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How many valence electrons are in carbon?
Carbon (C) has 4 . This allows carbon atoms to make four covalent bonds.
You can determine the number of valence electrons in any atom of an element belonging to the representative elements (main group) by determining its electron configuration. The outermost (highest energy) s, or s and p orbitals will contain the valence electrons for an atom of an element belonging to the representative elements. The representative elements are the Group A elements, or Groups 1 and 2, and Groups 13 - 18, depending on the version of the periodic table you are using.
So, how do you determine the number of valence electrons for a carbon atom? First you need to know that in a neutral atom, the number of electrons equals the number of protons. The number of protons is the atomic number of an element. The atomic number of carbon (C) is 6. Therefore, a neutral carbon atom has 6 protons and 6 electrons. The electron configuration for carbon is ##1s^2####2s^2####2p^2##. The outermost s and p orbitals in the 2nd energy level contain 4 electrons, and these are the valence electrons for a carbon atom. Therefore, a neutral carbon atom has 4 valence electrons.
There is a short cut you can use to determine the number of valence electrons for an atom of a representative element just by looking at the periodic table, and that is the Group number. For the Group A designation system, the Group number is the number of valence electrons. For example, Group IA atoms have 1 valence electron, Group IIA atoms have 2 valence electrons, Group IIIA atoms have 3 valence electrons, and so on until Group VIIIA atoms, which have 8 valence electrons.
For periodic tables that number the groups on the periodic table consecutively from Group 1 to Group 18, Group 1 atoms have 1 valence electron, Group 2 atoms have 2 valence electrons, Group 13 atoms have 3 valence electrons, Group 14 atoms have 4 valence electrons, and so on until the Group 18 atoms, which have 8 valence electrons.
The transition and inner transition elements are not as simple as the representative elements, and I have not included them here.
Q: How does your calculated empirical formula (Mg3O2) of magnesium oxide compare with the known formula of magnesium oxide?
Q: Define solubility and write a note on its relation with temperature ?
Q: Calculate the molar concentration of 63.0 g of MgBr2 in 150.0 mL of solution?


[S65] 1920 United States Federal Census, online , Year: 1920; Census Place: Rochester Ward 6, Monroe, New York; Roll: T625_1121; Page: 4A; Enumeration District: 75; Image: 272.
[S11] 1910 United States Federal Census, online , Year: 1910; Census Place: Rochester Ward 6, Monroe, New York; Roll: T624_990; Page: 10A; Enumeration District: 0071; Image: 62; FHL microfilm: 1375003.
[S26] 1900 United States Federal Census, online , Year: 1900; Census Place: Rochester Ward 6, Monroe, New York; Roll: T623_1074; Page: 10A; Enumeration District: 50; FHL microfilm: 1241074.
Notes: Dec 1936: Name listed as WILLIAM HOWARD THORN.
[S26] 1900 United States Federal Census, online , Year: 1900; Census Place: Manhattan, New York, New York; Roll: T623_1107; Page: 8A; Enumeration District: 586.
[S2] 1880 United States Federal Census, online , Year: 1880; Census Place: Hartford, Hartford, Connecticut; Roll: 97; Family History Film: 1254097; Page: 146B; Enumeration District: 007; Image: 0531.
[S623] Ancestry.com, Connecticut, Deaths and Burials Index, 1650-1934 (n.p.: Online publication - Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2011.Original data - 'Connecticut Deaths and Burials, 1772–1934.' Index. FamilySearch, Salt Lake City, Utah, 2009, 2010. Index entries derived from digital copies of original and compiled, unknown publish date).
[S6] Ancestry.com, 1850 United States Federal Census (n.p.: Online publication - Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.Original data - Seventh Census of the United States, 1850; (National Archives Microfilm Publication M432, 1009 rolls); Records of the Bureau of the, unknown publish date), Year: 1850; Census Place: Butler, Wayne, New York; Roll: M432_613; Page: 320A; Image: .
Mary A Gibbens was born circa 1846 at Pennsylvania, USA.1 She married Monroe Wesley Laraway, son of William Laraway and Catherine Ann Philips.
Lucy (?) was born circa 1801 at New York, USA.1 She married Alex Edmands.
[S6] Ancestry.com, 1850 United States Federal Census (n.p.: Online publication - Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.Original data - Seventh Census of the United States, 1850; (National Archives Microfilm Publication M432, 1009 rolls); Records of the Bureau of the, unknown publish date), Year: 1850; Census Place: Niles, Cayuga, New York; Roll: M432_483; Page: 145A; Image: .
Item Description: Record of Wills, Vol W-X, 1873-1875.
[S6] Ancestry.com, 1850 United States Federal Census (n.p.: Online publication - Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2009. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.Original data - Seventh Census of the United States, 1850; (National Archives Microfilm Publication M432, 1009 rolls); Records of the Bureau of the, unknown publish date), Year: 1850; Census Place: Aurelius, Cayuga, New York; Roll: M432_482; Page: 336B; Image: .
[S11] 1910 United States Federal Census, online , Year: 1910; Census Place: Torrey, Yates, New York; Roll: ; Page: ; Enumeration District: ; Image: .
[S26] 1900 United States Federal Census, online , Year: 1900; Census Place: Torrey, Yates, New York; Roll: T623_1179; Page: 10B; Enumeration District: 149.
[S627] Unknown author, Penn Yan Democrat (n.p.: n.pub., unknown publish date), Death Notice.
[S14] Ancestry.com, 1810 United States Federal Census (n.p.: Online publication - Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.Original data - Third Census of the United States, 1810. (NARA microfilm publication M252, 71 rolls). Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29. Nationa, unknown publish date), Year: 1810; Census Place: Mentz, Cayuga, New York; Roll: 31; Page: 1175; Family History Number: 0181385; Image: 00043.
Myron Doty was born in April 1822 at New York, USA.1 He married Caroline Van Giesen, daughter of Abraham Van Giesen and Cornelia Ketchell, in 1845.2 Myron Doty died on 2 May 1903 at Aurelius, Cayuga, New York, USA, at age 81.
Source Citation: Year: 1900; Census Place: Aurelius, Cayuga, New York; Roll: 1012; Page: 12A; Enumeration District: 0022; FHL microfilm: 1241012.
Almira Jeffries married Harvey Cooley.


THE Talyllyn Railway marked the first occasion in many years that all of its steam and diesel locos were in working order with an Anything Goes event on June 16.
The window for such an opportunity was narrow since Fletcher, Jennings 0-4-2ST No. 1 Talyllyn was withdrawn for overhaul on June 18.
The day was rounded off by all six TR locos departing Tywyn Wharf around 18.15 in company to Pendre.


What they say: "Eco By Sonya Pink Himalayan Salt Scrub & Coconut Body Milk are made with only organic & natural ingredients Certified by the Organic Food Chain Australia. It's also Certified Toxic Free so you don't need to worry about potentially toxic chemicals or ingredients. This smooth skin pack is the perfect indulgence for expectant and new mums to target stretch marks, cellulite, scarring and chapped skin. The scrub is best used before showering with the glove to banish dryness & provide lasting hydration. Coconut Body Milk is the ultimate all-rounder for mum & bub to heal & soothe without synthetic fragrances."
Yes. The scrub and the milk are gorgeous. They small wonderful and left my skin feeling soft and refreshed. The milk bottle is easy to use and goes on really easily, it soaks into your skin quickly, which means you dont have to wait for it to dry before getting dressed.
Using the scrub, glove and body milk together made me feel great after a shower. I felt like I had lovely skin all day long. I wouldn't usually apply a scrub, normally just a moisturiser after my shower, but the process was quick and not messy at all, so it will become part of my regular routine from now on.
Its organic ingredients and design have obviously been thought about very carefully. The glove is perfect for working the scrub in and isn't too rough. The scrub smelt amazing and made me feel clean and polished. The products are really nice and I would definitely buy them again.
Nothing, I loved everything about these products. The sizes of there packaging were great, the usability is great, the smell is great and I will be recommending them to my friends. I will also be using the milk on my baby as it was gentle enough to be able to do so.
Yes. I would definitely recommend the products to my friends and family. The products do not have any strong chemicals and I liked it most due to all natural ingredients. The packaging is comfortable to use and the design is spot on. After using the body scrub my skin felt much softer and I am surprised with the quick result!
The products suit me very well and after use I do feel sense of relaxation and freshness. My skin feels so soft and looks much healthier and cleaner. The products packaged with easy to use lids. It saves time and makes it easy to use. I would have hated it if they had screw lids. Since using the product I do not have to moisturise my skin every day.
The size of the products are generous hence makes them good value for money. Also they do not have any strong odours. The packaging is very presentable. I m very happy with the products and I will definitely keep using them in the future.
I would not change anything. I have not found any faults with the products, packaging or pricing. Even my husband is using the body cream as there is no strong smell. Keep doing the good work. I am a very happy customer. Maybe you could introduce man's range or baby or kids range? As the products are organic I would be happy to buy them for my whole family!


This tutorial will explain how you can encrypt your mail for more secure communication with PGP, either from the Webmail or by a client on your local computer.
Keep in mind, that PGP encryption of your email includes a non-repudiation character, this means once the email is sent and received, you can not say "it was not me, who sent it".
Therefore you should think twice, before you send a signed mail.
Roundcube offers currently two ways to encrypt your mails: Enigma & Mailvelope.
The main difference is that Enigma works on the server side. This means all encryption is done on the server of Online.net and that your private key is therefore stored on it.
This means you have to fully trust the server of Online.net, if you want to use this solution.
Mailvelope works on the client side (by using a browser extension).
This option is currently only available for CLOUD hosting offers. It is not yet available for WEB hosting offers.
In a first step, you have to create the identity associated to your PGP key.
An identity is normally already created. You can edit it, it has to contain at least contains the correct Display Name.
Once you have correctly entered your identity, you have to access the PGP Keys menu to create your PGP key.
If you already have a key, you can import it from this page.
Note that Enigma doesn't support yet the publication & retrieval of PGP Key on the Web of Trust.
Therefore, if you want to publish your key or retrieve the key of your contacts, you'll have to do it manually.
Once this is done, save your key.
If you want to use PGP regularly, we invite you to keep the first three options activated by default.
Sign all messages by default: If enabled, all messages you send will have a character of non-repudiation. The recipient will be sure that you have sent the message.
Encrypt all messages by default: This option encrypts all messages automatically with the public key of the addressee (if he uses PGP) - so the message will only be readable with his private key.
Attach my public PGP key by default: This attaches automatically your public PGP key to all outgoing mails.
It allows that your PGP using recipients are able to verify the signature of a message or to send you encrypted messages, if needed.
Keep private key passwords for : The time-frame in which Roundcube keeps the password of your private key.
Once the time has elapsed, it will you ask for the password, when sending mail.
If you did not enable the PGP options that sign / encrypt your mails by default, you can enable it manually when you write an email.
To do that, click on Encryption in the utility bar.
Mailvelope, works on the client side and requires you to install an extension in your browser.
You can simply keep all advanced parameters in their default values.
Mailvelope is now configured to be working with your Online.net Webmail.
Once you have configured the extension, go back to your webmail and open the interface for writing new mails.
You can write your mail now. Once you have finished, you can choose to sign or encrypt the mail.
Now simply click on Transfer to transfer your mail into Roundcube's interface.
Mailvelop offers also other options & possibilities for the management of your PGP signed mails.
Feel free to visit their Internet site & their documentation !


The other day while at work I was helping a woman try on a few different products. She asked to try Dior's white eyeliner, and what she did with it next both horrified and surprised me. Okay so it isn't actually as bad as I am making it out to be, but the force that this woman applied this liner on her lid made my eyelids hurt! What was surprising was how good it looked. I had always used white eyeliner on my lower lash line to brighten my eyes, but had never thought to use it above my upper lash line (as you can see in the photo).
So the other day I decided why not try it! It looked great on her so what did I have to lose. It also gave me a chance to try a loose shadow that Sugarpill Cosmetics sampled me with my last purchase from them. It is Magentric, a lovely pink color that doesn't make my eyes look tired (which certain pinks tend to do). After I applied Magentric, I gently applied the white liner above my lash line. Try to choose a liner that is softer so that you do not tug at your lid.
To add a bit of contrast in the crease I slightly dusted on a sparkly grey, from my Dior palette 051 (shown below). I love how the combination of pink with black or grey turns into a slight purple! Isn't it amazing how layering colors can create new colors! Okay nerd moment over, I just love art!
So to me the white liner gave the look a softer appearance, while also drawing the eye straight to my eye makeup, the center of attention in this look.
How do you wear your white eyeliner?


PDPW Feed & Nutrition Conference, repeating Nov. 14 in Marshfield, and Nov. 15 in Arlington, Wis.
DAIRY NEWS – Hundreds of dairy owners, feed managers and other industry professionals will come together to learn the latest in dairy nutrition research and best management practices at the 2017 PDPW Feed & Nutrition Conference, presented by Professional Dairy Producers® (PDPW).
The repeating one-day Conference will be held on Tues., Nov. 14 in Marshfield, Wis., and Wed., Nov. 15, in Arlington, Wis., from 9 a.m. to 3:45 p.m.
Dr. John Goeser, Director of Nutritional Research and Innovation at Rock River Laboratory in Watertown, Wis. He will share information about protecting feed supplies from yeast, molds, mycotoxins and other toxins in the dairy cow diet.
Dr. David Combs, Professor in the Department of Dairy Science at UW-Madison. He will share the latest developments in new genetic forage varieties and how to unlock potential in today's dairy cows.
Dr. Paul Kononoff, Associate Professor of Dairy Nutrition at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, will highlight ways to get the most from feed byproducts in dairy farm rations.
Workshop participants will also work through real-world case studies and leave with practical ideas they can put to work on their farms immediately.
To learn more about the PDPW Feed & Nutrition Conference and to register, visit www.pdpw.org or contact PDPW at 1-800-947-7379 or follow on social media with #FeedandNutrition2017.
The PDPW Feed & Nutrition Conference is an accredited training and offers up to 4.5 Dairy AdvanCE continuing education units (CEUs). To learn more or secure credits, visit www.DairyAdvance.org. Up to 5.9 CEUs are available to UW-School of Veterinary Medicine (UW-SVM), and up to 5.0 CEUs are available to the American Registry of Professional Scientists (ARPAS) members.


text:
Morning Money: Tech is top – David Brear speaks about the world's most valuable industry
Research by PwC revealed that the biggest tech businesses in the world are now worth $2.9 trillion, overtaking the world's biggest financial companies with just $2.7 trillion of value. Matt Cox has been finding out what this means for tech companies by speaking with David Brear, Co-Founder and CEO at fintech expertise group, 11FS.
Matt Cox, David Brear
Published: Tue 05 Jul 2016
Morning Money: What does Brexit mean for European companies with ties to the UK?
There have been heated discussions about what happens to British businesses with ties to Europe, in the wake of the UK's Brexit vote. But what about the other way round? Matt Cox has been finding out the situation from the other side of the channel, by taking a look at the European manufacturers that have factories and plants based in the UK.
Matt Cox, Dan Michaels, James Batchelor
Published: Tue 28 Jun 2016
Morning Money: How important an event is Japan's upper house election on July 10th?
Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe has begun an upper house election campaign, with a pledge to rev-up the economy, as surveys show his ruling bloc is ahead. Seijiro Takeshita, Professor of Management and Information at University of Shizuoka in Japan, joined Sarah Lowther and Chris Bailey to discuss.
Published: Wed 22 Jun 2016
Morning Money: ECB stimulus programme in court – Zsolt Darvas talks us through the complexities of the case
The European Central Bank's stimulus programme is due to go to court in Germany. The country's influential Constitutional Court will deliver a final verdict on whether German law allows the ECB to deploy so-called "outright money transactions". Zsolt Darvas, Senior fellow at the economic think tank Bruegel, discussed the implications of this.
Chris Bailey, Zsolt Darvas
Morning Money: What's behind Tata Steel's UK steelmaking arm U-turn?
Last week it emerged that Tata Steel was considering keeping its UK steelmaking arm, after putting the loss-making business up for sale in March. The development has raised further hopes that the Port Talbot plant can be saved and David Blackaby, Professor of Economics at Swansea University, looked at why a U-turn is being considered.
Chris Bailey, David Blackaby
Published: Tue 31 May 2016
Morning Money: Tightening the screws further on tax havens & offshore finance
Ahead of an international corruption summit being hosted by David Cameron in London this week, the Head of Campaigns at ActionAid UK, Murray Worthy, joined Sarah Lowther and Chris Bailey. ActionAid has been campaigning for the reform of global tax rules to tackle tax dodging in the world's poorest countries.
Chris Bailey, Murray Worthy
Morning Money: Trump takes giant stride towards Republican nomination
Donald Trump has taken another step towards the Republican nomination, with a clean sweep of victories in Tuesday's primary elections. Share Radio's Sarah Lowther spoke to Politico reporter, Ben Schreckinger, about whether Trump is right to declare himself the presumptive Republican nominee.
Ben Schreckinger
Published: Wed 27 Apr 2016
Morning Money: A renaissance on the high street
Clare Rayner, The Retail Champion and Founder of The Future High Street Summit, discusses the event, which embraces the belief that the high street is evolving. It's returning for a third year, and Clare talks about the agenda and if the high street can compete with the likes of Amazon.
Chris Bailey, Clare Rayner
Morning Money: MBNA Director Mark Elliott on the launch of Android Pay
It seems Apple Pay will soon have a competitor, as a contactless mobile pay system is due to be released for Android phone users. Credit card provider, MBNA, has announced it will be on board and its Director, Mark Elliott, joined Sarah Lowther and Chris Bailey to explain what Android Pay will allow people to do, the rise of contactless mobile systems and why MBNA is on board.
Chris Bailey, Mark Elliott
Morning Money: Why are people having to work longer?
A third of people aged over 50, who are employed in the private sector, are now planning to retire later than they previously hoped. Aviva's latest Working Lives report reveals that they'll work eight years longer than hoped. Alistair McQueen, Pension Policy Manager at Aviva, joins Share Radio to discuss the findings.
Chris Bailey, Alistair McQueen

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
The visually sumptuous Brown Dust gets its global release for Android and iOS
Cezar Renta
Released last year in Asia to much critical and commercial acclaim, Neowiz's visually sumptuous tactical RPG Brown Dust has today launched globally for Android and iOS. And with over 250,000 Android players having already pre-registered, it doesn't take an industry expert to see that this one's well on its way to becoming a giant of the mobile RPG genre.
In Brown Dust, you assume the role of a mercenary leader. Things are complicated when your father, known rather threateningly as "The Master of the Six Devils", decides to assassinate Emperor Altair II. This devastating event throws the world into absolute chaos. Now, with once friendly nations gearing up for war, it's up to you and your ragtag army to save the day.
The combat here has been carefully designed to remain accessible while also offering plenty of scope for tactical thought and inventive playstyles. And, along the way, you can expect to encounter a varied selection of truly tricky bosses to test your mettle. Though, before getting into any of that, you're going to have to build yourself a decent little army of collectable and upgradable mercenaries.
Those who opt to jump in early can expect a nice little bundle of exclusive introductory goodies. On top of that, logging in daily from March 7th to March 17th will get you 10 fresh recruits a day – that's a potential 110 recruits for just playing the game.
So, if you fancy unleashing your inner tactician, Brown Dust is now available for download over on the App Store and Google Play. You can also view the game's trailer here.
Outfit7 opens pre-registration for Talking Tom Hero Dash
Best Strategy Games for iPhone & iPad (2019 Edition)


text:
ArrayHelper
===========

Additionally to the [rich set of PHP array functions](http://php.net/manual/en/book.array.php), the Yii array helper provides
extra static methods allowing you to deal with arrays more efficiently.

## Getting Values

Retrieving values from an array, an object or a complex structure consisting of both using standard PHP is quite
repetitive. You have to check if key exists with `isset` first, then if it does you're getting it, if not,
providing default value:

```php
class User
{
    public $name = 'Alex';
}

$array = [
    'foo' => [
        'bar' => new User(),
    ]
];

$value = isset($array['foo']['bar']->name) ? $array['foo']['bar']->name : null;
```

Yii provides a very convenient method to do it:

```php
$value = ArrayHelper::getValue($array, 'foo.bar.name');
```

First method argument is where we're getting value from. Second argument specifies how to get the data. It could be one
of the following:

- Name of array key or object property to retrieve value from.
- Set of dot separated array keys or object property names. The one we've used in the example above.
- A callback returning a value.

The callback should be the following:

```php
$fullName = ArrayHelper::getValue($user, function ($user, $defaultValue) {
    return $user->firstName . ' ' . $user->lastName;
});
```

Third optional argument is default value which is `null` if not specified. Could be used as follows:

```php
$username = ArrayHelper::getValue($comment, 'user.username', 'Unknown');
```

In case you want to get the value and then immediately remove it from array you can use `remove` method:

```php
$array = ['type' => 'A', 'options' => [1, 2]];
$type = ArrayHelper::remove($array, 'type');
```

After executing the code `$array` will contain `['options' => [1, 2]]` and `$type` will be `A`. Note that unlike
`getValue` method, `remove` supports simple key names only.

## Checking Existence of Keys

`ArrayHelper::keyExists` works the same way as [array_key_exists](http://php.net/manual/en/function.array-key-exists.php)
except that it also supports case-insensitive key comparison. For example,

```php
$data1 = [
    'userName' => 'Alex',
];

$data2 = [
    'username' => 'Carsten',
];

if (!ArrayHelper::keyExists('username', $data1, false) || !ArrayHelper::keyExists('username', $data2, false)) {
    echo "Please provide username.";
}
```

## Retrieving Columns

Often you need to get a column of values from array of data rows or objects. Common example is getting a list of IDs.

```php
$data = [
    ['id' => '123', 'data' => 'abc'],
    ['id' => '345', 'data' => 'def'],
];
$ids = ArrayHelper::getColumn($array, 'id');
```

The result will be `['123', '345']`.

If additional transformations are required or the way of getting value is complex, second argument could be specified
as an anonymous function:

```php
$result = ArrayHelper::getColumn($array, function ($element) {
    return $element['id'];
});
```

## Re-indexing Arrays

In order to index an array according to a specified key, the `index` method can be used. The input should be either
multidimensional array or an array of objects. The `$key` can be either a key name of the sub-array, a property name of
object, or an anonymous function that must return the value that will be used as a key.

The `$groups` attribute is an array of keys, that will be used to group the input array into one or more sub-arrays
based on keys specified.

If the `$key` attribute or its value for the particular element is null and `$groups` is not defined, the array
element will be discarded. Otherwise, if `$groups` is specified, array element will be added to the result array
without any key.

For example:

```php
$array = [
    ['id' => '123', 'data' => 'abc', 'device' => 'laptop'],
    ['id' => '345', 'data' => 'def', 'device' => 'tablet'],
    ['id' => '345', 'data' => 'hgi', 'device' => 'smartphone'],
];
$result = ArrayHelper::index($array, 'id');
```

The result will be an associative array, where the key is the value of `id` attribute

```php
[
    '123' => ['id' => '123', 'data' => 'abc', 'device' => 'laptop'],
    '345' => ['id' => '345', 'data' => 'hgi', 'device' => 'smartphone']
    // The second element of an original array is overwritten by the last element because of the same id
]
```

Anonymous function, passed as a `$key`, gives the same result.

```php
$result = ArrayHelper::index($array, function ($element) {
    return $element['id'];
});
```

Passing `id` as a third argument will group `$array` by `id`:

```php
$result = ArrayHelper::index($array, null, 'id');
```

The result will be a multidimensional array grouped by `id` on the first level and not indexed on the second level:

```php
[
    '123' => [
        ['id' => '123', 'data' => 'abc', 'device' => 'laptop']
    ],
    '345' => [ // all elements with this index are present in the result array
        ['id' => '345', 'data' => 'def', 'device' => 'tablet'],
        ['id' => '345', 'data' => 'hgi', 'device' => 'smartphone'],
    ]
]
```

An anonymous function can be used in the grouping array as well:

```php
$result = ArrayHelper::index($array, 'data', [function ($element) {
    return $element['id'];
}, 'device']);
```

The result will be a multidimensional array grouped by `id` on the first level, by `device` on the second level and
indexed by `data` on the third level:

```php
[
    '123' => [
        'laptop' => [
            'abc' => ['id' => '123', 'data' => 'abc', 'device' => 'laptop']
        ]
    ],
    '345' => [
        'tablet' => [
            'def' => ['id' => '345', 'data' => 'def', 'device' => 'tablet']
        ],
        'smartphone' => [
            'hgi' => ['id' => '345', 'data' => 'hgi', 'device' => 'smartphone']
        ]
    ]
]
```

## Building Maps

In order to build a map (key-value pairs) from a multidimensional array or an array of objects you can use `map` method.
The `$from` and `$to` parameters specify the key names or property names to set up the map. Optionally, one can further
group the map according to a grouping field `$group`. For example,

```php
$array = [
    ['id' => '123', 'name' => 'aaa', 'class' => 'x'],
    ['id' => '124', 'name' => 'bbb', 'class' => 'x'],
    ['id' => '345', 'name' => 'ccc', 'class' => 'y'],
];

$result = ArrayHelper::map($array, 'id', 'name');
// the result is:
// [
//     '123' => 'aaa',
//     '124' => 'bbb',
//     '345' => 'ccc',
// ]

$result = ArrayHelper::map($array, 'id', 'name', 'class');
// the result is:
// [
//     'x' => [
//         '123' => 'aaa',
//         '124' => 'bbb',
//     ],
//     'y' => [
//         '345' => 'ccc',
//     ],
// ]
```

## Multidimensional Sorting

`multisort` method helps to sort an array of objects or nested arrays by one or several keys. For example,

```php
$data = [
    ['age' => 30, 'name' => 'Alexander'],
    ['age' => 30, 'name' => 'Brian'],
    ['age' => 19, 'name' => 'Barney'],
];
ArrayHelper::multisort($data, ['age', 'name'], [SORT_ASC, SORT_DESC]);
```

After sorting we'll get the following in `$data`:

```php
[
    ['age' => 19, 'name' => 'Barney'],
    ['age' => 30, 'name' => 'Brian'],
    ['age' => 30, 'name' => 'Alexander'],
];
```

Second argument that specifies keys to sort by can be a string if it's a single key, an array in case of multiple keys
or an anonymous function like the following one:

```php
ArrayHelper::multisort($data, function($item) {
    return isset($item['age']) ? ['age', 'name'] : 'name';
});
```

Third argument is direction. In case of sorting by a single key it could be either `SORT_ASC` or
`SORT_DESC`. If sorting by multiple values you can sort each value differently by providing an array of
sort direction.

Last argument is PHP sort flag that could take the same values as the ones passed to
PHP [sort()](http://php.net/manual/en/function.sort.php).

## Detecting Array Types

It is handy to know whether an array is indexed or an associative. Here's an example:

```php
// no keys specified
$indexed = ['Qiang', 'Paul'];
echo ArrayHelper::isIndexed($indexed);

// all keys are strings
$associative = ['framework' => 'Yii', 'version' => '2.0'];
echo ArrayHelper::isAssociative($associative);
```

## HTML Encoding and Decoding Values

In order to encode or decode special characters in an array of strings into HTML entities you can use the following:

```php
$encoded = ArrayHelper::htmlEncode($data);
$decoded = ArrayHelper::htmlDecode($data);
```

Only values will be encoded by default. By passing second argument as `false` you can encode array's keys as well.
Encoding will use application charset and could be changed via third argument.

## Merging Arrays

```php
  /**
    * Merges two or more arrays into one recursively.
    * If each array has an element with the same string key value, the latter
    * will overwrite the former (different from array_merge_recursive).
    * Recursive merging will be conducted if both arrays have an element of array
    * type and are having the same key.
    * For integer-keyed elements, the elements from the latter array will
    * be appended to the former array.
    * @param array $a array to be merged to
    * @param array $b array to be merged from. You can specify additional
    * arrays via third argument, fourth argument etc.
    * @return array the merged array (the original arrays are not changed.)
    */
    public static function merge($a, $b)
```

## Converting Objects to Arrays

Often you need to convert an object or an array of objects into an array. The most common case is converting active record
models in order to serve data arrays via REST API or use it otherwise. The following code could be used to do it:

```php
$posts = Post::find()->limit(10)->all();
$data = ArrayHelper::toArray($posts, [
    'app\models\Post' => [
        'id',
        'title',
        // the key name in array result => property name
        'createTime' => 'created_at',
        // the key name in array result => anonymous function
        'length' => function ($post) {
            return strlen($post->content);
        },
    ],
]);
```

The first argument contains the data we want to convert. In our case we're converting a `Post` AR model.

The second argument is conversion mapping per class. We're setting a mapping for `Post` model.
Each mapping array contains a set of mappings. Each mapping could be:

- A field name to include as is.
- A key-value pair of desired array key name and model column name to take value from.
- A key-value pair of desired array key name and a callback which returns value.

The result of conversion above will be:

```php
[
    'id' => 123,
    'title' => 'test',
    'createTime' => '2013-01-01 12:00AM',
    'length' => 301,
]
```

It is possible to provide default way of converting object to array for a specific class by implementing
[[yii\base\Arrayable|Arrayable]] interface in that class.

## Testing against Arrays

Often you need to check if an element is in an array or a set of elements is a subset of another.
While PHP offers `in_array()`, this does not support subsets or `\Traversable` objects.

To aid these kinds of tests, [[yii\helpers\ArrayHelper]] provides [[yii\helpers\ArrayHelper::isIn()|isIn()]]
and [[yii\helpers\ArrayHelper::isSubset()|isSubset()]] with the same signature as
[in_array()](http://php.net/manual/en/function.in-array.php).

```php
// true
ArrayHelper::isIn('a', ['a']);
// true
ArrayHelper::isIn('a', new ArrayObject(['a']));

// true
ArrayHelper::isSubset(new ArrayObject(['a', 'c']), new ArrayObject(['a', 'b', 'c']));
```

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Destinations United States South Carolina Charleston
A Traveler's Guide To Charleston, SC
Missy Glassmaker
The folks who call this charming southern city home are famous for their hospitality. Cobblestone streets and antebellum homes beckon you to stroll along quaint Palmetto-lined drives. Known as the Holy City, the steeples of Charleston's churches rise above skyline, peeking down at you as you wind toward the historic downtown.
Here's our ultimate guide to one of America's favorite cities.
Morning:
There are two fantastic ways to start your day; it depends on whether you want to break your fast on the go, or sit and savor.
Caviar & Bananas is in the Great Hall of the historic Charleston City Market. You can grab a cappuccino, a pastry, or a breakfast sandwich, and explore the market. This is where local entrepreneurs come to sell everything from photographs to sweetgrass baskets. The market is made up of three open air brick buildings and the great hall. This is the place to buy a piece of Lowcountry to remember your trip.
Poogan's Porch is a delicious sit-down option for breakfast. The restaurant serves brunch 7 days a week, including the Lowcountry specialty - She-Crab Soup. Pimiento Cheese Fritters, Fried Green Tomatoes, and Sunrise Shrimp and Grits will give you the full taste of Charleston. While this isn't advertised on its website, the restaurant is said to be one of the most haunted in Charleston. Their ghost, Zoe, is said to wander her former home looking for her sister. The restaurant itself is actually named after a friendly neighborhood pooch that used to hang out on the porch when the home became a restaurant in the late 1970's.
If you choose to eat at Poogan's Porch, walk over to the Market when you're finished. You'll want to smell the beautiful sweetgrass baskets, but they can be expensive because of the work that goes into them. They're made by Gullah artisans whose ancestors were slaves. The Gullah have been able to preserve more of their distinct cultural heritage than any other group of African Americans. They maintain their traditional arts, speak Creole, and enjoy a rich cuisine. You'll see Gullah artwork, food, and other items in the market.
Charleston City Market. Flickr / Duane Burdick
Near the market, there's a relaxing and informative way to see the city. While they may sound touristy, Horse-Drawn Carriage Tours will weave you through downtown Charleston, as your guide/driver retells the history of the city. It's a fabulous way to learn about the area in a short period of time. The carriage routes are randomly assigned by city tourism officials as the tour is leaving, so the carriage companies can never guarantee what you'll see. But each option is as interesting as the next!
Charleston Carriage Works, Old South Carriage Company, and Palmetto Carriage Works are three popular options. The tours last an hour, and tickets are around $25 per person. In addition to regulating the routes they take, the City of Charleston won't let carriages operate if the temperature is above 95 degrees; they also collect records of the horses' work activity and conduct veterinary inspections twice a year. (If you aren't interested in a tour, the Carriage Companies are happy to have visitors come to their city stables just to see their animals.)
Downtown Charleston is very walkable if you prefer to walk. King Street is known for its antique stores, cute clothing boutiques, bakeries, and other independently-owned shops. East Bay Street is where you will find Rainbow Row and, after a street name change, also the Battery - in case you didn't go by these Charleston landmarks during your carriage ride. From the Battery, you can see Fort Sumter, which is where the first shots of the Civil War were fired.
Charleston Carriage Tour. Flickr / denisbin
Afternoon:
For lunch (and some beach time), you'll want to jump in your car and head to Sullivan's Island, about a 20-minute drive from downtown. Make Poe's Tavern your first stop. It's named after Edgar Allen Poe, who was stationed at Fort Moultrie on the island in 1828. Poe's has a great laid-back island feel, fabulous food, and agreeable drink options. Poe's menu is pretty rudimentary: a few apps, salads, burgers (beef or chicken), and fish tacos. It's the combination of toppings that make their burgers special. You can't go wrong with the Gold Bug Plus or Tell-Tale Heart, and the Fish Tacos are a fantastic option if you want something a little lighter.
Poe's is just a few easy blocks from the beach. Just one block north from the restaurant is Station 22 ½ Street. Follow it east and it will take you right onto the beach path. You can walk the beach for a while; hopefully you threw some beach chairs in your trunk so you can pop a squat and watch the waves roll in. Folly Beach, southeast of Charleston, and Isle of Palms, north of Sullivan's, are also popular beaches. They just tend to be a bit more touristy.
Sullivan's Island, South Carolina. Flickr / K Tao
Evening:
You can stay at the beach until sunset, or make your way closer to downtown and stop at Tavern & Table on Shem Creek. The restaurant has a comfortable patio with spectacular sunset views. You can enjoy a cocktail and a small bite while watching the sun go down. If you haven't had pimento cheese yet today, try it here.
A third sunset option is Waterfront Park in downtown Charleston. It's where you'll find one of the city's most recognizable landmarks: the pineapple water fountain. Pineapples are a sign of southern hospitality, and you will have spotted them throughout the downtown area during the day.
The stories about how pineapples came to symbolize hospitality differ. Some say it's because the rare and expensive fruit was part of elaborate centerpieces during dinner parties held by influential members of the community. Others say sea captains displayed pineapples outside their homes to inform neighbors that their ships had returned, inviting visitation.
The fountain is beautiful any time of day, but it is striking when lit up at night.
Depending on the timing of sunset and whether mother nature cooperates, there is one very Charleston experience left to try: a ghost tour with either Ghost City Tours or Old Charleston Walking Tours. The city is rumored to be the most haunted in the country, although New Orleans occasionally disputes this. If attempting to interact with spirits isn't for you, make your way back to your hotel, and chance your own private encounter in this holy, and haunted, city.
Flickr / silicon640c
Missy Glassmaker View Full Profile
Missy Glassmaker is an Emmy-nominated producer and writer. She has spent most of her career in broadcast television news, working in Providence, Rhode Island; Knoxville, Tennessee; and St. Louis, Missouri. She helped launch TravelAwaits and is now Vice President of Product for the site. Missy enjoys cooking, entertaining, and of course, traveling. Her favorite travel companions are her twin sons, who are always ready to explore.
Inspire Our Top Stories From 2020 To Inspire Your 2021 Travels
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Charleston 7 Things To Know Before Visiting The Beautiful Angel Oak Tree Near Charleston
Charleston 12 Totally Free Things To Do In Charleston, South Carolina


text:
Register now! Download game
War Thunder is the most comprehensive free-to-play, cross-platform, MMO military game for Windows, Linux, Mac, PlayStation®4, PlayStation®5, Xbox One and Xbox Series X|S dedicated to aviation, armoured vehicles, and naval vessels from the early 20th century to the most advanced modern combat units. Join now and take part in major battles on land, in the air and at sea, fighting with millions of other players from all over the world in an ever-evolving environment.
In War Thunder, aircraft, attack helicopters, ground forces and naval vessels collaborate in realistic competitive battles. You can choose from over 2,000 vehicles from the early 20th century to the most modern combat units, in an extensive variety of combat situations many of which are exclusive. You can find yourself blasting your pursuers from a bomber turret, defending your teammates on the ground from an air raid with anti-aircraft guns, shooting down enemy aircraft with a firestorm from multiple rocket launchers, or trying to sink an enemy warship with a torpedo from a fast attack boat.
WAR THUNDER FEATURES
Over 2,000 highly detailed aircraft, helicopters, ground vehicles, warships and other combat vehicles crafted carefully from historical documents and surviving sources.
Regular content updates including new vehicles, maps, missions and nations.
100 maps representing the main historical battle theaters.
Seamless cross-platform gameplay between Windows PC, Linux, Mac, PlayStation®4, PlayStation®5, Xbox One with Xbox Series X|S – everyone on the same server.
Intense PvP experiences in full-scale combat missions at various difficulty settings for all play styles and degrees of experience.
Astonishing graphics, authentic sound effects and beautiful music creating an atmosphere to fully immerse yourself in.
Rich PvE content including dynamic historical campaigns and solo missions.
Create custom content for War Thunder and share it on War Thunder Live, with the prospect of earning real money through the Revenue Share Partner System!
Four types of armed forces
Of ten countries involved in military conflicts
Ground forces
Ground vehicles in the game
Military aircraft in the game
A6M Zero
E-Boat
Scharnhorst
Naval vessels in the game
HMS Hood
IJN Fuso
Helicopters in the game
CIAC Z-10
Eurocopter Tiger
What is War Thunder?
War Thunder is the largest free-to-play multiplayer online game featuring military vehicles from the early 20th century until present time. Aviation, ground vehicles, and naval forces fight together in one game and even in one battle, just as the real-life battles were fought. The appearance and characteristics of the vehicles in War Thunder are historically accurate, and their damage models are physically based.
What military vehicles are available in the game?
In War Thunder, you will find more than 2000 recreated models of aircraft, helicopters, ships, and both wheeled and tracked armoured vehicles. We are constantly working on adding more units to the game. New updates with modern prototypes and with models of vehicles from both WWII and the Cold War periods are released regularly. You can find the list of all currently available vehicles at wiki-page: wiki.warthunder.com
Do I need to buy the game and/or pay a subscription in order to play War Thunder?
You are free to download and play the game right away without any restrictions or subscription fees.
Can I play the game offline?
No, you need a permanent internet connection in order to play War Thunder. You can choose the server that suits you best (Russia, Europe, America, Asia) in the game mode selection menu.
How many players are able to play together?
In most game modes, the maps are designed for 32 players split into two teams. In certain events, the total number of players may reach 64 people. You can read more about the allocation of players among teams in our article about matchmaking.
Can different types of vehicles participate in one battle?
In combined battles, players fight together either with tanks and aircraft/helicopters or with ships and aircraft. Anti-air units such as SPAAGs and others provide a solid line of defence for allied armoured vehicles against aerial strikes, while a bomber can prove to be handy when you need to sink an enemy destroyer in a naval battle.
For additional questions, please visit FAQ.


Who are the parties involved in this case?
The Opponents are the owners of the "Bridgestone" and "Firestone" trade marks. The Applicant applied to register the "Deestone" trade mark, which was accepted and published on 5 June 2015. The Opponents filed their Notice of Opposition against the Applicant's Mark on 29 July 2015.
Section 8(4)(b)(ii)(B) of the Act (that the Applicant's mark was similar to the Opponent's trade marks, which is "well known to the public at large in Singapore", such as to take unfair advantage of the distinctive character of the Opponent's trademarks).
What is/are the issue(s) in dispute?
Whether the Opponents can succeed on the ground of opposition under Section 8(4)(a) read with 8(4)(b)(ii)(B).
The Principal Assistant Registrar ("the Registrar") held that there is no finding that the "Bridgestone" and "Firestone" marks were used and recognised by consumers as a family of marks.
The ground under Section 8(2)(b) failed.
The ground under Section 8(7)(a) also failed.
Lastly, Sections 8(4)(b)(i) and 8(4)(b)(ii)(B) were not made out too due to the dissimilarity between the marks.
The evidence showed that the marks were used and promoted as separate and independent brands. The "Bridgestone" and "Firestone" tyres are also distributed through separate distribution channels in Singapore with "Bridgestone" tyres being distributed by Bridgestone Tyre Sales Singapore Pte Ltd and "Firestone" tyres being distributed by Binter & Co Ltd. The Registrar noted that the manner in which the tyres are distributed and sold do not help consumers to recognise that marks with a "STONE" suffix belong to the same family. There was also no evidence to show that the Opponents attempted to educate the consumers that the brands were from the same corporate family in their invoices or advertising and promotional materials.
The Registrar further pointed out that aside from the "Bridgestone" and "Firestone" trade marks used by the Opponents, there are no other marks in their alleged "STONE" family marks. Whilst the Registrar recognised that it is not entirely impossible to use only two trade marks to substantiate the existence of a family of marks, it is however less likely that consumers will be able to recognize that a common element between two marks must belong to the same family.
While each of the Opponents' marks is made up of two ordinary English words ("BRIDGE" and "STONE", and "FIRE" and "STONE"), neither component of each mark stands out in the consumers' imperfect recollection. Hence, the distinctiveness of the Opponents' marks lay in the marks as wholes. Similarly, both elements of the Applicant's mark contribute equally to the overall impression of the mark and its distinctiveness lays in the mark as a whole.
Comparing the Opponents' marks and the Applicant's mark, the Registrar found that the Applicant's mark was visually and aurally more dissimilar than similar to the Opponents' marks. The first component of the Applicant's mark is very different from the first component of each of the Opponents' marks and it was not something that would be easily missed when the marks are seen. Aurally, the marks were found to have striking phonetic differences at the beginning. Conceptually, the Applicant's mark has no meaning as a whole and was found to be dissimilar from the Opponents' marks. Overall, the Applicant's mark was more dissimilar than similar to either of the Opponents' marks. The ground under Section 8(2)(b) failed.
While there was goodwill found in favour of the Opponents, there was no misrepresentation that is sufficiently likely to deceive the public into thinking that the Applicant's goods are those of the Opponents due to the dissimilarity between the marks (as found earlier).
Sections 8(4)(b)(i) and 8(4)(b)(ii)(B) were not made out too due to the dissimilarity between the marks.
It is not necessary for trade marks to be owned by the same legal entity in order to be protected as a family of marks as argued by the Applicant. Corporate family members could be regarded as a single source to consumers. The lack of common ownership by a single entity should not stand as a barrier to the protection over a family of marks that should otherwise be granted.


Continuing on my series of people that have influenced me of late.
Very few scientists have had the chance to touch the public consciousness like Richard Dawkins.
I became aware of Prof. Dawkins via my interest in Doctor Who and Douglas Adams. Back in the day I was a huge fan (still am) of Doctor Who and one of my favorite characters was the Time Lady Romana II. I had known that Lala Ward was friends with one of my favorite authors, Douglas Adams. I had heard sometime later that he had introduced her to Richard Dawkins (And how Dawkins and Adams had own two of the very first Macintosh computers in England). I learned more about Dawkins and I wanted to read his books. I only got the chance recently and I read The God Delusion and the Greatest Show on Earth in rapid succession.
Dawkins is well spoken, eloquent in his descriptions and explanations. He is also quite strong in his Atheism, though on his own rating scale he gives himself a 6 on spectrum of 1 to 7, with 7 being "Absolute Atheism, no chance what so ever of a god". I put myself at something like a 6.9.
Because of his views he is often attacked by Christians and others. Apparently unable to attack his views they resort to ad hominem attacks on the man himself.
I still have quite a bit to learn, but I am looking forward to reading his books The Devil's Chaplin and The Selfish Gene.
If you are at all curious about the scientific basis of atheism then you can do much worse than reading Dawkins.
It takes a lot of courage to openly speak out against what many believe. Personally, I find those who try to push their religious doctrine on me to be totally annoying.
Thanks for stopping by my blog. I know of Yes, but must admit not a whole lot. No, they won't be my Y!
Interesting theme you have here, I learned something new.
The Selfish Gene is my favorite book of his. It's also the least preachy of atheism. Just solid science.


Knowing car mend may look challenging, but you can grasp it. This training is priceless. The report below is a collection of auto mend ideas and tricks just for you.
One particular of the most essential skills to look for in a mechanic is the ASE certification. Becoming A.S.E. licensed guarantees you that your mechanic has suitable instruction and experience. This indicates you will have an professional functioning on your automobile.
Inquire as to no matter whether the mechanic has experienced earlier encounter operating on your distinct motor vehicle design before. If they are able to say they have done function on a motor vehicle related to yours, then they are probably aware of what type of function is required to correct yours.
Get a referral if you want to see a trustworthy mechanic. Get suggestions from family members and friends. You can learn a good deal about the all round high quality of a person's perform, the cost, and the degree of client gratification. You can locate out about the expertise with a mechanic and if they can be reliable or not.
Understand about your vehicle so you can figure out the dilemma in advance and conserve funds. Figuring out the dilemma oneself can save you some income, and it can avoid you from becoming taken by a dishonest mechanic. However, some outlets are considerably less than truthful when diagnosing concerns.
Put jointly an car repair package and keep it in your auto. These resources need to consist of a tire changing kit, which will come in most autos. Be sure to obtain a lug wrench and a auto jack if you have not received 1. You will require many screwdrivers, ratchets, socket wrenches, an adjustable wrench and a torque wrench. Do not waste your income by getting inexpensive resources. Get high quality types that you are confident is not going to fail when you truly need them.
Car trouble isn't going to want to be horrifying or time-consuming like it used to be. You just need to teach your self on the principles. You will be ready to count on your abilities so that you are capable to help save some cash. So keep these suggestions in brain if your car develops difficulties once again.


text:
PERMITS/LICENSES
FINANCE YOUR BUSINESS
FUNDING/FINANCING
SALARY/PAYROLL
DOCUMENTS FOR YOUR BUSINESS
FUNDING/ FINANCING
How to Sell Candy for a Fundraiser
By: Gail Cohen
© Law.uga.org
How to Get Donations for a Fundraiser
When the Fund Raising Ideas Center researched the most successful fund-raising products, candy came in at No. 1, No. 2 and No. 4 over other items. Leading the pack is World's Finest® Chocolates, a company launched in 1949, but times have changed. Sending your child out the door with a case of candy to finance basketball team uniforms or the senior class trip is now out of the question. What's a Scout troop, choir or community group to do? Keep the candy, but be smart about the way you approach your fundraiser, so it's as profitable and easy as it is fun.
Choose the right candy company. Word of mouth is a great way to find out which wholesalers are reliable and which are likely to give you delivery, payment or quality problems. World's Best has a great reputation, as does efundraising, a subsidiary of Reader's Digest. A good candy source will provide you with easy-to-follow order and selling instructions and helpful promotional materials. They'll make it clear exactly that your minimum order must be and outline your profit margin. Aim for the best deals when you choose finalists; then let the committee decide which vendor looks like the best bet.
Work out financial details of the candy sale. If you're a well-known organization, you may be able to use a purchase order to secure your first shipment of candy. After this, you'll buy more cases with profits from initial sales. The candy company you choose may not take purchase orders, so use the organization's credit card or that of the treasurer or another member of the fund-raising committee. Using the right credit card can add a measure of protection: In the unlikely event that you get a shipment of rancid or damaged candy that the vendor won't replace, your credit card company may be willing to take it off your statement. You may also inquire about using a personal check or PayPal to handle the financial arrangements.
Check with an attorney to find out if your fund-raising group could be subject to any fallout or liability from an accident or illness resulting from eating the candy, from potential theft of the candy and fallout from receipt of checks that bounce or credit cards that prove to be expired or canceled. We live in a litigious world. Get professional advice to minimize the group's liability and give all of the volunteers peace of mind.
Establish a distribution center for the fundraiser. Centralizing all of the group's efforts will make life as easy for those who are selling the candy as those who are managing the project. A spare bedroom with room to stockpile and distribute the candy or an available storage area in a public place that's accessible to candy sale sponsors (e.g., Girl Scout office, school office, etc.) makes the most sense. If people are invited to pick up candy and drop off funds at various times during the day and evening, however, you'll want to make certain your center isn't locked down after 5 p.m.
Get permits to sell candy in public places to avoid being marched off the premises. Not every public venue requires one, but don't leave it to chance. Once you've set a schedule and cleared locations, divide up your team and travel to area festivals, fairs, ballgames, farmers markets, shopping centers and other high-traffic locations. Divide up selling duties in an equitable way. Offer volunteers four-hour selling shifts at locations near their homes, so you don't put a burden on time or family resources. Set up a phone tree, so you have a way to reach people if they fail to show up for their shift. Keep a list of substitutes in case an emergency should occur.
Share the group's success with each and every volunteer. Candy fundraisers take lots of organization, time and energy to accomplish, but they offer participants a feeling of individual accomplishment as well as being part of a team effort. That's why a framed certificate of participation for each person who helped sell enough candy to meet the group's goal is a great way to say thank you.
Appoint a logistics volunteer to keep your fundraiser organized and efficient. Put that person in charge of card tables, folding chairs, a cash box, check keeper, literature and other necessities, so nobody has to leave a station in search of supplies instead of selling candy.
Based in Chicago, Gail Cohen has been a professional writer for more than 30 years. She has authored and co-authored 14 books and penned hundreds of articles in consumer and trade publications, including the Illinois-based "Daily Herald" newspaper. Her newest book, "The Christmas Quilt," was published in December 2011.


I'm a 30 year old Web Developer working out of the Columbus area. I primarily focus on front-end development and creating custom UX, but I have a programming background and am currently working as a full stack developer.
Helped build and implement custom-made user experience pages for 'Firstlook' customers.
Key team member in the redesigning of the KMI website.


The sixth book in the ongoing LFG series. Sized to fit perfectly on the shelf with your other books!
Looking for Group: Volume 6 (Hardcover Edition) collects issues #21-24, bringing together 128 pages detailing the continuing adventures of Cale, Richard, Benny, Krunch and Pella as they face off with Legara.


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Highly modified P-51 Mustang powered by a Griffon engine and a one-time world speed record holder. Small crest on front, large design on back. One-sided design has large image on front, nothing on the back. Available as a T-shirt or a Sweatshirt. Available in White, Natural and Ash Grey.


170 km north of Rovaniemi, in Levi Holiday center in Levijärvi area. Log cottage, built in 2006. Kitchen-living room, 2 bedrooms, both with 2 single beds, spacious loft with total of 4 beds in two separate compartments, two air mattresses for children, sauna (soapstone), washroom (2 showers), small dressing room, separate toilet, covered porch. Cot = baby's travel bed. There are 2 Tv's (another in the loft) Spacious and bright log cottage in a quiet area. On the other side of the cottage there is forest park. Levi center services 2.5 - 3.5 km. The nearest ski slope is Eturinne 3.3 km away. Levijärvi beach 700 m. Golf course 4 km. Final cleaning is included in the prices. The vcottage can be booked for less than a week at all times.


Replace existing daylight replicating fluorescent lighting with LED to considerably reduce power consumption.
IMS LED PCB populated with 5 high power LEDs and secondary optic. Assembled into existing infrastructure in a combination of 30 strips. Thermal gasket supplied with strips for improved thermal performance.


The graduate student vote of no confidence failed by a margin about as slim as last week's vote by the faculty passed, with 699 opposed, 608 in favor, 90 abstaining, and 146 saying they needed more information.
The vote on the second motion passed by 945 in favor to 362 against, with 149 abstaining and 87 saying they needed more information.
Even Pyrrhus himself would not be proud of such a "victory." The saga goes on.


text:
Eine Stimmgruppe besteht aus Musikern, die in einem Chor oder einem Orchester dieselbe Stimme und meistens auch in derselben Stimmlage spielen oder singen. Das Musizieren in Stimmgruppen ist die Voraussetzung für chorisches Atmen.

Beispiele für Stimmgruppen

Die wichtigsten Stimmgruppen in gemischten Chören sind:

 Sopran
 Alt
 Tenor
 Bass

In Orchestern mit Streicherbesetzung sind folgenden Stimmgruppen am häufigsten:

 Erste Geigen
 Zweite Geigen
 Bratschen
 Violoncelli
 Kontrabässe

In größeren Orchestern spielen auch die Bläser in Stimmgruppen.

Fachbegriff (Orchester)
Stimmlage
Chorwesen

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Expedia has announced that it will stop selling certain wildlife attractions.
The online travel giant said it would take guidance from "industry-leading wildlife and animal protection groups" as to which attractions would be removed.
Following a review, which is due to take place in the next few months, those attractions and activities deemed to be cruel to animals, or involved in wildlife trafficking, will be removed Expedia's websites and other distribution channels.
In addition, Expedia will launch a new 'Wildlife Tourism Education Portal' to provide customers searching for animal attractions with information about whether the activity involves animal interaction, plus direct links to the websites of animal welfare and conservation groups, and other relevant information.
"Expedia can play an integral part in educating travellers about the diverse views related to wildlife tourism, so they can make informed decisions that align with how they travel and how they interact with the animals that share our planet," said Jen O'Twomney, vice president of Expedia Local Expert, the OTA's attraction and activity arm.
The groups working with Expedia include the Association of Zoos and Aquariums, US Wildlife Trafficking Alliance, Born Free Foundation and Humane Society International.
Expedia's decision comes a year after TripAdvisor took a similar decision to suspend the promotion and sale of wildlife attractions deemed to be cruel.


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Formula One cracks down on racing game mods
Dozens of designs ordered removed from a popular sim racing forum
By Owen S. Good Mar 29, 2016, 8:03am EDT
Source Pretend Race Cars | Via PC Gamer
Share All sharing options for: Formula One cracks down on racing game mods
More than 30 pages of mods for three racing simulations, two of them licensed Formula One video games, have been taken down on the demand of F1's rights holder, enraging some in the sim racing community.
The mods were listed in a forum thread at RaceDepartment, a racing news and community portal, and concerned the racing games Automobilista, F1 2013 and F1 2014 on PC. Many of the mods updated the liveries and decal positions for real-world cars licensed to appear in the two F1 titles.
The sim racing site Pretend Race Cars inveighed bitterly against the move, calling it "a power tripping exercise on F1's part," though conceding the takedown demand was "technically justified from a legal standpoint." Formula One World Championship Limited owns the rights to the cars and teams participating in their championship series.
PRC noted that Codemasters' F1 series ships each year with a fictitious livery for the Williams team, and users manually edit the vehicle's design so that races conform to reality. F1's stance here effectively forbids that, though this would really only catch the racing body's attention if a mod was shared.
All of the mods appear to have been available for free, but F1's interest in taking them down has little to do with someone making money off their intellectual property, and probably more with making sure the latest version of its licensed game, F1 2015, is the only option for up-to-date liveries and racing teams.


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7 Penny Stocks On Robinhood To Watch In June 2021
Biotech penny stocks are heating up and these current and former stocks under $5 are gaining attention.
Hot Reddit Penny Stocks to Buy? 10 That You Should Know About
Published on June 21, 2021, 10:34 America/New_York
ATOS,
AVXL,
EARS,
EARS stock,
GTBP,
OCGN,
OCGN stock,
OPK,
penny stocks on robinhood,
robinhood penny stocks,
SESN,
SESN stock
Penny Stocks To Watch Before July
The markets were smacked last week, which took many stocks lower. But for penny stocks, it was a much different story. If you're new to this world of lower-priced stocks, you'll likely be familiar with this trend. Even with the S&P, Dow, and Nasdaq taking it on the chin, there were still plenty of penny stocks to watch surging higher. In fact, some of the biggest gainers on the day were cheap stocks that started out trading under $5.
What should you watch in the week ahead? Well, if you're looking for industry trends to follow, biotech might be something to focus on. The NASDAQ Biotech ETF (NASDAQ: IBB) and the S&P Biotech ETF (NYSE: XBI) were trading higher during Monday's pre-market session. Obviously, sector strength is something that helps traders identify potential. While not all penny stocks in a certain industry or sector will follow the trend, there's likely to be at least a few that will. This article will take a closer look at some current and former biotech penny stocks to watch this month.
Robinhood Penny Stocks To Watch
Thanks to growing interest from the retail community, apps like Robinhood and Webull have become well-known. One of the downsides (at least for some users) is that the apps restrict access to almost all OTC penny stocks. Sure, there are a few exceptions. For the most part, the choices are limited to NASDAQ & NYSE listed names. This is what we'll focus on in today's update:
GT Biopharma Inc. (NASDAQ: GTBP)
Auris Medical Holding Ltd. (NASDAQ: EARS)
Sesen Bio Inc. (NASDAQ: SESN)
Atossa Therapeutics Inc. (NASDAQ: ATOS)
Anavex Life Sciences Corp. (NASDAQ: AVXL)
Opko Health Inc. (NASDAQ: OPK)
Ocugen Inc. (NASDAQ: OCGN)
Penny Stocks On Robinhood To Watch #1: GT Biopharma Inc. (NASDAQ: GTBP)
GT Biopharma has been on our list of penny stocks to watch for months. The core focus of the market & analysts centers on its novel treatment pipeline built on its TriKE technology platform. The company's solid tumor TriKEs target cancers expressing HER2 (GTB-6550), PD-L1 (GTB-4550), and B7H3 (GTB-5550). Multiple treatments will be evaluated in breast, lung, gastric, colorectal, and ovarian cancer indications. Their lead treatment candidate, GTB-3550, is in Phase 1/2 trials targeting acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS).
This week could be an important one for the company. Monday morning GT Biopharma announced that the company's Consulting Chief Scientific Officer, Dr. Jeffrey S. Miller, will update the progress of the GTB-3550 TriKE™ Phase I trial accompanying the company's corporate update presentation. This all happens Tuesday's Raymond James Human Health Innovation Conference. In light of these previous and upcoming developments, it will be interesting to see how the market reacts to Dr. Miller's update on June 22.
2. Auris Medical Holding Ltd. (NASDAQ: EARS)
Auris is another one of the biotech penny stocks to watch right now. This week the company announced the publication of favorable results in an in vivo study utilizing its OligoPhoreTM technology in Adult T-cell Leukemia Lymphoma. The data showed the there was "significant inhibition" of tumor growth.
[Read More] Best Penny Stocks to Buy Right Now? 7 For Your Morning Watchlist
Auris focuses on developing treatments that use RNA therapeutics. Samuel Wickline, MD, Auris Medical's Chief Scientific Officer, explained that "Since ATLL is a highly malignant tumor with no targeted molecular therapy at present, this outcome is not only very encouraging for drug discovery and development in this therapeutic indication, but also for other tumors and inflammatory pathological conditions involving the NF-κB molecular target."
3. Sesen Bio Inc. (NASDAQ: SESN)
Sesen has had a great year in 2021. Since early January, shares of SESN stock have surged more than 200%. Its Vicineum™ treatment has become a big focus this month. Back in February, the FDA had accepted a filing of a Biologics License Application for using the treatment in patients with BCG-unresponsive non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. It received a Priority Review of the application with a target Prescription Drug User Fee Act date of August 18, 2021.
Earlier this month, the company entered into a global supply agreement for Vicineum™ with Sesen's partner in China, Qilu Pharmaceutical. Qilu will be part of the manufacturing network for the global commercial supply of Vicineum. With active initiatives for global commercialization and this upcoming PDUFA date in August, SESN could be one of the biotech penny stocks to watch right now.
4. Atossa Therapeutics Inc. (NASDAQ: ATOS)
It's funny to think that earlier this year, ATOS was trading under $1, and now it's well above the $5, penny stocks threshold. Earlier this month, the biotech company received approval from the Swedish regulators to begin a phase 2 clinical study. This study will focus on the company's orally administered Endoxifen for reducing mammographic breast density.
7 Hot Penny Stocks to Watch That Are Trending Right Now
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Best Penny Stocks To Buy On Robinhood Now? 12 To Watch This Week
The study's primary objective is to identify a dose-response relationship of daily oral Endoxifen on mammographic breast density reduction. Secondary endpoints will evaluate safety and tolerability. Earlier this month, Atossa revealed data from a Phase 2 Endoxifen study in breast cancer. It met primary and secondary endpoints. The Phase 2 study was conducted on behalf of Atossa by Avance Clinical, a leading Australian CRO. Based on the results, the company also discussed its plan to apply to the FDA for approval to begin a clinical study in the US "as soon as possible."
With meaningful results and potential for more clinical trials in the US, ATOS could be on the list of biotech penny stocks on Robinhood to watch this summer.
5. Anavex Life Sciences Corp. (NASDAQ: AVXL)
Similar to Atossa, Anavex has surged in 2021. At the start of the fourth quarter last year, shares of AVXL stock were trading below $4.50 and even dropped as low as $3.65 in September. Needless to say, progress was made. Retail appeal has remained a driving force to AVXL stock's latest bout of bullishness.
The company's ANAVEX®2-73 is the lynchpin to the budding market interest. This is Anavex's treatment candidate for things like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. It has also been used to treat adult patients with Rett syndrome. This week the company reported new developments in its placebo-controlled trial of ANAVEX®2-73 in adult female patients with Rett syndrome. Walter E. Kaufmann, MD, Principal Investigator and Chief Medical Officer of Anavex, said, "The outcome of this trial is very promising in terms of both safety and clinical improvement. Despite the challenges of the older age of the cohort (patients were on average 24 years of age) and the relatively low dose (5 mg daily), ANAVEX®2-73 demonstrated clinically meaningful improvements in outcome measures evaluating multiple impairments, which are supported by correlations with objective biomarkers."
Considering no FDA-approved drugs exist for Rett syndrome, this could be a key highlight for Anavex right now.
6. Opko Health Inc. (NASDAQ: OPK)
One of the popular penny stocks that continues seeing insider activity is Opko Health. While the overall trend has been sideways for the last few weeks, it hasn't taken away from the company's latest developments. This week Opko announced that it entered into an agreement with Nicoya Macau Limited to develop and commercialize Opko's RAYALDEE treatment in Greater China. RAYALDEE treats secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with stage 3 or 4 chronic kidney disease.
According to the latest release, "Nicoya will make an upfront payment to OPKO of $5 million and an additional $5 million payment will be made during the first 12 months of the agreement or upon Nicoya achieving a certain predetermined development milestone. In addition, OPKO will be eligible to receive up to $115 million upon the achievement of certain development, regulatory and sales-based milestones."
[Read More] Best Penny Stocks To Buy Now? 7 To Watch This Week
What's more, the latest developments made by Opko have attracted attention from the analyst community. The latest firm to start following the company is Ladenburg Thalmann. The company started OPK stock with a Buy rating and gave a $7 price target.
7. Ocugen Inc. (NASDAQ: OCGN)
Somewhat of a meme stock, Ocugen has experienced a volatile year. Much of the attention has focused on its proposed COVID treatment, COVAXIN. This treatment's development is in collaboration with the Indian Council of Medical Research. COVAXIN has already established a track record of more than 300 million doses supplied so far. It has emergency use authorizations in 13 countries right now.
The current target right now for Ocugen is getting into the U.S. and Canada. Last week the company announced that it had selected Jubilant HollisterStier of Spokane, Washington as its manufacturing partner for COVAXIN™. This was in preparation for potential commercial manufacturing of COVAXIN™ for these markets.
J.P. Gabriel, Ocugen's Senior Vice President, Manufacturing and Supply Chain, said, "Securing US-based manufacturing capability is a critical step as we prepare to submit our regulatory submissions to the FDA and Health Canada. Based on Bharat Biotech's strong track record of developing and commercializing vaccines globally and Jubilant's proven track record in manufacturing, we are well-prepared to transition US manufacturing of COVAXIN to our new partner."
Biotech Penny Stocks Showing Strength In June
Despite the overall market trends, certain sectors and industries have emerged as winners. While ETFs like the S&P's SPY or Nasdaq's QQQ saw declines over the last few days, biotech has weathered the recent sell-off. Will this trend persist? Time will tell. However, with current strength being evident, stocks with exposure to this trend could be top names to watch before the end of the month.
Pursuant to an agreement between Midam Ventures LLC and GT Biopharma (GTBP) Midam has been paid $150,000 for a period from March 1, 2021, to April 1, 2021. This compensation is payment 1 of 12 as part of a 12-month agreement between Midam Ventures LLC & GT Biopharma (GTBP), for a period from March 1, 2021, to February 28, 2022. Midam Ventures LLC expects to be paid $150,000 per month for a total of 12 months by GT Biopharma (GTBP). Midam has been paid an additional $150,000 for a period from April 2, 2021, to May 1, 2021. This compensation is payment 2 of 12 as part of the Agreement. Midam has been paid an additional $150,000 for a period from May 2, 2021, to June 1, 2021. This compensation is payment 3 of 12 as part of the Agreement. Midam has been paid an additional $150,000 for a period from June 2, 2021, to July 1, 2021. This compensation is payment 4 of 12 as part of the Agreement. We may buy or sell additional shares of GT Biopharma (GTBP) in the open market at any time, including before, during, or after the Website and Information, to provide public dissemination of favorable Information about GT Biopharma (GTBP). Click Here For Full Disclaimer


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Tokyo Japan International Olympic Committee Japan Olympic Team Thomas Bach Sports Coronavirus Infectious diseases Diseases and conditions Health Lung disease COVID-19 pandemic Olympic games Public opinion Social affairs Sports governance Political activism Political issues Government and politics
IOC says negative public opinion is no threat to Tokyo Games
By GRAHAM DUNBAR - May. 12, 2021 04:14 PM EDT
FILE - In this Feb. 24, 2021, file photo, people walk past posters to promote the Olympic Games scheduled to start in the summer in Tokyo. Frustration is mounting over Japanese Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga's request that people cooperate while he pushes to hold the Olympics in just over two months. (AP Photo/Koji Sasahara, File)
GENEVA (AP) — The IOC on Wednesday downplayed concerns over Japanese public opinion calling for the Tokyo Olympics to be canceled, before its virtual news conference was interrupted by an activist protesting the games.
The news conference followed a monthly meeting of the International Olympic Committee's executive board held amid a state of emergency in Tokyo to curb surging COVID-19 cases. Polling in Japan also persistently suggests people want the July 23-Aug. 8 Olympics to be called off, having already been postponed by one year.
"We listen but won't be guided by public opinion," IOC spokesman Mark Adams said, adding "everything is telling us ... that the games can go ahead and will go ahead."
Adams stood in for his boss, IOC president Thomas Bach, whose planned visit to Japan next week was called off Monday after states of emergency in Tokyo and other regions were extended through May.
The final question of the news conference, held by video call, was offered to a reporter from Yahoo Sports. Instead, an activist appeared on the screen holding up a black and white banner opposing the Tokyo Olympics.
"No Olympics anywhere, No Olympics anywhere," he said, before using a profanity and adding "No Olympics in L.A., No Olympics in Tokyo," before the line was cut. The 2028 Olympics will be held in Los Angeles.
Adams made light of the interruption noting if Bach had been present it "probably would have made that stunt a little bit more interesting."
The NOlympics LA group later claimed on its Twitter account it had "crashed the IOC's press conference."
A tricky week for the IOC comes just 78 days before the Tokyo Olympics are scheduled to open, which Adams said would be a "historic moment" for the world and make the Japanese people proud.
Olympic Games typically dip in popularity in the host nation before momentum picks up when the games open and the sports begin.
"I am very confident that we will see public opinion hugely in favor of the games," Adams said, adding that Japanese people strongly approved of Tokyo's candidacy. It won a bidding contest in 2013 against Madrid and Istanbul.
Still, opposition has seemed to harden against an Olympics that has cost at least $15 billion of mostly taxpayers' money.
Adams said there was private polling numbers known to the IOC and organizers in Tokyo though no details were given Wednesday.
Amid the uncertainty and disrupted plans for the ongoing four-month torch rela y across Japan, test events have continued to be held in Tokyo. Olympic qualifying events have also been held worldwide.
Around 7,800 athletes have qualified for the games — 70% of the total quota — with a further 10% set to be earned by June 29, Adams said. About 20% of entries are being awarded according to world rankings in some of the 33 sports.
A "large and growing number" of participants will be vaccinated against COVID-19 before arriving at the athlete village in Tokyo, Adams said.
The IOC has struck deals to buy Chinese vaccines and receive donations of doses from Pfizer to distribute to Olympic team delegations worldwide.


Move in condition with brand new dimensional shingles and both flat roofs done Jan 2019. Family room in back is closed off by sliding doors and has heat and a/c vent in it. Privacy fenced around whole backyard. Room dimensions may be approximate, so please measure for yourself. Second bath is in garage and has step in shower and toilet in private room with door - sink is in garage just outside bath.