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the military outposts established by the spanish in california and new mexico were called
Russian growth To America through Stephen WatrousExcerpted fromFort Ross© 1998 ft Ross Interpretive association (Fort Ross Conservancy) ISBN # 1-56540-355-X
Otter Skins, Boston Ships, and China Goods: The Maritime fur Trade the the Northwest Coast, 1785-1841 (Mcgill-Queen's Native and also Northern Series) by James R. Gibson.
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Russian growth To America
In the century that complied with the exploration of America, European expansion into the west Hemisphere reached a range that adjusted the world. The trips to the brand-new World undertaken by the Atlantic powers of Europe in the 16th and also 17th centuries are typically well known, as space the explorations and also settlement of europe in north America throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. Much less well known, however, is the penetration the America's northwest coast by the Russians, the culmination that Russia's age-old initiative to settle and also develop its east frontier.
Russia's eastward expansion took ~ above a new dimension in the 17th and also 18th centuries, together a counterpart to European and American from the west expansion. About the exact same time the English colonists an initial settled follow me the Atlantic seaboard, Russian explorers, trappers, and also settlers pushed eastern into Siberia and in 1639 got to the Pacific Ocean. Through the mid-17th century frontier promyshlenniki—self employed and also contract entrepreneurs—had cruised through the strait the separates Asia from north America, inadvertently finding out a sea route from the Arctic to the Pacific.
But that was no until nearly 75 year later, as soon as Tsar Peter the great became determined to define the location of the phibìc Pacific, the the potential value of the discoveries in this region became clear. In 2 arduous voyages, Vitus Bering and Alexei Chirikov, under board of directors of the Russian Crown, cruised through the area now dubbed the Bering Strait in 1728, and also in 1741 uncovered the Aleutian Islands and also the mainland that Alaska, both of which they asserted for Russia. These outcomes aroused good interest among Russian hunters and traders; the hair trade had actually long to be the mainspring of Russia's eastward expansion, and now these frontier businessman were drawn to the herds of hair seal and also sea otter that lived in the north Pacific.
From the 1740s to the finish of the century, over forty Russian merchants and companies funded voyages to the Aleutians and the Alaskan mainland. By the early 1800s, Russian entrepreneurs to be exporting an average of 62,000 fur pelts from phibìc America each year, worth around two-thirds of a million document rubles (about $133,200), a large sum in those days. Even though end eighty percent that the pelts were hair seal, the practically five percent the were sea otter pelts to be the many valuable.
The Russian settlements in Alaska
The rapid development of the hair trade dubbed for permanent Russian posts in Alaska and bases for hunting expeditions and storing furs. A Russian presence in the Aleutians and on Unalaska Island started to show up in the 1770s, yet the first known permanent settlement was established on Kodiak Island in 1784 by the enterprising seller Grigory Ivanovich Shelikhov. The hardy, ambitious, and also resourceful Shelikhov, that was probably the most farsighted Siberian seller of his day, became very early advocate of prolonging Russian companies as far south together California.
The Russian foothold in Alaska continued to be undisturbed by various other Europeans for several decades. In the minds of Europeans and also American colonists of the 18th century, Alaska to be barely known—at most, it to be little much more than a location name because that a remote and also forbidding land. Native the so late 1760s on, however, the governments of Spain and an excellent Britain, both with insurance claims to the phibìc American mainland, came to be concerned around Russia's presence in the phibìc Pacific and, later, its monopoly of the hair trade. Spain advanced its territorial claims by sending out naval explorations as far north together Unalaska, and also by establishing a chain of missions in top California between 1769 and 1776, from san Diego phibìc to san Francisco Bay. Great Britain advocated its cause by sending out Captain James chef to find for a Northwest Passage; the cook expedition visited the northern Pacific coast and also Unalaska, whereby they met the Russians in 1778. The newly formed United States developed a case to the northwest coast, in component as a result of vendor voyages native Boston to the Columbia flow of Oregon in 1787-88.
Despite the farming profits the the hair trade in the north Pacific, the number of Russian trading carriers in procedure at the finish of the 18th century declined. The diminishing animal populations in northern waters, the accident of cruising vessels in Alaska storms, and also the rising prices of long voyages indigenous the Siberian seaboard to store the American settlements provided all an unified to alleviate the variety of trading companies and leave the ar only come the strongest. At Grigory Shelikhov's death in 1795, his firm conquered the trade. In a move of definition for all of Russian America, Shelikhov's widow, Mme. Natalia Shelikhova, and a organization partner combined with an additional competitor in 1797 to kind the unified American Company, which two years later on reorganized to come to be the Russian-American Company, hired by Tsar Paul I.
The Russian-American Company, like various other European joint-stock carriers (Dutch eastern India Company, Hudson's only Company, Northwest fur Company, brother East and West India Companies), was given tasks to do that went past the kingdom of trade. It to be authorized to use the seaside areas of north America south to 55° phibìc latitude (near Alaska's current southern boundary) and to explore and colonize unoccupied lands. It was additionally given the ideal to make use of surface and also mineral resources in the areas worked out by Russians. In effect, it became the "right arm" the the Russian government in the American hemisphere. Members that the Tsar's family, the court nobility, and high officialdom hosted shares in the Company, and it was construed that the company would henceforth control all Russian exploration, trade, and settlement in phibìc America. Shelikhov's dream of transforming the north Pacific right into an "inland sea" the the Russian realm was now under way.
The next step in the continuing expansion follow me the Northwest coastline of America was the establishment of the Company's permanent headquarters top top the island of Sitka in 1808, a negotiation the Russians called Novo-Arkhangel'sk. Indigenous here, end the next couple of years, the Russians established relations v the Spanish in California, set up a base for experimenting the California coast, and also then started a nest north of san Francisco together a fur and agricultural supply post.
The Russian advancement to California
In 1791 Shelikhov sent out Alexandr Andreyevich Baranov come Alaska together his trusted assistant to control his commerce company's affairs. Baranov's success earned that the duty of first manager-in-chief that the Russian-American firm at its founding in 1799, a article he filled until a couple of months before his death in 1818. Native his headquarters in ~ Novo-Arkhangel'sk, Baranov, with the assist of his able assistant, Ivan Alexandrovich Kuskov, oversaw the Company's cultivation enterprises in Alaska, and those as far afield as California and also even Hawaii. A man of huge talent, courage, and stamina, that was both admired and feared through Russians, natives, and foreigners alike, Baranov to be the main architect of Russia's southward expansion.
Worried through the dwindling otter catch in Alaskan waters, Baranov dispatched one exploratory hunting exploration to California in 1803 in a joint undertaking with an American sea captain, Joseph O'Cain. Sailing as far south as mountain Diego and also Baja California, the voyagers uncovered the otter to it is in plentiful, which ensured the the sea otter would continue to be the Company's most financially rewarding trade item, even if the top quality of the hair was no as high together that the the Alaskan otter.
The various other nagging problem that drive the Russians southern was the persistent difficulty in keeping the brand-new settlements in the north Pacific offered with enough provisions come feed their colonists. The harsh physical environment of Alaska and the absence of familiarity v crop and also stock raising among the Kodiak and also Aleutian Islanders, on whom the Russians relied for labor, worked against their meager attempts at agriculture. Even the initiatives of Russian settlers to thrive garden produce and to attain seed to be disappointing. The winter of 1805-06 was climactic. The weather was unusually severe, and also no it is provided ships come from Siberia for numerous months. The couple of staples ~ above hand at Sitka were rationed but soon provided out, and also the lean, ill-nourishing diet the settlers had to live on caused malnutrition, scurvy, and death. Top top this dismal step arrived a high-ranking agency official native St. Petersburg to inspect the colony. Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov, royal chamberlain and also son-in-law the Grigory Shelikhov, was appalled at what he saw and reported the colonial territories to be in a "disastrous situation."
So moved was Rezanov by the misery that the colonists that he purchased a courage from american in Alaska and also sailed to mountain Francisco Bay beforehand in 1806 to acquisition grain and, if possible, to create trade connections with the Spanish in upper California on a continuing basis. On his arrival, Rezanov boldly ignored the truth that every California ports were officially closed come trade through foreigners. He was at when ordered come anchor. The commandant that the Spanish presidio, Don José Dario Argüello, was away, so Rezanov to be met through his son, Don Luís Antonio Argüello, and by number of Catholic missionaries, all of whom were favorably impressed by Rezanov's credentials, guns, and an excellent manners. Shortly Rezanov was cordially obtained at the Presidio through the family of the Spanish commandant.
During the next few weeks, the persuasive Rezanov successfully brought out his goal of trading Russian-made utensils and tools because that wheat. With the return the Commandant Argüello come the Presidio, Rezanov to be able to gain support because that permission come trade with Spanish California, i beg your pardon was described Madrid because that approval. Rezanov's reason was further supported by his romance with the commandant's daughter, Doña Concepción Argüello, which brought about a marital relationship proposal, and also its acceptance, top top the eve of his departure.
Returning come Sitka v provisions and also news the a feasible trade commitment with Spanish California, Rezanov urged Baranov to exploit "the one unoccupied stretch" the California coastline as an farming and searching base because that the negotiations in Russian Alaska. Climate he collection out top top his return expedition to St. Petersburg, traveling via Kamchatka and Siberia, come report come the Tsar and also the Company's residence office. Top top the way, weakened by fever, Rezanov dropped from his horse and died of injuries a few days later, on march 1, 1807. It was a year or two before Doña Concepción knew the his fate. But, in Alaska, Baranov and Russian-American company officials hurried to act top top Rezanov's advice.
Establishment that the California Settlement
In 1803, 1806 and 1808 Baranov had actually appointed Timofei Tarakanov, a talented promyshlennik, come lead big Native Alaskan hunting parties to California. In between 1808 and 1811, Baranov sent out his deputy Kuskov top top a series of expeditions to reconnoiter feasible settlement web page in "New Albion," a name used by the Russians after teacher Francis Drake's designation that California. At Bodega Bay, referred to as Rumiantsev only by the Russians, top top the Sonoma coastline north of mountain Francisco Bay, Kuskov established a short-lived base and collection about exploring the surrounding territory. The examined several sites, and also in 1811 selected a cove and promontory up the shore from Bodega Bay together the ideal location because that the colony. Although it lacked the deep-water anchorage the Russians appreciated in Bodega's external bay, the propose site had actually overall advantages in soil, timber, water supply, and pasturage. In addition, its relative inaccessibility indigenous Spanish-occupied territory offered it an advantage in terms of defense. Kuskov submitted his references to Baranov, and also preparations started for establishing a settlement.
In in march 1812, v orders to construct and provide the settlement, Kuskov returned to the Sonoma Coast. Through him came twenty-five Russians, plenty of of lock craftsmen, and also eighty Aleuts. These indigenous Alaskans lugged forty baidarkas, the swift, maneuverable skin kayaks provided for hunting and also a couple of larger skin boats, baidaras, because that transport. Kuskov's assignment was no an unfamiliar one. He had previously administered settlements in Alaska and had developed Novo-Arkhangel'sk top top Sitka Island after regional Indians ruined the firm fortress in 1802. Construction at the California site began at once. Several of the craftsmen v Kuskov may have functioned on reconstructing the Sitka settlement. The frameworks which increased on the bluff that the new colony took on lines similar to those the Novo-Arkhangel'sk, together the workmen followed models that the timeless stockade, blockhouses, and also log buildings found in Siberia and on Sitka.
On august 30, 1812 (in the old style Russian calendar), the name-day of Tsar Alexander I, the Russians held a special religious service in ~ the colony, noting the completion of the stockade. The stockade was constructed of redwood, lot in the exact same configuration as seen today. 2 blockhouses v cannon ports were built at the northwest and southeast corners of the stockade. The northwest blockhouse had actually seven sides and the southeast one had eight, each framework being two stories high. In between twelve and also forty cannons were put within the stockade and blockhouses, the number differing in the different accounts that the website written end the years. Sentries bearing flintlock muskets stood guard in every blockhouse, but although it was fortified, the settlement offered as a commercial, no a army outpost. Flagstaffs were first erected in the center of the stockade and also outside the on the bluff, each bearing the flag the the Russian-American Company, with the royal double-headed eagle as its insignia. The settlement was provided the name "Ross" most most likely to to mark poetically its connection with imperial Russia (Rossiia). Ross had actually other early on names together well: the Russians often defined the station as "Ross Colony," "Ross Settlement," and "Ross Fortress," and firm officials referred to as it the "Ross Office." Its existing name, "Fort Ross," has actually been provided by Americans since the mid-19th century.
By 1820 the stockade interior consisted of the residence of the manager (now referred to as the Kuskov House), the quarters of various other officials, barracks because that the Russian employees, and also various storehouses and also lesser structures. Some buildings had 2 stories. The manager's house had actually glass windows and also was comfortably furnished. The chapel to be added about 1825, instead of a tiny bell tower top top the very same site. A well within the stockade provided the homesteaders with new water in situation of emergency. In 1832 an cotton Bostonian who visited Ross recorded his summary of the stockade and manager's residence: The Presidio is formed by the dwellings fronting inwards, make a big square, surrounded by a high fence. The Governor's residence stands in ~ the head, and the remainder of the square is formed by the chapel, magazine, and dwelling houses. The structures are indigenous 15 come 20 feet high, developed of big timbers, and have a weather-beaten appearance.
Outside the stockade, a windmill, livestock yard, bakery, threshing floor, and cemetery, along with farm buildings and bath houses, showed up within 5 years. Over there were vegetables gardens and an orchard. In later years there were 2 windmills, 2 threshing floors, numerous bathhouses and assorted other structures defined in the 1841 Russian Inventory for Sutter. Along the cove, in ~ the mouth that the stream below the stockade, were situated a shipyard, forge, tannery, boathouse and storage melted for baidaras and also baidarkas.
After 1820 numerous Russians chose to live external the stockade. There were likewise the houses of the neighborhood Kashaya Indians, ~ above whose ancestral land the outpost was built, and who worked for the Russians. The indigenous Alaskans who had come through Kuskov, generally designated through the Russians together Aleuts, lived external the fort as well. Auguste boy name Duhaut-Cilly, visiting native France in 1828, noted a populace of about sixty Russians, eighty "Kodiaks," and around eighty Indians, all living in family member harmony.
Fort Ross – The Russian colony in California
Records present that ~ 1812 there to be from twenty-five come one hundreds Russians and from fifty to one hundred twenty-five indigenous Alaskans at the negotiation at any given time. The variety of the Kashaya, who concerned work as day laborers, varied through the seasons. Records show the existence of only a couple of Russian women in the nest (the most significant of whom was the mam of the critical manager); "creole" and also Alaskan ladies were somewhat more numerous. However, throughout the life the the colony, a number of Russians and also Alaskan natives married California Indian women—Kashaya, coast Miwok and Southern Pomo—with the consent of defect and firm authorities. The youngsters at the settlement, that made up around a third of the citizens by the mid-1830s, were nearly all taken into consideration as "Creoles," born of this ethnically blended unions.
Everyone in the vicinity of ft Ross labored for the Russian-American Company. The organization and also operation the the nest followed the same general pattern together in the Company's Alaskan settlements. The Ross colony, together in Alaska, was headed by a manager. He was paid a salary and given living quarters, and, return he likewise had servants, he worked as difficult as any type of of the colonists, even finding time to often tend a garden to add to the food supply. Kuskov, the an initial manager, was a particularly avid gardener, growing cabbage and beets for pickling, v enough create harvested for shipments come be sent to Sitka for distribution in Alaska. The Ross settlement had 5 managers during its existence—Kuskov served from 1812 come 1821, karl Ivanovich Schmidt indigenous 1821 to 1824, Pavel Ivanovich Shelikhov from 1825 to 1830, Peter Stepanovich Kostromitinov indigenous 1830 to 1838, and also Alexander Gavrilovich Rotchev from 1838 come 1841.
The remainder of the Russian homesteaders were drawn from miscellaneous parts the the Russian Empire. Besides prikashchiki, who were the administrative assistants and work supervisors, some of the colonists were artisans—carpenters, blacksmiths, coopers, and also those professional in a trade. Many of the Russians were promyshlenniki (Kuskov offered the hatchet promyshlennye in his census of 1821): handymen, laborers, hunters, and also occasional seamen in the agency service. Before 1820, such workers were hired to occupational on a share-of-the-catch basis; after the time they were paid a salary, signing on for a seven-year term and also agreeing to serve their manager, to stand up to trading v the natives or however, for personal gain, and also to stop vice, specifically drunkenness. Their salary was paid in company scrip, and also out the this they had actually to buy their clothes and also food; a part of meat and also flour to be allotted to them ~ above a regular basis. In 1832, the 72 salaried employee at ft Ross average an yearly income the 360 rubles apiece¾ no a subsistence wage. The Aleuts, v their "passion" for searching sea otter, to be paid follow to the variety of otters lock caught. They to be furnished waterproof parkas and also boots because that the hunt and sea lion skins v which to repair their baidarkas, which might stand the damaging of the sea for only about three months prior to needing to it is in mended.
Much of the wear and tear on the baidarkas took ar in the waters turn off the Farallon Islands, part 30 mile west of san Francisco, wherein the Russians, until about 1830, preserved their chief hunting base. Here, in their hunting group, or artel, up to ten Aleuts and also Indians under a Russian foreman resided in crude earthen huts on the rocky slopes and also regularly embarked upon harpooning forays top top shore and also sea. They handle their catch at this basic camp because that periodic delivery to the mainland—bundles of seal and also sea otter pelts, bird meat, eggs and feathers, durable sea lion skin and sinew, salted and also dried sea lion meat, and blubber save in tiny kegs, supplied both because that food and as lamp oil. Members that the artel and their families were rotated between Fort Ross and the Farallones, depending on the size of the sea mammal herds throughout the searching season.
When Kuskov selected the settlement site for Ross ~ above Kashaya territory in 1811, he to be uncertain about relations with the Indians. Such involves proved groundless. Uneven relations in between the Indians and other however, in California, those in between the Russians and the Kashaya to be remarkably free of tension and strife. ~ above the whole, the Russians show up to have actually treated the Kashaya fairly. The ind employed in ~ the negotiation were paid in flour, meat, and also clothing (either daily or monthly); lodging was provided, and also their job was at an initial voluntary, although relations deteriorated later. The coastal Indians pertained to the Russians together far an ext desirable next-door neighbors than the Spaniards, and also they perceived the Russian existence as a safeguard versus the Spanish (or Mexicans) and versus other indians entering your territory.
The Kashaya referred to as the foreigners connected with the Russian swarm the "Undersea People," conversely, they described themselves as the "People from the height of the Land." Originally, the floor made obtainable to the Russians by the Indians was accompanied by one exchange of gifts, mainly tools and trinkets, and professions of friendship. As the settlement grew, the Russians, who were amply aware of Spanish insurance claims to all region north of mountain Francisco, prudently determined to define their title. Consequently, cook Manager Baranov sent Captain Leontii Andreianovich Hagemeister come the Sonoma shore to document the transfer. A deed "releasing land to the Company" was attracted up and agreed ~ above in 1817 through the local Indian chiefs (Chu-gu-an, Amat-tan, and also Gem-le-le), however it was signed just by the Russians present—Hagemeister and also six various other officials. It declared that "the chiefs are very satisfied v the occupation that this location by the Russians" and that "they now live in security from various other Indians who supplied to attack them." A copy the the agreement, the just one recognized to have actually been executed between Indians and also Europeans in California, was dispatched to Russia. Chef Chu-gu-an to be presented a silver medal inscribed through the native "Allies the Russia."
The three-way culture of indigenous Californians, aboriginal Alaskans, and Russians at ft Ross was chiefly among genuine cooperation, which some attribute come the religious values that had been instilled previously in the Russians and Aleuts, by clergymen in Alaskan Russian America. At ft Ross numerous of the Kashaya acquired a good understanding the the Russian language, and a variety of Russian words discovered their method into the Kashaya vocabulary. That is additionally known that part Kashaya wives and children accompanied their promyshlennik husbands and fathers phibìc to Alaska and also even to Russia after the sale of the nest in 1841.
Although no one left a detailed account of everyday life in the colony, the observations of both residents and also visitors point to a busy if basic existence. In enhancement to hunting sea mammals and also birds, parties fished because that salmon, sea perch, and also sea bass, and harvested local shellfish for the settlement's larder. Sturgeon were captured in the Russian River. Farming and ranching consumed numerous hours that the colonists' time, with even some of the Aleuts and also Indians involvement in to manage planting, cultivating, herding, logging, and also construction chores. In ~ the sheds follow me the cove, artisans obtained to work-related making furniture, barrels, plows, and also other hardware, and also later even ships and also boats. The blacksmith's anvil rang v the hammering that metal, as countless articles needed because that trade and also for operation the swarm were fashioned through the experienced workers. Not all was hard work because that the employees, however, because that at Ross, as in Alaska and in the motherland, various holidays to be observed. These occasions were cause for celebrations, which sometimes featured gun and also rifle practice, followed by a feast of new meat derived by slaughtering a bull native the settlement's herd of cattle. All in all, day-to-day life was energetic and peaceful.
Not when was the settlement threatened by outside attack. The climate was mild however invigorating, and the beauty of the surroundings imparted a sense of well-being videotaped by countless who to be there. Manager Rotchev was to look back nostalgically in ~ the time spent in this "enchanting land" together the "best years" of his life.
Closely bound to the stays of the colonists was your religion. The Russians brought with them your Eastern Orthodox Christianity together they had to Siberia and Alaska. In the early 1820s, as reported through the Company's cook manager, "The Russian, Creole, and also Aleut employees at Ross settlement expressed their intention to construct at their own cost a chapel dedicated to St. Nicholas." The score was helped along in 1823-24 when the officers and also crews of three Russian navy ships, ~ above visit to san Francisco Bay, donated a "rather substantial sum" come the suggest chapel, and, quickly thereafter, the Company's home office ordered four icons to be sent from Russia because that placement in the building.
Presumably, Paul Shelikhov, the negotiation manager at that time, deserves credit transaction for supervising the chapel's construction, because that the very first known reference to the "newly built" chapel, the very first Orthodox structure established in the brand-new World southern of Alaska, came in 1828 indigenous a French visitor, Duhaut-Cilly. The chapel, however, was never consecrated together a church due to the fact that of the colony's tenuous legality and the truth that no priest was ever permanently assigned. Nevertheless, the colonists conducted prayer meetings in the chapel and designated a sexton because that its upkeep. In later on years they organized at the very least two priests who visited Ross and its chapel.
In the summer the 1836, dad Ioann Veniaminov spent about five weeks at the settlement. While there he preached, instructed, and also conducted weddings, confessions, communion services, baptisms, burials, and also prayer services. He also held services for the Aleuts (in translation), consecrated the waters of ft Ross Creek, and led a festive procession about the stockade exterior. Follow to father Veniaminov's detailed journal, around 15 per cent of the settlement's population, then numbering 2 hundred and sixty, contained Indians i was baptized in the eastern Orthodox faith; amongst the citizens were likewise a couple of who to be Lutheran and also Catholic. The priest also described his visit to the objectives of the san Francisco just area and also the cordial relationships he to be able to establish with the Mexicans. In later years, father Veniaminov became Bishop the Alaska and, subsequently, urban of Moscow, the senior bishop of the Russian Empire; in 1980, he was canonized as Saint Innokenty the Alaska.
Farming and Ranching at ft Ross
As early on as 1816, the sea otter record showed signs of decline, and, by 1820 or so, fist was increasingly given to farming and stock raising. However the early intention of company officials that the Ross settlement become an essential food base because that Alaska and also for the Siberian seaboard (Kamchatka and also Okhotsk) was no to it is in fulfilled. The reasons were many. The arable land approximately the negotiation was restricted and fairly infertile. Seaside fogs and encroaching wild oats frequently caused negative wheat harvest. Gophers, mice, and blackbirds damaged the tilled fields and also adversely influenced harvests. In spite of some attempts at mechanization and scientific farming, presented by Moscow-trained agronomist Yegor Leontievich Chernykh, the homesteaders had inadequate knowledge of crop rotation, fertilization, and also other farming techniques, and also for the most part were unable to reap also marginal yields of grain. Better results were often gleaned from the small-scale plots of wheat and barley under private, individual cultivation. Harvests from personal holdings actually gone beyond those from the Company's fields throughout the tenure the Kuskov's successor, knife Schmidt, in the early on 1820s. Most long-lasting of the first horticultural initiatives at Ross to be the Russian experiments through fruit trees. The an initial peach tree, carried from san Francisco, was planted in 1814, and in 1817-18, Captain Hagemeister introduced grape stock carried from Peru and an ext peach tree from Monterey. Eventually the Russian orchard, located on the hillside much less than a mile native Ross, had apples, peaches, grapes, cherries, and several species of pear. This orchard, i beg your pardon is still maintained today, consists of several fruit-bearing trees that were possibly planted over a century and a fifty percent ago.
Agriculture at ft Ross peaked in the at an early stage 1830s, but it dropped far brief of expectations. This disappointment gradually led firm officials to experiment with agriculture inland and also to the south. They reasoned that establishing farms in much more sheltered areas might not just raise the colony's overall productivity however would offer as a buffer between the Russian seaside holdings and the Mexican and American settlers advancing from the south. In between 1833 and 1841, the Russians maintained three together ranches. The the furthest ranch indigenous Ross to be that started by the agronomist Yegor Chernykh. Chernykh had actually been sent out by the company to California to improve crop production on the Sonoma Coast
and, soon after his come in 1836, the recommended expanding the colony's farming activities farther inland. He established his ranch around ten mile from the coast, in a small valley watered by a wooded present (Purrington Creek, between Occidental and also Graton). Over there he erected barracks and also five various other structures, and also grew vegetables, fruit, wheat, and other grains. Chernykh additionally developed a huge vineyard, presenting what has because become a significant crop in the area.
Another ranch was situated on the south side that the Russian River close to its mouth, east of today's State Highway One bridge over the river. The presumed founder to be Peter Kostromitinov. By 1841, this farmstead contained one hundreds acres and also produced mainly wheat. In addition to a ranch house, the property included a barracks, granary, threshing and winnowing floors, and also a home for Indian laborers. It likewise had a kitchen, bath house, corrals, and also a boat landing for river crossings. The ranch the Vasily Khlebnikov, a company employee, was located several miles inland, eastern of Bodega only in the top Salmon Creek valley. The biggest of the three ranches, it had actually the same species of buildings as on the Kostromitinov Ranch, as well as a bakery, forge, and tobacco shed. Below the Russians offered adobe brick in structure the key house. A sizable quantity of land to be allotted to wheat, corn, beans, and tobacco. In 1841 the ranch site was chosen to organize a two-day date of birth celebration because that Yelena (Helena) Pavlovna Rotcheva, the mam of the last manager. The event was attended by guest from the Mexican community at Sonoma, international visitors, and Russians from fort Ross. The festivities featured music and dancing which continued for virtually forty-eight hours.
Although the Russians never made that their significant enterprise, stock raising was an ext consistently effective than farming crops, and in time it came to be an integral component of the economy. Breeding stock, very first obtained indigenous the Spanish, created several thousands head the cattle, horses, mules, and also sheep, and enabled substantial shipping of wool, tallow, hides, salt beef, and butter come be sent to Alaska, and also other destinations, for marketing. Moreover, sheep and also cattle detailed raw products for clothing and also a selection of household goods, much of i m sorry was offered in trading. In the early on 1820s, around 1,800 pounds of structure were developed annually, much more than enough to sheathe the needs of the colony and to export to the California missions and elsewhere. Although wool blankets and saddle-cloths to be woven at fort Ross, efforts to broaden woolen manufacturing proved unsuccessful because of the absence of experienced workers. Native tallow the Russians do candles, v wicks of flax or rush, and they likewise used animal fat combined with oakwood ashes, seashell lime and water to make soap. Lanterns, combs, and powder horns to be fashioned native the horns of oxen. Shoe soles and also boot uppers to be made from hides. In the critical years of the colony 1,700 head the cattle, 940 horses and also mules, and 900 lamb were in Russian hands, and were described by the French observer, Eugène Duflot de Mofras, as "in prime condition and unquestionably the best in California."
Manufacturing and Trade
The forests surrounding the Russian settlement provided the raw materials for housing, shipbuilding, and other timber products. The homesteaders made barrels native redwood in ~ the cooperage, and navigational devices from the harder lumber of only trees. Lock boiled key from fir and pine trees, and processed tannic mountain from the bark the the tan oak tree. Lock sawed redwood beams, 21 feet long and also in miscellaneous widths, and also even prefabricated sections of housing, all of which sold well top top the California market.
Because that the abundance of timber, firm officials hosted high hope because that the breakthrough of shipbuilding in ~ Ross, mostly as a method of enhancing trans-Pacific trade and also communication. Baranov, in particular, urged the enterprise and also in 1817 sent a shipwright indigenous Sitka, Vasily Grudinin, come supervise the project. In eight years' time, three brigs and a schooner were constructed at the cove, ranging in size from 160 to 200 tons, and in expense from 20,000 come 60,000 rubles each ($4,000 come $12,000). In the end, however, shipbuilding was abandoned, as company Agent Kiril Timofeyevich Khlebnikov reported, since the oak used in construction was " . . Freshly cut and the wood used while tho unseasoned, and by the moment the ship was released the rot had set in. After 3 or 4 years the changes in climate led to the rot to boost in every the key parts of the ship, and also there was no means to repair it." as a consequence, the bigger vessels could only be supplied for seaside trade native Monterey to Alaska, and occasionally because that a trip to Hawaii or Okhotsk. Nevertheless, the shipyard at Ross was the an initial of any kind of size to run in California, and also many of the smaller watercrafts constructed there discovered a ready market amongst the Californios, as the Spanish-Mexican inhabitants were called, the the mountain Francisco just area.
Other commercial tasks were more consistently successful, specifically tanning, milling, brickmaking, blacksmithing and foundry work. At the tannery in ~ the mouth of ft Ross Creek, working with six redwood vats, one Aleut master tanner dressed, tanned, and also fashioned hides and skins right into shoes, boots, and also other animal leather goods. By the so late 1820s between 70 and also 90 tanned hides to be shipped to Sitka every year. In 1814, the an initial known wind-powered flour mill in California was developed on a knoll north of the stockade; an additional windmill, included some time later, was able to grind end 30 bushels of serial a day. A 3rd mill to be hand and animal-powered. ~ the flour was ground, it was stored, exported, or offered for baking in among the fort's kitchens. 2 mill-driven equipments were provided to crush tan-oak bark because that the tannery. A good-quality clay was uncovered nearby, which led to the to produce of bricks; your production and storage were moved to Bodega in 1832.
Much has been written around the enmity and also suspicion that existed between the Russian and also the Spanish-Mexican authorities in California, however their arguments have been overstated. The Spanish federal government officially forbade its topics from trading through foreigners. Advertising exchanges, however, did take place in between the Spanish and the Russians beginning with Rezanov's visit, and, in the early on days that Ross, the Californios offered the Russians v their very first wheat, fruit trees, cattle, and horses. Since the Californios undertook nearly no production of your own, lock had substantial demand for farm implements and household wares. Together the Russian nest grew, that was soon able to meet some that this demand. There was hardly a useful item of wood, metal, or leather the the promyshlenniki and also artisans did not produce, and soon the Russians sold ploughs, axes, nails, wheels, metal cookware and also longboats to their next-door neighbors in exchange for grain, salt, and also other raw materials.
After Mexico won her self-reliance from Spain in 1821, international trade was no longer against the law. Trade in between the Californios and also the Russians continued, however now over there was much more competition indigenous the Americans and also British. Competition lower the price of Russian goods and also increased the price that California produce. Trade relations were further hampered by the mexican imposition of new anchorage fees top top all international vessels entering California ports. One compensation for the Russians, however, was their regulate of Bodega Bay, their key shipping port. Here they had created storage and supply facilities and landing rights, all made obtainable to international vessels. Below some supplies were warehoused and also others take away to ft Ross through baidara and also baidarka or by horseback. The journey in between the port infrastructure at Bodega Bay and Fort Ross commonly took 5 hours, even if it is by floor or by sea. Through this harbor of entry and with their variety of items for sale, the Russians to be able to continue trading through the Californios, as evidenced, because that example, by the documents of the sale of gunpowder and uniforms, procured or developed by the Russians, to basic Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, ~ above the surrounding Mexican frontier.
RUSSIAN contact IN CALIFORNIA to be NOT minimal TO THE SPANISH and also MEXICAN SETTLERS. THE ROSS OFFICE likewise TRADED through AMERICAN and also EUROPEAN pearls VISITING THE CALIFORNIA COAST. Likewise OF attention WAS call IN 1833 v THE BONA VENTURA BRIGADE, LED BY man WORK and MICHEL LAFRAMBOISE of THE HUDSON'S bay COMPANY. THE BRIGADE, consisting OF 163 PEOPLE, to be RELUCTANTLY offered PERMISSION TO pass BY fort ROSS by MANAGER KOSTROMITINOV. THE group CAMPED five MILES up THE COAST beyond FORT ROSS.
Exploration and also Natural science Pursuits
A number of explorers, scientists, artists, and men of letter from royal Russia used Ross as a basic of procedure while pursuing your investigations and recording their findings. Others supplied Russian pearls in san Francisco Bay together springboards because that exploration, travel, and also scientific research. Few of these guys were on explorations sponsored through the Russian government or by exclusive initiative; others were firm employees v a penchant for observation, who taped what they saw about them. Altogether, their pioneering work in the geography, botany, zoology, entomology, geology, meteorology, and ethnology the the region contributed information and insight an important to the current day.
The very first of these observers, the physician and biologist Georg Heinrich von Langsdorff, add Rezanov to California in 1806. Langsdorff to be a correspondent member of the imperial Academy that Sciences, and the memoirs the his stay existing a standard account of early Spanish California. His sketches of California Indians and also their artifacts are among the earliest portraits of indigenous life to have actually survived.
In 1808 Ivan Kuskov and his crew discover Bodega Bay; soon thereafter Kuskov travel 45 miles up the Russian river (which he named the Slavianka) in search of a site an ideal for settlement. Later he sent out parties of aboriginal Alaskans on expeditions up the shore as far north as Humboldt and Trinidad Bays. It to be Manager-in-Chief Baranov who determined to rename Bodega only Rumiantsev bay in honor of counting Nikolai Petrovich Rumiantsev, Russian foreign Minister and a affluent patron of the Russian-American Company. Through 1818, Kuskov's promyshlenniki had actually traveled nearly 70 miles up the Sacramento River; later they ascended the American River over what is currently Sutter's Fort.
In 1816, Captain otto von Kotzebue headed a voyage roughly the world. Privately chartered by counting Rumiantsev, the ship carried the naturalist Adelbert von Chamisso, the artist louis Andreyevich Choris, and also the entomologist-zoologist Johann Friedrich Eschscholtz to California. Throughout their stay in the mountain Francisco area, Chamisso collected the California poppy and also gave the the botanical name Eschscholzia californica, ~ his friend and the land that they were investigating. Top top a return pilgrimage to California with Kotzebue in 1824, Eschscholtz do a big insect collection, taped the geology the the area, and carefully described such mammals together bears, skunks, deer, and "mountain goats," v "long hair hanging from your legs, and short, quite straight horns." Kotzebue left comprehensive memoirs the his California travels on both occasions; the provides, because that example, the an initial mention that the geysers that Sonoma County, confuse them v the exhilaration of Indian campfires.
In 1818, Captain Vasily Nikolaevich Golovnin, of the Russian Navy, visited north California and also included stops at ft Ross and Bodega Bay. His memoirs explain the warmth welcome provided him through the Miwok chiefs in ~ Bodega Bay, and many monitorings of Indian life and customs, including the fall grass fires intentionally set to encourage the growth of seeds and also grains. Golovnin made a beneficial navigator's map of the Bodega just area, with an accurate water depths and also topographical features included. On plank his ship to be the young artist Mikhail Tikhonovich Tikhanov, who made a collection of five shade sketches the California indians while ashore in ~ Bodega Bay. In the mid-1820s, an additional Russian naval officer, lieutenant Dmitry Irinarkhovich Zavalishin, saw San Francisco Bay. In comprehensive literary portrait the the Spanish populace and local geography he wrote that he travel overland to fort Ross, Santa Cruz and east come the Calaveras-Mariposa area.
During the early on 1830s, Baron Ferdinand Petrovich von Wrangell, if manager-in-chief that the Russian-American Company, strongly urged the scientific study the the wildlife and also geography of phibìc America. In 1833 on a trip to evaluate the possibilities of extending the Russian negotiation farther inland, he personally carried out the an initial anthropological study of the Indian populace of the Russian river area and the Santa Rosa plain. Together with his own written observations on the organic habitat and also Indian customs Wrangell i ordered it to have actually the royal Academy of sciences publish a comprehensive anthropological account the California Indians written by Manager Peter Kostromitinov. Additionally invaluable today are the an initial systematic weather records kept in California, compiled by Yegor Chernykh between 1837 and also 1840. These recorded temperature, skies cover, air pressure, precipitation and wind problems at Ross and also at his ranch ten miles inland.
Among the later on visitors come Ross to be the naturalist and also artist, Ilya Gavrilovich Voznesenskii. A trained scientist and also competent graphics artist, Voznesenskii was sent out by the royal Academy of scientific researches to explore and investigate Russian America. Plenty of important sketches the the Ross Settlement and also its surrounding area come from Voznesenskii's hand, the result of a year-long visit to north California. His avid attention in California's flora and also fauna, and Indian life, took him far afield by foot, boat, and also horseback.
In may 1841, Chernykh and Voznesenskii joined pressures to map and name the tributaries the the Russian river as much north together the Healdsburg area. Shortly afterward they do the very first recorded ascent of Mt. St. Helena. A steel plaque, in Russian and also Spanish, was made in advance, and the explorers set up it top top the phibìc summit to note their feat. In the 1850s the plaque was removed, but a facsimile was made for the ft Ross centennial in 1912 to replace it; this marker continues to be atop Mt. St. Helena. Voznesenskii also traveled increase the Sacramento flow to visit the Swiss émigré, Captain Johann (John) Augustus Sutter, in ~ his ranch and also fort, new Helvetia. That rode up California's main valley to discover the volcano Sutter Buttes through his host, who would shortly play a significant role in the fate of fort Ross.
On these and other expeditions, Voznesenskii had the ability to gather one ethnographically invaluable collection of California Indian artifacts. These incorporate ornaments, weapons, garments and also baskets that have the right to be seen this day at the Museum of Ethnography, St. Petersburg, Russia. Plenty of of this objects are the sole surviving items of their kind. Voznesenskii's take trip notes phone call of his countless local excursions, from the islands of san Francisco Bay come the woodlands of the Mendocino Coast. They contain observations of the resides of Californians, from the children at ft Ross come the international merchants at Yerba Buena (San Francisco).
The critical Years the the Russian Colony
By 1839, for every the diversity of task at ft Ross, public representative of the Russian-American firm had chose to abandon the colony. The California sea otter population had been mainly depleted through the mid-1830s, and the Russian change of focus from hunting to farming and stock raising, come produce large quantities of grain, beef, and also dairy products, go not enhance expectations. Moreover, the experiment in shipbuilding, while impressive in the short run, verified defective end time, and also trade in manufactured items did no return enough profit to offset deficits.
At the same time, the mexican government's energetic encouragement of brand-new settlers right into the area, and a cultivation influx that Americans, posed a looming difficulty to Russian insurance claims over territory, which no the Imperial federal government in remote St. Petersburg nor the Russian-American agency was able to meet. A last initiative to avert a Russian withdrawal came in 1836 once Baron von Wrangell journeyed indigenous Sitka come Mexico City to seek an innovation in connections with the new Mexican Republic. He likewise sought Mexico's formal recognition of the legality the Russia's claim to fort Ross, previously denied by both Spain and also Mexico. The Mexicans were willing to yield on this issue, but only in return because that Russia's diplomatic recognition of their very own national independence as a republic. However, Tsar Nicholas I, one unwavering defender of pure monarchy and also a opponent of revolutionary change, rubbish the condition, and also so ended any chance of a favorable resolution of the contested concern of the "legitimacy" of the Russian colony. In April 1839, the Tsar approved of the Company's arrangement to liquidate the settlement, and shortly afterwards the agency offered every one of its California holdings for sale.
The man charged with selling the colony and also its assets was Alexander Rotchev, who had arrived at fort Ross in mid-1836, top top a momentary assignment. Joining him later on were his wife, Helena, the Princess Gagarina, and their 3 children. A influential writer and also literary translator conversant in numerous languages, the energetic and talented Rotchev, along with his attractive wife, shortly lent a brand-new tone come life in the frontier community, giving it vigor, intensity, and sophistication in its last couple of years. Named to success Kostromitinov together manager the the colony in late 1838, Rotchev was fast to grasp the troubles facing the distant early american outpost and also proved self to it is in a resourceful administrator and diplomat. Although that personally opposed the decision to sell the colony, the faithfully brought out his orders, ably conducting the complex negotiations that resulted in the revenue of the Company's heritage in California.
Rotchev very first approached the Hudson's bay Company regarding the purchase, but the brother turned under the market in 1840. He then made overtures come France through the French military attaché in Mexico City, Eugène Duflot de Mofras. Duflot made considerable visit to Ross to investigate the area first-hand, yet he, too, decreased to put forth a bid, ~ above the grounds that he lacked authority in such matters. The Russian-American company then bespeak Rotchev to offer the station to Mexico. Both the mexican Government and General Vallejo the Sonoma rubbish the Russian terms, partly because Mexico already considered fort Ross together legally that own, and also possibly since they hoped the the Russians would merely abandon the outpost.
Rotchev then approached Captain Sutter in ~ his ranch in the Sacramento Valley, and in late 1841 Sutter agreed come buy the Russian-American Company's assets. This included all the buildings, livestock, and implements, but not the soil itself, which to be still declared by Mexico. The contract stipulated that Sutter salary the firm the equivalent of $30,000 in installments, in both cash and produce. However, a separate, unofficially deed, signed by Rotchev one day earlier than the work on i beg your pardon Sutter, a mexican citizen, signed the main contract, transferred to the brand-new owner a stretch of land expanding from Cape Mendocino to allude Reyes and also inland because that 12 miles. (This deed walk not surface ar publicly until 1857 and also then caused significant legal controversy.)
On January 1, 1842, Rotchev and around one hundred homesteaders sailed from Bodega just on the last Russian delivery bound because that Sitka. After ~ 30 years, the flag of the Russian-American firm was lower at ft Ross, and the Russian date in the background of California concerned a close.
Russia's California outpost in historic Perspective
The venture of the Russian-American agency into California was short-lived. However, the storage of it has actually lingered long, maintained in the buildings and the stockade at ft Ross, both original and restored, in the location names that scattered creeks and also coves along the north coast and also of the biggest river in Sonoma County, and also in the vestiges the Russian and also Native Alaskan influence on the Kashaya Pomo language and also culture. The Russians were the first to explore and also map components of north California, and they were additionally the very first known europeans to rise Mt. St. Helena.
The abandonment of fort Ross was a harbinger of Russia's tap the money from north America altogether. The Russian-American Company's profits continued to decline, and, as soon as the Company's charter expired in 1862, it was expanded thereafter just provisionally. Meanwhile, Russia's preoccupation with developing its newly obtained Pacific regions north that China to be increasing, and the prospective expenses of continuing to maintain the outposts in America, specifically in the confront of a growing British presence, led Russia to sell its Alaskan holdings to the united States government in 1867, thus terminating a century-long territorial visibility in America. In retrospect, the withdrawal from ft Ross, Russia's easternmost outpost, signaled a transforming point in the growth of the Russian Empire. As the world's biggest contiguous empire, imperial Russia determined to redirect that energies and also consolidate chin on just two continents instead of three.
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AFTER 1842 and also THE ABANDONMENT OF nest ROSS elements OF RUSSIAN attention IN CALIFORNIA CONTINUED. ALEXANDER ROTCHEV, THE last MANAGER the ROSS, RETURNED throughout THE GOLD sirloin IN 1851-1852. HE acquired A PATENT for CALIFORNIA'S first GOLD WASHING maker WHICH HE collection UP ~ above THE YUBA RIVER. PETER KOSTROMITINOV, MANAGER the ROSS from 1830 to 1838, went back to SAN FRANCISCO IN 1851 as THE RUSSIAN-AMERICAN agency AGENT, and also IN 1852 HE ended up being RUSSIAN evil CONSUL, A position HE organized UNTIL 1862. Commercial INTERESTS likewise CONTINUED IN CALIFORNIA. THE KODIAK OFFICE that THE ICE agency WAS developed IN 1851 to CUT and STORE ICE near KODIAK and also SUPPLY the TO mountain FRANCISCO.
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Statement on the Election
The Indianapolis branch of the Party for Socialism and Liberation would like to thank those that showed their support Tuesday and declared that a better world is possible. It is time for the people of this country to unite and build a working-class movement that is truly by and for the people—and we hope you will continue that fight with us.
While Mike Speedy has claimed victory in the election for House District 90 for now, make no mistake: This was a sham election.
The election wasn't stolen through voter fraud or ballot stuffing, or myths like dead people voting. These baseless conspiracy theories are rattled off by right-wing election denialists because their true desire is to deny the validity of votes cast by people of color, women, and students. We say this was a sham election because we can cast ballots, but on a limited basis. Candidates are decided through intensely corrupt and manipulated backroom deals, in corporate boardrooms, and among ruling-class elites. Socialists stand for people's democracy. We have a facade of democracy in the US.
The system worked as intended: the Republicans ran Speedy; the Democrats put up no one to oppose him. HD 90 was not an aberration. It was one of 33% of House and Senate districts without a Democratic challenger. For a party portraying itself as the only opposition to the far-right to order people condescendingly to "vote!" for them, without putting up anyone to vote for in so much of Indiana, is tantamount to criminal negligence. Voters who rightly oppose the unpopular GOP rule of Indiana deserve to have options at the ballot to vote them out.
This right was denied to the Party for Socialism and Liberation, to Noah Leininger as our candidate for State Representative, and to the public who deserved a ballot-line opponent to someone who voted for the deeply unpopular and nation's first post-Dobbs abortion ban in the summer special session.
Under Indiana law, only two parties are considered "major" parties: the Republican and Democratic Parties. These two parties receive automatic ballot access and, as a duopoly, control the electoral process from voter registration to poll staffing in Indiana. Other parties desiring ballot access must run a candidate for Secretary of State that receives at least 2% of the vote. Reaching this arbitrary goalpost makes a Party eligible for automatic ballot access, without collecting signatures for a petition. Since the PSL does not meet the state's arbitrary definition, we initiated this campaign seeking ballot access through signatures. But this process was stymied by the Republican–Democrat duopoly that has an interest in keeping other parties off the ballot. They sat on voter rolls, public records in Indiana, for weeks longer than allowed under state law. This inevitably delayed our independent verification of signatures, for which they have been sued by other parties in the past.
And so the system worked as it was designed to. Yet another racist, misogynist, property-owning white man has been sent to an American legislative body and socialism was kept off the ballot.
Despite their success in keeping the words "Socialism and Liberation" off the ballot, hundreds of people cast their vote for our comrade anyway. Hundreds of people stood for abortion rights, strong schools under public control, and a socialist future for our society. Hundreds of people rejected the far-right's onslaught against basic democratic rights and stood on the side of socialism. This is an incredibly heartening and welcome result that shows the incessant anticommunist propaganda is ringing hollow in the ears of the people. Hope is not lost, and as Hoosier Socialist Eugene Debs said before going to prison: "I can see the dawn of a better day for humanity. The people are awakening. In due time, they will and must come to their own."
The Party for Socialism and Liberation continues to fight for socialism in the United States, including here in the Hoosier heartland. We invite you to stand alongside us and fight until liberation is won for all.
Paid for by the Noah R. Leininger for
State Representative Committee

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
The Walper Hotel (formerly Walper House and also known as the Walper Terrace Hotel) is a hotel in Kitchener, Ontario, Canada. The current hotel building was constructed in 1893 for $75,000 after a previous establishment, known as John Roat's Commercial Hotel, burned down in 1892. On 14 March 1983, it received heritage designation by the City of Kitchener under Part IV (Municipal Heritage Designation) of the Ontario Heritage Act.

In September 2013, the hotel was bought by the Zehr Group, the Perimeter Development Corporation, David Struke and CK Atlantis Ltd. for $4.6 million. The Hotel was renovated in 2016 and reopened in May and June for weddings and in July for guests. The renovation cost $3.5 million.

See also
 List of historic places in Regional Municipality of Waterloo
 List of oldest buildings and structures in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo

References

External links
 Hotel website

Hotels in Ontario
Buildings and structures in Kitchener, Ontario

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Sahil Solanki (Singer – Sa Re Ga Ma Pa) Age, Height, Weight, Salary, Net Worth & Bio
February 13, 2019 Indian Singer
Sahil Solanki is a truly talented young singer from India who rose to immense fame with his impressive performances in the popular reality singing TV competition 'Sa Re Ga Ma Pa' (2018) on Zee TV.
Sahil Solanki was already an accomplished singer and performed in various live concerts and music shows before gaining an even bigger platform to showcase his incredible singing skills.
Sahil Solanki impressed judges from the beginning and was selected as part of singer and judge Sona Mahaparta's team 'Sona Ka Gharana" in 'Sa Re Ga Ma Pa' (2018).
About Sahil Solanki
Real Name Sahil Solanki
Nicknames Sahpreet
Date of Birth 13th April 1993
Hissar (Haryana)
Pursuing Graduation in Business Management
5 ft 8"
(176 cm) approximately
approximately
Father Vijay Kumar Solanki
(Businessman)
Mother Sheela Solanki
(Homemaker)
Sister Jamna Solanki (Younger)
Salary (per show/song)
INR 1,00,000
(USD 1,400)
Net Worth INR 10,00,000
(USD 14,000)
TELEVISION -
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs (2007), Bharat Ki Shaan - Season 3 (2013), The Voice India - Season 1 (2015), Sa Re Ga Ma Pa (2018)
SONGS -
"Maahi Dholna" - Jindua (2017), "Jai Maa" - Behen Hogi Teri (2017)
First Appearance Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs (2007)
Favorite Food North Indian cuisine and Punjabi food
Favorite Actors Salman Khan and Shah Rukh Khan
Favorite Actresses Anushka Sharma and Kangana Ranawat
Favorite Singers Shankar Mahadevan and Vishal Dadlani
Loves watching cricket, soccer, singing and traveling
Also read: U. K. Murali (Singer) Age, Height, Weight, Wife, Net Worth & Bio
Sahil Solanki is one of the most talented young singers in India. Starting off with his impressive debut in 'Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs' in 2007 Sahil Solanki has since become a successful singer in his own rights, with at least two playback songs on movies to his credit. Sahil Solanki appeared in several other popular reality TV competitions for singing in India and impressed judges and audiences alike with his vibrant and energetic singing style. Sahil Solanki was one of the most popular contestants on 'Sa Re Ga Ma Pa' (2018) and won more fans with his incredible performances.
Sahil Solanki's age is around 28, as Sahil Solanki was born ont he 13th of April, 1993 in Hissar, Haryana. Sahil Solanki's height is around 5 ft 8 inches (176 cm) while Sahil Solanki's weight is around 65 kg (143 lbs). Sahil Solanki's hobbies include watching cricket and soccer in his spare time while Sahil Solanki's passions include singing and traveling too.
Sahil Solanki's father is Vijay Kumar Solanki, a businessman by profession, while Sahil Solanki's mother is Sheela Solanki, who is a homemaker. Sahil Solanki is the 1st of 2 children to his parents. Although Sahil Solanki does not have any brothers, Sahil Solanki's younger sister is Jamna Solanki, who is currently a student. Sahil Solanki's relationship status is single, as Sahil Solanki does not have a girlfriend currently.
Thanks to his impressive singing talent Sahil Solanki has made a successful career as a singer. Sahil Solanki's salary per show or song is estimated around INR 1 lac (USD 1,400) which makes Sahil Solanki's net worth an estimated INR 10 lac (USD 14,000).
Also read: Rehan Khan (Singer) Age, Height, Weight, Wife, Net Worth & Bio
Interesting Facts About Sahil Solanki
Sahil Solanki initially rose to fame with his impressive performance as an 11-year old on 'Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs' (2007) on Zee TV.
Sahil Solanki was selected as part of pop singer Mika Singh's live concert team and has performed together in numerous tours and concerts till date.
Sahil Solanki's performances on 'Bharat Ki Shaan' and 'The Voice India' earlier were very impressive too.
Sahil Solanki is part of the "Wajid Ka Gharana" team on 'Sa Re Ga Ma Pa' (2018).
Sahil Solanki has performed playback singing for at least two movies – a Punjabi and a Bollywood movie, both in 2017.
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The Student Senate at Texas A&M University is officially supporting the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community on campus for the first time. Two resolutions were signed during the 71st Session on Nov. 14.
The first resolution asserts the Senate's support of the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender (GLBT) Resource Center and the LGBT community on the campus of Texas A&M. Current and former students and university administrators are lauded for their various contributions to helping build a welcoming environment for LGBT Aggies.
Contributions named in the resolution include establishment of the first LGBT support group by former students, Michael Minton, Michael Garrett and Sherri Skinner; veto by former Student Body President John Claybrook of a Senate bill that would have allowed students to opt out of supporting the GLBT Resource Center with their student fees; and sponsorship of Aggies in the Houston Pride Parade by university administrators for the first time in 2017, among others.
The second resolution affirms support of Texas A&M administrators and faculty who are working to create a university-wide, gender-inclusive bathroom policy and urges them to continue their efforts.
"Ensuring we have all-gender restrooms is a critical matter for the Student Senate in its commitment to ensure every student at Texas A&M has an equitable experience and access to campus," Mandala said.
Motivation for the second resolution stems from the need for restrooms where transgender students feel safe, Huebschman said. Specifically, the Senate recommends that all university departments desiring a gender-inclusive bathroom receive the support necessary from the university to make it possible in their respective buildings.


Marketing is the key to any successful business, your Etsy shop included. But, you don't have to be a professional marketer. These ten tips give you information you need to successfully market your Etsy shop.
If all you had to offer were $25 gumball machines, you'd really be limiting your customer base. By offering a $5 item as well as a $100 item, you open your shop to buyers with different-sized pocketbooks. With so-called "tiered pricing," you can include big-ticket items to make your shop more exciting, while offering goodies for entry-level shoppers so they can test the waters of your shop.
Helping someone by giving her more than she asked for makes that person want to return the favor. Build trust and develop relationships with your customers by offering something for nothing, whether it's advice on your blog or a gift with a purchase.
But don't go the cheap route — it may actually work against you by turning off customers. Make sure that you offer only good-quality stuff.
No doubt about it, you can engender a lot of trust by offering to replace or refund an item if the customer isn't happy for any reason. Buying online can be a scary proposition; you can break down a barrier by letting shoppers know that you're willing to work with them.
A loyalty program or frequent-customer card can be a great way to bring back return customers. Your loyalty program may offer prizes, future discounts, and other incentives designed to keep customers doing repeat business with you.
As you develop your loyalty program, don't forget your branding. Design customer cards that reflect your shop's color, logo, design, and feel.
Research shows that procrastination is the leading factor in delaying doing things. Overcome the customer's natural tendency to put things off by offering a sale with a deadline. Add a sense of urgency to your marketing message, and customers will respond.
Most e-mail programs enable you to create an e-mail signature — a bit of text or an image that appears at the bottom of every e-mail message that you send. Take advantage of this feature! Creating an e-mail signature gives you a chance to share your contact info and reinforce your branding.
Your e-mail signature is the last thing the person reading your message will see — you want it to reflect your personality!
Instead of using Facebook and Twitter as one big opportunity for you to advertise your wares, use them to reach out to others. Read and comment on others' posts. Congratulate a fellow seller on his successful sale or cheer up a Twitter buddy who's down in the dumps. It's karma, baby!
With this newfangled interweb thingy, you can find the answer to literally any question you have (including marketing questions). Don't be afraid to turn to Google as you grow your Etsy shop! You'll find everything from tips on developing a logo to the best marketing strategy for your craft business.
One of the simplest ways to promote your work is to use or wear your pieces in everyday life, and to always have a business card handy. That way, when Aunt Sarah compliments you on your beautiful feathered and bedazzled bracelet, you can hand her your business card and tell her where to get one of her very own (and one for Uncle Frank, too).
Get your craft business some publicity by doing something to benefit your community. For example, create a special breast cancer awareness necklace to honor a neighbor, or hold a special sale to help someone in the area. Make sure you let the local paper know what you're up to!


So I creep! Imagine denying us this blessing: The men of Atlanta — Donald Glover, Brian Tyree Henry, and Lakeith Stanfield — re-creating TLC's "Creep." On last week's episode, Earn (Glover) booked Paper Boi (BTH) a gig at the Pajama Jam concert at a college in Statesboro. A deleted scene shared by Atlanta executive producer and director Hiro Murai finds the guys chillin out, maxin relaxin all cool in matching sets of silk pajamas, when Earn starts playing "Creep" on his phone. Cue that iconic 1990s choreography: sliding and swaying the left and the right, when eventually Paper Boi (Henry) jumps in.
Hh ah, oh ah, oh ah yeahhhh.


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/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/bulletins/gdpmonthlyestimateuk/july2021
GDP monthly estimate, UK
GDP monthly estimate, UK: July 2021
Gross domestic product (GDP) measures the value of goods and services produced in the UK. It estimates the size of and growth in the economy.
Email Niamh McAuley
Monthly GDP
The services sector
The production sector
The construction sector
Monthly GDP data
Gross domestic product (GDP) is estimated to have grown by 0.1% in July 2021, and remains 2.1% below its pre-coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic level (February 2020).
Production output increased by 1.2% in July 2021 and was the main contributor to GDP growth; boosted by the reopening of an oil field production site, which was previously temporarily closed for planned maintenance.
Construction contracted for a fourth consecutive month, with output down by 1.6% in July 2021, and is now 1.8% below its pre-pandemic level (February 2020).
Services output remained broadly flat in July 2021, and remains 2.1% below its pre-pandemic level (February 2020).
Arts, entertainment and recreation activities grew by 9.0%, boosted by sports clubs, amusement parks and festivals, and reflecting the easing of restrictions on social distancing from 19 July 2021.
Output in consumer-facing services fell by 0.3% in July 2021, its first fall since January 2021 mainly because of a 2.5% fall in retail sales.
GDP estimates for July 2021 are subject to more uncertainty than usual as a result of the challenges we faced estimating GDP in the current conditions.
2. Monthly GDP
Figure 1: UK GDP is estimated to have grown by 0.1% in July 2021, and remains 2.1% below its pre-pandemic level (February 2020)
Monthly index, January 2007 to July 2021, 2018 = 100
Source: Office for National Statistics, GDP monthly estimate
Download this chart Figure 1: UK GDP is estimated to have grown by 0.1% in July 2021, and remains 2.1% below its pre-pandemic level (February 2020)
Monthly real gross domestic product (GDP) growth slowed in July 2021, growing by 0.1% compared with 1.0% growth in June 2021. This is the sixth consecutive month of GDP growth, as coronavirus (COVID-19) restrictions continued to ease to varying degrees in England, Scotland and Wales.
Table 1: All sectors are approximately 2% below their February 2020 pre-pandemic level
Change in output, percentage change, February 2020 to July 2021, UK
Change in Output
May to June 2021
June to July 2021
February 2020 to July 2021
1.0% 0.1% -2.1%
-0.7% 1.2% -2.1%
-1.3% -1.6% -1.8%
This table uses data from the output measure of GDP. Figures from this approach may differ from those calculated from the average measure of GDP, which reflects balanced estimates from the expenditure, income and output approaches.
Download this table Table 1: All sectors are approximately 2% below their February 2020 pre-pandemic level
Table 1 shows an increase in production output in July 2021, a continued fall in construction, and flat growth in services. Overall, GDP remains 2.1% below its pre-coronavirus pandemic level (February 2020) in July 2021.
Figure 2: Production was the main contributor to GDP's 0.1% growth in July 2021, partially offset by a continued fall in construction
Contributions to monthly GDP growth, percentage points, January to July 2021, UK
Download this chart Figure 2: Production was the main contributor to GDP's 0.1% growth in July 2021, partially offset by a continued fall in construction
Overall, GDP grew by 3.6% in the three months to July 2021, largely because of the performance of the services sector. This partly reflects the gradual reopening of accommodation and food service activities, the reopening of non-essential stores, and the increase in school attendance compared with the previous three months (February to April 2021).
The latest comparisons of month on same month a year ago growth should be treated with caution given the impact of base effects on growth rates because of the economic impact of the coronavirus pandemic throughout 2020. Such comparisons and growth rates can nonetheless be found in our accompanying dataset.
More about economy, business and jobs
All ONS analysis, summarised in our economy, business and jobs roundup.
Explore the latest trends in employment, prices and trade in our economic dashboard.
View all economic data.
3. The services sector
Services output remained broadly flat in July 2021, and remains 2.1% below its pre-coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic level of February 2020. This follows strong growth of 1.5% in June 2021.
Figure 3 shows offsetting contributions across services sub-sectors in July 2021. Information and communication was the main contributor to services, mainly because of a 2.8% growth in computer programming, consultancy and related activities. Financial services also contributed positively to services, mainly because of a 2.1% growth in financial service activities (not including insurance and pensions). Estimates on financial services for July 2021 are mainly forecast at this stage, and may be revised in future releases.
Figure 3: There were offsetting contributions across the services sub-sectors
Monthly services contributions to GDP, percentage points, July 2021, UK
Sum of component contributions may not sum to total services growth because of rounding.
Download this chart Figure 3: There were offsetting contributions across the services sub-sectors
Arts, entertainment and recreation activities saw strong growth in July 2021 of 9.0%. This reflects a boost from outdoor events such as sports clubs, amusement parks and festivals following the easing of restrictions on social distancing on 19 July 2021 in England. This is the strongest monthly growth in arts, entertainment and recreation activities since July 2020, when it grew by 16.3%, though it remains 18.8% below its pre-coronavirus pandemic level of February 2020.
Professional, scientific and technical activities fell by 2.3% in July 2021 and was the largest negative contributor to growth in services, as Figure 3 shows. Five of its eight sub-industries contracted in July 2021, with output in advertising and market research falling by 7.3% after an exceptionally strong June 2021, and a fall of 7.3% in legal activities. The drop in legal activities and real estate activities on a fee or contract basis (which fell by 10.4%) reflects the partial end to the Stamp Duty holiday period in England and Northern Ireland from 1 July 2021.
Output in consumer-facing services fell by 0.3% in July 2021, its first fall since January 2021 when it fell by 8.3%. Most of this fall is because of a 2.5% fall in retail trade (mainly because of a fall in food and fuel sales), partially offset by a 72.5% growth in travel agency, tour operator and other related reservation services (growing from historically low levels), and a 15.1% growth in sports activities, amusement and recreation activities. Overall, consumer-facing services are 6.7% below their pre-pandemic levels (February 2021), compared with all other services, which are just 0.9% below.
Figure 4: Output in consumer-facing services fell by 0.3% in July 2021, its first fall since January 2021 and remains 6.7% below its pre-pandemic levels (February 2021)
Monthly index of services, February 2020 to July 2021, UK, February 2020 = 100
Source: Office for National Statistics – GDP monthly estimate
Consumer-facing services refer to retail trade, food and beverage serving activities, travel and transport, and entertainment and recreation (Standard Industrial Classification 2007 codes 45, 47, 49.1-2, 56, 68.1-2, 75, 79, 92, 93, 94, 96 and 97).
Vertical grey lines represent (from left to right): Hospitality reopening on 1 June 2020, outdoor hospitality reopening on 12 April 2021, indoor hospitality reopening on 17 May 2021, and social distancing restrictions easing on 19 July 2021.
Download this chart Figure 4: Output in consumer-facing services fell by 0.3% in July 2021, its first fall since January 2021 and remains 6.7% below its pre-pandemic levels (February 2021)
Human health activities fell by 1.1% in July 2021, mainly because visits to GPs fell following a high number of visits in June 2021. NHS Test and Trace services continue to contribute positively to output levels, but a fall in vaccination numbers in July 2021 removed 0.1 percentage points from gross domestic product (GDP) growth.
Taking into account NHS Test and Trace services and vaccine programmes
Coverage adjustments have been applied to the volume data to estimate the impact on real GDP from the NHS Test and Trace services and vaccine programmes. These adjustments are applied to both the government expenditure data and output data, and are applied only to volume data because of the way the Office for National Statistics (ONS) estimates the output of health services.
Table 2 sets out the volume expenditure adjustments for January 2021 to July 2021 split between NHS Test and Trace services and vaccine programmes. The Test and Trace adjustment for July 2021 is £1,700 million, up from £1,550 million in June as the amount of coronavirus testing increased by approximately 10%. The vaccine programme's adjustment for July 2021 is £400 million, down from £700 million in June as the number of coronavirus vaccinations fell by approximately 43%.
Table 2: Health volume adjustments and contribution to GDP growth
Volume £m adjustment
Monthly GDP Growth
Contribution to GDP growth from adjustments for T&T and Vaccine
GDP growth excl. adjustments for T&T and Vaccine
NHS Test and Trace
Vaccine Programmes
Jan-21
1,200 500 1,700 -2.7 -0.2 -2.5
Feb-21
1,200 600 1,800 0.8 0.1 0.7
1,600 800 2,400 2.2 -0.7 2.9
1,450 900 2,350 0.6 0 0.6
Jun-21
1,550 700 2,250 1 -0.1 1.1
The contribution to monthly GDP is calculated based on no other data changes.
Download this table Table 2: Health volume adjustments and contribution to GDP growth
Overall, services grew by 4.5% in the three months to July 2021, and this partly reflects the gradual reopening of accommodation and food service activities, the reopening of non-essential stores, and the increase in school attendance compared with the previous three months (February to April 2021).
More detailed breakdowns on services are available in the Index of Services, UK: July 2021.
4. The production sector
Production output increased by 1.2% in July 2021, with mixed growth across the four sectors (Figure 5). This follows a fall in production of 0.7% in June 2021.
Mining and quarrying contributed most to production's increase, as it grew by 21.9% in July 2021. This strong growth mainly reflects the reopening of an oil field production site, which was previously temporarily closed for planned maintenance. Despite this growth, output in the extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas remains low by historical standards, with July 2021 output 19.1% below its July 2020 level.
The manufacturing sector remained broadly flat in July 2021, after five consecutive months of growth, with anecdotal evidence from businesses responding to the Monthly Business Survey suggesting staff shortages (including COVID-19 self-isolation requirements) as a challenge to production. Results from Wave 36 of the Business Insights and Conditions Survey (BICS) also suggest that the most common challenge, reported by manufacturing firms, to filling vacancies in July were a lack of suitable applicants for the roles on offer, followed by a reduced number of EU applicants.
The largest negative contributors to manufacturing in July 2021 were the manufacture of machinery and equipment, falling by 4.3%, and the manufacture of fabricated metal products, falling by 3.3%.
Production in 4 out of the 13 manufacturing sub-sectors increased in July 2021. The largest positive contribution to manufacturing growth came from the manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers, which grew by 11.4% as reports of microchip shortages disrupting car production eased in July 2021.
Figure 5: Production output increased by 1.2% in July 2021, mainly because of the reopening of an oil field production site, which was previously temporarily closed for planned maintenance
Monthly index, February 2020 to July 2021, February 2020 = 100
Indexes are rounded to one decimal place.
Download this chart Figure 5: Production output increased by 1.2% in July 2021, mainly because of the reopening of an oil field production site, which was previously temporarily closed for planned maintenance
Overall, production grew by 0.4% in the three months to July 2021, mainly because of a boost to the manufacture of food and beverage products throughout this period as demand from hospitality services increased following their gradual reopening. The boost to manufacturing was partially offset by a fall in the extraction of crude petroleum, as planned shutdowns of oil fields for maintenance temporarily held back output.
More detailed breakdowns on production are available in the Index of Production, UK: July 2021.
5. The construction sector
Construction output fell for a fourth consecutive month in July 2021, by 1.6%. As Figure 6 shows, construction output recently peaked at 1.8% above its pre-coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic level (February 2020) in March 2021 but, in July 2021, is now 1.8% below that February 2020 level.
The fall in monthly construction output in July 2021 was driven by falls in both new work (1.1%) and repair and maintenance (2.4%). At the sector level, private housing saw falls in both private housing new work and private housing repair and maintenance of 7.5% and 6.2% respectively. Anecdotal evidence from businesses responding to the Monthly Business Survey for Construction and Allied Trades suggested that price increases, caused by delays in the availability and sourcing of construction products (notably steel, concrete, timber and glass) were the main reason for the decline.
Further detail on the contributions to construction growth and the three months to July trends can be found in Construction output in Great Britain: July 2021.
Figure 6: Construction output fell by 1.6% in July 2021 and, like other sectors, is around 2% below its pre-pandemic level (February 2020) at 1.8% below
Source: Office for National Statistics, GDP monthly estimate and Construction output in Great Britain
Indexes are rounded to one decimal place and may differ slightly to those published in Construction output in Great Britain: July 2021 because of rounding differences. For the most accurate figure, please refer to the Construction output release.
Download this chart Figure 6: Construction output fell by 1.6% in July 2021 and, like other sectors, is around 2% below its pre-pandemic level (February 2020) at 1.8% below
6. Monthly GDP data
Monthly gross domestic product by gross value added
Dataset | Released 10 September 2021
The gross value added (GVA) tables showing the monthly and annual growths and indices as published within the monthly gross domestic product (GDP) statistical bulletin.
Contributions to monthly GDP
Contributions to growth within monthly gross domestic product (GDP), UK.
Monthly gross domestic product: time series
Dataset | Dataset ID: MGDP | Released 10 September 2021
Monthly estimate of gross domestic product (GDP) containing constant price gross value added (GVA) data for the UK.
Monthly GDP and main sectors to four decimal places
Monthly index values for monthly gross domestic product (GDP) and the main sectors in the UK to four decimal places.
Revisions triangles for monthly GDP
Comparison of gross domestic product (GDP) first estimates against estimates published later.
Contribution to growth
Contribution to growth indicates how many percentage points a sector or industry is adding or removing from a given growth rate, usually headline GDP growth.
A measure of the economic activity produced by a country or region. Gross domestic product (GDP) growth is the main indicator of economic performance. There are three approaches used to measure GDP:
the output approach
the expenditure approach
the income approach
Data relative to a given base value, which typically refers to a year.
Rolling three-month growth
Rolling three-month growth takes the average level of three consecutive months (for example, April, May and June), and compares it with the average level of the previous three months (for example, January, February, and March). The rolling three-month growth rate is often used alongside the monthly growth rate, as the latter can be more volatile.
For further definitions, please see the Glossary of economic terms.
This release captures the direct effects of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and the government measures taken to reduce transmission of the virus. We have faced an increased number of challenges in producing estimates of UK gross domestic product (GDP) and because of these challenges, GDP estimates for July 2021 are subject to more uncertainty than usual.
Early in the pandemic, we faced some challenges in receiving timely responses to the Monthly Business Survey (MBS) as businesses adapted to new conditions. In recent months, response rates have improved and further information on measuring the data across our main data sources is available in the following releases:
Construction output in Great Britain: July 2021
Index of Services, UK: July 2021
Index of Production, UK: July 2021
In Blue Book 2021, a new framework will be introduced to improve how we produce volume estimates of GDP for balanced years as part of the supply use process. This framework includes the implementation of double-deflated industry-level gross value added for the first time. This improvement will be reflected in the September quarterly national accounts and October monthly GDP estimates.
Information regarding changes for the financial sector data and double deflation were released on 28 June 2021. Additional analysis was published on 28 July, providing indicative impacts on quarterly average GDP. On 8 September 2021, we published Impact of Blue Book 2021 changes on quarterly and monthly volume estimates of gross domestic product by industry, and these changes will be taken on in our next monthly GDP release, on 13 October 2021.
In addition, the next monthly GDP release on 13 October 2021 will also see revisions to the periods January 2020 to June 2021 in line with the National Accounts Revision Policy. These revisions will be consistent with the Quarterly National Accounts release published on 30 September, and will incorporate the Blue Book 2021 methodological changes, improved source data and additional updated data as would happen in all quarterly national accounts releases, this includes new Value Added Tax (VAT) turnover data for Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2020 and Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2021. In the next monthly release, July 2021 will also be open for revision.
This release gives data for July 2021 for the first time and there are no revisions in this release.
Quality and methodology information on strengths, limitations, appropriate uses, and how the data were created is available in the Gross domestic product (GDP) QMI.
The monthly growth rate for GDP is volatile. It should therefore be used with caution and alongside other measures, such as the three-month growth rate, when looking for an indicator of the medium-term trend of the economy. However, it is useful in highlighting one-off changes that can be masked by three-month growth rates.
Communicating gross domestic product
Recent analysis explains our latest position on how we are looking to communicate GDP, including how we will continue to acknowledge that "technical" recessions are comprised of at least two consecutive quarters of contracting GDP.
While it is still true that these early estimates are prone to revision, we prefer to focus on the magnitude of the contraction that has taken place following the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. It is clear that the contraction in GDP in Quarter 2 (Apr to June) 2020 was the largest recession on record. Our latest estimates show that the UK economy is now 2.1% smaller than it was in February 2020, the effects of which have been most pronounced in those industries that are most exposed to public health restrictions and the effects of social distancing.
Bulletin | Released 10 September 2021
Short-term measures of output by the construction industry in Great Britain and contracts awarded for new construction work in Great Britain.
Movements in the volume of production for the UK production industries: manufacturing, mining and quarrying, energy supply, and water and waste management.
Monthly movements in output for the services industries.
Coronavirus and the impact on output in the UK economy, UK: July 2021
Analysis of monthly growth for the production, services and construction industries in the UK economy between 2020, highlighting the impact from the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.
GDP first quarterly estimate, UK: April to July 2021
Bulletin | Released 12 August 2021
First quarterly estimate of gross domestic product (GDP). Contains current and constant price data on the value of goods and services to indicate the economic performance of the UK.
Coronavirus and the effects on GDP
How the global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and the wider containment efforts are expected to impact on UK gross domestic product (GDP) as well as some of the challenges that national statistical institutes are likely to face.
Niamh McAuley
gdp@ons.gov.uk


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Provides information on the anti-obesity initiative, Shape Up America!, in the United States. Obesity costs; Diseases which could worsen the degree of obesity.
Presents the `Guidance for Treatment of Adult Obesity' from the American Obesity Association and Shape Up America!. How to avail a copy for free or with $3 fee.
Cites a survey by Shape Up America which showed that poor people face greater obstacles when it comes to exercising. Obstacles faced by poor people; Information on Shape Up America.
Discusses how to slim down the United States, the world's fattest society. The cause and cure for obesity; The idea to make high-butterfat chocolate-chocolate chip ice cream more expensive relative to low-fat frozen yogurt, in the hopes that more citizens would reach for the yogurt.
Gives advice on how to remove cellulite. Fat deposits on thighs, hips and buttocks; Use of creams; Diet and exercise; Cosmetic surgery.


Leaders in protest movements, why has Bengal gone so silent?
At a time when intellectuals across the country are protesting against communal intolerance, attack on free thinkers and Dadri incident by returning awards, Bengal intelligentsia is conspicuous by their silence.
There has been not a single show of solidarity with the intellectuals of the country who are up in arms against the Narendra Modi government on a wide range of issues — the killing of progressive intellectuals like MM Kalburgi and Narendra Dabholkar, the lynching at Dadri and the cancellation of Ghulam Ali's show in Maharashtra. Hardly any one of the Bengal's top intellectuals spoke up.
On Tuesday, when Bengal ultimately joined the list of states from where litterateurs have returned Sahitya Academy and other awards conferred by the central government, it was the youngest member of Bengal's list of Sahitya Academy recipients — Mandakranta Sen — to take the first step. However, the veteran recipients are in no mood to follow suit.
Poet Shankha Ghosh, while stressing on the necessity to protest against the Centre, is not in favour of returning the Sahitya Academy award that he received in 1977. "I am planning some form of protest but will disclose it later," Ghosh said.
Poet Subodh Sarkar prefers hitting the streets to "returning an award by email." Writer Nabanita Deb Sen said she wouldn't return her award as she does not consider Sahitya Academy to be part of the government.
Though distant spectators to the festering disquiet in the intelligentsia over rising intolerance, Bengal intellectuals have been known to champion similar protests.
Rabindranath Tagore returned the Knighthood in protest against the massacre at Jallianwalah Bagh. Salil Choudhury and a number of Bengal writers, singers and musicians hit the streets in the '50s in solidarity with the protesting farmers of Bengal and Andhra Pradesh. During Emergency, Utpal Dutta took the lead against Indira Gandhi government.
Even in 2006, intellectuals led movement against land acquisition in Singur and Nandigram.
Following the police brutalities in Nandigram, theatre personalities Bibhash Chakraborty and Kaushik Sen resigned from the Bangla Natya Akademy, Sankho Ghosh resigned from the post of vice chairman of Bangla Akademy, Ashru Kumar Sikdar resigned from Bangla Akademy and Shashi Anand resigned from the advisory body of Nandan. Magsaysay and Jnanpith award winner Mahashweta Devi became the leading face against the LF government. However, even when students hit the streets in Kolkata on the FTII issue, the intelligentsia was only seen making statements to the media.
"I had been hesitating over the form of protest because of the silence among the Bengal intelligentsia. But the incident of blackening Sudheendra Kulkarni's face was the tipping point for me," Mandakranta Sen told HT.