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People v. Ellis
Justia Opinion Summary
The Court of Appeals affirmed the order of the Appellate Division reversing the judgment of County County convicting Defendant, a level three sex offender, of failing to register his Facebook account, concluding that Facebook is not an "internet identifier" and that the existence of a Facebook account need not be disclosed to the Division of Criminal Justice Services (DCJS) pursuant to N.Y. Corp. Law 168-f(4).
Pursuant to section 168-a(18), "internet identifiers" are defined as "electronic mail addresses and designations used for purposes of chat, instant messaging, social networking or other similar internet communication." The People argued that Defendant was required to register his Facebook account as an "internet identifier" pursuant to section 168-f(4). The Appellate Division concluded that a Facebook account is not an "internet identifier" that Defendant must disclose to DCJS. The Court of Appeals affirmed, holding that that Facebook is not an "internet identifier" and that the existence of a Facebook account - as opposed to the internet identifiers a sex offender may use to access Facebook or interact with other users on Facebook - need not be disclosed to DCJS pursuant to section 168-f(4).
Opinion Annotation
People v Ellis 2019 NY Slip Op 05183 Decided on June 27, 2019 Court of Appeals Fahey, J. Published by New York State Law Reporting Bureau pursuant to Judiciary Law § 431. This opinion is uncorrected and subject to revision before publication in the Official Reports.
Decided on June 27, 2019
[*1]The People & c., Appellant,
Arthur W. Ellis Jr., Respondent.
Kathryn M. Moryl, for appellant.
Noreen McCarthy, for respondent.
FAHEY, J.
The People contend that defendant, a level three sex offender, was required to register his Facebook account as an "internet identifier" pursuant to Correction Law § 168-f (4). That statute requires that sex offenders register with the Division of Criminal Justice Services (DCJS) "no later than ten calendar days after any change of address, internet accounts with internet access providers belonging to such offender, [or] internet identifiers that such offender uses . . . " (Correction Law § 168-f [4])[FN1]. "Internet identifiers" are defined as "electronic mail addresses and [*2]designations used for the purposes of chat, instant messaging, social networking or other similar internet communication" (Correction Law § 168-a [18]). Failure to register with DCJS is a class E felony for the first offense and a class D felony for subsequent offenses (see Correction Law § 168-t).
In 2015, defendant completed his annual "Verification Form" (see Correction Law § 168-f [2]). The form required defendant to disclose to DCJS certain "Internet Information," including his "service provider," "screen name[s]," and "email address[es]." Defendant disclosed information in each of these preprinted sections, including his email address. Although he disclosed the identifier he used to log into Facebook, and the name by which he went on Facebook (his real name), he did not disclose the fact that he had a Facebook account. He was charged with failing to register in violation of Correction Law § 168-f (4) on the theory that he failed to disclose this account as an "internet identifier."
Defendant moved to dismiss the indictment, claiming, among other things, that it failed to charge a crime or offense, inasmuch as Facebook is not an "internet identifier." County Court denied that motion, and defendant pleaded guilty as charged. The court noted that defendant was not waiving his challenge as to whether there was an extant crime charged in the indictment. The Appellate Division reversed the judgment and dismissed the indictment based on its conclusion that although sex offenders must disclose all "internet identifiers" they use, the statute does not require that they disclose the services on which they have accounts, and therefore the indictment failed to charge defendant with a crime, rendering the indictment jurisdictionally defective (162 AD3d 161 [3d Dept 2018]). A Judge of this Court granted the People leave to appeal (32 NY3d 937 [2018]). We now affirm.
The Appellate Division correctly concluded that a Facebook account is not an "internet identifier" that defendant must disclose to DCJS because neither Facebook nor the account is an email address or a "designation[] used for the purposes of chat, instant messaging, social networking or other similar internet communication" (Correction Law § 168-a [18]). By contrast, the "internet identifier" an offender uses to access the Facebook account must be disclosed to DCJS, and here, defendant disclosed the email address that he uses to access his Facebook account. Similarly, the name one uses to interact with other users on Facebook—such as a screen name, pseudonym or alias—may be an internet identifier that must be disclosed to DCJS if it is a "designation[] used for the purposes of chat, instant messaging, social networking, or other similar internet communication" (id.). Here, however, there is no dispute that defendant used his real, full name to interact with other Facebook users.
The People's contention that defendant was required to disclose the existence of his Facebook account to DCJS, in addition to any email addresses and designations associated with that account, cannot be reconciled with the relevant statutes, which aim to provide Facebook and similar internet services with access to information sufficient to allow them to detect and curtail the inappropriate use of social networking by sex offenders. The term "internet identifier" was added to the statutory scheme in 2008 with the enactment of the "Electronic Security and Targeting of Online Predators Act," or "e-STOP" (L 2008, ch 67). The legislative purpose and findings of the law demonstrate that the legislature was concerned that "[b]ehind a computer screen, convicted sex offenders are able to hide their identity while attempting to engage children in illicit activity" and that the internet contained a "promise of anonymity" (L 2008, ch 67, § 1 [emphasis added]). The Senate Introducer's Memorandum in Support of e-STOP further confirms that the legislature was concerned with the ability of sex offenders to interact anonymously with others, including children, on the Internet (see Senate Introducer's Mem in Support, Bill Jacket, L 2008, ch 67 at 6-7, 2008 McKinney's Session Laws of NY at 1740).
To address the specific issue of sex offenders accessing social media platforms anonymously, e-STOP allowed DCJS to release to "authorized internet entit[ies]" the "internet identifiers" used by sex offenders in order to enable those authorized internet entities to "prescreen or remove sex offenders from [their] services" and to "advise law enforcement and/or other governmental entities of potential violations of law and/or threats to public safety" (Correction Law § 168-b [10]). An "[a]uthorized internet entity" is defined as "any business, organization or other entity providing or offering a service over the internet which permits persons under eighteen years of age to access, meet, congregate or communicate with other users for the purpose of social networking," other than "general e-mail services" (Correction Law § 168-a [16]). Facebook plainly falls within that definition. Consequently, e-STOP permits Facebook and other social networking sites to obtain the "internet identifiers" used by sex offenders and, with those internet identifiers, determine whether a sex offender is utilizing their services, prescreen or remove sex offenders from their services, and inform law enforcement of "potential violations of law and/or threats to public safety" (id. § 168-b [10]).
The legislature could have easily included among the mandatory disclosure provisions of Correction Law § 168-f (4) the "authorized internet entities" that a sex offender uses, such as Facebook. Presently, however, that statute does not require sex offenders to disclose to DCJS the authorized internet entities that they use.
For these reasons, the Appellate Division correctly concluded that Facebook is not an "internet identifier," and that the existence of a Facebook account—as opposed to the internet identifiers a sex offender may use to access Facebook or interact with other users on Facebook—need not be disclosed to DCJS pursuant to Correction Law § 168-f (4). As the People concede, this was the legal theory upon which the indictment was based. The indictment therefore accuses defendant of performing acts that "simply do not constitute a crime" and is jurisdictionally defective (People v Iannone, 45 NY2d 589, 600 [1978], citing People v Case, 42 NY2d 98 [1977]; see also People v Taylor, 65 NY2d 1, 5 [1985]). In light of that determination, we do not reach defendant's remaining arguments.
Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed.
Order affirmed. Opinion by Judge Fahey. Chief Judge DiFiore and Judges Rivera, Stein, Garcia, Wilson and Feinman concur.
Decided June 27, 2019
Footnote 1: An "[i]nternet access provider" is defined as "any business, organization or other entity engaged in the business of providing a computer and communications facility through which a customer may obtain access to the internet, but does not include a business, organization or other entity to the extent that it provides only telecommunications services" (Correction Law § 168-a [17]). The parties agree that Facebook does not qualify as an "internet access provider" and that defendant's Facebook account was not an "internet account[] with [an] internet access provider[]" (id. § 168-f [4]).
Primary Holding
The Court of Appeals affirmed the order of the Appellate Division reversing the judgment of County County convicting Defendant, a level three sex offender, of failing to register his Facebook account, concluding that Facebook is not an "internet identifier" and that the existence of a Facebook account need not be disclosed to the Division of Criminal Justice Services (DCJS) pursuant to N.Y. Corp.
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Two sets of 0.1 mol% Sr-doped 5 vol% Ni/Al2O3 and undoped 5 vol% Ni/Al2O3 samples were fabricated by the pulsed electric current sintering technique to investigate the influence of Sr-doping effects on the high-temperature oxidation. Oxidation tests were conducted in air at temperature ranges of 1200–1400°C for 1–10 d. Oxidation of Ni within the matrix at high temperatures induced formations of the top surface layer and the oxidized zone. The top surface layer was composed of the oxidation product-NiAl2O4, while the oxidized zone consisted of Al2O3 matrix and NiAl2O4. Formation of the oxidized zone of undoped and Sr-doped samples followed the parabolic law. The parabolic rate constant of Sr-doped samples was approximately two times smaller than that of undoped samples. The apparent activation energies on the growth of the oxidized zone were determined to be 479 and 476 kJ/mol for undoped and Sr-doped 5Ni/Al2O3, respectively. Sr-doping reduced oxygen transport along Al2O3 grain boundaries and enhanced the high-temperature oxidation resistance of Ni/Al2O3.


Discussion in 'Reality Check' started by MistressX, Mar 3, 2004.
Anyone here planning on entering, or going?
Sounds like a good excuse to hit up Moncton for the weekend!!
Just make shure all of you guys don't get pulled over again this time on the way down HEHE.


(Nanowerk News) The Institute of Microelectronics (IME), a research institute of the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), and GLOBALFOUNDRIES are joining hands to develop MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) Capacitive Sensor Platform Technology for power-efficient and highly sensitive motion sensing applications that are relevant to consumer electronics, automotive and aerospace industries. MEMS capacitive sensor technology is increasingly common in today's consumer electronics, playing a key role in the way users interact with mobile communication devices and 3D virtual multimedia gaming systems.
Under the agreement, GLOBALFOUNDRIES will be responsible for preliminary platform design specifications and process flow. IME will concentrate its effort in developing a modular and scalable capacitive sensor technology platform with standardised process modules and process integration scheme based on IME's advanced MEMS fabrication facilities and tools. IME's multi-wafers bonding technology will be a key enabler for this joint project.
"GLOBALFOUNDRIES is a founding member of the A*STAR MEMS Consortium and we are glad to extend our collaboration with IME to support Singapore's vision of a world-class MEMS hub for R&D and manufacturing," said Mr Raj Kumar, Senior Vice President of the 200mm Business Unit and General Manager of GLOBALFOUNDRIES Singapore. "By partnering with IME, GLOBALFOUNDRIES is able to leverage on IME's 16 years of expertise in MEMS technology development. The joint development of platform technology and design enablement will greatly help GLOBALFOUNDRIES enhance its MEMS foundry offering to its customers."
Said Professor Dim-Lee Kwong, Executive Director of IME, "The worldwide MEMS industry is entering an exciting chapter in their development and growth, with revenues projected to hit more than USD 16 billion (SGD 22 billion) in 2015. IME is committed to helping our industry partners respond faster to upcoming trends by anticipating their needs and providing them with solutions that are relevant, practical and sustainable."


By default, there is too much stuff in the top bar to fit properly on a small screen without pushing your logo and menu bar too far down the screen. If you wish for the search and social icons to be visible at least, you can enable the top bar and then selectively hide the other elements with custom css (your email and phone links are not as useful on mobile views – make sure this info is also on your Contact page).
Depending on how many links are in your top menu and how many social icons you have, both may not fit. To hide an element, we give it a display: none style.


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Alexis Crouzil
Horn | assistant principal
Alexis Crouzil was born in 1990. He started playing music in 1998 in a small music school in Varilhes, Ariège, and started playing the horn at the age of 12.
He then joined the Conservatoire à Rayonnement Régional de Toulouse in 2004 where he obtained his prize in 2008.
Alexis then decided to take the professional path and entered the specialized cycle of the Conservatoire à Rayonnement Régional de Paris, in the class of Vladimir Dubois (super-soloist horn of the Paris Opera).
Two years later, he received his prize with congratulations and the diploma of Training at the Orchestra of the Conservatoire à rayonnement régional de Paris.
In 2011, he joins the class of André Cazalet (principal horn of the Orchestre de Paris) at the Conservatoire national supérieur de musique de Paris.
Alexis perfected his skills with the French Youth Orchestra and then collaborated with major orchestras such as the Radio France Philharmonic Orchestra, the Orchestre national du Capitole de Toulouse, the Paris Chamber Orchestra, the Paris National Opera, the Orchestre national de Lorraine, the Montpellier National Orchestra, Secession Orchestra, Sinfonia Pop Orchestra...
In 2012, he was appointed principal horn of the Orchestre national de Lyon and in 2015 he joined the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande as substitute principal horn.
Eager to teach and transmit his passion for the horn, Alexis is part of the teaching team of the Eurocuivres academy in France and Asia.
Michel Maillard

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


So, it is OK not to be working on a weekend. And with a firm date (Jan 16) now for the arrival of our new family member, we decided to make the most of this weekend and do things we might not get to do for some weeks. And one of those things was to seek out some Bald Eagles.
As foreigners, we were keen to catch a glimpse of the once-endangered and noble national bird. As occasional birdwatchers, we were hoping for a chance to see these creatures in their natural habitat. It was heartening to discover that they are flourishing at this time of year not far from where we live. They migrate south down the Mississippi fly-corridor to mate and breed in the spring and right now they can be found fishing and roosting just across the river from us.
So we set off at the crack of dawn (or so it felt) and drove to a Lock and Dam system on the Mississippi where the birds were clearly fishing amongst the gulls where the churning lock was stirring up the fish. It was impressive to watch them soaring above the trees, and through my tiny binoculars, I did manage to see one bird dive down and pick up a fish. But we didn't really get any clear or up-close views of the birds. One happy surprise for me was a flock of pelicans that flew over us a few times at the locks – I had never seen one live, and so to see a couple of dozen flying low above was a real treat.
We made a little trek a few miles further north to a ferry crossing. By this time in the morning, most of the eagles had done their foraging for the day, and had returned to the trees to roost. En route I spied an enormous nest on the roadside, and two of the grand birds roosting nearby. When we arrived at the ferry crossing, there were another couple of eagles sitting high in the trees. They were so close and so calm, it was a real reward for an early morning start. I loved how alert and regal they looked and I am so glad that conservation efforts have made it possible for them to make such an amazing comeback.


text:
Christa Grant, MD
Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery
Division of Pediatric Surgery
Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics
Tissue engineering: A promising therapeutic approach to necrotizing enterocolitis
Grant, C. N. & Grikscheit, T. C., May 1 2013, In : Seminars in pediatric surgery. 22, 2, p. 112-116 5 p.
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
A case of congenital pyloric atresia with dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa
Short, S. S., Grant, C., Merianos, D., Haydel, D. & Ford, H. R., Jan 1 2014, In : Pediatric Surgery International. 30, 6, p. 681-684 4 p.
Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophica
Pyloric Atresia
A case of small intestinal cast causing SBO in complicated intestinal graft-versus-host disease
Grant, C., Nellis, E. D. & Chahine, A. A., Jan 1 2014, In : Pediatric Surgery International. 30, 6, p. 685-688 4 p.
Graft vs Host Disease
Intestinal malrotation in monozygotic twins; The asymptomatic twin should be screened: A case report and review
Levin, D. E., Matthews, J. A., Grant, C., Spurrier, R. G. & Kawaguchi, A. L., Jan 1 2014, In : Journal of Pediatric Surgery Case Reports. 2, 2, p. 76-78 3 p.
Intestinal Volvulus
Vitrification preserves murine and human donor cells for generation of tissue-engineered intestine
Spurrier, R. G., Speer, A. L., Grant, C. N., Levin, D. E. & Grikscheit, T. C., Aug 2014, In : Journal of Surgical Research. 190, 2, p. 399-406 8 p.
Tissue Donors
Adult zebrafish intestine resection: A novel model of short bowel syndrome, adaptation, and intestinal stem cell regeneration
Schall, K. A., Holoyda, K. A., Grant, C. N., Levin, D. E., Torres, E. R., Maxwell, A., Pollack, H. A., Moats, R. A., Frey, M. R., Darehzereshki, A., Al Alam, D., Lien, C. & Grikscheit, T. C., Aug 5 2015, In : American Journal of Physiology - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 309, 3, p. G135-G145
Human and mouse tissue-engineered small intestine both demonstrate digestive and absorptive function
Grant, C. N., Mojica, S. G., Sala, F. G., Ryan Hill, J., Levin, D. E., Speer, A. L., Barthel, E. R., Shimada, H., Zachos, N. C. & Grikscheit, T. C., Jan 1 2015, In : American Journal of Physiology - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 308, 8, p. G664-G677
Microvilli
Doxycycline Sclerotherapy Is Superior in the Treatment of Pediatric Lymphatic Malformations
Thomas, D. M., Wieck, M. M., Grant, C., Dossa, A., Nowicki, D., Stanley, P., Zeinati, C., Howell, L. K. & Anselmo, D. M., Dec 1 2016, In : Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology. 27, 12, p. 1846-1856 11 p.
Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate
Mediastinal Tracheostomy With Vessel Transposition and Minimally Invasive Transhiatal Esophagectomy
Grant, C. N. & Marshall, M. B., Feb 1 2016, In : Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 21, 1, p. 47-64 18 p.
Moving and Lifting Patients
Routine contrast enema is not required for all infants prior to ostomy reversal: A 10-year single-center experience
Grant, C., Golden, J. M. & Anselmo, D. M., Jul 1 2016, In : Journal of pediatric surgery. 51, 7, p. 1138-1141 4 p.
antineoplaston A10
Prolonged Absence of Mechanoluminal Stimulation in Human Intestine Alters the Transcriptome and Intestinal Stem Cell Niche
Wieck, M. M., Schlieve, C. R., Thornton, M. E., Fowler, K. L., Isani, M., Grant, C., Hilton, A. E., Hou, X., Grubbs, B. H., Frey, M. R. & Grikscheit, T. C., May 1 2017, In : CMGH. 3, 3, p. 367-388.e1
Stem Cell Niche
Ileum
Neural monitoring during H-type tracheoesophageal fistula division: A way to decrease recurrent laryngeal nerve injury?
on behalf of the Midwest Pediatric Surgery Consortium, Aug 2019, In : Journal of pediatric surgery. 54, 8, p. 1711-1714 4 p.
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injuries
Tracheoesophageal Fistula
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
Retroperitoneal exploration with Vicryl mesh and fibrin tissue sealant for refractory chylous ascites
Carr, B. D., Grant, C., Overman, R. E., Gadepalli, S. K. & Geiger, J. D., Mar 1 2019, In : Journal of pediatric surgery. 54, 3, p. 604-607 4 p.
Chylous Ascites
Polyglactin 910
Fibrin Tissue Adhesive
Chyle
Robotic resection of recurrent pediatric lipoblastoma
Criss, C. N., Grant, C., Ralls, M. W. & Geiger, J. D., Jan 1 2019, In : Asian journal of endoscopic surgery. 12, 1, p. 128-131 4 p.
Lipoblastoma
Pelvis
Contact Christa Grant, MD


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Farmworkers Face Gaps in Protection and Barriers to Benefits
T-HRD-91-40: Published: Jul 17, 1991. Publicly Released: Jul 17, 1991.
GAO discussed the impact of federal laws, regulations, and programs on farmworkers' living and working conditions, focusing on: (1) gaps in legal and regulatory provisions to protect farmworkers and the adequacy of federal agency enforcement of such provisions; (2) barriers to farmworkers' access to federal programs which provide financial or medical assistance, training, or employment services; and (3) the availability of data on farmworkers. GAO noted that: (1) the Environmental Protection Agency acknowledged that its regulations inadequately protect agricultural workers from the harmful effects of pesticide exposure; (2) in 1990, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration found violations in 69 percent of field sanitation inspections; (3) fines federal managers assess are too low to deter health and safety violations; (4) federal child labor law and regulations allow children to work at a younger age in agriculture than in other industries; (5) the supply of housing for migrant farmworkers falls far short of demand; (6) migrant workers who do qualify for Medicaid face access barriers because of state residency requirements; (7) many agricultural employers do not report or underreport farmworkers' earnings to the Social Security Administration; (8) principal federal training programs for farmworkers cannot serve the current farmworker population due to insufficient funds; and (9) comprehensive, reliable data on farmworkers were unavailable or inconsistent, making it difficult to evaluate living and working conditions or to determine the best course of action to take to improve quality of life.
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Intellectual Property:
CBP Has Taken Steps to Combat Counterfeit Goods in Small Packages but Could Streamline Enforcement
GAO-20-692: Published: Sep 24, 2020. Publicly Released: Oct 26, 2020.
Federal Criminal Restitution:
Department of Justice Has Ongoing Efforts to Improve Its Oversight of the Collection of Restitution and Tracking the Use of Forfeited Assets
GAO-20-676R: Published: Sep 30, 2020. Publicly Released: Sep 30, 2020.
Federal Tactical Teams:
Characteristics, Training, Deployments, and Inventory
VA Police:
Actions Needed to Improve Data Completeness and Accuracy on Use of Force Incidents at Medical Centers
Anti-Money Laundering:
FinCEN Should Enhance Procedures for Implementing and Evaluating Geographic Targeting Orders
GAO-20-546: Published: Jul 14, 2020. Publicly Released: Aug 13, 2020.
Federal Prison Industries:
Actions Needed to Evaluate Program Effectiveness
GAO-20-505: Published: Jul 29, 2020. Publicly Released: Jul 29, 2020.
Gun Control:
DOJ Can Further Improve Guidance on Federal Firearm Background Check Records
GAO-20-528: Published: Jul 8, 2020. Publicly Released: Jul 8, 2020.
Federal Prisons:
Additional Analysis Needed to Determine Whether to Issue Pepper Spray to Minimum Security Prisons
GAO-20-342: Published: Jun 22, 2020. Publicly Released: Jun 22, 2020.
Bureau of Prisons:
Improved Planning Would Help BOP Evaluate and Manage Its Portfolio of Drug Education and Treatment Programs
GAO-20-423: Published: May 26, 2020. Publicly Released: May 26, 2020.
Forensic Technology:
Algorithms Used in Federal Law Enforcement
GAO-20-479SP: Published: May 12, 2020. Publicly Released: May 12, 2020.
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Border Security and Immigration
Children's Health and Safety
Elections and Campaign Finance
Federal Grants to State and Local Governments
Federal Prison System
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I have always been so thankful that I have the husband that I have. He truly is remarkable. He loves Jesus with all his heart, and he loves me second to that with all his heart. He's grown to be a great daddy, and when it comes to our marriage of 3.5 years, approaching 4, he's been what has kept us seeking Jesus during the rougher times.
We got married and I still had one semester left of college. We couldn't wait to get married any longer. After I went through the entire ordeal with all my surgeries, and realized that if this guy had stuck with me through ALL OF THAT mess, then I was sure that he was the man that would stick by my side in whatever life brought.
We decided shortly after I got out of the hospital that we were going to get married, but that was AFTER I tried breaking it off with Hart.
I was really confused. I had no idea what had just happened to my life. It felt like it had shattered into a million pieces. The fun college student life was no more. And I began to question everything, even the man that stood beside me after only dating for one month. I didn't know what God was doing, and I didn't like it one bit.
Thankfully, Hart had the good sense (and reasoning) to just listen to me during that rocky time, and it wasn't without a "look, I know you are the girl for me, you may not feel it right now, but I know that we are supposed to be together" and a "i've stuck by your side through all of this, are you now going to leave ME?"
We were engaged 1 year later, after finishing my 2nd and 3rd final surgery.
We would have been married MUCH faster, but there were life steps that had to be put in order, and I had SO.MUCH.SCHOOL to finish, being "thrown out" of college for a year.
We were cute newlyweds, with a a new house, living life, and it was fun figuring out life together.
We were finally ONE in Christ. We founded our marriage on the Rock of our Salvation, and that has carried us through each and every trial that has come thus far in ways that can only give you strength when faced together.
It didn't take long for us to have a baby. A fur baby, that is.
Six months after the fur baby. A real baby surprised us. Not kidding. So, really, it didn't take long for us to have REAL baby. It was a complete and utter surprise. We got pregnant on our 1 year anniversary of marriage!
I had just started teaching 4th grade at a private school and was really enjoying it. That was short lived. We both wanted me to stay home. Our baby would be born right after the next school year began in September.
That 2nd year was really fun, preparing for baby. We went to Hawaii that summer, because Hart's parents took us to celebrate their 30th wedding anniversary, and wanted their kids to join in the celebrating! My sister-in-law and I were both pregnant, just 5 weeks apart! Our babies were born exactly 2 weeks apart to the day.
Having Micaiah brought a closeness to our marriage that we didn't know could exist. It didn't make sense to have a baby so soon "according the the world", but we realized the joy that children bring. That remarkable blessing that they are. It was undeniable and has remained the same.
I would say this 3rd year of marriage has been the toughest of all 3, but once again, we find ourselves clinging to our Savior to carry us through it.
What can I say... he likes to "dip" me.
Hart is my sweet husband, my joy in this life. Times may get tough around us, but there's a trust, and strength, and intimacy that we have together that through Christ will last until death do us part. Being married is not something that will ever be traded. I love him, always, and I wanted to share that journey and joy with you. Show you, my love for a quiet man, that loves me so passionately, and deeply, and the one that gives me strength to be the creative woman you see through this site.


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Subliminal stimuli
(Redirected from Subliminal messages)
Sensory stimuli below an individual's threshold for conscious perception
Subliminal stimuli (/sʌbˈlɪmɪnəl/; the prefix sub- literally means "below" or "less than")[1] are any sensory stimuli below an individual's threshold for conscious perception, in contrast to supraliminal stimuli (above threshold).[2] A 2012 review of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies showed that subliminal stimuli activate specific regions of the brain despite participants' unawareness.[3] Visual stimuli may be quickly flashed before an individual can process them, or flashed and then masked to interrupt processing. Audio stimuli may be played below audible volumes or masked by other stimuli.
1 Effectiveness
2.1 Objective threshold
2.2 Subjective threshold
2.3 Direct and indirect measures
3 Visual stimuli
3.2 Emotion eliciting stimuli
3.3 Simple geometric stimuli
3.4 Word and non-word stimuli
3.5 Masking visual stimuli
4 Auditory stimuli
4.1 Auditory masking
4.2 Self-help audio recordings
5 Consumption and television
6 Studies on advertising with subliminal stimuli in still images
Effectiveness[edit]
Applications of subliminal stimuli are often based on the persuasiveness of a message. Research on action priming has shown that subliminal stimuli can only trigger actions a receiver of the message plans to perform anyway. However, consensus of subliminal messaging remains unsubstantiated by other research. Most actions can be triggered subliminally only if the person is already prepared to perform a specific action.[4]
The context that the stimulus is presented in affects their effectiveness.[5] For example, if the target is thirsty then a subliminal stimulus for a drink is likely to influence the target to purchase that drink if it is readily available.[5] The stimuli can also influence the target to choose the primed option over other habitually chosen options.[5] If the subliminal stimuli are for a product that is not quickly accessible or if there is no need for it within a specific context then the stimuli will have little to no effect.[5] Subliminal priming can direct people's actions even when they believe they are making free choices.[4] When primed to push a button with their off-hand, people will use that hand even if they are given a free choice between using their off-hand and their dominant hand.[4] However, a meta analysis of many strong articles displaying effectiveness of subliminal messaging revealed its effects on actual consumer purchasing choices between two alternatives are not statistically significant;[6] subliminal messaging is only effective in very specific contexts.[4][5][6]
Method[edit]
In subliminal stimuli research, the threshold is the level at which the participant is not aware of the stimulus being presented.[7] Researchers determine a threshold for the stimulus that is used as the subliminal stimulus. That stimulus is then presented during the study at some point and measures are taken to determine the effects of the stimulus. The way in which studies operationally define thresholds depends on the methods of the particular article. The methodology of the research also varies by the type of subliminal stimulus (auditory or visual) and the dependent variables they measure.
Objective threshold[edit]
The objective threshold is found using a forced-choice procedure, in which participants must choose which stimulus they saw from options given to them.[7] For example, participants are flashed a stimulus (like the word orange) and then given a few choices and asked which one they saw. Participants must choose an answer in this design. The objective threshold is obtained when participants are at the chance level of performance[definition needed] in this task.[7] The length of presentation that causes chance performance on the forced-choice task is used later in the study for the subliminal stimuli.
Subjective threshold[edit]
The subjective threshold is determined when the participant reports that their performance on the forced-choice procedure approximates chance. The subjective threshold is 30 to 50 ms slower than the objective threshold, demonstrating that participants' ability to detect the stimuli is earlier than their perceived accuracy ratings would indicate; that is, stimuli presented at a subjective threshold have a longer presentation time than those presented at an objective threshold. When using the objective threshold, priming stimuli neither facilitated nor inhibited the recognition of a color. However, the longer the duration of the priming stimulus, the greater effect it had on subsequent responding. These findings indicate that the results of some studies may be due to their definition of below threshold.[7]
Direct and indirect measures[edit]
Perception without awareness can be demonstrated through the comparison of direct and indirect measures of perception.[8] Direct measures use responses to task definitions in accordance to the explicit instructions given to the subjects, while indirect measures use responses that are not a part of the task definition given to subjects.[8] Both direct and indirect measures are displayed under comparable conditions except for the direct or indirect instruction. For example, in a typical Stroop test, subjects are asked to name the color of a patch of ink. A direct measure is accuracy—true to the instructions given to the participants. The popular indirect measure used in the same task is response time—subjects are not told that they are being measured for response times.
Similarly, a direct effect is the effect of a task stimulus on the instructed response to it, and is usually measured as accuracy. An indirect effect is an uninstructed effect of the task stimulus on behavior, sometimes measured by including an irrelevant or distracting component in the task stimulus and measuring its effect on accuracy.[9] These effects are then compared on their relative sensitivity: an indirect effect that is greater than a direct effect indicates that unconscious cognition exists.[8][9]
Visual stimuli[edit]
In order to study the effects of subliminal stimuli, researchers often prime participants with specific visual stimuli, and determine if those stimuli elicit different responses.[10][11] Subliminal stimuli have mostly been studied in the context of emotion; in particular, researchers have focused a lot of attention to the face perception and how subliminal presentation to different facial expression affects emotion.[12][13][14][15] Visual subliminal stimuli have also been used to study emotion eliciting stimuli and simple geometric stimuli.[16][17][18][19] A significant amount of research has been produced throughout the years to demonstrate the effects of subliminal visual stimuli.[20]
Attitudes can develop without being aware of their antecedents[definition needed].[10] Individuals viewed slides of people performing familiar daily activities after being exposed to either an emotionally positive scene, such as a romantic couple or kittens, or an emotionally negative scene, such as a werewolf or a dead body between each slide and the next. After exposure from something which the individuals consciously perceived as a flash of light, the participants exhibited more positive personality traits to those people whose slides were associated with an emotionally positive scene and vice versa. Despite the statistical difference, the subliminal messages had less of an impact on judgment than the slide's inherent level of physical attractiveness.[10][21]
Individuals show right amygdala activity in response to subliminal fear, and a greater left amygdala response to supraliminal fear.[11] In a 2005 study, participants were exposed to a subliminal image flashed for 16.7 milliseconds that could signal a potential threat and again with a supraliminal image flashed for half a second. Furthermore, supraliminal fear showed more sustained cortical activity, suggesting that subliminal fear may not entail conscious surveillance while supraliminal fear entails higher-order processing.[11]
Emotion eliciting stimuli[edit]
A subliminal sexual stimulus has a different effect on men compared to women. In a study by Omri Gilliath et al., men and women were subliminally exposed to either a sexual or a neutral picture, and their sexual arousal was recorded. Researchers examined the accessibility of sex-related thoughts after following the same procedure with either a pictorial judgment task or lexical decision task. The results revealed that the subliminal sexual stimuli did not have an effect on men, but for women, lower levels of sexual arousal were reported. However, in conditions related to accessibility of sex-related thoughts, the subliminal sexual stimuli led to higher accessibility for both men and women.[16]
Subliminal stimuli can elicit significant emotional changes, but these changes are not valuable for a therapeutic effect.[17] Spider-fearful and non-fearful undergraduates experienced either a positive, negative, or neutral subliminal priming stimulus followed immediately by a picture of a spider or a snake. Using visual analogue scales, the participants rated the affective quality of the picture. No evidence was found to support that the unpleasantness of the pictures can be modulated by subliminal priming.[17] Non-fearful participants rated the spiders as being more frightening after being primed with a negative stimulus, but the event was not found in fearful participants.[17]
Simple geometric stimuli[edit]
Laboratory research on unconscious perception often employs simple stimuli (e.g., geometric shapes or colors) in which visibility is controlled by visual masking.[18] Masked stimuli are then used to prime the processing of subsequently presented target stimuli. For instance, in the response priming paradigm, participants have to respond to a target stimulus (e.g. by identifying whether it is a diamond or a square) which is immediately preceded by a masked priming stimulus (also a diamond or a square). The prime has large effects on responses to the target: it speeds responses when it is consistent with the target, and slows responses when it is inconsistent. Response priming effects can be dissociated from visual awareness of the prime, such as when prime identification performance is at chance, or when priming effects increase despite decreases in prime visibility.[18]
The presentation of geometric figures as subliminal stimuli can result in below threshold discriminations.[19] The geometric figures were presented on slides of a tachistoscope followed by a supraliminal shock for a given slide every time it appeared. The shock was administered after a five-second interval. Electrical skin changes of the participants that occurred before the reinforcement (shock) or non-reinforcement were recorded. The findings indicate that the proportion of electrical skin changes that occurred following subliminal visual stimuli was significantly greater than expected, while the proportion of electrical skin changes that occurred in response to the stimuli which were not reinforced was significantly less. As a whole, participants were able to make below threshold discriminations.[19]
Word and non-word stimuli[edit]
Another form of visual stimuli is words and non-words. In a set of experiments, words and non-words were used as subliminal primes. Priming stimuli that work best as subliminal stimuli are words that have been classified several times before they are used to prime. Word primes can also be made from parts of practiced words to create new words. In this case, the actual word used to prime can have the opposite meaning of the words it came from (its "parents"), but it will still prime for the meaning of the parent words. Non-words created from previously practiced stimuli have a similar effect, even when they are unpronounceable (e.g. made of all consonants). These primes generally only increase response times for later stimuli for a very short period of time (milliseconds).[22]
Masking visual stimuli[edit]
Visual stimuli are often masked by forward and backward masks so that they can be displayed for longer periods of time without the subject being able to recognize the priming stimuli. A forward mask is briefly displayed before the priming stimulus and a backward mask usually follows it to prevent the subject from recognizing the stimulus.[23]
Auditory stimuli[edit]
Auditory masking[edit]
One method for creating subliminal auditory stimuli is masking, which involves hiding the target auditory stimulus in some way. Auditory subliminal stimuli are shown to have some effect on the participant, but not a large one.[23] For example, one study used other speechlike sounds to cover up the target words, and it found evidence of priming in the absence of awareness of the stimuli. The effects of these subliminal stimuli were only seen in one of the outcome measures of priming, while the effects of conscious stimuli were seen in multiple outcome measures.[23] However, the empirical evidence for the assumption of an impact of auditory subliminal stimuli on human behavior remains weak; in an experimental study on the influence of subliminal target words (embedded into a music track) on choice behavior for a drink,[24] authors found no evidence for a manipulative effect.
Self-help audio recordings[edit]
A study investigated the effects on self-concept of rational emotive behavior therapy and auditory subliminal stimulation (separately and in combination) on 141 undergraduate students with self-concept problems. They were randomly assigned to one of four groups receiving either rational-emotive therapy, subliminal stimulation, both, or a placebo treatment. Rational-emotive therapy significantly improved scores on all dependent measures (cognition, self-concept, self-esteem, anxiety) except behavior. Results for the subliminal stimulation group were similar to those of the placebo treatment except for a significant self-concept improvement and a decline in self-concept-related irrational cognitions. The combined treatment yielded results similar to those of rational-emotive therapy, with tentative indications of continued improvement in irrational cognitions and self-concept from posttest to follow-up.[25]
Consumption and television[edit]
Some studies looked at the efficacy of subliminal messaging in television. Subliminal messages produce only one-tenth of the effects of detected messages and the findings related to the effects of subliminal messaging were relatively ambiguous.[26] Participants' ratings of positive responses to commercials were not affected by subliminal messages in the commercials.[26]
Johan Karremans suggests that subliminal messages have an effect when the messages are goal-relevant.[27] In a study, researchers made half of the 105 volunteers feel thirsty by giving them food with lots of salt before performing the experiment. At the end, as predicted, they found that the subliminal message had succeeded among the thirsty. 80% of them chose "Lipton Ice" versus the 20% of the control group that were not exposed to the message. However, those who were not thirsty did not choose the drink in question, despite the subliminal message. The experiment showed that in certain circumstances subliminal advertising worked.[28][27]
Karremans did a study assessing whether subliminal priming of a brand name of a drink would affect a person's choice of drink, and if this effect was caused by the individual's feelings of being thirsty.[27] In another study, participant's ratings of thirst were higher after viewing an episode of The Simpsons that contained single frames of the word thirsty or of a picture of a Coca-Cola can.[29] Some studies showed greater effects of subliminal messaging with as high as 80% of participants showing a preference for a particular rum when subliminally primed by the name placed in an ad backward.[30] Martin Gardner, however, criticizes claims, such as those by Wilson Bryan Key, by pointing out that "recent studies" serving as the basis for his claims were not identified by place or experimenter. He also suggests that claims about subliminal images are due to the "tendency of chaotic shapes to form patterns vaguely resembling familiar things".[31] In 2009, the American Psychological Association defended that subliminal stimuli are subordinated to previously structured associative stimuli and that their only role is to reinforce a certain behavior or a certain previous attitude, without there being conclusive evidence that the stimulus that provokes these behaviors is properly subliminal.[32]
Currently, there is still speculation about this effect. Many authors have continued to argue for the effectiveness of subliminal cues in changing consumption behavior, citing environmental cues as a main culprit of behavior change.[33] Authors who support this line of reasoning cite findings such as Ronald Millman's research that showed slow-paced music in a supermarket was associated with more sales and customers moving at a slower pace.[34] Findings such as these support the notion that external cues can affect behavior, although the stimulus may not fit into a strict definition of subliminal stimuli because although the music may not be attended to or consciously affecting the customers, they are certainly able to perceive it.
Subliminal messaging is prohibited in advertising in the United Kingdom.[35]
Studies on advertising with subliminal stimuli in still images[edit]
Among the researchers in favor of subliminal stimuli is Wilson Bryan Key.[36] One of Key's most cited studies is a whisky ad in which he found several hidden figures in ice cubes.[37] However, for other researchers Key is someone with a sexual fixation.[38]
Luís Bassat suggests an interesting observation by indicating that the current objective of advertising is "to get the consumer to take into account the brand when making the decision",[39] a trend opposed to the objective of subliminal advertising. In turn, Fernando Ocaña showed that the essential thing in the field of media planning is to obtain the greatest possible memory, which implies a conscious perception and not an unconscious one as it should be the case.
Instances of subliminal messages
Subliminal messages in popular culture
Neuroethics
Peripheral vision horizon display (PVHD)
Pre-attentive processing
Priming (psychology)
Response priming
Unconscious thought theory § Criticism of UTT
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^ Lee, Su Young; Kang, Jee In; Lee, Eun; Namkoong, Kee; An, Suk Kyoon (February 2011). "Differential priming effect for subliminal fear and disgust facial expressions". Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics. 2. 73 (2): 473–481. doi:10.3758/s13414-010-0032-3. PMID 21264732.
^ Ibáñez, Agustin; Hurtado, Esteban; Lobos, Alejandro; Escobar, Josefina; Trujillo, Natalia; Baez, Sandra; Huepe, David; Manes, Facundo; Decety, Jean (29 June 2011). "Subliminal presentation of other faces (but not own face) primes behavioral and evoked cortical processing of empathy for pain". Brain Research. 1398: 72–85. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2011.05.014. PMID 21624566. S2CID 20717144.
^ Yang, Zixu; Tong, Eddie M. W. (2010). "The Effects of Subliminal Anger and Sadness Primes on Agency Appraisals". Emotion. 10 (6): 915–922. doi:10.1037/a0020306. PMID 21058845.
^ a b Gillath, Omri; Mikulincer, Mario; Birnbaum, Gurit E.; Shaver, Phillip R. (May 2007). "Does subliminal exposure to sexual stimuli have the same effects on men women?" (PDF). Journal of Sex Research. 2. 44 (2): 111–121. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.581.7310. doi:10.1080/00224490701263579. PMID 17599269. S2CID 38357734.
^ a b c d Mayer, Birgit; Merckelbach, Harald (10 December 1998). "Do subliminal priming effects on emotion have clinical potential?". Anxiety, Stress, & Coping. 12 (2): 217–229. doi:10.1080/10615809908248330.
^ a b c Vorberg, D.; Mattler, U.; Heinecke, A.; Schmidt, T.; Schwarzbach, J. (2003). "Different time courses for visual perception and action priming". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 100 (10): 6275–6280. doi:10.1073/pnas.0931489100. PMC 156362. PMID 12719543.
^ a b c Taylor, Frank W. R. (March 1953). "The discrimination of subliminal visual stimuli". Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology. 1. 7 (1): 12–20. doi:10.1037/h0083570. PMID 13032835.
^ Kouider, S; Dehaene, S (May 2007). "Levels of processing during non-conscious perception: a critical review of visual masking". Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 362 (1481): 857–75. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2093. PMC 2430002. PMID 17403642.
^ www.monyms.ir
^ Abrams, R. L.; Greenwald, A. G. (2000). "Parts outweigh the whole (word) in unconscious analysis of meaning". Psychological Science. 11 (2): 118–124. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.79.8405. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00226. PMID 11273418. S2CID 6563451.
^ a b c Breitmeyer, B.G.; Ogmen, H. (2007). "Visual Masking". Scholarpedia. 2 (7): 3330. doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.3330.
^ Egermann, Hauke; Kopiez, Reinhard; Reuter, Christoph (2007). "Is there an effect of subliminal messages in music on choice behavior?". Journal of Articles in Support of the Null Hypothesis. 4 (2): 29–64.
^ Comparison of the effects of auditory subliminal stimulation and rational-emotive therapy, separately and combined, on self-concept. Möller AT, Kotzé HF, Sieberhagen KJ. Department of Psychology, University of Stellenbosch, RSA.
^ a b Smith, Kirk H.; Rogers, Martha (1994). "Effectiveness of subliminal messages in television commercials: Two experiments". Journal of Applied Psychology. 79 (6): 866–874. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.79.6.866.
^ a b c Karremans, Johan C.; Stroebe, Wolfgang; Claus, Jasper (2006-11-01). "Beyond Vicary's fantasies: The impact of subliminal priming and brand choice". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 42 (6): 792–798. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.12.002. ISSN 0022-1031.
^ Motluk, Alison. "Subliminal advertising may work after all". New Scientist. Retrieved 2020-11-02.
^ Cooper, Joel; Cooper, Grant (2002). "Subliminal motivation: A story revisited". Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 32 (11): 2213–2227. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb01860.x.
^ Key, W.B. (1973), Subliminal seduction: Ad media's manipulation of a not so innocent America, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, ISBN 978-0-13-859090-1
^ Radford, Benjamin (September–October 2019). "Subliminal Advertising, Trumpian and Otherwise". Skeptical Inquirer. Vol. 43, no. 5. Center for Inquiry. pp. 28–29.
^ "Los mensajes subliminales sí funcionan". BBC Mundo. Londres: BBC. 28 September 2009. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
^ Dijksterhuis, Ap; Smith, Pamela K.; van Baaren, Rick B.; Wigboldus, Daniel H.J. (2005). "The unconscious consumer: Effects of environment on consumer behavior". Journal of Consumer Psychology. 15 (3): 193–202. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.167.6867. doi:10.1207/s15327663jcp1503_3.
^ Milliman, Ronald E. (1982). "Using Background Music to Affect the Behavior of Supermarket Shoppers". Journal of Marketing. 46 (3): 86–91. doi:10.2307/1251706. JSTOR 1251706.
^ "Section 3. Misleading-advertising". BCAP Code. Committees on Advertising Practice (CAP). 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2014. "No advertisement may use images of very brief duration, or any other technique that is likely to influence consumers, without their being fully aware of what has been done."
^ Chen, Adam. Expert discusses the effects of subliminal advertising
^ Johns, Craig M. Wilson Bryan Key is insane!
^ Adams, Cecil. Are subliminal messages secretly embedded in advertisements?
^ Bassat, Luís, Libro rojo de la publicidad, Editorial Planeta, Barcelona, 2003
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subliminal_stimuli&oldid=1066925305"
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2021


text:
The biggest misconception about content delivery networks
By Dave Andrews, Chief Architect
Massive enterprises and small businesses alike work with content delivery networks (CDNs). Despite the wide breadth of companies interacting in the space, customers have many misconceptions about CDNs. The biggest one is that we merely handle web caching or store documents such as HTML pages, images, and videos. This couldn't be further from the truth. In reality, the tasks handled by a CDN are much more complex, nuanced, and dynamic.
The fact is, the internet in its natural state, is broken. For example, in developing countries, any number of infrastructure issues, such as unreliable power sources, or improperly protected network cabling, can cause an outage at any time. Around the world, many entities run old server technologies that work at snail speed and aren't capable of delivering quickly or running higher-level applications, such as security and edge compute.
Our CDN professionals work extremely hard to manage around infrastructure and technology failures and human errors so that our customers won't have to. We have years of monitoring, alerting, and operational procedures in place to notify us immediately when problems occur. Whenever we observe a new type of problem, we add new monitoring metrics, alerting thresholds, and operational response procedures, which are often fully automated, to deal with the issue going forward. This isn't a trivial amount of work when you consider we're running a CDN covering six continents.
Allowing customers more freedom on a complex platform
Imagine having thousands upon thousands of active customers and over 30 independent development teams deploying new features, optimizations, or making configuration changes that all interact in some way on the network. That's how things are at Verizon Digital Media Services, and as you might suspect, ensuring people and technology work seamlessly together, is tricky.
We continually invest in tools that ensure the actions noted above are made safely, enabling everyone on our team to make changes without negatively impacting the system. And we're continually improving our tools' supporting systems to increase the performance, safety, and reliability of our customers' delivery traffic. For example, we've built security systems from the ground up that do not slow performance for legitimate users. We're also in the midst of productizing a subset of these systems, which we are calling EdgeControl. This will provide a new paradigm for managing your CDN configuration, one that adheres strictly to the principle of least astonishment for DevOps, which will allow for total control via simple and powerful APIs that provide integrated testing, fast and controlled deployments, and real-time analytics. EdgeControl allows our customers more visibility and control over their configuration than ever before. It's an opt-in product, meaning that our customers will be able to choose whether to use it. We expect the enhanced control will enable and encourage a rigorous operational stance in our customers, where issues are caught early and resolved quickly, to keep their content delivery smooth.
Giving customers the ability to make changes with EdgeControl doesn't mean that we'll no longer be working behind the scenes to ensure our network is running at its best. Our internal team works around the clock to go beyond simple "does-it-work?" configuration settings to ensure our customers extract the most value and performance from the network. In most cases, we're able to solve any network issue before it impacts our customers, meaning they never have to think about the ongoing complexities of keeping the entire system running smoothly.
To further improve performance and reliability, we've collected a tremendous amount of feedback from our professional services team and integrated a lot of it into these new systems to ensure we have compelling products (and future products!) that allow customer control over how they use the system and to see the impact of their use.
Defending customers in our network from DDoS attacks
Although we're empowering users to get more visibility and have more control, there's still a lot they don't know about what happens behind the curtain. One example is our sophisticated DDoS detection and alerting system that shows when and where DDoS attacks are happening and their attack profile. The biggest reasons we don't bring this up often is because we don't want to give attackers insight into the impact they might have on the system, where their attacks are landing, and how much capacity they might be absorbing.
So yes, while we strive to create products and systems that offer our customers transparency and visibility, we also create clandestine "silent systems" to keep attackers in the dark.
Speaking of "silent" systems, we also keep relatively quiet about the various components of network infrastructure within our company. The internet is, in many ways, like a power grid in that everyone expects it to work without ever knowing exactly how it works. How many times a day do you think about how electrons flow from a power station to your house? Probably not very often. The same goes for the internet. It's not the job of our customers to worry about how the internet works, it's our job and that of our vendors and providers.
Despite CDNs being viewed as simple web caching networks, there's far more to them than meets the eye – even if you can't see it. The work we do and will continue to do helps keep a growing percentage of the internet up and running at peak performance.
And while we're constantly developing new ways to involve customers in the running of their system and enable them to get even more benefit from our global network, customers can be assured that we're always working behind the scenes to make our CDN perform better and safer for them.


Existing three-dimensional (3-D) geologic systems are well adapted to high data-density environments, such as at the mine scale where abundant drill core exists, or in basins where 3-D seismic provides stratigraphie constraints but are poorly adapted to regional geologic problems. There are three areas where improvements in the 3-D workflow need to be made: (1) the handling of uncertainty, (2) the model-building algorithms themselves, and (3) the interface with geophysical inversion.
All 3-D models are underconstrained, and at the regional scale this is especially critical for choosing modeling strategies. The practice of only producing a single model ignores the huge uncertainties that underlie model-building processes, and underpins the difficulty in providing meaningful information to end-users about the inherent risk involved in applying the model to solve geologic problems. Future studies need to recognize this and focus on the characterization of model uncertainty, spatially and in terms of geologic features, and produce plausible model suites, rather than single models with unknown validity.
The most promising systems for understanding uncertainty use implicit algorithms because they allow the inclusion of some geologic knowledge, for example, age relationships of faults and onlap-offlap relationships. Unfortunately, existing implicit algorithms belie their origins as basin or mine modeling systems because they lack inclusion of normal structural criteria, such as cleavages, lineations, and recognition of polydeformation, all of which are primary tools for the field geologist that is making geologic maps in structurally complex areas. One area of future research will be to establish generalized structural geologic rules that can be built into the modeling process.
Finally, and this probably represents the biggest challenge, there is the need for geologic meaning to be maintained during the model-building processes. Current data flows consist of the construction of complex 3-D geologic models that incorporate geologic and geophysical data as well as the prior experience of the modeler, via their interpretation choices. These inputs are used to create a geometric model, which is then transformed into a petrophysical model prior to geophysical inversion. All of the underlying geologic rules are then ignored during the geophysical inversion process. Examples exist that demonstrate that the loss of geologic meaning between geologic and geophysical modeling can be at least partially overcome by increased use of uncertainty characteristics in the workflow.
Earth's near-surface mineralogy has diversified over more than 4.5 b.y. from no more than a dozen preplanetary refractory mineral species (what have been referred to as "ur-minerals" by Hazen et al., 2008) to ~5,000 species (based on the list of minerals approved by the International Mineralogical Association; http://rruff.info/ima). This dramatic diversification is a consequence of three principal physical, chemical, and biological processes: (1) element selection and concentration (primarily through planetary differentiation and fluidrock interactions); (2) an expanded range of mineral-forming environments (including temperature, pressure, redox, and activities of volatile species); and (3) the influence of the biosphere. Earth's history can be divided into three eras and ten stages of "mineral evolution" (Table 1; Hazen et al., 2008), each of which has seen significant changes in the planet's near-surface mineralogy, including increases in the number of mineral species; shifts in the distribution of those species; systematic changes in major, minor, and trace element and isotopic compositions of minerals; and the appearance of new mineral grain sizes, textures, and/or morphologies. Initial treatments of mineral evolution, first in Russia (e.g., Zhabin, 1979; Yushkin, 1982) and subsequently in greater detail by our group (Hazen et al., 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013a, b; Hazen and Ferry, 2010; Hazen, 2013), focused on key events in Earth history. The 10 stages we suggested are Earth's accretion and differentiation (stages 1, 2, and 3), petrologic innovations (e.g., the stage 4 initiation of granite magmatism), modes of tectonism (stage 5 and the commencement of plate tectonics), biological transitions (origins of life, oxygenic photosynthesis, and the terrestrial biosphere in stages 6, 7, and 10, respectively), and associated environmental changes in oceans and atmosphere (stage 8 "intermediate ocean" and stage 9 "snowball/hothouse Earth" episodes). These 10 stages of mineral evolution provide a useful conceptual framework for considering Earth's changing mineralogy through time, and episodes of metallization are often associated with specific stages of mineral evolution (Table 1). For example, the formation of complex pegmatites with Be, Li, Cs, and Sn mineralization could not have occurred prior to stage 4 granitization. Similarly, the appearance of large-scale volcanogenic sulfide deposits may postdate the initiation of modern-style subduction (stage 5). The origins and evolution of life also played central roles; for example, redox-mediated ore deposits of elements such as U, Mo, and Cu occurred only after the Great Oxidation Event (stage 7), and major Hg deposition is associated with the rise of the terrestrial biosphere (stage 10; Hazen et al., 2012).


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Communication Quest
Our Communication Quest helps you activate behaviors and techniques that contribute to effective communication and improved organizational results.
How the Quest Works
The Communication Quest is a chat-based, coaching-like experience that drives meaningful conversations, powerful ideas, and "a-ha!" moments around innovation. This approach enables the rapid, lasting adoption of innovative behaviors in your organization. We do this by:
Completions indicate that users have awareness and understanding of a topic.
Follow-Through
Positive activation checks show that users have followed through and taken specific actions.
Insights demonstrate that users have reflected on their experiences in a way that reinforces the desired mindsets.
'Likes' and comments tell us that a user's insights are positively impacting others in the group and are initiating social learning.
Individual and team performance are massively impacted by workplace communication. According to research by Salesforce, 86% of employees agree that ineffective communication is one of the leading reasons for workplace failure. Our Communication Quest activates employees to practice techniques that contribute to effective communication. The 10 challenges encourage participants to take concrete actions that lead to more effective communication and improved results.
Listen Actively
Effective communication starts with listening.
Use Your Body
Non-verbal communication such as facial expression, eye-contact, and hand gestures are like punctuation for your spoken message. Learn how to use them well!
Clarify and Summarize Your Understanding
You've heard what's been said, but do you truly understand? Letting the other person know that you've understood them, and asking clarifying questions when you haven't, lets them know that you're listening and allows them the opportunity to make themselves fully understood.
Be Friendly
Simple things like a friendly tone, a personal question, or even a smile can encourage others to engage with and open up to you.
Listen with an Open Mind
Often what's more important than getting your message across is listening to and understanding the other person's point of view.
Exude Confidence
Confidence can be the factor that convinces others of what you're saying, and that you'll follow through.
Read the Room
Not all communication styles will be appropriate for every audience and situation. Here's how you can identify the right style for the right time.
Be Clear and Succinct
Good communication means saying just enough. Here's how you can cut out the fluff.
Offer Feedback
Feedback is a vital part of communication that is often ignored because we're afraid to hurt the feelings of others. Here's a feedback model that you can use to provide feedback that is empathic and impactful.
Ask for Feedback
We all receive feedback – both positive and constructive – at some point. It's the way in which we receive it that defines us. Here we will show you how to use the feedback model to receive feedback effectively.
Do you have more than 500 users in your organization? Book a call with us to create a custom package that works for you.
Is a 10-day program really effective?
Yes. Our quests drive the adoption of new behaviors and habits, and the best way to do this is by giving people the opportunity to practice and repeat.
We do this in the form of a 10-day Quest. Each day, for the duration of the Quest, a participant accepts a bite-sized challenge. The challenge will introduce an offline activity to complete between online sessions. Once complete, a user will then come back and reflect on the experience of trying new behaviors. Reflecting on our experiences drives behavior change in a short time.
How do you know the program is working?
Designated administrators will have access to the "Manage" section of Cognician, which is our reporting dashboard.
The "Manage" section gives administrators a collection of helpful information about participants and their activities on the platform. For example, every time someone uses a cog (short for "coaching guide", which is what we call a learning module at Cognician), the system logs their actions so that administrators can view the learner's journey, how many cogs have been completed, and where the team seems to be struggling.
Administrators can monitor general participant progress and export CSV documents that contain cog completion data and even the insights shared by the users.
Do you have other programs besides the Communication Quest?
Yes. We have a variety of Quests available, tailored to help you activate behavior change when it matters.
Is my user information/data confidential?
Yes. Cognician adheres to a data privacy model whereby privacy protections overlay most existing security protection mechanisms and the focus and investment is applied across People, Processes, and Technology.
Is my company's information safe?
Yes. Cognician is trusted by global management consultancies and their clients, based on the team's practice of privacy and security by design. The team's main security objective is to continually assess and improve its ability to prevent, detect and respond to cyber incidents using a threat-based risk management approach, and treating cybersecurity as part of its integrated risk management processes.
Is there customer support?
Yes. We provide 24hr support for users. You can email support@cognician.com with any queries. Alternatively, when you are on the platform, click or tap on the chat icon on the bottom right page and the support team will assist you.
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Churches of the Pskov School of Architecture Oficjalna strona obiektu http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1523
Data wpisania
Churches, cathedrals, monasteries, fortification towers and administrative buildings make up the site, a group of monuments located in the historic city of Pskov, on the banks of the Velikaya River in the northwest of Russia. Characteristics of these buildings, produced by the Pskov School of Architecture, include cubic volumes, domes, porches and belfries, with the oldest elements dating back to the 12th century. Churches and cathedrals are integrated into the natural environment through gardens, perimeter walls and fences. Inspired by the Byzantine and Novgorod traditions, the Pskov School of Architecture reached its peak in the 15th and 16th centuries, and was one of the foremost schools in the country. It informed the evolution of Russian architecture over five centuries.
https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1523


HipCityVeg's Chick'n Burger, available at the restaurant's D.C. location.
The rise of sustainable fast casual restaurants are paving the way in a high-waste industry through composting, recycling and sourcing initiatives.
Most fast casual eateries aim to bring tasty, customizable and often healthier food to people in a way that's faster and more affordable compared to a regular dine-in restaurant. With the District being the birthplace of some of the nation's biggest fast casual food chains—think Cava, Sweetgreen and District Taco—there's no doubt that the fast casual food scene is booming.
To accommodate high customer volume and demand for take out items, many fast casual restaurants use disposable containers and accumulate extraordinary amounts of waste. In recent years, a growing consumer demand for social and environmental responsibility has led some companies to commit to a new model: sustainable fast casual. Here are some spots around town that have committed to sustainability.
From its ingredients, to its waste management, to the restaurant space itself, HipCityVeg is committed to sustainability. The Philadelphia-based chain is dedicated to sourcing local ingredients when possible, and all of its food packaging is made from corn, which makes it entirely compostable. At the end of the day, the restaurant takes its food scraps and composts what it can and recycles what it can't. The restaurant's interior is designed with salvaged wood, recycled plastic and energy efficient lights and appliances. AU students can also receive 10 percent off their HipCityVeg order with their student IDs and mentioning the "fresh" discount.
From sourcing local ingredients to implementing 100 percent compostable items such as straws, bowls, forks and more, Sweetgreen is a leader in fast casual sustainability. The chain is committed to reducing its carbon footprint, with all of its 75 locations having compost services and pickup. The chain also diverts about 60 percent of its waste from landfills and composts 75 percent of its food scraps.
A Georgetown gem, Chaia is a "farm to taco" fast casual eatery known for its fresh, locally sourced veggie tacos. In addition to the restaurant's commitment to buying ingredients from local and sustainable sources, Chaia also has a "dedicated composting program to reduce its packaging impact." All of Chaia's packaging and serviceware are compostable and customers are asked to not bring any outside trash into the restaurant. Composting bins are placed by the doors for customers to toss their scraps on their way out.
Known for its unique restaurant designs, Instagrammable crinkle fries and delicious grass-fed hamburgers, Shake Shack is one of the fastest growing fast casual chains in the U.S. and internationally. Many may be surprised to learn the company is also committed to "stand for something good" in its ingredients, communities and through sustainability. Shake Shack establishments composts kitchen scraps when locally available, and all of the 215 Shake Shack's recycles all bottles and plastics. In fact, it collects and sorts 100 percent of bottles, cardboard, plastics and cooking oil to make sure no recyclables end up in landfills.
Shake Shack's paper disposables (like the ones fries and burgers are placed in) are made from eco-friendly Sustainable Forestry Initiative-certified paper and printed with soy ink (rather than chemical ink dyes). Plus, 1 percent of all SHACK2O water bottle proceeds "supports the Waterkeeper Alliance and the cleanup of water sources around the globe." Shake Shack also reuses its cooking oils to produce clean energy.
Little Sesame does fast casual a bit differently. The brainchild of two acclaimed chefs, the restaurant is committed to making authentic, bold Mediterranean flavors available at affordable prices. Although Little Sesame is a fast casual restaurant, it still encourages guests to eat in store by providing dining bowls and utensils. This works to "slow down" the fast casual eating experience, while also cutting down on packaging waste.
Little Sesame also sources local ingredients and supports "farmers doing things the right way." It is also launching an annual fellowship program to invest in expanding good agricultural practices. Several members on the panel that judge the fellowship applicants work in sustainable agriculture. Although Little Sesame does not have the breadth and scope of Sweetgreen or Shake Shack, they are just as committed to sustainability.
While these restaurants have made great efforts towards going green, they still depend on similar efforts from their customers. Many of these restaurants offer to-go items in compostable materials, and it will only be effective if they are placed in compost designated bins. If taking to-go, make sure you do your part and use the orange composting bins on campus to dispose of the containers.


Book Giveaway: Enter to win a selection of new UNC Press books in African-American History!
UNC Press is raffling off a selection of our newest books in African American History.
The winner will be selected randomly from all entries received. Winner will be selected at the Organization of American Historians Annual Meeting in Sacramento — April 14, 2018, at the UNC Press booth.
Click here for more info and to enter!
« Pamela Grundy: Resegregation: Where Do We Go from Here?


My oldest son Blake is my lucky charm. He's not perfect, and I can't pretend that we don't have our moments, but he is this really interesting little person who just grows more each day. Today he is seven years old.
I love all of my kids, of course, but something about Blake has just fascinated me ever since the day he was born. Before he was mobile enough to make this impossible, I used to spend hours just watching him.
I'm trying not to push Blake in any direction, but it's incredible to me to see the ways that he is so much like me. He loves to read. He loves monsters. He loves being able to tell jokes and make people laugh. He hates when things don't go according to plan. He wants to know how things work, and he is intrigued by gadgets and things that light up. He likes to be surrounded by people. He's already got a lanky body that is going to make most sports an interesting challenge for him. Ask him what he wants to do, and watching a movie will always be on the short list. The things that give him joy are the same things that give me joy, and that gives me an entirely new kind of joy.
Our kids are so, so happy at their new school, All Saints Episcopal. On October 14th, there was a special Grandparents Day chapel service, and Blake was one of a small handful of students who was selected to read something they'd written about their grandparents to the whole assembly. I apologize for the shakiness of the video, but I wanted to share it with you anyway.
We practiced and practiced this beforehand, and he was brimming with confidence. Then he got up there in front of that huge crowd, and had to be the first one to read, and you can tell that his nerves kicked in. He did such a great job, and I was so proud of him. Courtney and my mom were sitting on either side of me, and they were both bursting with pride, too. I was especially touched that he still talks about my dad in the present tense: "My Papa teaches me how to play chess."
Happy Birthday, Blake. I hope the year ahead is your best one yet. Maybe I'll help you set up your own blog to document it.
I couldn't agree more! He's an amazing kid, and I marveled at the similarities between you guys at Homecoming! Hope he had a great birthday! Kaden and Colin sometimes still talk about their Grandfather in present tense. It is nice :-).
You and your son make me smile!!
So wonderful! He is all grown up. It's hard to believe! Happy Birthday!
You really know how to make a Noni very happy!
here's a few more exclamation points for this comment. i'm not sure i've used enough yet... !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Thank you for sharing your heart! You are such an amazing dad & Blake is such an intelligent & entertaining young man! Happy birthday to him & your dad is smiling down extra big today!
A few weeks ago, he actually asked me if he would have curly hair like mine when he gets older. It's possible, because mine was straight as a board until junior high school. I told him that if he's lucky and eats his vegetables, it could happen.


If you are moving goods for the first time or relocating for the first time then it can get daunting to select the right packers and movers in pune city. The first question that comes to your mind is of reliability? Followed up with Will my goods reach safely, without any damage?
To make your journey smooth while selecting the right packers and movers in Pune, we have drafted a list of questions that will help you make the right choice.
Now that you are geared up with all the questions, its time to get to action and start speaking with movers and packers in Pune. Here is a list of packers and movers in Pune that will help you get started. All the best!


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In video game AI, a utility system, or utility AI, is a simple but effective way to model behaviors for non-player characters. Using numbers, formulas, and scores to rate the relative benefit of possible actions, one can assign utilities to each action. A behavior can then be selected based on which one scores the highest "utility" or by using those scores to seed the probability distribution for a weighted random selection. The result is that the character is selecting the "best" behavior for the given situation at the moment based on how those behaviors are defined mathematically.

Key concepts

The concept of utility has been around for centuries – primarily in mathematically dependent areas such as economics. However, it has also been used in psychology, sociology, and even biology. Because of this background and the inherent nature of needing to convert things to math for computer programming, it was something that came naturally as a way of designing and expressing behaviors for game characters.

Naturally, different AI architectures have their various pros and cons. One of the benefits of utility AI is that it is less "hand-authored" than many other types of game AI architectures. While behaviors in a utility system are often created individually (and by hand), the interactions and priorities between them are not inherently specified. For example, behavior trees (BTs) require the designer to specify priorities in sequence to check if something should be done. Only if that behavior (or tree branch) is NOT executed will the behavior tree system fall through to check the next one.

By comparison, behaviors in many utility systems sort themselves out by priority based on the scores generated by any mathematical modeling that defines every given behavior. Because of this, the developer isn't required to determine exactly where the new behavior "fits" in the overall scheme of what could be thousands of behavior "nodes" in a BT. Instead, the focus is on simply defining the specific reasons why the single behavior in question would be beneficial (i.e. its "utility"). The decision system then scores each behavior according to what is happening in the world at that moment and selects the best one. While some care must be taken to ensure that standards are being followed so that all behavior scoring is using the same or similar premises, the "heavy lifting" of determining how to process tens – or even hundreds – of different behaviors is offloaded from the designer and put into the execution of the system itself.

Background

Early use
Numbers and formulas and scores have been used for decades in games to define behavior. Even something as simple as a defining a set percentage chance for something to happen (e.g. 12% chance to perform Action X) was an early step into utility AI. Only in the early 21st century, however, has that method started to take on more of a formalized approach now referred to commonly as "utility AI".

Mathematical modeling of behavior

In The Sims (2000) an NPCs current "need" for something (e.g. rest, food, social activity) was combined with a score from an object or activity that could satisfy that same need. The combinations of these values gave a score to the action that told the Sim what it should do. This was one of the first visible uses of utility AI in a game. While the player didn't see the calculations themselves, they were made aware of the relative needs of the Sim and the varying degrees of satisfaction that objects in the game would provide. It was, in fact, the core gameplay mechanism.

In The Sims 3 (2009), Richard Evans used a modified version of the Boltzmann distribution to choose an action for a Sim, using a temperature that is low when the Sim is happy, and high when the Sim is doing badly to make it more likely that an action with a low utility is chosen. He also incorporated "personalities" into the Sims. This created a sort of 3-axis model — extending the numeric "needs" and "satisfaction values" to include preferences so that different NPCs might react differently from others in the same circumstances based on their internal wants and drives.

In his book, Behavioral Mathematics for Game AI, Dave Mark detailed how to mentally think of behavior in terms of math including such things as response curves (converting changing input variables to output variables). He and Kevin Dill went on to give many of the early lectures on utility theory at the AI Summit of the annual Game Developers Conference (GDC) in San Francisco including "Improving AI Decision Modeling Through Utility Theory" in 2010. and "Embracing the Dark Art of Mathematical Modeling in AI" in 2012. These lectures served to inject utility AI as a commonly-referred-to architecture alongside finite state machines (FSMs), behavior trees, and planners.

A "Utility System"

While the work of Richard Evans, and subsequent AI programmers on the Sims franchise such as David "Rez" Graham were heavily based on utility AI, Dave Mark and his co-worker from ArenaNet, Mike Lewis, went on to lecture at the AI Summit during the 2015 GDC about a full stand-alone architecture he had developed, the Infinite Axis Utility System (IAUS). The IAUS was designed to be a data-driven, self-contained architecture that, once hooked up to the inputs and outputs of the game system, did not require much programming support. In a way, this made it similar to behavior trees and planners where the reasoner (what makes the decisions) was fully established and it was left to the development team to add behaviors into the mix as they saw fit.

Utility with other architectures

Additionally, rather than a stand-alone architecture, other people have discussed and presented methods of incorporating utility calculations into existing architectures. Bill Merrill wrote a segment in the book, Game AI Pro, entitled "Building Utility Decisions into Your Existing Behavior Tree" with examples of how to re-purpose selectors in BTs to use utility-based math. This made for a powerful hybrid that kept much of the popular formal structure of behavior trees but allowed for some of the non-brittle advantages that utility offered.

Utility decision-making is relatively fast, in terms of real-time performance, compared to more computationally expensive planning approaches such as Monte Carlo tree search. This mainly stems from the fact that Utility System is reactive, i.e., chooses decision based on the present state. The planning approaches involve some kind of search that enables to consider various future scenarios at the expense of heavy computations.  However, both architectures can be combined. In a conference paper about AI in Tactical Troops: Anthracite Shift game, Utility System is responsible for high-level strategical decision making, whereas Monte Carlo Tree Search is responsible for deep tactical situations which require more exact planning.

See also
 Behavior Trees
 Video game AI

References

Game artificial intelligence

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
H.M.H.S. SIMLA
Researched & Copyright © Martin Edwards 2008
HMHS Simal started out as a P&O, passenger/cargo, ship built in 1894 and was eventually sunk by U-39 on the 2nd April 1916 off Gozo.
She was used to transport the Queens Own Cameron Highlanders from Cairo to East London South Africa, leaving Suez on the 3rd March 1900 and arriving off East London on 23rd March but unable to unload until 25th March, she had stopped of at Zanzibar on the 14th and at that location the ships boy had been lost overboard. On 23rd April 1902 she arrived at Durban from Delagoa Bay with 264 invalids on board in transit for England; she departed for England 27 April. During World War 1 she sailed as a transport from Devonport 12th July 1915 arriving at Mudros, India on 27-28 July 1915.
Last updated 15 August, 2008


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Cicer arietinum (Chickpea) is a rich source of natural protein.
Emblica officinalis (Amla) & Black Myrobalan are natural hair tonics that strengthen hair roots.


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Live cricket updates: Australia v India, fourth and final test, day one
By Richard Nagpe January 14, 2021 Sports 0 Comments
Australia's David Warner avoids a bouncer. Photo / AP
All the action from day one of the fourth and final test between Australia and India.
Australian captain Tim Paine has confirmed opening batsman Will Pucovski will not feature in the fourth test against India at the Gabba.
Pucovski sustained a shoulder injury during the New Year's test in Sydney, and has not recovered in time for the series decider in Brisbane.
After diving in the field on day five of the SCG test, Pucovski was rushed off the field and sent for scans.
He did not make an appearance at training on Wednesday, and was unable to partake in fielding drills with his teammates on Thursday morning.
Victorian teammate Marcus Harris will replace Pucovski in the starting XI, and will play his first Test match since the 2019 Ashes.
As a result, Australia will have used five different opening batsmen throughout the four-match series.
"Will Pucovski won't play. He's tried to train and didn't quite come up," Paine told reporters on Thursday.
"He'll have a bit of work to do with our medicos from here … Marcus Harris will replace him and I think there will be some discussions around Will's rehab.
"Harry's just a no-fuss very good player … He's been working his backside off for a while now, he's had huge numbers in Sheffield Shield cricket and deserves his opportunity."
Pucovski made his test debut at the SCG last week and proved his worth with a classy 62 in the first innings.
The young gun made headlines earlier this season by plundering consecutive double-centuries in the Sheffield Shield.
However, Pucovski was withdrawn from the first two tests of the Border-Gavaskar Trophy after copping a blow to the head during a warm-up match against India A at Drummoyne Oval in December.
It was the Victorian's ninth reported concussion in six years.
Pucovski has been on the verge of a test debut for two years, but concussion and mental health concerns have repeatedly stood in the way of a Baggy Green.
And one match into his test career, the luckless batsman is once again forced to bide his time on the sidelines.
Tags:Action, australia, between, cricket, final, fourth, from, India, Live, Test, updates
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