text:
import javafx.scene.Node;
import javafx.scene.layout.AnchorPane;

import java.time.LocalDate;

/**
 * Create an anchor pane that can store additional data.
 */
public class AnchorPaneNode extends AnchorPane {

    // Date associated with this pane
    private LocalDate date;

    /**
     * Create a anchor pane node. Date is not assigned in the constructor.
     * @param children children of the anchor pane
     */
    public AnchorPaneNode(Node... children) {
        super(children);
        // Add action handler for mouse clicked
        this.setOnMouseClicked(e -> System.out.println("This pane's date is: " + date));
    }

    public LocalDate getDate() {
        return date;
    }

    public void setDate(LocalDate date) {
        this.date = date;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Sunny, Uplifting and Stunning – The Rise of the Yellow Diamond
Although you may think fancy colored yellow diamonds are not that rare – they keep popping up everywhere in 'celebrity land' at the moment it seems – the simple fact is that yellow diamond is far harder to find than anyone but those involved in the diamond world directly might realise.
Of all the diamonds mined across the globe in any given year, out of 10,000 carats, typically only one is a natural-colored diamond. Yellow diamonds stand out as they are the 'more common' than their pink, blue or purple siblings and account, as of 2019, for 60% of all the colored diamonds in the world.
With the closure of the Argyle Mine in 2020, it is likely that the pink diamond it is so famous for producing will become increasingly rare, perhaps putting it further out of reach for those looking to buy fancy colored diamonds in jewelry to be worn rather than for purely investment purposes. The yellow diamond may, therefore, become even more popular as the choice for those who, rightly in our opinion, want to show off the beauty of fancy colored diamonds themselves.
Yellow Diamonds 101
The yellow diamond is not, as some may believe a lower grade white diamond. While white diamonds, when graded D-Z do get yellower the closer they get to Z, and the slightly dingy tint makes them less desirable, something magical happens after Z. The diamond takes on a pure yellow tone that is beautiful to behold. Then, the more intense that yellow tone is, the more valuable the diamond becomes.
What causes a diamond to take on this sunny, upbeat hue? Nitrogen. The presence of nitrogen in the stone means that when the light hits it blue light is absorbed and the yellow color is revealed.
Not all yellow diamonds are single hued affairs, however, and what color they are accented with can change their appearance – and their value – considerably. However, it's a safe bet to state that in general yellow diamonds are the perfect choice for those who love bright pops of color that add a happy, sunny vibe to their appearance – and their day.
Where are Yellow Diamonds Mined?
Given you now understand just how rare the yellow diamond is you may be wondering where they are most commonly found. The fact is that the yellow diamond is primarily an African phenomenon and is mined across Angola, Central Africa, Congo, and Sierra Leone. Yellow Diamonds were once also found in larger numbers in the Ellendale mine in Australia, but that ceased operations in 2015 when it, like the Argyle Mine, no longer seemed to have too many treasures to offer to the world.
The Yellow Diamond Engagement Ring
The most commonly seen on Instagram use of a yellow diamond in jewelry is the yellow diamond engagement ring. These rings have been sported by a number of celebrity women – everyone from country music superstars like Carrie Underwood and Kelly Clarkson to TV personalities like Heidi Klum and rappers like Iggy Azalea. But that is not the only reason for their popularity.
As a more affordable choice of fancy colored diamond engagement ring they are within reach of more couples and yet are still fairly unusual. They are also very versatile, complementing all kinds of personal fashion tastes. Their popular 'meaning' is perhaps attractive to some as well; representing knowledge, intellect, and wisdom as well as enthusiasm and optimism. Whatever the reason that they are chosen however one thing is sure, the yellow diamond is here to stay and is only likely to become more prized as time goes on.
Categories Education
About Asteria
Astteria has been in the luxury diamond business for over 50 years, creating personal relationships with our clients and producing only the highest quality colored diamonds and jewelry. In the last decade we have gone in new directions with our website and jewelry lines, but remained dedicated to customer satisfaction. Learn more about us and our products at astteria.com.
How to Keep Your Diamond Engagement Ring Sparkling
How to Choose and Wear Couples Jewelry – And Why You Should
The Best Way to Store ALL the Jewelry You Love
All About Yellow Diamond Color Intensity Levels
Breaking Down the Lasting Appeal of Emerald Jewelry
© Astteria Diamonds 2020 • +1(888) 232 2352 • www.astteria.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Honda Formula 4-Stroke calendar for 2008
Motor Boat & Yachting March 14, 2008
Are the racers coming to you?
The Honda Formula 4-Stroke Powerboat Championship looks set for an exciting season, with a new calendar and schedule for 2008.
There will be five venues including a June race in Plymouth, the first held there without Class One backing, proving the series can now stand alone as a big draw in the major race venues.
The season runs from May to September and concludes in the Isle of Man.
MD Steve Curtis says: "I think a lot of people are now starting to recognise the potential of the sport and the benefit our events have on the local economy.
"Last year's Lowestoft Powerboat Grand Prix was estimated to have produced in the region of �£2million for the tourism industry.â?
Honda Formula 4-Stroke Powerboat Championship – 2008 Calendar:
May 24/25
June 14/15
July 26/27
Aug 16/17
Sep 13/14
I.O.M
www.f4sa.com
Custom Line 106 first look: This minimalist Italian design is all about flexibility
De Antonio D50 Coupé first look: New flagship takes things to the extreme
Princess S72 yacht tour: On board Princess's brand new £5m Sportbridge yacht


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text:
Section 8 Company Registration
When a certain group or institution voluntarily comes together for a social cause that operates i...
What is small company in India?
Small Companies in India are governed under the provisions of the Companies Act, 2013, and enjoy ...
Audit Report Company
The audit report represents the financial information of the company complied as per the rules an...
Lending Rules for NBFC
There are several lending rules that every Non-Banking Financial Company has to follow to defend ...
Scope of Reporting of Auditors in Audit Report as per MCA
An auditor plays a significant role in reviewing and verifying the financial records of a company...
NBFC vs Banks for Loans
Banks and NBFCs are both a fundamental part of the financial sector in our country. As both insti...
Protecting Shape of a Product: Design Registration or Shape Trademark
Shapes form a dominant feature of a product and can be presented in different forms, height, colo...
The difference between TM and R
Many companies use the TM symbol for new goods or services during the trademark application is un...
How to apply for International Trademark?
A Trademark originating from India is eligible to be protected worldwide through International Tr...
Trademark vs. Copyright
The difference between copyright and trademark is that, although they both endeavor intellectual ...
A Guide to Trademark Renewal
The registration of a trademark guarantees the protection of the owner's rights from all potentia...
Trademark Due Diligence
A well-processed due diligence at the time of acquiring a trademark can help the owner decide whe...
TM Guide
How long does a Patent last?
Patents are granted to inventors of novel processes and products that meet the criteria of useful...
Patent vs. Copyright
Copyright and patent are two intellectual property rights that are often mistaken to be one, but ...
Who is a Patent Agent? How can you become a Patent Agent?
In India, prosecution of a patent before the Controller of Patents can only be done through a reg...
Who cannot apply for a Patent?
Section 6 of the Indian Patents Act states who can apply for a patent. Which inter alia include t...
How to conduct Patent Infringement Analysis
Patent infringement analysis is conducted to determine whether a process or a product infringes u...
Guide to file NIL GSTR-1
Tax compliance has always been an issue for any Assessee, especially when the Assessee is a small...
Difference between GSTR 2A and 2B
It's an eternal truth that the introduction of Goods & Service Tax (GST) has a tremendous increas...
UQC Code in GST
Unique Quantity Code "UQC" is a systematized measuring system put in motion by the GST department...
Reverse charge mechanism in GST
In the Goods & Service Tax (GST) regime, paying tax is not just the concern, as collecting is als...
GST Number, Benefits, And Structure
GST stands for Goods and Service tax in India and was introduced on 1st July 2017 under the Centr...
GST Registration for Foreigners
Due to the tremendous investment opportunities in India, people and business entities tend to inv...
Who can be appointed as statutory auditor to a company?
Ankan Bose, created on 26 Sep 2016
Auditors play an important role in a company for the stakeholders. They play a vital role in auditing the accounts of the company and reporting to the stakeholders about the things carried out by the company. The article discusses the role and dealings of Auditors of the Company.
Services to be rendered by the Statutory Auditor
Statutory Audit shall be conducted by the auditor laid under the Section 143.
All matters shall be specified by the auditor as detailed in Section 143 and rule 11.
In case of frauds, the Auditor shall report in the manner laid under Rule 13.
Under Section 146 the Auditor himself or through his authorized representative shall be qualified to be an Auditor to all general meetings. He shall have the right to be heard on any part of business that concerns him. (However, the Auditor can be excused by the Company to comply with this provision)
Conditions and Eligibility Criteria for Appointment of Auditors
A certificate needs to be submitted by the auditor appointed by the Members or by the Board stating that:-
The auditor is eligible under the Companies Act, 2013 the chartered Accountants Act, 1949 and the rules and regulations made there under.
The above appointment is made as the terms provided under the Act.
The Section 141 and rule 10 entails the eligibility criteria for Auditors. While section 144 lists the services that cannot be rendered by them directly or indirectly while serving as Auditor.
The appointment is made under the limits specified under the Act.
The list of proceedings against the Auditor or Audit firm or any partner of the Audit firm pending with respect to professional matters of conduct as disclosed in the certificate is true and correct.
Services not to be rendered in the capacity as Statutory Auditor
The following services shall not be rendered by the Auditor directly or indirectly to the Company, or its Holding or Subsidiary Company:-
Accounting and Book keeping service
Design and Development of any financial information system
Investment Banking Services
Rendering of outsourced financial services
Any other services as may be prescribed by the Government.
Person disqualified for the appointment of Auditor
A person or entities are disqualified from being appointed as the auditor of the company is as follows:-
Body corporate other than (LLP) Limited Liability Partnership.
Officer or employee of the company.
Person who is partner or who is under the employment of the company.
Person who or his relative or partner:
Is holding any security of or interest in the company or its subsidiary or of its associate company or a subsidiary of such holding company. Provided that the relative may hold security or interest in the company of the face value not exceeding thousand rupees or such sum.
Is indebted to the company, or its subsidiary, or its holding or associate company or subsidiary of such holding company, in excess of such amount.
Has given a guarantee or provided any security in connection with the indebtness of any third person to the company, or its subsidiary, or its holding or associate company or a subsidiary of such holding company, for such amount.
Person or a firm, who is directly or indirectly, has business relationship with the company, or its subsidiary, or its holding or associate company or subsidiary of such holding company or associate company of such nature.
Person whose relative is a director or in the employment f the company as a director or a key managerial position.
Person who is full time employment elsewhere or a person or a partner of a firm holding appointment as its auditor, if such persons or partner is at the date of such appointment or reappointment holding appointment as a auditor of more that twenty companies.
Person who has been convicted by a court of an offence involving fraud and a period of ten years has not elapsed from the date of such conviction.
Person whose subsidiary or associate company or any other form of entity, is engaged as on the date of appointment in consulting and specialised service as provided in Section 144.
Exemptions for Private Limited Companies
Related Parties as Per Companies Act 2013
Company Amendment Bill 2016
Key Management Personnel
Importance of Appointing An Auditor
Independent Directors: Appointment, Ownership and Roles
Audit of OPC


Here at Fresco Golf, customer care is a top priority.
Have any issues regarding your order?
Have a general question or want something custom made?
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One of the tools in the arsenal of the workers' compensation insurance carrier in Pennsylvania, in their fight to take away benefits from injured workers, is the "Labor Market Survey" (LMS), also known as an "Earning Power Assessment" (EPA). Once an injured worker in PA has shown an entitlement to workers' comp benefits, then the insurance carrier can use an LMS or EPA to show there are jobs available in the general community that the injured worker could get if he or she wished. A "vocational expert" is used to locate these jobs. This is typically followed by a Petition for Modification, seeking a reduction of workers' compensation benefits based on the amount these potential jobs would pay.
As we discussed several years ago on this blog, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, in Phoenixville Hospital v. Workers' Compensation Appeal Board (Shoap), found that a defense to one of these Modification Petitions is for the injured worker to show that he or she applied to these supposed "open and available" jobs and did not receive an offer of employment. This is a critical part of defending these Modification Petitions (typically). However, the Court in Shoap did not specify exactly what the injured worker had to show to refute that the jobs were open and available (or how the insurance company could overcome the injured worker not receiving an offer of employment).
This brings us to a recent decision from the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania in Valenta v. Workers' Compensation Appeal Board (Abington Manor Nursing Home and Rehab and Liberty Insurance Company). Here, the injured worker suffered serious damage to her neck and shoulder. In fact, the injured worker required a cervical fusion due to the work injury. After that surgery, the workers' comp insurance company had a LMS/EPA performed. The injured worker attempted to apply for each of the six jobs that were identified (Though she was only able to contact three of the six potential employers, and only able to actually apply for two of the jobs, she had a vocational expert testify regarding all six jobs). No offer of employment was received by the injured worker.
In the Petition for Modification which followed, the Workers' Compensation Judge (WCJ) found the vocational counselor offered by the workers' comp insurance carrier more credible than the one offer by the injured worker, or the injured worker herself, and granted the reduction of benefits based on the earnings of the potential jobs in the LMS/EPA. The Workers' Compensation Appeal Board (WCAB) affirmed this decision on appeal.
Upon further appeal, the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania also affirmed the granting of the Modification Petition. The Court specifically rejected the argument of the injured worker that Shoap required a denial of the Petition for Modification because the injured worker testified that she applied for the potential jobs and was not offered employment. While the actions of the injured worker in applying for these potential jobs is relevant (to show whether the jobs were "open and available"), said the Court, such evidence is not dispositive. The WCJ was free to find the contrary evidence more credible, as happened in this case.


This was a shocker. In sedesdraconis's LJ I found a reference to an article by Melissa Snell which reveals that there's no such thing as 'feudalism'.
The usual understanding of feudalism is that it comprised a hierarchical system in which near-sovereign control over land was traded for military service… essentially a way of ordering society when strong central government was not possible. This turns out to be not the case.
The medievals never talked about 'feudalism'; the concept was the invention of 16C French and Italian scholars, attempting to understand a 12C text, the Libri Feudorum. Unfortunately they bungled the job. They imported contemporary notions into the document (especially the idea that 'fiefs' were lands held by nobles), and they mistook the earlier writers' own speculation for fact.
Their interpretation solidified into received wisdom, till it was blown apart by Susan Reynold's 1994 book Fiefs and Vassals. Snell's review is rather short on what's right if feudalism is wrong. But these seem to be the main points.
There was an immense amount of variation. The worst part about the 'feudalism' concept is the implied uniformity. Land could be held in all sorts of ways, and people's ideas of rights and property were different from ours.
The implied class structure– serfs, clerics, knights– is hopelessly simplistic. The armed forces were by no means limited to fighting nobles or knights.
Most grants of land weren't based on any agreement to provide military service, though they might be based on service already provided. There was generally no idea that a grant could be revoked if the grantee broke an oath of fidelity (if it was even required).
Far from being lawless, medieval society expected general obedience to the king.
Serfs' relationship to their lord- manorialism– was really a separate concept, not considered at the time a form of vassalage.
There's a lesson here somewhere about the dissemination of new insights. This might be a very academic dispute, but I find it remarkable that I've never run into it in 34 years… the time since Reynolds' predecessor Elizabeth Brown published her critique. You'd think someone would tell the public that the textbook understanding of the Middle Ages is just wrong.
The important question is of course… what about the conworlders? I welcome the opportunity to rethink some aspects of Almean history. In general we should avoid not merely reproducing the fiefs-for-service idea, but exclusively European models. Bernard Lewis's From Babel to Dragomans, which I recently mentioned, has some good descriptions of Islamic models. China looked pretty different too, not really having what we think of as an aristocracy.


Christie Goodwin is a British photographer with a career that spans over 35 years. She has worked for Ed Sheeran, Katy Perry, Taylor Swift, One Direction, Paul McCartney, Rod Stewart and other top recording artists. Christie's work appears on CDs, DVDs and tour merchandise, and in international publications, books and exhibitions.
When not on the road in a tour bus, Christie is at home in London, where she regularly shoots as official photographer for the Royal Albert Hall.
She can be found on both instagram and twitter @christiegoodwin.


Obsessed with ! I know it's kind of an investment – also found for under $75.
It has been such a beautiful fall I can't get over it! I love being able to wear flirty dresses with OTK boots and not be freezing 🙂 I love over-the-knee boots and just got t. They go a lot hight up the leg than my other OTK boots – they are my new favorite. They have a good stretch to them so they fit all leg types – seriously so good if you are looking for a pair! I've also been obsessed with rich jewel tone hues! I found this GORGEOUS and fell in love as soon as I laid eyes on it. So pretty and I love the velvet ( ). Also found a similar version.
Such a cute outfit! Love the turquoise colour and love how you paired the dress with the boots; so flattering!
That dress is everything and you're looking so beautiful!
I like how you combined the green satin dress!
Love this dress, emerald looks amazing on you!!
What a beautiful outfit! I love that rich deep jewel tone on you and how you paired it with knee high boots. So gorgeous!
Dying over this dress! That color is amazing!
This dress is perfect for fall!! Amazing color and you styled it great!!
Obsessed with jewel tones right now and LOVE those boots! You look amazing girl!
There's nothing more perfect for fall than jewel tones! <3 🙂 I love this beautiful emerald color! And the boots are sooo cute too!
This dress is stunning! I love how you paired it with those boots and that belt. So perfect for the upcoming holiday season!
Okay, IN LOVE with this dress. This color is perfect on you. So gorgeous.
Beautiful green color 🙂 !
I love that velvet dress!! And the boots just are fantastic!
Absolutely loving this look! The velvet with the gucci belt!
I am super into velvet right now and this is such an incredible dress! Love it!


text:
Q: How to create subplot using matplotlib in Python I write this code and I have error in my subplot. I don't now what is wrong in my code. Can you help me ?
import pywt
import scipy.io.wavfile as wavfile

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

rate,signal = wavfile.read('a0025.wav')
time = [x /rate for x in range(0,len(signal))]
tree = pywt.wavedec(data=signal[:1000], wavelet='db2', level=4, mode='symmetric')
print(len(tree))
newTree = [tree[0]*0, tree[1]*0, tree[2]*0, tree[3]*0, tree[4]]
recSignal = pywt.waverec(newTree,'db2')
fig, ax = plt.subplot(2, 1)
ax[0].plot(time[:1000], signal[:1000])
ax[0].set_xlabel('Czas [s]')
ax[0].set_ylabel('Amplituda')
ax[1].plot(time[:1000], recSignal[:1000])
ax[1].set_xlabel('Czas [s]')
ax[1].set_ylabel('Amplituda')
plt.show()

The error:
 raise ValueError('Illegal argument(s) to subplot: %s' % (args,))
    ValueError: Illegal argument(s) to subplot: (2, 1)

A: As the error clearly states, you passed an illegal argument to pyplot.subplot(). If you look at the documentation for that function, you'll see that it takes 3 arguments (which can be condensed in one): ax = plt.subplot(2, 1, 1) or ax = plt.subplot(211).
However, the function that you are looking for is plt.subplots() (note the s at the end), which generates both a figure and an array of subplots:
f, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(1, 2, sharey=True)
ax1.plot(x, y)
ax1.set_title('Sharing Y axis')
ax2.scatter(x, y)

A: It seems that this bug is in the documentation see https://matplotlib.org/3.2.1/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.subplots.html.  They forgot the "s" in the third example.  The first two examples are correct however.
e.g.
# using tuple unpacking for multiple Axes
fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplot(1, 2)
fig, ((ax1, ax2), (ax3, ax4)) = plt.subplot(2, 2)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Just a photo of main street (which is Highway 50) as it runs through the downtown. If the street seems a bit empty, it's because the photo was taken on a Sunday. Additionally, most of the traffic tends to "skirt" Ely on US 93 and US 6 (both of which bypass downtown Ely).
Photo Use Policy : How you can use photographs for online and offline use.


text:
package com.infinitemule.espn.api.now;

import com.infinitemule.espn.common.api.AbstractLinks;
import com.infinitemule.espn.common.api.ApiLinks;
import com.infinitemule.espn.common.api.Link;

/**
 *
 */
public class FeedLinks extends AbstractLinks {

  private Link web;
  private Link mobile;

  private ApiLinks api;

  public String getWebUrl() {
    return getUrl(getWeb());
  }

  public String getMobileUrl() {
    return getUrl(getMobile());
  }

  /*
   *
   */

  public Link getWeb() {
    return web;
  }

  public void setWeb(Link web) {
    this.web = web;
  }

  public Link getMobile() {
    return mobile;
  }

  public void setMobile(Link mobile) {
    this.mobile = mobile;
  }

  public ApiLinks getApi() {
    return api;
  }

  public void setApi(ApiLinks api) {
    this.api = api;
  }

}


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Genesis (Part 67): From the Flood through Abram
Posted on February 10, 2021 February 10, 2021 by dustyreviewer
Welcome back to my study/review of Genesis. If you missed the previous parts of this study, you can find the previous posts HERE. This post is a recap of the last few chapters in an FAQ form.
From The Flood Through Abram FAQ
FAQ is probably being generous. We'll say "Occasionally Asked Questions." This is not a definitive list. I reserve the right to add to this list and/or change my answers over time. I hope that this list of questions and answers will cover the ground we have traveled in this section:
What happened with Ham, an uncovered Noah, and the curse on Canaan?
* Let's start with the text: Gen. 9:21-25 "21 He ]Noah\ drank of the wine and became drunk and lay uncovered in his tent. 22 And Ham, the father of Canaan, saw the nakedness of his father and told his two brothers outside. 23 Then Shem and Japheth took a garment, laid it on both their shoulders, and walked backward and covered the nakedness of their father. Their faces were turned backward, and they did not see their father's nakedness. 24 When Noah awoke from his wine and knew what his youngest son had done to him 25 he said, "Cursed be Canaan;, a servant of servants shall he be to his brothers."
* The meaning of Canaan: כְּנַעַן Kᵉnaʻan, ken-ah'-an; from H3665; humiliat0ed; Kenaan, a son a Ham; also the country inhabited by him:—Canaan, merchant, traffick.
* The text does not tell us outright, however, the name Canaan is suggestive of his origin. Was Canaan born prior to this humiliation or as a result of it?
* From GenesisGenetics.org:
(a) The term saw the "nakedness of his father" (Genesis 9:22) is the same term as used in the Levitical law when dealing with incest (e.g. Leviticus 20:11 "And the man that lieth with his father's wife hath uncovered his father's nakedness:" – KJV). This clearly means having sexual relations.
(b) Noah knew that the result of this union would upset the balance between good and evil (1 John 3:12, Genesis 4:25).
* It seems clear that something more than what is stated in the text happened here. The evidence is suggestive of incest. Did Ham sleep with his mother and sire Canaan? Did Ham commit incest with his inebriated father – causing Noah to curse Ham's son? We simply do not know enough about this incident to know for sure.
* If Ham slept with his father's wife, it may be the case that Canaan was the offspring. If Noah's wife – unnamed in the text – was of Nephilim origin, then Ham's act with her may have reintroduced Nephilim characteristics into the world via Canaan.
* When Moses – the stated author of Genesis – leads his people from Egypt, who occupies The Promised Land? The Canaanites. A cynical person might view this story as a way for Moses and the Israelites to intentionally dishonor the Canaanites. Writing a history that attributes the origin of your enemy, as being rooted in incest, is dishonoring, right?
* Something else to consider in these events. When Moses leads the Israelites into the lands occupied by the Canaanites, the Israelites find… giants. Remember, The Flood is said to have been intended to wipe out the Nephilim giants. Is there a genetic lineage from this incident? Possibly. The text is at least suggestive of a link. Canaan might be the patriarch of a line of giants (or at a minimum, the text wishes to create that link in the mind of its readers.)
What is the Table of Nations?
* Genesis Chapter 10 is an explanation/correlation between the descendants of Noah's three sons and various nations of the world that resulted from those sons. It is commonly referred to as the Table of Nations.
* There is not universal academic agreement on the associations provided herein, nor even within religious scholars, however, there is a shared tradition within the Abrahamic religious scholars that the peoples of the world were/are descended from the sons of Noah.
Does the Table of Nations account for the Americas and east Asia?
* Genesis 10 does not directly describe the peopling of the America and east Asia, though it is assumed by religious scholars that the Americas were likely settled by descendants who sailed from western Africa to South and Central America.
* Some speculate that Noah – separate of his sons – settled and peopled China and ultimately east Asia.
* It is therefore possible to believe that North America was settled from the south – through South and Central America, as well as from the west (via a route from Siberia through Alaska.) The total decimation of the Americas when the Europeans settled makes it difficult to know much though there are hints of a shared origin – including similar art, architecture, religious, and mythological traditions.
* One other possibility for the peopling of the Americas and east Asia occurs in the next chapter. Genesis 11:8: 8 So the Lord dispersed them from there over the face of all the earth, and they left off building the city. We are told that God dispersed the people who were building the Tower of Babel "over the face of all the earth."
Did Nimrod spearhead the Tower of Babel project?
* In chapter 10, we are told Nimrod was our first great city-builder. His kingdom began in Babel, in the land of Shinar. It seems probable that Nimrod was responsible for building the Tower of Babel.
* Nimrod is described as a "mighty" man. The word mighty is translated from גִּבּוֹר gibbôwr, ghib-bore'; or גִּבֹּר gibbôr; (shortened) intensive from the same as H1397; powerful; by implication, warrior, tyrant:—champion, chief, × excel, giant, man, mighty (man, one), strong (man), valiant man.
This word choice is notable inasmuch as it is also used to describe the Nephilim in Genesis 6:4. Genesis 6 tells us that the Nephilim existed before the Flood, and also after, so is it possible that he was the first Nephilim on the earth after the Flood? It is possible. However, the text is not clear. In any case though, Nephilim or not, a return to Rebellion began in earnest via Nimrod.
* Attempts to match Nimrod with historically attested figures have failed. Nimrod may not represent any one personage known to history and various authors have identified him with several real and fictional figures of Mesopotamian antiquity, including the Mesopotamian god Ninurta or a conflation of two Akkadian kings Sargon, his grandson Naram-Sin (2254–2218 BCE), and Tukulti-Ninurta I (1243–1207 BCE).
Where is Abram from?
* The Bible tells us that Abram is from "Ur of the Chaldees." The predominant view of scholars is that this refers to the Sumerian city of Ur.
* An alternative view argues that Ur of the Chaldees was located in modern day Turkey. About an hour's drive from Haran is the city of Urfa which was called Orhai in Syriac Christian literature. Local tradition still insists that Urfa is where Abraham was born. Whether "Orhai" is related to "Ur" phonetically and whether Abraham's birthplace lies under some specific spot in or around Urfa need not be settled here. What is of interest is rather that the new Ebla reference to "Ur in Haran" is in keeping with the Biblical evidence that Abraham's birthplace is to be sought somewhere in the Urfa-Haran region. Genesis 24:4, Genesis 24:7, Genesis 24:10, and Genesis 24:29 tells us that Abraham's birthplace was in Aram-Naharayim where Laban lived. From there "The River" (= The Euphrates) had to be crossed before proceeding to Gilead (Genesis 31:21). Sumerian Ur is west of the Euphrates and does not have to be crossed to reach Gilead or any other part of Canaan. See link HERE.
What is "Lech Leche"?
* These are the words used to tell Abram to get himself out.
When/where does God promise to make Abram into a great nation with numerous descendants?
* Genesis 12:2-3
* Genesis 13:16
* Genesis 15:4
When/where does God promise Abram the land of Canaan?
* Genesis 13:14-15
Is there a basis for the legal claim of Abram to the land of Canaan beyond the above given promises?
* The non-canon Book of Jubilees argues that Canaan never had a legitimate claim to the land in the first place.
* And Canaan saw the land of Lebanon to the river of Egypt, that it was very good, and he went not into the land of his inheritance to the west (that is to) the sea, and he dwelt in the land of Lebanon, eastward and westward from the border of Jordan and from the border of the sea. And Ham, his father, and Cush and Mizraim his brothers said unto him: 'Thou hast settled in a land which is not thine, and which did not fall to us by lot: do not do so; for if thou dost do so, thou and thy sons will fall in the land and (be) accursed through sedition; for by sedition ye have settled, and by sedition will thy children fall, and thou shalt be rooted out for ever. Dwell not in the dwelling of Shem; for to Shem and to his sons did it come by their lot. Cursed art thou, and cursed shalt thou be beyond all the sons of Noah, by the curse by which we bound ourselves by an oath in the presence of the holy judge, and in the presence of Noah our father.' But he did not hearken unto them, and dwelt in the land of Lebanon from Hamath to the entering of Egypt, he and his sons until this day. And for this reason that land is named Canaan. —Jubilees 10:29-34
* The Book of Jubilees, sometimes called Lesser Genesis (Leptogenesis), is an ancient Jewish religious work of 50 chapters, considered canonical by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church as well as Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jews), where it is known as the Book of Division (Ge'ez: መጽሐፈ ኩፋሌ Mets'hafe Kufale). Jubilees is considered one of the pseudepigrapha by Protestant, Roman Catholic, and Eastern Orthodox Churches. It is also not considered canonical within Judaism outside of Beta Israel.
It was well known to Early Christians, as evidenced by the writings of Epiphanius, Justin Martyr, Origen, Diodorus of Tarsus, Isidore of Alexandria, Isidore of Seville, Eutychius of Alexandria, John Malalas, George Syncellus, and George Kedrenos. The text was also utilized by the community that originally collected the Dead Sea Scrolls. No complete Greek or Latin version is known to have survived, but the Ge'ez version has been shown to be an accurate translation of the versions found in the Dead Sea Scrolls.
The Book of Jubilees claims to present "the history of the division of the days of the Law, of the events of the years, the year-weeks, and the jubilees of the world" as revealed to Moses (in addition to the Torah or "Instruction") by angels while he was on Mount Sinai for forty days and forty nights. The chronology given in Jubilees is based on multiples of seven; the jubilees are periods of 49 years (seven "year-weeks"), into which all of time has been divided.
Did Abram acquire new wealth in Egypt? How?
* From Flavius Josephus: 2. For whereas the Egyptians were formerly addicted to different customs, and despised one another's sacred and accustomed rites, and were very angry one with another on that account, Abram conferred with each of them, and, confuting the reasonings they made use of, every one for their own practices, demonstrated that such reasonings were vain and void of truth: whereupon he was admired by them in those conferences as a very wise man, and one of great sagacity, when he discoursed on any subject he undertook; and this not only in understanding it, but in persuading other men also to assent to him. He communicated to them arithmetic, and delivered to them the science of astronomy; for before Abram came into Egypt they were unacquainted with those parts of learning; for that science came from the Chaldeans into Egypt, and from thence to the Greeks also.
* Abram may have acquired wealth in Egypt in exchange for sharing the aforementioned knowledge.
* Abram's wealth was greater after leaving Egypt than it was before going. We can infer this confidently from the text itself. Following the return of Abram and Lot to the Promised Land, their combined assets were too great to share the land. Genesis 13:5-13 tells us the story of Abram and Lot mutually agreeing to separate so as to avoid a future conflict.
* A fringe theory regarding Abram's Egypt-related wealth: The Annunaki Wars.
Is Canaan peopled by giants during the time of Abram?
* The answer appears to be yes.
* In Genesis 14:1-7, we read about the Battle of Nine Kings that temporarily led to the capture of Abram's nephew Lot. This section of verses describes several groups who participated in the battle. Giants appear to be listed among the combatants.
* Rephaim – רָפָא râphâ', raw-faw'; or רָפָה râphâh; from H7495 in the sense of invigorating; a giant:—giant, Rapha, Rephaim(-s). See also H1051.
* Zuzim – zu'-zim (zuzim; (ethne ischura, "strong nations." So Jerome in Quaest. Hebr.: genres fortes): A people conquered by Chedorlaomer (Genesis 14:5). They dwelt in Ham, a region not otherwise known but, from the connection, inferred to be East of the Jordan. It may also be inferred that they were a race of giants.
* Emim – Stated to have been the earlier inhabitants of Moab (Deuteronomy 2:10, 11), and to have been of tall stature, and hence, "accounted Rephaim (or giants) as the Anakim" or the Zamzummim of Ammon (Deuteronomy 2:20).
* Horites – חֹרִי Chôrîy, kho-ree'; from H2356; cave-dweller or troglodyte; a Chorite or aboriginal Idumaean:—Horims, Horites.
* Amorites – The term Amorites is used in the Bible to refer to certain highland mountaineers who inhabited the land of Canaan, described in Genesis as descendants of Canaan, the son of Ham (Gen. 10:16). They are described as a powerful people of great stature "like the height of the cedars" (Amos 2:9) who had occupied the land east and west of the Jordan. The height and strength mentioned in Amos 2:9 has led some Christian scholars, including Orville J. Nave, who wrote the Nave's Topical Bible, to refer to the Amorites as "giants".
In Deuteronomy, the Amorite king, Og, was described as the last "of the remnant of the Rephaim" (Deut 3:11). The terms Amorite and Canaanite seem to be used more or less interchangeably, Canaan being more general and Amorite a specific component among the Canaanites who inhabited the land.
* I go into more detail regarding giants HERE and HERE.
Is there a connection between giants and demons?
* This is certainly not a topic where you will find scholarly agreement. However, there is an argument that demons are the disembodied souls of giants/nephilim.
* From WalkingChristian.com: Psalm 88:10 "Do you show your wonders to the dead? Do their spirits rise up and praise you?" What's that you says? You didn't see anything about the disembodied souls of a race of human angel hybrids in that verse? Well it is right there, we just need to put our Hebrew glasses on to find it. Let's look again. Ta'aseh (Will you preform) pele (wonders) halam methim (for the dead) rephaim (will the spirits) yakumu (rise) yovducha (and praise) selah (You? Selah.)
* Continuing from the article: That's right the word translated in Psalm 88 as "spirits" is the Hebrew word Rephaim. Now in Biblical Hebrew the normal word for a dead person is methim, this is the word you'd use for great grandma or Moses or Abraham Lincoln or anyone else who has passed on. But, then in several passages where it's clear we're talking about beings in the spiritual world, the word Rephaim is used instead. And this just one example of several uses of the word others include Isa 26:14 says "They are dead (methim), they will not live; they are shades (rephaim), they will not arise." In Job 26:5–6 we find out that the Rephaim are in the underworld.
* Isaiah 14:9 says that the underworld is waiting for someone to die and the Rephaim are described there as "all those who were leaders in the world; it makes them rise from their thrones" The same word for leaders in this passage literally means "goats" and it's used to describe Gog and Magog (Ezek 39:18) who were both Rephaim.
* I encourage a thorough reading of the article. Make up your own mind, of course, but it presents a lot of text-based arguments. It also points out that the traditional view of where demons come from is not without its text-based issues, too.
* Dr. Michael Heiser – (MA in Ancient History from the University of Pennsylvania, and an MA and PhD in the Hebrew Bible and Semitic Languages from the University of Wisconsin–Madison with a minor in Classical studies) has also written extensively on topics such as this. If you want a more thorough examination of this thought, regarding a connection between Biblical giants and modern day demons, I recommend reading his book Unseen Realm.
* If a race of giants – by their procreation, existence, and eventual deaths – creates demons on the earth, then it is understandable why God might emphasize their extermination. That contextualizes a lot of the God-ordained violence we see throughout the Old Testament. Of course, let me reiterate, this is not a universally agreed upon theological teaching. But this belief existed to some extent during the Second Temple period and in the time of Jesus.
What is the origin of the word "Hebrew"?
* We first see the word used in Genesis 14:13. 13 Then one who had escaped came and told Abram the Hebrew, who was living by the oaks of Mamre the Amorite, brother of Eshcol and of Aner. These were allies of Abram.
* Hebrew = עִבְרִי ʻIbrîy, ib-ree'; patronymic from H5677; an Eberite (i.e. Hebrew) or descendant of Eber:—Hebrew(-ess, woman).
* עֵבֵר ʻÊbêr, ay'-ber; the same as H5676; Eber, the name of two patriarchs and four Israelites:—Eber, Heber.
* Hebrew = "one from beyond"
* Eber or Heber = "the region beyond
* Genesis 10:21-22,24 Unto Shem also, the father of all the children of Eber, the brother of Japheth the elder, even to him were children born. The children of Shem; Elam, and Asshur, and Arphaxad, and Lud, and Aram[…]And Arphaxad begat Salah; and Salah begat Eber.
* 13th century Muslim historian Abu al-Fida relates a story, noting that the patriarch Eber (great-grandson of Shem) refused to help with the building of the Tower of Babel, so his language was not confused when it was abandoned. He and his family alone retained the original human language (a concept referred to as lingua humana in Latin), Hebrew, a language named after Eber.
Who is Melchizedek?
* Genesis 14:18 18 And Melchizedek king of Salem brought out bread and wine. (He was priest of God Most High.)
* מַלְכִּי־צֶדֶק Malkîy-Tsedeq, mal-kee-tseh'-dek; from H4428 and H6664; king of right; Malki-Tsedek, an early king in Palestine:—Melchizedek.
* מֶלֶךְ melek, meh'-lek; from H4427; a king:—king, royal.
* צֶדֶק tsedeq, tseh'-dek; from H6663; the right (natural, moral or legal); also (abstractly) equity or (figuratively) prosperity:—× even, (× that which is altogether) just(-ice), (un-)right(-eous) (cause, -ly, -ness).
* King of Salem means King of Peace. Melchizedek means King of Righteousness.
* From chabad.org: The ancient Targumim (Aramaic interpretive translations) identify Melchizedek as Shem—son of Noah. Shem was one of the links in the chain who transmitted the G‑dly traditions that originated with Adam. These traditions were carefully handed down from generation to generation, and Shem—who headed an academy—was a key conductor of these teachings. The Midrash tells us that he was so perfect and so spiritually advanced that he was born circumcised>
* Christians have long identified Melchizedek with Jesus Christ instead of with Shem. From the New Testament's Book of Hebrews Chapter 7:
7 This Melchizedek was king of Salem and priest of God Most High. He met Abraham returning from the defeat of the kings and blessed him, 2 and Abraham gave him a tenth of everything. First, the name Melchizedek means "king of righteousness"; then also, "king of Salem" means "king of peace." 3 Without father or mother, without genealogy, without beginning of days or end of life, resembling the Son of God, he remains a priest forever.
4 Just think how great he was: Even the patriarch Abraham gave him a tenth of the plunder! 5 Now the law requires the descendants of Levi who become priests to collect a tenth from the people—that is, from their fellow Israelites—even though they also are descended from Abraham. 6 This man, however, did not trace his descent from Levi, yet he collected a tenth from Abraham and blessed him who had the promises. 7 And without doubt the lesser is blessed by the greater. 8 In the one case, the tenth is collected by people who die; but in the other case, by him who is declared to be living. 9 One might even say that Levi, who collects the tenth, paid the tenth through Abraham, 10 because when Melchizedek met Abraham, Levi was still in the body of his ancestor.
11 If perfection could have been attained through the Levitical priesthood—and indeed the law given to the people established that priesthood—why was there still need for another priest to come, one in the order of Melchizedek, not in the order of Aaron? 12 For when the priesthood is changed, the law must be changed also. 13 He of whom these things are said belonged to a different tribe, and no one from that tribe has ever served at the altar. 14 For it is clear that our Lord descended from Judah, and in regard to that tribe Moses said nothing about priests. 15 And what we have said is even more clear if another priest like Melchizedek appears, 16 one who has become a priest not on the basis of a regulation as to his ancestry but on the basis of the power of an indestructible life. 17 For it is declared:
"You are a priest forever, in the order of Melchizedek."
18 The former regulation is set aside because it was weak and useless 19 (for the law made nothing perfect), and a better hope is introduced, by which we draw near to God.
20 And it was not without an oath! Others became priests without any oath, 21 but he became a priest with an oath when God said to him:
"The Lord has sworn and will not change his mind: 'You are a priest forever.'"
22 Because of this oath, Jesus has become the guarantor of a better covenant.
23 Now there have been many of those priests, since death prevented them from continuing in office; 24 but because Jesus lives forever, he has a permanent priesthood. 25 Therefore he is able to save completely[c] those who come to God through him, because he always lives to intercede for them.
26 Such a high priest truly meets our need—one who is holy, blameless, pure, set apart from sinners, exalted above the heavens. 27 Unlike the other high priests, he does not need to offer sacrifices day after day, first for his own sins, and then for the sins of the people. He sacrificed for their sins once for all when he offered himself. 28 For the law appoints as high priests men in all their weakness; but the oath, which came after the law, appointed the Son, who has been made perfect forever.
What is the nature of the translation dispute between the Masoretic Text and the Septuagint?
* Many scholars believe that the Masoretic timeline of the patriarchs – among other things – was corrupted by Jewish scholars at Zippori in 160 CE in order to defend Judaism against adversaries. The Septuagint was translated from earlier Hebrew writing, between 325-350 BCE. The Greek translation from the ancient Hebrew is actually older than the oldest known Hebrew writings for the text. As a result, we have a situation where one side says "your translation into Greek was wrong" and the other side says "you changed the Hebrew text from which we translated."
* Specifically, this dispute is relevant re: Melchizedek. Some scholars argue that the Masoretic timeline was corrupted, intentionally, so that the Christian argument for Melchizedek as Jesus could have a competing argument for an alternative to Jesus – namely Shem.
* Interestingly though, many Christian Bibles rely on the Masoretic text (disputed timelines and all) – rather than the Septuagint – as the source for for translations of the "Old Testament."
What is written regarding Hagar outside of the text of Genesis?
* From Chabad.org: According to the Midrash, Hagar was the daughter of King Pharaoh of Egypt. When she saw the miracle which G‑d performed for the sake of Sarah, to save her from the hands of the Egyptian king during Abraham's visit there, she said: "It is better to be a slave in Sarah's house than a princess in my own." […] Our Sages give Hagar much credit for not being frightened at having seen the divine angel, while even Manoah, as the T'nach tells us, feared that he would die because he had seen an angel of G‑d. This, say our Sages, shows how pious Hagar was, and how she had become adjusted to the saintly life of Abraham's house, where angels came and went as constant guests. […] Many of our ancient Sages speak favorably of Hagar who never remarried. She lived together with her son who had built his home on the edge of the wilderness and became a famous hunter. The Sages say that he possessed Adam's coat which he had taken from King Nimrod. (This coat gave the wearer power over animals). […] The Midrash tells us that not only was Hagar reunited with Abraham, but her son, too, became a penitent and returned to the G‑d whom he had served in his father's house, and whom he had forsaken during his wild life as a hunter and ruler of nations. Abraham thus lived to see Ishmael become his true son.
* Gen. 25:1 tells that Abraham took an additional wife named Keturah. The Tannaim disagree regarding the identity of this woman (see Gen. Rabbah 61:4). In most of the midrashim Keturah is identified with Hagar. The Rabbis maintain that this marriage took place only after Sarah's death (Genesis Rabbah 60:16, Pirkei de-Rabbi Eliezer loc. cit.). One midrash relates that God was revealed to Abraham after the death of Sarah and commanded him to return his divorced wife Hagar (Gen. Rabbah 61:4), while another tradition has Isaac initiating his father's marriage (Tanhuma, Hayyei Sarah 8).
* According to the Bahá'í Faith, the Báb was a descendant of Abraham and Hagar, and God made a promise to spread Abraham's seed. The Bahá'í Publishing House released a text on the wives and concubines of Abraham and traces their lineage to five different religion
What do we know about The Angel of the Lord?
* The first appearance is in Genesis 16:7: 7 The angel of the Lord found her by a spring of water in the wilderness, the spring on the way to Shur.
* "angel" = מֲלְאָךְ măl'âk, mal-awk'; from an unused root meaning to despatch as a deputy; a messenger; specifically, of God, i.e. an angel (also a prophet, priest or teacher):—ambassador, angel, king, messenger.
* "Lord" = יְהֹוָה Yᵉhôvâh, yeh-ho-vaw'; from H1961; (the) self-Existent or Eternal; Jeho-vah, Jewish national name of God:—Jehovah, the Lord. Compare H3050, H3069.
* Most appearances of the "angel of the Lord" leave the reader with the question of whether it was an angel or YHWH who appeared. Apart from the view that "the angel of the Lord is just that—an angel", a wide array of solutions have been offered, such as making the angel an earthly manifestation (avatar) of the God of Israel or of Christ.
* In the Catholic Encyclopedia (1907) Hugh Pope writes: "The earlier Fathers, going by the letter of the text in the Septuagint, maintained that it was God Himself who appeared as the Giver of the Law to Moses. It was not unnatural then for Tertullian […] to regard such manifestations in the light of preludes to the Incarnation, and most of the Eastern Fathers followed the same line of thought." Pope quotes the view of Theodoret that this angel was probably Christ, "the Only-begotten Son, the Angel of great Counsel", and contrasts Theodoret's view with the opposite view of the Latin Fathers Jerome, Augustine, and Gregory the Great that it was no more than an angel, a view that, he says, "was destined to live in the Church, and the Scholastics reduced it to a system". As an exponent of this view he quotes Augustine, who declared that "the angel is correctly termed an angel if we consider him himself, but equally correctly is he termed 'the Lord' because God dwells in him." He indicates, however, that within the Catholic Church the opposite view was also upheld.
* The appearances of the "angel of the Lord" are in fact often presented as theophanies, appearances of YHWH himself rather than a separate entity acting on his behalf. In Genesis 31:11–13, "the angel of God" says, "I am the God of Beth-el". In Exodus 3:2–6 "the angel of Yahweh" (מלאך יהוה) appeared to Moses in the flame of fire, and then "Yahweh" (יהוה) says to him: "I am the God of thy father". Compare also Genesis 22:11; Judges 6:11–22. At times the angel of the Lord speaks in such a way as to assume authority over previous promises (see Gen. 16:11 and 21:17). According to the New American Bible, the visual form under which God appeared and spoke to men is referred to indifferently in some Old Testament texts either as God's angel or as God himself.
* Another interpretation builds on the usage by which ancient spokesmen, after an introductory phrase, used the grammatically first person in proclaiming the point of view of the one they represent.
* Another proposal is Samuel A. Meier's interpolation theory, which holds that, originally, stories in which there is ambiguity between Yahweh and the "angel of Yahweh" were written with Yahweh himself delivering the message. Later, copyists inserted the term mal'akh before the divine name to modify the narratives, in order to meet the standards of a changing theology which more strongly emphasized a transcendent God. If the term mal'akh is removed from these passages, the remaining story fits neatly with a "default" format in Near Eastern literature in which the deity appears directly to humans without an intermediary. The addition of mal'akh does not require any change in the form of the verbs connected to it, since both mal'akh and a deity such as Yahweh or Elohim are of masculine grammatical gender and since the noun before which mal'akh is introduced remains unaffected on the consonantal level. On the other hand, the removal of the word mal'akh from the narration usually makes it more coherent and in line with its Ancient Near East literary context.
I will stop here for now. I also maintain my right to add to or change these answers as I learn more later. I hope you enjoyed reading it.
Tags: Bible, Genesis, Old Testament, TorahCategories: Books
3 thoughts on "Genesis (Part 67): From the Flood through Abram"
Ken Ammi says:
Good day, it seems we have a lot in common since I also write movie reviews and on theological issues.
I wanted to note that it seems like a non sequitur to claim that because Nephilim were mighty and Nimrod became mighty ergo, it is "possible that he was the first Nephilim on the earth after the Flood."
Only eight people and some animals survived which is why there has never been nor will ever be post-flood Nephilim—I am do not mean "giants" in general but Nephilim in particular. In fact, sorry but I have not had occasion to read your entire series but did you ever define the term "giants"?
Also, you wrote, "Genesis 6 tells us that the Nephilim existed before the Flood" but you will be unable to quote such a statement because it is not there.
And you correlate Nephilim with "giant skeletons" but I am unsure how since we have no reliable physical description of them so we cannot say if they were even on inch taller than average.
Do you think that Nephilim had anything to do with the reason for the flood?
I appreciate your comment and I would encourage you to actually read the series. I think I address a lot of this throughout when it comes up. But I'll attempt a short summary here.
Genesis 6:4 – "4 The Nephilim were on the earth in those days, and also afterward, when the sons of God came in to the daughters of man and they bore children to them… "
I do not know how to reply to you fully. Your comment says, "you wrote, "Genesis 6 tells us that the Nephilim existed before the Flood" but you will be unable to quote such a statement because it is not there." The Gen. 6:4 passage – which I quoted and is, in fact, there – about the Nephilim occurs in the narrative immediately prior to the Flood story.
The ESV translation of this passage (Gen. 6:4) even offers a note beside the word Nephilim offering "giants" as a translation alternative. https://www.esv.org/Genesis+6/
From Strong's Dictionary:
נְפִיל nᵉphîyl, nef-eel'; or נְפִל nᵉphil; from H5307; properly, a feller, i.e. a bully or tyrant:—giant.
In addition to what is in the Bible itself some of the outside context for the correlation between Nephilim and the Flood is in books that are now non-Canon in some places (The Book of Enoch, The Book of Giants, The Book of Jashar, The Book of Jubilees, etc.) as well as ancient Jewish rabbinical writings.
Regarding specific descriptions of height? Other than the passage and the use of the word Nephilim which translates "giants," the Bible does not give specific heights for giants "pre-Flood." You can find that in other ancient writings, though, including books which were at one time read seriously by religious scholars (mentioned several of them above.) Giants after the Flood though? We do get descriptions in the Bible.
Deut. 3:11 – 11 (Og king of Bashan was the last of the Rephaites. His bed was decorated with iron and was more than nine cubits long and four cubits wide.
*Rephaites translates "giants." 9 cubits here would be about 14 feet long.
Amos 2:9 – "Yet I destroyed the Amorites before them, though they were tall as the cedars and strong as the oaks.
2 Sam. 21:20 – And there was again war at Gath, where there was a man of great stature, who had six fingers on each hand, and six toes on each foot, twenty-four in number, and he also was descended from the giants.
There's more if you look for it.
If the Bible and surrounding text read by ancient Jews makes reference to giants, then the logical place to look next is for evidence of giant skeletons. We find some evidence of that as well – which is why I include that in my notes here.
I also want to emphasize that none of these are *my* ideas. I'm just making notes about what the text says and I'm making notes about other ancient writings regarding these texts.
Appreciate the reply–I did not get a notification so just saw it when I looped back here.
Sorry, the "'Genesis 6 tells us that the Nephilim existed before the Flood' but you will be unable to quote such a statement because it is not there" was the result of what I term my conceptual dyslexia: I read "before" as "after."
Nephilim didn't make it past the flood in any way, shape, or form.
"Nephilim" does not translate "giants," it's merely rendered as such–and that, based on the LXX's "gigantes" which means "earth-born" and implies nothing about height.
But you then switch from "Nephilim" to "giants."
Indeed, Og was a Repha, not a Nephil.
Amorites were just that, not Nephilim.
The man with extra digits was also a Repha, not a Nephil.
See my 7+ books on Nephilim and "giants": https://truefreethinker.com/no-end-books-publications
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The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) has scored a major victory in India's national elections and appears on track to have won a majority of seats in India's lower house of Parliament, paving the way for Narendra Modi to become the nation's next Prime Minister.
Partial counting indicates that the Hindu-nationalist party has pulled off the best performance by a single party in decades, buoyed both by Modi's well-received campaign and a profound anti-incumbency sentiment felt across the nation after 10 years of government under the outgoing Congress Party. According to partial results at 9:30 E.T., the BJP was leading with 283 out of 543 seats in India's lower house of parliament, according to India's Press Information Bureau, a number that would give the party an absolute majority and clear mandate in the next government.
A record number of voters participated in world's largest election, a mammoth five-week process that ended on May 12. Over 66% of eligible voters cast their ballots, compared with 58% in the last vote in 2009.
The results so far are a massive blow to Congress, very likely facing its worst showing ever with only 45 seats, according to partial results. The party has already conceded defeat, with analysts blaming it on the poor performance of Congress vice president Rahul Gandhi in leading the party's campaign and, more broadly, an overall crisis in party leadership.
In its first national contest, the Aam Aadmi Party, led by former bureaucrat Arvind Kejriwal, is on track for a relatively muted showing — leading in just four seats at 9:30 E.T. — compared with its successful first state elections in New Delhi in December. After taking control of the New Delhi government, Kejriwal stepped down from the chief minister's post after less than two months in office, a move widely seen as damaging to the fledgling party in its national debut.
Markets, meanwhile, surged on the strong BJP indicators, with the Sensex reaching an all-time high and the rupee gaining strength. Indian industrialists have long been clambering for more pro-business policies from Congress and its allies, and have said Modi's decisive leadership style will help get the economy back on the high-growth path.
Modi's fast climb in national politics has taken many in India by surprise since his appointment as the BJP's prime-ministerial candidate in September. Having famously sold tea as a boy on the train platforms of his hometown in the western state of Gujarat, Modi rose through the state's political machine to become its powerful chief minister in 2001. It's a narrative that resonates with many Indian voters, but he has also been a divisive figure since a wave of bloody religious riots took place on his watch in Gujarat in 2002, in which over 1,000 Muslims were killed. Though Modi has been cleared of any wrongdoing by the courts, many, particularly within India's large Muslim community, remain apprehensive about the prospect of a Modi-led government.
Aware of these sensitivities, the BJP was careful to downplay its Hindu roots throughout its campaign, focusing instead on issues of stable governance, development and job creation as Modi set out to reinvent himself as a national leader. His team ran a tireless and well-organized campaign, holding hundreds of rallies around the nation and making astute use of social media and carefully targeted advertising.


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Author Archives: manuelsanchezpalacios
HarassMap is a genius idea. The mission HarassMap has in denormalizing instances of violence against girls in Egypt, and its method for crowdsourcing witnesses and bystanders to react against these acts will allow for safer public spaces in Egypt. I think the United States has issues with sexual harassment as well, and HarassMap would create a larger social movement around the issue. In general the problem with harassment tends to be the lack of encouragement to stand for the people being harassed. There is a certain social stigma against people defending on another, it becomes a sort of a spectacle and I think people try to avoid that. That is why with the idea of HarassMap, with the goal to promote the fact that the harassers are responsible not the victims is an exceptional idea. With other resources as well, HarassMap offers information about classes to intervene when sexual harassment occurs, self defense classes, and reports to help construct a greater cultural movement towards demoralizing the ideologies the perpetrate harassment.
The importance of collective movements such as HarassMap really demonstrate how the coalition of community members can benefit individuals. It is easy to see movements such as this one achieve national, and hopefully international level of application. Chelsea Young's article expands on the benefits of HarassMap by ultimately stating, "Crowdsourcing is the process by which the power of the many can be leveraged to accomplish feats that were once the province of a specialized few."
I really wish one of those scenarios where these old dudes trying to push all these decisions would transform into a woman for a year and see the suppressive, chauvinistic, hyper masculine, egotistical "resolutions" they are trying to pass. Though really, what kind of person addresses women as "hosts." This is something that I think will be really interesting to discuss in class.
Though looking at the broader argument in regards to Planned Parenthood, it is incredibly narrow minded to think that providing abortions is enough evidence to de-establish an organization that provides basic health care to millions of Americans. I don't understand the arguments behind de-funding Planned Parenthood just because of abortions as well. The United States was founded upon the premise that people would have freedom to utilize services of their choice for their well being, I think the side of the argument that wants abortions to be illegal should respect the decisions of others in regards to what they do to their bodies. Really though, how can people be so narrow minded and not understand certain circumstances that prove that some people depend on Title X for their healthcare needs.
Freedom of Speech is one of the most fundamental human rights allowed in many governances, though many countries do not share that same luck. When examining the countries that suppress their constituents voices, the battlefield of resistance is mostly carried out online. Bloggers who label themselves as Political Activists are some of the most active proponents in advancing freedoms for themselves and others in countries that have gone as far as banning assembly of more than five people and banning Facebook & YouTube. What the governments fear behind the freedom of speech and freedom to explore information via the internet is the ability to realize, question and criticize the modes of oppression they are under.
Bassel Khartabil was one of the greatest advocates for an unrestricted and open source internet in the Arab world. His advances in establishing the creative commons in Arabic allowed for the growth of a prominent hacker-space in Syria and open web for his country. Though in the midst of the Arab Spring uprisings, he was arrested and then disappeared completely under the Syrian regime. The charges he was arrested under was "harming state security," which was completely illegitimate, since Bassel's contributions only benefitted the country by helping others share information via the internet.
I think one of the most important remarks to take away from the circumstances that Bassel and his community have undergone is the importance of freedom of speech and expression. Bassel Khartabil provided the technology and space for people to explore a free internet, and thus a free conscious to question corrupt regimes. His arrest is a stab at the online communities right to share and express ideas, thus explaining the Arab worlds anger on the disappearance and presumed death of such a bright young mind.
cri de cœur
The academic article written by Paul Amar (coincidentally a professor of Global Studies at UC Santa Barbara) on the socio-political context behind the YouStink movement and other Arab world uprisings, provides interesting context in regards to the different approaches of contestation for sovereignty during the movements within the Arab world. Paul Amar describes these as "battles between models of of sovereignty: absolutism and oligarchy on the other hand, and popular or participatory paradigms of rule on the other" (267). This gives and interesting insight into exactly what the uprisings in the Arab world during 2010 to 2013 were concerned with and protesting for, whether for better trash removal services or more fair systems of government. What is further discussed is interesting to me because the article discusses different models of comparison to try to better understand the premise and feelings evoked during the movement. Though, none of these comparisons can be guaranteed as relevant since they are not parallel to Arab world movements that occurred within 2010-13. That is why I am glad that the "New Paradigms Factory," which aimed to aid research for junior Arab scholars to produce case studies to "capture spaces of contention." I think this will help others understand the event of 2010-13 with more clarity since the studies will be produced and published within the precinct of the events. Further on within the journal the articles really give clarity into the Arab struggle for sovereignty. I think its important to continue to publish studies that give better context to the uprisings that occurred within the Arab world because it can give better insight and clearer parallels to other movements that have or will occur. Overall the publication was a little confusing at first, but an interesting read.
"Not your Grandfathers Civil Rights Movement"
The Black Lives Matter movement has been one of the most prominent social movements ever witnessed by our generation within the United States. There has been mass controversy over the legitimacy and rhetoric of the movement since its beginnings, but I believe the controversy to be caused from a long stemming misunderstanding of the group in question. From what I understood from reading The New Yorker article about where the Black Lives matter movement is heading today, is that to a certain degree the movement has been hindered by bullying and personal attacks made on social media sites. I think this is expressive for how ephemeral social movements which started on social media can be, though I believe BLM has made enough of an impact to continue to push its goals.
Reading this article really made me understand how Garza's work within the movement propelled it to such magnitude. I still do not understand however, how there is still police violence and lack of ambition to correct the ideology that perpetrates inequality among races. Especially with the rise of the new president, there has been an unfortunate excuse to now believe there is only a certain acceptable type of "American." I think programs such as the one mentioned in the article with the Ella Baker Center to help Californians monitor and report police brutality can be applied on a national level to prevent more incidences of unnecessary violence. I also believe action should be made to demilitarize police, there are certain uses of forces that are completely unnecessary with the resources the police department has, and de-escalation tactics should be used more frequently.
Citizens of the Internet
The article written by Linda Herrera gave descriptive insight into post revolutionary Egypt with special attention on youth involvement and their ubiquity on the web, thus becoming the "wired generation." The article ties very well with what is occurring in the United States as well in regards to how our generation is "interconnected," and have "values distinct from generations who came of age in a pre-digital era" (335). Furthermore, I also think its interesting how the article ties into discussion the relevance of the degenerative side of the internet. I think it is interesting to address this side in order to understand the caution one should proceed with when using the internet.
An interesting topic that Linda Herrera brought up within her article was the conclusion drawn that uprisings usually occur and become alive if people are able to exploit political wrongdoings, and "innovate in cultural and intellectual spheres" (337), as Herrera explained is exactly what this "wired generation" did during the Arab youth uprisings. Herrera continues to support her case with biographical evidence from the youth involved at the time of the Arab uprisings, one of these youths being 22 year old Mona.
In Herrera's article, Mona's biography provides us with the perspective of what life of an Egyptian youth was like and how her actions against Egyptian taboo opened her mind in order for her to form her own opinions. Another Student, Murad, in a similar situation, was drawn to participate in online games where he learned about accepting differences between players. It was situations like these online that catalyzed a large group of youth to become enlightened through technology, and as one youth described, "a gateway to heaven." What technology has done overall to Egyptian youth before the revolution, was open doors to the world for young people like Mona and Murad to build their own opinions and ideas, which then led to the youth demographic to question their ruling governments authority.
Digital Youth
Coming from a perspective where I choose not to/hardly participate in social media (no snap chat, twitter, Instagram, work forces me to have Facebook though), I particularly thought that the two readings were really intriguing in a sense that social media can be used as an invaluable tool to give social movements momentum. It's simple to see this fact though, especially in cases such as how the youth in Egypt used social media platforms to give WAAKS momentum. I think it was rather surprising how the Ali and Sharnouby article explained how Egypt youth were seen as a burden rather than the "future hope" for the country –it all became rather ironic when it was the youth movement which drove the January revolution– its just strange to me how the whole country seemed to underestimate that particular demographic. If it weren't for the presence of social media though, it would have proved to be very difficult for the young Egyptians to gain momentum in connecting the masses to see the police brutality occurring.
One term that particularly struck me within the "Distorting Digital Citizenship" article was the term "Digital Youth," I have never heard this term before, and it took a lot of thought to decide what the term was insinuating. It wasn't until after reading the introduction of "Social Media Revolutions," by Wolfgang Danspeckgruber that I had a better idea on the topic. One quote that had the strongest impression on the idea of "digital youth," was the what Danspeckgruber said " Social media has given young leaders a unique voice…the new forms of interaction facilitated by social media hold the power to shake the very foundations of government itself" (3). This made me consider the fact that if I don't participate in social media, does that make me socially irresponsible? I choose to not participate because I am a little unsettled by the idea of a "global village" (Marshall McLuhan); I have a long explanation for this. Still pondering this question probably until we discuss it.


Among the most important decisions he'll have to make early on is whether to accept industry proposals to reduce standards under which drugs can be advertised - regulations that have protected patients for more than 50 years.
The problem with this approach - as everyone who has worked with clinical studies knows - is that early tests on a small number of patients can suggest great promise, but subsequent, more robust studies often disappoint. This is why the FDA generally requires two clinical studies to demonstrate efficacy and that the studies be large enough that their results are unlikely to be due to chance.
Schultz is a partner at the law firm Zuckerman Spaeder, former general counsel of the Department of Health and Human Services during the Obama administration and former deputy commissioner for policy of the Food and Drug Administration during the Clinton administration.


In my recent trip to Darwin, I had the joy of working with students and teachers from two delightful primary schools (Karama PS & Ludmilla PS) and introducing them to some of Adobe's amazing free creativity iPad apps.
I was very impressed with the easy at which these students worked with Spark Post & Spark Page to share stories about their passions. I always get a thrill out of seeing digital creativity tools being used to help students engage with content and construct their own learning.


It's not going to happen any time soon.
Maybe not within the lifetime of most people reading this … or the guy writing it.
But based on the two games they've played this season, a Stanley Cup final between the Canadiens and Nashville could be a classic.
Nov. 22 in Nashville: A Finnish goaltenders' duel between Pekka Rinne and Antti Niemi goes to overtime after Joe Morrow ties it at 2-2 with 56 seconds left in regulation. The home team wins on Kyle Turris's shootout goal.
Saturday night at the Bell Centre: In a game between arguably the Best in the West and indisputably one of the Least in the East, the Canadiens delight their long-suffering fans with a superb effort. This time, Jonathan Drouin is the late-game hero, beating Rinne with 74 seconds left to tie it at 2-2 and send the game into overtime.
The Canadiens outshot the mighty visitors by a mind-blowing margin of 10-2. Projected over a full game, 10 shots in the five-minute OT would have been 120 SoG.
And Rinne probably would have stopped 118 of them.
As it was, Nashville's goaltender made 47 saves to keep his heretofore high-flying team in a game the Canadiens should have won.
But for one of the rare times this season, Bell Centre fans went home happy after a superb game that was not dominated by No. 76 in the white jersey.
Barring a Stanley Cup final that is mathematically possible, but will not happen, that's the last Canadiens fans will see of dear departed P.K. Subban until next season. And the Canadiens managed to keep him off the scoresheet.
P.K. played a decent, but unspectacular game. He had one shot on Carey Price, four giveaways and was on the ice for the Brendan Gallagher goal that opened the scoring.
Subban finished at minus-1 … plus some choice post-whistle chirping from Gallagher.
Roman Josi was customarily excellent, but the best defenceman in the game was Jeff Petry.
Petry led both teams in time on ice at 30:04. He assisted on the late Drouin goal, had eight shot attempts — three of which were on goal — and blocked four shots.
Petry has been good-to-great on many nights since Shea Weber was injured. He should definitely be a big part of the team's plans going forward as the Canadiens try to recover from this train wreck of a season.
Another player who'll help in 2018-19: Nikita Scherbak. The kid just flew against Nashville and makes you wonder whether all that time in Laval was necessary.
Artturi Lehkonen continued his late-season bounce back into the player we saw a year ago.
Victor Mete played 18 solid minutes.
Alex Galchenyuk was dangerous all game against one of the league's best D corps.
And Drouin — in the dying seconds of what had been a great game — flashed the O-zone wizardry we've waited 55 games to see.
The Canadiens hit the road for their next four games.
Despite the loss, they left their fans with warm memories … of everything except the anthem singer.