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Comparison of experimental and computational shock structures for three bumps at o↵-design condition: (a) HSCB; (b) wedge bump; (c) exSCB
Vortical Structures on Three-Dimensional Shock Control Bumps
Simon Colliss
Holger Babinsky
K. Nübler
Thorsten Lutz
Three-dimensional shock control bumps have long been investigated for their promising wave drag reduction capability. However, a recently emerging application has been their deployment as "smart" vortex generators, which offset the parasitic drag of their vortices against their wave drag reduction. It is known that three-dimensional shock control b...
Heavy Class Helicopter Fuselage Model Drag Reduction by Active Flow Control Systems
Fabrizio De Gregorio
A comprehensive experimental investigation of helicopter blunt fuselage drag reduction using active flow control is being carried out within the European Clean Sky program. The objective is to demonstrate the capability of several active flow technologies to decrease fuselage drag by alleviating the flow separation occurring in the rear area of som...
... The pressure in the separated flowfield varies from 29 − 57 kPa; this range of pressures is sufficiently large to provide reliable measurements (Sajben 1993). In order to determine the values of A(T) and B(T) in the Stern-Volmer relation, in-situ calibration is performed using five 0.3 mm diameter static pressure taps connected to a differential pressure transducer (error: ±1% ) (Colliss et al 2016). This calibration enables absolute pressure values on the target surface to be extracted from the measured light intensity. ...
... The streamwise and floor-normal flow velocities, u and v, respectively, are measured by two-component laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV). The flow is seeded with paraffin in the settling chamber; previous measurements of particle lag through a normal shock have placed the seeding droplet diameter in the range 200 − 500 nm (Colliss et al 2016). The measured velocities have an error of 1% and 14% for u and v, respectively; there are contributions from the number density of seeding particles and from the laser optics. ...
Nozzle geometry effects on supersonic wind tunnel studies of shock–boundary-layer interactions
EXP FLUIDS
Kshitij Sabnis
Daniel S. Galbraith
John A. Benek
Many supersonic wind tunnel experiments investigate shock–boundary-layer interactions by measuring the response of tunnel wall boundary layers to an incident shock wave. To generate the supersonic flow, these facilities typically use two-dimensional contoured converging–diverging nozzles which can be arranged in two different ways. One configuration is symmetric about the centre height, whereas this symmetry plane defines the tunnel floor in the other asymmetric arrangement. In order to determine whether these nozzle configurations, which are widely thought to be equivalent, can influence experiments on shock–boundary-layer interactions, two different nozzle geometries are compared with one another in a single facility with rectangular cross section. For each setup, a full-span 8-degree wedge introduces an oblique shock to a Mach 2.5 flow. The two setups exhibit quite dissimilar behaviour, both in the corner regions and on the tunnel's centre span, with a difference in central separation length of as much as 35% suggesting that nozzle geometry can have a profound impact on these interactions. The observed behaviour is caused by known secondary flows in the sidewall boundary layers which are driven by vertical pressure gradients in the nozzle region. The subsequent impact on the response of the floor boundary layer is consistent with expectations based on local flow momentum affecting corner separation size and on the displacement effect of this corner separation influencing the wider flow. Graphical abstract
... With this device the quasi-normal shock wave is replaced by a λ-shaped shock wave, with the working principle extensively described by Bruce and Colliss (2015). Colliss et al. (2016); Ogawa et al. (2008) have confirmed that an array of 3D SCBs is more efficient than a 2D bump configuration (which spans along the full span of the model as described in detail by Zhang et al. (2021)) in view of the streamwise vortices developing from the tail of the bumps. Applications of the use of SCBs for controlling buffet are discussed in the numerical studies of Mayer et al. (2018) and Geoghegan et al. (2020), which confirmed the dependence of the performance of a SCB on its size, shape and position relative to the shock. ...
Experimental Characterization of Upper Trailing Edge Flaps for Transonic Buffet Control
FLOW TURBUL COMBUST
Alessandro D'Aguanno
Ferdinand F. J. Schrijer
Bas W. van Oudheusden
This experimental study investigates the possibility of controlling transonic buffet by means of a trailing edge flap with an upward deflection (referred to as "upper trailing edge flap", or: UTEF). Different geometries (straight and serrated) and dimensions of UTEFs (with heights ranging between 1 and 2% of the chord) have been studied with respect to their impact on the buffet behavior. The effectiveness of the UTEFs has been investigated with schlieren and particle image velocimetry (PIV) in the transonic-supersonic wind tunnel of TU Delft at Ma = 0.70, α = 3.5°. The schlieren results demonstrated the efficacy of the use of UTEFs for reducing the range of the buffet oscillations when the height of the UTEF was equal to at least 1.5%c. This result was corroborated by a flow characterization with PIV data and which highlighted that, in presence of a control system, not only the shock oscillation range is reduced but also the intensity of the separated area pulsation. The use of serrated UTEFs, despite having an effect on the local flow field, was found to be ineffective in alleviating buffet oscillations. The adoption of the best behaving UTEF configuration (straight 2%c UTEF) proved to only slightly alter the circulation value compared to the clean configuration, while it also proved to be effective in an off-buffet condition (Ma = 0.74 and α = 2.5°).
... In the US, the N+3 goal proposed by NASA is to reduce Nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission by up to 80% in the landing-take-off process and reduce fuel burn by 60% for an airliner entering service in 2030-2035 [3]. To achieve these objectives, a number of technologies, such as shock control [4][5][6][7], laminar flow control [8][9][10][11][12][13][14], turbulent drag reduction [15][16][17][18], as well as novel aircraft concepts, such as BWB or hybrid wing body (HWB) [19], 'double-bubble' [20], truss-braced wing (TBW) [21] and box-wing [22], have been proposed and investigated to explore a better aerodynamic performance. However, there are significant challenges in applying these technologies mentioned above on future aircraft, especially in terms of practical application. ...
A Review of Flow Control for Gust Load Alleviation
Yonghong Li
Ning Qin
Effective control of aerodynamic loads, such as maneuvering load and gust load, allows for reduced structural weight and therefore greater aerodynamic efficiency. After a basic introduction in the types of gusts and the current gust load control strategies for aircraft, we outline the conventional gust load alleviation techniques using trailing-edge flaps and spoilers. As these devices also function as high-lift devices or inflight speed brakes, they are often too heavy for high-frequency activations such as control surfaces. Non-conventional active control devices via fluidic actuators have attracted some attention recently from researchers to explore more effective gust load alleviation techniques against traditional flaps for future aircraft design. Research progress of flow control using fluidic actuators, including surface jet blowing and circulation control (CC) for gust load alleviation, is reviewed in detail here. Their load control capabilities in terms of lift force modulations are outlined and compared. Also reviewed are the flow control performances of these fluidic actuators under gust conditions. Experiments and numerical efforts indicated that both CC and surface jet blowing demonstrate fast response characteristics, capable for timely adaptive gust load controls.
... Limitations to the optical access in this facility prevent a three-component system from being installed and so only the streamwise and vertical components of velocity, and , can be obtained. Previous measurements in this facility of particle lag through a normal shock have placed the seeding droplet diameter in the range 200 -500 nm [11]. The error in measured velocities due to the finite number density of seeding particles and due to the laser optics is 2% for and 19% for . ...
Experimental Investigation of Normal Shock Wave-Vortex Interactions
Clyde Warsop
Interactions between vortices and shock waves, which are often encountered in transonic and supersonic flows, can cause the vortices to break down or burst. Experiments aimed at better understanding these interactions are performed in the range Mach 1.3 to Mach 1.5, with a particular focus on obtaining validation-quality reference data. The resulting measurements provide valuable information to improve prediction of normal shock-induced vortex breakdown at these Mach numbers through a number of physical observations. Firstly, high-speed schlieren visualisation demonstrates that there is a direct link between vortex breakdown and local perturbations in the wave pattern. In addition, a new type of interaction is identified at Mach 1.3, characterised by intermittent breakdown events which are likely caused by feedback between vortex breakdown and adverse pressure gradient. Finally, at the higher Mach numbers, the favourable streamwise pressure gradient imposed by the separation of the tunnel wall boundary layers appears to stabilise the vortex and delay the onset of breakdown.
... Since then, several types of shock control bump, including contour and wedge-shaped bumps, have been extensively investigated by both computational and experimental studies [2,3,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. The dominant drag reduction mechanism is either the weakening of the shock wave or the turning of the shock into continuous compression waves, resulting in the reduction of the wave drag. ...
... Wong et al. [12] and Ogawa et al. [13] observed the existence of streamwise vortices after 3D ramp bumps. Later, the vortical structures were further investigated by Colliss et al. [15] in a joint experimental and computational study. ...
... The vortical flows appear as the by-products of their sharp edges. The vortices are usually weak [15,27,29] and hard to control without affecting the effectiveness of shock control as shown in the study by Mayer et al. [29]. As this type of 3D bumps is designed for shock control, their capability in suppressing flow separation is unknown. ...
Vortex-Generating Shock Control Bumps for Robust Drag Reduction at Transonic Speeds
AIAA J
Feng Deng
The 3D contour bump has been integrated with vane-type vortex generators to weaken the shock wave and suppress potential flow separation at higher transonic speeds. The integrated vortex-generating shock control bump is parameterized as a whole, in a manner that the contour bump is designed for shock control and the vortex-generating fins are integrated to the contour bump for separation control. This allows the balance between the two factors affecting the total wing drag. The optimization studies based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations have been carried out to find the optimal vortex-generating bump designs at the given design conditions. Single-point and multipoint global optimizations are carried out to search the optimum parameters at the corresponding design points. It is found that the vortex-generating bump can further reduce the total drag at the higher transonic Mach numbers due to the alleviation of after-bump streamwise separation by a pair of counter-rotating vortices generated. The inclusion of the vortex generators in the bump design allows for a better balance of the design in controlling both the shock strength and the flow separation after the bump at higher Mach numbers. A multipoint optimization leads to a robust vortex-generating bump design for a range of Mach numbers. The distinctive vortical flow structures induced by the vortex-generating bump are highlighted and discussed.
... The onset of corner separation and its magnitude is varied by controlling the corner effects by suction and creating an obstacle in the flow. For smaller corner separation, they found surface topology corresponding to the owl face of the first kind, as reported first by Perry and Hornung [29]; and for more significant corner separation, they found owl face of the second kind, as reported by Colliss et al. [30]. Nevertheless, all the cases had three-dimensionality. Wang et al. [31] made an essential contribution in explaining the three-dimensional nature of the separation bubble. ...
Influence of Finite Width of Shock Generator on Shock-Wave/Boundary-Layer Interaction
Surya Prakash Baskaran
T. M. Muruganandam
The influence of a finite-width shock generator on the incident shock in the impinging shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction is investigated using different widths of the shock generator. The shock-wave generator widths are kept at 80, 50, and 20% of the total width of the bottom wall. A highly three-dimensional incident oblique shock wave is observed. Experimental and numerical studies are used to understand the nature of three-dimensional shock downstream of the leading edge of the shock generator. The incident shock curved downstream in the streamwise and spanwise directions, and the curvature increased with the decreasing width of the shock generator. The local strength of the incident shock at the bottom wall varied significantly due to this curvature for each of the cases. Consequently, even for shock generators with the same flow deflection, the shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction nature transitioned from separated to unseparated. An explanation and a model for the three-dimensionality of the incident shock are presented, and numerical simulations validate the model. The model shows that the shape of the incident shock is a function of the freestream Mach number, the flow deflection angle, and the width of the shock generator.
... Approximately 10% drag reduction was achieved in the drag-rise region in their experiment. Some fundamental understanding of the flow physics for shock control bumps can be found in Barbinsky et al. [27] for different ramp bumps mounted on the floor of a supersonic wind tunnel. In order to extend the laminar flow region and meanwhile alleviate the shock wave, Tang et al. ...
Balancing Laminar Extension and Wave Drag for Transonic Swept Wings
Maolin Zhu
At a transonic condition, the design of a natural laminar flow (NLF) wing is challenging because the extension of the laminar flow needs to be finely balanced with the potential wave drag increase. To achieve this balance, it is proposed to unlock the wing sweep and introduce a three-dimensional (3-D) contour shock-control bump (SCB) in the optimization of the NLF infinite swept wing aiming at total drag reduction. A 3-D Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes flow solver is extended to incorporate laminar–turbulent transition prediction due to streamwise and crossflow instabilities. The flow solver is integrated in a gradient-based optimization framework. The transition criteria including streamwise and crossflow instabilities are coupled in the sensitivity calculation using a discrete-adjoint solver. Transonic design optimization of the sectional profile and wing sweep angle is first conducted at a Mach number of 0.78. The optimization managed to alleviate the shock wave, reducing the pressure drag while it failed to extend the laminar flow. Furthermore, a combined optimization of the wing with a parameterized SCB at the same condition is carried out. The optimized wing with the SCB features a long favorable pressure gradient region and a low-sweep angle, which allows for a large proportion of laminar flow without significant pressure drag. The shock wave is controlled by the 3-D bump, and the SCB has little effect on the upstream flow.
... The flow is seeded with paraffin in the settling chamber. Previous measurements in this facility of particle lag through a normal shock have placed the seeding droplet diameter in the range 200 − 500 nm [11]. The measured velocities have an error of 2%, due to the finite number density of seeding particles and due to the laser optics. ...
Experimental Validation of the Quadratic Constitutive Relation in Supersonic Streamwise Corner Flows
Daniel Galbraith
The quadratic constitutive relation is a simple extension to the linear eddy-viscosity hypothesis and has shown some promise in improving the computation of flow along streamwise corner geometries. In order to further investigate these improvements, the quadratic model is validated by comparing RANS simulations of a Mach 2.5 wind tunnel flow with high-quality experimental velocity data. Careful set up and assessment of computations using detailed characterisation data of the overall flow field suggests a minimum expected discrepancy of approximately 3% for any experimental-computational velocity comparisons. The corner regions of the rectangular cross-section wind tunnel exhibit velocity differences of 7% between experimental data and computations with linear eddy-viscosity models, but these discrepancies are reduced to 4-5% when the quadratic constitutive relation is used. This improvement can be attributed to a better prediction of the corner boundary-layer structure, due to computations reproducing the stress-induced streamwise vortices which are known to exist in this flow field. However, the strength and position of these vortices do not correspond exactly with those in the measured flow. A further observation from this study is the appearance of additional, non-physical vortices when the value of the quadratic coefficient in the relation exceeds the recommended value of 0.3.
... They showed that 3D bump configurations can be more robust than 2D bump designs through adjoint-based design optimisation. Collins et al. (22) tested shock control bumps in a wind tunnel, and analysed the performance of shock control bumps at off-design conditions. They noted that, at off-design conditions, even smooth bumps can create vortical flow between the individual bumps and that large, separated regions occur. ...
Using shock control bumps to improve engine intake performance and operability
AERONAUT J
Alistair John
Shahrokh Shahpar
Angus Smith
Shock control bumps can be used to control and weaken the shock waves that form on engine intakes at high angles of attack. In this paper, it is demonstrated how shock control bumps applied to an engine intake can reduce or eliminate shock-induced separation at high incidence , and also increase the incidence at which critical separation occurs. Three-dimensional Reynolds-average Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations are used to model the flow through a large civil aircraft engine intake at high incidence. The variation in shock strength and separation with incidence is first studied, along with the flow distribution around the nacelle. An optimisation process is then employed to design shock control bumps that reduce shock strength and separation at a fixed high incidence condition. The bump geometry is allowed to vary in shape, size, streamwise position and circumferential direction around the nacelle. This is shown to be key to the success of the shock control geometry. A further step is then taken, using the optimisation methodology to design bumps that can increase the incidence at which critical separation occurs. It is shown that, by using this approach, the operating range of the engine intake can be increased by at least three degrees.
... The flow is seeded with para n in the settling chamber. Previous measurements in this facility of particle lag through a normal shock have placed the seeding droplet diameter in the range 200 500 nm [7]. The measured velocities have an error of 2%, due to the finite number density of seeding particles and due to the laser optics. ...
Nozzle Geometry-Induced Vortices in Supersonic Wind Tunnels
Streamwise-coherent structures were observed in schlieren images of a Mach 2.5 flow in an empty supersonic wind tunnel with a rectangular cross section. These features are studied using Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes computations in combination with wind-tunnel experiments. The structures are identified as regions of streamwise vorticity embedded in the sidewall boundary layers. These vortices locally perturb the sidewall boundary layers, and they can increase their thickness by as much as 37%. The vortices are caused by a region of separation upstream of the nozzle where there is a sharp geometry change, which is typical in supersonic wind tunnels with interchangeable nozzle blocks. Despite originating in the corners, the vortices are transported by secondary flows in the sidewall boundary layers so they end up near the tunnel center height, well away from any corners. The successful elimination of these sidewall vortices from the flow is achieved by replacing the sharp corner with a more rounded geometry so that the flow here remains attached.
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Georgia will become a NATO member in the future. That was reaffirmed during the joint press conference held in Tbilisi, after the meeting of the country's prime minister Mamuka Bakhtadze with the NATO secretary general Jens Stoltenberg.
Barrett Communications has played a small but valuable role in improving the Nepalese Army's ability to provide communications that support humanitarian and disaster relief (operations.
Under a precursor to the European Defence Fund, the European Commission has announced funds of €500m for cooperative defence industrial projects and a further €25m for joint defence research between 2019 and 2020, in an attempt to maintain its technological lead in defence worldwide.


Dear Leader asked "What fool would sell us his secrets?" On arrival in july 1946, The Anderslavian delegation of ambassadors to the Sarvenian states were sceptical of the military might of the tiny nation. However, they were treated with much kindness and hospitality. Upon meeting with the Sarvenian Heads of State, the Anderslavian ambassadors were quick to show disapproval of the military strength of Sarvena.
Record this in a quiet environment please.
Okay. I guess its pronounced 'Sarven-ian' Silent first n?
Pronounce it how you wish, dearest comrade. We Americans view the british to have superior accents. Especially when they appear in documentaries.
I can't do it. I do apologise.
I will try find a way to make up for this.
If Dear Leader permits, we'll use you as a sacrifice on thursday. If you repent for what you have done, I believe Kazemar will forgive you for being a devout follower.
Househead. You take me down, you're coming with me.
If you're going to threaten the Prophet then you do deserve to be sacrificed to the okis instead of Kazemar.
If the prophet dares threaten me, I have all the rights to return the threat.
And i really hate cheese !
Yoblackeyedpeas wrote: If the prophet dares threaten me, I have all the rights to return the threat.
Failure of Dear Leader does not escape without consequence. You cannot throw yourself in front of a train since you have not mispronounced his name, therefore other punishment will be provided.
If dearest comrade does threaten the Holy Prophet again, he shall be branded a heretic and infidel.
Do not fall under the same titles bestowed upon Colourtheory and other mistakes of nature.
Though, I know it is not my place, what the hell happened here?
Comrade Yoblack has overreacted and decided to threaten dearest Holy Prophet.
Ah..Is he going to get a punishment?
I can't do something for my own personal reasons and househead has taken it the wrong way and is trying to threaten me.
I wouldn't decline doing it for mispronouncing a word. Don't try get me in bother for something you don't truly understand. Think before you type crap house.
aye aye everyone claim your farm you are over reacting !
First off, if you can't take any sort of joking then you really don't understand the community. It was a joke but you're being a complete moron and ignoring it, taking it like a hostile comment like most of the people you preach against being stupid or inferior.
Do go ahead and continue to amuse me with your petty squabbling.
I replied to your 'joke' with a joke and you pissed your pants about it. You say I'm overreacting. Grow up a bit house, you're just a kid behind a screen.
Yes, apparently overreacting is sitting there and insulting me, and now that you can't find any leverage you're going to sit there and try and change the subject.
Found out you can't win the argument so you end it? Pathetic.
I've lost all respect for you now house. You've shown how stuck up you really are.
Dear Leader Declares this silly argument to be over.
Let us bathe in lakes of goats milk and forget our hostilities. Praise Kazemar, He has granted us life and the ability to engage in comradeship.
Let us not become angry oranges. Let us all be happy pancakes.


The evolution of the Versace style demonstrates a perfect balance between the classic and the modern. Strong lines and elegant shapes are combined with precious materials and stones that were handled with the most exquisite craftsmanship. Here we take a look at Virya collection.
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The Poor Farm Cemetery, located off of Tin Top Road. The land one housed the county's indigent residents until 1935.
AUTUMN OWENS/WD PHOTO
topical featured
DOWN ON THE POOR FARM: Historical county farm once housed the indigent
Story and photos by Autumn Owens
Not unlike other counties in the U.S., a "poor farm" was once implemented in Parker County to house indigent residents before the enactment of Social Security in 1935 and the land to this day still sits off Tin Top Road as a part of history.
"The Poor Farm was initiated because the county government is responsible for the welfare of paupers — [a very poor person] — and that's state mandate, so therefore, the paupers were coming to the county and getting so much stipend per month and we were supporting them with these monthly stipends," former Parker County commissioner Jim Webster said. "Along with many other Texas counties, [Parker County] decided a cheaper way to go about this was the formation of a poor farm. They would buy this land and have the paupers go to work on the poor farm and support themselves and the county wouldn't have to pay their monthly stipend, so that's what happened."
Local historian Donna McCauley said the land is beautiful, but has a sad past.
"It's a beautiful place, but also a sad place with the people that lived here on the poor farm raising their families and working to grow crops and raise livestock for their entire families. These people were living off the streets in Weatherford. My guess is that people in Weatherford were scared of getting sick from them," McCauley said. "They couldn't afford to see doctors. All who were able were required to do some type of labor as deemed fit by the supervisor. If people were healthy enough, they were expected to provide labor — both in fields and the house itself, providing housekeeping and cooking help as well as caring for other residents.
"In the summer, common jobs were planting, hoeing and harvesting a large vegetable garden. Men cared for the farm's animals — cattle, horses, chickens and pigs. Perhaps today's homeless shelters are the closest thing now resembling the poor farms of yesteryear. Just so much sadness on this land."
Once the Social Security Act of 1935 was established, Webster said the farm was closed.
"They stayed out there until the enactment of Social Security where they could get welfare. So whenever the government enacted welfare for the paupers, or the poor people, then the poor farm was no longer necessary and it was closed," Webster said. "There's a huge amount of history out there that I was into very deeply. There's so much history and a lot of it has been lost over the years."
What remains on the now 260-acres of land are dilapidated buildings and a cemetery maintained by the Abandoned Cemetery Association.
Webster said the cemetery was first discovered by V.E. Kemp Jr. — husband of historian and founder of the Abandoned Cemetery Association Mary Kemp.
"He was coon hunting out there and he sat down on a stone to rest and as he got up, he looked around and it was a gravestone. He told Mary and they went out, cleaned it up and found the cemetery where all the paupers had been buried," Webster said. "Some of them have names, some of them have dates, but most of them are blank."
Webster said he used to give tours of the poor farm with the daughter of the farm's superintendent and was able to give those on the tour first-hand stories about people on the poor farm.
"[R.B.] Godley — who was the founder of the town Godley — ended up on the poor farm. He was a very respected man in Godley — obviously, they named the town after him — and then he got into drinking and womanizing and got in trouble, and lost everything he had," Webster said. "So somehow he wound up on the poor farm and he would tell [the superintendent] that he didn't want to be buried with the paupers because he wasn't a pauper."
Local historian Jonelle Bartoli also discussed Godley's arrival to the poor farm.
"Mr. Godley, he was a rather rich gentleman that lost his fortune and he was very unhappy here and he kind of stayed off to himself and committed suicide in the outhouse," Bartoli said.
Webster said per Godley's wishes, they did not bury him with the indigent and the location of his grave is still a mystery to this day.
McCauley said she would like to see the farm preserved for history.
"This land has beautiful, limestone bluffs and I would love to see it as a wildlife place. This land should be preserved for history," McCauley said. "The poor farm should stay as a natural and historical land."
Webster said to his knowledge, the poor farm was leased out several times to run cows on the land and for oil and gas, and would like to see it turned into a park for residents.
"It is a beautiful piece of property. I believe with the explosive growth of Parker County and the growth of the tax base, that the county can surely afford a park," Webster said. "This is a way, I believe, the county could give back to the people — a beautiful park."
Precinct 3 Commissioner Larry Walden said when he attended Weatherford College, the poor farm land was leased for agriculture.
"When I went to Weatherford College from 1976 through 1978, the Weatherford College agriculture department had the poor farm leased from the county," Walden said. "So we had the ag science labs actually here on the property."
Parker County Attorney John Forrest said there is an oil and gas lease on the property as well as a county 4-H facility on a corner lot.
"We do have 4-H that utilizes it and they have a nice facility out there," Forrest said. "They practice and have that corner lot that is part of the county farm. That was leased to them and they were allowed to utilize it for that purpose, and I believe they keep horses, steer and cows out there. We have an oil and gas lease on it, so that generates revenue."
As for the future, Forrest said the land could be developed, but looking at the cost has halted that in the past.
"The way the land is situated we could work and possibly get a road cut from [State] 171 South to Tin Top [Road] and I think that's been discussed a few times, but it's never materialized," Forrest said. "I think as long as you see growth going that direction, at some point they will look at developing. I know in the past they looked at the cost of developing it because you'd have to bring water and sewer down there and I think that was about $1 million to bring the services out there. So it kind of stopped any further development."
The Parker County Poor Farm and cemetery received a historical marker from the Texas Historical Commission in 1986.
"Farm residents and some county convicts worked to grow crops and raise livestock. Although entire families were once housed at the farm, by the 1930s the residents were mostly elderly," according to the historical marker text. "Their barracks-style house was moved to Weatherford in the 1940s after the farm was closed. A small cemetery was created [there], and contains one legible marker. Additional grave sites have been marked with bricks. The earliest documented burial is from 1904, and the last was in 1937."
Jim Webster

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Our 'Beaches' backpackers is a well positioned accommodation in the heart of 'Gateway to the Whitsundays', Airlie Beach. With it's own bar & restaurant attached to the venue as well as a tour desk with all the best deals in town, Beaches will cover everything you need during your stay with us.


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Q: Update frequency of SE Data Dump on Web Archive Since there's is no clear indication of the data-dump date, a visit to the Stack Exchange Data Dump on the Web Archive is dated May 2, 2014:

How frequently is this archive updated?

A: The data dump is updated every 3 to 4 months.  We do update the date on the metadata when it's finally published and ready for download.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Australian & Oceaniac Languages
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info@languagereach.com +44 (0) 20 8677 3775
How Can Multinational Firms Improve Communication?
Can Marketing translations help your business?
To succeed in a global economy, multi-national businesses face a number of internal and external challenges. The workforce is often multi-national and foreign markets need to be approached in the language of the native audience.
It is common for international businesses to approach such challenges by implementing a multi-language structure, which accommodates a global workforce. However, other companies have made radical changes that have proven to be successful.
The customary approach for international businesses is to build a diverse team, which incorporates a functional expertise with knowledge of the local audience and a gift for picking up the scent of emerging markets.
From a business perspective, subscribing to this type of structural model makes complete sense. However, multi-diverse teams can be difficult to manage. When people from different cultures and functional backgrounds are asked to work together, communication can quickly deteriorate even if the team is speaking a common language.
English is the business language
The majority of multinational companies and business sectors have mandated English as the common corporate language. English is also used throughout the world in foreign business exchanges and political environments.
According to language professionals, English is the accepted default language amongst employees from different cultures. This is particularly true in Europe and South America.
Nowadays, China is a rapidly developing economy which is becoming a superpower in trade and economics, some quarters are pushing for mandarin to be the global business language. However, to facilitate mandarin as the default language would be an onerous undertaking considering the language is barely spoken outside China.
The British Council reports that over 2 billion people will be studying English by 2020. Even in China, students and executives recognise that there is a basic mandate to speak English in order to find a better paid work.
The benefits of speaking English are significant, yet relatively few companies have systematically implemented an English-language policy with sustained results. Subsequently, many have suffered dramatic consequences as a result.
The language landscape depends on the nature of the company of course. If you are an English company setting up a business in a foreign land and the majority of your workforce are natives. It wouldn't make sense to force your staff to speak English – unless they are dealing with English-speaking customers.
Likewise, if you use a third party outfit such as a logistics company or manufacturer, your company policy and contracts should all be written in the native language. The same is true of meeting minutes and important internal correspondence.
However, not all business owners would agree. Even foreign businesses targeting international audiences recognise the growing trend of English as the primary language on the international business and political front.
Global trade language
As a translation agency, we can observe a very interesting, growing trend in the number of companies wishing to expand abroad. As more firms expand into multinational territory, it is becoming apparent that unrestricted use of multiple languages is ineffective. A lack of communication can prevent important interactions from achieving business goals and hitting targets.
There is a requirement to coordinate tasks across departments which often involves communication between employees that do not speak the same language. As a result, there is a growing acceleration towards English as the dominant language.
How firms choose to adopt a common language may depend on the circumstances. CEO of Rakuten – Japan's answer to Amazon and eBay – decided to take a radical approach. Hiroshi Mikitani introduced "Englishinization" and made English the official language of the entire company.
Over 7000 Japanese employees were given English lessons and told that if they failed to speak English to a sufficient standard they would be demoted or dismissed. Overnight, the staff menus and instructions were changed to English.
Mikitani's tactics drew criticism from many in the Asian business community. But ultimately it worked. The multibillion-dollar company enjoyed unprecedented growth and went on a spending in France, Germany, Canada, the UK and the US.
But adopting a global language policy is not easy. Such drastic policies are often met with resistance from employees and workers that don't speak English as well as their colleagues can feel at a disadvantage. As a result, the dynamic of the office and the performance of the company can suffer.
There are three primary reasons for multi-lingual companies to adopt a one-language policy. And because English is the standard language in boardrooms, it is considered the most sensible option for operations as well.
Why English is the corporate standard?
The spread of the English language throughout the world of commerce stems back to colonization. In today's global market, the dominance of English speaking companies crossing international borders saw the language break down barriers as a compatible form of communication between foreign firms.
Subsequently, reputable organisations have adopted English as a primary means of communication. English is now the official business language in over 70 countries. The benefits of a shared language are also unequivocal and is sometimes used by companies that have a multilingual workforce yet very few or no English speakers.
Take Aventis for example. This is a company created by means of a merger between a German company and a French company. To avoid showing favouritism, the company adopted English as the universal language for the company rather than either French or German.
One of the primary reasons multinational businesses should adopt English organization-wide is to improve communication between departments, clients and partners. Better communications across all areas of the business provides employees with uniform information they need to know for purposes of efficiency and understanding.
There is also potential for a one-language policy to give companies a competitive edge. Companies that fail to adopt a language strategy of any kind limit growth opportunities, and firms that have a multilingual workforce often find communicating through different channels is time-consuming, costly and ineffective.
It is not always necessary for English to be the primary language between international companies if there is a preferable alternative. However, a language strategy is almost certainly required for cross-border mergers and acquisitions. Negotiations can be complicated and there is also the risk of international business fraud in contractual relationships.
A shared language within an organisation does make collaborative projects run smoother and a uniform language creates a link between internal communication channels and external stakeholders.
Successful businesses are built on sound relationships. And relationships are strengthened by effective lines of communication. Multilingual companies therefore increase their chances of international success by adopting a single language communication strategy.
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text:
Environment Planet Earth
When Zombie Apocalypse Comes, Head for the Rockies
Michael d'Estries
Michael d'Estries has been writing about science, culture, space and sustainability since 2005. His writing has appeared on Business Insider, CNN, and Forbes.
According to a new study, the northern Rocky Mountains would provide one of the best temporary safe havens in the event of a zombie apocalypse. (Photo: Shutterstock).
If you don't have access to a bunker, survival shelter, or condo silo — and you'd rather not spend some quality time with your resident doomsday prepper — a new study from Cornell University has revealed that the Rocky Mountains could be the best place to ride out the zombie apocalypse. All you have to do is get there without dying.
The study, titled "The Statistical Mechanics of Zombies," came about after researchers decided to accurately model the spread of a viral infection in the United States. Inspired by the novel "World War Z" by Max Brooks, the team used fictional descriptions of zombies with actual data from viral outbreaks.
"We build up to a full-scale simulation of an outbreak in the United States, and discover that for 'realistic' parameters, we are largely doomed," the study's abstract says.
Alex Alemi, a graduate student at Cornell University, told Phys.org that zombies not only added a fun twist to the research, but also worked well as a model for other infectious diseases — albeit without all the brain cravings. He said the team came up with four physical states: human, infected, zombie,or dead zombie, all impacting a population of 300 million.
"[In most films or books], if there is a zombie outbreak, it is usually assumed to affect all areas at the same time, and some months after the outbreak, you're left with small pockets of survivors," Alemi told the site. "But in our attempt to model zombies somewhat realistically, it doesn't seem like this is how it would actually go down."
Instead, cities would fall first, with sparsely populated areas having more time to react and prepare.
"Given the dynamics of the disease, once the zombies invade more sparsely populated areas, the whole outbreak slows down — there are fewer humans to bite, so you start creating zombies at a slower rate," Alemi said. "I'd love to see a fictional account where most of New York City falls in a day, but upstate New York has a month or so to prepare."
For those wanting even more time to, say, build a zombie-proof log cabin, Alemi recommends making a run for the northern Rocky Mountains. The team estimated it would take several months after the start of the apocalypse for the undead to make it that far. Such a finding is on par with what Estately.com's "Zombie Apocalypse Preparedness Rankings" discovered last year; ranking both Alaska and Wyoming as the best places to flee for the end of the world.
Or, you know, just find an island.
Best U.S. Places to Survive the Apocalypse
This Coronavirus Calculator Shows How Many Lives You Save With Social Distancing
What You Need to Know About That Mysterious Coronavirus
11 Ways the World (As We Know It) Could End
American Bat Epidemic Jumps the Rockies
The Roads Least Taken in America
White-Nose Syndrome Haunts Bats
Where Did COVID-19 Come From?
A Great Tree 'Migration' Is Underway
Starfish Make Remarkable Comeback in California Years After Deadly Disease Outbreak
Africa's Rarest Carnivores Face Threats From Disease-Carrying Dogs
How a Poop-Filled Train From NYC Wound Up in Rural Alabama
COVID-19: Where Do We Go From Here?
Everything You Need to Know About Lyme Disease
How You Can Help Bluebirds Bounce Back
7 Mysterious Diseases Wiping Out Wildlife


text:
[ARCHIVED] Carrboro is Breastfeeding Family Friendly Community
CARRBORO, N.C. -- Mayor Lydia Lavelle has proclaimed the Town of Carrboro to be a 2021 Breastfeeding Family Friendly Community.
According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, American Academy of Family Physicians, and other leading health organizations, breastfeeding is the optimal food for infants.
The local designation supports parents and childcare staff to continue breastfeeding and offering expressed milk, when returning to work or school, and supports childcare staff with on-site breastfeeding facilities or spaces.
"By providing a supportive and welcoming environment, a breastfeeding friendly community encourages families of all races, ethnicities, and family structures to initiate and continue optimal infant feeding/nursing," Mayor Lavelle said.
The Carrboro community is proud to have attained broad support and direct community actions - UNC Women's Hospital, and a birthing center, Women's Birth and Wellness Center, have attained Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative designation; the Orange County Health Department has received the NC Breastfeeding Coalition Mother-Baby Clinic Award; and childcare programs in our community have been designated breastfeeding-friendly.
Read the proclamation at https://www.townofcarrboro.org/DocumentCenter/View/9062/2021-Breastfeeding-Friendly-Community-Proclamation and learn more about how the Town of Carrboro is helping families to thrive by ensuring that they receive community support to develop and sustain healthy lifestyles.


Jackall soft plastics any good for dropshot ?
Are the Jackall soft plastics any good for dropshot ?
Let me know your experiences with the above and what would be your favorite dropshot bait and why.
Re: Jackall soft plastics any good for dropshot ?
Horrible. Avoid at all costs.
BucketHunter wrote: Horrible. Avoid at all costs.
The 4 inch cross tail shad and I-shad are simply two of the best drop shot baits I have used. Can't speak to the other Jackall products but the two I noted above are great.
My biggest fish to date on a drop shot in 5 minutes so I would say yes. Although, you don't need to buy the expensive 'super' crosstail shad, the standard variety floats better and is obviously tasty.
The crosstail shad is my absolute favorite dropshot lure; purple winnie or ayu are my goto colors. I suggest NOT getting the super crosstail shad or the clone fry. Although they're more realistic looking, I have gotten skunked with them consistently. Fishing them back to back with the regular/plain crosstail shad has proven to me that the regular crosstail shad is much more effective.
I can't quite put my finger on why this is, but the regular crosstail shad is much softer than the other two. The only negative is that the crosstail shad can rip easily due to its softness. Expect maybe 2-3 fish before the nose gets torn. But I usually just wacky rig the torn baits and continue to catch another fish or two before it's time to retire it.
Like BucketHunter said, "Avoid at all costs." Especially the 4" Crosstail Shad in Morning Dawn when fishing for smallmouth. It's terrible.
Inspectorlee wrote: The crosstail shad is my absolute favorite dropshot lure; purple winnie or ayu are my goto colors. I suggest NOT getting the super crosstail shad or the clone fry. Although they're more realistic looking, I have gotten skunked with them consistently. Fishing them back to back with the regular/plain crosstail shad has proven to me that the regular crosstail shad is much more effective.
+2. Tried the twice the cost "realistic" Jackall baits with limited success. I catch fish consistently on the crosstail. I too love the robotworm 4 or 6" straightail worms.
We added 4 new colors to the 4" Cross Tail for this year.
I have found the Cross Tail Shad to be very durable.
$4.99 a bag is pretty typical of most plastics give or take a few cents. I usually get 2-3 fish per bait on average. Again pretty typical for soft plastics with lots of action and salt content like GY senkos.


text:
HomeAboutTeamOur portfolioNewsContact
Fund I closing
365 Capital Fund I closes at €165m exceeding target of €150m – Press release
Today, 365 Capital Management, a new Netherlands focused lower mid-market private equity firm, announces the final close of its debut fund, 365 Capital Fund I with commitments of €165m.
365 Capital Fund I is a generalist fund that aims to acquire platform companies which are active in attractive markets, subsequently driving growth and margin improvement through a combination of buy-and-builds and organic growth investments.
The team employs a dual sourcing strategy: 'bottom-up sourcing' in selected parts of the value chain of selected markets (incl. but not limited to Horticulture and Education), and 'intermediary and network based' whereby the team takes advantage of its network, reputation, relationships, and track-record. 365 Capital is focused on proprietary deals as well as (limited) auction processes run by intermediaries. The team takes an institutional and analytically rigorous approach to sourcing, diligence, and value creation. Active portfolio company support is central to its approach.
The team started fundraising with a first close in September 2020 at €72m. At the start of the fund, 365 Capital invested in two companies: post-graduate education platform business Academica Lifelong Learning (sourced through 'bottom-up sourcing') and sleep specialist Swiss Sense (sourced through 'intermediary and network-based sourcing').
365 Capital is backed by a range of family offices, multi family offices, foundations, and high net worth individuals across Europe. Within 6.5 months after its first close the fund marked its final close at €165m, well above its initial target of €150m. The fund targets circa 8 portfolio companies with total equity tickets in the €10-30m range per company over the ownership period.
365 Capital was founded by Boudewijn Molenaar, Steven Albers, Hayo van Houten and Reinaert Molenaar in September 2019 forming a complementary, experienced, and ambitious Dutch team based in Amsterdam. The team is supported by its Advisory Board consisting of Robert Thole and Derk Haank. The first additions were made to further strengthen the team in Q1 2021, and we envisage to add additional team members in 2021 to arrive at 8 people in total by the end of the year.
The team is advised by legal advisor Jack Berk at Cleber Advocaten in connection with establishing 365 Capital and the fundraising process for 365 Capital Fund I.
365 Capital (contact@365capital.com)
Jozef Israëlskade 48 D
1072 SB, Amsterdam
Copyright © 365 Capital


As Hunter IVF is part of IVFAustralia and its network of Australia's most experienced and successful fertility clinics, we are very pleased to offer our patients access to the Patient Portal featuring a private forum. This is a password protected online community for patients of Hunter IVF & IVFAustralia to share ideas and knowledge with each other, and provides you with all the resources you need throughout your fertility journey. The forum is a place for patients to engage in open, informative and supportive discussion around fertility issues.
We will then verify your patient information and let you know as soon as your access has been approved.


They may put on glitzy shows in downtown Las Vegas, but nothing can top the SCSN III racing action on the Strip @ Las Vegas Motor Speedway!!! Awesome side by side competition in Pro-Street, 10.5 Outlaw, Xtreeme Drag Radial, Hot Street, and much much more. Mike Moran, Vinny Demieri, Bill Glidden, Monty Berney, Mike Bowman, Spiro Pappas, and many more of the biggest names in Street Car Racing came to the stunning Las Vegas Motor Speedway for over $75,000 in Cash Purse plus over $100,000 in Contingency. Driver interviews, qualifying highlights, and every heads-up elimination round make up this history-making shoot-out in the desert. The "Voice of Pro-Street" Al Tucci brings his unique style of announcing to the Las Vegas tower.


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Mülleimer » e of the left circle caromed off the ri
World CrimeBlood » Verbesserungsvorschläge » Mülleimer » e of the left circle caromed off the ri
#1 | e of the left circle caromed off the ri 13.03.2019 03:29
Winnipeg, MB (SportsNetwork.com) - Ryan Getzlaf scored the go-ahead goal during a big second period for the Ducks, and Anaheim posted its seventh straight win, 4-1 over the Winnipeg Jets. Jakob Silfverberg and Nate Thompson also lit the lamp in the second period for the NHL-leading Ducks, who equaled their season-best winning streak. They also ended Winnipegs eight-game points streak (5-0-3) by beating the Jets for the second time at MTS Centre in less than a week. On Sunday, Kyle Palmieris tally with 53 seconds elapsed in overtime lifted Anaheim to victory. This time, it was Anaheim capitalizing on the power play and also in short- handed situations. Thompson and Andrew Cogliano scored short-handed, with Coglianos going into an empty net with 1:15 left. Silfverbergs goal came on the man-advantage. Frederik Andersen turned aside 27 shots in his 18th straight start for Anaheim. He was great in the back-to-back, Ducks coach Bruce Boudreau said, referring to Andersen playing Friday night in a 4-2 victory at Edmonton. He was moving around, and he was sharp. I cant make things up. It was a good game from everybody. Bryan Little scored on the power play for the Jets, who have lost two in a row. Michael Hutchinson made 27 saves. Anaheim went ahead 2-1 8:29 into the second period. Patrick Maroon fed the puck from behind the net to Getzlaf at the edge of the right circle. His shot found the net past a sliding Hutchinson, who was bumped into on the play by Anaheims Tim Jackman. It became 3-1 thanks to a mistake by the Jets behind their own net during a Winnipeg power play. Hutchinson left the puck softly for Dustin Byfuglien, but he mishandled it and Getzlaf took the disc to the right side. His pass from behind the net was to an open Thompson in front for the tally with 2:07 remaining. In the second period we knew where we were supposed to be, but we didnt close fast enough, Jets coach Paul Maurice said. The difference in the game was there was very little indecision in their game. It doesnt take much for it to look like there is indecision in our game against a team with that kind of speed. We just didnt drive legs hard enough fast enough to take away ice, and they are very good at that. Hutchinson went to the bench for the extra attacker with 2:40 remaining, but Cogliano sealed the outcome. Little lit the lamp 11:28 into the contest on the power play when his shot from the inside edge of the left circle caromed off the right post. The Ducks tied the game on the power play at 6:15 of the second. With Anthony Peluso in the penalty box for holding, Silfverberg unleashed a shot from above the left circle. The puck found its way through a maze of players and into the upper right portion of the net. Game Notes The Ducks have won their last three games at MTS Centre ... This was the second portion of a five-game all-Canadian road trip for the Ducks. The swing continues in Toronto Tuesday ... The Jets host Buffalo Tuesday. Adidas Juuse Saros Jersey . - Mike Zimmer has brought a demanding style to the Minnesota Vikings. Cheap Predators Jerseys China . The United States clinched the final berth into the Ford Worlds, March 28-April 6 at Scotiabank Centre in Halifax, on Saturday in Blaine, Minn. http://www.adidaspredatorsjerseys.com/?t...johansen-jersey. The 17-time Grand Slam champion, who lose three straight finals in Monte Carlo to Rafael Nadal from 2006-08, has not played in the tournament since 2011, when he lost to Jurgen Melzer in the quarterfinals. Adidas Ryan Hartman Jersey . Unfortunately for Toronto, that surge was too much to handle as the Stars scored six straight goals and ended the Marlies season with a 6-2 victory on Tuesday. Toronto had built a 2-0 lead on goals by Frazer McLaren and Peter Holland, but Texas charged back with a wild rally late in the second period to spark its trip to the Calder Cup final. Adidas Colton Sissons Jersey .com) - Toronto Blue Jays first baseman Edwin Encarnacion has been named the American League Player of the Week for the period ending May 11.Tempe, AZ (SportsNetwork.com) - The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim acquired left-handed pitcher Jose Alvarez from the Detroit Tigers in exchange for infielder Andrew Romine on Friday. Alvarez appeared in 14 games for the Tigers last season, posting a 1-5 record with a 5.82 earned run average. Over 21 games in Triple-A Toledo last season, Alvarez went 8-6 with a 2.dddddddddddd.80 ERA while being named the Tigers Minor League Pitcher of the Year. Romine, meanwhile, adds depth at shortstop for Detroit, which learned starter Jose Iglesias will be out 4-6 month with stress fractures in both of his shins. Romine appeared in 47 games for the Halos last season and batted .259 with nine runs scored and 10 RBI. ' ' '
irst period," Coyotes coach Dave T » « d to perennial sellouts, are also


text:
Liverpool £80,000-a-week star linked with shock move to Brighton
By Casey Graves | May 19, 2017
According to the Mirror, Liverpool experienced midfielder Lucas Leiva has been heavily linked with a surprise move to Brighton.
It's already confirmed that Brighton will participate in the Premier League next season and they are already chasing for the players with the experience of English fop flight.
The 30-year-old Brazilian is out of contract this summer after spending 10 years with the Merseyside outfit.
The same sources claim that the newly-promoted Seagulls want to take advantage of the situation by making an 'ambitious move' for the holding midfielder. Lucas Leiva has been a useful squad player for years at Liverpool, but he is believed to be keen for more playing time. And the South American could get that at Brighton as the club are looking to add players with Premier League experience.
At a recent ceremony where Lucas was celebrated for his time at Liverpool, he hinted his time on Merseyside is coming to an end.
During his interview, the Brazilian midfielder said: "There is no doubt about my commitment to Liverpool, I just need to wait until the end of the season, work hard and make a decision together with the club."
Category: Liverpool Tags: Lucas Leiva


text:
Q: Console.ReadLine unexpected behaviour in else-if statement I'm having some trouble with my console application.
I want to check the user input and execute something depending on what the user wrote. My code looks something like this:
if(Console.ReadLine() == "ADD")
{
    //Add
}
else if (Console.ReadLine() == "LIST")
{
    //DisplayList
}
else if (Console.ReadLine() == "SORT")
{
    //Sort
}
else
{
    //DisplayErrorMsg
}

Now when i type LIST in the console, i get a line-break, and I have to type LIST again to get expected behaviour, and all following else-if statements just add another line-break. (example below)
I've looked everywhere I can but I can't see what I've done wrong...
Please help!
SORT
SORT
SORT
//Sorting...

A: You are invoking ReadLine multiple times and therefore you read multiple times from the stdin. Try the following:
var line = Console.ReadLine();

if (line == "ADD")
{
    //Add
}
else if (line == "LIST")
{
    //DisplayList
}
else if (line == "SORT")
{
    //Sort
}
else
{
    //DisplayErrorMsg
}

A: Try to get line in a string, and so test the string.
string line = Console.ReadLine();
if (line == "ADD")
{
    //Add
}
else if (line == "LIST")
{
    //DisplayList
}
else if (line == "SORT")
{
    //Sort
}
else
{
    //DisplayErrorMsg
}

A: Every time you call Console.ReadLine() it will wait for user input.
Assign the value returned from running Console.ReadLine() to a variable.
Then do your if, else checks on that variable.
var userInput = Console.ReadLine();

if(userInput == "ADD")
{
    //Add
}
else if (userInput == "LIST")
{
    //DisplayList
}
else if (userInput == "SORT")
{
    //Sort
}
else
{
    //DisplayErrorMsg
}

A: string readfromConsole = Console.ReadLine()
if(readfromConsole  == "ADD")
    {
        //Add
    }
    else if (readfromConsole  == "LIST")
    {
        //DisplayList
    }
    else if (readfromConsole  == "SORT")
    {
        //Sort
    }
    else
    {
        //DisplayErrorMsg
    }

The problem you are having is that Console.readLine does exactly what it says it reads a new line. So what this change does is it saves the first read and compares against that instead of reading a new line each time. I hoped this helped


text:
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            isBlankString: function(str) {
                return !str || /^\s*$/.test(str);
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            escapeRegExChars: function(str) {
                return str.replace(/[\-\[\]\/\{\}\(\)\*\+\?\.\\\^\$\|]/g, "\\$&");
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            isString: function(obj) {
                return "string" == typeof obj;
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            isNumber: function(obj) {
                return "number" == typeof obj;
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            isObject: $.isPlainObject,
            isUndefined: function(obj) {
                return "undefined" == typeof obj;
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                return _.isUndefined(s) || null === s ? "" : s + "";
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            filter: $.grep,
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                var result = !1;
                return obj ? ($.each(obj, function(key, val) {
                    return (result = test.call(null, val, key, obj)) ? !1 : void 0;
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            mixin: $.extend,
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                function template() {
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                setTimeout(fn, 0);
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                    var now = new Date(), remaining = wait - (now - previous);
                    return context = this, args = arguments, 0 >= remaining ? (clearTimeout(timeout),
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                    result;
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            noop: function() {}
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    }(), VERSION = "0.10.5", tokenizers = function() {
        "use strict";
        function whitespace(str) {
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        }
        function nonword(str) {
            return str = _.toStr(str), str ? str.split(/\W+/) : [];
        }
        function getObjTokenizer(tokenizer) {
            return function() {
                var args = [].slice.call(arguments, 0);
                return function(o) {
                    var tokens = [];
                    return _.each(args, function(k) {
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            nonword: nonword,
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            }
        };
    }(), LruCache = function() {
        "use strict";
        function LruCache(maxSize) {
            this.maxSize = _.isNumber(maxSize) ? maxSize : 100, this.reset(), this.maxSize <= 0 && (this.set = this.get = $.noop);
        }
        function List() {
            this.head = this.tail = null;
        }
        function Node(key, val) {
            this.key = key, this.val = val, this.prev = this.next = null;
        }
        return _.mixin(LruCache.prototype, {
            set: function(key, val) {
                var node, tailItem = this.list.tail;
                this.size >= this.maxSize && (this.list.remove(tailItem), delete this.hash[tailItem.key]),
                (node = this.hash[key]) ? (node.val = val, this.list.moveToFront(node)) : (node = new Node(key, val),
                this.list.add(node), this.hash[key] = node, this.size++);
            },
            get: function(key) {
                var node = this.hash[key];
                return node ? (this.list.moveToFront(node), node.val) : void 0;
            },
            reset: function() {
                this.size = 0, this.hash = {}, this.list = new List();
            }
        }), _.mixin(List.prototype, {
            add: function(node) {
                this.head && (node.next = this.head, this.head.prev = node), this.head = node, this.tail = this.tail || node;
            },
            remove: function(node) {
                node.prev ? node.prev.next = node.next : this.head = node.next, node.next ? node.next.prev = node.prev : this.tail = node.prev;
            },
            moveToFront: function(node) {
                this.remove(node), this.add(node);
            }
        }), LruCache;
    }(), PersistentStorage = function() {
        "use strict";
        function PersistentStorage(namespace) {
            this.prefix = [ "__", namespace, "__" ].join(""), this.ttlKey = "__ttl__", this.keyMatcher = new RegExp("^" + _.escapeRegExChars(this.prefix));
        }
        function now() {
            return new Date().getTime();
        }
        function encode(val) {
            return JSON.stringify(_.isUndefined(val) ? null : val);
        }
        function decode(val) {
            return JSON.parse(val);
        }
        var ls, methods;
        try {
            ls = window.localStorage, ls.setItem("~~~", "!"), ls.removeItem("~~~");
        } catch (err) {
            ls = null;
        }
        return methods = ls && window.JSON ? {
            _prefix: function(key) {
                return this.prefix + key;
            },
            _ttlKey: function(key) {
                return this._prefix(key) + this.ttlKey;
            },
            get: function(key) {
                return this.isExpired(key) && this.remove(key), decode(ls.getItem(this._prefix(key)));
            },
            set: function(key, val, ttl) {
                return _.isNumber(ttl) ? ls.setItem(this._ttlKey(key), encode(now() + ttl)) : ls.removeItem(this._ttlKey(key)),
                ls.setItem(this._prefix(key), encode(val));
            },
            remove: function(key) {
                return ls.removeItem(this._ttlKey(key)), ls.removeItem(this._prefix(key)), this;
            },
            clear: function() {
                var i, key, keys = [], len = ls.length;
                for (i = 0; len > i; i++) (key = ls.key(i)).match(this.keyMatcher) && keys.push(key.replace(this.keyMatcher, ""));
                for (i = keys.length; i--; ) this.remove(keys[i]);
                return this;
            },
            isExpired: function(key) {
                var ttl = decode(ls.getItem(this._ttlKey(key)));
                return _.isNumber(ttl) && now() > ttl ? !0 : !1;
            }
        } : {
            get: _.noop,
            set: _.noop,
            remove: _.noop,
            clear: _.noop,
            isExpired: _.noop
        }, _.mixin(PersistentStorage.prototype, methods), PersistentStorage;
    }(), Transport = function() {
        "use strict";
        function Transport(o) {
            o = o || {}, this.cancelled = !1, this.lastUrl = null, this._send = o.transport ? callbackToDeferred(o.transport) : $.ajax,
            this._get = o.rateLimiter ? o.rateLimiter(this._get) : this._get, this._cache = o.cache === !1 ? new LruCache(0) : sharedCache;
        }
        function callbackToDeferred(fn) {
            return function(url, o) {
                function onSuccess(resp) {
                    _.defer(function() {
                        deferred.resolve(resp);
                    });
                }
                function onError(err) {
                    _.defer(function() {
                        deferred.reject(err);
                    });
                }
                var deferred = $.Deferred();
                return fn(url, o, onSuccess, onError), deferred;
            };
        }
        var pendingRequestsCount = 0, pendingRequests = {}, maxPendingRequests = 6, sharedCache = new LruCache(10);
        return Transport.setMaxPendingRequests = function(num) {
            maxPendingRequests = num;
        }, Transport.resetCache = function() {
            sharedCache.reset();
        }, _.mixin(Transport.prototype, {
            _get: function(url, o, cb) {
                function done(resp) {
                    cb && cb(null, resp), that._cache.set(url, resp);
                }
                function fail() {
                    cb && cb(!0);
                }
                function always() {
                    pendingRequestsCount--, delete pendingRequests[url], that.onDeckRequestArgs && (that._get.apply(that, that.onDeckRequestArgs),
                    that.onDeckRequestArgs = null);
                }
                var jqXhr, that = this;
                this.cancelled || url !== this.lastUrl || ((jqXhr = pendingRequests[url]) ? jqXhr.done(done).fail(fail) : maxPendingRequests > pendingRequestsCount ? (pendingRequestsCount++,
                pendingRequests[url] = this._send(url, o).done(done).fail(fail).always(always)) : this.onDeckRequestArgs = [].slice.call(arguments, 0));
            },
            get: function(url, o, cb) {
                var resp;
                return _.isFunction(o) && (cb = o, o = {}), this.cancelled = !1, this.lastUrl = url,
                (resp = this._cache.get(url)) ? _.defer(function() {
                    cb && cb(null, resp);
                }) : this._get(url, o, cb), !!resp;
            },
            cancel: function() {
                this.cancelled = !0;
            }
        }), Transport;
    }(), SearchIndex = function() {
        "use strict";
        function SearchIndex(o) {
            o = o || {}, o.datumTokenizer && o.queryTokenizer || $.error("datumTokenizer and queryTokenizer are both required"),
            this.datumTokenizer = o.datumTokenizer, this.queryTokenizer = o.queryTokenizer,
            this.reset();
        }
        function normalizeTokens(tokens) {
            return tokens = _.filter(tokens, function(token) {
                return !!token;
            }), tokens = _.map(tokens, function(token) {
                return token.toLowerCase();
            });
        }
        function newNode() {
            return {
                ids: [],
                children: {}
            };
        }
        function unique(array) {
            for (var seen = {}, uniques = [], i = 0, len = array.length; len > i; i++) seen[array[i]] || (seen[array[i]] = !0,
            uniques.push(array[i]));
            return uniques;
        }
        function getIntersection(arrayA, arrayB) {
            function compare(a, b) {
                return a - b;
            }
            var ai = 0, bi = 0, intersection = [];
            arrayA = arrayA.sort(compare), arrayB = arrayB.sort(compare);
            for (var lenArrayA = arrayA.length, lenArrayB = arrayB.length; lenArrayA > ai && lenArrayB > bi; ) arrayA[ai] < arrayB[bi] ? ai++ : arrayA[ai] > arrayB[bi] ? bi++ : (intersection.push(arrayA[ai]),
            ai++, bi++);
            return intersection;
        }
        return _.mixin(SearchIndex.prototype, {
            bootstrap: function(o) {
                this.datums = o.datums, this.trie = o.trie;
            },
            add: function(data) {
                var that = this;
                data = _.isArray(data) ? data : [ data ], _.each(data, function(datum) {
                    var id, tokens;
                    id = that.datums.push(datum) - 1, tokens = normalizeTokens(that.datumTokenizer(datum)),
                    _.each(tokens, function(token) {
                        var node, chars, ch;
                        for (node = that.trie, chars = token.split(""); ch = chars.shift(); ) node = node.children[ch] || (node.children[ch] = newNode()),
                        node.ids.push(id);
                    });
                });
            },
            get: function(query) {
                var tokens, matches, that = this;
                return tokens = normalizeTokens(this.queryTokenizer(query)), _.each(tokens, function(token) {
                    var node, chars, ch, ids;
                    if (matches && 0 === matches.length) return !1;
                    for (node = that.trie, chars = token.split(""); node && (ch = chars.shift()); ) node = node.children[ch];
                    return node && 0 === chars.length ? (ids = node.ids.slice(0), void (matches = matches ? getIntersection(matches, ids) : ids)) : (matches = [],
                    !1);
                }), matches ? _.map(unique(matches), function(id) {
                    return that.datums[id];
                }) : [];
            },
            reset: function() {
                this.datums = [], this.trie = newNode();
            },
            serialize: function() {
                return {
                    datums: this.datums,
                    trie: this.trie
                };
            }
        }), SearchIndex;
    }(), oParser = function() {
        "use strict";
        function getLocal(o) {
            return o.local || null;
        }
        function getPrefetch(o) {
            var prefetch, defaults;
            return defaults = {
                url: null,
                thumbprint: "",
                ttl: 864e5,
                filter: null,
                ajax: {}
            }, (prefetch = o.prefetch || null) && (prefetch = _.isString(prefetch) ? {
                url: prefetch
            } : prefetch, prefetch = _.mixin(defaults, prefetch), prefetch.thumbprint = VERSION + prefetch.thumbprint,
            prefetch.ajax.type = prefetch.ajax.type || "GET", prefetch.ajax.dataType = prefetch.ajax.dataType || "json",
            !prefetch.url && $.error("prefetch requires url to be set")), prefetch;
        }
        function getRemote(o) {
            function byDebounce(wait) {
                return function(fn) {
                    return _.debounce(fn, wait);
                };
            }
            function byThrottle(wait) {
                return function(fn) {
                    return _.throttle(fn, wait);
                };
            }
            var remote, defaults;
            return defaults = {
                url: null,
                cache: !0,
                wildcard: "%QUERY",
                replace: null,
                rateLimitBy: "debounce",
                rateLimitWait: 300,
                send: null,
                filter: null,
                ajax: {}
            }, (remote = o.remote || null) && (remote = _.isString(remote) ? {
                url: remote
            } : remote, remote = _.mixin(defaults, remote), remote.rateLimiter = /^throttle$/i.test(remote.rateLimitBy) ? byThrottle(remote.rateLimitWait) : byDebounce(remote.rateLimitWait),
            remote.ajax.type = remote.ajax.type || "GET", remote.ajax.dataType = remote.ajax.dataType || "json",
            delete remote.rateLimitBy, delete remote.rateLimitWait, !remote.url && $.error("remote requires url to be set")),
            remote;
        }
        return {
            local: getLocal,
            prefetch: getPrefetch,
            remote: getRemote
        };
    }();
    !function(root) {
        "use strict";
        function Bloodhound(o) {
            o && (o.local || o.prefetch || o.remote) || $.error("one of local, prefetch, or remote is required"),
            this.limit = o.limit || 5, this.sorter = getSorter(o.sorter), this.dupDetector = o.dupDetector || ignoreDuplicates,
            this.local = oParser.local(o), this.prefetch = oParser.prefetch(o), this.remote = oParser.remote(o),
            this.cacheKey = this.prefetch ? this.prefetch.cacheKey || this.prefetch.url : null,
            this.index = new SearchIndex({
                datumTokenizer: o.datumTokenizer,
                queryTokenizer: o.queryTokenizer
            }), this.storage = this.cacheKey ? new PersistentStorage(this.cacheKey) : null;
        }
        function getSorter(sortFn) {
            function sort(array) {
                return array.sort(sortFn);
            }
            function noSort(array) {
                return array;
            }
            return _.isFunction(sortFn) ? sort : noSort;
        }
        function ignoreDuplicates() {
            return !1;
        }
        var old, keys;
        return old = root.Bloodhound, keys = {
            data: "data",
            protocol: "protocol",
            thumbprint: "thumbprint"
        }, root.Bloodhound = Bloodhound, Bloodhound.noConflict = function() {
            return root.Bloodhound = old, Bloodhound;
        }, Bloodhound.tokenizers = tokenizers, _.mixin(Bloodhound.prototype, {
            _loadPrefetch: function(o) {
                function handlePrefetchResponse(resp) {
                    that.clear(), that.add(o.filter ? o.filter(resp) : resp), that._saveToStorage(that.index.serialize(), o.thumbprint, o.ttl);
                }
                var serialized, deferred, that = this;
                return (serialized = this._readFromStorage(o.thumbprint)) ? (this.index.bootstrap(serialized),
                deferred = $.Deferred().resolve()) : deferred = $.ajax(o.url, o.ajax).done(handlePrefetchResponse),
                deferred;
            },
            _getFromRemote: function(query, cb) {
                function handleRemoteResponse(err, resp) {
                    cb(err ? [] : that.remote.filter ? that.remote.filter(resp) : resp);
                }
                var url, uriEncodedQuery, that = this;
                if (this.transport) return query = query || "", uriEncodedQuery = encodeURIComponent(query),
                url = this.remote.replace ? this.remote.replace(this.remote.url, query) : this.remote.url.replace(this.remote.wildcard, uriEncodedQuery),
                this.transport.get(url, this.remote.ajax, handleRemoteResponse);
            },
            _cancelLastRemoteRequest: function() {
                this.transport && this.transport.cancel();
            },
            _saveToStorage: function(data, thumbprint, ttl) {
                this.storage && (this.storage.set(keys.data, data, ttl), this.storage.set(keys.protocol, location.protocol, ttl),
                this.storage.set(keys.thumbprint, thumbprint, ttl));
            },
            _readFromStorage: function(thumbprint) {
                var isExpired, stored = {};
                return this.storage && (stored.data = this.storage.get(keys.data), stored.protocol = this.storage.get(keys.protocol),
                stored.thumbprint = this.storage.get(keys.thumbprint)), isExpired = stored.thumbprint !== thumbprint || stored.protocol !== location.protocol,
                stored.data && !isExpired ? stored.data : null;
            },
            _initialize: function() {
                function addLocalToIndex() {
                    that.add(_.isFunction(local) ? local() : local);
                }
                var deferred, that = this, local = this.local;
                return deferred = this.prefetch ? this._loadPrefetch(this.prefetch) : $.Deferred().resolve(),
                local && deferred.done(addLocalToIndex), this.transport = this.remote ? new Transport(this.remote) : null,
                this.initPromise = deferred.promise();
            },
            initialize: function(force) {
                return !this.initPromise || force ? this._initialize() : this.initPromise;
            },
            add: function(data) {
                this.index.add(data);
            },
            get: function(query, cb) {
                function returnRemoteMatches(remoteMatches) {
                    var matchesWithBackfill = matches.slice(0);
                    _.each(remoteMatches, function(remoteMatch) {
                        var isDuplicate;
                        return isDuplicate = _.some(matchesWithBackfill, function(match) {
                            return that.dupDetector(remoteMatch, match);
                        }), !isDuplicate && matchesWithBackfill.push(remoteMatch), matchesWithBackfill.length < that.limit;
                    }), cb && cb(that.sorter(matchesWithBackfill));
                }
                var that = this, matches = [], cacheHit = !1;
                matches = this.index.get(query), matches = this.sorter(matches).slice(0, this.limit),
                matches.length < this.limit ? cacheHit = this._getFromRemote(query, returnRemoteMatches) : this._cancelLastRemoteRequest(),
                cacheHit || (matches.length > 0 || !this.transport) && cb && cb(matches);
            },
            clear: function() {
                this.index.reset();
            },
            clearPrefetchCache: function() {
                this.storage && this.storage.clear();
            },
            clearRemoteCache: function() {
                this.transport && Transport.resetCache();
            },
            ttAdapter: function() {
                return _.bind(this.get, this);
            }
        }), Bloodhound;
    }(this);
}(window.jQuery);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
\page YourFirstHymn_Scripting Scripting

You have now created a 3D scene. Let's test playing it. To test a scene, press F5.

\image html YourFirstHymn/PlayScene.png

Currently, the hymn consists of a camera facing a wall. Not the most exciting. We could move the player entity in the scene to get a more exciting location, but even more exciting would be allowing the player to control the camera. This is done through scripting.

To stop playing and return to the editor, press F5 again.

\section CreateScript Creating a script

To create a new script, right click on the `Resources` folder in the resources list and select `Add script`.

\image html YourFirstHymn/AddScript.png

A new script will be created. Click on it. A window will open allowing you to edit the script.

\image html YourFirstHymn/ScriptEditor.png

For now let's rename the script to something more descriptive. In the textfield enter `FirstPersonController` and press Enter.

\section ConfiguringTextEditor Configuring the text editor

Currently, if you press the `Edit Script` button nothing will happen. This is because Hymn to Beauty does not contain a text editor to edit scripts. Instead, you will use whatever editor you prefer. [Notepad++](https://notepad-plus-plus.org/) or [Visual Studio Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) are good options but any text editor will do. When you press the `Edit Script` button, Hymn to Beauty will open the script in your text editor of choice. But before it can do that, you need to tell it what text editor to use. Close Hymn to Beauty.

## Windows
Open `%%APPDATA%\Hymn to Beauty\%Settings.ini` in a text editor. In the `[Scripts]` section there is an entry called `Text %Editor`. Set this entry to the full path to the text editor, for example:

    [Script]
    Text Editor = C:\Program Files\Notepad++\notepad++.exe

## Mac and Linux
Opening an external text editor directly from Hymn to Beauty is currently not supported on Mac and Linux. Instead, you will have to open the scripts manually from the hymn's resource folder.

\section EditingScript Editing a script

Open Hymn to Beauty, open the script and click on `Edit Script`. If you configured the path to the text editor correctly, your script will now open in your text editor (Windows only).

\section ExampleScripting Understanding the example script

When you created a new script, an example script was created.

    class Default {
        Hub @hub;
        Entity @self;

        Default(Entity @entity){
            @hub = Managers();
            @self = @entity;

            // Remove this if updates are not desired.
            RegisterUpdate();
        }

        // Called by the engine for each frame.
        void Update(float deltaTime) {

        }
    }

This scripts defines a new class. The class name has to be the same as the name of the script, in this case `FirstPersonController`. But currently it is `Default`, so change all instances of `Default` to `FirstPersonController`. Now let's break down what the script does, bit by bit.

    class FirstPersonController {
        ...
    }

This defines the class, all its methods and properties.

        Hub @hub;
        Entity @self;

This are member variables. The `@` means that they are references.

        FirstPersonController(Entity @entity){
            ...
        }

This is the constructor. This method will be called when the entity that the script is attached to is created. This is the only method that the engine will call. If you want to get other calls from the engine (such as an Update function called every frame) they have to be registered.

The `@entity` parameter is the entity to which the script is attached.

            @hub = Managers();

This gets the manager hub. From this hub, you can access the managers, such as the debug drawing manager or the physics manager. We won't use those in this script.

            @self = @entity;

This stores the entity into a member variable so that we can use it later.

            // Remove this if updates are not desired.
            RegisterUpdate();

This tells Hymn to Beauty that we want to have our Update method called every frame.

        // Called by the engine for each frame.
        void Update(float deltaTime) {

        }

This is the update method. If it has been registered through `RegisterUpdate`, it will be called every frame. This is where we can write our game logic.

The `deltaTime` parameter is the time elapsed since the last frame in seconds. Whenever you move anything in the update function, you should always multiply the speed with the delta time to keep the movement consistent regardless of the frame rate. Otherwise the game will move at different speeds depending on whether it's rendering at 60 fps, 30 fps or something else.

For now, to test it out, let's just move the entity along the x-axis.

        void Update(float deltaTime) {
            self.position.x += deltaTime;
        }

\section BuildScript Building a script

Whenever you play the hymn, all scripts will be built automatically, so there is no need to build scripts manually. However, doing so can be useful as it can tell you whether a specific script can be built successfully or has errors in it. To test build a script, click the `Build Script` button. The button will turn green if the script built successfully.

\image html YourFirstHymn/BuildScriptSuccess.png

If the script caused an error, the button will be red. You need to fix the error and then try again.

\image html YourFirstHymn/BuildScriptFail.png

\section AssignScript Assigning a script to an entity

Like all other functionality, entities gain scripting functionality through a component: the Script component. Open the scene and edit the Player entity.

Add a Script component by clicking `Add component` and selecting `Script`.

\image html YourFirstHymn/AddScriptComponent.png

In the script component, click the `Select script` button and select the first person controller script.

\image html YourFirstHymn/SelectScript.png

Test the scene again by pressing F5. The camera will now be moving to the right.