text:
NewsPolitics
Live Updates: Tsvangirai Gweru Rally
On Jul 21, 2013 1,416
The MDC-T election campaign moved to the Midlands capital of Gweru where Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai and senior party officials made a pitch for why people in Zimbabwe should entrust them with their vote during the July 31 election.
Mkoba Stadium in Gweru for MDC-T rally
This album covers rallies in (Mkoba Stadium) Gweru, Kwekwe and Redcliff
More pictures as they come…………………….
MDC @19 PICTURES from Gwanzura Stadium
Oct 27, 2018 38,121
Zimbabwe opposition challenges election results in court
Aug 10, 2018 43,258
Zimbabwe opposition on deadline to appeal election result
MDC to challenge Mnangagwa's 'fraud' election victory in…
Aug 8, 2018 28,302
Morgan Tsvangirai: "I want to recognise Dr. Simba Makoni for his commitment to unity of purpose. Dr. Makoni told you that we were hoping to work together with other parties because we didn't want to split the vote. I say to those we were negotiating with but refused to be part of the coalition, the door is still open if you have the best interests of Zimbabwe at heart.
I want to talk about ZEC, which is the body charged with conducting free and fair elections. The information I am receiving is worrying. The fact that ZEC failed to print enough ballot papers for police officers and soldiers to vote and the fact that many people failed to register as voters – thereby denying Zimbabweans their right to vote – undermines the credibility of the election.
I am worried about information that ZEC now wants to print 8 million ballot papers when there are 6 million registered voters. All such actions undermine the credibility of the vote. I want to tell them that it undermines the credibility of ZEC.
I know, for instance, that Mugabe said violence worked against him in 2008 hence the absence of violence in this election. Mugabe wants a peaceful but rigged election. This rigging can only happen if ZEC chooses to be complicit.
But our eyes are wide open because we have to protect the vote, we have to protect the voter and we have to protect the outcome of the vote. This is important because we have to ensure that the people's will prevails.
As we move closer to the election, I am also challenging Mugabe to a live debate on television, where each one of us will articulate our policies on how to make Zimbabwe a better place.
I am challenging all the presidential candidates to a public debate so that Zimbabweans can see who has the best plan to uplift the lives of Zimbabweans. I am not afraid because the MDC-T has a plan.
This is a defining election because it is the last mile. I beat Mugabe in 2008. He admitted as much to me but claimed that "Tsvangirai, you thrashed me but you did not manage to get enough votes to avoid a runoff". Of course, I told him he was saved by SADC.
So, I am shocked that Mugabe now wants to pull Zimbabwe out of SADC. He forgets they protected him. SADC and I gave him a soft landing. He is an old man so we had to give him that soft landing. Now he says to hell with SADC. That's what happens when someone is in a false comfort zone.
He is forgetting SADC's role in rescuing him. SADC told him in 2008 that he could not form a government without me. SADC told him:
"Join Tsvangirai and stabilise the country then go for a fresh election because the vote was a sham and could not be accepted as legitimate by SADC and the African Union."
Zimbabwe was isolated because Mugabe had turned this country into a pariah state. The MDC-T came into government, stabilised the economy and also got Zimbabwe to be accepted as a member of the international community.
Now it's time to complete this work by voting exclusively for an MDC-T government. We will not take your vote for granted. From day one, we will go to work.
The first task will be to transform the governance culture, which has been there for the past three decades.
As the MDC-T we commit ourselves to separate party issues from government matters. This has been one of Zimbabwe's foremost challenges since 1980. ZANU F had become the party and the government. Even in the distribution of food and services, one was forced to produce a party card.
When you are a government leader you don't discriminate on the basis of political affiliation. You serve the people equally. We don't want a government which rules by fear. A government should show love to the people and not hate. You don't use violence against your own people.
Also, non-performers in government should be fired. A minister should be fired for failing to deliver. Mugabe doesn't fire non-performers. He protects them by reshuffling the Cabinet. His cabinet has not changed for three decades yet it has failed dismally.
In an MDC-T government, I will fire those who don't perform to the country's expectations.
An MDC-T government will have zero tolerance towards corruption because corruption has eroded the ability to distribute the country's wealth equitably. We are a rich country with poor people. Only a few are enriching themselves while the rest are suffering.
One of the biggest challenges that an MDC-T government faces is an educated population with no jobs. The majority of people between 18 and 35 have never been to work. We will have to immediately implement our plan for jobs, investment, skills development, infrastructure revival and a broad based empowerment process, not one which benefits only a few.
In agriculture, farms were grabbed by a few elites who are failing to utilise the land. We cannot even feed ourselves anymore. Zimbabwe, once a breadbasket of Africa, is now a basket case. We have been reduced to being a nation of beggars. Zimbabwe is now begging for food from Zambia, from Malawi. That will be a thing of the past.
Agriculture and rural transformation will become the key intervention strategies to restore our food security and economy prosperity.
Social sectors such as education, health, water and housing are in dire need of attention. As the MDC-T, we have a plan for free primary school education. Parents pay for secondary school and then as government we intervene at tertiary level and provide grants and loans to students at universities. We need to give equal opportunities to all Zimbabwean children regardless of economic status.
In health, cancer has become a pandemic so we have to make sure women are tested for free and they should get free treatment. This will be the same with HIV. July 31 is 10 days away. It's time to move to more.
*Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai during Gweru rally has challenged President Robert Mugabe to a live television debate before #ZimElections
*Vice President Thokozani Khupe now on podium. Says the countdown begins and it's 10 days before we move into a New Zimbabwe. Let's use this countdown to wave bye bye to Mugabe and ZANU PF. Hello, New Zimbabwe.
*Elizabeth Tsvangirai message for peace gets resounding endorsement. At Mkoba, she tells youths to use their energies to get their peers out to vote for jobs and quality education. I love her for this. A real First Lady. She takes every opportunity to preach unity. Let's say NO to hate speech Zimbabwe.
*Coalition for Change partner Dr. Simba Makoni rallies youths to be on the forefront of the war against hunger, poverty, unemployment and tyranny by overwhelmingly voting for change.
elections in ZimbabweMDC rallyTsvangirai rally
So near yet so Cosafa for Warriors
Proof that Mugabe buys elections
MDC to challenge Mnangagwa's 'fraud' election victory in court
Zimbabwean soldiers beating up opposition
UN chief says Zimbabwe forces must 'show maximum restraint'


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What is the best practice for archiving email if I need more email storage space than I can have?
I have archived PST files. How can I move them to my cloud account?


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text:
Олексій Петрович Пукач ( 1 січня 1953) — колишній високопоставлений працівник МВС України, у 2000—2003 очолював підрозділи зовнішнього спостереження МВС України. 2013 року визнаний винним у вбивстві Георгія Гонгадзе і засуджений до довічного ув'язнення з позбавленням права обіймати атестовані посади, пов'язані з виконанням функцій представника влади строком на три роки та з конфіскацією всього майна, яке є його власністю.

Біографія
Народився 1 січня 1953 року в селі Жижниківці Білогірського району Хмельницької області Української РСР. Після закінчення школи служив в армії, де займався спортом — отримав звання кандидата в майстри спорту з самбо. Наприкінці 1970-х закінчив Донецьку школу міліції, направлений на роботу до Києва.

1986 року брав участь у ліквідації наслідків аварії на Чорнобильській АЕС, де отримав другу групу інвалідності.

19 серпня 1997 року указом Президента України Кучми нагороджений відзнакою Президента України — орденом «За мужність» III ст. — за бездоганне виконання військового і службового обов'язку, виявлені при цьому мужність, відвагу та високий професіоналізм.

У 1998—2000 працював начальником управління кримінального пошуку Головного управління МВС України в місті Києві, а в 2000—2003 — першим заступником начальника та начальником Головного управління кримінального пошуку (з 2001 — Департамент оперативної служби) МВС України.

Одружений, має двох дочок-близнючок.

Зв'язок з КДБ
Згідно з повідомленням колишнього співробітника особливо секретного спецпідрозділу МВС України, того самого, у якому служив і Пукач, він був завербований 3-м Управлінням КДБ УРСР ще в 1982 році. Пукач був негласним агентом (таємним співробітником) КДБ під оперативними призвиськами «Солдатов» та «Тіхуша». Вербування Пукача КДБ відбулось під час його служби в київській «сімці» — підрозділі «зовнішнього спостереження» УВС міста Києва.

Пукач з колегами по службі вів таємне спостереження за одним з підпільних підприємців Києва. Після одержання підприємцем від свого компаньйона великої суми грошей, Пукач разом з колегами пограбували його. Пукач з колегами не знали, що самі перебували під спостереженням КДБ. Наступного дня Пукачу запропонували таємно співпрацювати з КДБ або бути відданим під суд. Він вибрав співпрацю з КДБ і став негласним агентом Комітету.

Після того як Радянський Союз розвалився, і КДБ не стало, Пукач все одно продовжував залишатися агентом СБУ, — наполягає полковник міліції. Він же наполягає, що замовників вбивства Гонгадзе треба шукати серед колишніх і чинних співробітників спецслужб, «докази цього, — як він говорить, — у нього також є».

Пукач та справа Гонгадзе

Судом встановлено, що 17 вересня 2000 року Пукач О. П. на виконання явно злочинного усного наказу, за попередньою змовою з Протасовим М. К., Костенком В. М. та Поповичем О. В., умисно вбив журналіста Гонгадзе Г. Р..

2003 року ім'я Пукача фігурувало у справі про викрадення й убивство відомого журналіста Георгія Гонгадзе. Пукача затримала Генеральна прокуратура України, за обвинуваченням у знищенні документів, що свідчать про стеження за Гонгадзе в травні-липні 2000 року. Так само під підозру слідчих потрапив той факт, що Пукач 2003 року з невідомої причини отримав у Києві нову трикімнатну квартиру в елітному будинку. У листопаді цього ж року Пукача звільнили під підписку про невиїзд, але він тут же зник. Прокуратура оголосила його в міжнародний розшук, і 2005 року заочно пред'явила звинувачення у вбивстві Гонгадзе. У 2003—2009 роках про реальне місцезнаходження Пукача не було відомо.

Олексій Пукач був затриманий Генпрокуратурою та СБУ 21 липня 2009 року в селі Молочки Чуднівського району Житомирської області. Він жив там зі співмешканкою у «надзвичайній бідності». Пукач одразу зізнався і почав давати визнавальні свідчення.

29 січня 2013 року Печерський суд Києва виніс вирок Пукачу у справі про вбивство журналіста Георгія Гонгадзе. Згідно з вироком, його засудили до довічного ув'язнення. На судовому засіданні на запитання судді, чи зрозумілий йому оголошений вирок, Олексій Пукач відповів:І буде зрозуміло тоді, коли Кучма й Литвин будуть разом зі мною. Запросите в Кучми і в Литвина. Вони все розкажуть. Тому запитайте про мотив і про умисел у Литвина і у Кучми

На початку 2016 року вирок залишив чинним Апеляційний суд, а влітку Пукача етапували до Чортківської колонії у Тернопільській області.

Вдова журналіста Георгія Гонгадзе Мирослава заявила, що вимагатиме покарати не лише виконавців, а й замовників убивства її чоловіка.

15 грудня 2017 року суд перерахував за «законом Савченко» 6,5 років попереднього ув'язнення як 13 років основного покарання для колишнього начальника департаменту зовнішнього спостереження Міністерства внутрішніх справ України Олексія Пукача, засудженого за вбивство журналіста Георгія Гонгадзе. У матеріалах суду зазначається, що підсудний перебував у слідчому ізоляторі з 21 липня 2009 року до 6 січня 2016 року, тобто приблизно 6,5 років. Таким чином, станом на 10 січня 2017 року засуджений відбув вже більше 14 років тюремного ув'язнення. У касаційній скарзі Пукач просив змінити йому вирок на 15 років позбавлення волі, і якщо б це сталося, то його б випустили.

Проте, 2 липня 2021 року касаційну скаргу колишнього генерал-лейтенанта залишив без задоволення Верховний Суд.

Примітки

Посилання
 Затриманий Олексій Пукач — podrobnosti.ua
 Як затримували Пукача (фото, відео) — for-ua.com
 Останній рік Пукач розводив корів у Житомирській області — bigmir.net
 Пукач назвав замовників вбивства Гонгадзе — bigmir.net
 НС: Пукача тримали на хуторах як політичну консерву до виборів — bigmir.net
 Вирок Пукачу
 Мустафа Найем. Последние дни Алексея Пукача / УП, 23 липня 2009

Уродженці Жижниківців
Українські злочинці
Засуджені до довічного позбавлення волі
Ліквідатори аварії на ЧАЕС

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Proficiency with experience in developing enterprise platforms leveraging Python, Big Data (e.g. Hadoop & Spark) and Business Intelligence (e.g. Tableau) technologies.
Contribute towards the evolution of software platforms with creative ideas and innovative technical solutions. Actively participate in the agile planning and delivery of software-based solution. Partner with multiple technology teams to deliver integrated solutions leveraging best in class technologies.
3+ years of experience developing enterprise platforms in Python. Strong Object Oriented Programming skills (in either Python, Scala or Java).
Aggregating and managing the interest rate risk of the firms four main lines of business (LOBs), primarily through the global investment securities portfolio. Managing the firms funding and liabilities through long-term debt and other funding sources, and managing the short term cash deployment activities.
Aggregating and managing the firms liquidity risk, including deploying the firm's excess liquidity. Also responsible for compliance with both internal and regulatory liquidity requirements. Aggregating and managing the firms structural foreign exchange risk.
Risk managing Mortgage Servicing Rights on behalf of the Mortgage Bank. Managing the company-sponsored retirement plan.
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text:
Q: unintended round up double variable c++ The problem in the principal it is always round up 0.x and the answer is wrong
I'm using code:blocks mingw
please look at this image on transaction 2 it's 99855.7-145.022 but the answer is already rounded up

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
    double x,amort,principalminus,interest,amortbal,theo,adv,advtemp,paid,mri;
    double principal;
    char con;
    adv=0;
    cout<<"CMP Calculator "<<endl;
    cout<<"Base Principal:";
    cin>>principal;
    cout<<"MRI:";
    cin>>mri;
    cout<<"Monthly Amortization:";
    cin>>amort;
    do
    {
      x++;
      interest = (principal*0.06)/12;
      cout<<"Number of transaction:"<<x<<endl;
      cout<<"Amortization amount paid:";
      cin>>paid;
      if(paid>=685.3)
      {
        principalminus = amort - (interest+mri);
        advtemp = paid-amort;
      }
      principal=principal-principalminus;
      adv=adv+advtemp;
      cout<<"Interest:"<<interest<<endl;
      cout<<"Principal Paid:"<<principalminus<<endl;
      cout<<"Advance:"<<adv<<endl;
      cout<<"Total Principal:"<<principal<<endl;

      cout<<"Do you want to continue?:[Y/N]";
      cin>>con;
      cout<<endl<<endl;
    }
    while(con=='Y'||con=='y');

    return 0;
}

A:
it's 99855.7-145.022 but the answer is already rounded up

you just need to print with more digits, for instance do :
cout << std::setprecision(15);

somewhere before the other print, for that you need
#include <iomanip>

and you will have
pi@raspberrypi:/tmp $ ./a.out
CMP Calculator
Base Principal:100000
MRI:41
Monthly Amortization:685.3
Number of transaction:1
Amortization amount paid:686
Interest:500
Principal Paid:144.3
Advance:0.700000000000045
Total Principal:99855.7
Do you want to continue?:[Y/N]y

Number of transaction:2
Amortization amount paid:686
Interest:499.2785
Principal Paid:145.0215
Advance:1.40000000000009
Total Principal:99710.6785
Do you want to continue?:[Y/N]n

The printed value of Total Principal is the right one, anyway understand by definition there is a limit to the precision of any floats, and you can see that in the printed values for Advance.
If your compiler support long double you can use them, also asking to print 20 digits the result will be :
bruno@bruno-XPS-8300:/tmp$ ./a.out
CMP Calculator
Base Principal:100000
MRI:41
Monthly Amortization:685.3
Number of transaction:1
Amortization amount paid:686
Interest:499.99999999999998149
Principal Paid:144.30000000000001853
Advance:0.7000000000000000111
Total Principal:99855.699999999999982
Do you want to continue?:[Y/N]y

Number of transaction:2
Amortization amount paid:686
Interest:499.27849999999998143
Principal Paid:145.02150000000001856
Advance:1.4000000000000000222
Total Principal:99710.678499999999964
Do you want to continue?:[Y/N]n

Note also you missed to initialize x with 0, and it can be int rather than a double

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Q: My cousin and disabled elderly aunt are living in a house that my aunt sold about four years ago in which the agreement included lifetime living rights without the stipulation of rent payment or payment for taxes. Does the owner have the right to demand rental payments now? Is there a website that I might be able to check to find out more information for them?
A: There is a lot of information on the Internet; go to your favorite search engine, and type in "life estates."
I cannot give you a specific answer because state laws, customs and procedures differ. Additionally, the way that the life estate is created must be considered. Clearly, the courts will follow any written instructions setting up the life estate.
Real estate taxes. It is the general rule that the life tenant is responsible for paying all property taxes during his or her lifetime; if the document creating this estate is silent on rent, the life estate holder does not have to pay any rent.
Ordinary repairs, upkeep and maintenance. These are the responsibility of the life tenant; that person lives in the house and it is his or her obligation to preserve the property.
Improvements. Ordinarily, a life tenant has no right to make permanent improvements to the home. If they are made, without the consent of the remainderman (the person who gets the property at the end of the life estate), it is at the expense of the life tenant. However, it is the obligation of the life tenant to make all of the necessary repairs so as to preserve the property.
Homeowners insurance. Unless specifically spelled out in the will, the life tenant is responsible only for insuring his or her interest, while the remainderman has the obligation to insure the remainder interest.
Can the life tenant move out and rent the property? The law provides that a life tenant is entitled to both the possession and use of the property. Included in this "use" is the right to rent the property to another, and keep the rent money. However, any such rent would be taxable income to the life tenant.
Can the life tenant sell the interest? The answer is yes, but the potential buyer would get only what the seller has, namely an interest that would end when the seller dies.
What rights does the remainderman have? The general principles give the life tenant the right to peaceful possession without interference from the remainderman. However, if it appears that the life tenant is not properly maintaining the property, he or she would have the right to inspect and make any necessary repairs. This may require court action.
There may be tax consequences of giving a life estate, and you have to discuss this with tax advisers.


text:
in: Articles without Wikidata item, Born in 1961, Canadian ice hockey players,
Carolina Hurricanes coaches
Oshawa Generals players
Adirondack Red Wings players
Plymouth Whalers coaches
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Greg Stefan
Position Goaltender
Caught Left
Teams Adirondack Red Wings (AHL)
Detroit Red Wings (NHL)
Born (1961-02-11)February 11, 1961,
Brantford, Ontario, CAN
NHL Draft 128th overall, 1981
Gregory Steven Stefan (born February 11, 1961, in Brantford, Ontario, Canada) was a professional ice hockey goaltender in the National Hockey League.
Drafted in the 1981 NHL Entry Draft by the Detroit Red Wings, Greg Stefan became known for using his stick to clear skaters in front of the net, many times receiving penalties, and sometimes suspensions. He played in 299 games, winning 115 of them, before suffering an eventual career-ending knee injury in a game against the Edmonton Oilers.
Stefan began his coaching career in 1993 with the Detroit Jr. Red Wings of the Ontario Hockey League in 1993, and contributed to the team's first OHL championship in 1995. He remained with the club, which had relocated from Detroit to Plymouth, Michigan, and became the Plymouth Whalers, until 1998, before taking a job with the Carolina Hurricanes of the National Hockey League. After moving around the Hurricanes system as a scout, and even as an assistant coach, Stefan returned to Plymouth in December 2007 to become the head coach of the club, taking over for Mike Vellucci, who would solely focus on his general manager duties.
The Whalers posted a record of 16-20-3 under Stefan, after starting the season with a 18-8-3 record under Vellucci, however, the team would make the playoffs as the eighth seed in the Western Conference. In the first round of the post-season, the Whalers were quickly eliminated by the Kitchener Rangers in four games. Stefan came back to Plymouth for a second season in 2008-09, however, after a start of 6-11-2, he resigned from the position to return to the Carolina Hurricanes organization as a scout.
In 2006 Greg won the Stanley Cup as Goalie Coach/Scout with the Carolina Hurricanes.
1.1 Regular season
1.2 Post-Season
2 Coaching record
Regular season[]
1978–79 Oshawa Generals OMJHL 33 1635 133 0 4.88
1979–80 Oshawa Generals OMJHL 17 8 6 0 897 58 0 3.88
1980–81 Oshawa Generals OHL 46 23 14 3 2407 174 0 4.34
1981–82 Detroit Red Wings NHL 2 0 2 0 120 10 0 5.00
1981–82 Adirondack Red Wings AHL 29 11 13 3 1571 99 2 3.78
1982–83 Detroit Red Wings NHL 35 6 16 9 1847 139 0 4.52 .853
1983–84 Detroit Red Wings NHL 50 19 22 2 2600 152 2 3.51 .876
1987–88 Detroit Red Wings NHL 33 17 9 5 1854 96 1 3.11 .896
1989–90 Detroit Red Wings NHL 7 1 5 0 359 24 0 4.01 .837
1989–90 Adirondack Red Wings AHL 3 1 0 1 128 7 0 3.28 .887
1990–91 Adirondack Red Wings AHL 2 0 1 0 66 7 0 6.36 .759
Post-Season[]
1980–81 Oshawa Generals OMJHL 6 2 3 298 20 0 4.02
1981–82 Adirondack Red Wings AHL 1 0 0 20 0 0 0.00
1983–84 Detroit Red Wings NHL 3 1 2 210 8 0 2.29 .907
1984–85 Detroit Red Wings NHL 3 0 3 138 17 0 7.39 .754
1987–88 Detroit Red Wings NHL 10 5 4 531 32 1 3.62 .864
Coaching record[]
39 16 20 - 3 (74) 5th in West Lost in First Round
19 6 11 - 2 14 5th in West Resigned
Mike Vellucci Head Coaches of the Plymouth Whalers
Mike Vellucci
Greg Stefan's career stats at The Internet Hockey Database
This page uses content from Wikipedia. The original article was at Greg Stefan. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with Ice Hockey Wiki, the text of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike License 3.0 (Unported) (CC-BY-SA).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I use Google Drive every day for document storage and file sharing. Everything is in the cloud on Google Drive, so it's accessible wherever you are, and you can choose who you share your files with. Files you create on Google Drive are also automatically saved, so you never have to remember to click 'Save' (lifesaver).
Zoom is the best platform I've found to host and attend online meetings. The connection is better for me than using Skype, and you can choose to activate the video function or not. If you can't physically get to a meeting then Zoom is a brilliant communication tool.
CamScanner is one of the most useful apps I have. You download it to your phone or tablet and use it as a portable scanner. When you have to sign documents or confidentiality agreements, one of the most annoying things is using a scanner and then emailing the document to yourself and then forwarding on to the client. With CamScanner, I do all of those steps from my phone in minutes. Such a timesaver!
Hootsuite is my preferred social media management tool. I've tried others including Buffer, but I find Hootsuite much easier to use. Scheduling social media posts in advance with Hootsuite means you can connect to your market at the right time, and also allows you to manage your own workflow and concentrate on using a chunk of time to lock away social media posts, rather than trying to remember to post once or twice a day, every day.
Canva is the best tool I've found for creating social media graphics – and the best part is it's free! You can use their database of free images or import your own, and they have loads of fonts and illustrations you can use also. I couldn't do my job the way I do it without Canva that's for sure.
I'd love to hear about your favourite online tools – hit me up with any suggestions.


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Awesome things to do in Palermo, Sicily
Bykasiawrites April 30, 2019 August 23, 2022
If you're looking for an amazing Italian vacation spot that is off the beaten path, consider Palermo, Sicily. This historic city is home to beautiful architecture, delicious food and plenty of activities to keep you busy. Forget the movies; they don't do justice to all the amazing things to do in Palermo. It's a different Italy than most are used to and one worth exploring.
While lacking the polish of Florence or Rome's spotlight, Palermo has its own type of charm. Under the grime lies the beauty of a time gone by when different cultures dominated and left their mark on the city. We expected Palermo to be along the same lines as what we've already seen in the rest of the country. Instead, it took us by surprise with an unexpected mix of history, architecture and cultures. We expected to see predominately Roman influence and remnants. It turned out to be that and so much more.
What you need to know Before visiting Palermo
How to get to Palermo?
Things to do in Palermo
Explore Palermo's Churches
Visit Palermo's Landmarks
Explore the Piazzas and fountains
Check out Palermo's Museums
Is Palermo worth visiting?
Various cultures have dominated Palermo for centuries. From the Carthaginians, Greeks and Romans to the Byzantines, Arabs and Normans. Many left their mark on the city. What fascinates me is that every new set of architects often incorporated previous styles rather than destroying and replacing them with their own. For that, I am very grateful.
Things to do in Palermo – enjoy the views
As a key port, Palermo played an important role in the ancient world. According to my DK travel book, "the town prospered under the Roman, but its golden age was under Arab domination when it rivaled Cordoba and Cairo in beauty." How amazing would it be to travel back in time to see that splendour?
You can see the stark contrast between the many crumbling buildings, once glorious and proud, and the newly renovated ones. Under the mafia's control, Palermo suffered neglect and started to crumble. Over the years, the government has been taking steps to revitalize and renovate different neighbourhoods, but they still have a long way to go.
As Italy's largest island, Sicily is well connected to the rest of the country and major European cities. You can fly directly to the Palermo International Airport (PMO) which is about 32 km west of the city or the Trapani Airport with a bus transfer to Palermo.
By Ferry:
The Port of Palermo is connected by ferry to major Italian ports including Genoa, Civitàvecchia, Naples, Valletta (Malta) and Cagliari (Sardinia).
You can reach Palermo by train, coming from Rome or Naples, via the train ferry across the Strait of Messina.
Check out options for getting to Palermo from the airport.
With so much history, Palermo has something to offer for everyone. As an all-year destination, you don't have to worry about lacking choices or the best times for visiting. Take full advantage of your time in Palermo with this handy list of places to visit. There are also many free things to do in Palermo, so it won't break your budget.
Explore Palermo's Churches
As with any other European city, there are plenty of places of worship. What makes them unique in Palermo is their style. Most buildings, including churches, are a blend of styles so that you might see unexpected elements of different religions. You don't have to be religious to explore them. The fascinating blend of cultures makes the churches here very different from those found in the rest of the country.
Palermo Cathedral – a definite must when visiting Palermo
Many of the churches owe their glory to the Baroque period that was all the rage during the 17th and 18th centuries. Of course, many of these structures incorporate older styles and different cultures, which creates a very interesting blend. Even if you're not a religious person, you can still admire the techniques and mastery that went into building them.
Cappella Palatina (Palatine Chapel): Located inside the Palazzo dei Normanni, the Cappella Palatina dates back to the early 12th century. Commissioned by Roger II, it is a blend of Arab and Norman mastery. Intricately carved wooden ceilings speak to the mastery of the old Arab technique, while the precious stones, gold, mosaics and marble details are the work of Byzantine Greek artisans.
Detailed info about admission times and ticket prices.
Cattedrale di Palermo (Palermo Cathedral): By the time the Anglo-Norman archbishop Walter Ophamil (or Walter of the Mill,) erected the church in 1185, it has already been a Byzantine-basilica-turned-mosque becoming a church once again. It is an extraordinary blend of cultures, religions and styles. Here you'll find Norman structures, Gothic porticoes, Baroque cupolas, majolica tiles and Arab inscriptions. If you are an architecture lover, this is a must on your things to do in Palermo list.
Cattedrale di Palermo – things to do in Palermo
Chiesa Capitolare di San Cataldo (Church of San Cataldo): Located in Piazza Bellini, the Church of San Cataldo, with its three red bijou domes, is not something you'd expect to see in Italy. Dating back to 1154, this solid square building is a notable example of Arab-Norman architecture. The inside is quite austere, and you can admire the stone and brickwork elements in arches and floors. It also is a UNESCO World Heritage site.
Church of San Cataldo – add to things to do in Palermo list
Chiesa del Gesù (Church of the Gesù): Built during the peak of Baroque art in Palermo by the Jesuits, it became a model for all Jesuit churches in Italy and Europe. The church suffered major damage during the bombing during WWII and has undergone extensive restorations since then.
Chiesa di Santa Caterina (Church of St. Catherine of Alexandria in Egypt): Located in the Piazza Bellini, the Church of St. Catherine is one of the richest and most decorated in Palermo. Built in the Sicilian Baroque style, the church is an intricately designed place of worship. After extensive restorations, it opened to the public in 2016.
La Martorana Santa Maria Ammiraglio (Co-Cathedral of St. Mary of the Admiral): La Martorana is a 12th-century church that started as a mosque. Located on the south side of Piazza Bellini, today this is the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church. The liturgies are officiated according to Byzantine rites, performed even today in ancient Greek. Make sure to check out the magnificent Byzantine mosaics.
San Giovanni degli Eremiti: With its five red domes, this church is another example of Arab-Norman architecture. While it's no longer exhibiting the glory of the 12th century when Roger II had it built, there is a quiet beauty to it, including the garden filled with citrus fruit trees. For a small fee, you can climb the tower and enjoy spectacular views of Palermo.
the views are some of the best things to do in Palermo
Visit Palermo's Landmarks
Don't worry. Palermo is more than just churches. There are many interesting and worthwhile places to explore when visiting Palermo. After all, the city has a long and colourful history. There is no shortage of amazing things to do in Palermo. Part of the fun is discovering them.
Orto Botanico (Botanical Garden): Used as a botanical garden and a research and educational institution of the Department of Botany of the University of Palermo, the gardens date back to the late 18th century. There are different species of trees, flowers and plants, as well as water features and greenhouses. It's a nice stop to your list of things to do in Palermo, especially during sweltering days.
Things to do in Palermo – visit the botanical garden
Teatro Massimo Vittorio Emanuele: Italy's largest opera house and third-largest in Europe, should be on your list of things to do in Palermo. Built in a neoclassical style with stone and marble, it took over 20 years to complete. Today you can take a guided tour of the building and the rooftop terrace or see a performance. Fun fact, the closing scene of The Godfather: Part III was filmed here.
Palazzo dei Normanni (Royal Palace of Palermo): Although built originally by the Arabs in the 9th century, the Normans turned the Palazzo dei Normanni into a multifunctional complex for King Roger II's court. Today it's the home of Sicily's regional parliament. In addition to the Cappella Palatina, magnificent mosaics decorate the royal apartments. These rooms are off-limits between Tuesday and Thursday.
Palazzo dei Normanni – things to do in Palermo
Visiting Palermo would not be complete without enjoying the sites and sounds of the many wonderful piazzas and fountains. Like many other Italian cities, Palermo has its share of stunning fountains and richly decorated buildings.
You can spend hours wandering around the city, enjoying the different flavours of the past. You can always relax at one of the many restaurants and bars while enjoying people-watching. It's a great way to see the city.
Piazza Bellini: Considered one of Palermo's most beautiful squares, the Piazza Bellini is where the east meets the west. Home to three churches – La Martorana, San Cataldo and Santa Caterina – it is a visual feast for anyone. Here you'll also find the lovely Teatro Bellini (Bellini Theatre).
Things to do in Palermo – giant ficus trees
Piazza Marina: It might be hard to believe today, but Piazza Marina used to be a swamp during the Middle Ages. It connected to the ancient port of Palermo until it was cleared during the 14th century. The Garibaldi Garden, with the biggest Ficus macrophylla in Europe, is a centrepiece of the piazza and dates back to 1863.
Piazza Pretoria or Piazza della Vergogna (Square of Shame): Named after the naked statues adorning the circular fountain, the Fontana Pretoria, this is a great place to stop and admire the old grandeur. The fountain, originally designed in the mid-16th century for a Florentine villa by the sculptor Francesco Camilliani, later found its place in Piazza Pretoria.
Fontana Pretoria – a must when visiting Palermo
Piazza della Vittoria: Not far from the Palermo Cathedral is the Piazza della Vittoria. As Palermo's military, political and administrative centre, it was a venue for public festivities for centuries. Sometime during the early 1900s, it became a massive public garden. Surrounded by Palermo's many monuments, it's a great spot for relaxing and people-watching.
Quattro Canti (Piazza Vigliena): The fashionable Quattro Canti is a Baroque style piazza at the cross-section of Via Maqueda and the Corso Vittorio Emanuele. What is most striking are the four Baroque buildings with near-identical facades. Each has the statues of four seasons, the four kings of Sicily and its patrons.
Check out Palermo's Museums
Museums are a great way to see history, and there are many of them to choose from when you plan your list of things to do in Palermo. There is no shortage of places to discover. All the cultures that made Sicily home left behind a lot of art and artifacts. Palermo's museums are a wonderful blend of the ancient, modern and everything in between.
Galleria Regionale della Sicilia: Regarded as one of Palermo's best museums, this one is housed in a 15th-century Palazzo Abatellis. It's home to works by Sicilian artists going back to the Middle Ages all the way up to the 18th century.
Museo Archeologico Regionale: Located in what was once a Renaissance monastery, the museum is home to Sicily's best Greek and Roman artifacts, including original friezes from the temples at Selinunte, Etruscan mirrors and the world's largest collection of ancient anchors.
The architectural gems of Palermo.
Museo dell'Inquisizione (Museum of the Holy Inquisition): For a taste of a darker side of human nature, check out the Museum of Inquisition located in Piazza Marina. You can see graffiti and artwork in many restored cells where prisoners were tortured in the name of faith. Declared heretics met their fate here between 1601 and 1782. Visits include guided tours in English and Italian.
Museo delle Maioliche (Museum of Tiles): Extensive collection of approximately 5,000 hand-painted tiles from Sicily and Naples. The tiles from this private collection span from the 15th to 20th centuries and are on display in a restored 16th-century Palazzo Torre-Piraino.
Enjoy reading about things to do in Palermo? You might enjoy learning about Genoa!
Museum Pasqualino (Museo Internazionale delle Marionette): Home to over 3,500 marionettes, various types of puppets and shadow figures from Italy and abroad, this is a place for culture and knowledge. Founded by the Association for the Conservation of Folk Traditions, it's a quirky place for all ages with occasional puppet shows.
Like anywhere else in Italy, Palermo has an abundance of great restaurants, bars and coffee shops. We definitely contributed to the local economy by partaking in these delights. It's a great place for anyone who loves culture, architecture and great food. There are many great restaurants, markets and bars to enjoy, and the city has a lot to offer during the day and at night.
One of the interesting things I noticed while visiting Palermo was that the majority of Italian were Italian. Most visitors to Italy head to the main sights, exploring the coastal gems and the popular towns. Sicily is still not as widely visited as the rest of the country. There are so many things to explore in Palermo and even more on the rest of the island. It's definitely worth visiting.
Ostia Antica & Herculaneum: 2 great alternatives to Pompeii
10 Stunning Italian coastal towns for views and beaches
Bykasiawrites June 25, 2019 November 30, 2022
From the well-known places often frequented by tourist, to the less familiar, here is a list of some of our fave Italian coastal towns
Read More 10 Stunning Italian coastal towns for views and beachesContinue
Italy | travel | Travel tips
Flying with pets to Italy: important steps you need
Bykasiawrites August 30, 2018 December 5, 2022
Travel planning can get complicated, however, there is a new layer added when you include dog travel. A
Read More Flying with pets to Italy: important steps you needContinue
Culture | Italy
Roman architecture: why it still matters 2000 years later
Bykasiawrites November 2, 2021 December 5, 2022
Roman architecture changed the world in ways that even the Romans couldn't predict. Roman construction revolutionized building techniques and left a lasting legacy.
Read More Roman architecture: why it still matters 2000 years laterContinue
Museums | Culture | Italy
The spectacular Capitoline Museums in Rome
Bykasiawrites February 1, 2022 December 5, 2022
One of Rome's largest and most impressive museums is the Capitoline Museums complex on top of Capitoline Hill. If you're a museum lover like me or simply want to learn more about Ancient Rome, this is the place to visit.
Read More The spectacular Capitoline Museums in RomeContinue
Why you should visit Rome, the Eternal City
Bykasiawrites January 21, 2020 November 30, 2022
As the cradle of the Roman Empire and the heart of the Catholic Church, Rome is full of history, culture, art and of course amazing food …
Read More Why you should visit Rome, the Eternal CityContinue
Truly, madly Venice: guide to visiting Italy's water city
Bykasiawrites July 9, 2019 April 3, 2022
Once a powerful city state, Venice dominated trade in the Mediterranean for centuries. Today it's a beautiful place to explore and get lost in.
Read More Truly, madly Venice: guide to visiting Italy's water cityContinue


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Finding Profit in Servicing the Poor
If someone were to do a poll of the Top 10 breakthrough ideas in management in the decade gone by, the concept of the bottom of the pyramid (BOP) would without doubt be somewhere at the top of the list. The idea?that there is a huge untapped opportunity for companies in creating value for and serving the 4 billion people comprising the world's poor?has captured the imagination of companies across the world. Overnight, multinationals like Unilever and SC Johnson launched initiatives in this direction.
A non-starter: Cut back to 1988 when this was just a germ of an idea in the minds of Stuart Hart, then at the UNC Kenan-Flagler Business School, and C K Prahalad, the Paul and Ruth McCracken Distinguished University Professor of Strategy at University of Michigan's Ross School of Business. It met with scepticism. For three years, Harvard Business Review, often viewed as the crucible for new management ideas, neither rejected nor published Prahalad and Hart's article that introduced the concept of BOP. Why? Because there weren't any success stories to support their argument. Says Hart, "At that time we couldn't cite a large MNC that had converted the idea of the BOP it into a multi-billion dollar business".
Post 9/11, it became clear that more global interconnectedness means that both the good and the bad travels?there are repercussions for continuing widespread inequity, alienation and poverty. It was then in 2002, that the article caught the eye of another journal called Strategy+Business which published it in a special issue exploring the links between security and sustainability. The idea, also theme of Prahalad's 2004 bestseller The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, has gained currency today. But there's also a growing backlash. Recently, Aneel Karnani, professor at the Ross School of Business, lashed out against it saying that fortune at the base of the pyramid is just a mirage and that a lot of BOP initiatives exploit poor. How does Hart view the criticism? The initial attempts: "Whenever a new idea comes up there are early adopters and almost always some of them end up with arrows in their back," says Hart rather philosophically. "The initial attempts at something are always flawed. You cannot start something new perfectly." So what really are problems with BOP 1.0, as one may call it?
For one, companies have adopted a fairly structural approach to BOP. "It was such a different idea that it was very difficult for large incumbent MNCs to stretch too far away from what they currently do," says Hart. Most MNCs saw this as some kind of a 'push distribution strategy'?"We've got a product and we are going to push it through". "It's natural if you begin with a product you have, modify it, take cost out of it, put it in affordable packaging sizes and sell it to people at lower income levels. All that is important to demonstrate business viability of serving lower income people," says Hart. "That is a radical innovation.
Enter BOP 2.0: So what needs to change? The approach. Says Hart, "In entrepreneurship there are two approaches?discovery based and creation based." The discovery approach assumes that problems and opportunities exist out there so you can do market research and use data to discover what the problem is. "People in big companies love this approach because it is quantifiable: you have to show the 'hockey stick curves' before you put any money into it," he laughs. "But the truth is, it is very high risk?it is very hands off, very alien in the sense that you are studying this from far, collecting market data and then saying, here's the opportunity."
Creation-based entrepreneurship has a different starting point. "The real entrepreneurial successes came from this approach. The entrepreneur doesn't presume that there is an opportunity. He is a participant in the co-creation of that opportunity. Local indigenously grown ventures like Grameen Bank have been successful because they were deeply embedded in a place. It wasn't just a deep understanding of the place, but also a deep partnership." BOP 2.0 is based on this second process oriented approach.
Continue reading "Finding Profit in Servicing the Poor"
Source: The Times of India (link opens in a new window)


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Apple Pre-Orders 6 Million Watches
Robert Galbraith/Reuters
Apple is pretty confident that customers are going to love its watches as much as its iPhones. The company has pre-ordered as many as 6 million units of the three models of its new Apple Watch. The Apple Watch Sport, which is set to retail for $349, will account for about half of the production. About one-third of the production will be devoted to the mid-tier Apple Watch. The rest will be Apple Watch Edition, an 18-karat gold luxury watch. The price is unknown but it's expected to be one of Apple's most expensive items.


text:
Der Öxi-Pass liegt im Osten von Island mit einer Scheitelhöhe von .

Seit 1959 führt der Axarvegur  über den Pass.
Damals mussten die Bäche und Flüsse noch gefurtet werden, dass die Strecke längere Zeit erforderte als die längere Strecke über die Ringstraße .
Die Passstraße wurde ab 1999 ausgebaut, dass es jetzt Brücken gibt anstatt der Furten.
Es gibt Pläne, dass der Axarvegur weiter ausgebaut werden soll.
Dabei wird er etwas kürzer, die maximalen Steigungen sollen von jetzt 22 % auf 8 % reduziert werden.

Die Passstraße verkürzt die Fahrstrecke zwischen Egilsstaðir und Höfn um 67 km gegenüber der Ringstraße.
Nach Norden fließt die Axará neben der Straße.
Im Süden fließt die Brufjarðará bis in den Berufjörður.

Siehe auch
 Bergpässe in Island

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Múlaþing)
Austfirðir
Pass in Island
Straße in Island
Gebirgspass


The big daddy of indoor LED grow lights, the GrowPanel Pro. This unit features an intense array of LEDs that produce the perfect spectrum of light for the entire plant lifecycle that run warm to the touch and require no external cooling solution, reflector, or ballast.
Not only will the LEDs themselves last for 50,000 hours (meaning that they need never be replaced, unlike traditional HPS/MH incandescent lighting), but the power draw is an incredible 300w and the panel can illuminate a 50ft^2 area! This means the GrowPanel Pro will pay for itself in about a year of normal use at 10c per kilowatt hour, not to mention the savings on bulbs over the lifetime of the unit-- making it an incredibly economical investment for your indoor gardening lighting solution.
Weighs only 19 pounds and has dimensions of 480 x 314 x 94 mm, and plugs into any standard socket (plug and play!).


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I Got High (7" Single)
JC Brooks & the Uptown Sound
Limited Edition of 500
This little platter was engineered to sure enough melt your turntable.
Ever since JC and the boys started tearing up stages across the land following the release of their Bloodshot debut Want More, they have honed themselves into a top shelf entertainment machine.
Side A is from the album and is their tribute to so many people's favorite time--4:20
Side B is a song that stops people in their tracks live, a stripped down, Otis Redding style gospel-soul slow burn.
I Got High
JC Brooks and The Uptown Sound - "I Got High" (Live on KFOG)
JC Brooks & the Uptown Sound - "I Got High" (Live on KEXP)
Many artists have jumped on board the '60s soul train that JC Brooks helped re-start in the late '00s. The Neon Jungle touches on the soul and nightlife of the '70s and '80s from Marvin Gaye to Prince, but always with JC's modern lyrical approach.
The Neon Jungle
JC Brooks
Howl is soul music by children of the post-punk era. It's the sound of a band that cut its teeth listening to Purple Rain and In On the Killtaker. The dark side of love and longing is explored by frontman JC Brooks's starkly personal lyrics and the Uptown Sound's willingness to bare all their influences and let the grooves fall where they may.
With a sound that calls to mind a meeting of Otis Redding and the Stooges—JC Brooks & the Uptown Sound get crowds twisting and writhing on the floor--a post-punk reimagining of JB's moves and MG's grooves.
A wealth of atomic-powered, sock it to me R&B and rock & roll hoodoo. Barrence, possessing otherworldly pipes that range from a low feral growl rumbling the nether regions to a scream that would make Little Richard blush, belts out originals and crate-diver covers.
Autographed LP
Dig Thy Savage Soul
Hoods and Shades is perhaps the most intriguing, feel-oriented, thematically driven effort yet from this musical legend. Andre got together with his "Detroit boys" to record, as he called it, "the Andre Williams folk album."
Hoods and Shades
Includes the impossibly catchy summertime anthem "12-inch, 3-speed Oscillating Fan"
Ha Ha Tonka (7" Single)
Soul lives below the belt, and whether you're looking to be grinding it slow or shaking it up good, the Cobras bring it tough and tender, savage and sweet. Tied and true.
Tied And True
The Detroit Cobras
Brings the Hully Gully into the 21st century soaked with sweat, and do justice to the legacies of both Motown and Detroit Rock City---a thrashy, sexy powerhouse.
Backed by Detroit's Two Star Tabernacle (featuring a young, pre-White Stripes Jack White, on piano and guitar).
Jet Black Daddy (7'' Single)


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10 — 13 Sep 2015 at the Somerset House in London, United Kingdom
Bouke de Vries
Macmillan Cancer Support and De'Longhi are launching a groundbreaking new fundraising format this September, developed in collaboration with the independent curator Kathleen Soriano formerly Director of Compton Verney and most recently Director of Exhibitions at the Royal Academy of Arts.
SHARED revolutionises the basic principle of art collecting by inviting artists to create works that will be broken down into components and sold in parts. This fundraising exhibition provides collectors with the rare opportunity to buy and own an element of a single major artwork.
The idea has been devised in support of Macmillan's Not Alone campaign which is working to support the 2.5 million people in the UK living with cancer to ensure no one faces cancer alone. SHARED will encourage visitors to consider a unique form of ownership for the arts, where some works might break down into ten or more elements, others only two or three.
The works, which will be showcased and available to buy during a free exhibition at Somerset House from 10th -13th September 2015, includes, amongst others: a site specific installation by Richard Wentworth on the SHARED theme; a set of prints by Humphrey Ocean from his recent series, that will be sold off individually for this initiative only; a series of photographs by Bouke de Vries, known for his work with fragments of fragile objects, that visitors will be able to purchase separately, as a single part of the entire installation around a carefully reconstructed smashed vase; one of Liz Rideal's trademark photo-booths, where visitors can interact with and become part of a collective artwork – a photo montage - an element of which they will ultimately own.
Over the 4 day exhibition there will be various events and chances to win prizes, all going to raise vital funds for Macmillan Cancer Support, including a special event by Pin Drop Studio. For more details visit: http://www.pindropstudio.com and www.macmillan.org.uk/artexhibition
Curator Kathleen Soriano says: "This exhibition is timely in its unusual approach to co-ownership in a world where contemporary art regularly breaks new price records at auction, seeming to be only for the few. SHARED has been developed with a view to challenging artists to think outside of their normal practice and to be inventive in considering how their own work might support such a concept, whilst at the same time chiming with Macmillan's attitude to care and support."
Macmillan De'Longhi Arts Programme Committee Chair Dea Vanagan says: "Working towards our 10th anniversary of the programme, we wanted to evolve from the traditional formula, of asking artists to donate work for charity auction, towards a fundraising approach that is fresh and ambitious. This new concept embraces Macmillan's core ethos of community and support, by allowing buyers to effectively become collective caretakers of a work. We are overwhelmed with the generosity of the artists and are delighted to have Kathleen Soriano helping us radically change the way we raise vital funds for people affected by cancer."
Richard Wilson says: "The miracle of the 5 loaves and 2 fishes played out through a contemporary art charity exhibition. Great idea to take one work and distribute it to some, with all the possibility of a future reuniting as a special occasion. It's exciting to be involved with unusual ideas when it comes to charity fundraising initiatives with a twist."
Neal Jones, De'Longhi UK and Ireland Country Manager added, "We are delighted to again be hosting the Macmillan De'Longhi Art Programme in 2015, which was created nine years ago. It has evolved year on year to bring together some of the UK's top artists and the concept for this year is an exciting development and unique proposition. The Macmillan De'Longhi Arts Programme is now well on the way to raising its target amount of £1 million and continues to help support those whose lives are affected by cancer."
One of London's most spectacular and well-loved buildings, we are a place where art and culture is imagined, made and experienced. Home to Somerset House Studios.
Humphrey Ocean, From This We Can Tell, Dog, 2004
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Humphrey Ocean, From This We Can Tell, Manger, 2004
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Annie Morris, small stack
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How do killer cells manage to survive?
It is not easy for the body to protect itself once a virus has broken through the body's lines of defence and caused a chronic infection. This task is made even more difficult when the intruders are viral hepatitis pathogens that attack the liver, the place where immunological tolerance is induced. Jörg Reimann (physician) and Reinhold Schirmbeck (biologist) are working on the development of T-cell-mediated therapeutic vaccination strategies to suppress chronic virus infections in the liver. Their approach takes them into the impassable terrain of basic immunological principles of regulation and dominance.
The two researchers from Ulm are using a transgenic mouse model to obtain detailed insights into the complex regulation of the human defence system. They are looking for ways to use CD8 T-cells to overcome immunological tolerance and induce a response that will promise to deliver permanent protection against hepatitis pathogens. Rare cases involving the spontaneous cure of chronic viral liver infections show that their venture has a chance of success. The two scientists are convinced that such spontaneous remissions do not happen by chance. Uncovering the secret behind these remissions is what motivates the scientists, particularly as evidence shows that they are not chasing ghosts.
The problem of different shapes
In order for T-cells to be able to recognise antigens, the antigens must be specifically altered and presented on MHC (major histocompatibility complex)-encoded class I and class II receptors on the cell surface. These receptors are extremely variable. Using the MHC class I pathway, virally infected and abnormal cells that produce allogeneic proteins are identified and eliminated by the (CD8) T-killer cells. These MHC membrane proteins are of key importance in the specific activation of T-cells.
The extremely varied repertoire of cytotoxic CD8 T-lymphocytes is selected in such a way that the aggressive killer cells do not normally bind with their antigen-specific T-cell receptor to cells that present a peptide originating from the body's own proteins. This self-tolerance protects the body from autoaggressive attacks from its own immune system. However, when a cell is infected with viruses or affected by mutations, thereby leading to the expression of new, i.e. non-self/unknown antigens, these peptides will be presented as part of the MHC class I complex. This leads to the activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes that will then eliminate the abnormal cells.
Very individualistic immune responses
The hepatitis B virus attacks an organ that is highly delicate in immunological terms. © NCI
The two researchers from Ulm hope to find out how the hepatitis viruses manage to frequently outwit the body's immune system and establish chronic infections. They are restimulating in vivo vaccine-induced T-cells under different conditions in a transgenic mouse model (in which selected antigens of hepatotropic viruses or complete, replicating viral genomes are selectively expressed in the liver).
The presentation of peptides on specific MHC molecules leads to the activation of T-cells. Subsequently, a range of antigenic peptides that are able to specifically activate T-cells then need to be determined for each MHC haplotype (e.g. H-2d, H-2b). This makes the characterisation of human T-cells quite difficult because the human immune system reacts in very individual ways to viral attacks. The body's immune defence mechanisms target a specific antigen fragment (epitope), a process that is carried out by so-called HLA (human leukocyte antigens) molecules (every human individual expresses 3 - 6 different HLA molecules) which bind the appropriate epitope and present it on the cell surface, thereby stimulating CD8 T-cells. The binding of epitopes to MHC class I molecules can trigger very individualistic immune responses. "Unfortunately, we are only at the very beginning," said Reinhold Schirmbeck. There are at present only a handful of humanised mouse systems that express human class I molecules such as HLA A2 (50% of the European population possess HLA A2) available.
However, the researchers have already made one important observation. They found that only T-cells that were specific for a small number of the epitopes identified were able to mediate protective, anti-viral T-cell immunity. Whilst the researchers have had no difficulty in transferring tailor-made epitopes into the model animals, they are finding it far more difficult to find an answer to the question as to which epitope guarantees the greatest (immunological) success. In principle, viruses such as HBV are very large, and the number of eptitopes that can be presented on the surface is equally large (up to over 106).
Immununodominance and fishing for effects
Complicated immunodominance: Cells with MHC type A are potentially able to present the epitopes A1 – A5. But not all epitopes are simultaneously active, and not all induced T-cell responses have an anti-viral effect. A more detailed analysis of the anti-viral T-cell response in MHC-A animals shows that normally only one "immunodominant" response against A1 occurs during infection; responses against the "subdominant" epitopes A2 – A5 cannot be detected. Only the deletion of epitope A1 makes the subdominant epitopes A2 and A3 (but not A4 and A5) visible to the T-cells. Epitopes A1, A2 and A3 need to be deleted in order to generate T-cells that are specific for the epitopes A4 and A5. Only a few selected epitopes have the desired "quality", i.e. the ability to specifically activate anti-viral T-cells. A hierarchy of potentially interesting epitopes becomes visible when the viral antigen is "engineered" (i.e. when immunogenic sequences are selectively deleted). © Profs. Schirmbeck/Reimann/University Hospital Ulm
The Ulm researchers focus on immunodominance, a phenomenon that is not yet clarified in detail. The researchers have found out that the dominant epitope triggers an effective immunological response, but fails to have a biological effect. This is in contrast to epitopes found on a second, subdominant level.
The subdominant, but not the dominant, epitopes potentially trigger the sought-after immunological effect. Therefore, the dominant epitopes must be removed to enable the previously suppressed subdominant epitopes to exert their effect. It is still not clear what makes the epitopes dominant or subdominant and which MHC class I molecules are involved in these regulatory processes. Jörg Reimann and Reinhold Schirmbeck are slowly but surely gaining an understanding of the molecular basis of this phenomenon using mouse models.
And then there is the liver…
Interactions between antigen-presenting liver cells and CD8 T-cells: (1) virus-infected cells present viral epitopes by way of MHC class I molecules on the cell surface. These complexes are specifically recognised by CD8 T-cells. (8) Co-stimulatory and/or (3) co-inhibitory ligand/receptor interactions mediate additional signals that have an effect on the viability and functionality of CD8 T-cells. © Profs. Schirmbeck/Reimann/University Hospital Ulm
As if the interactions between virus and CD8 T-cells were not complicated enough, the immunologically somewhat delicate liver makes the two scientists' work even more difficult. Once hepatitis viruses have infested the liver, the liver starts to communicate with the T-cells, with an often fatal outcome for the latter. Schirmbeck and Reimann then have to deal with another regulation wave of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules in the liver cell.
The two researchers are using therapeutic approaches in their attempt to shift the balance towards the T-cells, either by reducing the antigen freight in the liver, or through interferon and anti-viral therapies that give the T-cells permanent advantages and enable them to reach stable immunity.
Regulatory cells render the life difficult for T-cells in the liver
Reimann and Schirmbeck have successfully solved the methods of vaccination (DNA vaccines, recombinant viruses, peptide vaccines). They have also succeeded in defining immunodominant and subdominant epitopes in the animal model and "tuning" T-cells in such a way as to enable them to reach their target organ, increase the local interferon production and hence reduce the replication of the viruses. The researchers have managed to sustain the process for a week. Jörg Reimann assumes that regulatory cells of the innate immune system make life difficult for T-cells in the liver because they contribute to reducing the effect of the specific immune system in just a few days.
Once the two researchers have defined the regulation levels, they will know which are the right questions to ask: how and where can they interfere with the regulation process of T-cell and liver cell recognition, from where or which molecules stems the signal that switches the T-cells off and suppresses their function? Reimann and Schirmbeck hope to be able to characterise this signal using boost immunisation strategies.
In order to decipher these regulatory mechanisms, the scientists need to work on basic biology (Reimann: we need to approach the problem in a reductionist way) using preclinical mouse models. Reimann and Schirmbeck are well aware of the need for substantial preclinical evidence before they can even begin to think of translation. It is also clear for them that the T-cell-mediated induced response (induced by vaccines) would be a far less invasive therapy for millions of HBV-infected and HCV-infected people than a therapy involving antiviral drugs that is associated with numerous undesired side effects.
Riedl, P., Wieland, A. et al.: Elimination of Immunodominant Epitopes from Multispecific DNA-based Vaccines Allows Induction of CD8 T Cells That Have a Striking Antiviral Potential), in: Journal of Immunology, 2009, 183:370-380.
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Ferdinand Berger (30. května 1851 Viertelfeistritz – 22. ledna 1925 Viertelfeistritz) byl rakouský křesťansko sociální politik, na počátku 20. století poslanec Říšské rady, v poválečném období poslanec rakouské Národní rady.

Biografie
Vychodil národní školu v Angeru a působil jako rolník rodném Viertelfeistritzu. Angažoval se v Křesťansko sociální straně Rakouska. Zasedal v obecní radě ve Viertelfeistritzu. Byl poslancem Štýrského zemského sněmu.

Na počátku 20. století se zapojil i do celostátní politiky. Ve volbách do Říšské rady roku 1907, konaných poprvé podle všeobecného a rovného volebního práva, získal mandát v Říšské radě (celostátní zákonodárný sbor) za obvod Štýrsko 22. Usedl do poslanecké frakce Křesťansko-sociální sjednocení. Mandát obhájil za týž obvod i ve volbách do Říšské rady roku 1911 a byl členem klubu Křesťansko-sociální klub německých poslanců. Ve vídeňském parlamentu setrval až do zániku monarchie.Profesně byl k roku 1911 uváděn jako poslanec zemského sněmu a rolník.

Po válce zasedal v letech 1918–1919 jako poslanec Provizorního národního shromáždění Německého Rakouska (Provisorische Nationalversammlung).

Odkazy

Externí odkazy

Reference

Rakouští místní politici
Poslanci rakouské Říšské rady
Poslanci Národní rady (Rakousko)
Poslanci štýrského zemského sněmu
Členové Křesťansko-sociální strany (Rakousko)
Narození v roce 1851
Narození 30. května
Úmrtí v roce 1925
Úmrtí 22. ledna
Muži


Roof Worx at the GAF Wealth Builder Conference in Austin, Tx with 1200 of the Best Roofing Contractors in the Country. Roof Worx received the GAF Presidents Club Award for the 3rd year in a row. Thanks to all of our team for making this happen.


A proud St Anne's Specsavers staff member and four close friends have raised a toast at the summit of Ben Nevis as well as £1,500 for three cancer charities in tribute to one of their best pals.
Optical lab assistant Adam Waterworth organised the daunting charity challenge in aid of Macmillan Cancer Support, the Teenage Cancer Trust and Rainbows Hospice for Children and Young People.
The team reached the summit of Ben Nevis on July 7th to mark the birthday of Joseph Holmes, who passed away following a battle with cancer recently.
Adam said: 'The hike was a challenge but definitely worth it. We want to raise as much money as possible for the three amazing charities who helped our much loved friend Joseph Holmes throughout his battle with cancer which he sadly recently lost at an age much too young.
'Nothing can replace the void that has been left in all our hearts with his passing, but we hope with your kind donations and support we can make a difference to the many children, teenagers and adults alike who currently have to deal with this horrible disease in their daily lives.
'We climbed to the summit on his birthday and raised a glass to an amazingly unique, kind and creative individual. The trek was completely self-funded by each group member so the entirety of what is raised will be equally split between Teenage Cancer Trust, Macmillan, and Rainbows Hospice.
'We hope the money raised can help make a difference to other people with cancer and their loved ones.
So far the group have exceeded their fundraising target, raising £1,400. If you would like to donate you can visit the team's fundraising page.


May 21, 2008 : 10:00 a.m. - 11:30 a.m.
May 21, 2008 - Russia has found itself, rather unexpectedly, in control of energy resources which are of paramount importance to its global wellbeing. The big industrial nations, along with the fast growing economies of South and East Asia, are in desperate need of ever larger energy inflows and Russia appears to be in the right position to guarantee, at least for some years to come, part of their supply.
Within the increasing competition for energy resources, it becomes evident that control of their supplies equals command of overreaching power and political influence. In order to be able to cement and sustain this position of power, Russia has to make sure to satisfy the increasing demand. Oil production, however, grew by just 2 percent in 2007 and actually sank in 2008, as oil firms are facing heavy taxes while delaying to develop untapped fields in Russia's most difficult regions.
Although Russian oil per se is not an indispensable item for European energy security, the curtailing of its production rates and the effort to control oil routes from all former Soviet Central Asia countries is worrisome. Russia is also in a position to create problems for nations of its close periphery (the so-called Near Abroad) by either halting the supply of oil or by diverting its export routes through other countries. Gas, however, is important to Europe. Having been a reliable supplier at the time of the Soviet Union, Russia damaged its image during the dispute with Ukraine, which resulted in a loss of gas supplies to Western Europe.
Since Russia admittedly is not, at present, a full-blooded Western-style liberal democracy, is it advisable to rely on her for energy supplies? What would stop Russia, based on these estimations, to utilize its energy power to blackmail Europe? And enforce upon her undesirable policies or exercise undue political influence?
Economic nationalism that is the fostering of national champions and the tightening of control over the energy industry is not unique to Russia. The United States, France, Italy, to name but a few, have all fiercely defended major industrial and energy national companies. Even from fellow European investors, as far as the French, the Italians and the Germans are concerned. They stood firmly behind their "national champions" to ensure their strength and, in the case of energy, to safeguard supplies.
From the Kremlin's point of view, developments on the energy front are forcing Russia to react rather than to act. After the Baku – Tlibisi – Cheyhan oil pipeline which got off the ground as a major energy project during the Yeltsin years, the U.S. now and Europe embarked on establishing new export routes for gas from Central Asia to bypass Russian territory (Nabucco pipeline carrying gas from Turkmenistan/Azerbaijan to Turkey, Bulgaria, Austria, and Hungary; and the gas line under construction from Azerbaijan to Turkey, Greece, and Italy), Moscow obviously decided to thwart these plans by securing most of the oil and, primarily, gas extracted in Central Asia for its own employ. The energy authorities in the Kremlin decided to put forward ideas of new pipelines: the Blue Stream (under the Black Sea to Turkey), the Nord Stream (directly to Germany, by means of the Baltic and North Seas) and the multi-branched South Stream (to Italy and Hungary through Greek, Bulgarian, Serbian and possibly Albanian lands). Moscow has also made overtures to the Greek and Turkish governments for the use of the Azerbaijan-Turkey-Greece-Italy pipeline to transport to the West the excess gas from the Blue Stream line to Turkey. The irony of the case is that now the Nabucco executive authorities stated in late June 2008 that they aim to use Russian gas to fill their pipeline!!
Having perceived the Baltic States and Poland among the main advocates of anti-Moscow policies, Russians decided that the new energy routes should avoid crossing those countries' terrain. Russian energy diplomacy was designed and enforced in response to perceivably adverse Western initiatives.
Irrespective of Moscow's capability to realize those schemes, it has nevertheless struck quite hard at the heart of Western camaraderie. The deals have been negotiated under a well-tested strategy of "divide and rule," by favoring select European capitals, while bypassing and undermining the future energy supplies and strategic positions of others.
No doubt, the global phenomenon of acute energy anxiety and the run for sufficient resources has raised hopes of dominance to some and fears of dependency to others. The oil and gas producers visualize a future of abundant wealth and prosperity.
Within this volatile environment Russia and Europe are dancing to the tune of an antagonistic environment. Brussels is afraid of a Europe totally dependent on Russian gas, while Moscow maintains there is nothing that Europeans should fear from their enigmatic neighbor. In short, Russia and the West are going through a serious phase of distrust. Both initiate projects that attempt to undermine the other's bargaining power and, inescapably, welfare.
The real question is whether these adverse postures have any substance and a foothold in reality. For Russia, exploiting energy as a tool of diplomacy is a great gamble. As large portions of its population are still below the poverty line, and oil and gas money are tied mostly to programs of social support, halting energy supplies to the West is not a realistic option. Likewise, Brussels, and the West in general, recognize that, besides Russia, there is no other viable choice for Europe, in the near future at least, to guarantee adequate supplies of energy - especially gas. The countries of Central Asia are still extremely insecure and unreliable. They promise their supplies to almost everyone. For their products however to reach Western markets, it would take time, heavy investment and a lot of construction work.
It is becoming obvious that irrespective of rhetoric, reality commands cooperation, which is set to be the principal mode of the relationship between Russia and Europe. Both sides will compete for the markets in Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, but eventually both sides will be forced, by the course of events and economic necessity, to withdraw their bluffs. Good faith and upright good sense will have to be established. At the end of the day, this is in everybody's best interest.


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We all have different anti-aging beauty tips that were passed down from our ancestors or maybe not even anti-aging, just plain old skin health beauty tips for women.
We all heard those stories and we usually just tend to ignore them because we don't believe in old wives tales. Maybe it's time to listen to some of them.
Because it has been proven by women all over the world that you can age gracefully without having to go under the knife or spend tons of money on some fancy newly introduced anti-aging cream.
For women from other cultures, they take advantage of natural ingredients. This makes women in Latin America have glowing skin, and women in Asia usually radiate with clear complexions.
So, here are some of the anti-aging and skin health beauty tips for women from around the world.
This is the land of tea and where the tea thief got his first-hand observations and tastings. Teas are actually very high in anti-aging antioxidants.
To be more precise, white tea and green tea are rich in the antioxidant known as EGCG. This is very effective in battling wrinkles and even helps increase cell renewal. Skin health beauty tips for women in China usually combine green tea powder into brewed white tea to create a face mask.
If you want to try this, just apply it on your face to help fight wrinkles and nourish your skin with plenty of antioxidants. This will definitely boost your skin health.
Grape seed extract supplement is a popular product for women in France, and the following is the reason why. Grape seed extract boosts the levels of antioxidants in your blood.
It also protects the collagen and elastin in your skin, which are the proteins that bestow elasticity and firmness to your skin.
If you want to go the natural way of eating fresh grapes, you would have to eat more than a pound of grapes before you could get the same benefit that you get from a 50 mg tablet or capsule.
You might not mind doing that, so go ahead and take nature's way. That's one of the most delicious anti-aging and skin health beauty tips anyway.
For women in India, they start the day with ginger tea. Anti-aging skin health beauty tips suggest you mix some shredded ginger and honey into hot water.
One cup of this tea will give you plenty of anti-aging benefits. As a natural antibacterial, honey will help reduce inflammation. Ginger, on the other hand, is rich in gingerol that helps protect against any collagen breakdown.
Since the skin on your hands loses its elasticity and fullness, your pair of hands is one of the first things that could give away your age. Anti-aging and skin health beauty tips for women in Mexico suggest for you to combine sugar and lemon juice to create a hand scrub.
The sugar crystals will acts as an exfoliant to help remove dull and dead skin cells. Lemon juice consists of alpha hydroxyl acid that is usually found in most anti-aging products or treatments.
This type of acid specifically peels away a layer of dead skin. And when your skin is well exfoliated, your moisturizers can penetrate better. And for women of a certain age, you won't be able to shed your skin as effectively.
Exfoliation will therefore be very helpful. So, this is actually a very helpful anti-aging and skin health beauty tips for women that can keep people guessing about your real age.
Models have been heard of raving about noni juice, and there's a good reason for that. It is indigenous to the southeastern part of the world.
Anti-aging and skin health beauty tips for women in Polynesia use this fruit for moisturizing and other anti-aging properties. It has been found from some studies that noni juice is effective in softening the appearance of crow's feet, fine lines, and wrinkles.
Go ahead and try these nifty and handy simple natural solutions for any women who are looking for new skin health beauty tips. If you're hesitant on trying them then go ahead and consult your doctor so you can be sure that everything will be safe.
Dr. Eric Goldberg Bio: Eric R. Goldberg, MD, FACP is Medical Director at the Internal Medicine Associates of NYU Langone Medical Center. After completing his residency, Dr. Goldberg joined a preeminent private practice in New York City, and reached the rank of Assistant Professor of Medicine at NYU School of Medicine. He became a clinical leader in Information Technology, serving as the Assistant Director of Clinical Informatics at NYU Langone Medical Center. In 2012 he relocated to Phoenix, Arizona to help develop and expand the Primary Care network for a hospital system. Dr. Goldberg has returned to New York City after 3 years in Phoenix, AZ, joining NYU Langone Medical Center's Internal Medicine Associates.


Nik graduated from Indiana University's Informatics program in 2012 with focuses in psychology and human-centered design. He joined the Office of International Services after working for UITS Technology Center Consulting for three years. Nik is an Illinois native who moved to Indianapolis in 2004, but now lives in Bloomington with his wife and two dogs, and enjoys cooking, taking pictures, computer programming, and playing guitar.


text:
Addiction Studies Diploma in Aboriginal Focus - Bow Valley College: Post-Secondary Programs in Alberta - alis
Learn how to support addiction in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal communities. You can learn the skills needed to manage the behaviours of addiction. We cover Aboriginal history, Aboriginal culture, and...
Bow Valley College
Addiction Studies Diploma Aboriginal Focus
www.bowvalleycollege.ca
Learn how to support addiction in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal communities. You can learn the skills needed to manage the behaviours of addiction. We cover Aboriginal history, Aboriginal culture, and the needs of their communities, as well as other populations. This program is classroom-based, and includes 19 courses and two community practicums. An important part of this program is learner participation. Classes are generally scheduled between 8 a.m. and 5 p.m. from Monday to Friday. The program is open to everyone.
345-6 Avenue SE
Calgary, Alberta, T2G 4V1, Canada
info@bowvalleycollege.ca
Credit in English 30-1 or a minimum of 65% in English 30-2 or equivalent
Successful completion of the General Equivalency Development test with a standard score of 520 in Language Arts: Reading and Writing
Satisfactory results on the BVC Admissions Test
In addition to academic requirements, applicants whose first language is NOT English must demonstrate ONE of the following:
IELTS score of 6 with minimum band score of 6.0
TOEFL score of 83
Pearson Test of English (PTE) A of 59-64
BVC Academic English 2 with a grade of 'B-'
Canadian Language Benchmarks score of 8 in each strand (listening, speaking, reading, writing)
Successful completion of an Alberta Education English Language Arts course that is consistent with the specified academic admission requirements for the Career Program
Transcripts demonstrating successful completion of three years of full-time secondary education at a school where English was the language of instruction
Transcripts demonstrating successful completion of one year of full-time post-secondary education at a school where English was the language of instruction
Mandatory Fees $666.00 Year One


your passport to the 25th annual Global Awards is coming soon. COMPETE WITH THE WORLD, FOR THE WORLD in the most coveted health & wellness and Pharma advertising awards.
The 24th installment of Global Awards saw 60+ new agencies enter worldwide and we can't wait to extend our scope this year in the 25th Anniversary of the Globals inception.
Our expansion of live juries to Brazil, India, and South Africa along with our UK, Australian, and US juries, proved to be very successful as each country hosted fulfilling days of Grand Jury judging and encouraged regional collaboration. It also provided us with a more culturally diverse preliminary round of scoring - extremely important when weighing in on worldwide work. Look for more additions this year as we look to expand our reach, and push the competition to be even more, well, Global.
We say it every year, it's all about your work and raising the bar of creative communications in this unique ad industry. The ultimate goal is to improve patient outcomes and outlooks in as many ways as possible at every touchpoint - healing and empowering them to live a better life! We can't wait to see what 2019 holds in terms of creativity in Health, Wellness, and Pharma Advertising.


All Cottage Grove homes currently listed for sale in Cottage Grove as of 04/25/2019 are shown below. You can change the search criteria at any time by pressing the 'Change Search' button below.
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MENOMINEE — The fourth annual Marinette Police K-9 Unit Run/Walk, formerly known as the Riggs Run/Walk 5K, is on its way, and registration is now available for those looking to take their dog out for the event on June 1.
Marinette's K-9 police unit now consists of two K-9s officers, Riggs and handler, Officer Matt Borths, and Raven and handler, Officer Adam Waeghe. The units serve not only Marinette, but Menominee and other cities, villages and counties in the area. The Marinette Police Department's K-9 unit is funded through donations and fundraising events such as the annual 5K — no tax money is allocated for the program.
"This is why the 5K's committee is strongly urging everyone to take part in our event," said committee member Tim Pelzek of Marinette.
Pelzek said there are many reasons to support the K-9 unit, including the dogs' ability to detect illegal drugs and substances, assist in finding missing persons and track fleeing perpetrators.
"Maybe the best reason of all is to show how much you care about the members of the Marinette Police Department, who put their lives on the line every day to keep you and your family safe," he said.
The 5K will be held in conjunction with Family Recreation Day at the Menominee Marina, on June 1 beginning at 8 a.m. Those interested in participating are invited to bring their dogs to Marina Park for day-of registration before the canine-friendly run/walk at 7 a.m., but the committee is also encouraging participants to sign up early on sheets available at the Marinette Menominee YMCA, 1600 West Drive in Menominee; Mighty Pet, 1207 8th Ave. in Menominee; and Marinette City Hall, 1905 Hall Ave. Sign-up sheets are also available on the YMCA website: Go to mmymca.org and click on "Events" at the top of the page, then scroll down to the "Riggs Run" tab. Completed forms can be sent to the YMCA or dropped off in person.
Adults may register for the 5K for $20, children ages six through 12 for $10, and children five and under for free. Pre-registration for ages six and up also guarantees a 5K t-shirt and a goody bag to take home. Registration forms must be received by May 6 in order to guarantee participants a t-shirt and a goody bag. Same-day registration costs $25, and registrants are not guaranteed shirts, though some may be available.
New this year, participants will also be able to purchase a 9-inch tall plush Belgian Malinois toy for an additional $15 donation when pre-registering only. Riggs and Raven are both Belgian Malinois, a working breed commonly trained to be K-9 units.
There will be a K-9 officer demonstration at 7:30 a.m. at the Marina Park, prior to the 5K's beginning. Each participant in the 5K will only be allowed to run or walk with one dog, which must be on a leash less than or equal to 6 feet in length and must be up-to-date on vaccinations. Participants are also required to pick up after their dogs, and waste bags will be provided. Release/waiver agreements included in the registration forms must also be completed prior to the event.
For additional information on the 5K, email mpdk9runwalk@gmail.com or jenni@mmymca.org, or call the YMCA at 906-863-9983. Corporate sponsorships are also available for $200.