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Mosque of Muhammad Ali, Cairo: The Complete Guide
Africa & Middle East Egypt
Jessica Macdonald
Jessica Macdonald lives in South Africa's Eastern Cape province and has been TripSavvy's Africa Expert since 2016. She also covers travel products and has written about everything from camping knives to climbing chalk.
Peter Unger/Getty Images
Mosque of Muhammad Ali
Al Abageyah, El-Khalifa, Cairo Governorate, Egypt
Also known as the Alabaster Mosque, the Mosque of Muhammad Ali towers above the Egyptian capital from its vantage point atop the Citadel of Saladin. The citadel is an Islamic fortification built during medieval times as the seat of the Egyptian government and the home of the region's rulers. It served in this capacity for almost 700 years from the 13th century onwards and is today recognized and preserved as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Mosque of Muhammad Ali is one of the citadel's most visited attractions, and one of the first sights to greet people arriving in the capital. Additionally, the mosque's elevated position and striking architecture make it one of the most recognizable and well-known Islamic landmarks in all of Cairo.
The Mosque's History
The mosque was the personal project of Muhammad Ali Pasha, the Ottoman governor, who became the de facto ruler of Egypt from 1805 to 1848. He eventually rebelled against the Ottoman sultan and is credited as the founder of modern Egypt. He commissioned the mosque in 1830 in memory of his oldest son, Tusun Pasha, who died of the plague in 1816. To make space for the new building, Muhammad Ali ordered the dilapidated remains of the citadel's Mamluk palaces to be cleared, which served the dual purpose of helping to eradicate the legacy of the previous Mamluk Sultanate.
The mosque took 18 years to complete, mostly due to its size (it was the largest mosque built in Cairo during the first half of the 19th century). The architect was Yusuf Bushnak, who was brought to Egypt from Turkey to replicate the design of Istanbul's famous Blue Mosque. Muhammad Ali's decision to mimic the architecture of the Blue Mosque is symbolic of his defiance of the Ottoman sultan and his attempt to establish Cairo as a rival to Istanbul. The message was underlined by the fact that this architectural style was reserved for mosques built on the authority of the Sultan, which Muhammad Ali's mosque was not. Ironically, despite its intention as a declaration of Egyptian independence, the mosque is uniquely Ottoman in style.
In 1857, Muhammad Ali's body was removed from his family mausoleum in Cairo's necropolis and interred in a marble tomb within the mosque. Structural insecurities were discovered within the central dome in 1931, which caused then-ruler King Fuad to order a complete restoration to make it safe again.
From the outside, the mosque is an impressive prospect, with a large central dome that stands over 170 feet high. It is surrounded by four smaller domes and four more semicircular domes, with two graceful minarets that soar 275 feet into the sky. The layout is divided into two main parts: the mosque and prayer area in the east, and an open courtyard in the west. Although the primary building material is limestone, the square and the lower story of the mosque are tiled in white alabaster up to a height of 36 feet (hence its alternative name).
The courtyard is surrounded by columned arcades. In the middle of the northwestern arcade is a clock tower, which was gifted to Muhammad Ali by King Louis Philippe I of France as a thank you for the Luxor obelisk that now stands in the Place de la Concorde in Paris. However, the clock arrived damaged and has never been repaired. The center of the courtyard stands an octagonal ablution fountain, with an elaborately carved wooden roof topped by a leaded dome.
Once you step inside the mosque itself, the first impression is one of incredible space enhanced by the various domes set into the ceiling. In total, the interior covers 440 square feet. The ceiling is a particular highlight, with its ornate paintings, inlays, and gilded accents, all of which reflect the light cast by an enormous circular chandelier. Look for the six medallions arranged around the central dome, which bear the Arabic names of Allah, the Prophet Muhammad, and the first four caliphs. Unusually, the mosque has two minbars, or pulpits. The first is the original, made of gilded wood and rumored to be one of the largest in Egypt. The second, marble minbar was gifted in 1939 by King Farouk, one of Muhammad Ali's many descendants.
Don't miss the marble mihrab, or prayer niche, or the tomb of Muhammad Ali himself. The latter lies to the right of the main entrance and is made of white marble adorned with floral motifs. After your visit, be sure to enjoy the spectacular view from the mosque terrace. In the foreground lies the Mosque-Madrassa Sultan Hassan and the rest of Islamic Cairo. On the horizon, the modern skyscrapers of downtown Cairo beckon, while on clear days, it's possible to see to the ancient Pyramids of Giza.
It's easy enough to visit the mosque independently; just ask your Uber driver to take you there. However, guided tours like the ones listed on Viator offer the benefit of an expert's insight into its history and architecture. Usually, they combine a visit to the mosque with tours of other Cairo attractions such as the Egyptian Museum, the Hanging Church, and Khan al-Khalili Bazaar. Many tours include the chance to sample traditional Egyptian cuisine at a local restaurant, and you should have the option of joining a small group or hiring a guide privately. The mosque stays open from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. every day but is closed to visitors during Friday midday prayers. At all other times, non-Muslims are welcome to look around but must dress modestly and remove shoes before entering the mosque.
Other Citadel Attractions
After visiting Muhammad Ali Mosque, it's well worth taking a stroll around the rest of the citadel, which stands out for its stunning Mamluk and Ottoman architecture and its panoramic city views. There are several other mosques to visit within the citadel. These include Al-Nasir Muhammad Mosque (built by a Mamluk sultan in the early 14th century) and 16th-century Sulayman Pasha Mosque (the first in Egypt to be built in the Ottoman style).
The citadel also has four museums. Al-Gawhara Palace Museum was commissioned by Muhammad Ali in 1814 and houses opulent belongings, including his throne and a vast chandelier, also gifted by the French king. The National Military Museum tells the story of the Egyptian Army's conflicts throughout history and is housed in the old Haram Palace, while the Police Museum and the Carriage Museum focus on political assassinations and royal carriages through the ages, respectively.
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The Lyon Printing Museum and the Fondation Marc Jurt pay tribute to the great draftsman, printmaker and Swiss painter, who died in 2006. Professor at the College de Saussure and an avid traveller, Marc Jurt met Michel Butor, a writer he admired, and began a collaborative work. The museum presents some fifty paintings, regarded as the highlights of his production produced between 1994 and 1995.
Collaboration is a vital aspect of Butor's oeuvre, and his work with visual artists, which in a way began with a very early (1945) piece on Max Ernst, continued and grew, encompassing words about, words to go alongside, and ultimately words within the visual works. The list of artists with whom he collaborated in this way is lengthy – there are around 200 – and includes Alechinsky, Starisky, Kolar, Maccheroni, Monory (see Elinor Miller's book Prisms & Rainbows for more about three of these). Butor chooses to make his home close to a border (between France and Switzerland) and the idea of crossing or blurring frontiers is key to his 'oeuvres croisées'.


Former Ten Most Wanted Fugitive #496: On May 9, 2012, Mayes was added to the list. He was wanted in connection with the alleged kidnapping of four female victims from Whiteville, Tennessee on April 27, 2012. Mayes committed suicide in May 2012.


Soheir Abdel Kader is an Egyptian film festival expert. Among her many career accomplishments and designations, she is the founder and president of both the Awladna International Forum for Arts of the Gifted and the Afro-Chinese Arts and Folklore Festival. Abdel Kader is also the chairperson of the African Film Consortium. She will be in South Africa for the Nelson Mandela Children's Film Festival, which begins on 16 June in Johannesburg. The Daily Vox caught up Abdel Kader to find out more about her work.
"You also need to have connections and build strong networks, and know that you always have to contain any kind of problems that would hinder the flow of work," she says.
Today, selecting films is difficult because it requires money to be paid to the producer, unlike the old times. "We have lost a great deal of status in the festival domain due to our inability to compete with other international festivals," she says.
In 2015, Abdel Kader won the Mama of Africa title from the Pan-African Film Consortium.
"When I received the Mama of Africa title, I was very happy that such an entity gathering African countries together towards one goal exists, and then I thought we would prevail as one, with our culture, and production," she says. For African countries to prevail as one in film, she continues, there is a need for African countries to absorb each others cultures, fully unite, and impose our culture internationally.
The fracture means that Abdel Kader is still unable to launch a festival fully dedicated to the African cinema production. Instead, cinema is a part of the rest of African arts to ensure that it is given maximum exposure.
Inspired by the strong ties between Egypt and Africa, and especially with the potentially growing relationships with China, Abdel Kader launched the first African-Chinese Cultural festival in 2016.
"Cross cultural festivals dissolve all barriers between nations, as art is the universal language which talks in the language of peace and love. These festivals convey cultures and traditions and history of nations and countries between each other," she says.
Organising cross-cultural festivals is no easy task. It needs cooperation and willingness from countries and their respective ministries of culture and tourism, she says.
If Abdel Kader could advise African filmmakers, she would tell them to persist and persevere to pursue their goals despite all hindrances that they may face, especially because they are entering an already established market that needs effort and time to be claimed.
In the past, she organised and promoted festivals in Africa and in the Middle East, including the mooted Arab Film Festival Guild. However, there is little to no cooperation between filmmakers across Africa and the Middle East today. Funding is a great hindrance for successful cooperation, she says.
Besides that, Abdel Kader says African countries have a great deal of talent and creativity, but seek cooperation with USA and Europe thinking that it is always better than other avenues.
She launched the Cairo International Film Festival for Children in 1991 and was its director until 2015, expanding the span of the festival to accommodate different art forms.
The biggest challenges for children's filmmakers working in Africa and the Middle East are exposure and the lack of support from ministries of culture, she says.
"People are mainly concerned with American and European film production for kids, which gives it a great chance to be screened in cinemas and get its due exposure, unlike African production," she says. African production has become only festival-oriented, exclusively for festivals screening, which doesn't pay off with needed profits to sustain the continuity of production.
The second problem, she says, is the lack of concern of ministries of culture and their lack of support to these movies in a way that children would understand.
While working on the Cairo International Film Festival For Children, she always dreamt of involving special abilities and gifted kids.
Finally, in 2017, she launched the Awladna International Forum for Arts For The Gifted, the first of its kind and her dream came true.
Such success encourages her to dream even bigger, to one day provide a home for special abilities and gifted children that would welcome and nurture them in case of any loss that may happen to their parents, especially their mothers.
When asked about a future where these kinds of film festivals nurture and grow mobile filmmaking through apps like Youtube and SnapChat, she says anything is possible if people and entities cooperate with each other.
"We already have a small-scale festival for mobile movies in Egypt, so why not have all Africa joining hand in hand to launch such a festival? It would come without the hindrances of production costs that filmmakers usually face which would guarantee more exposure and better participation in such a Pan-African festival," Abdel Kader says.
The inaugural Nelson Mandela Children's Film Festival will be taking place from 16 June to 18 June.The theme of the festival is The Children's Champion: Celebrating Nelson Mandela's Centenary.


The "Me Too" movement has sparked discussions about how people treat each other in the workplace. While the "Me Too" movement primarily relates to sexual harassment in the workplace, employers must also be cognizant of the growing issue of violence/bullying that not only exists in workplace settings, but is as frequent and consequential as sexual harassment. Employers must be proactive in preventing bullying as well as appropriately respond to complaints to avoid liability and other adverse impacts on the business.
Workplace bullying is generally defined as threatening, humiliating or intimidating behavior in the workplace. It includes threats of and acts of physical violence. Although there is a legal definition for workplace bullying, as with sexual harassment, each situation is different and it is impossible to specifically categorize what behavior is, and is not workplace bullying. Often workplace bullying is defined by the context of the dialogue and the relationship of the parties. It is also subjective; what is bullying to one person may be more tolerable or acceptable to another.
There are generally two categories of workplace bullying: when a manager or supervisor reprimands an employee and when one employee "bullies" a fellow employee. It is critical to understand that employers, managers and supervisors are entitled to reprimand their staff, speak harshly to them, and in some cases make them feel uncomfortable. Nevertheless, there is a line that managers simply cannot cross where their actions change from appropriate reprimand or motivation to improper behavior that is considered bullying. Again, this line is not specifically defined, but employers should simply think carefully before they react, rather than address employees with negative emotion.
Workplace bullying is more common when two employees simply do not get along. Rather than resolve their differences, avoid each other, or seek the assistance of management, employees often react and do and say things that can create significant workplace issues. Any threat of violence or physical act of aggression in the workplace can have serious consequences for both the employee and employer. Moreover, employers must be cautious about making insensitive jokes or constantly badgering or ganging up on other employees. In some cases, this is harmless workplace banter, but in others, if an employee feels intimidated or humiliated, it may rise to the level of workplace bullying.
Similar to sexual harassment, employers must have zero tolerance toward any form of workplace bullying. People should be able to work in a safe environment and feel as though they can work with some level of dignity. As such, employers should have a written policy prohibiting bullying as well as procedures for making and investigating complaints. if an employee makes a complaint of workplace bullying, the employer is obligated to follow through and investigate the claim. If the employer determines that the behavior is not appropriate, it must take appropriate steps to ensure that the behavior ceases.
If the employer ignores allegations of this nature, or fails to take steps to protect its employees, it could lead to serious negative consequences for the company. In addition to legal liability, employers who tolerate bullying often suffer from poor employee morale, reduced productivity, high employee turnover and reputational damage.
Bullying is real and employers need to take it seriously. If you need assistance developing a workplace bullying policy or with investigating a complaint, contact us for a consultation.


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Parents of Peru Ban Gender Madness. Now it's Our Turn!
admin September 20, 2017 Gender Dysphoria, Latest News, Safe Schools gender theory, safe schools
Parents around the world are fighting to get Gender Ideology out of our schools and away from our children!
Some encouraging news from Peru: "An association of parents in Peru has scored a victory in a crucial lawsuit to stop the government from indoctrinating their children in gender ideology.
The first civil chamber of Lima's Superior Court of Justice sided with the group Parents in Action (Padres en Acción) and nullified part of the Ministry of Education's "National Curriculum of Basic Education," which encourages teachers to present "gender" as a psychological construct." – Lifesite News
"We won the lawsuit! A day to celebrate #TheRightofParents (#DerechodePadres) to intervene in the education of their children," announced Parents in Action on its Facebook page.
"We reiterate our request to the Ministry of Education to immediately halt the arbitrary ideological indoctrination of children," the group stated, calling on the ministry to start a dialog "with parents and civil society to define an approach to sexuality based on reality, science, virtue, and the culture of life and family that is part of the cultural identity of the majority of Peruvians."
And just like in Australia, their version of 'Safe Schools Coalition' deny, deny, deny everything! "Despite the language in the current National Curriculum of Basic Education, the Ministry of Education claims that it doesn't teach gender ideology."
Hmmmmm.
It's amazing what can be achieved when we stand together to protect our children!
PLEASE SIGN OUR PETITION TO STOP SAFE SCHOOLS

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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EHS Fundamentals
Compliant wastewater disposal: Basics to know before it goes
Is your wastewater disposal compliant in every facility? From permits to pollutants, here's a fundamentals pipeline to your best program.
by Taylor Murphy
From federal agencies to financial investors, compliant (and conscientious) wastewater disposal is on everyone's radar. With direct ties to health and the environment, the way you discharge wastewater plays an important role in your responsibility to protect workers and our world. Whether you're getting started with water resource management or getting a new facility up to speed, make sure your processes and permits are up to par with these essentials.
Why does your waste management method matter?
The last step in the water management lifecycle, wastewater disposal, refers to all ways a company discharges water from its facilities. This could be from many areas of your business, including operational processes but even kitchens, breakrooms, and bathrooms.
When most of us think of neglectful wastewater disposal, the devastating impact on our environment first comes to mind. But it can also mean bad news for your business. Alongside costly fines for non-compliance, careless discharges eventually translate into a second-rate ESG score. In fact, wastewater disposal factors are part of the EHS baseline for recognized Environmental, Social, and Governance frameworks. As more investors look to ESG strategy as an indicator of sustainable business, the more you'll need to keep your eye on how your wastewater processes bubble up in your business.
Ensure your wastewater disposal permits are up to par
Wastewater is highly regulated at local levels (e.g., state or provincial). However, in some cases, the higher-level governments (e.g., federal or national) play a bigger role in regulating wastewater disposal. Of course, states, like in the US and EU Member States, can (and sometimes do) set stricter water quality standards than the level above them. These standards and requirements are imposed through permits.
If your business discharges wastewater from its facilities, you'll need a permit. And, in many cases, that means a permit for each facility. You must also monitor and record certain aspects of your discharges, including pollutants in the water, where you dispose of the water, and how much water you discharge.
Watch out for wastewater pollutants
Pollutants found from wastewater disposal are carefully monitored across the world. Under EU Directive 2008/105/EC, companies must comply with their authorizations' requirements for discharges of 45 priority substances. These substances include pollutants such as mercury, lead, and their components, as well as cypermethrin, cybutryne, and quinoxyfen. As part of its legislation "fitness check," the EU recently announced a proposal to review the existing list of surface and groundwater pollutants along with other related directives.
Know your reporting requirements – and where they come from
Other permits specify requirements for monitoring and reporting wastewater disposal.
In the US, the Clean Water Act regulates wastewater discharge at the federal level. Specifically, it calls for a facility to obtain a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit if it discharges from a point source into the waters of the United States. A point source is any discernible, confined and discrete conveyance such as a pipe or man-made ditch. NPDES permits establish discharge limits, monitoring and reporting requirements, and could require a facility to undertake measures to protect the environment from harmful pollutants.
Many states (like Alaska, California, Florida, Maine, Missouri, and Virginia) have authorized state NPDES programs with more stringent requirements than the federal permits. So, your facilities in the US must obtain and follow either a federal- or state-issued permit, per each jurisdiction's requirements, to discharge and monitor wastewater.
Protecting our world through compliant wastewater disposal
Compliant wastewater disposal is essential to preserving our health and environment. Getting it right in the real world starts first on paper, or, more specifically, with the proper permits. Generally, any facility that discharges any wastewater will have to obtain a permit from a national, local, state authority. This is especially the case for wastewater containing pollutants. To avoid your business falling victim to common permit pitfalls, make sure you're reading the fine print. Check if you need facility-specific authorization and what pollutants and/or reporting requirements they include. As you align your disposal processes with legal requirements, your business will make a direct impact on the well-being of our world at large.
Subscribe to stay on top of emerging EHS issues with our latest resources
Sign up to receive updates on what's happening in environmental, health and safety regulations – and what to do about it, including: today's risks and safeguarding against them, changing regulatory developments and your requirements, trends to get ahead of in your program…


... If it was, the great blues players wouldn't be as popular as they are. They use a variety of sounds and techniques that color their playing in a way that makes people want to "hear what they have to say" musically speaking.
What we're really talking about here is what is referred to by other instrumental musicians as "phrasing." If you have pretty good left hand dexterity, you can do alot of things that add fire to your sound rather than just trying to play fast. By the way, I don't care how fast you can play, there's always someone faster out there. There's a line a mile long of players that demonstrate their blinding speed, just playing fast, on and on and on. . . how boring.
I judged a "Guitar Wars" competition a few years back and the first guy that got up there began to play these really fast runs and, I must admit, I was pretty impressed. . . for about 30 seconds. That's all he did, stand there and play fast runs for about 3 minutes straight. Crazy thing is, he wasn't the only one. Almost every one of the other contestants after him sounded exactly like him. Little cookie cutter players that all sounded exactly alike. How do you judge that?ERIC CLAPTONEric Clapton has alot of personality in his playing. He always has. That's why we used this riff as an example- to encourage you to get some of his older stuff if you haven't heard it. Go get several of his CDs and really study the way he executes the notes he plays. His early stuff was pretty high-energy and his later stuff was full of expression in a different way.
One good idea is to look through the Clapton books in the bookstore.THE HAMMER ON AND THE PULL-OFFThe Let's look at two of the left-hand techniques used in this riff, the Hammer-on and the Pull-off. Both techniques require you to pick the first note but only finger any subsequent note(s) with your left hand. For a visual example see the HANDS guide.


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DEEP PURPLE's ROGER GLOVER Has Secured An Editor For His Long-In-The-Works Autobiography
In a new interview with Germany's Radio Bob!, DEEP PURPLE bassist Roger Glover confirmed that he is still planning on releasing his autobiography. "I've made a lot of progress writing my book," he said (as transcribed by BLABBERMOUTH.NET). "I've got an editor now, a well-known journalist called Chris Charlesworth, who's really helped me. And I've got about — I don't know — fifty thousand words done. But it should go another year or so before I [am finished with it]. I've only reached a little bit of my career so far; there's a lot to go. The hard part is remembering it all."
Chris Charlesworth is a British music journalist and author. Between 1983 and 2016, he was the managing editor of Omnibus Press. He has also worked with THE WHO as an executive producer and served as David Bowie's publicist at RCA Records from 1979 to 1981. Charlesworth wrote for Melody Maker from 1970 to 1977 and contributed to numerous other magazines in the U.S. and U.K.
In 2018, Glover told Music Radar that he had been working on his autobiography "for about five years now." He said: "It's not easy, because I didn't want a ghostwriter, but I enjoy good writing, and it's a pleasure to write. It's hard to look back and capture who I was years ago. I look at videos of myself playing and I think, 'Who is that person?'
"It's not possible to capture what was in your mind at the time, because memories aren't always reliable," he added. "I've found a load of diaries from the '60s, and I've kept a journal for the last 30 years or so. I just have to work out what I did in the '70s."
DEEP PURPLE's latest studio effort, an album of covers titled "Turning To Crime", came out on November 26 via earMUSIC. The LP contains DEEP PURPLE's versions of great rock classics and musical jewels — including songs originally recorded by Bob Dylan, FLEETWOOD MAC, Bob Seger, CREAM and THE YARDBIRDS — carefully chosen by each member of the band.
tom lats November 29, 2021 November 30, 2021 Rock News No Comments
← Watch a Trailer for New 'Chrissie Hynde Sings Bob Dylan' Film
Judas Priest Reschedule 2022 North American Tour →


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HomeThe Institut PasteurThe Institut Pasteur throughout the worldAnticipating and reacting quickly to outbreaks: a consortium won the Galien MedStartUp award
The Pulses
The Praesens Foundation, the Institut Pasteur, the Institut Pasteur de Dakar, University of Nebraska Medical Center and Twist Bioscience Corporation (NASDAQ: TWST) announced that the consortium is the winner of the Prix Galien MedStartUp award in the category: 'Best Collaboration Dedicated to the Developing or Underserved Populations Worldwide'. The consortium works together to develop, quantify and scale up a range of innovative solutions on the continent of Africa to ensure better preparedness and response to infectious disease outbreaks. This includes assays to rapidly identify pathogens developed for and by low and middle income countries that will benefit the communities that need it most.
Diagnostic assistance in an epidemic context
It is important to identify outbreaks as early as possible in order to decrease the burden on the healthcare system and the local economy. Globalization has connected the world but has also increased the spread of infectious disease making it crucial to adopt a syndromic approach to detect and differentiate both known and unknown pathogens and co-infections in clinical settings while safeguarding the affordability & access of these assays to the communities who need it most.
A case in point was the 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak in West Africa that cost $32.6 billion and resulted in the loss of 11,000 lives. (1) "Past and recent disease outbreaks of Ebola, SARS, MERS-CoV, Zika and Dengue, have shown that infectious diseases continue to affect many lives while also representing social, economic, and national security threats that can quickly evolve into global health crises, causing major human suffering and imposing enormous economic damage," (2) said Dr. Rudi Pauwels, Founder and President of Praesens Foundation.
"The research conducted at the Institut Pasteur, and within its international network, unravels the fundamental mechanisms of life, advances scientific knowledge and leads to cutting-edge medical applications. Through its multidisciplinary and transversal approach to research, it promotes discovery and innovation.", said Dr. Isabelle Buckle, Executive Vice President, Technology Transfer and Industrial Partnerships for the Institut Pasteur. "Combining all these technologies and competences into one integrated solution, based on a decentralized approach with complementary qualitative diagnostic tools ranging from low-cost rapid diagnostic tests to point-of-care in both fixed and mobile diagnostic capabilities, will meet the local needs and ultimately benefit the patients."
A Mobile Biosafety Lab
Based on field observations, the Praesens Foundation together with Institut Pasteur de Dakar developed a Mobile Biosafety Lab, which aims to provide an innovative and open platform for the immediate detection and identification of pathogens in clinical samples of patients living in hard to reach regions with very limited to non-existent healthcare infrastructure.
The mobile laboratory is an integral part of the Institut Pasteur de Dakar's global strategy for responding to epidemics, alongside the laboratories in a suitcase (lab-in suitcase). The Mobile Biosafety Lab can easily be moved and redeployed between different sites, avoiding transportation of infectious clinical samples to centralized laboratories which is useful during an epidemic investigation of the Dengue epidemic in Louga or when conducting surveillance campaigns as proven in the field for over two years in Senegal.
A method for rapid detection of pathogens
"Using the commercially available pan viral panel capable of detecting approximately 800 different viruses provides an economical and practical approach for identifying potential epidemics and outbreaks worldwide. Due to the uniformity and sensitivity of the custom DNA capture panels, we have been able to efficiently trace the spread of disease and the pattern of mutation for several different viral outbreaks", stated Michael Wiley, Ph.D., Assistant Professor at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Public Health.
"The Twist method has been used to expedite and consolidate the process of disease identification and patient tracking to help characterize the viruses causing outbreaks," said Emily M. Leproust, Ph.D., CEO and co-founder of Twist Bioscience. "Some examples include the Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Senegal, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research in Accra, Ghana, and Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo among others. We are pleased to partner with this incredible group as a critical part of the solution to the growing healthcare and financial burden of outbreaks and epidemics."
About the Prix Galien – MedStartUp Prize
Co-founded by the Galien Foundation and Business France, the Prix Galien – MedStartUp encourages and rewards the most promising startups in healthcare formed through international partnerships. The program brings together innovators and stakeholders to facilitate rapid adoption and encourages the diffusion of new technologies to improve the state of human health.
(1) Africa Union's Peace and Security Council discuss public health threats to the Continent Urge integration of effective public health strategies in the African Union Peace and Security Architecture | African Union [Internet]. [cited 2019 Mar 14]. Available from: https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20180118/africa-union%E2%80%99s-peace-and-security-council-discuss-public-health-threats
(2) Nii-Trebi NI. Emerging and Neglected Infectious Diseases: Insights, Advances, and Challenges. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:5245021.
During the Monaco Ocean Week*, on Thursday 28 March, His Serene Highness, the Sovereign Prince Albert II, in the presence of Professor Stewart Cole,...
On 7 December 2018, the Institut Pasteur organized a ceremony in honor of young graduates who completed their science thesis at the Institut Pasteur...
The 7th ceremony in honour of the young graduates who completed their science thesis at the Institut Pasteur during the 2018-2019 academic year was...


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Principles of Accounting, Volume 2: Managerial Accounting
12.3 Evaluate an Operating Segment or a Project Using Return on Investment, Residual Income, and Economic Value Added
Principles of Accounting, Volume 2: Managerial Accounting12.3 Evaluate an Operating Segment or a Project Using Return on Investment, Residual Income, and Economic Value Added
1 Accounting as a Tool for Managers
1.1 Define Managerial Accounting and Identify the Three Primary Responsibilities of Management
1.2 Distinguish between Financial and Managerial Accounting
1.3 Explain the Primary Roles and Skills Required of Managerial Accountants
1.4 Describe the Role of the Institute of Management Accountants and the Use of Ethical Standards
1.5 Describe Trends in Today's Business Environment and Analyze Their Impact on Accounting
Exercise Set A
Exercise Set B
Thought Provokers
2 Building Blocks of Managerial Accounting
2.1 Distinguish between Merchandising, Manufacturing, and Service Organizations
2.2 Identify and Apply Basic Cost Behavior Patterns
2.3 Estimate a Variable and Fixed Cost Equation and Predict Future Costs
Problem Set A
Problem Set B
3 Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis
3.1 Explain Contribution Margin and Calculate Contribution Margin per Unit, Contribution Margin Ratio, and Total Contribution Margin
3.2 Calculate a Break-Even Point in Units and Dollars
3.3 Perform Break-Even Sensitivity Analysis for a Single Product Under Changing Business Situations
3.4 Perform Break-Even Sensitivity Analysis for a Multi-Product Environment Under Changing Business Situations
3.5 Calculate and Interpret a Company's Margin of Safety and Operating Leverage
4 Job Order Costing
4.1 Distinguish between Job Order Costing and Process Costing
4.2 Describe and Identify the Three Major Components of Product Costs under Job Order Costing
4.3 Use the Job Order Costing Method to Trace the Flow of Product Costs through the Inventory Accounts
4.4 Compute a Predetermined Overhead Rate and Apply Overhead to Production
4.5 Compute the Cost of a Job Using Job Order Costing
4.6 Determine and Dispose of Underapplied or Overapplied Overhead
4.7 Prepare Journal Entries for a Job Order Cost System
4.8 Explain How a Job Order Cost System Applies to a Nonmanufacturing Environment
5 Process Costing
5.1 Compare and Contrast Job Order Costing and Process Costing
5.2 Explain and Identify Conversion Costs
5.3 Explain and Compute Equivalent Units and Total Cost of Production in an Initial Processing Stage
5.4 Explain and Compute Equivalent Units and Total Cost of Production in a Subsequent Processing Stage
5.5 Prepare Journal Entries for a Process Costing System
6 Activity-Based, Variable, and Absorption Costing
6.1 Calculate Predetermined Overhead and Total Cost under the Traditional Allocation Method
6.2 Describe and Identify Cost Drivers
6.3 Calculate Activity-Based Product Costs
6.4 Compare and Contrast Traditional and Activity-Based Costing Systems
6.5 Compare and Contrast Variable and Absorption Costing
7 Budgeting
7.1 Describe How and Why Managers Use Budgets
7.2 Prepare Operating Budgets
7.3 Prepare Financial Budgets
7.4 Prepare Flexible Budgets
7.5 Explain How Budgets Are Used to Evaluate Goals
8 Standard Costs and Variances
8.1 Explain How and Why a Standard Cost Is Developed
8.2 Compute and Evaluate Materials Variances
8.3 Compute and Evaluate Labor Variances
8.4 Compute and Evaluate Overhead Variances
8.5 Describe How Companies Use Variance Analysis
9 Responsibility Accounting and Decentralization
9.1 Differentiate between Centralized and Decentralized Management
9.2 Describe How Decision-Making Differs between Centralized and Decentralized Environments
9.3 Describe the Types of Responsibility Centers
9.4 Describe the Effects of Various Decisions on Performance Evaluation of Responsibility Centers
10 Short-Term Decision Making
10.1 Identify Relevant Information for Decision-Making
10.2 Evaluate and Determine Whether to Accept or Reject a Special Order
10.3 Evaluate and Determine Whether to Make or Buy a Component
10.4 Evaluate and Determine Whether to Keep or Discontinue a Segment or Product
10.5 Evaluate and Determine Whether to Sell or Process Further
10.6 Evaluate and Determine How to Make Decisions When Resources Are Constrained
11 Capital Budgeting Decisions
11.1 Describe Capital Investment Decisions and How They Are Applied
11.2 Evaluate the Payback and Accounting Rate of Return in Capital Investment Decisions
11.3 Explain the Time Value of Money and Calculate Present and Future Values of Lump Sums and Annuities
11.4 Use Discounted Cash Flow Models to Make Capital Investment Decisions
11.5 Compare and Contrast Non-Time Value-Based Methods and Time Value-Based Methods in Capital Investment Decisions
12 Balanced Scorecard and Other Performance Measures
12.1 Explain the Importance of Performance Measurement
12.2 Identify the Characteristics of an Effective Performance Measure
12.4 Describe the Balanced Scorecard and Explain How It Is Used
13 Sustainability Reporting
13.1 Describe Sustainability and the Way It Creates Business Value
13.2 Identify User Needs for Information
13.3 Discuss Examples of Major Sustainability Initiatives
13.4 Future Issues in Sustainability
A | Financial Statement Analysis
B | Time Value of Money
C | Suggested Resources
There are three performance measures commonly used when a manager has control over investments, such as the buying and selling of inventory and equipment: return on investment, residual income, and economic value added. These measures use financial accounting data to evaluate how well a manager is meeting certain goals.
Introduction to Return on Investment, Residual Income, and Economic Value Added as Evaluative Tools
One of the primary goals of a company is to be profitable. There are many ways a company can use profits. For example, companies can retain profits for future use, they can distribute them to shareholders in the form of dividends, or they can use the profits to pay off debts. However, none of these options actually contributes to the growth of the company. In order to stay profitable, a company must continuously evolve. A fourth option for the use of company profits is to reinvest the profits into the company in order to help it grow. For example, a company can buy new assets such as equipment, buildings, or patents; finance research and development; acquire other companies; or implement a vigorous advertising campaign. There are many options that will help the company to grow and to continue to be profitable.
One way to measure how effective a company is at using its invested profits to be profitable is by measuring its return on investment (ROI), which shows the percentage of income generated by profits that were invested in capital assets. It is calculated using the following formula:
Capital assets are those tangible and intangible assets that have lives longer than one year; they are also called fixed assets. ROI in its basic form is useful; however, there are really two components of ROI: sales margin and asset turnover. This is known as the DuPont Model. It originated in the 1920s when the DuPont company implemented it for internal measurement purposes. The DuPont model can be expressed using this formula:
Sales margin indicates how much profit is generated by each dollar of sales and is computed as shown:
Asset turnover indicates the number of sales dollars produced by every dollar invested in capital assets—in other words, how efficiently the company is using its capital assets to generate sales. It is computed as:
Using ROI represented as Sales Margin × Asset Turnover, we can get another formula for ROI. Substituting the formulas for each of these individual ratios, ROI can be expressed as:
To visualize this ROI formula in another way, we can deconstruct it into its components, as in Figure 12.4.
Figure 12.4 Decomposition of ROI into the Components Sales Margin and Asset Turnover. (attribution: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license)
When sales margin and asset turnover are multiplied by each other, the sales components of each measure will cancel out, leaving
ROI captures the nuances of both elements. A good sales margin and a proper asset turnover are both needed for a successful operation. As an example, a jewelry store typically has a very low turnover but is profitable because of its high sales margin. A grocery store has a much lower sales margin but is successful because of high turnover. You can see it is important to understand each of these individual components of ROI.
Calculation and Interpretation of the Return on Investment
To put these concepts in context, consider a bakery called Scrumptious Sweets, Inc., that has three divisions and evaluates the managers of each of these decisions based on ROI. The following information is available for these divisions:
This information can be used to find the sales margin, asset turnover, and ROI for each division:
Alternatively, ROI could have been calculated by multiplying Sales Margin × Asset Turnover:
ROI measures the return in a percentage form rather than in absolute dollars, which is helpful when comparing projects, divisions, or departments of different sizes. How do we interpret the ROIs for Scrumptious Sweets? Suppose Scrumptious has set a target ROI for each division at 30% in order to share in the bonus pool. In this case, both the donut division and the bagel division would participate in the company bonus pool. What does the analysis regarding the brownie division show? By looking at the breakdown of ROI into its component parts of sales margin and asset turnover, it is apparent that the brownie division has a higher sales margin than the donut division, but it has a lower asset turnover than the other divisions, and this is affecting the brownie division's ROI. This would provide direction for management of the brownie division to investigate why their asset turnover is significantly lower than the other two divisions. Again, ROI is useful if there is a benchmark against which to compare, but it cannot be judged as a stand-alone measure without that comparison.
Managers want a high ROI, so they strive to increase it. Looking at its components, there are certain decisions managers can make to increase their ROI. For example, the sales margin component can be increased by increasing income, which can be done by either increasing sales revenue or decreasing expenses. Sales revenue can be increased by increasing sales price per unit without losing volume, or by maintaining current sales price but increasing the volume of sales. Asset turnover can be increased by increasing sales revenue or decreasing the amount of capital assets. Capital assets can be decreased by selling off assets such as equipment.
For example, suppose the manager of the brownie division has been running a new advertising campaign and is estimating that his sales volume will increase by 5% over the next year due to this ad campaign. This increase in sales volume will lead to an increase in income of $140,000. What does this do to his ROI? Division income will increase from $1,300,000 to $1,440,000, and the division average assets will stay the same, at $4,835,000. This will lead to an ROI of 30%, which is the ROI that must be achieved to participate in the bonus pool.
Another factor to consider is the effect of depreciation on ROI. Assets are depreciated over time, and this will reduce the value of the capital assets. A reduction in the capital assets results in an increase in ROI. Looking at the bagel division, suppose the assets in that division depreciated $500,000 from the beginning of the year to the end of the year and that no capital assets were sold and none were purchased. Look at the effect on ROI:
Notice that depreciation helped to improve the division's ROI even though management made no new decisions. Some companies will calculate ROI based on historical cost, while others keep the calculation based on depreciated assets with the idea that the manager is efficiently using the assets as they age. However, if depreciated values are used in the calculation of ROI, as assets are replaced, the ROI will drop from the prior period.
One drawback to using ROI is the potential of decreased goal congruence. For example, assume that one of the goals of a corporation is to have ROI of at least 15% (the cost of capital) on all new projects. Suppose one of the divisions within this corporation currently has a ROI of 20%, and the manager is evaluating the production of a new product in his division. If analysis shows that the new project is predicted to have a ROI of 18%, would the manager move forward with the project? Top management would opt to accept the production of the new product. However, since the project would decrease the division's current ROI, the division manager may reject the project to avoid decreasing his overall performance and possibly his overall compensation. The division manager is making an intentional choice based on his division's ROI relative to corporate ROI.
In other situations, the use of ROI can unintentionally lead to improper decision-making. For example, look at the ROI for the following investment opportunities faced by a manager:
In this example, though investment opportunity 1 has a higher ROI, it does not generate any significant income. Therefore, it is important to look at ROI among other factors in order to make an informed decision.
Calculation and Interpretation of the Residual Income
Another performance measure is residual income (RI), which shows the amount of income a given division (or project) is expected to earn in excess of a firm's minimum return goal. Every company sets a minimum required rate of return on projects and investments, representing the minimum return, usually in percentage form, that a project or investment must produce in order for the company to be willing to undertake it. This return is used as a basis for evaluating investments so that the firm may meet its targets and goals, and ensures that only profitable projects will be accepted. (You will learn the theory and mechanics behind establishing a minimum required rate of return in advanced accounting courses.)
Think about this concept in your own life. If you plan to invest in stocks, bonds, a work of art, precious stones, a graduate degree, or a business, you would want to know what your expected return would be before you made that investment. Most people shy away from investing time or money in things that do not provide a certain return, whether that return is money, happiness, or satisfaction. A company has to make similar decisions and decide where to spend its money and does not want to spend it in areas that will not return a minimum profit to the company and its shareholders. Companies will determine a minimum required rate of return as a basis against which to compare investment opportunities to aid in the decision of whether or not to accept a project. This minimum required rate of return is used to calculate residual income, which uses this formula:
Suppose the donut division of Scrumptious Sweets is considering acquiring new machinery to speed up the production of donuts and make the donuts more uniform in shape and size. The cost of the machine is $1,500,000, and it is expected to generate a profit of $250,000. Scrumptious has a corporate policy of a required minimum rate of return on projects of 18%. Based on residual income, should the donut division move forward on this project?
RI=$250,000–($1,500,000×0.18)RI=–$20,000RI=$250,000–($1,500,000×0.18)RI=–$20,000
A project will be accepted as long as the RI is a positive number, because that implies the project is earning more than the minimum required by the company. Therefore, the manager of the donut division would not accept this project based on RI alone. Note that RI is measured in absolute dollars. This makes it almost impossible to compare firms of different sizes or projects of different sizes to one another. Both ROI and RI are useful, but as shown, both tools have drawbacks. Therefore, many companies will use a combination of ROI and RI (as well as other measures) to evaluate performance.
Calculation and Interpretation of Economic Value Added
Economic value added (EVA) is similar to RI but is a measure of shareholder wealth that is being created by a project, segment, or division. Companies want to maximize shareholder wealth, and to do that, they have to generate enough income to cover their cost of debt and their cost of equity, but also to have income available to shareholders. Just as in residual income, the goal is a positive EVA. A positive EVA indicates management has effectively used its capital assets to increase the value of the firm and thus the wealth of shareholders. EVA is computed as shown:
After-tax income is the income reduced by tax expenses. The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is the cost that the company expects to pay on average to finance assets and growth using either debt or equity. WACC is based on the proportion of debt and equity held by a company and the costs of each of those. For example, if a company has a total of $1,000,000 in debt and equity, consisting of $400,000 in debt and $600,000 in stock, then the proportion of the company's capital structure that is debt is 40% ($400,000/$1,000,000), and the proportion that is equity is 60% ($600,000/$1,000,000).
What about the cost component for each? A company raises capital (money) in three primary ways: borrowing (debt), issuing stock (equity), or earning it (income). The cost of debt is the after-tax interest rate associated with borrowing money. The cost of equity is the rate associated with what the shareholders expect the corporation to earn in order for that shareholder to maintain ownership in the company. For example, shareholders of Apple stock may on average expect the company to earn a return of 10% per year; otherwise, they will sell their stock.
Sometimes the weighted average cost of capital and the required rate of return are the same for some companies, but often they will differ. Suppose Scrumptious Sweets, for example, has both debt capital and equity capital. Table 12.2 lists the cost of each type of capital as well as what proportion of the capital is made up of each of the two types. Notice that debt makes up 45% of the capital of Scrumptious Sweets and that the cost of debt is 8%. Equity makes up the other 55% of the capital structure of Scrumptious and the cost of equity is 9.8%. The weighted average cost of capital is the sum of each of the weighted cost of each type of capital. Thus, the weighted cost of debt is 0.08 × 0.45 = 0.036 or 3.6% and the weighted cost of equity is 0.098 × 0.55 = 0.054 or 5.4%. This results in a weighted average cost of capital of 3.6% plus 5.4%, or 9%.
Scrumptious Sweets' Weighted Average Cost of Capital
Type of Capital
Cost of Capital
Proportion of Total Capital
A × B
Weighted Cost
Debt 8% 45% 3.6%
Equity 9.8% 55% 5.4%
Weighted Average Cost of Capital 9%
Table 12.2
Reconsidering the new machine the donut division wants to buy, and using EVA to evaluate the project decision, would the decision change? Remember, the cost of the machine is $1,500,000, and it is expected to generate a profit of $250,000. Assume the tax rate for Scrumptious is 40%. To calculate EVA for the project, we need the following:
The positive EVA of $15,000 indicates that the project is generating income for the shareholders and should be accepted.
As you can see, though RI and EVA look similar, they can lead to different decisions. This difference stems from two sources. First, RI is calculated based on management's choice for the required rate of return, which can be determined from many different variables, whereas the weighted average cost of capital is based on the actual cost of debt and the estimated cost of equity, weighted by the actual percentages of both components. Second, when used to evaluate unit managers, RI often is based on pretax income, whereas EVA is based on after-tax income to the company itself. EVA and RI do not always lead to different decisions, but it is important that managers understand the components of both measures to ensure they make the best decision for the company.
Considerations in Using the Three Evaluative Tools
One of the most challenging aspects of using ROI, RI, and EVA lies in the determination of the variables used to calculate these measures. Income and invested capital are factors in the ROI, RI, and EVA performance models, and each can be defined in several ways. Invested capital can be defined as fixed assets, productive assets, or operating assets. Fixed assets typically include only tangible long-term assets. Productive assets typically include inventory plus the fixed assets. Operating assets include productive assets plus intangible assets, and current assets. One problem is determining which assets the manager can control with his or her decision-making authority. Each definition of invested capital will have a different impact on the performance measure, whether that measure is ROI, RI, or EVA. Deciding how to define invested capital is further complicated when combined with the additional decision of whether to use net book value (depreciated value) or gross book value (nondepreciated value) of long-lived assets. Net book value is the historical cost of an asset minus any accumulated depreciation, whereas gross book value is merely the historical cost of the asset. Obviously at the time of acquisition of an asset, these two numbers are the same, but over time, net book value will decrease for any given asset, while gross book value will stay the same for that asset. Using gross book value will result in a higher value for invested capital than using net book value. Remember, net book value will vary based on the depreciation method employed—straight line versus double declining balance, for example. Thus, gross book value removes the effect of choosing different depreciation methods. Despite this, most companies use net book value in the computation of ROI since net book value aligns with their financial reporting of capital assets on the balance sheet at their net value. Assets can also be measured at fair value, also known as market value. This is the value at which the assets could be sold. Fair value is only used in special cases of computing ROI such as in computing ROI for a real estate investment. The reason fair value is not typically used for ROI is that the fair or market value is rarely known or determinable with certainty and is often very subjective, whereas both gross and book value are readily known and determinable.
The second major component of these performance measures involves which income measure to use. First and foremost, no matter how a company measures income, the most important point is that the income the company uses as a measure should be controllable income if the performance model is to be a motivator and if the company uses responsibility accounting. Income, sometimes referred to as earnings, can be measured in many ways, and there are often common acronyms given for some of these measures. Common ways to measure income are operating income (income before taxes); earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT); earnings before interest, taxes, and depreciation (EBITDA); net income (income after taxes); or return on funds employed (ROFE), which adds working capital to any of the other income measures. Companies must decide which income measure they want to use in their determination of these various performance metrics. They must consider how the metric is being used, who they are evaluating by that metric, and whether the income and capital asset chosen capture the decision-making authority of the individual or division whose performance is being evaluated.
SkyHigh Superball Decisions
The manager of the SkyHigh division of Superball Corp. is faced with a decision on whether or not to buy a new machine that will mix the ingredients used in the SkyHigh superball produced by the SkyHigh division. This ball bounces as high as a two-story building upon first bounce and is so popular that the SkyHigh division barely keeps up with demand. The manager is hoping the new machine will allow the balls to be produced more quickly and therefore increase the volume of production within the same time currently being used in production. The manager wants to evaluate the effect of the purchase of the machine on his compensation. He receives a base salary plus a 25% bonus of his salary if he meets certain income goals. The information he has available for the analysis is shown here:
The manager is looking at several different measures to evaluate this decision. Answer the following questions:
What is the sales margin without the new machine?
What is the asset turnover without the new machine?
What is ROI without the new machine?
What is RI without the new machine?
What is EVA without the new machine?
What is the sales margin with the new machine?
What is the asset turnover with the new machine?
What is ROI with the new machine?
What is RI with the new machine?
What is EVA with the new machine?
Should the manager buy the new machine? Why or why not?
How would ROI be affected if the invested capital were measured at gross book value, and the gross book values of the beginning and end of the year assets without the new machine were $11,000,000 and $11,800,000, respectively?
Income/Sales: $7,000,000/$18,000,000 = 39%
Sales/Average Assets: $18,000,000/[($12,000,000 + $12,400,000)/2] = 1.48 times
Income/Average Assets: $7,000,000/[($12,000,000 + $12,400,000)/2] = 58%
Or #1 × #2: 39% × 1.48 = 58%
Income – (Invested Capital × Minimum Required Rate of Return)
$7,000,000 – ($12,200,000 × 0.15) = $5,170,000
After-Tax Income – (Invested Capital × Weighted Average Cost of Capital)
[$7,000,000 × (1 − 0.30)] × ($12,200,000 × 0.09) = $3,802,000
$8,000,000 – (12,200,000 × 0.15) = $6,170,000
[$8,000,000 × (1 – 0.30)] – ($12,200,000 × 0.09) = $4,502,000
The manager of the SkyHigh division of Superball Corp. should accept the project, as the project improves all of his performance measures.
Income/Average Assets: $8,000,000/[($13,000,000 + $13,800,000)/2] = 60% This shows that the choice used as the measure of assets can affect the analysis.
Want to cite, share, or modify this book? This book uses the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License and you must attribute OpenStax.
Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/principles-managerial-accounting/pages/1-why-it-matters
Authors: Mitchell Franklin, Patty Graybeal, Dixon Cooper
Book title: Principles of Accounting, Volume 2: Managerial Accounting
Publication date: Feb 14, 2019
Book URL: https://openstax.org/books/principles-managerial-accounting/pages/1-why-it-matters
Section URL: https://openstax.org/books/principles-managerial-accounting/pages/12-3-evaluate-an-operating-segment-or-a-project-using-return-on-investment-residual-income-and-economic-value-added
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Because Descartes wrote the Discourse in both French and Latin, that's why.
The steps of the argument are quite simple. Descartes first claims that so many former truths have been shown not to stand up to scrutiny, that philosophy needs a new starting point. In his search for this new fulcrum he adopts two methodological devices: not to examine individual claims to knowledge, but rather their basis (sense perception or reason, for example), and to discard as false any statement that isn't evidently true. The latter device allows him to discard anything of which he might have the slightest cause for doubt.
The first victim of his analysis is knowledge based on sense perception. We are often deceived by our senses, so clearly they cannot provide us with the sort of foundational truth we need. Even those sensations that seem so direct and unquestionable to our senses that they couldn't be false, can be questioned when we realize that we often dream that we are feeling them, only to discover later that it wasn't the case. If we cannot distinguish being awake from sleeping, then sense perception can never lead to certain knowledge.
The truths of mathematics would seem a more probable case for certain truths, especially for a mathematician like Descartes, but he introduces the possibility that these truths could have been introduced into our minds by God who wished to deceive us by making us think they are true. He soon backs away from this idea, claiming God could not possibly wish this evil on us, and changes him for an evil demon powerful enough to achieve the same result. Given this new hypothesis not even the truths of mathematics can be saved.
At this point Descartes realizes that while he can subject everything to doubt, the only thing that he cannot dismiss is the very fact that he is doubting. No form of thought can be skeptical of its own existence without serious contradiction, so thinking in its various mental guises, is something of which he can be completely certain. Thinking is proof of my existence!
This page was last modified 02:36, 19 January 2008.


text:
News » Pregnancy News
New Drug Approved to Reduce Premature Birth
Makena, a new drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration in the United States, may help reduce the risk of premature birth in women who are at higher risk of entering pre-term labor.
Makena, a new drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration in the United States, may help reduce the risk of premature birth in women who are at higher risk of entering pre-term labor. Pre-term labor is defined as labor starting on or before the 36th week of pregnancy. Doctors note the drug is made for women pregnant with singlets and not twins or more.
Treatments with Makena should begin in the 16th week of pregnancy, but the drug can be started as late as the 21st week. Shots are given in the hip and continue for the duration of the pregnancy, weekly. Women who participated in the study before Makena was approved gave birth early in 37-percent of cases. The placebo group gave birth early 55-percent of the time.
A current study is beginning that will test the learning rates of children born to mothers given Makena. The study currently has more than 500 participants and is expected to be completed no later than 2018. Makena was first approved for use by women who were at higher risk of miscarriage. The original drug name was Delalutin and was approved in 1956. The drug was taken off the market in 2000 by the manufacturer; a re-approval process was required at which time the drug was named Makena.
Source: Release by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 6 February, 2011.
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text:
using UnityEngine;
using System.Collections;

public class ScoreTriger : MonoBehaviour {

	// Use this for initialization
	void Start () {

	}

	// Update is called once per frame
	void Update () {

	}

	void OnTriggerEnter(Collider other)
	{
		GameObject.Find ("ScoreBord").GetComponent<ScoreBord> ().score += 1;
		Debug.Log ("gol");

	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I would like to know what has happened with Kai. I miss the people who sigh and walk away.
You all are amazing. Thanks for the ideas. Zenia is doing better. I have purchased a book about resource guarding as well and find that is really her problem. The book is entitled Mine!A practical guide to resource guarding in dogs. I have not read it all but will report on the other advice it gives. Thanks again. The talking awake, waking with treats, only giving the rawhides in the crates, all have been great so far. Thanks for all the advice.
Ok, first some refresher on Zenia as asked. She is from a friend who has two basenjis and had an accidental breeding. She was very excited that we wanted Zenia as we were already around basenjis and had some experience. Zenia is actually more even tempered about being touched and picked up than our other dog Faro. She gets serious about chew bones and Faro seems to like to tease to the point of anger and that is all we had seen of it until the trip and the surgery. She got just as upset at being stepped on as she had at Faro's teasing with the bones.
We normally don't let it get past the teasing point. If she starts to get serious about fighting for the bones we take them from the both of them and no one gets to chew the rawhide then.
Faro always sleeps in his crate at night and so does Zenia. It is a special treat for them to sleep with us. Zenia was on the bed being cuddled after the surgery and we would have stayed that way if we hadn't has unexpected company that I had to get up for and we were afraid to leave her on the bed as she would likely just follow me, including jumping from the bed.
Zenia had an umbilical hernia and out vet wanted us to fix it. So the surgery was simple and she really had not shaken off the medication when the biting incident occurred. the only other time she is forceful like that is with my husband. If she is already angry at Faro and he will pick her up from behind to separate them.
We have been doing the touching at all times activity and I am going to work on the waking activity that has been suggested. We will also be talking with our trainer as well.
We have not had any other incidents so far. We also stop play for snarky behavior and she does know sitting sweetly gets her loving attention, praise and treats. Once again she is even better than Faro at this. Thanks for the help.
First I apologize for not getting back with you all sooner. I teach high school and Prom arrived with all the extra work as well as family who stayed for over a week. I have had time to read but not respond. the suggestions are all great and thanks. I will post later on today to let you know what we have done as well as how it is going so far. Our first obedience class for her starts Thursday so we will have that resource as well. Thanks for all the advice even with out my input. Talk to you more about it later.
Hi all. Our new girl Zenia, age 15 weeks is the grouchies girl and mean when she is startled or moved. For example - One weekend my husband and I were on a trip with the dogs. Faro loves to sleep under the covers but gets to hot so gets out in the night and moves to a cooler location. Zenia hates the covers and doesn't wander in the night much at all. Most of the time the dogs sleep in their crates. This night Faro got out and stepped too close to Zenia who immediately went on the attack. I must say she was ferocious. In another incident she did not want to be moved after a surgery and she actually bit my husband and I as we tried to move her into her crate.
I know the surgery makes for a time that is not a realistic picture of her personality (some could say), but I think it may show us things to come if we do not get a handle on this now.
We start obedience training next week and our trainer is very cognizant of Basenji behaviors and attitudes as she has taught Keith and I tons this past few months that we have been working with her and Faro.
I would like your opinions on this matter. We knew she had a forceful personality before we got her. We really don't have any other problems with her. She began sitting on command for us one day after her arrival to our home and responds well to affection for training as well as for food. She is even more of a love bug than out boy Faro. We just want to be careful to keep this good temperament and attitude.
Sorry this is so long and thanks in advance for your help.
Hi, we live in Northeast Arkansas and have two basenjis. We would be happy for you to come up sometime and play with our two favorite kids. When I go to google maps it looks like you are about four and a half hours away from us. If you are really interested please feel free to contact me and we can set it up. We love to share our experiences with our basenjis. We were even on the front page of a newspaper recently because of our b's. Wherever we go we always get to talk about our basenjis and we LOVE it.
What an adorable girl! I love those wrinkles and she actually poses for you. I cannot get my new girl to sit still long enough for that… I think Faro is a bad influence on her. Your Athena is beautiful. Hoping you have many fun filled loving days with her.
Hi everyone, it has been a long time since I have been on the boards. Keith and I have been enjoying Faro to the exclusion of all else I am afraid. We are currently looking for our second Basenji. Hopefully our new baby would would be a dark brindle girl. Faro turned one today and we are looking for a playmate for him.
We go just one as we were unsure how we would do as Basenji parents but have found we are crazy about it.
My question is just which breeders do y'all know that are having nice striped babies this year.
I have of course looked at BCOA breeder directory and been in touch with a few people. But as we all I know the BCOA doesn't endorse anyone and I would like to be more careful about testing and health issues. It seems like we made a lucky escape and didn't buy from a puppy miller last year, but we almost did. Thanks goodness for the internet and research. Anyway good advice is appreciated. I don't mind traveling to get her either. Thanks in advance.
It soo sweet of Maya to jump in and "save" the princess from the evil water. Why Lilah might have - DIED from that nasty water stuff. Good job Maya.
What a beautiful boy. Thanks for the great pics.


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It consists of a small IRC client running on the STM32F429 Discovery board.
and ROM, but sadly with no Wi-Fi controller.
The ESP-01 is a board that embeds a microcontroller.
firmware that lets you control it by sending AT commands via UART.
ESP8266 and the STM32F429 Discovery.
and for outgoing data do not overflow.
Use make to compile and flash.


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Shikagoland Fangirls: Big Bang
By shikagoland March 7, 2012 Alive Big Bang Celebrities Daesung Fantastic Baby G Dragon Hallyu Wave kpop Music Seungri South Korea Taeyang TOP Twitter YG Entertainment
Since this is my blog and I can do what I want…ITS A BIG BANG POST!
First, a little back story:
A few years ago, a friend of mine made a serious attempt at getting me into kpop. She sent emails full of youtube links. Talked to me about them constantly. She even went so far as to "assign" me someone to stan for (based on my personality – trust me, this isn't as cuckoo or insane as it sounds). My basic reaction was….meh.
But one night that all changed. Said friend was giving me a lift home from a dinner with friends where much delicious Mexican food and tequila was consumed. At some point she grabbed a cd and said "listen to this and tell me if it reminds you of anything". First, I was dazzled by the pretty packaging. Then she played the song for me and I was like OMG THIS IS AWESOME. That song was G-Dragon's "Heartbreaker". What my friend was referring to was the controversy at the time regarding the song's supposed similarity to Flo Rida's "Right Round". I didn't hear the similarity but in the end even Flo Rida didn't give too much of a care. He even traveled to South Korea to record a remix of "Heartbreaker" with GD and performed with him.
And thus ended Flo Rida's brief moment of relevance in my life.
But from that moment on, I accepted kpop in my life. And by kpop I mean Big Bang. And their assorted solo/group side projects. And other people in their entertainment company. And their dancers. And stylists. Its takes a village.
Big Bang is a five member kpop group consisting of:
G-Dragon (Kwon Jiyong):
G-Dragon is the "'leader" of Big Bang. I don't really quite grasp the whole leader thing in kpop groups (almost all of them seem to have one) as a whole, but in BB's case. GD writes/produces a good portion of BB's songs. He is easily the most charismatic member and is seen as a fashion icon. He is beautiful. GD gives me the feeling that he was just born to be in the spotlight. In addition to his BigBang duties as a rapper/singer, GDragon has released his own solo album and also collaborated with fellow BigBang member TOP on a combo album (which is AMAZING by the way). G-Dragon is also a magnet for…trouble. He's had various controversies. There was the thing with Flor Rida, a "incident" during his solo concert that almost landed him in jail for indecency (have a clip. I remain shocked that this was a thing at all), and most recently he got busted for smoking pot which is a HUGE BIG FUCKING DEAL in South Korea. But G-Dragon tends to come out of these things just fine. He can't be denied.
TOP (Choi Seung Hyun)
TOP is…TOP. TOP is a rapper in the group. He also acts on the side, having starred in the tv movie 19 (reminded me of an after school special), the drama Iris (also starring Lee Byung Hyun), and the film 71: Into The Fire (which left me dehydrated from crying). TOP IS MY FAVORITE. In addition to the duo album with G-Dragon, TOP has released one solo single, Turn It Up. I await his solo album…which I'm pretty sure will never exist. Call it fangirl projecting, but I don't get the feeling that TOP enjoys performing alone very much. Anywhoo, TOP is also the most…challenged dancer in BigBang. But who cares. HE IS TOP. Therefore however he does it is how its meant to be done. End of story.
Taeyang (Dong Young Bae)
Taeyang is the resident dancing fool of Big Bang. He is also an obvious Michael Jackson/Usher/Amercian R&B in general stan and it shows in his singing and performing style. Taeyang has done the most solo work, releasing two albums. Taeyang also had an international release of his last CD "Solar", which included the all English song Connection. Stateside, Taeyang is probably best known for his song Wedding Dress, off his first EP Hot, which even I had heard before becoming acquainted with kpop. Fabulous song. Taeyang was also the member of Big Bang who was "assigned" to me by my friend based on the fact that both of us are total losers with the opposite sex. Its widely known that Taeyang has never had a girlfriend, a topic tackled on the aptly titled I Need A Girl. My soft spot for Taeyang is eternal. Taeyang is also the only member of Big Bang that has a Twitter.
Daesung (Kang Daesung)
Daesung is, in my opinion, the vocal power of BigBang. His voice is so strong and full and magnificent. Like Taeyang, Daesung is a religious good little boy. He's a competent dancer and is sadly often saddled with being the "ugly" member (in a group on the whole that isn't lauded much for their looks as idols go), and it is this annoyed fangirls opinion that thats because his skin is dark for a Korean. But as I have no evidence of that I'm going to move on. Daesung had a really terrible 2011. Daesung was involved in a traffic accident that resulted in the death of a motorcyclist who was lying in the road after his own accident. Daesung (obviously) stopped promoting with Big Bang for the remainder of the year and stepped away from public life (yannow, with the predilection of netizens to encourage celebrities to commit suicide and all). He is now with Big Bang and we are all happy that he seems to be doing ok.
Seungri (troll prince Lee Seung Hyun)
Seungri is the maknae (the youngest) member of Big Bang. Seungri is…I don't think I have a vocabulary to describe Seungri. He is basically your annoying over confident little brother who never shuts up but you kinda love him because of it. Or at least thats how I feel about him. Seungri is the best in Big Bang at appearing on variety shows (yes, thats a thing). Big Bang doesn't do a lot of variety appearances but Seungri is the MASTER. He always has ridiculous stories and whatnot to keep it interesting. Last year Seungri released his own solo album called VVIP and….I *really* loved it. Which surprised me a great deal. I don't skip any tracks. Seungri impressed the hell out of me. Sadly his promotion period was cut really short, as it was sandwiched in between the GD&TOP album and Big Bang's comeback after not releasing anything for a few years. But I hope he comes out with another.
Clearly, I could go on about Big Bang forever, but I figured it is best if I just cover the basics for now. Other info:
signed to YG Entertainment, the home of 2NE1, Se7en, Psy, Tablo, Gummy, and others. YG also manages actors and models.
the CEO of YG Entertainment, Yang Hyun Suk, was once a member of the kpop group Seo Taiji and the Boys.
GD and Taeyang signed with YG as trainees when they were 12. They were intially to debute as a duo called GDYB.
TOP, who was a underground rapper before auditioning for YG, was initially denied for being too fat. TOP went off and lost a bunch of weight and got signed. And now we never get to see him with his shirt off.
Big Bang won the MTV European Music Award for Best Worldwide Act. They triumphed over Britney Spears. LIKE A BAWSE.
Big Bang as a group have formerly and currently endorse several products including: LG, Hite Beer, North Face, Fila, Nikon, Soul by Ludacris headphones, and Sunny 10 Sparklingade. TOP endorses FUBU.
Daesung was briefly a co-host on the variety show Night After Night.
Big Bang will be embarking on a world tour this year hitting 25 cities in 16 countries in Asia, North America, South America, and Europe.The tour is being promoted via a partnership with Live Nation.
Essential music tracks:
Fantastic Baby (their newest video)
Haru Haru
High High (GD&TOP)
Baby Goodnight (GD&TOP)
Posted in Celebrities, Introduction, Music, Pop Culture, South Korea
7 thoughts on "Shikagoland Fangirls: Big Bang"
Ika Juju
OMFG !!!!!!!
I LOVE YOUR ARTICLE SOOOOO FREAKING MUCH 🙂
*greeting from Singapore (*~^)
Hi! Glad you liked it!
PrincelyLuna
i was led to your blog by my baby TOP's pic. read some of your entries which are really well-written especially 'The Burden of Proof: Black Children and the Rejection of Innocence' and of course, this piece on Big Bang … hi hi … love it!
Thanks for reading! Of course, people who are TOP biased clearly have fabulous taste overall. 🙂
atefeh
a lone


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Forensic Odontology is the application of dental science to legal investigation. It plays a major role in identification of those individuals who cannot be identified by visual or other means. Unfortunately, in developing countries like Pakistan, Forensic Dentistry is a field lacking in development.


text:
首页 > 新闻 > Olivia Culpo
Class : 新闻 Sources : Programming Time : 2022-01-18
Bacon said a famous quote, In the long process of human history, truth because like gold as heavy, always sink to the bottom and is difficult to be found, instead, fallacy of the cow dung as light down floating everywhere in the above flood.With these problems, let's take a look at Olivia Culpo.This makes us think deeply.
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A. Einstein Once said, Try not to become a man of success but rather try to become a man of value.It is generally believed that if we grasp the crux of the problem, everything else will be solved.This makes us think deeply.
Compton said a famous quote, What is the greatest gift that science has given to mankind? Is the power to believe in the truth.A large number of people tend to live under the illusion that for Olivia Culpo. Obviously,they seem to fail to take into account the basic fact that for Olivia Culpo.With these words, we have to examine this issue more carefully!
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Someone said that inadvertently if you find a job that you enjoy, then you won't have to work another day.Let's think about it this way,This sentence brings us to a new dimension to think about this problem.
Delacroix once said a famous say, No matter what line, all need to be professional skills. The genius always should be accompanied by the kind of directed and uninterrupted practice of a goal oriented, without this, and even the most fortunate to be, will disappear without a trace.To sum up, Olivia Culpo,With these words, we have to examine this issue more carefully!
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Q: Apply loading screen JavaScript to a php file I found this, written by Mr. Polywhirl (Javascript Loading Screen while page loads) and wasn't able to comment because I don't have 50 reputation.
I was just wondering if this can adapted to use on index.php so I can show a loading screen then display index.php once it is fully loaded.  Thanks!
function onReady(callback) {
var intervalID = window.setInterval(checkReady, 1000);
function checkReady() {
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        window.clearInterval(intervalID);
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}
}

function show(id, value) {
document.getElementById(id).style.display = value ? 'block' : 'none';
}

onReady(function () {
show('page', true);
show('loading', false);
});

CSS
#page {
display: none;
}
#loading {
display: block;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
z-index: 100;
width: 100vw;
height: 100vh;
background-color: rgba(192, 192, 192, 0.5);
background-image: url("http://i.stack.imgur.com/MnyxU.gif");
background-repeat: no-repeat;
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Category: Business Finance Law United States World History Technology Internet Education Food Beauty Language Miscellaneous Industry Science Anatomy Health Crafts Cars Home Medicine Fashion Fitness Art Environment Travel People Hobbies
Section 8 Housing Program
Section 8 Housing Assistance
Section 8 Housing Voucher
Section 8 Housing Rentals
Section 8 Housing Landlord
Hud Section 8 Housing
Adam Hill
Section 8 housing refers to a federal program in the United States which provides subsidized housing to families and individuals whose income is less than 50% of the area's median income. Section 8 refers to the part of the U.S. Housing Act of 1937 that implemented this program originally. Section 8 housing is administered on a national basis by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and locally by public housing authorities (PHAs) and other organizations.
Vacant houses may be purchased and turned into Section 8 housing.
The main part of the Section 8 housing program consists of the provision of vouchers which allow tenants to lease a unit and pay a portion of the rent, while the PHA pays the remainder of the rent. The PHA is only required to pay the rest of the rent up to a certain amount, called the fair market rent. If a tenant wishes to rent a unit whose rent payment is higher than the pre-determined fair market rent, he will be responsible for the difference, in addition to his other rent contribution.
Landlords are not required by law to participate in any Section 8 housing programs, and many do not, for various reasons. In some cases, the landlord may perceive that if the need arises to evict a tenant, that it will be more difficult to do so if the tenant uses a Section 8 housing voucher. Section 8 tenants may be perceived as higher-risk tenants in general, because of a reduced incentive to maintain the property. Other landlords may gladly rent to Section 8 tenants, especially in light of the fact that there is usually a substantial waiting list for new tenants under Section 8. This gives landlords many tenants to choose from, which can be especially helpful if a property has been vacant for a long period of time.
Section 8 housing encompasses several assistance programs which provide aid to an estimated 1.4 million households in the United States. Federal housing programs such as Section 8 were first seen in the 1930s as a response to the Great Depression and the increased difficulty that families had in finding affordable housing. The original programs were administered on a much more case-by-case basis, with yearly re-evaluations of a family's income and the property they were leasing.
The U.S. Housing Act of 1937 was amended in 1974 to create the program we know as Section 8. While it differs from the relief programs of the Depression, families must still comply with rules and obligations arising from their use of Section 8 housing. These obligations include reporting any changes in family income and proper maintenance of the rental unit.
Business Finance Law United States World History Technology Internet Education Food Beauty Language Miscellaneous Industry Science Anatomy Health Crafts Cars Home Medicine Fashion Fitness Art Environment Travel People Hobbies
What Is Fair Market Rent?
What is a Housing Market Study?
What Does a Housing Coordinator Do?
What is a Low-Income Housing Tax Credit?
What is the Federal Housing Administration?
What is the Housing and Economic Recovery Act?
What is the National Housing Act?
It seems like the maximum income level to qualify for section 8 housing assistance is fairly high compared to other government assistance programs. Someone working a full-time retail or restaurant job could probably still qualify for the section 8 housing program, especially if he or she had a spouse and children depending on his or her income. I'd say it's worth investigating if regular rent payments are barely affordable.
AnswerMan
I grew up in an apartment complex that accepted section 8 housing, and I never felt like I was living in substandard conditions. We had a community pool, and a great neighborhood grocery store next door. It wasn't a great neighborhood, but I don't remember having anything bad happen to me personally.
I hear stories now about all these gang members and drug dealers taking advantage of the section 8 housing program, but I think that's still a small percentage of the low income community. Section 8 low income housing isn't just limited to public housing projects. I know some people who rent some really nice houses in decent neighborhoods with section 8 housing assistance. I think they pay a fair percentage of the rent themselves, though.


Delicate lace features throughout this fitted occasion dress, including on the semi-sheer neckline and sleeves. Extra detailing adds a textured finish, and a thin belt defines the waist for a flattering fit. This style is lined and falls at the knee.


Environmental factors and changes in pesticide regulations have brought increasing challenges to those trying to achieve clean surfaces. DLF field consultants, working closely together with specially selected growers, have identified the cleanest fields to grow and harvest only the purest crops to produce '00' and 'S' purity rated seed.
DLF Select '00' quality guarantees the highest purity based on a standard ISTA analysis. In a standard sample of the '00' quality grass seed, 0.0% of other seeds are found. For even further reassurance, a 10x sample search is performed for the 'S' grade. The superior 'S1' standard guarantees the result of 0.0% other seeds, while 'S2' indicates no coarse grasses, with only traces of non-harmful dicot species. Besides the mentioned Select purity grades, DLF also offer professional 'A1' & 'A2' grades for the amenity market, that offer a vast improvement on the baseline EU purity rules and standards.


Lahsun ki chutney is widely used in many snacks and also accompanied with many snacks. Lahsun means Garlic. Its a spicy chutney and goes well with snacks . Though it is now sidely used all over india, it has its roots in Rajasthan. This chutney is these days available in grocery stores too in ready to use packets. This chutney is prepared either dry or moist liquid form depending upon the cuisine which goes with it. But both the forms can be stored for upto 1 month if refrigerated. Here, I am posting the liquid form of Lahsun chutney.
Shelflife: 1 month (if refrigerated).
Note: Use good quality of red chillies which gives colour and spiceness as well for a perfect blend of colour and taste.
Wow, Very nice chutney. I'll give it a try.