text:
\section{Presentation of the model}

In this work we will describe the properties of a still
oversimplified submonolayer thin film growth model which includes
five important physical ingredients for these systems:

{(1)} {\it Deposition}.  We will assume that atoms are deposited at
randomly-chosen positions of the surface at a flux $F$ per unit
surface per unit time.  Atoms that happen to fall on the islands that
are formed on the surface are accomodated at their proper pyramidal
position (see below).

{(2)} {\it Diffusion}.  Isolated adatoms can move in a random
direction by one diameter, or one lattice spacing, which we will take
as our unit length.  We denote by $\tau$ the characteristic time
between diffusion steps and $D=1/(4 \tau)$ the diffusion coefficient
(the atomic size is taken as the length unit).

{(3)} {\it Evaporation}. Isolated adatoms can evaporate off the
surface at a constant rate. We denote by $\tau_e$ the mean lifetime of
a free adatom on the surface.  It is also useful to define
$X_S=\sqrt{D\tau_e}$, the mean adatom diffusion length before desorption

{(4)} {\it Aggregation.} If two adatoms come to occupy neighboring
sites, they stick irreversibly and form an island. As more adatoms
are captured, the island develops as a pyramid (see below). Islands are
assumed to be immobile and do not evaporate.

{(5)} {\it Defect trapping} In some parts of the paper, we introduce
a concentration $c$
of "defects" on the surface. These defects, which are randomly distributed
on the surface, act as perfect traps for the monomers. Therefore, a monomer
which happens to occupy a defect remains there forever and serves as a
nucleation center for island growth.

In the following, we call {\it particles} or {\it adatoms} the
isolated atoms (or monomers) that are deposited on the surface, and
{\it islands} a set of connected particles (thus excluding the
monomers).

Some remarks on the assumptions of this simple model regarding its
connection to the experiments are now addressed.

(a) {\it Island morphology}---We force the islands to
assume a pyramidal shape by immediately moving an adatom
that touches an island to the desired position (Fig. \ \ref{pyramide}).
The pyramidal
shape is adopted because we wish to understand experiments
carried out by one of us (MM) on the system Pd/NaCl \cite{henry}
where the islands take approximately such a shape. We note that
this assumption does not affect crucially the growth : it should
not affect the growth exponents which are only determined by the fact
that islands are three-dimensional (i.e. their mass increases as
their radius to the third power, see below).

(b) {\it Island diffusion}---We neglect in this model the possibility
for dimers, trimers or larger islands to diffuse on the
substrate. Island diffusion has been observed in experiments
\cite{cludifexp} and molecular-dynamics simulations
\cite{depristo}. The effects of 2D island diffusion on the growth of thin
films {\it without evaporation} have been addressed in
Refs. \cite{boston,japan,mrs,villain,metiu,barteltdimer}.

\section{Mathematical analysis of the growth of 3D islands}

\subsection{Qualitative description}

Before going into the details of the calculations and their
confirmation by computer simulations, we present a simple picture of
the growth mechanisms of the submonolayer structures under
consideration. We are interested mainly on two points : the time
evolution of the island concentration on the substrate and the island
concentration at saturation as a function of the growth parameters :
flux, diffusion and evaporation times and defect concentration.

The qualitative evolution of the system is essentially as follows. The
system initiates as a clean empty surface. Monomers are then deposited
at a constant rate on the surface and are allowed to diffuse and/or
desorb (evaporate). When two monomers meet, they aggregate
irreversibly to form a static island (an island is also created when a
monomer is trapped by a defect) : this is island {\it nucleation}.  As
more of these encounters occur, the island density increases with
time. Competing with this nucleation process, monomers are also
captured by islands which then become larger. At some point, islands
are so large that they quickly capture the free monomers, which
reduces the chances of two monomers meeting to nucleate a new
island. Therefore, the number of islands grows less rapidly. Moreover,
when islands become large, they start touching (coalescing). These two
effects lead to a saturation in the number of islands. Interestingly,
the saturation is attained when the surface coverage reaches a value
close to .15, independently of the parameter values. This is
equivalent to saying that saturation is reached when the mean island
radius $R$ is a fixed fraction of the island-island distance (the
coverage $\theta$ is given by $\theta \sim N R^2 \sim (R/l_{ii})^2$
where $l_{ii}$ is the mean island-island distance).  A more detailed
discussion of the evolution of the systems can be done by
distinguishing several cases according to the relative importance of
the different phenomena : diffusion, evaporation, defect
concentration. It is useful to define a typical length scale for each
of these processes: $l_{CC}=(F \tau)^{1/7}$ is a typical distance
between islands when evaporation and defect concentration are not
important (see below), $X_S=\sqrt{D\tau_e}$ is, as defined above, the
adatom diffusion length before desorption and $\ell_{def} \sim
1/c^{1/2}$ is the typical distance between defects. Now,
depending on the relative values of these three length scales, growth
will be dominated by different mechanisms which we turn on to describe
in more detail.  Note that $l_{CC}$ corresponds to the typical
island-island distance at the {\it saturation} time, i.e. it is not
the actual island-island distance (for example at the beginning of
film growth). Therefore our following qualitative discussion is only
approximated, and the more precise calculations of later sections are
necessary to justify it.

\subsubsection{"Dirty" substrates : high defect concentration}

By "dirty"substrate, we mean that the island concentration is affected
by the defect concentration. We will show that this is true only if
$\ell_{CC}$ is much larger than $\ell_{def}$, i.e. the defect
concentration is high enough, even in the absence of evaporation (if
evaporation is present, it can only decrease the number of islands,
therefore increasing the relative importance of defect
concentration). The simplest case is when the defect concentration is
very high, namely if $\ell_{def}$ is much smaller than {\it both}
$X_S$ and $\ell_{CC}$. In this case, island nucleation is completely
dominated by the trapping of adatoms by defects, which leads to two
main effects : first, the island concentration reaches its saturation
value rapidly (roughly in a time $c/F$); second, this
saturation value is $N_{sat} = c$, i.e. all defects are
occupied by islands but there are no islands created elsewhere.

Note that this situation corresponds to a "low" temperature case, when
$X_S$ is large enough.  At higher temperatures, one could have $X_S
\ll \ell_{def}$ (but still $\ell_{def} \ll \ell_{CC }$ to remain in
the "dirty" substrate case). In this case, the monomer concentration
is dominated by evaporation and island nucleation still occurs on
defects. The saturation density is still equal to the defect
concentration but the kinetics is different : the time needed to
reach saturation is roughly $t_c \sim 1/(F(1+X_S^2))$.

\subsubsection{"Clean" substrates : low defect concentration}

Here we study the cases for which the island concentration is not
affected by the presence of defects, when the substrate is
"clean" enough. This is true when $\ell_{CC}$ is much smaller than
$\ell_{def}$, irrespective of the $X_S$ value. In principle, three
cases can then arise, depending on the relative value of $X_S$ against
these two lengths.  Our calculations will show (section \ \ref{scal})
that there are only two asymptotic regimes : complete condensation and
high evaporation. In the complete condensation (CC) case, adatoms do
not evaporate from the surface and island growth proceeds mainly by
capture of the diffusing adatoms. On the contrary, in the high
evaporation limit, the number of adatoms is limited by evaporation and
the most important growth mechanism for islands is that of direct
impingement of adatoms on top of them (the contribution from the
adatoms diffusing on the surface is negligible).

The first case corresponds to $\ell_{CC } \ll X_S$, independently of
the relative ordering of $l_{def}$ and $X_S$. Then, adatoms almost
never evaporate before aggregating (after this, they are safe since
islands do not evaporate). The monomer density rapidly grows, leading to
a rapid increase of
island density by monomer-monomer encounter on the surface. This goes
on until the islands occupy a significant fraction of the surface,
roughly 1\%. Then, islands capture rapidly the monomers, whose density
decreases. As a consequence, it becomes less probable to create more
islands, and we see that their number increases more slowly. When the
coverage reaches a value close to 15\%, coalescence will start to
decrease the number of islands. The maximum number of islands
$N_{sat}$ is thus reached for coverages around 15\%.

The second case corresponds to the opposite situation : $\ell_{CC} \gg
X_S$, with still $\ell_{CC } \ll \ell_{def}$. This happens when
$\tau_e$ is small, for example at high temperatures. In this regime,
evaporation significantly alters the growth dynamics. The main point
is that now the monomer
density becomes roughly a {\it constant} ($F \tau_e$), since it is now mainly
determined by the balancing of deposition and evaporation. Then,
 the number of islands increases linearly with
time (the island creation rate is roughly proportional to the square
monomer concentration). We also notice that only a small fraction
(1/100) of the monomers do effectively remain on the substrate, as
shown by the low sticking coefficient value at early times (the
sticking coefficient is the ratio of particles on the substrate (the
coverage) over the the total number of particles sent on the surface
(Ft)).  This can be understood by noting that an island of radius $R$ grows by
capturing only the monomers that are deposited within its "capture
zone" (the circle of radius $R+X_S$ centered on island's center).  The
other monomers evaporate before reaching the islands.  As in the case
of complete condensation, when the islands occupy a significant
fraction of the surface, they capture rapidly the monomers. This has
two effects : the monomer density starts to decrease, and the sticking
coefficient starts to increase. Shortly after, the island density
saturates and starts to decrease because of island-island
coalescence.

Note that one could have in principle $X_S
\leq 1$, i.e. the adatoms evaporate before diffusing. This situation,
although apparently uncommon, is not physically impossible and it also
allows us to test our predictions over a larger range of parameters.
We note that, in contrast to what is observed for two dimensional (2d) islands
\cite{evaprb}, particles deposited on top of islands significantly contribute
to island growth. In presence of strong evaporation,
this is actually the dominant mechanism for island growth, whereas for the 2d
case this happens only in some special regimes \cite{evaprb}.

\subsubsection{Summary of our results}
\label{summa}

We present here the summary of our results in the different limits
described above. These results are derived in detail in sections \
\ref{scal} and \ref{equ}. For each regime, we give in the order the saturation
island density $N_{sat}$, the thickness at saturation $e_{sat}$
(i.e. the thickness when the island density first reaches its
saturation value), the thickness at coalescence $e_{c}$ (i.e. the
thickness when the island density starts to decrease due to
island-island coalescence), and the scaling kinetics of the mean
radius as a function of time before the saturation island density
is reached. We recall that $l_{CC}=(F \tau)^{1/7}$ and
$X_S=\sqrt{\tau_e/\tau}$.

\vspace{.7cm}

{\bf Clean substrate}

\vspace{.5cm}

high evaporation : $X_S \ll l_{CC} \ll l_{def}$

\hspace{2cm} $N_{sat} \sim [F\tau_e(1+X_s^2)]^{2/3}$

\hspace{2cm} $e_{sat} \sim e_{c} \sim [F\tau_e(1+X_s^2)]^{-1/3}$

\hspace{2cm} $R \sim Ft$

\vspace{.5cm}

low evaporation : $l_{CC} \ll X_S \ll l_{def}$ or $l_{CC} \ll l_{def} \ll X_S$

\hspace{2cm} $N_{max}\sim\left({F\over D}\right)^{2/7}$

\hspace{2cm} $e_{sat}\sim e_{c}\sim \left({D\over F}\right)^{1/7}$

\hspace{2cm} $R\sim(FDt^2)^{1/9} \sim t^{2/9}$

\vspace{1cm}

{\bf Dirty substrate}

\vspace{.5cm}

high evaporation : $X_S \ll l_{def} \ll l_{CC}$

\hspace{2cm} $N_{max}\sim c$

\hspace{2cm} $e_{sat}\sim {1\over [1+X_s^2]}$

\hspace{2cm} $e_c\sim {1\over c^{1/2}}$

\hspace{2cm} $R\sim Ft$

\vspace{.5cm}

low evaporation : $l_{def} \ll X_S \ll l_{CC}$ or $l_{def} \ll l_{CC} \ll X_S$

\hspace{2cm} $N_{max}\sim c$

\hspace{2cm} $e_{sat}\sim c$

\hspace{2cm} $e_c\sim {1\over c^{1/2}}$

\hspace{2cm} $R\sim \left({Ft\over c}\right)$ for $t \leq c/F$, i.e. before saturation

\hspace{2cm} $R\sim (Ft/c)^{1/3}$  between saturation and coalescence ($c/F \leq t \leq 1/Fc^{1/2}$), see section \ref{equ}.

\subsection{Scaling arguments for defect-free ("clean") surfaces}
\label{scal}

In this section we present simple scaling arguments that allow to find
the dependence of the maximum island density $N_{max}$ as a function
of the deposition parameters (Flux F, Diffusion time $\tau$ and
Evaporation time $\tau_e$).  These arguments were originally
formulated in \cite{villain} for the special case of growth of 2D islands
by atom deposition on a high-symmetry terrace, neglecting evaporation. Here,
the argument is extended to the case of non-negligible evaporation.
We recall that the atomic size is taken as the length unit.

The first stage of the argument requires the determination of the
nucleation rate per unit surface and time, $1/\tau_{\rm nuc}$. A
nucleation event takes place when an adatom meets a critical
island of size ${s^*}$. We call $N_{s^*}$ the density of
critical nuclei (clusters of size $s^*$) and, following
Refs. \cite{venables84,stoyanov}, we assume that $N_{s^*}$ satisfies
Walton's relation $N_{s^*}\sim \rho^{s^*}$. Thus,
\begin{equation}
\label{nuc1}
\frac{1}{\tau_{\rm nuc}} \approx (F+D\rho)N_{s^*}
\end{equation}

where $D=1/(4 \tau)$ is the
adatom diffusion constant. The term $FN_{s^*}$ accounts for direct
impingement of atoms onto critical islands and the second term
for critical island growth by monomer diffusive attachement.

Another, independent equation can be written down to relate the
nucleation rate and the stable ($s < s^*$) island density $N$. It
states that in the area
$\ell_s^2 = 1/N$ occupied by an island, only one (on average)
nucleation event takes place, {\it during the time $t_c$ needed for
the growing islands to come into contact}. Thus,
\begin{equation}
\label{nuc2}
\frac{1}{\tau_{\rm nuc}} \approx \frac{N}{t_c} \;.
\end{equation}

The time $t_c$ is readily computed by knowing the growth velocity of
an island, which in turn requires the knowledge of the adatom
density. We consider in the following three situations of interest for
this paper.

\subsubsection{Negligible evaporation}.

The adatom density results in this case from a balance between
deposition at a rate
$F$ and capture by the stable islands at a rate $D\rho N$, so that
\begin{equation}
\label{n1}
\rho\approx  F/(DN) \approx F\ell_s^2/D \;.
\end{equation}

The rate of growth of the volume of an island of linear size $R$ is
diffusion-limited in this case, so that $d(R^3)/dt \approx D\rho$ and
$R^3\approx Ft/N$. At $t=t_c$, $R\approx\ell_s$, and thus
\begin{equation}
\label{tc5}
t_c\approx N\ell_s^3/F\approx 1/(FN^{1/2})\;.
\end{equation}
Using (\ref{nuc1}) and (\ref{n1}), one finds
\begin{equation}
\label{rel4}
\frac 1{\tau_{\rm nuc}} \approx D[F/(DN)]^{s^*+1}
\end{equation}
(here, the direct impingement term is negligible).

From (\ref{nuc2}) and (\ref{tc5}),
\begin{equation}
\label{nucc7}
\frac 1{\tau_{\rm nuc}} \approx FN^{3/2}\;.
\end{equation}
Finally, (\ref{rel4}) and (\ref{nucc7}) yield \cite{venables84,stoyanov}
\begin{equation}
\label{3d1}
N\approx \left( \frac FD\right)^{2s^*/(2s^*+5)}\;.
\end{equation}

\subsubsection{Strong evaporation}.
\label{strong}

Strong evaporation means the adatoms are more likely to disappear due to
desorption than to be
captured by an island. In other words, the adatom diffusion length before
desorption,
$X_S=\sqrt{D\tau_e}$, is shorter than the average island-island distance,
$\ell_s$. In this case, the adatom density results from a balance between
deposition and desorption at a rate
$\rho/\tau_e$, so that
\begin{equation}
\label{n2}
\rho\approx F\tau_e\approx FX_S^2/D \;.
\end{equation}

A 3-D island grows by two mechanisms in the case of strong evaporation: (i) by
capture of the adatoms falling on the surface at a distance smaller than $X_S$;
(ii) by direct capture of all adatoms falling on it. Thus,
${\rm d} R^3/{\rm d} t \approx
F(X_SR +X_S^2 + R^2)\approx F(R^2+X_SR)$. Solving for $R$ with the condition $R=0$ at $t=0$,
one gets $R-X_S\ln(1+R/X_S)=Ft$. At $t=t_c$, $R\approx\ell_s>X_S$, which means
that direct capture always dominates. It follows $Ft_c\approx\ell_s $, or
\begin{equation}
\label{tc6}
t_c\approx 1/[FN^{1/2}]\;.
\end{equation}
Using (\ref{nuc1}) and (\ref{n2}), one finds
\begin{equation}
\label{rel5}
\frac 1{\tau_{\rm nuc}} \approx (F+D\rho)\rho^{s^*}\approx
F(1+X_S^2)\rho^{s^*}\approx F(1+X_S^2)(F\tau_e)^{s^*}\;.
\end{equation}

From (\ref{nuc2}) and (\ref{tc6}),
\begin{equation}
\label{nucc8}
\frac 1{\tau_{\rm nuc}} \approx FN^{3/2}\;.
\end{equation}
Finally, (\ref{rel5}) and (\ref{nucc8}) yield
\begin{equation}
\label{nmaxstrev}
N\approx \left(F\tau_e\right)^{2s^*/3}\left(1+X_S^2\right)^{2/3}\;.
\end{equation}

We discuss the preceding results in section \ \ref{discussion}.

\subsubsection{Crossover between the two preceding regimes}

We will show in this section that it is possible to derive
interpolation formulae describing the crossovers between the
no-evaporation and the strong-evaporation regimes.

To do this, we will use Burton, Cabrera and Frank's theory of step flow
\cite{papbcf}. The adatom density will be computed on a terrace bounded by two
parallel steps, at a distance $\ell$. They may be the steps in the orderd array
of a vicinal surface; in this case, we will let $\ell=d$. Or they may represent
the edges of a big enough island; in the latter case we will let
$\ell=\ell_s=1/\sqrt{N}$.

The adatom density obeys the equation
\begin{equation}
\label{bcf}
\dot n = F+D\nabla^2n-\frac n\tau \;.
\end{equation}

The time $\tau$ is the average lifetime of an adatom. Since adatoms disappear
either by capture by islands, or by desorption, we will alternatively let
$1/\tau = DN  = D/{\ell_s^2} $ or $1/\tau= 1/\tau_e=D/{X_S^2} $. In both cases,
the notation $\kappa^2=1/(D\tau)$ will be used.

In the quasi-stationary approximation \cite{papbcf}, $\dot n \approx
0$, and choosing the origin $x=0$ at the terrace centre, equation
(\ref{bcf}) can be solved with the conditions $n(\pm \ell/2)=0$ at
boundary steps. The solution reads
\begin{equation}
\label{sol1}
n(x) = F\tau\left[ 1-\frac{\cosh(\kappa x)}{\cosh(\kappa \ell/2)}\right] \;.
\end{equation}

This formula will be needed to compute the nucleation rate (\ref{nuc1}). The
latter is an average quantity, independent of $x$. We let thus $x=0$ in
(\ref{sol1}), since the higher nucleation probability is at the terrace centre,
given the symmetry of our problem. One finds
\begin{equation}
\label{sol2}
n = F\tau\left[ 1-\frac{1}{\cosh(\kappa \ell/2)}\right] =2F\tau
\frac{\sinh^2(\kappa \ell/4)}{\cosh(\kappa \ell/2)}\;,
\end{equation}
where we used the identity $\cosh(x)-1=2\sinh^2(x/2)$.

The next task is the determination of the island density. To this end,
it suffices to consider the total island density $N$. Its time
variation is simple: $N$ increases each time a new island is
nucleated, so $(\dot N)_1 = D\rho N_{s^*}$.  On the other hand, $N$
decreases when two islands touch and coalesce.  Following the
authorities \cite{venables84,stoyanov}, we write $(\dot N)_2 = -({\rm d}
{\cal A}/{\rm d} t) N^2$, where ${\cal A}\approx R^2$ is the average
area of an island of linear size $R$.  This means that coalescence
results from binary encounters of immobile islands, whose area
increases at a rate ${\rm d} {\cal A}/{\rm d} t$. Collecting $(\dot
N)_1$ and $(\dot N)_2$ yields
\begin{equation}
\label{isl1}
 \dot N = D\rho N_{s^*}-\frac{{\rm d} {\cal A}}{{\rm d} t} N^2 \;.
\end{equation}

At stationarity, which is what we are interested in, $\dot N=0$. Note
that, by definition, coalescence takes place when ${\cal A}\approx
\ell_s^2$. One can thus write
\begin{equation}
\label{isl2}
  D\rho N_{s^*}\approx \left(\frac{{\rm d} {\cal A}}{{\rm d} t}\right)_{{\cal
A}\approx\ell_s^2} N^2
\;.
\end{equation}

The final task concerns therefore the evaluation of the growth rate of
an island.  This can be done by noting that the mass ${\cal M}$ of an
island increases either by direct capture of atoms from the beam, or
by diffusion of adatoms on the surface. Since the surface diffusion
current of adatoms is $ -D\nabla n$, assuming circular ($d=2$) or
hemispherical ($d=3$) islands of radius $R$ one can write
\begin{equation}
\label{mass}
\frac{{\rm d} {\cal M}}{{\rm d} t} \approx FR^{d-1} - D\left(\frac{{\rm d} n}{{\rm d} r}\right)_R
\;.
\end{equation}

The result can be found in a number of papers
\cite{evaprb,venables84,stoyanov,papbcf}. It makes use of Bessel
functions, which are not easy to manipulate. Approximate results,
which have the merit of reproducing the correct limiting regimes (see
below), and of allowing analytical expressions to be written down,
will be used.

The adatom density is still given by Eq.(\ref{sol2}), and the
nucleation rate by Eq.(\ref{nuc1}). The growth rate of the (projected)
area of a 3-D island has two contributions, as for 2-D islands: a
diffusion-limited contribution, which is given by
\begin{equation}
\label{gr1}
\frac {{\rm d} {\cal A}}{{\rm d} t}\vert_{R=\ell_s} \approx
FX_S\ell_s\tanh(\kappa\ell_s/2)
\;;
\end{equation}
and a direct capture contribution,
\begin{equation}
\label{gr2}
\frac {{\rm d} {\cal A}}{{\rm d} t}\vert_{R=\ell_s} \approx F\ell_s
\;.
\end{equation}

A useful interpolation formula between (\ref{gr1}) and (\ref{gr2}) is
\begin{equation}
\label{da3}
\frac {{\rm d} {\cal A}}{{\rm d} t}\vert_{R=\ell_s} \approx
F\ell_s\left(1+\frac{X_S}{\ell_s}\right)\tanh(\kappa\ell_s/2)
\;.
\end{equation}

Finally,  (\ref{nuc2}) and (\ref{da3}) yield
\begin{equation}
\label{sc3}
\frac{\left(1+  X_S\right)^2}{\tau_e}
\left[F\tau_e\frac{\sinh^2(\kappa
\ell_s/4)}{\cosh(\kappa\ell_s/2)}\right]^{s^*+1}\approx
F\ell_s\left(1+\frac{X_S}{\ell_s}\right)\tanh(\kappa\ell_s/2) N^2
\;,
\end{equation}
or,
\begin{equation}
\label{sche13}
{\left(1+  X_S\right)^2}(F\tau_e)^{s^*}
\approx \left[\frac{\cosh(\kappa N^{-1/2}/2)}{\sinh^2(\kappa
 N^{-1/2}/4)}\right]^{s^*+1}
\tanh(\kappa N^{-1/2}/2)(1+X_SN^{1/2}) N^{3/2} \;.
\end{equation}

Multiplying both sides by $X_S^3$ yields
\begin{equation}
\label{sche14}
X_S^{2s^*+3}(1+X_S^2)(F/D)^{s^*} \approx f(X_SN^{1/2})\; ,
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
f(x) =
\left[\frac{\cosh\left(\frac{1}{2x}\right)}{\sinh^2\left(\frac{1}{4x}
\right)}\right]^{s^*+1}
\tanh\left(\frac{1}{2x}\right)(1+x) x^{3}\;.
\end{equation}

Letting $N_{\rm 3Devap}=\left(FX_S^2/D\right)^{2s^*/3}\left(1+X_S^2\right)^{2/3}$
, formula (\ref{sche14}) can be cast in the form
\begin{equation}
\label{sche15}
\tilde f_{\rm 3Devap}(X_S^2N)=  X_S^2N_{\rm 3Devap}
\;,
\end{equation}
where $\tilde f_{\rm 3Devap}(x)=[f(x^{1/2})]^{2/3}$. Inverting $\tilde f(x)$ yields the
crossover scaling function
\begin{equation}
X_S^2N=g_{\rm 3Devap}(X_S^2N_{\rm 3Devap}) \;.
\end{equation}

The function $g_{\rm 3Devap}(x)$ has the following properties:
\begin{equation}
\label{eqcross}
g_{\rm 3Devap}(x)\sim\cases{{x^{3/(5+2s^*)}} & {\rm for} ~$x\to\infty$,\cr\cr
                   {{x}} & {\rm for}~ $x\to 0$.\cr}
\end{equation}

\subsection{Rate equations}
\label{equ}

In this section we study the growth in presence of defects using
rate equations \cite{zinsmeister}.

We will consider that the islands are semi-spherical
``droplets'' as a result of ``fast'' large scale reacomodation of the monomers
forming the island. In addition to evaporation, we will also consider
the effects due to the presence of point defects on the surface. We
will assume that these defects serve as perfect nucleation points, and
so, as the concentration of defects increases, the system passes from
homogeneous to heterogeneous nucleation.

We can write the evolution of the density $\rho$ of monomers on the
surface as:
$$
{d\rho\over dt}=F-\rho/\tau_e -F\rho - \sigma_o(2\rho+c_{def}) -\sigma_i N.
\eqno(1)
$$

The first term on the RHS denotes the flux of monomers onto the
surface.  The second term represents the effect of evaporation. The
third term is due to the possibility of losing monomers by effect of
direct impingement of a deposited monomers right beside a monomer
still on the surface to form an island.  The next terms represent the
loss of monomers by aggregation with other monomers, nucleation on
defects and aggregation with islands respectively. The factors
$\sigma_o$ and $\sigma_i$ are the ``cross sections'' for encounters
and are detailed below.

The number $N$ of islands will be given by:
$$
{dN\over dt}=F(\rho+c_def)+\sigma_o(\rho+c_{def})
\eqno(2)
$$

where the first term represents the formation of islands due to direct
impingement of deposited monomers onto other monomers or defects, and
the second term accounts for the formation of islands by the encounter
of two monomers diffusing on the surface, or a monomer on a defect. It
should be noted that since this description yields scaling results,
some numerical factors are omitted.

The concentration of ``free defects'' varies as
$$
{d c_{def}\over dt}=-(\sigma_o + F) c_{def}.
$$

The total island mass density ($M$) changes as
$$
{dM \over dt}=2\left[F\rho+\sigma_o\rho\right]
                  +\sigma_i N + \sigma_o c_{def} + FR^2N, \eqno(5)
$$

where the direct impingement term is proportional to the area of the
islands.

The typical island radius $R$ will be given by
$$
R\sim \left({M\over N}\right)^{1/3}, \eqno(6)
$$
and the actual island coverage will then be
$$
\Omega\sim N R^2 = (N M^2)^{1/3}. \eqno(7)
$$

The expressions for the diffusive cross sections in the presence of
evaporation were calculated in \cite{evaprb}.

$$
\sigma_i\sim\cases{{D\rho R\over X_S} & for $R>>X_S$,\cr\cr
                   {D\rho} & for $R<<X_S$.\cr}\eqno(12)
$$

Where $X_S=\sqrt{D\tau_e}$ is the typical distance traveled by a diffusing
particle on the surface before it desorbs. And:

$$
\sigma_o\sim D\rho.\eqno(13)
$$

These mean-field cross sections only depend on the radius of the
sphere touching the surface, and not on the height of the island,
therefore they are the same for 2d or 3d particles of same radius.

As the most we can expect to obtain from this description are the
scaling behaviors, we focus only on the extreme limiting cases of the
system described by the rate equations.

For the case of negligible evaporation and high enough initial
concentration of defects, we expect the equations to reduce to

$$
{d\rho\over dt}\sim F - D\rho( c_{def}+ N).
$$

$$
{d N\over dt} \sim D\rho (\rho+c_{def})
$$
$$
{d c_{def}\over dt}=-D\rho c_{def}.
$$
Adding the second and last equations, we have:
$$
{d (N+c_{def})\over dt} \sim D\rho^2.
$$
For high enough initial concentration of defects $c$,
we can write

$$
N(t)\sim c-c_{def}(t)+D({F\over Dc})^2t\sim c
$$
$$
\rho\sim {F\over Dc}
$$
$$
c_{def}(t)\sim ce^{-{Ft\over c}}.
$$

The island density at saturation is therefore equal to the initial
defect concentration $c$. To find what is "high enough" for the defect
concentration, we note that nucleation events start to reduce the
number of islands roughly when the island size is of the order of the
distance between islands, or equivalently, when the coverage reaches a
constant value. Since the deposited mass grows as $Ft$ (evaporation is
negligible), the surface coverage will be given by

$$
\Omega\sim N^{1/3}(Ft)^{2/3}\sim (cF^2 t^2)^{1/3}
$$

Thus, the coalescence time is $t_c\sim 1/(Fc^{1/2})$ and
the cross over to the ``clean system'' occurs when

$$
({F\over Dc^{5/2}})\sim c\qquad {\rm i.e.}\qquad
c\sim (F/D)^{2/7}.
$$

It should be stressed that in this defect dominated, or "dirty",
regime the island number density saturates far before coalescence,
indeed the saturation time $t_s$ can be estimated by the characteristic
time for defect ocupation: $t_s\sim c/F$. After $t_s$, the island
density remains essentially constant and the islands grow (the typical
island radius can be easily shown to grow as $R\sim (Ft/c)^{1/3}$)
until coalescence.

At high evaporation rates the aggregation of mass on the surface is
dominated by ``direct impingement'' of particles on the islands, and
the concentration of monomers on the surface is determined by the
balance between deposition and evaporation. Under these conditions, at
high initial defect concentration we will have:

$$
\rho\sim F\tau_e
$$
$$
{d N\over dt}\sim F\tau_eDc_{def} + F^2\tau_e + DF^2\tau_e^2
$$
$$
{d c_{def}(t)\over dt}\sim -F(D\tau_e+1)c_{def}
$$

These equations can be solved immediately, from which we get:

$$
c_{def}\sim ce^{-[X_s^2+1]Ft]}
$$
and
$$
N\sim c[1- e^{-[X_s^2+1]Ft]}] + F^2\tau_e[X_s^2+1] t,
$$
where we have substituted $X_s=\sqrt{D\tau_e}$.

From these expressions it is evident that the time at which N saturates
is $t_s\sim 1/(F[1+X_s^2])$, after which time, the island density
reaches the value $N\sim c$ (this, of course, assuming that the
homogeneous contributions are negligible throughout the evolution of
the system). It is then straight forward to find that the mass
deposited on the system grows as $M\sim cF^3t^3$ and the typical
island radius $R\sim Ft$.  The coverage increases as $\Omega\sim
cF^2t^2$, from which we can estimate the coalescence time
$t_c\sim1/Fc^{1/2}$. While it can be imagined that these times could
occur in the wrong order, we have checked that for this to be the case, an
initial concentration of defects larger than one would be required.

By comparing the maximum value of the subdominant homogeneous term
with $c$, we can determine that this high evaporation dirty regime
is attained when $c>>(F\tau_e[1+X_s^2])^{2/3}$.

Finally, for completeness, we sketch the derivation of the results for
the ``clean'' substrate with negligible evaporation. Under these
circumstances, the monomer density on the surface is determined by the
balance between deposition and diffusive capture by the islands on the
surface. Thus, the monomer and island densities are given by

$$
\rho \sim {F\over DN}\qquad \qquad {\rm and} \qquad \qquad
{dN\over dt}\sim D\rho^2
\sim {F^2\over DN^2}.
$$

From these equations we find that the island density is $N\sim
(F^2t/D)^{1/3}$.  Also, as we are considering the case of negligible
evaporation, the mass deposited on the surface will be $M\sim
Ft$. From these quantities we can infer the behavior of the typical
island radius to be given by $R\sim (M/N)^{1/3}\sim (DFt^2)^{1/9}$, and
the saturation and coalescence times to be $t_c\sim t_s \sim (D/F^8)^{1/7}$,
at which times the maximum value of N is $N_{max}\sim (F/D)^{2/7}$, as
obtained in the previous section.

\section{Computer simulations}

In the following paragraphs, we test the assumptions and predictions of
the analysis given in the preceding sections. We also show results that
are not attainable from this mean-field calculations, namely the
island size distributions.

Our computer simulations generate sub-monolayer structures using the
four processes included in our model (see the introduction). Here we
take $\tau=1$ as the time scale of our problem. The monomer diffusion
coefficient is then given by $D=1/4$. We use triangular lattices (six
directions for diffusion) of sizes up to $2000 \times 2000$ with
periodic boundary conditions to limit finite size effects.

The program actually consists of a repeated loop. At each loop, we
calculate two quantities $p_{drop} = F / (F + \rho ({1\over \tau_e} +
{1\over \tau}))$ and $p_{dif} = (\rho /\tau) / (F + \rho ({1\over
\tau_e} + {1\over \tau}))$ that give the respective probabilities of
the three different processes which could happen : depositing a
particle (deposition), moving a particle (diffusion) or removing a
particle from the surface (evaporation). More precisely, at each loop
we throw a random number p ($0 < p < 1$) and compare it to $p_{drop}$
and $p_{dif}$.  If $p < p_{drop}$, we deposit a particle; if $p >
p_{drop} + p_{dif}$, we remove a monomer, otherwise we just move a
randomly chosen monomer.  After each of these possibilities, we check
whether an aggregation has taken place and go to the next loop (for
more details, see \cite{boston}).

\subsubsection{Checking the crossover scaling}

Before looking in detail into the different regimes predicted in section
\ref{equ}, we summarize our simulation results in Fig. \
\ref{crossover}. We show there {\it all} our data for $N_{max}$ as a
function of the parameters. Our scaling
analysis predicts that the data should fall into a single curve, given
by Equation \ \ref{eqcross}. We see that the data remarkably confirms
our analysis, over more than 30 orders of magnitude. This gives us
confidence on our entire approach and its predicted exponents, which
we now turn on to check in more detail.

We now check that the results summarized in section \ref{summa} are correct.

\subsubsection{
Scaling of the maximum island density as a function of incident flux}

Figure \ \ref{nmaxfnoscal} shows the evolution of the maximum island
density as a function of the flux for different evaporation times.
Each of these curves is different from the others, since they
correspond to different evaporation times. However, according to our
preceding analysis, they should all present a transition from the low
evaporation regime to the high evaporation regime.  This can be
detected by a change of slope, from $N_{max} \sim F^{2/3}$ in the high
evaporation regime (solid line) to $N_{max} \sim F^{2/7}$ in the low one
(dashed line).  Of course, this regime change does not occur for all
the curves at the same value of the Flux, since the parameter that
determines that change is not the Flux but rather $X_S^2 =
\tau_e/\tau$.  Figure \ \ref{nmaxfnoscal} shows that the results of
section \ref{summa} accurately describes the behaviour of our model, at
least concerning the Flux evolution of the maximum island density. We
now turn to the other variable, the evaporation time.

\subsubsection{Maximum island density as a function of evaporation time}

We show in Figure \ \ref{nmaxtenoscal} the dependence of the
maximum island density on $\tau_e$ ($\tau=1$). We notice that for high enough
evaporation times, the island density tends to become roughly
constant, as predicted by our calculations.  For lower values of
$\tau_e$, $N_{max}$ changes rapidly. We predict (section \ref{summa}) two
regimes : for $1 \ll \tau_e \ll F^{-1/3}$, we expect
$N_{max} \sim \tau_e^{4/3}$,
while for $\tau_e \ll 1$, we expect $N_{max} \sim {\tau_e}^{2/3}$. This last
regime is clearly seen for the curves obtained for fluxes
$F=10^{-6}$ and $F=10^{-4}$ (squares and diamonds respectively, the
slope 2/3 is given by the solid line).
The first regime is difficult to see for two reasons. First, we need
$X_S \gg 1$ {\it and} strong evaporation, i.e. $\ell \gg X_S$. This
means a very low island density, meaning very long computing times
and large lattices. Second, the crossovers with
the two other regimes (exponents 2/3 and 0) tend to mask the exponent
4/3. Taking a lower value for the flux
($F=10^{-8}$, filled circles), we can see that the slope in this
intermediate regime is larger than 2/3.

\subsubsection{Mean island radius versus time for clean substrates}
\label{sectionrt}

Our treatment predicts two limiting regimes for the power-law ($r \sim t^\beta$)
evolution of the mean island radius as a function of time : $\beta=1$ in cases
of strong evaporation and $\beta=2/9$ for complete condensation (we only treat
here the case of "clean" substrates"). Fig. \ \ref{rt}a shows that
we observe indeed an exponent very close to 2/9=0.22 when evaporation
is negligible ($X_S=10^9, l_{CC}=37$, $X_S \gg l_{CC}$), while the exponent is
close to 1 in the opposite case ($X_S=1, l_{CC}=14$, $X_S \ll l_{CC}$),
see Fig. \ \ref{rt}b. Of course, intermediate
cases can arise in experiments and the exponent is between these two
extreme values, with values around 0.5-0.6 as shown in Fig. \ \ref{rt}c
($X_S=10, l_{CC}=27$). Note that we have defined
here the radius as $(M/N)^{1/3}$ where M is the total mass present on the
substrate and N the island density, but we have checked that similar
exponents are measured if one defines the mean radius as $\Omega/N^{1/2}$
where $\Omega$ is the surface coverage.

\subsubsection{Dynamical evolution of island density}

Here we investigate how the different microscopic mechanisms can
affect the growth kinetics. This can be an important help for
experimentalists seeking information on which processes are
actually present in their experiments \cite{revmod}. Fig. \
\ref{cinetns} confirms our analytical analysis and
shows that evaporation or the presence of surface defects can significantly
alter the time evolution of island density. If defects are present,
monomers will be trapped by them at the very beginning of the
growth and the number of islands equates rapidly the number of defects,
whatever the diffusivity of the atoms. If evaporation is present, the opposite
effect is observed : since many atoms do not contribute to the growth (they
evaporate before reaching an island), the saturation is reached for very
high thicknesses (typically $e_{sat} \gg 1 ML$).

\subsubsection{Island size distributions}

Island size distributions have proven very useful as a tool for
experimentalists to distinguish between different growth mechanisms
\cite{ss,stroscio}. By {\it size} of an island, we mean the
surface it occupies on the substrate. For the "three dimensional" particles
studied here, their projected surface is the easiest
quantity to measure by microscopy.  Note that the projected surface
for a given mass depends on the precise shape of the islands, which is
assumed here to be pyramidal (close to a
half-sphere). Size distributions are normalized by the mean island
size in the following way : one defines $p(s/s_m) = n_s / N_t$ as the
probability that a randomly chosen island has a surface $s$ when the
average surface per island is $s_m = \theta/N_t$, where $n_s$ stands
for the number of islands of surface $s$, $N_t$ is the total number of
islands and $\theta$ for the coverage of the surface.  It has been
shown \cite{model} that by normalizing the probabilities and plotting
$s_m * p(s/s_m)$ against $s/s_m$, one obtains a "universal" size
distribution independent of the coverage, the flux or the
substrate temperature for a large
range of their values. These size distributions can be obtained from
the simulations \cite{evaprb,japan,mrs,smilauer}.

Fig \ \ref{distrib3d} shows the evolution of the {\it rescaled} island
size distributions for three dimensional islands (pyramids) in
presence of evaporation. We recall that size means here the projected
surface of the island, a quantity which can be measured easily by
electronic microscopy. We note the same trends as for 2d islands \cite{evaprb}.
It is clear that the distributions are significantly
affected by the evaporation, smaller islands becoming more numerous when
evaporation increases. This trend can be qualitatively understood by noting
that new islands are created continuously when evaporation is present, while
nucleation rapidly becomes negligible in the complete condensation regime. The
reason is that islands are created (spatially) homogeneously in the last case,
because the positions of the islands are correlated (through monomer diffusion),
leaving virtually no room for further nucleation once a small portion of the
surface is covered ($\theta \sim 0.05$). In the limit of strong evaporation,
islands are nucleated randomly on the surface, the fluctuations
leaving large regions of the surface uncovered. These large regions can
host new islands even for relatively large coverages, which explains that there
is a large proportion of small ($s < s_m$) islands in this regime.

Fig \ \ref{distribdef} shows the evolution of the {\it rescaled}
island size distributions for pyramidal islands nucleating {\it on
defects}. Two main differences can be noted. First, the histograms are
significantly narrower than in the preceding case, as had already been
noted in experimental studies \cite{harsdorff}.  This can be
understood by noting that all islands are nucleated at almost the same
time (at the very beginning of growth).  The second point is that the
size distributions are sensitive to the actual coverage of the
substrate, in contrast with previous cases.  In other words, there is
no perfect rescaling of the data obtained at different coverages, even
if rescaling for different fluxes or diffusion times has been checked.

\section{Discussion}
\label{discussion}

Other authors have analyzed similar mean-field rate equations to find
the growth dynamics and maximum island density in the presence of
evaporation \cite{stowell,venables73,venables84,stoyanov}. They have
also obtained different regimes identified roughly in the same way as
in the present work. We think that there is some ambiguity in their
definition of the different regimes. A regime - meaning a single
relation between $N_{max}$ and the deposition parameters - should be
defined only by the values of F, $\tau_e$ and $\tau$, as in Section \
\ref{summa}. This is what is required from the experimental side : given
some values of the parameters, what will happen on the surface?
Instead, previous works have introduced other parameters, such as the
coalescence coverage, the capture cross sections, or even the island density
itself, in the characterization of the regimes.

Besides this general remark,
we note that there is some disagreement about the
different regimes between the various authors. Stoyanov and Kashchiev
\cite{stoyanov} find two regimes which correspond to our complete
condensation and strong evaporation (with $X_S \gg 1$) cases. We have
added here the case  $X_S \ll 1$. Venables et
al. \cite{venables84} find three different regimes. The two extreme
regimes coincide with Stoyanov's and ours, but their intermediate
regime (which predicts $N_{max} \sim (F\tau_e)^{2/5}$ is not observed in our
simulations : this is particularly clear
in Fig. \ \ref{nmaxtenoscal} which shows no $\tau_e^{2/5}$
dependence : instead, the intermediate regime shows an exponent greater than
2/3, as predicted by Eq. \ \ref{nmaxstrev}). Actually, Venables's
intermediate regime seems physically strange because there is no
dependence on the diffusion coefficient of the adatoms.

The time evolution of the mean radius has also been studied previously
(for a recent review, see \cite{henryrt} and references therein).
Here, we have shown that the exponent of the radius
versus time power-law is 1 when evaporation is important (islands grow only by
direct impingement), 1/3 when condensation is almost complete {\it and}
the number of islands is constant (for example when their concentration
reaches the defect
concentration for "dirty" substrates) or 2/9 for clean substrates and
complete condensation (here the number of islands is never really constant
since nucleation does not stop until coalescence).

In previous studies \cite{henryrt}, it has been predicted that
the radius shows a power-law dependence with an exponent 1/3 for
complete condensation growth and 1 in the case of strong evaporation.
Intermediate values were found thanks to the numerical resolution of
mean-field equations of island growth \cite{henryrt}.

The experimental values are rather in the range 0.21 - 0.30 for the
Pd/MgO(100) system \cite{henryrt} and around 0.3 in other systems.
While the intermediate exponents (between 1/3 and 1) can be explained
as pertaining to the intermediate regime (see section \ref{sectionrt}),
the values lower than 1/3 are more difficult to explain. In our analysis,
the exponents close to 2/9=0.22 can simply be explained
(in the complete condensation regime and for clean substrates)
by the fact that the island density is not constant (as assumed in
previous studies).

\section{Interpretation of experimental data}
\label{expdata}

In principle, Figure \ \ref{nmaxfnoscal} allows to determine the value
of the microscopic parameters (diffusion, evaporation) if the saturation
island density
is known. The problem is : does this island density correspond to the
defect concentration of the surface or to homogeneous nucleation?
Is evaporation present in our experiments and what is the magnitude of $\tau_e$?

The first question can be answered by looking at the density evolution
with the flux. As already explained, if this
leaves unaffected the island density, nucleation is occuring on
defects. A similar test can be performed by changing the substrate
temperature, but there is the nagging possibility that this changes the
defect concentration on the surface. It is also possible to study
the kinetics of island nucleation, i.e. look at the island
concentration as a function of thickness or coverage. The presence of
defects can be detected by the fact that the maximum island density is
reached at very low coverages (typically less than 1\%, see Fig. \
\ref{cinetns}).  One should be careful however to check that all the
islands, even those containing a few atoms, are visible in the
microscope images.

The second question is more delicate. First, one should check
whether atomic reevaporation is important. In principle, this can
be done by measuring the
sticking coefficient, i.e.  the amount of matter present on the
surface as a function of the matter brought by the beam. If possible, this
measure leaves no ambiguity. Otherwise, the kinetics of island
creation is helpful. If the saturation is reached at low thicknesses
($e_{sat} \leq .5 \ ML$), this means that evaporation is not
important. Another way of detecting atom evaporation is by studying the
evolution of the saturation island density with the
flux : the exponent goes from 0.29
to 0.66 (Fig. \ \ref{nmaxfnoscal}).  Suppose now that
one finds that evaporation is indeed important :
before being able to use Fig. \ \ref{nmaxfnoscal},
one has to know the precise value of $\tau_e$, and this is not
easily achieved.  For example, one could try to measure the
sticking coefficient or the quantity of matter needed to reach
saturation to obtain an estimation of the evaporation. Intuitively,
the more evaporation is important, the more matter we need to
reach the saturation density. Unfortunately, this strategy, although
useful for growth of 2d islands \cite{evaprb} is not so straightforward
here. The reason is that in the limit of strong evaporation (section \ \ref{strong}),
one has $e_{sat} \sim {N_{sat}}^{-1/2}$, thus bringing no independent
information on the parameters. The same is true for the sticking
coefficient, which is a {\it constant}, i.e. independent of the value
of $\tau_e$ or the normalized flux. This counterintuitive result can be
understood by noting that in this limit, islands only grow by direct
impingement of atoms within them. Fortunately, in
many experimental situations the limit of high evaporation is not reached
and we "benefit" from
(mathematical) crossover regimes where these quantities do depend on
the precise values of $\tau_e$.  Fig. \ \ref{coll3d} gives the
evolutions of $S_{sat}$ and  $e_{sat}$ for
different values of $\tau_e$ and F in this crossover region.
Then, a measurement of
$S_{sat}$ or $e_{sat}$ can shed light on experimental the value of $\tau_e$.
For more details on interpretation of experimental data, we refer the reader
to a review paper to appear \cite{revmod}.

\section{Summary, Perspectives}

We have presented a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the growth of three
dimensional structures on surfaces by atom evaporation. The study has been
carried out by combining a simple scaling analysis, a more rigorous
rate equations approach and computer simulations, with the main scope
of helping experimentalists to analyze their data. The scaling analysis can
give very simply the growth
exponents in the "clean" substrate case, in the limiting regimes of
high and low evaporation as well as in the crossover between these. The
rate equations confirm this
analysis and predict the growth on "dirty" substrates, i.e.
surfaces containing perfect traps for adatoms. The two approaches
were compared to Monte-Carlo computer simulations and very good
agreement was found. In addition to the analytical predictions, computer
simulations allowed to predict for the first time important growth
characteristics such as the island size distributions and intermediate
regimes which are difficult to study analytically. This is particularly
interesting for the interpretation of experimental data from the the
sticking coefficient and the saturation island density (see section
\ref{expdata}).

We wish to thank C. Henry for helpful discussions.

e-mail addresses : jensen@dpm.univ-lyon1.fr,
hernan@ce.ifisicam.unam.mx, Alberto.Pimpinelli@lasmea.univ-bpclermont.fr

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Artist who drew boy's lost teddy wins publishing deal for story of search
Naomi Ackerman
A professional artist who brought a boy's lost teddy to life through sketches has turned his story into a children's book.
Seven-year-old Jack Barnfield, who has autism, was devastated when he lost Bear in April last year.
His father Matt, 36, launched a Twitter appeal to find the teddy which was shared thousands of times.
Bear was never found but the appeal caught the eye of artist Dawn Coulter-Cruttenden. She was so moved she drew a picture of Bear as a happy teddy who had gone looking for honey.
Dawn Coulter-Cruttenden's Bear Shaped
After showing the picture to Jack's family, she decided to turn it into a story, highlighting how the kindness of strangers helped him come to terms with losing his teddy.
Ms Coulter-Cruttenden wrote the words in a day. Within a week, she had an agent at The Blair Partnership, which counts JK Rowling among its clients. Oxford University Press Children's Books later bought the international rights.
She said: "I wrote it in a day. I showed it to my husband and he said 'take it away' because he started crying. My sister also cried when I sent it to her — so I thought it might work."
Ms Coulter-Cruttenden, 46, returned to Jack's house to complete more sketches for the book and said she felt "blessed" to have met him.
"It just all happened so quickly, it's amazing. It's a lovely book because he [Jack] loses something and learns how to carry on," she said. "It really is his book."
Mr Barnfield, an NHS communications worker from Twickenham, said the family were "massively excited" about the book's release.
"Dawn came to our house and spent time with Jack drawing him as he posed for her in loads of scenes. He had lots of fun acting out different parts of the book," he said.
"He's aware this is happening, but I'm still not sure he understands the magnitude of what his individual story has become."
He added: "Never in a million years would I have thought that my son losing his bear would end in a book deal with one of the biggest children's publishers in the country."
Ms Coulter-Cruttenden said the story references Jack's autism to raise awareness.
Bear Shaped will be released internationally in April 2020.
Miss England contestant wears wetsuit for swimsuit portion of the competition
GameFace series 2: Roisin Conaty is back in the game with a hapless heroine we can all relate to
Rescuers save leopard from drowning in 15ft well
SWNS
Rules, Rants And Toilet Sex – Wedding Guests Share Their Most WTF Stories

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Five countries to watch in 2011
Things are generally more positive on the global HIV front: the number of new infections is down, treatment figures are up and headway is being made in the fight to end discrimination against people living with HIV.
However, there is still work to be done and progress in the fight against the pandemic has not been even. Here is a list of five countries that could determine the future of the pandemic this year.
South Africa - The sheer size of the epidemic in South Africa means it cannot be ignored: more than one million people are on treatment - the biggest antiretroviral programme in the world - and more than five million people are living with HIV - the highest caseload globally.
The country also offers the best-case scenario in terms of HIV/Aids funding since the government is largely responsible for financing the country's Aids efforts and does not rely as heavily on external resources. The amount of the national health budget allocated to HIV/Aids has increased from R4.3 billion (US$627 million) in 2008 to an estimated R5.3 billion ($774 million) in 2010.
After years of dragging its feet, the government has introduced policies and initiatives aimed at strengthening the HIV/Aids response, including a national HIV counselling and testing campaign and the decentralisation of ARV treatment from doctors prescribing at hospitals to nurses providing the drugs at primary healthcare facilities. This year will provide an idea of how these measures are panning out.
Russia - With 37% of the country's estimated 1.8 million intravenous drug users (IDUs) believed to be living with HIV, Russia is dealing with one of Eastern Europe's largest HIV epidemics.
The country has been heavily criticised for its refusal to adopt evidence-based harm-reduction techniques recommended for treatment of drug users, preferring instead to put IDUs in prison, where clean needles are harder to find, thereby raising the HIV threat. Experts say unless the drug policy changes, HIV prevalence is likely to continue increasing.
Uganda - Once hailed as a beacon in the fight against HIV, Uganda's prevalence rate fell from 18% in 1992 to about 6.1% in 2004. The government's aggressive prevention campaigns focused on abstinence, sexual fidelity and condom use, becoming the foundation of national HIV prevention programmes across sub-Saharan Africa. Today, however, UNAIDS reports that the country's HIV prevalence is between 6.5% and 7%.
There is also evidence of apparent reversals in preventive sexual behaviour in the general population, the Uganda Aids Commission reports. The proportion of adults who say they had sex with a person who was not a permanent partner has grown since 1995, from 12% to 16% for women and from 29% to 36% for men.
With several mass media HIV prevention campaigns now targeting multiple concurrent partnerships, where the highest number of new infections is occurring, 2011 will test the government's will and capacity to effectively reduce the number of new infections.
Haiti - The 7.0 magnitude earthquake that hit the country a year ago damaged its health infrastructure extensively. While most patients who were on life-prolonging anti-retroviral drugs before the quake were traced and put back on treatment, the country's HIV programmes remain unstable.
Reports of sexual abuse and transactional sex in Port-au-Prince's tent cities raise the possibility of increased infections, while the threat of tuberculosis in the overcrowded camps is also high.
As the country continues to rebuild basic services this year, it will be important for the government, faced with multiple competing interests, to ensure that HIV/Aids receives the attention it needs.
India - More than 80% of all donor-funded antiretroviral drugs used in developing countries are Indian-manufactured generics. However, an imminent Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the European Union could potentially see the country lose its ability to produce the cheap generic medicines so vital to healthcare in poor nations.
The EU is pushing for data exclusivity, which means Indian generics manufacturers would no longer be able to use existing drug trials to make identical generic drugs. Instead, they would be required to conduct their own clinical trials, delaying poor countries access to these drugs for several years. EU officials say data exclusivity clauses in the FTA will take into consideration the role India plays in producing generic medicines for the developing world.
So far, India has stood up well to threats against its generics industry from large western pharmaceutical companies. Earlier this month, the country rejected two separate ARV patent applications by pharmaceutical giants Bristol-Myers Squibb and Abbott on the grounds that they did not add anything to the original patent.
With increasing pressure on India and other developing nations to adhere to tighter intellectual property laws, 2011 could be critical to the future of HIV treatment in sub-Saharan Africa and other regions. - (PlusNews, February 2011)
Next on Health24
New HIV drug is not more effective in dealing with resistance than old drugs
Covid-19 reinfection: How common is it?
76% of hospitalised Covid-19 patients experience lingering symptoms, according to a new study
Covid-19 tests and medical aid: This is what your scheme will pay for
Coronavirus expected to become endemic, and large-scale vaccinations likely won't carry on forever
Covid-19: Mediclinic terminates elective surgeries in hospitals experiencing resource constraints
The Daily Dose
Your daily dose of health info and news.
Have you entered our Health of the Nation survey?


Click the button below to add the ROCKING CHAIR Paper Patterns BUILD FOR FRONT PORCH LIKE A EXPERT Easy DIY Plans to your wish list.
This is a complete set of plans for my favorite Front Porch Rocking Chair.
6) Seat is 20" Deep X 20" Wide X 18.5" High; perfect size and height for ANYONE!!
10) Continued Technical Support from Me "WoodPatternExpert"; 20 Years of Experience!
WARNING:Everyone Will Love This Rocking Chair Design. Just about everyone who sees it will want you to build one or more, for them. (That's the reason I decided to write these plans.) Unlike most plans out there, you will be able to understand these! I have looked at others and I guarantee they are not as good as my plans!
12 Patterns; One for each piece that makes construction so easy a "caveman could do it"!


text:
Event Location: Colorado
Speaker Location: South Carolina
Speaker Location: Utah
MyKayla Skinner
Olympic Silver Medal-Winning Gymnast
Acclaimed for her indomitable tenacity and daredevil skills, Olympic silver medalist MyKayla Skinner burst onto the American gymnastics scene when she won the junior individual all-around title at the 2011 American Classic. At 24, she became the oldest U.S. Olympic gymnast since 2004 when she competed in the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, where she brought the trademark resilience and competitive spirit that have earned her a reputation as a powerhouse performer and model teammate, vaulting her way to a silver medal on the global stage. Her optimism, fire, and flair can be felt throughout the room as she provides an Olympian's perspective on performing at a championship-level in high-pressure situations, overcoming adversity, and charting your own path to achieving your goals.
Ann Romney
Former First Lady of Massachusetts and NYT Best-Selling Author
Ann Romney is the former First Lady of Massachusetts and the New York Times best-selling author of The Romney Family Table: Sharing Home-Cooked Recipes & Favorite Traditions, and her recently released In This Together: My Story, which chronicles her experiences living with multiple sclerosis (MS). The wife of politician and businessman Mitt Romney, Ann Romney served as a powerful voice in her husband's 2008 and 2012 bids for the White House.


text:
Skeletons of Us
Hey lovelies. Since I'm a totally impatient person, I didn't want to make you wait too long for the conclusion to Lexie & Killian's story. Now we've got a release date! Skeletons of Us will be out on September 2nd. In just over a month, Killian & Lexie will get the HEA they deserve. It's far from smooth sailing for them, it's going to be a rocky and emotional journey, but they'll get there.
For those of you who don't know, the Unquiet Mind series is centred around Lexie's band. So we get to see where fame and fortune has taken them and what it means for Lexie and Killian. We'll also be getting to know the boys in the band much better, each of them will get their own book. I'm getting ahead of myself now, for now we'll focus on Skeletons of Us. I've got the blurb and a teaser below, cover reveal is coming soon.
I just want to say a quick thanks to all of my amazing readers for being so understanding about how Echoes of Silence had to end. I know cliffhangers aren't everyone's cup of tea, but the positive response I've gotten has been overwhelming. I love you all and I'm so grateful to have such incredible readers.
Love can be a beautiful thing.
It can fill up your life with the warmth of its embrace and spread to every corner of your mind.
It can quiet your soul.
But when that love turns wrong, it warps into something bitter and unrecognizable.
The pain of it promises unyielding noise in place of that half-remembered silence.
Lexie has lived with this pain for four years, pouring it into music that transformed Unquiet Mind into the most famous rock band in the world.
But fame can also turn ugly, twist into that bitter version of love and endanger everything Lexie holds dear.
The moment Lexie's life is threatened, he comes back to ensure she stays breathing.
He's not just back to save her life, he's back to save her soul and to claim what's his.
Problem is, someone else already considers Lexie his, and he'll kill to make sure she stays that way.
By Anne Malcom|2016-07-31T02:00:30+00:00July 31st, 2016|Unquiet Mind|0 Comments
Three Kinds of Trouble
Truths That Saints Believe – Chapter One Teaser
Lies That Sinners Tell – Chapter One Teaser
Scars of Yesterday is HERE…Chapters 1 & 2 Preview
Scars of Yesterday – Sons of Templar MC #5
annemalcomauthor on Echoes of Silence – Lexie & Killian
Dawn on Echoes of Silence – Lexie & Killian
Lauren Taylor on Echoes of Silence – Lexie & Killian
Lilia Gomez on Echoes of Silence – Lexie & Killian
Kelyn on Beyond the Horizon – Cover Reveal & Preorder
Fatal Harmony
Sons of Templar
Still Waters
Beyond the Horizon – Cover Reveal & Preorder
'Making the Cut' is live on Amazon!
annemalcomauthor says:
Lauren, Thanks so much for your message. I love that you enjoy…
I can't wait!!!
Lauren Taylor says:
Can't wait!!! Just discovered this series a few months ago & love…


Listed once again as of December 6th at 8:53am, this home was originally listed on December 5th in 2018. The property is being listed at a price of $484,500 , the same as its original list price. This 2 bedroom, 2 full baths, 1 half bath residence is located on Pasto Rico, one of the nicer areas of .
With a total size of 1,209 square feet, this spacious home comes in at $400.74 per square foot. That's 1.84% lower than the neighborhood average. There are also 1.00 garage spaces available for parking.
Originally built in 1989, this home sits on a 2,674 square foot lot.
Listing provided courtesy of Cecilia Aguilar at Paul Kott Realtors, Inc..


With the React VR framework, you are now able to build VR web apps. WebVR is an experimental API enabling the creation and viewing of VR experiences in your browser. The goal of this new technology by Oculus is granting access to virtual reality to everybody regardless of the devices at hand.
Before getting started with React VR, a setup is required for the dependencies that will be used to build and manage a React VR app. These are Node.js and the React VR CLI.
And check if you have root permissions to install it globally.
Change the directory name to something like MyFirstReactVR and run npm start.
Click and try to drag your cursor around. Also, in browsers that support WebVR, you'll be able to explore this VR environment with a headset in full virtual reality mode.
Now let's implement manipulations with the animated button and its rotation. We will rotate the button on an X-Y-Z axis. To do so, we need to subscribe to the onInput event for the Pano component and change the rotation via the arrow-up, arrow-right, and arrow-down buttons.
The last thing is to implement the messaging of the VR thread and Main thread to exchange data. Below is the subscription code on receiving messages and posting a message when a scene changes or an image starts/ends loading.
You can check index.vr.js at our GitHub repository.
In client.js, we implement a zoom with the mouse wheel and a position change with a double-click. We need to store the VR instance and the VRcamera instance to implement the logic above.
Then we subscribe to ondblclick and onmousewheel and implement the zoom and change position logic.
get3DPoint is our custom function to transform screen coordinates to world coordinates using Three.js, implemented in cameraHelper.js.
Sometimes, loading scene images takes time. Thus, we've implemented the loader to show this process. In index.html, we add a loader and CSS based on this w3cschools example.
Check our index.html or client.js.
The whole project code sample is available for free download at React VR GitHub.
For more details and VR Tour app made with React - check out our main article React VR Oculus about the process.


text:
using System;

namespace ArgeHeiwako.Data.Common
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Diese Klasse repräsentiert die erweiterte Darstellung des Ordnungsbegriffes des Abrechnungsunternehmens, so wie er in den Datenaustauschsätzen
    /// E835 oder E898 verwendet wird.
    /// </summary>
    public sealed class ErweiterterOrdnungsbegriffAbrechnungsunternehmen : OrdnungsbegriffAbrechnungsunternehmen
    {
        private readonly NutzergruppenNummer nutzergruppenNummer;
        private readonly Nutzerfolge nutzerfolge;

        /// <summary>
        /// Erstellt eine neue <see cref="ErweiterterOrdnungsbegriffAbrechnungsunternehmen"/>-Instanz
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="liegenschaftsNummer">Die Liegenschaftsnummer</param>
        /// <param name="nutzergruppenNummer">Die Nutzergruppennummer</param>
        /// <param name="wohnungsNummer">Die Wohnungsnummer</param>
        /// <param name="nutzerfolge">Die Nutzerfolge</param>
        public ErweiterterOrdnungsbegriffAbrechnungsunternehmen(
            LiegenschaftsNummer liegenschaftsNummer,
            NutzergruppenNummer nutzergruppenNummer,
            WohnungsNummer wohnungsNummer,
            Nutzerfolge nutzerfolge)
            : base(liegenschaftsNummer, wohnungsNummer)
        {
            if (nutzergruppenNummer == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("nutzergruppenNummer");

            if (nutzerfolge == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("nutzerfolge");

            this.nutzergruppenNummer = nutzergruppenNummer;
            this.nutzerfolge = nutzerfolge;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Erstellt eine neue <see cref="ErweiterterOrdnungsbegriffAbrechnungsunternehmen"/>-Instanz
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="erweiterterOrdnungsbegriffAbrechnungsunternehmenString">Die textuelle Darstellung aus der Datenaustauschdatei</param>
        public static ErweiterterOrdnungsbegriffAbrechnungsunternehmen FromString(string erweiterterOrdnungsbegriffAbrechnungsunternehmenString)
        {
            if (erweiterterOrdnungsbegriffAbrechnungsunternehmenString == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(erweiterterOrdnungsbegriffAbrechnungsunternehmenString));

            if (erweiterterOrdnungsbegriffAbrechnungsunternehmenString.Length != 18)
                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(erweiterterOrdnungsbegriffAbrechnungsunternehmenString));

            var liegenschaftsNummer = new LiegenschaftsNummer(erweiterterOrdnungsbegriffAbrechnungsunternehmenString.Substring(0, 9));
            var nutzergruppenNummer = new NutzergruppenNummer(erweiterterOrdnungsbegriffAbrechnungsunternehmenString.Substring(9, 4));
            var wohnungsNummer = new WohnungsNummer(erweiterterOrdnungsbegriffAbrechnungsunternehmenString.Substring(13, 4));
            var nutzerfolge = new Nutzerfolge(erweiterterOrdnungsbegriffAbrechnungsunternehmenString.Substring(17, 1));

            return new ErweiterterOrdnungsbegriffAbrechnungsunternehmen(liegenschaftsNummer, nutzergruppenNummer, wohnungsNummer, nutzerfolge);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Liefert die Nutzergruppen-Nummer
        /// </summary>
        public NutzergruppenNummer NutzergruppenNummer
        {
            get { return nutzergruppenNummer; }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Liefert die Nutzerfolge
        /// </summary>
        public Nutzerfolge Nutzerfolge
        {
            get { return nutzerfolge; }
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///Liefert die formatierte Ausgabe für die Verwendung in einer Datentausch-Datei
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns>Der formatierte String für die Datenaustauschdatei</returns>
        public override string ToString()
        {
            return $"{LiegenschaftsNummer}{NutzergruppenNummer}{WohnungsNummer}{Nutzerfolge}";
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Extra-width freestanding electronic scoreboard with enhanced identification for the two 'in' batsmen. Adds a professional look and feel to any cricket ground. Option to include wheelaway trolley and battery.
The enhanced Premier scoreboard is a guaranteed hit. With high distance visibility of 170 metres, and a complete range of information, it is suitable for clubs playing at a high standard.


Along the Northern shore of Pelican Lakes in the town of Ninette. This park has undergone major changes over the last few years, including updated playground equipment, new dock, anchored swim platform, groomed sand beaches, fire pits, picnic tables, and brand new restroom/change room facility. Please visit www.terryfoxpark.ca for more details.
Situated on the east side of Pelican Lake, a cottage development owned by the R.M. of Prairie Lakes. The Park is well treed and serviced camping sites are available through the Strathcona Park Store, a maintained beach with swimming and play areas are provided. Easy access is provided off Hwy # 23 between Ninette and Belmont by turning south onto Strathcona Park Road.
For further information and bookings please contact (204) 537-2583.
Seventeen plus miles of Recreational Trail through the municipality on the previous railway right of way. Access the trail at Belmont, or any number of places where municipal roads intersect the trail, and enjoy, the beauty and tranquility of the outdoors. Walk, snowmobile, ATV or use any mode of sightseeing transport you prefer.


The largest river in the state is Rio Conchos which is the largest tributary to the Rio Grande from the Mexican side; the river descends from the zenith of the Sierra Madre Occidental in the southwest part of the state and winds through the center of the state where the water is exploited in the steppe zone and it eventually empties into the Rio Grande in the small desert town of Ojinaga.
The desert area also accounts for about a third of the state's surface area. The Chihuahuan Desert is an international biome that also extends into the neighboring Mexican state of Coahuila and into the US states of Texas and New Mexico. The desert zone is mainly of flat topography with some small mountain ranges that run north to south. The desert in the state varies slightly with a small variant in climate. The lower elevations of the desert zone are found in the north along the Rio Grande which experience hotter temperatures in the summer and winter while the southern portion of the desert zone experiences cooler temperatures due to its higher elevation. Better known as the Samalayuca dunes they cover an area of about 150 square kilometers; it is an impressive site of the Chihuahuan Desert and is a protected area by the state due to unique species of plants and animals that can only be found in that area.
The climate in the state depends mainly in the elevation of the terrain. The Sierra Madre Occidental dominates the western part of the state; there are two main climates in this area: Subtropical Highland and Humid Subtropical. There are some microclimates in the state due to the varying topology mostly found in the western side of the state. The two best known microclimates are: Tropical savanna climate in deep canyons located in the extreme southern part of the state; Continental Mediterranean climate in the extremely high elevations of the Sierra Madre Occidental.
Vegetation is much greener in the west because of the cooler temperatures and larger amounts of precipitation as compared to the rest of the state.


Our long international nightmare has finally come to an end. Yes, that's right folks, after being missing in action for several weeks He-Man and the Masters of the Universe has finally returned to its rightful spot among Germany's best-selling comics.
That's all the news about sales for this week. There isn't much more to say. Well, except for maybe the fact that Injustice: Gods Among Us dominated sales this week in an absolutely historic fashion.
Injustice: Gods Among Us has consistently been a top seller since its debut on ComiXology, but the launch of its tie-in videogame adaptation has sky-rocketed it into heretofore unseen territory. Back issues dominated the global charts this week, pushing even usual big sellers The Walking Dead, Superior Spider-Man, and Saga to the background. The Injustice fever even spread to other titles, reinvigorating sales of back issues of Justice League and Justice League of America.
This is Injustice's world and we're all just living in it.
1. Superior Spider-Man #8 129 р.
2. Justice League (2011-) #1 33 р.
3. The Walking Dead #109 99 р.
4. Injustice: Gods Among Us (2013-) #13 33 р.
5. Justice League (2011-) #3 33 р.
6. Justice League (2011-) #2 33 р.
7. Justice League (2011- ) #6 33 р.
8. Justice League (2011-) #4 33 р.
9. Justice League (2011-) #5 33 р.
10. Saga #2 66 р.


Garden Zucchini Chowder soup recipe that's perfect for late summer dinners when the garden is plentiful. Lovely fresh flavors in this easy-to-make chowder.
I found a recipe for zucchini chowder, altered it a bit and this is the result! It's easy to make and I love that it has spring/summer flavors. It's perfect for a day with a nice Spring thunderstorm- which we seem to be getting a ton of lately here in Utah! If you happen to have fresh corn and tomatoes from the garden, by all means substitute fresh for canned! (I'm jealous!) Enjoy.
Cut 1 TBSP of butter off the stick of 1/3 cup and heat it in a frying pan on medium. Add in the diced onions. Let them cook for a minute or two, then add the zucchini, added a few dashes of salt and pepper. Saute vegetables for about 5 minutes, then turn off the heat.
While the zucchini is sautéing, begin making a roux (fancy word for the thickened sauce that will be the base of the soup) for your chowder. Open the cans of chicken broth and have them close at hand. Melt the remaining amount of butter in a medium-sized saucepan over medium heat. Add in sage, garlic powder and parsley. When the butter begins to sizzle, add a small amount of the chicken broth (maybe 1/4 cup). Let mixture heat back up, then begin adding the flour a little at a time, whisking until smooth.
In alternating amounts, add more chicken broth, then flour, until all the flour is added. Add in lemon juice, tomatoes, corn and remaining chicken broth. Increase the heat slightly (I had my stove on "6") stirring occasionally. Once mixture looks to be nearly boiling, decrease heat back to medium and add in the cheese. Whisk gently until melted. Add in evaporated milk and the zucchini/onion mixture. Simmer zucchini chowder for about 10-15 minutes.
Serve with additional cheese on top if desired.
Best Zucchini Bread Recipe Ever!
Garden Zucchini Chowder soup recipe that's perfect for late summer dinners when the garden is plentiful. Lovely fresh flavors in this easy-to-make chowder.
While the zucchini is sautéing, begin making a roux (fancy word for white sauce) for your chowder. Open the cans of chicken broth and have them close at hand. Melt the remaining amount of butter in a medium-sized saucepan over medium heat. Add in sage, garlic powder and parsley. When the butter begins to sizzle, add a small amount of the chicken broth (maybe 1/4 cup). Let mixture heat back up, then begin adding the flour a little at a time, whisking until smooth. In alternating amounts, add more chicken broth, then flour, until all the flour is added. Add in lemon juice, tomatoes, corn and remaining chicken broth. Increase the heat slightly (I had my stove on "6") stirring occasionally. Once mixture looks to be nearly boiling, decrease heat back to medium and add in the cheese. Whisk gently until melted. Add in evaporated milk and the zucchini/onion mixture. Simmer soup for about 10-15 minutes.
This summer soup sounds delicious! I've never thought of making summer squash soup!
Can this be done in the crockpot?
Hmmm- my only worry is the zucchini would get too cooked and become mush. If you made it in the crockpot, I'd say add the zucchini and the evaporated milk only for the last hour. All the other ingredients could cook on low for 6-8 hours with no problems. Let me know how it goes!
It still shows 120 ounces on recipe.
values of this soup here, can you provide it?
I made this today & it was delicious! Substituted Original Rotellle for tomatoes because I like spicy & sprinkled bacon bits on top of serving. Will definitely be making this again. Thanks!
Linda, sounds delicious! Thanks so much for sharing!


Welcome to Dunstan & Moles, my artisan leather and bespoke goods blog. I have worked with leather in some capacity or another for most of my life, as it is my familys' business. For years I have puttered around making things for myself or gifts for friends, like, book covers, belts, wallets, memo book holders, dog colar's and leashes or whatever else I could think of.
Last year I decided to branch out on my own and the result is Dunstan & Moles. All of my products are hand made and 100% made in the USA, something that is very important to me.
For now I am producing small leather goods, including iPad folio's, journal covers, business card holders, passport covers, cord holders, pencil cases, bracelets, napkin rings, pillows and dog waste bag holders.
Most of the products are made using "hair on" cow hide although I also have plain leather as well. I have several other products in the works and will let you know when they are for sale.
In addition to leather goods I also have one of a kind items that are truly unique to Dunstan & Moles.
I hope that you will come to visit my Etsy store in a few days when most of the products will be listed for sale!


text:
Automatic License Plate Recognition Software
Carrida Technologies GmbHRequest Info
ETTLINGEN, Germany, April 21, 2020 — Carrida Technologies GmbH has announced a software engine for automatic license plate recognition.
The OEM software library integrates plates from most countries in the world and covers a wide range of different applications from access control and fleet management to toll systems and red-light enforcement, as well as intelligent transportation and smart city applications. The software suite includes an artificial intelligence tool for make and model recognition, employing deep learning to ensure high recognition rates for vehicles from all over the world. Delivering fast processing speeds of 15 to 20 ms/frame, it reads license plates of vehicles traveling at up to 240 km/h, with typical recognition rates of >99% under real-world conditions.
The software is easy to integrate into existing security and surveillance applications.
https://www.carrida-technologies.com
https://www.photonics.com/Buyers_Guide/Carrida_Technologies_GmbH/c32396
When you click "Send Request", we will record and send your personal contact information to Carrida Technologies GmbH by email so they may respond directly. You also agree that Photonics Media may contact you with information related to this inquiry, and that you have read and accept our Privacy Policy and Terms and Conditions of Use.
ProductsAutomatic License Plate Recognition Softwarecarrida technologiesSensors & DetectorssecuritysurveillanceautomotiveEurope
2021 Photonics Buyers' Guide
Use coupon code SP21 for a special offer! If you buy products and services related to lasers,...
When you click "Send Request", we will send the contact details you supply to Carrida Technologies GmbH so they may respond to your inquiry directly.


text:
Q: Installing scikit-image on Android Can I run scikit-image on Android? Do I need a specific version of the OS? I haven't been able to find a doc or tutorial explaining its installation on the platform. The instructions only mention Debian and Ubuntu. Would I need to compile from source?

A: Scikit-image is strictly a Python library, and Android runs on Java.
As an alternative, I would suggest JavaCV if you want something like scikit-image. It's a Java port of the OpenCV library, which is very similar to what you are looking for. https://github.com/bytedeco/javacv
However, if you are intent on using scikit-image, you can try using Jython, although it may be buggy when used with Android. http://www.jython.org/
You can use Cygwin if you want to install with Linux commands on a Windows computer. https://www.cygwin.com/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


2 :: Is it possible to inline assembly or IL in C# code?
No there is not possible to inline assembly or IL in C# code.
3 :: Is it possible to have different access modifiers on the get/set methods of a property in C#?
No. The access modifier on a property applies to both its get and set accessors. What you need to do if you want them to be different is make the property read-only (by only providing a get accessor) and create a private/internal set method that is separate from the property.
4 :: Is it possible to have a static indexer in C#?
5 :: If I return out of a try/finally in C#, does the code in the finally-clause run?
6 :: I was trying to use an out int parameter in one of my functions. How should I declare the variable that I am passing to it?
7 :: How does one compare strings in C#?
8 :: How do you specify a custom attribute for the entire assembly (rather than for a class)?
9 :: How do you mark a method obsolete?
Note: The O in Obsolete is always capitalized.
10 :: How do you implement thread synchronization (Object.Wait, Notify,and CriticalSection) in C#?


This Sunday night is the 83rd annual Academy Awards, which makes a dazzling presence at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, California. The Oscar® Awards are the oldest awards ceremony in the media, and was created to honor film achievements. However, this event has evolved into something more of a spectacle and broadcast success over the years. There's the extravagant red carpet, infamous paparazzi, buzzing interviews, entertaining ceremony and of course the fashion commentary.
Last year, I hosted an Oscars party for friends and got dressed up in high heels, rolled out a red carpet, made themed drinks & snacks and of course had the obligatory ballot with prizes. As we sat on the edge of our seats and critiqued the fashion, we pretended to be right there on the red carpet with the stars.
This year, we thought, why not take the experience one step closer to reality? Take a virtual tour of the Kodak Theatre in Google Earth -- as if you're actually there! It includes the red carpet, paparazzi and even the Oscar statues. Watch the video below to fly to the red carpet in 3D or download this KML to take a tour in Google Earth.
If you'd like to take your own trip on the red carpet in Google Earth, download a 3D model of the Red Carpet, Hollywood and Highland Center, and the Kodak Theatre.
You've probably already made your predictions, but if you're curious about what other people are thinking, check out the Oscar Search Trends. See which nominees are being searched and also realtime news articles and mentions. I'm putting my bet on James Franco for "Best Actor in a Leading Role" but according to the graph I'm not alone.
There are two days left to take a virtual trip to the red carpet, see live search results for nominees and even have time to find the perfect pair of heels or cuff links. Enjoy watching the show!


text:
How Crohn's and a cancer scare turned this man into an endurance junkie
He's battled Crohn's disease his entire life and only narrowly dodged cancer. Now, this Bondi lifeguard is taking his second chance to one of the world's toughest adventure races: Red Bull Defiance.
It's a typically windy day on St Kilda shorefront in Melbourne, and Quinn Darragh is in "absolute agony".
To make it here, Quinn, a Bondi lifeguard by trade, had to swim 1.5 kilometres, cycle 180 kilometres, and run a literal marathon (that's 42 kilometres to you and me). That's just what an Ironman has to do, you see, to get to where he's going.
The agony Quinn's feeling isn't just a result of the 220+ kilometres he's put away, but the fact that he's only recently had two neuromas (pinched nerves) cut out of his foot. "It felt like a knife going through my toes," he laughs in retrospect. "It's actually pretty common in ballerinas."
As he draws closer to the finish line, the atmosphere intensifies. A smattering of onlookers gradually swells into hundreds. Subtle cheers and 'whoops' begin to increase in volume. The Ironman-branded barricades, banners, marquees and TV cameras all come in to view. He finally sees the red carpet, which signals the very last section of this, his first-ever Ironman.
And then, having seen him coming up the red carpet, his wife leans over the barricades and hands him his one-year-old son, Xavier. The effect on his morale was immediate. "All the pain just went away," says Quinn, looking back on the day. "I carried him that last bit, over the finish line, and then they started telling me, 'you are an Ironman' and I realised I'd done it. And to have my wife and son there to see it…it was a phenomenal feeling."
Quinn placed 201st out of 1853 participants in the event, logging a total time of nine hours and 12 minutes (the swim was cut short due to adverse weather, much to the dismay of the semi-amphibious lifeguard). But Quinn had to overcome much more than just 220 kilometres of endurance racing to reach that finish line.
Just 11 months prior, in fact, he was hallucinating on his bathroom floor, having sweated through three sets of clothes.
Quinn was suffering from a bowel blockage – an unexpected side-effect of the life-saving surgery he'd had just three days prior. "I honestly think I know what childbirth must feel like," he tells RedBull.com over the phone from his home in Bondi, Sydney. "The pain would just shoot through every part of my body – it was the most pain I've ever experienced in my life."
Quinn, who's lived with Crohn's disease – a chronic inflammatory bowel disease for which there is no cure – almost his entire life, needed the surgery because doctors had discovered that his bowel was riddled with pre-cancerous cells. High-grade dysplasia, they call it. "I was losing a lot of blood when I was going to the toilet," he says. "I was super fatigued and run down."
Quinn's doctor said that if they didn't operate, his chances of getting cancer in the next few years were somewhere in the 100% region. He needed a total proctocolectomy, which involves removing every part of the large intestine, including the rectum, and he needed it now. "I was so depressed when I got the diagnosis," he says.
The immediate fallout of the surgery would involve Quinn having to use a colostomy bag – not a particularly enticing prospect a lifeguard, nor one that he ever grew accustomed to. "I'm thinking that this is the worst news ever," he says. "But the doctor goes, 'No, it's not. If these cells flick off and hit your liver, then we have a conversation about how long you have to live."
To make matters even more stressful, Quinn's wife, Sheree, was around six months' pregnant with Xavier, their first child. Quinn, who was 35 at the time, decided to put the surgery off at least until his son was born and, in the meantime, tried an alternative, natural diet to see if it helped.
In fact, when he went back to the doctor for another scope, the dysplasia was worse than ever.
Still, the idea of surgery and the prospect of living with a colostomy bag for the rest of his life – which was a possibility, albeit a slim one – wasn't sitting well with Quinn. He asked his doctor if anyone in his position had ever said no to this operation. "There was one guy," replied the doctor. "He's dead now."
Quinn knew he would have to make this decision one day.
When he was just 10 years old, he began rapidly dropping weight for no apparent reason. His mother thought he had cancer, but the children's hospital found multiple ulcerations through his oesophagus and his small and large bowel.
He was diagnosed with Crohn's, and told that he'd likely need an operation to have some or all of his digestive tract cut out at some point in his life. They just couldn't say when.
Read full article by Oliver Pelling at https://www.redbull.com/au-en/quinn-darragh-red-bull-defiance
Posted on: August 15 2019


text:
Церква Різдва Пресвятої Богородиці у с. Дроздовичі — церква у селі Дроздовичі Старосамбірського району Львівської області України. Сучасна будівля церкви зведена у 1992 році, після того, як стара церква, яка мала статус пам'ятки архітектури місцевого значення (охоронний № 1512-м), згоріла.

Історія
Перші документальні згадки про церкву в Дроздовичах датовані 1510 роком. У 1647 році польський король Владислав IV надав місцевій громаді ерекційний акт, тобто привілей на будівництво церкви, а 1661 року король Ян Казимир підтвердив його. Втім, дерев'яний храм у Дроздовичах звели лише 1695 року, коштом місцевої громади. На початку XIX століття в селі збудували нову дерев'яну церкву, за різними джерелами це сталося у 1805, 1816 або 1824 році. У 1927 році церкву відремонтували та відновили розписи. Перебувала в юрисдикції Нижанківського деканату Перемишльської єпархії. Станом на 1939 рік парафія нараховувала 630 осіб, настоятелем церкви був Іван Сендзік.

Після Другої світової війни, за радянської влади, церкву закрили, богослужіння відновили лише 1989 року. Церкву відновили та відреставрували розписи, також повернули церковні книги. 11 липня 1992 року стара дерев'яна церква згоріла вщент. На її місці дуже скоро звели нову, муровану церкву за проектом архітектора В. Луціва.

Опис
Стара дерев'яна церква у Дроздовичах належала до вельми рідкісного на Львівщині латинізованого типу церков, будівництво яких в Україні ввів будівельний департамент уряду Австро-Угорської імперії. Будівля церкви була дводільною і складалася з прямокутної нави та прямокутної, але трохи вужчої вівтарної частини із двома прямокутними ризницями обабіч. Церква була безверха, наву вкривав двосхилий причілковий дах, на гребені якого стояла восьмерикова вежечка з маківкою, вівтарна частина була вкрита трисхилим дахом із нижчим гребенем. Стіни були шальовані вертикально дошками та лиштвами, і завершувалися великим профільованим карнизом. Підвалини церкви прикривало вузеньке піддашшя.

Примітки

Джерела

Дерев'яні храми Львівської області
Зруйновані храми
Втрачені пам'ятки Старосамбірського району
засновані в Україні 1510
Культові споруди, побудовані 1510

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Jewish National Fund invites you to plant a tree with your own hands in the soil of Israel at the Harvey Hertz-JNF Ceremonial Tree Planting Center at Neot Kedumim, the world's only biblical landscape reserve. Located just ten minutes from Ben-Gurion Airport and 20 minutes from Jerusalem, the Ceremonial Tree Planting Center offers visitors the opportunity to plant saplings that will later be transferred to sites in the reserve where they are needed most.
Each planter receives a special tree planter's prayer and a commemorative certificate, mailed directly to you. To participate in this time-honored tradition, please follow the instructions below. A confirmation e-mail along with directions will be e-mailed to you upon completion of your purchase.
The tree planting center is open Sunday through Thursday from 9:00 am to 4:00 pm.
Please register at least 7 days in advance so we can properly plan for your arrival. To register, click the Register button below. Select the day and hour that you'd like to schedule. You will be asked for the number of trees you would like to plant (at $18/tree), and for your contact information. Please print your confirmation e-mail and bring it with you to the tree planting center.
For more information, or to book a visit within this week, please call 08.977.0782 in Israel, or 011.972.8.977.0782 from the United States.
Feel like getting a little dirtier? Visit the KKL website for more information on planting trees directly in JNF forests.
Interested in learning what else Neot Kedumim has to offer? Learn how you can get the most out of your Neot Kedumim experience. A great place to celebrate weddings, bar mitzvahs, or any other special occasion!


We live in a world of self-exaltation…a world that strives for power, that strives to be first. Unfortunately, our bent is to put ourselves and our own interests above others. But we pledge and declare our allegiance to a Savior that modeled something very different for us. In Philippians 2:6-11 we read that rather than self-exaltation, Jesus modeled extreme humility. How ought we to respond to our servant leader?