at Diaz Contemporary in 2008. Also in 2008 she was invited as one of three artists to participate in Correspondence / Common Ground at the Southern Alberta Art Gallery as well as exhibiting Abitation 1608-2008 at the Trianon Gallery in Lethbridge. In 2010 she co-produced (with Ian Carr-Harris) the project Copy This to the exhibition Art School Dismissed, Toronto. In 2011 she initiated the TMCA project (Toronto Museum of Contemporary Art – a hybrid virtual Museum) through the exhibition It takes everyone to know no one at the Barnicke Gallery (2011). Upcoming in June, 2012, is the Ideal House Project, School of Architecture, Cambridge Art Gallery/University of Waterloo. Over her career she has curated several exhibitions and written for Parachute, Canadian Art, and Contemporary Magazine, London UK. She participated in the Banff residency "The Future of Idea Art" in 2006, and in 2010/11 she taught at Zayed University in Dubai. Her work is represented in a number of private and public collections, and articulates the simultaneity of experiencing the body's response as we navigate both real and projected space.


text:
Stegersbach (węg. Szentelek, burg.-chorw. Santalek, rom. Schtega) – gmina targowa w Austrii, w kraju związkowym Burgenland, w powiecie Güssing. Według danych Austriackiego Urzędu Statystycznego liczyła 2,56 tys. mieszkańców (1 stycznia 2014).

Przypisy

Gminy w powiecie Güssing


text:
Home » Proteomics Technologies
Proteomics Technologies
A New Approach for Identification and Quantification of Intact Proteoforms
The critical protein actors in biological systems are the intact proteoforms, namely the different forms of proteins produced from the genome in a variety of splice forms, and adorned with a myriad of post-translational modifications that dramatically affect their function (see Figure 1) [1]. Lamentably, today's bottom-up proteomic technologies, which identify and quantify peptides derived from proteins, rather than the proteins themselves, fail to deliver crucial protein-level information to biologists. We present a new vision for discerning the identities and abundances of proteoforms in biological samples of interest.
Our strategy integrates state-of-the-art proteomic and genomic technologies. A new generation of high resolution mass spectrometers and a novel isotopic tagging strategy will yield for each proteoform its accurate mass, the number of lysines it contains, and its relative abundance. Parallel RNA-Seq analysis on the same sample will provide transcriptomic data to construct a tightly focused sample-specific proteoform database. Comparison of the mass spectrometric data with the proteoform database will reveal the proteoform identities present in the sample, and the isotopic tagging strategy will provide relative abundances. We present here the concepts involved in this overall approach along with some preliminary data for aspects of the strategy.
Figure 1. "Proteoform" defined. A proteoform is a particular form of a protein that is defined by its exact amino acid sequence combined with any post translational modifications on that sequence. Thus, each "protein" arising from a gene may exist in numerous different proteoforms. Figure from [1]
Overview of Strategy
The crux of this overall approach lies in the ability to identify proteoforms by producing two synergistic sets of data: (A) a customized sample-specific proteoform database enumerating the proteoforms that could be present in the sample (candidate proteoforms table); and (B) the experimental proteomics data giving the accurate intact masses and lysine count for all detectable proteins in the sample (experimental mass table). Subsequent matching of each experimental mass plus its lysine count to an entry in the candidate table reveals the identities of the proteoforms actually present in the sample. The overall strategy to generate these experimental and candidate proteoform tables is outlined in Figure 2 and explained in detail below.
Figure 2. Cultured cells or even whole animals are grown with two different forms of the amino acid lysine called "NeuCode light" and "NeuCode heavy." Both protein and RNA are extracted from these samples. The RNA undergoes RNA-Seq analysis to reveal the transcripts present, which are then converted to a list of protein sequences that can actually exist in these samples. Decoration of these protein sequences with PTMs produces a list of candidate proteoforms. The proteins undergo two dimensions of separation followed by mass spectrometric analysis to generate a table of experimental intact protein masses and associated lysine counts. Matching the experimental data to this sample-specific database identifies the proteoforms present.
Construction of Sample-Specific Proteoform Databases
Possible AA sequences + Possible PTMs = Candidate Proteoform Database. A proteoform, by definition, is a unique combination of primary amino acid sequence and post-translational modifications (see Figure 1). Accordingly, to populate the proteoform database, we first identify the primary amino acid sequences present in the sample using sample-specific RNA-Seq data. Next, we identify the subset of post-translational modifications present in the sample using prior studies and/or bottom-up proteomic analysis of the sample itself. Finally, we assemble the library of candidate proteoforms generated from these lists of amino acid sequences and PTMs.
An ideal proteoform database contains only those proteoforms present in the sample. Missing or incorrect entries lead to false negative or false positive identifications and thus diminish the quality of the results. The key limitation of intact protein analysis has been the combinatorial explosion in the number of possible proteoforms. As an example of the magnitude of this problem, consider the 20,265 reviewed human protein entries in UniProt, which have 68,898 known amino acid variants listed. We expanded the number of combinatorial possibilities for each protein based on its own list of possible variants, and then summed them across all proteins to yield >1069 amino acid sequences. Clearly, numbers of this magnitude are not consistent with database utility. Our strategy of employing RNA-Seq data to limit the database to the primary amino acid sequences actually contained in the sample reduces this number to 2x104, a breathtaking reduction in complexity that is critical to feasibility of the approach.
Identification of correct primary protein amino acid sequences. Our process for construction of sample-specific protein sequence databases from RNA-Seq data was described in two recent papers[2, 3]. Limiting the protein sequences included in the database to those where the corresponding mRNAs have reasonably high expression levels is an important strategy for reducing the potential for false positive identification of a proteoform. We recently performed deep RNA sequencing (300 million reads) and deep-coverage bottom-up proteomic analysis (32 fractions yielding nearly 8000 identified proteins) of Jurkat cell lysate. In total 2x104 transcript sequences were observed, but the majority of observable proteins arose from genes expressed at levels >10 TPM (transcripts-per-million), as shown in Figure 3. Accordingly, we employ a 10 TPM cut-off to further reduce the number of primary sequences, down to 1x104, for inclusion in custom databases.
Identification of the subset of PTMs present in the sample. The second step in the construction of sample-specific proteoform databases is the adornment of the primary amino acid sequences with PTMs. This step requires careful consideration because allowing too many possibilities increases the number of false matches and also lowers the confidence of correct identifications. While it is likely that many proteins have at least one post-translational modification and some more than one, recent studies have indicated that the majority of proteoforms identified in a human cell line had 2 or fewer PTMs [4]. We initially limit the number of possible modifications to ≤ 5 PTMs per protein sequence. The list of PTMs is assembled from two sources of information: PTM databases (e.g. Proteoform Repository, UniProt, etc.) and bottom-up proteomics experiments.
Assembly of proteoform databases from amino acid sequences and PTMs. The final proteoform databases are produced by assembly of each primary amino acid sequence with 0 to 5 total PTMs, selected from UniProt and/or bottom-up studies. The output of these scripts is a table of possible proteoforms in the sample, where each entry contains the following information: 1) identity of the proteoform (amino acid sequence and PTMs), 2) the intact mass (amino acid residue masses plus PTM masses), 3) the number of lysines, and 4) optionally other protein group identifiers such as gene name or UniProt accession number.
As described above, employing RNA-Seq data reduces the number of base sequences to 1x104. For a subset of 2750 sequences corresponding to those proteins with MW below 30kDa (the cut-off we employ in experiments using GELFREE fractionation of the sample), the resulting sequences were converted into 21,690 possible proteoforms using the known PTMs (from UniProt) and the limit of ≤ 5 PTMs per base sequence. This is clearly a feasible database size for implementation of our proteoform identification strategy.
Figure 3. Number of detected proteins (from bottom-up proteomics) as a function of the RNA expression level in TPM.
Figure 4. Protein molecular weight distribution (UniProt-human).
Obtaining Intact Mass, Lysine Count, and Abundance
Experimental determination of intact mass. Proteins from cell lysate are fractionated according to molecular weight using off-line GELFREE fractionation, an approach recently pioneered by Kelleher and coworkers for the fractionation of complex protein mixtures in top down proteomics [5]. For this preliminary work, we combined all fractions up to 30kDa (an approximate upper mass limit for our current mass spectrometer); future work will likely involve separate analysis of each 10kDa molecular weight fraction. Further separation is accomplished using online nanocapillary reverse phase chromatography, and mass spectrometry is performed by ESI-MS in a high resolution (R=100,000) Orbitrap mass spectrometer. An example spectrum is shown in Figure 5. Deconvolution and deisotoping of the resultant spectra yields a list of highly accurate intact proteoform masses.
Experimental determination of lysine count. To increase the information available for proteoform identification, we also determine the number of lysines present in each proteoform. This is accomplished using the NeuCode isotopic labeling method[6]. NeuCode (Neutron enCoding) is a variation of SILAC (Stable Isotope Labeling of Amino acids in Cell culture) recently developed by our colleague Joshua Coon. In its simplest form, it employs two isotopologues of lysine whose mass differs by 0.036 Daltons (see right panel of Figure 5). These can be employed to label two different samples, permitting relative quantification of peptides. Most tryptic peptides have only a single lysine, and thus the mass shift between a pair of NeuCode labeled peptides generally corresponds to only 0.036 Daltons. In contrast, intact proteins will have a variable number of lysines, resulting in mass differences of n*0.036 Da, where n is the number of lysines encoded by the protein. The high accuracy determination of the mass differences between pairs of NeuCode labeled proteoforms reveal the number of lysines present. We show in Figure 6 a mass spectrum from a pair of NeuCode-labeled proteoforms demonstrating the observed mass shift corresponding to the number of lysines in that particular proteoform.
Figure 5. Intact Protein Mass Spectrum from NeuCode-labeled Rat INS-1 Cells. Experimental mass spectrum of an intact proteoform showing the distribution of charge states (left), an expanded view of the +12 charge state showing the isotopic distribution (middle), and a further expanded view of a pair of NeuCode isotopologue peaks (right).
Figure 6. The structures of the two NeuCode isotopologues.
Figure 7. Expanded View of a Pair of NeuCode Mass Spectral Peaks. The NeuCode "light" and "heavy" peaks differ by 0.0203 m/z units, which when multiplied by the charge state and divided by 0.036 Da (spacing per lysine) reveals that this proteoform contains 7 lysines. In addition, the relative intensities of the NeuCode "light" and "heavy" peaks reveals the relative amount of this proteoform in the two samples that were mixed together; a ratio of 4.7:1 was observed in this case. This figure clearly demonstrates the information obtainable from NeuCode labeling and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Future work will utilize software to deconvolute and deisotope the spectra to collapse all of the charge states and isotopic peaks into a single pair of NeuCode peaks, to obtain an accurate intact mass, a lysine count, and relative quantification.
Experimental determination of relative abundance. The identification of peptides or proteins in proteomics has little utility in the absence of quantitative information on their levels. Changes in protein concentration in response to conditions often provides critical clues to biological function. Therefore, it is essential that a useful proteomics strategy provide quantitative information on proteoform abundance. The NeuCode strategy, in addition to providing lysine count, also yields a quantitative measure of relative abundance, as illustrated in Figure 6.
Summary and Larger Context for the Project
This is a special moment in time. We are in the midst of a technological revolution of unprecedented scope. Next generation sequencing platforms allow rapid, inexpensive and comprehensive transcriptomic analyses, and new mass spectrometers of ever-increasing sensitivity can rapidly determine the accurate mass of intact proteins. This technological convergence opens the possibility of dramatically changing the fundamental paradigm of proteomic analyses. We propose to integrate these state-of-the art genomics and proteomics capabilities into a new two-pronged strategy, in which custom sample-specific proteoform databases will be created and used to identify proteoforms from mass spectrometric data. Employing such an informed database will avoid the combinatorial explosion of possible proteoforms that has severely hindered identification strategies for intact proteins (e.g. top-down proteomics).
The transition we propose is similar to the metamorphosis in genomics that occurred with SNP analyses, where the early stages of the genome project focused on "SNP discovery", while once the SNP databases were near completion, the field turned to "SNP scoring", a much less expensive and more straightforward process. In proteomics, once proteoform databases are near completion, in that the hard work has been done to identify what proteoforms actually exist in nature, it will no longer be necessary to engage in laborious and complex full-fledged analyses of proteins involving MS/MS fragmentation. Rather, a simple isotopic tagging procedure and accurate mass determination will be sufficient to provide accurate quantitative information on proteoform identities and abundances.
The ability to determine the extent and nature of protein variation is a critical missing piece in proteomics today. A surprise revealed by the success of the human genome project was the much lower than anticipated number of genes present in human, in the range of ~20,000 rather than the predicted ~100,000. This fact has led to the general recognition that much of the complexity and sophistication afforded by our biological machinery is at the level of protein variation rather than just resulting from a large number of distinct genes. These protein variations occur on at least three levels; alternative splicing of the RNA transcript; codon substitutions; and a wide variety of post-translational modifications (PTMs). Determining the identities and abundances of these proteoforms is vital to understanding normal and disease biology. The variations in proteoforms play central roles in a wide variety of biological processes, from cell signaling and signal transduction to gene regulation.
Smith, Lloyd M. and Kelleher, Neil L., "Proteoform: a single term describing protein complexity." Nature Methods, 2013, 10(3), 186-187.
Sheynkman, G.M.; Shortreed, M.R.; Frey, B.L.; and Smith, L.M., "Discovery and mass spectrometric analysis of novel splice-junction peptides using RNA-Seq." Molecular & Cellular Proteomics, 2013, 12(8), 2341-2353.
Sheynkman, G.M.; Shortreed, M.R.; Frey, B.L.; Scalf, M.; and Smith, L.M., "Large-scale mass spectrometric detection of variant peptides resulting from non-synonymous nucleotide differences." submitted to Journal of Proteome Research.
Tran, J.C.; Zamdborg, L.; Ahlf, D.R.; Lee, J.E.; Catherman, A.D.; Durbin, K.R.; Tipton, J.D.; Vellaichamy, A.; Kellie, J.F.; Li, M.X.; Wu, C.; Sweet, S.M.M.; Early, B.P.; Siuti, N.; LeDuc, R.D.; Compton, P.D.; Thomas, P.M.; and Kelleher, N.L., "Mapping intact protein isoforms in discovery mode using top-down proteomics." Nature, 2011, 480, 254-258.
Tran, J.C. and Doucette, A.A., "Gel-eluted liquid fraction entrapment electrophoresis: An electrophoretic method for broad molecular weight range proteome separation." Analytical Chemistry, 2008, 80(5), 1568-1573.
Hebert, A.S.; Merrill, A.E.; Bailey, D.J.; Still, A.J.;Westphall, M.S.; Strieter, E.R.; Pagliarini, D.J.; and Coon, J.J., "Neutron-encoded mass signatures for multiplexed proteome quantification." Nature Methods, 2013, 10(4), 332-334.


text:
ORIGINAL ROBERT MITCHUM Film Script THE AMSTERDAM KILL BRADFORD DILLMAN'S Copy
[THE AMSTERDAM KILL - THE FILM]. CLOUSE, ROBERT & BRADFORD DILLMAN.
Original Shooting Script for the Film The Amsterdam Kill, Originally Titled Kill Him in Amsterdam, by Robert Clouse, Co-Starring Bradford Dillman, from Dillmans Library. Los Angeles: Fantastic Films / Columbia Pictures, 1976. Original shooting script for the film The Amsterdam Kill, originally titled Kill Him in Amsterdam (as printed on the title page), written by Robert Clouse, co-starring Bradford Dillman, alongside Robert Mitchum, Richard Egan, Leslie Nielsen, and Keye Luke. This was Dillmans working script with his extensive notations throughout and his estate stamp which reads, From the Library of Bradford Dillman.
Bradbound, 132 pages, dated September 7, 1976, with a U. Release date of March 3, 1978. The film tells the story of a former DEA agent, Larry Quinlan (Mitchum) who is hired by a leader in the Amsterdam drug cartel to help him leave the business, but the plan goes awry. He was trained at the Actors Studio under Lee Strasberg and knew James Dean in early television.
Dillman rose to sudden fame with his appearance in Richard Fleishers film Compulsion (1959) with Dean Stockwell and Orson Welles, and continued in movies throughout his career in such films as The Way We Were, The Iceman Cometh, The Enforcer, Sudden Impact, Crack in the Mirror, Escape From the Planet of the Apes, Francis of Assisi, Piranha, The Swarm, etc. A great success in television, Dillman appeared in a remarkable number of shows and made for TV movies in a variety of genres, including, Mission Impossible, The Man from U.
Columbo, Wagon Train, Ironside, Dynasty, The Wild Wild West, Thriller, Wonder Woman, Cannon, Barnaby Jones, and many others. The item "ORIGINAL ROBERT MITCHUM Film Script THE AMSTERDAM KILL BRADFORD DILLMAN'S Copy" is in sale since Tuesday, June 5, 2018.
This item is in the category "Entertainment Memorabilia\Movie Memorabilia\Scripts\Originals\Unsigned". The seller is "catstarbuck" and is located in Santa Barbara, California. This item can be shipped to North, South, or Latin America, all countries in Europe, Japan, Australia, China, South Korea, Indonesia, Taiwan, South africa, Thailand, Hong Kong, Israel, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Saudi arabia, United arab emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Brunei darussalam, Egypt, Jordan, Cambodia, Sri lanka, Macao, Maldives, Oman, Pakistan, Reunion, Viet nam.
Original Shooting Scripts: Actor Bradford Dillman's Copy with His Notes
Year: 1976, U. Release Date: March 3, 1978


text:
A 68HC11 (rövidítve 6811, vagy HC11) egy 8 bites CISC típusú mikrovezérlő (µC) család, a Motorola 6800-as mikroprocesszor közeli rokona. A Motorola készítette és forgalmazta 1985-től, 2004-től a gyártását a Freescale Semiconductor folytatta. A 68HC11-es eszközök hatékonyabbak és drágábbak is a 68HC08 mikrovezérlőknél; vonalkód-olvasókban, mágneskártya-író berendezésekben, amatőr robotikai eszközökben és változatos beágyazott rendszerekben használják őket. A MC68HC11A8 volt az első CMOS EEPROM-ot tartalmazó MCU.

Architektúra

Belsőleg a HC11 utasításkészlete felfelé kompatibilis a Motorola 6800-aséval, azzal a kiegészítéssel, hogy ennek van egy Y indexregisztere is. Az Y regisztert használó utasításokat egy 0x18 prefix különbözteti meg. Két 8 bites akkumulátora van, az A és a B, két 16 bites indexregisztere, az X és az Y, egy feltételkód- v. állapotregisztere, egy 16 bites veremmutatója és egy 16 bites programszámlálója. Van  bites szorzóutasítása (A × B), amely 16 bites eredményt produkál, valamint vannak 16-16 bites törtrész/egészrész osztóutasításai is. Rendelkezik 16 bites utasításokkal, amelyek az A és B regisztereket a 16 bitesként értelmezett D regiszterbe összevont módon kezelik, ezek összehasonlítás, összeadás, kivonás és eltoló utasítások lehetnek. Az X és Y regiszterek összehasonlíthatók 16 bites memóriaoperandusokkal is, a B akkumulátorregiszter pedig hozzáadható az X és Y indexregiszterekhez. Az utasításkészletet bitellenőrző utasításokkal is kibővítették, amelyek logikai ÉS műveletet végeznek az operandusokkal és a feltételbiteket állítják, miközben az operandusok nem változnak.

A HC11 különböző változatai eltérő számú külső porttal rendelkeznek, ezeket a portokat betűkkel jelölik. A legelterjedtebb változatnak öt portja van, ezeket A, B, C, D és E-vel jelölik, néhány más változatnak (pl. a D3 verziónak) csak három portja van. A portok nyolcbitesek, kivéve a D-t, amely hatbites (bár a D port is lehet nyolcbites egyes változatokban). 1-től 768 bájt méretű belső program- és adatmemóriával rendelkezik, amelyben programot is képes futtatni, ha a méret ezt lehetővé teszi. A külső memória mérete max. 64 KiB lehet. Külső memória használata esetén a B és C portok cím- és adatsínként funkcionálnak. Ebben az üzemmódban a C port multiplexelt, felváltva hordozza a 16 bites cím alsó bájtját és az adatot.

Megvalósítások

Az 1990-es évek elején a Motorola készített néhány próbapanelt a 68HC11-eshez, különböző méretű UART, RAM és EPROM kombinációkkal. Ekkoriban egy ilyen próbapanel ára 68 dollár körül volt.

A HC11 család standard bootloadere (rendszerindító betöltőprogram) a BUFFALO volt, ami a "Bit User Fast Friendly Aid to Logical Operation" rövidítése (a rendszer indulásakor a BUFFALO prompt megjelenik a soros porton, ami azt jelzi, hogy a kártya flashmemóriája törlődött). Nem minden HC11 modellhez járt a BUFFALO bootloader, pl. a 68HC11A0 és A1 modellekhez nem, de az A8-hoz már igen.

Más verziók
A Freescale 68HC16 mikrovezérlő családot a 68HC11 16 bites, nagyrészt szoftverkompatibilis frissítésének ill. felváltására szánták.

A Freescale 68HC12 mikrovezérlő család a 68HC11 kiterjesztett 16 bites változata.

A Fred Martin által tervezett Handy Board robotikai vezérlő szintén a 68HC11-es mikrokontrolleren alapul.

A HC11-es számára rendelkezésre áll a MC68HC24 jelű porthelyettesítő egység. Ez a külső címsínhez csatlakoztatva átveszi a B és C port eredeti funkcióit. Az A port bemeneti tároló, kimeneti összehasonlító, impulzusakkumulátor és egyéb időzítő funkciókat szolgál ki, a D port a soros ki- és bemenet céljaira, az E port pedig az analóg-digitális átalakító (ADC) céljaira szolgál.

Jegyzetek

Fordítás

Források

További információk
Freescale 68HC11 (Legacy) Part Info
Wytec 68HC11 fejlesztőkártya
GM HC11 CPU Core, teljesen szintetizálható VHDL implementáció
Digital Core Design 68HC11E - HDL IP Core
Digital Core Design 68HC11F - HDL IP Core
Digital Core Design 68HC11K - HDL IP Core
Win/Linux freeware cross-assembler
4MHz buszsebességű 68HC11F1-alapú kártya

Kapcsolódó szócikkek
Motorola, Inc., Freescale Semiconductor
Handy Board

Mikroprocesszorok
8 bites mikroprocesszorok
Mikrovezérlők


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