text:
What Is Cellulose In Plants;5 Facts You Must Know
January 26, 2019 by Abdullah Sam
Cellulose is the most abundant of all naturally occurring organic matter and probably makes up at least a third of the vegetable matter in the world. This universal plant substance is aptly called the botanical skeleton since it occupies this role in the fibrous cell. Produced by photosynthesis in green plants, it is estimated that a few billion tons are synthesized yearly throughout the world.
Although it occurs in the lower plant life, such as mosses, algae, fungi, and even some bacteria, the source of commercial cellulose is the higher plant life which supplies an annual world consumption of about 58 million tons of fibrous raw material. Of this amount, 45 million tons, derived mostly from pulped wood, is used for paper; about 8 million tons, mostly from cotton, goes into textiles; and 3 million tons is chemical grade cellulose.
Still more impressive is the fact that some 750,000,000 tons of wood (50% cellulose) is consumed yearly for fuel and lumber. In mentioning these uses, however, no account has been taken of the billions of tons of raw cellulose eaten as fodder by cattle and other animals, or of cellulosic material which we ourselves consume in grasses, vegetables, and fruits.
The amount of cellulose in different species of plants varies greatly. Never found alone, it is always associated with many other plant substances. The fibrous seed hair of the cotton plant is about 90% cel-lulose. Wood is about half cellulose, averaging from 40 to 50% according to wood type.In flax and jute the long, usable fibers, which after purification are almost pure cellulose, constitute no more than 30% of the stem. The grasses, cereal straws, ramie, bamboo, and sugar cane (bagasse) are all, like flax and jute, ap-proximately one third cellulose.
When the highly specialized botanic products, such as rosin and turpentine, the alkaloids, and tannins are omitted, the most important substances associated with cellulose in nature are bark, lignin, and the hemi-celluloses. The latter two, aptly referred to as cel-lulose encrustants since they occur in the interstices of the fibrillar cell wall, constitute about 30-60% of most plant material.
Bark and lignin are still imperfectly characterized, though many useful organic chemicals can be isolated from them. It is to he hoped that re-search will some day unlock this treasure chest of organic chemicals to allow the rise of a self-renewing silvichemical industry to rival the nonpermanent petrochemicals. Meanwhile, lignin, bark, and the hemicelluloses constitute the great waste products and waste-disposal problems of the wood cellulose industry.
The hemicelluloses, chemical relatives of cellulose, are made up of hexose and pentose sugars. They are the chief impurity of chemical grade cellulose, of which nearly 90% is derived from wood. The degree of purity of these "dissolving" pulps is measured by their "a-cellulose" content which varies from 89 to 98%.
The replacement of chemical cotton, 98-99% a-cellulose, by wood pulp is one of the interesting raw material sagas of modern industry. 1Vith the growth of the rayon industry in the 20's and 30's, the supply shortage and price instability of cotton linters forced rayon producers to use increasing amounts of wood pulp.
Today only about 10-15% of the raw materials in the chemical cellulose industry is from linters. The growth of the pulp industry in the southern United States, where the "harvest" of an acre of pine trees after seven years' growth produces five times as much cellulose as the equivalent cotton crops, promises to maintain this situation.
10 General Characters Of Cellulose
Chemically, cellulose is defined as a linear polysac-charide made up of fl-anhydroglucose units. Tech-nically, the term is used rather loosely to include the various fibrous products that are predominantly cel-lulose but contain varying amounts of contaminants (hemicelluloses, lignin, resins, etc.). Whether or not these contaminants, especially the hemicelluloses and lignin, are actually linked chemically to the pure cel-lulose is still an open question. So far the cellulose from the cottonseed is the only one which by suitable treatment has been isolated as an almost pure poly-glucose.
It is difficult to discuss the physical and chemical properties of cellulose separately. By virtue of its chain-like structure, cellulose tends to crystallize in long parallel bundles or strings, which in turn build up a superstructure by parallel alignment. The fibrillar strings provide physical rigidity to the cell wall but at the same time confer on the cellulose a very strong resistance to chemical attack.
It is in fact found that, although cellulose undergoes all the reactions characteristic of glucose, the extent and rate of reaction are determined by the perfection and regularity of the i crystalline strings. In the untreated fiber the cellulose incrustants occur as amorphous material filling i the spaces of the "superlattice."
They are either adsorbed or chemically bound to the cellulose strings i and interlaced with each other so that they are much 1 more susceptible to chemical attack than the cellulose.
The hemicelluloses are basically polysac-charides made up of different pentose (xylose, arabi-nose, and rhamnose) and hexose sugars (glucose, mannose, and galactose) and uronic acids. They are frequently branched which accounts for their poor crystallization properties. Many types of hemicel-lulose have been isolated and each plant species seems to contain several.
These substances are more easily hydrolyzed than cellulose and are alkali soluble. These two properties are used commercially to separate hemicellulose from cellulose.
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Mauer won't return this season
By Phil Miller
October 2, 2013 — 11:49am
Joe Mauer's concussion symptoms persist, five weeks after the foul tip that knocked him onto the disabled list, so general manager Terry Ryan decided Monday to drop any effort to return the All-Star catcher to the Twins' lineup in the season's final week.
"He's making steady progress, and a lot of favorable things going on. But with the calendar and the schedule about ready to run out, it's unrealistic for us to think we're going to get him on the field this year," general manager Terry Ryan said. "So we're going to work toward the 2014 season."
Mauer still feels sensitivity to light and noise, and has trouble outside confined spaces, he said, a result of the concussion he suffered during the Twins' game with the Mets on Aug. 19. "I was experiencing a lot of symptoms [during the] last homestand. Once the team got out of town, it really calmed down, [from] dialing back the activity," said the Twins' 30-year-old catcher. "Right now, I'm feeling good."
But he hasn't taken batting practice in weeks, hasn't squatted behind the plate in more than a month. The Twins' season ends Sunday, so even if his symptoms disappeared, he probably wouldn't be ready to play by the weekend.
That was the reason for shutting him down, Ryan stressed, not any worsening of his condition.
"There are no setbacks. I don't want you to think there are any red flags -- there are not," Ryan said. "But with all the advice we received [from] our medical people, everyone thinks the best thing to do to make this thing go as smooth as possible is to get ready for the next year."
Ryan delivered the news to Mauer over the weekend, and "it took me a few days to kind of get over that. It's frustrating not to be able to play the game," said Mauer, who finishes with a .324 batting average, 11 home runs and 47 RBIs in 113 games, the third time in his career he has played fewer than 120 games. "It's disappointing. All this time, I've been working to get back on the field. I gave it a good go, but just wasn't able to get back out there."
Meanwhile, his teammates still have seven games to play in Target Field, beginning with three games against Detroit. The Tigers can clinch their third straight A.L. Central championship as soon as tomorrow; a victory tonight insures no worse than a tie. Justin Verlander, who has pitched into the seventh inning eight times in his last nine starts, will be on the mound for the Tigers, facing Mike Pelfrey, who has gone seven innings in his last two starts combined.
Oswaldo Arcia was in the Twins' original lineup tonight, batting cleanup, but bruised his right knee while running into the right field wall during batting practice. He was scratched, and replaced by Clete Thomas. Josh Willingham moves back into the cleanup spot for the first time since Sept. 7.
Here are tonight's lineups:
Jackson CF
Hunter RF
Cabrera 3B
Fielder 1B
Martinez DH
Dirks LF
Infante 2B
Avila C
Santiago SS
Verlander RHP
Presley CF
Herrmann RF
Dozier 2B
Willingham LF
Pinto C
Parmelee 1B
Thomas LF
Escobar 3B
Florimon SS
Pelfrey RHP
Postgame: No evidence that Gardenhire has lost his players
Twins outright four players to Rochester
Phil Miller covered three seasons of Twins baseball, but that was at a different ballpark for a different newspaper. Now Miller returns to the baseball beat after joining the Star Tribune as the Gopher football writer in 2010, and he won't miss the dingy dome for a minute. In addition to the Twins and Gophers, Miller covered the Utah Jazz and the NBA for six years at The Salt Lake Tribune.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


"Buffalo Linux is a relatively new GNU/Linux distribution based on Debian and the Linux-Live scripts. It includes many commonly used and essential programs on a live CD with the ability to easily install to hard disk. I ran into a few problems, but found Buffalo is worth looking into.
"The Buffalo live CD takes quite some time to boot--longer than MEPIS or Knoppix on the same machine (an AMD Athlon XP 1600+ with 512MB of RAM and a 128MB video card). Once at the desktop, however, the install was as simple as double-clicking the Install button on the top left and selecting the partition I wished to use..."


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Fillip 13 — Spring 2011
Intangible Economies
Antonia Hirsch
Desire implies want; it is the appetite of the mind, and as natural as hunger to the body.... The greatest number (of things) have their value from supplying the wants of the mind. —Nicholas Barbon1
The emergence of the recent economic crisis has generated widespread discussion of topics such as value, credit, debt, and exchange. Yet just as "the economy"2 seems to begin its slow and arduous climb out from the bottom of the statistical curve that tracks gross national products, employment rates, and stock market profits, the effects of this crisis are still felt everywhere, not least by way of curtailed social services, tax increases, and a dearth of opportunities to earn an income, whether in "regular" jobs or in the particular sphere inhabited by the artistic precariat.
What I describe above are only the more practical aspects of said crisis. By definition, however, a crisis is a point at which previous assumptions that ensured the smooth operation of whatever system we might consider fail. In the case of the recent financial crisis, the banking system, as well as its attendant regulatory systems, proved to be spectacularly inadequate. While governments tried to find quick fixes to prevent a further slide into a depression-era catastrophe, what seems to have arisen as a result is not only the questioning of the financial system, but, though more quietly,3 an interrogation of "values" in a broader sense. In popular media, this did not extend much further than a public pondering of the ethical integrity of stockbrokers and financial institutions. However, prior to the crisis numerous theorists from diverse disciplines had begun to smell a rat, namely, that the financial crisis is but the very tip of an issue larger than even "mere" neoliberalism. At the core of the issue at hand seems to lie a perceptual problem that considers the economy and the social as separate. Certainly, even after the briefest of reflections, it is understood that the economy and the social stand in an inextricable relationship, and anybody who has had even a hasty look at the Wikipedia page on Karl Marx,4 understands the ways in which societal structures are enacted, as well as created, through an economy. It seems clear that in the pursuit of scientific or academic analysis certain processes must be isolated in order to be properly understood. It is also evident that the sciences for a long time shied away from acknowledging such amorphous and unquantifiable forces as affect or desire. However, if the inquiry is not approached based on what makes sense as a neat abstract theoretical construct, but instead is concerned with the understanding of an experiential—or even existential—reality, an isolated examination of social, affective, and desirous mechanisms and those that constitute what we call "the economy" cannot be sufficient. Perhaps what I wish for is a unity of terms: eciety/socienomy.
When I bemoan the lack of emphasis on the links between economic and social structures what I mean to articulate is the lack of focus on the fact that fundamentally, the social is based on relationships, and while in larger societies these take on more structured and organized forms, be they as discourses, associations, unions, and all that contributes to the Foucauldian dispositif5—up to the complexity of governmental structures—they all are rooted in interpersonal relationships. These relationships are affective and frequently produced by economic activity, for example in the process of trade and the division of labour. Conversely, affect, and in particular, desire, also generates economic transactions: it is this needing and wanting that demands to be satisfied by goods or immaterial values such as care, attention, or love, all of which entail multifarious forms of exchange.
What this particular interrelation between the economy and the social attests to is what Marcel Mauss articulated in his exploration of gift economies:6 the inexorable connection of the economy to the notion of (moral) values through its enactment of interpersonal relationships. Importantly, Mauss establishes that far from being an aberration of modern economies, the gift forms the foundation of these same economies. In the introduction of his seminal essay The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies, Mauss, in setting out the parameters of his inquiry, writes of "contractual morality, namely, how the law relating to things even today remains linked to the law relating to persons."7 Reflecting on the various societies on which the empirical study for his essay is based, he states: the market is a human phenomenon that, in our view, is not foreign to any known society—but whose system of exchange is different from ours. In these societies we shall see the market as it existed before the institution of traders and before their main invention—money proper. We shall see how it functioned both before the discovery of forms of contract and sale that may be said to be modern (Semitic, Hellenic, Hellenistic, and Roman), and also before money, minted and inscribed. We shall see the morality and the organization that operate in such transactions. As we shall note that this morality and organization still function in our own societies, in unchanging fashion and, so to speak, hidden, below the surface, and as we believe that in this we have found one of the human foundations on which our societies are built, we shall be able to deduce a few moral conclusions concerning certain problems posed by the crisis in our own law and economic organization.8
I raise this set of concerns in order to introduce a series of essays that will appear in the current and following two issues of Fillip, with Candice Hopkins and Jan Verwoert inaugurating the project. The series' title, Intangible Economies, points to a key aspect I have asked the invited writers to consider. The term "intangible" has entered into the conventional teachings of economics and various other discourses such as law, where it variously describes such assets that cannot be physically measured—that literally cannot be touched. The word is used to describe such phenomena as employee morale, quality of life, and copyright. The intention of this series, however, is to focus on one particular intangible: the affect of desire.9 Where it was Mauss's endeavor to lift what "cannot be touched" into a scientific discourse, it was Derrida's project in Given Time: I. Counterfeit Money to establish the notion of the gift that is so central to Mauss's project as extra-symbolic.10 For Derrida, any gift understood as such or intended as such by the donor or recipient ceases to deserve the designation of "gift"—something freely given without implied obligation (of return). Hence Derrida's gift defines itself as external to an economy of exchange, of tit for tat; it refuses the representation that is fundamental to the notion of the symbolic order. In other words, any form of representation can be regarded as an economic transaction, a measuring and valuing of what can stand in for what, and consequently one must conclude that the symbolic order itself is an economy of sorts. Derrida writes: A gift that would neither give itself, nor give itself as such, and that could not take place except on the condition of not taking place—and of remaining impossible, without dialectical sublation of the contradiction? To desire, to desire to think the impossible, to desire, to desire to give the impossible—this is obviously madness. The discourse that orders itself on this madness cannot let itself be contaminated by it.11
So why attempt the impossible? During a recent talk, Slovenian philosopher Rado Riha stated, "eine Idee ist ein Lebensakt" (an idea is an "act of living," an existential act),12 which struck me as a profound statement, particularly in the context of this series, a project, after all, that trades in ideas expressed through language, rather than, say, images, objects, or gestures. In its necessary abstraction, even the most basic linguistic articulation requires an act of faith, namely that the signified is, in fact, being transmitted by the signifier. The exchange of complex abstract ideas multiplies this miraculous transmission of meaning to the nth power. Yet ideas can signify only in a dialectical matrix, an exchange, and they accrue value only in their circulation.
It is the sometimes mind-boggling abstraction of ideas traded, especially in the métier of philosophy, that points out the pivotal role that ideas play in the economy of desire: the idea will always be more connective than the realization of that idea. Since it is an individually idea-lized construct, it is embedded in a desirous libidinal order. And, ironically, it is precisely the misunderstandings on which a shared idea is inevitably based that makes it so connective, so powerful as a social bond.
The mechanisms I describe above with regard to language and ideas could neatly be transferred to money, which functions like a commodity, but as a universal exchange equivalent, a floating signifier. It, too, signifies only by way of circulation, asserts value only through exchange, and faith is similarly involved insofar as we must trust that a dirty little bit of paper stands in for something that has use value, rather than just exchange value. This trust in fact, I might add, is not only by definition a social function, but it performs the miracle that alchemists long pursued in order to transform lead into gold. We perform this miracle every day. However, this philosopher's stone thought to be capable of turning base metals into gold was sometimes also believed to be an elixir of life, that is, a basic creative force, thereby pointing us back to the Jungian libido.13 It is easy to recognize this character of money as a "universal stand-in." Its seductive power and the libidinal transaction that plays upon its surface, however, is poignantly condensed into a scene of Casino Royale (2006) that has Eva Green—as the drop-dead beautiful but sketchily drawn leading lady—introduce herself to 007 with the words: "I am the money."14
Over the past century there have been numerous books, some of them considered foundational, that touch on the entanglement of economy and this particular intangible: desire. Although this is neither the focus of my text nor of this series, it is useful to consider when these books first appeared. In addition to Marcel Mauss's The Gift (1923–24), there were Georges Bataille's The Accursed Share (1946–49) and Jean-François Lyotard's Libidinal Economy (1974), all of which were written during or immediately after significant crises, including the Great Depression and the Second World War, as well as the Vietnam War and student revolts of the late 1960s. What thus seems obvious is the inextricable interconnection between the precariousness of a crisis, the inherent revolutionary potential of such a crisis, and the libidinal force that arises from this mix, in which a forced reflection on what really matters existentially, what is of essential value, opens into a kind of messy utopianism. Whether the recent economic crisis cuts deep enough to produce texts rivalling the impact of the ones previously mentioned remains to be seen. Regardless, there have been numerous recent initiatives by artists and curators that approach the topic of the economy, among them Harald Szeemann's exhibition Money and Value/The Last Taboo (2002), the 8th Periferic Biennial, Art as Gift (2008), and publication projects such as Ted Purves's book What We Want Is Free (2005).15
One of the difficulties in dealing with the topic of economies of desire lies in its cross-disciplinarity. Conventional theoretical texts on the economy seem to have a blind spot regarding such notions as desire or affect, unless they are considered in terms of their marketability, quantifiability, or in the ways in which they may increase or decrease productivity.16 To understand the machinations of desire and its fundamental libidinal force, it is useful to be conversant in psychoanalysis; to trace the complexities of semiotics within economic exchanges (in the broadest sense), one ought to have a good grasp of at least Western history; that an understanding of applied economics and its history are also useful goes without saying.
The topic at hand forms a crucial point of confluence that not only requires a certain grasp of numerous areas of knowledge, but necessitates attempts to transcend their attendant epistemological structures. Only by mobilizing the irreverence of the libidinal will it be possible to reckon with this fundamental and complex theme.17 Of course, a series such as this can put forth propositions with only limited reach, and the aim is neither to present a complete picture nor to summarize or take the temperature of this discourse (such as it stands) and the art activities that could be considered within its purview. In a sense, what I have asked of the authors is a task fraught with pitfalls, because to do this topic justice, one must likely approach it speculatively and embark on ways of writing that are deeply contestable. Yet perhaps the task of tackling this expanded notion of an economy falls to artists, writers, curators, and others in the "cultural industry" precisely because here is a field of inquiry where categories are fluid, a certain mixture of dilettantism (i.e., fearlessness) and extraordinary expertise meet, and use value is relatively irrelevant even if exchange value is not.
This series does not set out to tackle what perhaps first comes to mind when one thinks of cultural production and the economy: the art market. Rather, as is already evident in the first two contributions in this issue of Fillip, the essays look at modes of production and the cultural forms that arise from this particular consideration of economy. While Jan Verwoert's essay "Faith Money Love" eponymously deals with affective forces that circulate through a monetary economy, it, perhaps inadvertently, also invokes the striking affinity between early paper money and art prints, which both found accelerated dissemination through the invention of the printing press. After all, both banknotes and artworks are often equally editioned, numbered, and signed. Candice Hopkins, while reflecting on the traditional potlatch and its subsequent historic permutations, also invites reflection on other, more contemporary art forms, such as performances and parades. These forms of cultural and artistic expression are strikingly echoed in this issue's conversation between Jesse McKee and Claire Tancons, which, even though not part of this series, centres on exactly such contemporary formats.
Intangible Economies' contributing authors have come to this project also through an affective network of sorts. All of them are involved in that precarious cultural economy that is predicated, at least for most of us, not on the prospect of material gain, but by a desire—to know, to connect, in other words, to live socially and with awareness, that is, with criticality. Had it not been for these affective forces, the authors may not have engaged in this process, inevitably having to wrestle with the inherent problem of the topic: that of writing about something fundamental, yet ephemeral in its embodiment.
Nicholas Barbon, A Discourse of Coining the New Money Lighter, In Answer to Mr. Locke's Considerations etc. (London, 1696), quoted in Karl Marx, Capital (New York: Vintage, 1977), chapter 1, "The Commodity," 125.
I use quotation marks here in order to acknowledge that the set of operations that are popularly known as "the economy" are only one small facet of what an economy can be understood to be: a system of production and exchange of all manner of values, in all manner of ways, whether they involve conventional money instruments, favours, or such intangible phenomena as attention.
Theorists and critical thinkers love a crisis. After all, there is nothing like the urgency of an impending catastrophe or near-miss to sharpen the mind. It is therefore curious how comparatively quiet this thinking outside of the fiscal/regulatory discourse has been. One of the reasons may perhaps be found in what I describe later in this text, the inherent cross-disciplinarity of the topic that causes conversants to remain hidden in seemingly unconnected areas of inquiry, a situation in which it seems currently not possible to "name" this discourse.
"Karl Marx," http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx.
The Foucauldian term dispositif translates into the English "apparatus." Foucault describes it as a thoroughly heterogeneous set consisting of discourses, institutions, architectural forms, regulatory decisions, laws, administrative measures, scientific statements, philosophical, moral, and philantropic propositions—in short, the said as much as the unsaid. Such are the elements of the apparatus. The apparatus itself is the network that can be established between these elements. Michel Foucault, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972–1977, ed. C. Gordon (New York: Panthenon Books, 1980), 194–96.
The gift economy and in particular the cultural form of the potlatch (however well understood) have inspired the imagination of artists over many decades, evidenced, for example, in the bulletin entitled Potlatch, which ran from 1954 to 1959, issued by the Lettrist International and affiliated with the Situationist International, or, more recently, in works associated with Relational Aesthetics, such as Rikrit Tiravanija's cooking performances.
Marcel Mauss, The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies (London: W. W. Norton, 1990), 4.
Ibid., 4.
Sianne Ngai asserts in her book Ugly Feelings (page 25), quoting Brian Massumi, that affect can be defined in comparison to emotion: emotion requires a subject while affect does not, but…the former designates feeling given "function and meaning' while the latter remains 'unformed and unstructured." In her examination of cultural forms, she goes on to state that feelings are as fundamentally "social" as the institutions and collective practices that have been the more traditional objects of historicist criticism…and as "material" as the linguistic signs and significations that have been the more traditional objects of literature's formalism. Although feeling is not reducible to these institutions, collective practices, or discoursive significations, it is nonetheless as socially real and 'infrastructural' in its effects "as a factory." See Sianne Ngai, Ugly Feelings (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), and Brian Massumi, Parables for the Virtual: Movement, Affect, Sensation (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002), 45. I thank Jeff Derksen for pointing out Sianne Ngai's book to me.
Jacques Derrida, Given Time: I. Counterfeit Money (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994).
Ibid., 35.
Rado Riha, "Die Idee als Denken der Politik," lecture, KW Institute of Contemporary Art, Berlin, March 2, 2010. Riha's statement stands, of course, in close connection to Schopenhauer's notion of Will. See Arthur Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Presentation, ed. David Berman (London: J. M. Dent; Rutland, VT: Charles E. Tuttle, 1995).
C. G. Jung and Beatrice M. Hinkle, "Part II," in Psychology of the Unconscious (New York: Moffat, Yard, 1916).
Casino Royale, film, directed by Martin Campbell (2006). Thanks to Olaf Nicolai for pointing out this scene of the movie to me. It may be significant to note that Bond's opposite in this movie is the only female character in the entire series with whom the agent ever develops an emotional bond.
Harald Szeemann, Money and Value/The Last Taboo: Geld und Wert/Das letzte Tabu (Chicago: Art Stock, 2002); Dòra Hegyi and Zsuzsa Làszlò, Periferic 8 Biennial of Contemporary Art: Art as Gift (Iasi: Asociatia Vector Iasi, 2008); Ted Purves, ed., What We Want Is Free: Generosity And Exchange In Recent Art (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2005).
Cf. Keynes's "liquidity preference" and "propensity to consume" in John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (New York: Classic Books America, 2009). Thanks to Joachim Hirsch for alerting me to these specific aspects of Keynes's theory.
Cf. Preface, Georges Bataille, The Accursed Share, vol. 1 (New York: Zone, 1991).
Image: Fifty pfennig emergency mark, Konstanz, Germany, 1919.
Antonia Hirsch is an artist based in Berlin and Vancouver. She is Associate Editor at Fillip.
Sink and Swim: An Editorial
Investing in the Blank
Chant d'Échange
Judgment and Contemporary Art Criticism: Panel One
Intangible Economies: An Introduction
The State of Refuge in Vancouver
Language To Be Looked At
Intangible Economies: Forum Discussion
In Conversation: Natascha Sadr Haghighian and Uwe Schwarzer


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Q: r plm time and individual fixed effects - "twoways" vs. factor(index) time I have an unbalanced panel with weekly data and want to do a panel regression with both, individual and time fixed effects.
Following the code in https://www.princeton.edu/~otorres/Panel101R.pdf my code looks like this:
tfe <- plm(y ~ x1 + x2 + factor(index), data, model = "within", index = c("id", "index"))

where index is 1 for the first week, 2 for the second and so on and id is the identifier for each individual in the data set.
From my understanding this code should create the same results as:
tfe <- plm(y ~ x1 + x2, data, effect = "twoways", model = "within", index = c("id", "index"))

is that correct? (see https://stackoverflow.com/questions/28359491/r-plm-time-fixed-effect-model for example)
However, while my coefficients are identical, the time fixed effects and especially the R² are not.
Can someone help me in understanding the difference between my two regressions?

A: From what I understand about the plm package, those two approaches should be identical.
However, the fixed effects produced from this explicit specification are shown to be "reference dependent" [i.e. relative to the default reference in your factor(index)]
    tfe <- plm(y ~ x1 + x2 + factor(index), data, model = "within", index = c("id", "index"))

In contrast, fixef() returns the fixed effects in levels (by default). For you to get the same fixed effect estimates, by specifying the following:
    fixef(object = tfe, effect = "individual", type = "dfirst")

The equivalent for the individual level fixed effects would be:
    fixef(object = tfe, effect = "time", type = "dfirst")

Computing R-Squared
Also, please see this post for computing R^2 and Adjusted R^2 manually for the full model (i.e. including both the fixed and specified effects):
http://karthur.org/2016/fixed-effects-panel-models-in-r.html

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Q: Missing Scope variable OpenCV c++ I have a program that should do template matching on an image and a template, here is the code :
 int main()
{
   IplImage* imgOriginal = cvLoadImage("image.jpg", 0);
   IplImage* imgTemplate = cvLoadImage("template.jpg", 0);
   IplImage* imgResult = cvCreateImage(cvSize(imgOriginal->width-imgTemplate->width+1, imgOriginal->height-imgTemplate->height+1), IPL_DEPTH_32F, 1);
   cvZero(imgResult);
   cvMatchTemplate(imgOriginal, imgTemplate, imgResult, CV_TM_CCORR_NORMED);
   double min_val=0, max_val=0;
   CvPoint min_loc, max_loc;
   cvMinMaxLoc(imgResult, &min_val, &max_val, &min_loc, &max_loc);
   cvRectangle(imgOriginal, max_loc, cvPoint(max_loc.x+imgTemplate->width, max_loc.y+imgTemplate->height), cvScalar(0), 1);
   printf("%f", max_val);
   cvNamedWindow("result");
       cvShowImage("result", imgOriginal);
       cvWaitKey(0);
       return 0;
}

include files :
    #include "opencv2/highgui/highgui.hpp"
#include "opencv2/imgproc/imgproc.hpp"

#include <iostream>
#include "stdio.h"

using namespace cv;
using namespace std;

When I run the code, I get this error :
templateMatching.cpp:16:75: error: 'cvMatchTemplate' was not declared in this scope

Any idea what the problem is? Thanks in advance, Matt

A: You need include
#include "opencv2/imgproc/imgproc_c.h"


It is worth reflecting on what exactly is wrong with the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ruling alternatively in Tamil Nadu. The commonsensical discontent appears to be absorbed by the pendulum swing of change of governments. Hence, the critical sense now demands an alternative to such a containment of change.


text:
Artificial Tears Market
Artificial Tears Market Size, Share & COVID-19 Impact Analysis, By Type (Polyethylene Glycols (PEG) and Polypropylene Glycols (PPG), Cellulose, and Others), By Delivery (Eye Drops, and Ointments), By Application (Dry Eye Syndrome, Allergies & Infections, and Others), By Distribution Channel (Hospital Pharmacies, Drug Stores & Retail Pharmacies, and Online Pharmacies), and Regional Forecast, 2020-2027
PUBLISHED ON: Aug, 2020


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Recent NewsArchive
20th Anniversary Season Launch
Bath Phil celebrated it's 20th anniversary season launch at The Apex Hotel in Bath. Peter Donohoe and Sacha Rattle treated supporters of the orchestra to a performance of Bernstein's Prelude, Fugue and Riffs, an exclusive preview ahead of our jazz-inspired concert at St George's. If that wasn't enough to bring down the house, Wiltshire Young Carers performed their own composition Glowing on the Dance Floor, which certainly did. A wonderful evening celebrating the work of Bath Phil; our desire to deliver concerts of the highest quality and our dedication to bring this music to everyone in our community. Here's to the next 20 years!
Watch this space for the official announcement of our 20th anniversary season....
< Return to News


It's worth noting that unlike other suppliers within this area, LiveChat invoices you per concurrent user. That means one chair can be used by numerous agents, which can be very advantageous if your staff works in changes.
You will find five different pricing tiers to choose from: their affordable package"Starter" is priced at $16 per month. Should you need more than only four topics and a full chat history, you ought to have a look at the"Team" ($33) plan. The"Business" ($50) tier is designed for bigger teams and provides a staffing forecast as well as a work scheduler module" Enterprise" provides you with a dedicated account manager in a cost of $149 a month.
We realize that when you make a decision to Purchase Live Chat Software it's important not just to see how experts evaluate it in their reviews, but also to find out if the actual people and businesses that buy it are actually happy with the item. That is why we've established our behavior-based Client Satisfaction Algorithm"¢ that collects customer reviews, comments and LiveChat testimonials across a wide range of social networking websites. The information is then presented in an easy to digest form showing how many people had negative and positive encounter with LiveChat. With that information at hand you ought to be equipped to make an informed buying decision you won't regret.
LiveChat is a chat and help desk application Intended for your support and service teams. It comes with tools that you could use for your online sales and promotion, web analytics, and live customer support or support requirements. The platform empowers you and your team to talk with customers and potential customers directly on your websites and in real time.
There are 3 main elements of LiveChat — a Web-based chat window, web-based control panel, and operator application. The operator application has cross-platform capabilities that enable logging in and chatting with people via mobile and desktop devices.
LiveChat offers a Wide Selection of attributes and Abilities, and probably the most tools one of the live chat solutions that we've reviewed. You get value for your money with functions and tools that include not only chat but also ticketing, customer engagement, third party integration, document sharing, job scheduling, advanced reporting, multiple branding, information security, geo-tagging, co-browsing, chat surveys, and more.
For over a decade today, LiveChat has grown to Become of the most outstanding enterprise chat alternatives relied upon by major global brands such as Tesla, Ikea, PayPal, and McDonalds, among others. It functions and integrates with heaps of different platforms and applications, extending the program's functionality to include ecommerce, sales, CRM, email marketing, content management, accounting, and analytics, to mention some.
While other comparable systems offer only basic live Chat with a couple extras, Live Chat provides complete help desk performance with its own ticketing system built into the stage. For this , you gain a significant advantage over the competition, letting you quickly resolve customer problems. It's the heavy lifting, which email and phone cannot handle, and lets you get rid of long queues while engaging customers with your fast answers. Its ticket management capacity allows to supply tickets from chat and mails, label tickets, and undertake automated follow-ups.
LiveChat Delivers a Wide Selection of chat and ticket Reports which may be used to identify areas which can be optimized and improved. It's possible to measure chat length, first response times, and traffic traffic. These reports, along with staffing prediction, can help you correct the number of agents to cover all chats. Clients can also find the amount of chats, attained goals, and client satisfaction levels. Having complete visibility within your chat history and performance metrics allow you to fine tune your workflows and performance to be even more responsive to your client's needs.
With LiveChat, you get a full package of Customization options including two chat window kinds (pop-up or embedded), six different themes for reduced or maximized chat window, custom chat window emblem, and customizable chat buttons. Additionally, it has its own custom CSS editor which gives you even greater flexibility and management such as readily changing any portion of the chat window, both regarding looks in addition to behaviour. You can also add your own social media buttons so that your customers can reach your fan page straight from chat, and even personalize agent profiles not only with names and titles but also with real photographs to find the best outcomes. Further, you have to use engagement graphics — eye-catching visuals and custom greetings and buttons — to allow an even more compelling experience for clients.
Dave talks with Samantha And Kevin when he receives a chat from Jane. He sees at the history she had been asking for a return policy. As he anticipates — she would like to return her shoes. As it's Simon who deals with returns, Dave transfers Jane into Simon. Dave also tags the chat because"yield".
Because of LiveChat Software, customer support agent, Dave, checks customers' action on the website. He finds John Parker spends some time on a particular merchandise page and decides to approach him to offer some help. It turns out that John was unsure whether shoes were waterproof or not. Dave informs John that these shoes are watertight, so John decides to make a buy. John leaves a positive feedback about company's customer service.
Jane wants to Buy New shoes but she want to know what's store's return policy. She wants an reply to her question when possible but she doesn't like making calls. Fortunately, she can begin a chat with a live conversation representative. Jane types in her question oblivious that Dave can already see exactly what she is writing. As her query is quite a common person, Dave enters a previously saved material, therefore that he doesn't have to write it over. Jane sends her message and inside a second she gets a URL to the return coverage and a full explanation of steps she needs to take. She finishes the chat and speeds it as good.
LiveChat is one of the goods we thoroughly enjoyed reviewing. It just works really well and is enjoyable to use. We were also surprised that in comparison to ClickDesk, which we had on our website before, the number of chat requests skyrocketed. Though we used the same setup (automatic trigger after 3 minutes).
A quality that sets them apart from their competition is your new ticketing system. Offline messages go directly into this channel and can be managed more easily by your team with different statuses (open, pending, solved).


The best way to end the working week. This week Richard was at Taronga Zoo as part of the centenary celebrations.
This week Richard is joined at Taronga Zoo by Tommy Dean, Jennifer Wong and Rebecca de Unamuno.


text:
Q: How to layout collection cell in center? I am trying to set collection cell in center of screen but not getting result as I want.
1. Result as I want

2. Current output

I have tried below code but not working.
func collectionView(_ collectionView: UICollectionView, layout collectionViewLayout: UICollectionViewLayout, sizeForItemAt indexPath: IndexPath) -> CGSize {
    return CGSize.init(width: 80, height: 80)
}

func collectionView(_ collectionView: UICollectionView, layout collectionViewLayout: UICollectionViewLayout, insetForSectionAt section: Int) -> UIEdgeInsets {
    let totalCellWidth = 80 * 3
    let totalSpacingWidth = 10 * (3 - 1)

    let leftInset = (collectionView.frame.size.width - CGFloat(totalCellWidth + totalSpacingWidth)) / 2
    let rightInset = leftInset

    return UIEdgeInsetsMake(0, leftInset, 0, rightInset)
}

Updated following for better understanding.

For 6 items it should look like this
|x x x|
|x x x|

For 5 items it should look like this
|x x x|
| x x |

For 4 items it should look like this
|x x x|
|  x  |

A: Try below code :
func collectionView(_ collectionView: UICollectionView, layout collectionViewLayout: UICollectionViewLayout, insetForSectionAt section: Int) -> UIEdgeInsets {
    let cellWidth : CGFloat = 80 * 3

    let numberOfCells = floor(self.view.frame.size.width / cellWidth)
    let edgeInsets = (self.view.frame.size.width - (numberOfCells * cellWidth)) / (numberOfCells + 1)

    return UIEdgeInsetsMake(15, edgeInsets, 0, edgeInsets)
}


Out of this one somehow?
Where it's easier to die than to fight back.
To take some action and change my fate.
Rogue beauty yeah!, Rogue beauty yeah!
But which way will they fall?
All wrapped up in our safety?
Only memories to cry for?
Why don't you open up and breathe?
Don't you feel that this is your time?
The ocean has forgiven you and you're free"
Then shiver, then take flight?
What drives these confessions what kind of reward?
was all being spent in one noon.
You woke with your head the wrong end of the bed.
on a dark ride that won't let you off.
your patience is stretched snap taut as a drum.
the hours turning into centuries full of nothing at all.
skin so pale it glows opaque in the night.
and you fear that you're turning into something instead of someone.
it's a little piece of hell, your Spanish hotel.


text:
Monday 19 August 2019, 7.30pm
Dave Smith 70th birthday concert with John Tilbury + Ian Mitchell
£12 £10 Advance £8 MEMBERS
Delighted to present this special 70th birthday concert for the great Dave Smith, featuring guest appearances from John Tilbury (speaker/piano) and Ian Mitchell (bass clarinet)
A member of the Scratch Orchestra in the 1970's and a contemporary and collaborator of Cornelius Cardew, Gavin Bryars and John White amongst others, Smith has amassed an extensive body of work that draws on a wide range of influences from contemporary composition to Javanese classical and Albanian folk musics. Many of his piano works have been performed by pianist John Tilbury (including 'Al Contrario' at OTO last December), who remains a strong supporter.
The programme includes two first time performances:
1 - Hunter of Stories - which features readings from the last book of the same name by Uruguay's leading author Eduardo Galeano (1940-2015) interspersed with musical commentaries referencing varied styles, including many South American. (70 minutes)
2 - Kaivopuisto - the complete version of an extended work for bass clarinet and piano named after a park in Helsinki (23 minutes)
Dave Smith is a British composer, arranger and musical performer. Since 1971 he has been associated with the English school of experimental music. After attending Solihull School, he read music at Magdalene College, Cambridge. In the 1970s, Smith was a member of the Scratch Orchestra and a participant in several composer/performer ensembles. The first of these was a keyboard duo with John Lewis which played minimalist and systemic works by British and American composers (notably including early works by Philip Glass) as well as by themselves. Several concerts with Michael Parsons and Howard Skempton featured at this time, as did a short-lived 5 piano group (with Lewis, Michael Nyman, Orlando Gough and Benedict Mason) and an involvement with the People's Liberation Music group of Laurie Scott Baker, Cornelius Cardew and others. From 1977 he played in John White's Garden Furniture Music Ensemble alongside Mason and Gavin Bryars: his close association with the music of White, Bryars and Cardew has continued ever since. In the 1980s he was a founder-member of the English Gamelan Orchestra and Liria, the first British groups to specialise in, respectively, Javanese classical and Albanian folk musics.
Up to 1977 his music was largely minimalist (process music or systems music). His style quickly developed into a highly eclectic pool of ideas ranging musically from the abstract to the markedly referential and which on occasion is informed by a political consciousness and commitment reminiscent of the later Cardew. His acknowledged influences range from Alkan, Ives and Szymanowski to Albanian folk music, Duke Ellington and those with whom he has worked. The range of ideas is most clearly chronicled in a long series of recital-length solo Piano Concerts, works which encompass an entire concert with varieties of styles. Many of his piano works have been encouraged and performed by John Tilbury.
"Dave has the keenest artistic instincts, and that would probably ensure the quality of his compositions even before we throw all those other things into the mix - his experiences as a member of the Scratch Orchestra, as part of the flourishing community of English Experimental composers, his encyclopedic musical enthusiasms and his pianistic bravura. His pieces can be enjoyed on so many levels - there's enough here to keep a connoisseur-detective occupied for hours, while the huge appeal of the music could stop the most casual listener in their tracks." - Sarah Walker, pianist, on Dave Smith
22–24 July 2019, 7.30–10.30pm
Maya Dunietz – Three-Day Residency
Haste - A Broad Margin
Matchless Recordings
John Tilbury - Cardew's Piano Music 1959-70
Borbetomagus - A Pollock Of Sound DVD
DVD £15
DVD £14 > MEMBERS


text:
Key Biotech Applications In Agriculture
Here's The List Of Top Biotech Stocks...
How Does Biotechnology Help Humans?
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Tryp Therapeutics Breaks New Grounds...
Biotechnology in Agriculture: Key...
DNA Sequencing Everything You Need to...
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Aglaia Therapeutics to Use New Funding for Oncology Targeted Therapies
Life Sciences Review Life Sciences Review | Monday, October 25, 2021
Aglaia Therapeutics Raises $4.7 M to develop oncology therapies for cancer patients who have become resistant to current targeted therapies.
FREMONT, CA: The primary goal of cancer treatment is to cure the disease, but also focusing on life extension and pain alleviation in cases when cure is not possible owing to advanced disease. Aglaia Therapeutics has raised $4.7 million in seed funding to create the preclinical development program required to identify the first candidate for clinical trials. The funding round was led by Advent France Biotechnology (AFB), with participation from Crdit Mutuel Innovation and Pierre Fabre. Alejo Chorny, a current AFB operating partner who has been named chief operating officer (COO) of Aglaia Tx, was also a co-founder. The company was founded in collaboration with the Institut Curie and Gustave Roussy, two leading European cancer institutes.
Aglaia Tx's mission is to develop promising novel oncology medicines with the goal of producing best-in-class and first-in-class pharmaceuticals that can restore sensitivity to current targeted therapies in cancer patients who have become resistant to them. The business developed a small chemical pipeline in oncology that targets the start of mRNA translation.
"Our goal is to dramatically improve the standard of care in cancer patients; by restoring sensitivity and avoiding resistance to current targeted therapies.
We have assembled a strong team of drug developers, scientists and investors," states Alejo Chorny, COO of Aglaia Therapeutics. "With this seed investment, Aglaia Therapeutics is extremely well-positioned to advance its preclinical programs in the coming years and select its first innovative program."
While targeted therapies have definitely improved cancer patient outcomes, their overall efficacy decreases with time, and patients develop resistance to these treatments quickly. Furthermore, even when cancer cells respond entirely to treatment, small populations of cancer cells typically survive, leading to cancer relapse, which remains one of the most challenging impediments to effective treatment.
"Aglaia Tx is a good example of our entrepreneur-investor approach and we firmly believe that its work opens up the possibility of tackling relapses, one of the main unmet medical needs in cancer treatment today," adds Matthieu Coutet, Managing Partner at AFB. "We are thrilled to bring together two leading European cancer institutes, Gustave Roussy and Institut Curie; to collaborate on this unique startup creation aimed at overcoming resistance in oncology targeted therapies."
https://www.lifesciencesreview.com/news/aglaia-therapeutics-to-use-new-funding-for-oncology-targeted-therapies-nwid-599.html


Thanks for the Xbox 360 controller cake that you created for my son's 18th Birthday celebration. It suited him to a tee and everyone remarked on how accurate it was. It tasted great too. I appreciated you being able to make it at short notice. I will recommend you to others. Thanks again.
I just wanted to thank you so much for the amazing Camper Van cake you made for my 21st.
Everyone at the party was so impressed by it and it tasted delicious.
So happy with the cake Lynsey made for my Dad's 60th Birthday... it was a tall order asking for a multistorey flat with a man abseiling off it but she pulled it off and it was sensational!! Everyone loved it and it was delish!
Great service, communication and delivery went without a hitch... Very talented lady highly recommended!


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Dan Marino: "It'll Be A Cold Day In Hell Before Peyton Manning Is A Dolphin"
Posted on March 8, 2012 by Brian DiMaio
Don't make Dan Marino angry about his legacy. You wouldn't like him angry about his legacy.
Miami—With the announcement yesterday that idiot Indianapolis Colts owner Jim "follow me on Twitter" Irsay was releasing the best thing that ever happened to Indianapolis, Peyton Manning, speculation started as to where the future Hall of Famer will play out the remainder of his career, with the Dolphins as the odds-on favorite.
But not everyone was thrilled that Manning might bring his talents to South Beach. Former Dolphin great and actual current Hall of Famer Dan "Laces Out" Marino told reporters he would do everything in his power to prevent Manning from joining the Dolphins.
"Look, don't push me on this," Marino said. "Do you know who I am? I'm a legend, a legend, in Miami. I am without question the greatest quarterback ever to take a snap in a Dolphin uniform, and that will change over my dead body. Did you write that down?"
Marino said it's no coincidence that every single quarterback who's followed him in Miami since he retired "has totally and completely sucked."
Several of the NFL passing records Marino held when he retired were broken by Brett "I'm on Twitter now, but I promise not to send pics" Favre, and several others will more than likely be broken by Manning, a fact that is clearly a sore spot with Marino.
"In case you geniuses didn't get it, and I'm talking to you, (Chris) Mort(enson of ESPN), (Mike) Florio and Peter King," Manning said. "Take note, you idiots. Peter King, hang up the phone and listen. Peyton Manning will wear a Dolphins uniform when pigs fly, when hell freezes over and when Bruce Springsteen makes another album worth listening to. I know people. Don't mess with me. One call to Don Shula, and Manning will need at least one more neck surgery, if not more."
Calls to Peyton Manning's representatives and his dad, Archie, were not immediately returned.
This entry was posted in Sports and tagged Archie Manning, Dan Marino, Don Shula, Jim Irsay, Miami Dolphins, NFL, Peyton Manning, Twitter by Brian DiMaio. Bookmark the permalink.


Very.co.uk has launched a new advert, promoting its MyVery app and urging you to "get more out of everyday with Very.co.uk".
The 15-second spot, featuring a young mom ordering online various clothing items from Very.co.ul and trying them on in front of her little daughter, highlights that you can get in-stock fashion delivered free next day (if your order by 7pm). Among the styles the woman is sporting there are the V by Very black fringed leather dress (£160), the V by Very black military crop jacket (£50), and the V by Very red flared hem trousers (£30).
The song used in the ad is the 2015 single "Good Times Roll" by Detroit based electronica future funk DJ GRiZ feat. Big Gigantic.
Very.co.uk stock a huge range of fashion and electronics from celebrity ranges to high street brands with most products available via the free next day delivery service, from Collect +. The MyVery app is available for both iOS and Android.


text:
Resellers sought for new milestone in retail
Darren Greenwood (IDG New Zealand) 15 September, 2004 11:11
Resellers in Australia and New Zealand are being sought for an Israeli-invented media device, designed mainly for use in advertising.
Sydney-based retail systems company, Milestone, has been appointed Australasian distributor for RePromotion and is looking to build up a channel on both sides of the Tasman.
The boxes are as big as CD cases and are capable of wireless transmission of advertising clips, powerpoint presentations and more.
"There's no infrastructure because it is all done wirelessly," Milestone director, Lawrence Bucciol, said. "The person uploading the content can do [so] with their laptop or PDA. And if they have the money to spend, they can do it by GPRS or G3 mobile phone standard."
Bucciol said the LCD devices were likely to be bought by food producers, who would then install them in supermarkets to advertise their products.
Perfume companies might also use their sound and graphics capabilities to give beauty tips in pharmacies, he said.
The device has been around for two years, but Milestone only gained A/NZ distributions rights a couple of months ago.
The company has yet to sell any of the devices, but is meeting with multimedia and advertising firms in Sydney; plus other organisations familiar with digital signage and related technologies.
"It's a bizarre area. Supermarkets don't want a bar of it. It's the brands themselves who are going to incorporate it into shelf display," Bucciol said. "It is hard to go to the end-user because there are so many. You have to catch the right person, so we are going to the companies who do these displays and marketing concepts.
"These people are pitching our product for us," he said. "They are our resellers. They are familiar with media. They are familiar with static signage."
Milestone seeks resellers who can act independently.
The Taiwanese-made boxes cost about $2500.
Bucciol said they would be an easy sell, with extra money to be made by resellers, in creating content for them.


text:
Informationstechnik (kurz IT) steht für die Technik zur Elektronischen Datenverarbeitung (EDV) und der hierzu verwendeten Hard- und Software-Infrastruktur. In industrialisierten Ländern werden erhebliche Teile der Verwaltung, Organisation, Kommunikation und Unterhaltung mit Mitteln der Informationstechnik realisiert. Bestimmende Grundlagen der Informationstechnik sind die digitale Mikroelektronik, die Softwaretechnik und die EDV-Organisation. Ihre wissenschaftliche Behandlung erfolgt in der Informatik.

Eigentlich versteht man unter dem Begriff speziell elektronische Informationstechnik (EIT), zur Informationstechnik gehören auch nicht-elektronische Systeme (wie die anfangs rein elektrische Telefonie und Telegraphie). Der eigentliche Fachbegriff ist aber (elektronische) Informations- und Datenverarbeitung (EID), der die anfangs getrennten Techniken der Kommunikationsmedien ('Information' im ursprünglichen Sinne der Mitteilung) und der Datenverarbeitung im engeren Sinne (EDV-Anwendungen zur programmierten Bearbeitung von Akten, Zahlenreihen, Tabellen usw.) zusammenfasst. Da die beiden Begriffe Information und Daten heute in der Praxis inhaltlich weitgehend verschmolzen sind, wie auch Technik und Verarbeitung nicht zu trennen sind, wird der Ausdruck "IT" für den gesamten technologischen Sektor verwendet.

Die Ausdrücke Informationstechnik und Informationstechnologie können – im nichtwissenschaftlichen Bereich – als synonym angesehen werden: Unter "Technik" versteht man üblicherweise allenfalls speziell die konkrete praktische Umsetzung (Anwendung), unter "Technologie" die Forschung und Entwicklung und die theoretischen Grundlagen. In dem hochinnovativen Sektor wie auch bei Software ist das kaum trennbar.

Als zeitgemäße Veranschaulichung zur Einordnung der IT in übergeordnete Systeme eignet sich eine Betrachtung im 3-Ebenen-Modell. Sie zeigt verbundene technische Systeme und deren Nutzen für einzelne User oder für Prozesse in Organisationen:

 IT-User und IT-basierte Organisationsprozesse
 IT-Funktionen: Services und Applikationen / Portale und Betriebssysteme
 IT-Infrastruktur(en) als technische Basis

Eine andere Sicht auf die IT, die Sicht der durch die IT angebotenen Dienste, bietet das Konzept SOA (Serviceorientierte Architektur).

Gebiete
Vier Teilgebiete werden heute teils unterschieden:
 Business-IT beinhaltet die IT von Handel, Börse, Versicherungen, Banken und Steuerwesen.
 Industrielle IT befasst sich mit der Vernetzung der Maschinen in Herstellungs- und Produktionsprozessen innerhalb eines Werkes, zunehmend aber auch über die Werk- und Firmengrenzen hinweg (). Neuerdings wird die Industrielle IT direkt an die Geschäftsprozesse angebunden. So entstehen etwa Schnittstellen zwischen den Bussystemen, die die Maschinen steuern, und den Ressourcen-Planungs-Systemen (ERP-Software).

 Kommunikations-IT befasst sich mit dem Einsatz der Telekommunikation.
 Unterhaltungs-IT befasst sich mit Spielgeräten und Multimedia-Anwendungen.

Bedeutung
Die Informationstechnik stellt ein Bindeglied zwischen der klassischen Elektrotechnik und der Informatik dar. Das wird z. B. dadurch ersichtlich, dass sich viele elektrotechnische Fakultäten von Hochschulen und Abteilungen höherer Schulen (z. B. Höhere Technische Lehranstalten, HTLs) in "Informationstechnik" oder zumindest in "Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik" bzw. "Informationstechnologie" umbenennen.

Der Informationstechnik nahe ist die Technische Informatik, die sich unter anderem mit Schaltnetzen und -werken sowie dem Aufbau und der Organisation von Computern beschäftigt. Aber auch die (Hardware-)Aspekte der Ausgabe- und Eingabegeräte, also klassische und zukünftige Mensch-Maschine-Schnittstellen (), gehören in diesen Bereich.

Digitale Signalverarbeitung und Kommunikationstechnik sind wiederum Grundlage für Rechnernetze. Das Zusammenwachsen von Informationstechnik, Telekommunikation und Unterhaltungselektronik wird daher auch oft als Informations- und Kommunikationstechnik (IuK) oder Informations- und Telekommunikationstechnik (ITK) bezeichnet.

Entwicklungen der IT haben in den letzten Jahrzehnten viele Bereiche in der Arbeitswelt verändert, so neben der Wirtschaft auch die Wissenschaft. Hierbei ist auch die Erforschung und Entwicklung der Mensch-Computer-Interaktion zunehmend relevant geworden.

Durch den verbreiteten Einsatz von IT hat diese durch ihren Ressourcenverbrauch auch einen erheblichen Einfluss auf das Ökosystem der Erde. Nachhaltige und umweltfreundliche IT wird als Grüne IT bezeichnet.

Sicherheit

Die Informationstechnik wird von Unternehmen, der Verwaltung, Vereinen, privaten und sonstigen Anwendern genutzt. Für einen reibungslosen Ablauf ist die Sicherheit von hoher Bedeutung. Ohne Schutzmechanismen können Hacker, Cracker oder Scriptkiddies die Infrastruktur durch Schadprogramme oder andere Manipulationen wie Überlastung stören oder schädigen. Durch Schutzsoftware und weitere präventive Maßnahmen kann den Attacken vorgebeugt werden.

Wachstum der weltweiten Kapazität der Informationstechnik
Das Wachstum der globalen Kapazität der Digitaltechnik wurde in drei unterscheidbaren Gruppen quantifiziert:
 Die wachsende Kapazität, Information durch den Raum zu übertragen (Kommunikation);
 die Kapazität, Information durch die Zeit zu übermitteln (Speicherung); und
 die Kapazität, mit Information zu rechnen (Informatik):

 Die effektive Kapazität der Weltinformationen durch das (bidirektionale) Telekommunikationsnetz betrug 280 (optimal komprimierte) Petabyte 1986, und 20 % davon wurden in digitalen Netzwerken übertragen. Im Jahr 2007 wuchs diese weltweite Kapazität auf 65 (optimal komprimierte) Exabyte, wobei 99,9 % der übermittelten Information in digitalen Bits übertragen wurden. Dies ist eine jährliche Wachstumsrate von 30 % und fünfmal so schnell wie das weltweite Wirtschaftswachstum.
 Die globale technologische Kapazität, Informationen zu speichern, ist von 2,6 (optimal komprimierten) Exabyte im Jahr 1986 auf 300 (optimal komprimierten) Exabyte im Jahr 2007 gewachsen, wobei 1986 weniger als 1 % der globalen Speicherkapazität digital war, und 2007 fast 95 %. Dies ist das informationale Äquivalent von 404 Milliarden CD-ROMs für 2007. Es wird angenommen, dass es der Menschheit 2002 erstmals möglich war, mehr Information digital als im Analogformat zu speichern; quasi der Beginn des "digitalen Zeitalters".
 Die technologische Kapazität der Welt, Informationen mit digitalen Mehrzweck-Computern zu berechnen, ist von 3,0 × 108 MIPS im Jahr 1986 bis zu 6,4 × 1012 MIPS im Jahr 2007 gewachsen, was einer jährlichen Wachstumsrate von 60 % entspricht, also zehnmal schneller als das globale Wirtschaftswachstum.

Lehrberuf in Österreich
In Österreich ist Informationstechnologie auch ein anerkannter Lehrberuf im Sinne des Berufsausbildungsgesetzes. Die Ausbildung spaltet sich dabei schon zu Beginn an in die zwei getrennten Bereiche Informatik und Technik, die Lehrzeit bleibt mit 4 Jahren jedoch gleich. Während das Hauptaugenmerk der Informatik-Ausbildung mehr um die Programmierung und Anpassung von Software kreist, ist die Technik-Ausbildung mehrheitlich Hardware-spezifisch.

Literatur

 Horst Völz: Das ist Information. Shaker Verlag, Aachen 2017, ISBN 978-3-8440-5587-0.
 Horst Völz: Wie wir wissend wurden. Nicht Alles ist Information. Shaker Verlag, Aachen 2018, ISBN 978-3-8440-5865-9.
 Horst Völz: Information und Medienwissenschaft. Shaker Verlag, Düren 2020, ISBN 978-3-8440-7641-7.

 Wörterbücher

Weblinks

 Sascha Kersken: Kompendium der Informationstechnik – Openbook: EDV-Grundlagen, Programmierung, Mediengestaltung

 Berufs- und Brancheninfos, Zweig Informatik der Wirtschaftskammer Österreich
 Berufs- und Brancheninfos, Zweig Technik der Wirtschaftskammer Österreich
 Zweig Informatik. Berufsbeschreibung BIC
 Zweig Technik. Berufsbeschreibung BIC

Einzelnachweise

Technisches Fachgebiet

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Beads pendant light is for interior applications and resembles beads strung together to create hovering spheres of light.
The Beads pendant light was designed by Winnie Lui for Innermost and is distributed in the U.S. by IM Design Concepts. It is suited for interior applications that include casinos, hotels, restaurants, building lobbies, merchandise showrooms, and galleries and museums.
The Beads pendant light resembles beads strung together to create hovering spheres of light. It provides both direct and ambient lighting in a range of finishes.
BEADS pendant lights are available in two sizes and shapes, each suited for different spaces. When lit, they offer an array of infinite reflections, as if the interior was inlaid with jewels.
The Octo is for large spaces such as dining areas and lounges. These beads are arranged to form an elongated sphere that measures 30.3″ W x 16.1″ H and suspends via a height-adjustable clear PVC cable from a matching 5″ x 3″ceiling rose.
Penta beads are the smaller size and equal in all dimensions. They are arranged to form a sphere measuring 21.3″ W x 18.9″ H and suspend via a height adjustable clear PVC cable from a matching 5″ x 3″ ceiling rose.
Penta is slightly deeper than the larger Octo and suited to smaller, narrower spaces.
Both the Penta and Octo shapes can be mixed together in an installation.
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» Details - You Know Me Well
You Know Me Well
By LACOUR, Nina & David Levithan
St. Martin's Griffin
Reviewed on May 1, 2016 | Young Adult
Gr 9 Up—Accomplished YA authors LaCour and Levithan join forces for this coming-of-age story set during Pride Week in San Francisco. Told in the alternating perspectives of Mark and Kate, the book explores the heartbreak of unrequited love and the necessity of taking chances and doing the right thing for oneself. Mark, a junior, loves his best friend, Ryan, who doesn't reciprocate his feelings. Kate, a senior whose art got her into UCLA, is unsure about college—but she is sure she loves her best fri...Log In or Sign Up to Read More
Reviewed on June 1, 2016
It's Pride Week in San Francisco, and high school seniors (and co-narrators) Mark and Kate have much to figure out about themselves, including how out-and-proud they want to be. Mark hooks up sometimes with his best friend Ryan, but Ryan won't talk about it; Kate keeps running away from Violet, her best friend's cousin, who has always intrigued her as a love interest. Mark and Kate spot each oth...Log In or Sign Up to Read More
Reviewed on April 1, 2016
It's San Francisco Pride Week, and high school seniors (and co-narrators) Mark and Kate each have much to figure out about t...Log In or Sign Up to Read More
We Are Okayby LACOUR, Nina
Everything Leads to Youby LACOUR, Nina


Hussein was appointed the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem in 2006. Previously, he had been the manager and imam of the Blessed Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa. He is an outspoken critic of Israeli occupation, and has personally defended the Al-Aqsa Mosque from settlers and the Israeli army. In July, 2018, Hussein issued a fatwa forbidding Muslims from selling or transferring any land in Palestine to Jews.


One leaf. Three sports. No limits.
Triathlon PEI is the provincial sport governing body, dedicated to the growth, development and promotion of triathlon, duathlon, aquathon and winter triathlon in Prince Edward Island. Triathlon PEI is committed to fostering health and wellness through the sport of triathlon (swimming, cycling and running) for all athletes, regardless of skill or age.


WHY CHOOSE ROD'S JAPANESE AUTO CARE FOR YOUR ENGINE REPAIR?
What good is your vehicle if it doesn't have a proper running engine? Your engine is the driving force behind your vehicle, so it's so important to keep it maintained. Rod's Japanese Auto Care has been keeping the engines of Whatcom County well-tuned since 2002.
Performing engine repairs without a complete inspection is a waste of time and money. That's why at Rod's Japanese Auto Care, our technicians perform a complete visual inspection. They then follow up with any needed mechanical or electrical testing. This includes scan tool testing, compression, leak down testing and more.
The modern engine is a complex machine. That's why we provide our customers with a thorough overview of any recommended repairs. We are also happy to answer any questions you may have. Of course, we will never make any unnecessary repair suggestion. For example, we will never recommend cylinder head replacement when you only need a coolant temperature sensor.
Many shops view customers as a sales quota. At Rod's Japanese Auto Care, we earn business through honesty and integrity. We provide no-pressure repair recommendations to earn your business. In addition, we make clear which repairs are vital (such as a failed water pump) and which are suggested (such as replacing your air filter).
Do you really want to trust your engine to questionable parts? At Rod's Japanese Auto Care, we use only OEM and OEM approved parts. This ensures an engine repair that will last.


Promote your logo on this fashionable tote and towel set!
• This great kit includes a cotton canvas tote bag with a matching striped cotton beach towel.
• Tote features comfortable, over-sized nautical rope handles, magnetic closure, a zippered pocket, and 2 large exterior pockets.


During the demonstration against income tax took Emojis a 說 Bagel and ate 45% of that bread. The aim was to show the politicians that the direct taxes are real theft. Those Emojis wanted that the central bank produces digital  Money for the expenditure of the state.
Those protesters with 說 Bagel symbolized the suffering of the population under income taxes. Two of those demonstrators joined the  Hundred Emojis after they ate their 說 Bagels. After the victory against the income taxes on 15th of July started several Emojis to celebrate every year their victory with eating of 說 Bagels. That's why several bakeries have every year very much to do in July.
In communication use Emojis this symbol for bagel.


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Nepal's Tourism Sector: On the Wings of a Prayer…
28th May, 2020 | Tourism Mail Crew
The COVID 19 pandemic has caused uncertainties of a kind the world has never known and an economic recession not experienced since the 1930s depression. COVID-19 has placed the whole world on lockdown, with new research from the World Tourism Organization showing that 100% of global destinations continue to have restrictions on travel in place, and 72% have completely closed their borders to international tourism. Arguably, Tourism has been among the hardest hit of all major economic sectors the world over, including major adventure destinations like Nepal. While unemployed workers in developed nations are temporarily supported by benefits and job-protection schemes, millions elsewhere are facing dire economic prospects. Nepal's tourism sector now hangs in dismal future on the Wings of a Prayer.
The COVID-19 pandemic could lead to an annual decline of between 60 and 80 per cent in international tourist arrivals in 2020 when compared with 2019 figures, says the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), placing the livelihoods of millions of employees in this sector at risk. Nepal was expected to draw two million tourists with the launch of its campaign visit Nepal 2020 in January however, with the arrival of the corona pandemic; the ambitious campaign was halted and jeopardized the tourism industry to a standstill. The government enforced a lockdown from the 24th march to curb the spread of this deadly virus. Nonetheless, on the 47th day of the lockdown, the government has allowed 44 different types of industries to function, but Nepal's tourism still sees closure, affecting this money spinning sector to frightening uncertainty. Arrivals in March dropped sharply by 57 percent following the start of a lockdown in many countries, as well as the widespread introduction of travel restrictions and the closure of airports and national borders. Trekking companies throughout Kathmandu saw a wave of cancellations and clouds of doom hovered over Nepal's stunning scenic mountains, effectively cutting of Nepal's extraordinary natural beauty from the rest of the world.
The world is now facing an unprecedented health and economic crisis. Tourism has been hit the hardest, with millions of jobs at risk in one of the most labour-intensive sectors of the economy, more so in Nepal, which relies mainly on tourism to fill its foreign exchange coffers.
Within Nepal's tourism industry, trekking has been the benchmark for tourism ever since the country opened its doors to outsiders in the late 1950s. Adventure tourism has made the single biggest economical impact on Nepal's economy, employing and sustaining over a million Nepalese and their families, directly and indirectly. The covid 19 pandemic has affected the jobs of these workers today.
Reviving Nepal's Tourism…The Future is Now…
The Trekking Agencies' Association of Nepal (TAAN) has made a significant contribution to the development and promotion of tourism over the last 42 years. This is the largest umbrella organization with over 1800 member companies.
Nepal's Tourism today faces the biggest challenge of a generation. The pandemic we know as Covid-19 has placed the tourism industry under immense financial pressure for tourism entrepreneurs who invested heavily in the run-up to the government's Visit Nepal Year 2020. Many countries, including Nepal's neighbours, have introduced relief programs to sustain and restore tourism in their countries. However, in Nepal's context, the government has not announced a single relief package to revive and relieve the country's biggest money spinning and foreign exchange sector - Tourism.
IT'S NOW PAYBACK TIME…
The Trekking Agencies' Association of Nepal (TAAN) has been appealing to the Government of Nepal to announce relief packages that are not limited to but includes the following measures to prevent the tourism sector from absolute bankruptcy:
· Provision of Rs. 2 million loans for up to one year at a minimum interest rate without any collateral for middle and small class trekking entrepreneurs.
· The government provides a minimum of 15000 rupees per month for trekking workers as recommend by the Company they serve for at least one year.
· Moratorium on repayment of EMIs of principal and 2 percent interest for term loans for 24 months and Loan reschedule as tourism entrepreneurs have invested billions of rupees in the tourism sector after the announcement of Visit Nepal 2020, but the global pandemic has adversely affected income source and thus, resulted in the ability to pay loan installments within the respective time periods.
· If the Banks of Nepal are unable to provide concessional loans to trekking companies at low interest rates, under the guarantee of the GoN, provisions can be made for the private sector to take loans from financial institutions such as World Bank, ADB, IMF, and Chinese Banks that are offering lower interest rates.
· The provision of immediate relief to the needy tourism labourers and their families by releasing the TIMS funds that have been withheld from the Nepal Tourism Board over the past years.
· The introduction of a special program to revive and protect distressed trekking companies through forming short-term and long-term plans from the sum deposited in TIMS account.
· Rental concessions are seriously needed for hotels, restaurants and travel – trekking offices and employees working in tourism. We seek relief while also considering convenience of landlords as well.
It is also vital that the government support organizing various capacity building programs for trekking guides and supporters which must include language and writing training, mountain cleaning, maintenance of trekking trails and signage installment.
Organizing various Travel Marts and Travel Shows in coordination with neighboring countries after the pandemic situation returns to normal will revive Nepal's tourism to a large extent.
To discard any pessimistic thoughts of a worst case scenario, a best case Scenario as envisioned by the United Nations World Tourism Organization [UNWTO] estimates at least 78% on the gradual opening of international borders and easing of travel restrictions by early December of 2020.
Tourism Experts see full recovery in 2021
According to a UNWTO Panel of Experts survey, the majority expects to see signs of recovery by the final quarter of 2020 but mostly in 2021. Based on previous crises, Adventure Tourism and Leisure Travel are expected to recover quicker. While in Europe and Asia the outlook is absolutely positive, with half of the experts expecting to see recovery within this year.
Nepal's tourism rose from the ashes of a devastating series of earthquakes in the year 2015, why can't we overcome a virus pandemic with some cautions to ensure tourists visit Nepal's beautiful mountains once again is a question that has many answers and options to completely uplift Nepal's tourism sector sooner than expected.
Consequently, the Government of Nepal must begin urgently to determine ways of providing relief packages in order to revive the tourism industry on an unprecedented level for the benefit of the country's fragile economy.
Khum Bahadur Subedi
Trekking Agents Association of Nepal [TAAN]
Managing Director of Unique Adventure International P.Ltd.


Its time to hack! Break out the wire cutters and soldering irons cause its about to get real.
The first thing we will need to do is prepare our extension cables so that one end can be hooked up to our legos and the other can go in to a breadboard for attachment to Arduino and motor controller.
As you can see in the picture above the extension wires have two different colored heads on them, one light grey and one dark grey. We're going to cut off the light grey end as close as possible to the plastic head to leave as much wire as we can. (Side note: the underside of the light grey end converts PF to old Mindstorms motors which is why we are cutting off that end). The goal is to achieve what you see with the top wire in the picture. A LEGO connector on one end and bare wires on the other.
The first thing is to separate each of the four wires from each other using a razor or utility knife to cut the areas between each wire's insulation. The insulation is thin so you have to be careful to stay straight and not bite in to a wire. I find this easiest by laying the blade edge flush with the area to be cut and then pushing straight down to do the cut all at once.
Next you need to strip the separated wires of their insulation. I used a wire stripper that can do 22 gauge stranded wire (20 gauge solid). I highly recommend a wire stripper as seen in the picture as the wire is very small and stranded which makes it easy to cut off strands when doing it with a razor blade.
Step 3 – Tin the wires and do it again for a second cable!
The final step is to tin the wire ends. This means to use a soldering iron to apply a small amount of solder to the end and bind the strands all together. This makes is much much easier to insert the wires in to a solder-less breadboard for use with the Arduino. You should end up with an end that looks something like the picture below. For help with Tinning do a search on youtube as there are many examples. We will need two of these cables so make sure you complete a wire in the exact same way.
Wires tinned and ready for use!
Step 4 – Know your wires!
The two outside wires are our power and ground. Anytime a LEGO battery pack is connected and turned on these wires will be the same and do not change polarity. The two inside wires are the motor control wires that power the motors themselves. When a battery pack has its direction switch changed it reverses the polarity of these two. When C1 is high and C2 is low the motors rotates forwards. When C1 is low and C2 is high the motor rotates backwards. If you have a PF infrared speed controller in your system the speed controller applies a PWM signal to C1 or C2 to regulate the speed.
What we are going to do is use one of our cables to draw power from the LEGO battery pack via the outside two wires and then use our second cable with the inside two wires to attach the PF motor to our motor controller. Stay tuned for how to wire this up with the Arduino!


text:
News Environment
Bittersweet, Guitar-Shaped Forest Is Visible From Space
Russell McLendon
Russell McLendon is a science writer with expertise in the natural environment, humans, and wildlife. He holds degrees in journalism and environmental anthropology.
This story is part of Treehugger's news archive. Learn more about our news archiving process or read our latest news.
The Pampas guitar stands out from surrounding farmland in this view from NASA's Terra satellite. (Photo: NASA Earth Observatory)
Stretching two-thirds of a mile across Argentina's Pampas lowlands, a guitar made of 7,000 living trees stares stoically into the sky. It's visible only from high overhead, where it has puzzled and enchanted pilots for decades. As the satellite photo above shows, it can even be seen from space.
The creator of this impressive land art meant for its image to reach the heavens, but airplanes and satellites weren't really his target audience. Farmer Pedro Martin Ureta and his four children planted and raised the guitar-shaped forest for just one celestial observer — after all, it was her idea.
The guitar is a tribute to Ureta's late wife, Graciela Yraizoz, who died in 1977 at the age of 25. The couple had met when Ureta was 28 and Yraizoz was 17, according to a 2011 Wall Street Journal profile, and a local priest almost refused to marry them because he doubted Ureta's devotion. But while their marriage was tragically brief, the priest couldn't have been more wrong about Ureta.
Ureta and Yraizoz spent several happy years on their farm, where they had four children. Yraizoz helped her husband oversee work in the fields, and also sold homemade clothes she weaved on a loom. One day while she was traveling over the Pampas by plane, the shape of another farm caught her eye. It coincidentally looked like a milk pail from above, inspiring her to fantasize about how she and Ureta could design their own farm to look like a guitar, an instrument she reportedly loved.
Ureta wasn't necessarily opposed to the idea, his children tell the WSJ, but he was overwhelmed with farm work and put it off. "My father was a young man, and very busy with his work and his own plans," says his youngest child, Ezequiel. "He told my mom, 'Later. We'll talk about it later.'"
But later was too late. Yraizoz suffered a ruptured brain aneurysm in 1977, killing her and the couple's unborn fifth child. Distraught, Ureta retreated from daily life. "He used to talk about regrets," says his daughter Soledad, "and it was clear he regretted not having listened to my mother about the guitar."
Two years later, however, Ureta began channeling his grief to fulfill his wife's dream. Landscapers balked at the idea, turning it into a DIY project for Ureta. He simply looked at a guitar, he explains, taking measurements and studying proportions. All four children pitched in, both by planting trees and marking the place for each one. The family used cypress trees to form the guitar's outline and star-shaped sound hole, then switched to blue-tinted eucalyptus trees for the strings.
Ureta, now in his 70s, has spent decades working in and around the guitar-shaped forest, but a fear of flying has prevented him from seeing the overhead perspective firsthand. He has seen aerial photos, though, so he knows how good it looks. And based on the view from several hundred miles above, provided by NASA's Terra satellite, anyone else looking down from the heavens does, too.
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Governor Ch Vidyasagar Rao marked the foundation day of the state on Monday by outlining various measures taken by the Maharashtra government to tackle the agrarian crisis.
Addressing the Maharashtra Day function at Shivaji Park, Rao said that the ambitious Jalyukta Shivar scheme which aimed to tackle the drought situation was progressing smoothly. "I am glad to mention that under the Jalyukta Shivar Abhiyan, more than 2.5 lakh works have been completed and about 12 lakh thousand cubic metres of water storage potential has been created. I am sure, the 'farm pond on demand' scheme and such other initiatives will go a long way in fulfilling our dream of sustainable agriculture," Rao said.
The government has been stressing on the measures it took to tackle farmer suicides on the backdrop of the aggressive demand of the loan waiver put up by the opposition parties.
The state government has distributed crop loans amounting to Rs33,115 crore to more than 48 lakh farmers and crop loans of 6.85 lakh farmers have been restructured.
Rao also said that another project — Nanaji Deshmukh Krishi Sanjeevani Project — which was partly being funded by the World Bank would be introduced to make 4,000 villages of Vidarbha and Marathwada drought free.
Speaking about the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, The governor said that 225 cities and towns in the Maharashtra have been declared free of open defecation.
"My government reaffirms its commitment to make urban Maharashtra open defecation free by 2 October, 2017," Rao said.
He added that to eliminate, malnutrition among tribal children, the state government has broadened the scope of Bharat Ratna Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Amrut Aahar Yojana where pregnant women and lactating mothers are provided a meal per day.