text:
Charismatic Ramifications on the "Long Ending" of Mark's Gospel
Most modern Bible translations include a note expressing serious doubt about the authenticity of Mark 16:9-20. Individuals who do accept these final verses as part of Mark's Gospel, however, are committed to an extreme view of the signs listed in verses 17 and 18, to include the explicit ability to drink poison with no ill effects. If the Greek text in this "long ending" is taken seriously, understood, and translated in proper context, then all five signs are for all those who believe – excepting those actively preaching the Gospel message – at the point of initial conversion and continuing on thereafter. That is, upon hearing and believing in the Gospel message, newly regenerate believers, without exception, will exhibit all the signs listed in Mark 16:17-18, as accompaniment to the Gospel. Moreover, these five should be evident among all believers, past, present and yet future, upon initial acceptance of the Gospel and thereafter – at the least, whenever the Gospel is being actively preached.
For quite some time, it has been the scholarly consensus that the "long ending" of the Gospel of Mark, i.e., the last 12 verses (16:9-20), is not original to the Gospel, even though there are many manuscripts that include this text.1 While there are those who assert that the long ending is indeed original, they are well within the minority among NT scholars and textual critics. The vocabulary and style of the Greek in the long ending is substantially different than the remainder of Mark's Gospel.2 In addition, the associated manuscript evidence points rather decisively to the inauthenticity of these verses.3
There is even a so-called "short ending" in one extant Old Latin manuscript. This short ending consists of a small amount of text following verse 8, about the equivalent of one long Biblical verse or two shorter ones. While this is found as the ending to Mark's Gospel in only one manuscript, there is yet another variation in which the long ending is appended to the short ending.4 All three – the predominant long ending, the lone short ending, and the combination of short ending followed by long ending – are almost universally rejected, and identified as spurious.
Some are of the opinion that the Gospel of Mark simply concludes at verse 8. However, in view of the fact that verse 8 ends rather abruptly with frightened women at the tomb, and, secondarily, that the very last word is a conjunction (the word γάρ, transliterated gar, meaning for, since, or because), others believe the original ending has been lost, or that the Gospel writer just did not finish the work for some unknown reason.5 These may well be factors that influenced the writer of the long ending (assumed to be one lone author by the internal consistency of the text).
Excluding the long ending from Scripture necessarily negates any need to discuss cessationism (the belief that the 'sign gifts' have ceased with the Apostolic era and the closing of the Biblical canon) or continuationism (the belief that all the spiritual gifts continue to this day) by appealing to these verses. Dr. Rodney J. Decker, Th.D., has recently written a paper on this subject, titled Mark and Miracle (Mark 16:17-18), with an emphasis on what the longer ending means in its own context and how it relates to the rest of the New Testament, and posted it on his blog. This particular work of Decker (see hyperlink at title above, pdf here) will be relied on for portions of the remainder of this article; general references and specific quotes from it will be followed by applicable page number in brackets, e.g.: {p 3}.
Interpreting the Text of the Long Ending
Decker notes that, in academic settings, those who argue for continuationism by and large do not do so by appealing to the Markan long ending. On the other hand, it is used quite frequently as a basis for argumentation "in non-academic discussions and among poorly trained advocates. That is perhaps not surprising since even in cessationist circles the authenticity of the Long Ending is commonly assumed since it is in the KJV without note or comment" {p 2, n 11}. I'll add that it seems many readers of modern Bible versions pay little mind to the notes, further contributing to ignorance about the legitimacy of the long ending.6 Philip Comfort provides a blanket caution against the lay or academic use of these verses:
…Christians need to be warned against using this text for Christian doctrine because it is not on the same par as verifiable New Testament Scripture. Nothing in it should be used to establish Christian doctrine or practice. Unfortunately, certain churches have used Mark 16:16 to affirm dogmatically that one must believe and be baptized to be saved, and other churches have used Mark 16:18 to promote the practice of snake-handling…The writer of the longer ending also emphasized what we would call charismatic experiences – speaking in tongues, performing healings, protection from snakes and poison. Although the book of Acts affirms these experiences for certain believers, they are not necessarily the norm for all.7
Bill Johnson, Senior Pastor of Bethel Church in Redding, CA, is just one example (and there are many others within the so-called New Apostolic Reformation, aka NAR) of a hyper-charismatic (my term for those who go well beyond more conservative Pentecostal/charismatic theology and practice) who frequently cites Mark 16:15 and Mark 16:20 as base texts for the Great Commission, while selectively using only portions of verses 17-18 (healing the sick, casting out demons, and speaking in new tongues, yet omitting snake handling and drinking poison) for his continuationist stance.8 As but one example, here's a selection in which Johnson specifically cites Mark 16:20 in the footnote reference to this passage:
…While healing is seldom the subject we teach on, it is one of the most common results. As we proclaim the message of the Kingdom of God, people get well. The Father seems to say Amen! to His own message by confirming the word with power….9
In reading Johnson's quote, observe that the claim is that "people get well" as a result of the proclamation of "the message of the Kingdom of God". This passive "people get well" stands in stark contrast to the long ending's explicitly active "they will lay hands on the sick, and they will recover". In other words, according to verse 18, those who believe will actively lay on hands, resulting in the sick recovering; the sick don't just "get well". We could give Johnson the benefit of the doubt and just assume he was imprecise with his wording, but what of the other signs that should accompany the message according to the context of the long ending of Mark?:
15 And He said to them [the Eleven], "Go into all the world and preach the gospel to every creature. 16 He who believes and is baptized will be saved; but he who does not believe will be condemned. 17 And these signs will follow [accompany] those who believe: In My name they will cast out demons; they will speak with new tongues; 18 they will take up serpents; and if they drink anything deadly, it will by no means hurt them; they will lay hands on the sick, and they will recover."
19 So then, after the Lord had spoken to them [the Eleven], He was received up into heaven, and sat down at the right hand of God. 20 And they went out and preached everywhere, the Lord working with them and confirming the word through the accompanying signs [by those who believe]. Amen. [Mark 16:15-20, NKJV (emphasis and explanatory notes in brackets added)]
The text is book-ended with the preaching of the Gospel (vv 15, 20) by the Eleven (vv 14, 15, 19), but note that signs (σημεῖα, sēmeia) will follow/accompany those who believe (vv 16, 17), to exclude those preaching (the Eleven) {pp 3-5}. The context specifies that it is regenerate believers – those receiving the preaching of the Gospel (by the Eleven; v 15) and reaching a saving faith (v 16) – who will cast out demons, speak with new languages, pick up snakes, etc. Following are the five signs that will be exhibited by these believers:
Performing exorcisms
Speaking in new languages
Picking up snakes (presumably without harm)
Drinking poison without harm
Healing the sick by the laying on of hands
Note that, by the context, the snakes are not specifically identified as venomous (or not), and it's not specified if those picking up the snakes will remain unharmed; it merely states "they will take up serpents" (some manuscripts add "with their hands"). Some may appeal to the next point – "if they drink anything deadly, it will by no means hurt them" – but these two are not connected grammatically {p 3}. Also, since all five, as Decker observes, "are listed in parallel with no indication otherwise, it would be precarious to suggest that one (or more) is to be taken metaphorically if the others are not" {pp 3-4, 4 n 15}. By the context, the statement attributed to Jesus (vv 15-18), as well as the narration in verse 20 ("…the Lord working with them and confirming the word through the accompanying signs.") is clearly meant in a literal sense; therefore, all five should be taken literally.
The text explicitly states that all five signs above will accompany the collective of those who believe {p 8}, as a sign of the Gospel, "whenever they believe" {p 4}. Moreover, according to Decker, as indicated by the Greek grammar, each believer should perform all five {pp 4, 4 n 19-20}. Further, this implies that each time the Eleven preached the Gospel there would always be demon-possessed individuals, snakes, poisonous drink, and persons afflicted with ailments in their midst.
Yet, by the context, this is not limited to the Apostolic era, the time period when the Eleven were still living {p 5}. Since the function of these signs is in conjunction with the preaching of the Gospel – and, of course, the Great Commission is an ongoing command to all Christians (cf. Matthew 28:18-20) – these signs must continue as well {pp 4-5}. Therefore, those who accept the long ending as part of the canonical Gospel of Mark are committed to the belief that all five signs above are applicable to every single believer, at the point of their conversion and forward. The only limitation is imposed on those believers who are actively preaching the Gospel. In other words, by the context provided by the author of the long ending, those who believe will perform the five signs above, which necessarily include all the regenerate – past, present, and yet future – except when they themselves are in the act of preaching the Gospel message {pp 4-5}.
It could be construed that one of the implicit points made by the author of the long ending regarding "confirming the word through the accompanying signs" is that others in the audience who may have been unpersuaded by the Gospel message itself may become convinced by the attendant display of signs. In fact, there are three pieces of extra-Biblical, apocryphal literature depicting the Apostle John drinking poison for the express purpose of converting others. These are: Virtutes Iohannis (Miracles of John, circa 5th or 6th century AD), Passio Iohannis (Passion of John, ca. late 6th c.) {p 10},10 and Acts of John in Rome (ca. 4th to 6th c.11), with the latter finding its writer portraying John as explicitly quoting the words of Mark 16:18b ("and if they drink anything deadly, it will by no means hurt them") {p. 10}. With this in mind, would Bill Johnson, or any of the other self-appointed "Apostles" of the New Apostolic Reformation (or any follower of the NAR) who affirm Mark 16:9-20, like to drink from the poisoned cup, toward this same goal?
It seems one could understand this passage a bit more narrowly, interpreting "confirming the word through the accompanying signs" (v 20) as a limitation on those who believe. That is, these signs will only accompany those who believe during the proclamation of the Gospel, thereby limiting the 'shelf-life' of these signs. In other words, these five signs would be manifested each time the Gospel message is preached until Jesus Christ returns, but only for the duration of the preaching at each particular place and time.12
But note that even this more narrow view would only limit the time at which these signs are made manifest and not their actual expression. With this limitation in mind, we'll pose the question above a bit differently: With another actively preaching "the message of the Kingdom of God", would Bill Johnson, or any of the other self-appointed "Apostles" of the New Apostolic Reformation (or any disciple of the NAR) who affirm Mark 16:9-20, like to drink from the poisoned chalice in order to win others to Christ?
Given his interpretation of Jesus' promise in John 14:12, Johnson may even desire to identify such acts of 'poison-bibbing' {p 10} as manifest evidence of "greater works", since it is not recorded in Scripture that Jesus Himself drank poison without harm:
Jesus' prophecy of us doing greater works than He did has stirred the Church to look for some abstract meaning to this very simple statement…And, the works He referred to are signs and wonders. It will not be a disservice to Him to have a generation obey Him, and go beyond His own high-water mark. He showed us what one person could do who has the Spirit without measure. What could millions do? That was His point, and it became His prophecy.
This verse is often explained away by saying it refers to quantity of works, not quality…But that waters down the intent of His statement. The word greater is mizon [sic] in the Greek…It is always used to describe "quality," not quantity.13
But, I'm unpersuaded that even such a charismatic display of imbibing venomous drink without harm would be greater than Jesus' dying on the Cross for the sins of the world and subsequently raising Himself from the dead (John 2:19-22, 10:17-18).
Nonetheless, as per the context provided by the author of the long ending, poison-bibbing is a requirement of all believers – at least those who accept Mark 16:9-20 as part of sacred Scripture.
Those who consider the long ending of Mark must understand that it's an all or nothing proposition. If one is inclined to accept it as authentic, then, in all intellectual honesty, one is forced to conform to a radical form of continuationism – one that must accept that all five signs enumerated in verses 17 and 18, without exception, will be exhibited by those who believe. To explicitly or implicitly reject any of these five will not do. On the other hand, to agree with the scholarly consensus that the long ending is not original to the Gospel of Mark means that no portion of it can be referenced for doctrine or practice.
Some facts and thoughts about the author of the above referenced article (see especially last paragraph):
Dr. Rodney J. Decker is on faculty at Baptist Bible Seminary in Clarks Summit, Pennsylvania. He is the author of Temporal Deixis of the Greek Verb in the Gospel of Mark with Reference to Verbal Aspect (New York: Peter Lang, 2001) and Koine Greek Reader: Selections from the New Testament, Septuagint, and Early Christian Writers (Grand Rapids: Kregel, 2007), as well as other publications, with more material under contract, including his contribution to the Baylor Handbook on the Greek New Testament series (The Gospel of Mark).
I enjoy reading and being challenged by his works, most of which are a bit beyond my current level, some quite so. However, it's obvious he cares about his students' learning, as he has even taken the time to place additional data, list errata, and translate the German and French text from the Peter Lang book mentioned above (this particular book series requires that all non-English language remain untranslated), onto his own website. Here's a portion of his remarks:
…Since, however, I have some hopes that students may find the work helpful, and even that some may be curious as to the content of those [untranslated] quotations (an idealistic notion, I suspect, but one which I hope to nurture for a bit longer!), I have thought it appropriate to provide a translation of many of those quotations here.
In addition, Decker has taken one of Dr. Stanley Porter's difficult works and made it more comprehendible, providing a tremendous service to those wishing to become more conversant with Porter's position on verbal aspect. This is available as an online pdf (the title itself references Porter's work): "The Poor Man's Porter": A condensation and summarization of Verbal Aspect in the Greek of the New Testament, with Reference to Tense and Mood by Stanley E. Porter (New York: Peter Lang, 1993).
While he's very serious about his work, he occasionally injects a bit of lightheartedness in his material and on his blog (and presumably in the classroom). Decker is currently battling stage 4 cancer. He has recently begun chemotherapy. He and his wife could use our prayers.
1 This merely illustrates that subsequent copyists faithfully reproduced (more or less) this long ending once it was introduced into the Gospel of Mark, though many manuscripts have markings suggesting its inauthenticity.
2 Here I'm referring to what is known as the internal evidence of NT textual criticism: assessing authorial and scribal peculiarities such as style (vocabulary, grammar) and doctrine.
3 This sentence refers primarily to what is termed external evidence in NT textual criticism: assessing all known variants of a given section of Scripture by focusing on such factors as age, similar readings among manuscripts, and geographic distribution, and then comparing with each other to determine which verbiage is likely original.
4 The following English translation of the "short ending" is taken from Roger L. Omanson, A Textual Guide to the Greek New Testament: An Adaptation of Bruce M. Metzger's Textual Commentary for the Needs of Translators (Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft (German Bible Society), 2006), p 104. Note that the first sentence is a continuation of 16:8, for the obvious purpose of not leaving the verse ending with the women fearful: But they reported briefly to Peter and those with him all that they had been told. And after these things Jesus himself sent out through them, from east to west, the sacred and imperishable proclamation of eternal salvation. Amen. Manuscripts which append the "long ending" to the "short ending" omit the final "Amen" of the "short ending" (Omanson, p 104).
5 For more on the textual evidence consult Bruce M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament (Stuttgart: United Bible Societies, 1994); Roger L. Omanson's adaptation of Metzger noted above; Philip W. Comfort, New Testament Text and Translation Commentary (Carol Stream: Tyndale House, 2008); Craig A. Evans, Word Biblical Commentary: Mark 8:27 – 16:20 (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2001); Joel Marcus, The Anchor Yale Bible: Mark 8 – 16 (New Haven: Yale, 2009), etc.
6 This is based on my own admittedly very limited experience.
7 Comfort, p 161.
8 This is evident throughout his books, sermons and other materials. Of the many works I've studied/surveyed, none promote snake handling or the drinking of poison.
9 Bill Johnson, When Heaven Invades Earth: A Practical Guide to a Life of Miracles, (Shippensburg: Destiny Image, 2003 (first edition)), p 89; emphasis in original. I'm giving Johnson the benefit of the doubt that he's speaking of the true Gospel, and not the differentiated "Gospel of the Kingdom" of some New Order of the Latter Rain and/or New Apostolic Reformation teachers and adherents, though the context strongly implies the latter, and he specifically uses the latter term in many places throughout the book. Probably the best place to find the delineation of the two terms is found in the glossary of Earl Paulk's Ultimate Kingdom (Atlanta: K Dimension, 1984, p 335), in which "Gospel" is defined as [t]he good news of God's redemption to man. [Luke 4:18, 9:6; Romans 1:16; Ephesians 6:15]; whereas, "Gospel of the Kingdom" is defined [t]he good news principles of daily life taught by Jesus that the Church must demonstrate as a witness to the world in order to return the rule of the earth to God. [Matthew 4:23, 9:35, 24:14] – in other words: Dominionism. Also, one must keep in mind that Johnson equates such signs as part of the "greater works" in John 14:12. See below.
10 Here Decker quotes from (as he cites quite a bit in his paper) James Kelhoffer (Miracle and Mission: The Authentication of Missionaries and Their Message in the Longer Ending of Mark, WUNT 2.112, Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2000, p 450); Decker notes (p 10 n 42) that dates of 3rd to 6th century have been proposed for these two works. Claudio Moreschini and Enrico Norelli, (Early Christian Greek and Latin Literature, A Literary History, Volume Two: From the Council of Nicea to the Beginning of the Medieval Period, Peabody: Hendrickson, 2005; English transl. Matthew J. O'Connell), claim "perhaps" 5th or 6th c. for Passion of John ("by Pseudo-Melito") and "end of 6th c." for Miracles of John ("included in the collection of Pseudo-Abdias") [pp 221-222]. Both of these works apparently draw from the 3rd c. apocryphal work Acts of John, as Knut Schäferdiek ("The Acts of John") in Wilhelm Schneemelcher (transl. R. McL. Wilson New Testament Apocrypha: Volume One: Gospels and Related Writings. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1990, English transl. James Clarke & Co. Ltd, Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1991) notes, specifying that the Passio Iohannis "has taken up several narratives from the Acts of John in a considerably revised form" [p 154, cf. p 155]. Schäferdiek also largely agrees with Moreschini/Norelli regarding dates for Passion "which scarcely came into being before the middle of the 5th century" [p 154] and Miracles "which probably came into being in the late 6th century" [p 155].
11 Schäferdiek in Schneemelcher, p 172. The Acts of John in Rome is a recension of Acts of John. The first 17 chapters of Acts of John are lost; the Acts of John in Rome has a total 14 chapters, in two recensions, written "not before the 4th century" [p 172].
12 This further nuanced interpretation seems to be implied by Decker, but is not explicit – at least as I read him. Therefore, I take full responsibility; any errors in understanding Decker or in my exegesis are fully my own! But, note that the three apocryphal works referenced earlier do not seem to have another preaching the Gospel while John drank the poison.
13 Johnson, When Heaven Invades Earth, p 185; all emphasis in original (for those with later editions with different pagination, this is found in the chapter titled "This Present Revival" under the bolded heading GREATER WORKS). The Greek word is actually (transliterated) meizon, not mizon. Johnson prefaces this statement with a direct citation of John 14:12. Decker notes that some are of the opinion that the long ending can be paralleled with John 14:12, but he opines differently {pp 10-11}. For an in-depth look at Jesus' words in this passage of Scripture, see CrossWise article Greater Works Shall You Do.
Filed under Apostle, Bethel Church, Bible, Bill Johnson, Latter Rain, NAR, New Apostolic Reformation, signs and wonders, Textual Criticism Tagged with Acts of John, Acts of John in Rome, Apocrypha, Bethel Church, Bill Johnson, cessationism, continuationism, drinking of poison, exorcisms, Greater Works, healing, Latter Rain, Mark 16:9-20, Markan long ending, NAR, New Apostolic Reformation, NT Apocrypha, NT Greek, NT Textual Criticism, Passio Iohannis (Passion of John), Philip Comfort, Rodney J. Decker, signs and wonders, snake-handling, speaking in tongues, Virtutes Iohannis (Miracles of John)


In a rare situation for me, I didn't comment on that editorial at SSC, but I'll comment here. I find that, if I'm not sitting at a PC working through the bool, I just don't get as much from a book as I think I should. I do use books for trying to get in-depth understanding, but I use blogs/on-line resources to get the solution for immediate, specific problems. OF course part of that is because the book is usually in the opposite place I am (home if I'm at work, and at work if I'm home.).
I agree with the problems with books. It makes me nuts when I start to reach up for a book only to remember that it's at work. It is hard to learn from them without also having the computer there. Still, I'll read them and make notes and then try stuff out on the machine when I can get to it.
I'm not sure how people can learn effectively using only articles and forums. Maybe it's just me, but I tried to teach myself WPF with just online resources. After a couple weeks, I gave in and bought a book.
The problem with articles and blogs is that they're bitty. There's no complete coverage from A-Z. Anyone learning using just those is going to end up with large holes in their knowledge, holes they're not even aware of.
The main value I get out of books (good, comprehensive books) is not to teach me the deep technical details, but to give me a broad view of the area. Once I know a little bit about the entire area, I can search for additional material (articles, blogs, newgroups, etc) to get the deep technical details, however I cannot search for technical details in an area I don't know exists.
I agree. I was trying to learn the spatial operations on 2008 from articles & blog posts and it just wasn't possible. There were assumptions of knowledge in all the articles I had found or the articles were so simplistic as to be useless. The book I've been reading is taking the time to lay a foundation from which I can grow and do more. That would have taken a lot longer just reading little blog posts and tiny technical articles.


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set -xeo pipefail

PRODUCT=gegl
REPOSITORY=https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/"${PRODUCT}"
initial_workspace="$PWD"

# dependencies
if [ -z "${SKIP_MAKE_BUILD:-}" ]; then
    pushd "$PREFIX"
    tar -xzf /data/babl-internal.tar.gz
    popd
fi

#clone if not already
if [ ! -d "${PRODUCT}" ]; then
    GIT_ARGS=()
    if [ -d /export/"${PRODUCT}".git ]; then
        GIT_ARGS=(--reference /export/"${PRODUCT}".git)
    fi
    git clone "${GIT_ARGS[@]}" "${REPOSITORY}"
fi
cd "${PRODUCT}"/
if [ -n "${GEGL_BRANCH}" -a -z "${SKIP_MAKE_BUILD:-}" -a -z "${JOB_NAME:-}" ]; then
    git checkout "${GEGL_BRANCH}"
fi
#build and install (runs by default)
if [ -z "${SKIP_MAKE_BUILD:-}" ]; then
    ./autogen.sh
    ./configure --prefix="$PREFIX"
    make "-j$(nproc)" install
fi
#run tests (runs by default)
[ -n "${SKIP_MAKE_CHECK:-}" ] || make "-j$(nproc)" check
#run distcheck (disabled by default)
[ -z "${INCLUDE_DISTCHECK:-}" ] || make distcheck

# package binaries for use in GIMP build
pushd "$PREFIX"
tar -czvf ~1/"${PRODUCT}"-internal.tar.gz lib/*"${PRODUCT}"* lib/pkgconfig/"${PRODUCT}"* include/"${PRODUCT}"* bin share
popd
cp -f "${PRODUCT}"-internal.tar.gz /data/

cd "${initial_workspace}"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Hoi An is a little coastal city of Vietnam. It is located in Quang Nam province and is home to approximately 120,000 inhabitants. It is recognized as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. Know as one of the best attractive destinations in South east Asia, Hoi An is famous for typical traditional architecture, silk also some agriculture production and beautiful beach. Hoi An Ancient Town is an exceptionally well-preserved example of a South-East Asian trading port dating from the 15th to the 19th century. Its buildings and its street plan reflect the influences, both indigenous and foreign, that have combined to produce this unique heritage site.
The local team of Vietnam Motorbike Tour Expert is offering some options for short motorcycle tours from Hoi An to some nearby rustic villages or highlands and coastlines as well.


text:
Home/Cars & Motorcycles/Car and Driver
Car and Driver January 2021
This magazine is for automobile enthusiasts interested in domestic and imported autos. Each issue contains road tests and features on performance, sports, international coverage of road race, stock and championship car events, technical reports, personalities and products. Road tests are conducted with electronic equipment by engineers and journalists and the results are an important part of the magazine's review section. Get Car and Driver digital magazine subscription today.
ORANGE CRUSH Did you guys really have a Halloween-orange Ford Bronco in a dark parking lot full of spooky-looking cars or do we have Thomas Knoll to thank for your October cover? —Mike McDonaldKitchener, ON It's the real deal—Ed. NEWEST IN NEW Noticeable omission in your showcase of 2021 cars ["New Cars for 2021," October 2020]: the redesigned Nissan Rogue. I am super excited about its upcoming release, and it was surely missed in your article. —Chad SextonKnoxville, TN Your excitement blinded you. Look again—Ed. It seems Detroit automakers are as bereft of new ideas as Hollywood. Ford's big news is the Bronco, a reborn version of a 55-year-old SUV. GM is giving us the Trailblazer with a glorified snowmobile engine. And the geniuses at Ram have installed a gas-guzzling Hellcat engine in their pickup. It is just…
There's a lot of talk about bubbles these days. Who's in yours? Is there room in theirs? Is it possible to move one to the beach for a different view and warmer weather? A few months ago, the Car and Driver staff had a chance to emerge from our bubbles and gather in Pinckney, Michigan, to test cars and trucks for our annual 10Best awards. It quickly became my favorite two weeks of 2020. We hadn't seen one another in ages. We hadn't gotten to compare notes in person or have the kinds of conversations and debates that spring up naturally in the office. It wasn't an NBA-style bubble, where everyone is tested and isolated from the rest of the world. But when you're inside the 10Best universe, it's easy to…
Recent comparos have shown cars as having two different final-drive ratios ["Lite Speed," October 2020, and "Cheap. Quick. Good," November 2020]. Assuming there are no great honking cast-iron transfer cases oozing fragrant final-drive lube on their unsuspecting owners' driveways, there has to be an interesting explanation for it. —William Payne, Tucson, AZ Front-drive transaxles are squeezed for space in the narrow area between the engine and front wheels. To make the trans more compact, the internals of manual and dual-clutch transmissions are packaged in such a way as to have two paths and thus different gears to drive the differential. The steps between the overall ratios—the product of the individual gear and the final-drive ratio—are similar to what they'd be with a single final drive, so there's no real difference between a…
2020: watts to freedom happened?
If, like us, you have trouble remembering the past twelve months, let us refresh your memory: You likely woke up on January 1, 2020, after a night of revelry (remember revelry?) to learn that former Nissan CEO and then prisoner of Japan Carlos Ghosn had escaped house arrest by hiding in a very large box and hitching a ride on a private jet to Lebanon. You also may have thought at the time, "Well, this has to be the craziest thing that'll happen this year." How wrong you were. Within a week of Ghosn's daring escape, Mercedes unveiled an electric concept vehicle based on the 2009 science-fiction movie Avatar, a film about a mining colony attempting to wipe out an indigenous species and its culture. But before that settled into our…
2020 by the numbers
Reservations for the Ford Bronco in the U.S. and Canada 190,000+ 80,000 NUMBER OF VENTILATORS produced by Ford and GM 8.6% PEAK RISE IN USED-CAR PRICES DURING THE CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC 47.8% Market share of domestic automakers in April, the highest PEAK since September 2006 Cost of automotive production lost to COVID-19 factory shutdowns in North America $107 billion $38,723 Average new-vehicle price in September 2020, up 2.5% from a year earlier 14.4 million Projected U.S. new-vehicle sales in 2020, down from 17.1 million in 2019…
the year in tweets according to elon musk
Carlos Gone • January 1 A Tesla works as a boat for short periods of time, as an electric car has no air intake or exhaust to block & battery/motor/electronics are water-sealed. Submarines are just underwater EVs. • January 25 Just wrote a song called "Don't doubt yer vibe" • January 30 The coronavirus panic is dumb • March 6 Coachella should postpone itself until it stops sucking • March 10 Based on current trends, probably close to zero new cases [of coronavirus] in US too by end of April • March 19 We have extra FDA-approved ventilators. Will ship to hospitals worldwide within Tesla delivery regions. Device & shipping cost are free. Only requirement is that the vents are needed immediately for patients, not stored in a warehouse. Please me or @Tesla know. • March…

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The report on the global Language Translation Software (LTS) market covers historical market trends, current market dynamics, market valuation by segmentation as well as region, country-level analysis for every segment, key player's market share analysis, competitive landscape and supply chain analysis.
The latest report by Market Research Future (MRFR) reveals that the global language translation software market will grow at 16% CAGR and the market valuation will reach USD ~25 Bn. The world is becoming a global village with the advent of globalization; but, one of the hindrances to the economic reformation of world trade is the dominant prevalence of semantic barrier. This has led to difficulty in learning and understanding different languages which have fuelled the market for global language translation software.
More and more countries are opening their borders for global trade which has multiplied the need to communicate with customers from all across the world to satiate their demands. Some of the factors that are driving the growth of the market are migration of people across borders, regional consistency by opening up access to natural resources and innovation of other nations, expansion of international information media, free movement of currency, spreading trade and commerce, etc.
Inc has expanded its product portfolio to become one of the key players in the market by developing a cloud-based delivery model to deliver on-demand translation services. The new service not only saves money and time but also assures quality. It provides the user organization with options such as managed language services if they have resources to look after translation and localization process.
According to MRFR, The Language Translation Software market is expected to grow at approximately USD 25 Billion by 2023, at 16% of CAGR between 2017 and 2023.
By Component, the market has been segmented into solution, and, service.
Solution segment is further segmented into rule-based machine translation, statistical-based machine translation, and, hybrid machine translation.
Service segment in further bifurcated into professional service, managed service, and, integration service. The operative distinction that sets apart a managed service program is the proactive delivery of their service, as compared to reactive IT services, which have been around for decades. The key drivers of managed service segment are digitalization, cybersecurity, dependency on divergent networks, complex technological solutions, etc.
By function, the market is segmented into translation, localization, interpretation, transcription, and, others.
By organization size, the market has been segmented into small and medium organization, and, large organization.
By verticals, the market is segmented into government, BFSI, IT and telecommunication, healthcare, education, manufacturing, and, others. The IT and BFSI segments have huge potential during the forecast period. Expansion of IT sector globally has encouraged skilled engineers from all across the globe to work together which has augmented the demand for language translation software.
By region, the market has been segmented into Asia Pacific, North America, Europe and Rest of the World (RoW). The North America segment accounts for the highest share in the market owing to the visible presence of countries such as the U.S. and Canada which are the major revenue contributors in this region. Another factor that will affect the growth of the market in this region positively is the inhabitance of significant market players and migrants from different countries. The Asia Pacific segment has emerging economies that are thriving on imports and exports, and the business houses are making considerable amount of investments in language translation tools to obtain optimum efficiency of operations and amplify productivity. Asia Pacific region is expected to exhibit highest CAGR among other regional segments and is the outsourcing hub of BPO services for language translation, mostly to regions with non-native English speaking population.


text:
…and we're not talking about the weeds!
As with most projects, what is planned and what actually comes to fruition often doesn't match up. Due to unforeseen circumstances, the project has hit a detour, so to speak. This has caused us to refocus our priorities for what we hope to accomplish this year and to re-examine our methods and goals for next year. In reality, these changes may actually turn out to be a good thing.
First, though, let's start off with some good news! We have been notified that we are the recipients of this year's Lawrence County Conservation Citizenship Award. We were selected because of the management practices we have been doing over the past several years, from cross fencing to installing livestock water lines to participating in this research project. We are honored and truly hope we are a good example for others to follow.
When we were contacted by the Conservation District about the award, we were also asked if we would be willing to host a group from the Pullman, Washington-based Phoenix Conservancy to show them some of what we are doing on our farm. The Phoenix Conservancy's mission is to "restore endangered ecosystems globally for the communities that depend on them and the conservation of biodiversity." Check them out at www.phoenixconservancy.org. A component of the organization has been working with the United States Forest Service in the Bearlodge Ranger District of the Black Hills National Forest. We welcomed the opportunity. On Friday, July 19, 2019, we met with four members of the group whose focus is the biology of the ecosystem. We had a wonderful time, shared a lot of information, and learned so much! It was rewarding to receive confirmation that what we are doing is meaningful and is serving a bigger purpose. Thank you, Zindie from the Lawrence County Conservation District and Ben and his team from the Phoenix Conservancy!!
Now on to our research project…
Wet weather has slowed down many of the vital activities on the farm, most importantly, haying. We're running out of time to get the harvest done, and that moves our focus on that to a critical stage. The broad scope of the research project—more specifically, the demand for our time to measure, monitor, and track everything associated with the original project—would not have been an issue had we experienced a normal year. However, too many things are now having to be done in the limited time we have remaining, and so, needless to say, realism dictates which jobs receive a higher priority.
That being said, the overarching purpose of the project continues to be to examine which of the five principles of Integrated Weed Management (IWM) produce the most realistic, long-term, sustainable solutions to deal with the invasive spreading and production-robbing nature of wild chicory. Our objectives have become more focused on what we will do this year and what will receive more attention next year.
That is not to say that nothing has been happening in the past month. Many, many aspects of the research have been ongoing. South Dakota State University's chemical trials are continuing as initially planned and remain a key component to our overall project. Some interesting, noteworthy results are already being observed (see below for more on this). Mowing also continues on certain areas of our farm. The intent in doing these procedures is still to evaluate whether mechanical weed control is a viable, long-term solution to control chicory, should someone choose not to use herbicides. See below for some pointers.
One change that has occurred is that intensive grazing with the goats on specific test plots will be more of an emphasis next year. This year, we've been monitoring the goats on our farm's pastures. Below, we will explain what we are seeing so far in the grazing practices we have routinely employed on the farm, all which give a fair indication of what we expect to see as the project moves forward.
Another change is that a stronger emphasis is now being placed on our farm's overall soil health in the fields and pastures affected by the chicory. While maintaining our farm's soil health has always been a concern for us, the redirection of the project affords us the opportunity to do some targeted analysis of what is really happening under the plant canopy. As such, the cultural aspect of the project will actually receive more emphasis than we first envisioned. Our premise has always been that it is not sufficient to merely maintain status quo on our farm while controlling the weed; rather, we aim to make certain that soil health does not suffer as we work to keep the chicory from spreading. In production agriculture, making certain that conditions absolutely do not suffer but actually improve can make a difference between staying in business for the short-term and promoting production and a livelihood well into the future.
Chemical IWM
On July 26, 2019, Paul Johnson (South Dakota State University Cooperative Extension Weed Science Coordinator) paid a visit to the herbicide test plots. As noted in our last post, 16 different chemical applications were made to 32 plots. Nearly all the herbicides are showing early control of chicory with the exception of one, at least at this point. Even so, controlling the chicory should not be the only sufficient outcome for the ag producer. Other key elements are what the chemical does to the desirable vegetation present in the plant community and whether or not any chemicals require repeated applications because they have a short-term result but fail to produce long-term control. Those research results will not be evident until much later. Hence, the full list of chemicals and their associated impact on chicory will not be reported until more conclusive data is finalized.
Still, as noted in the second photo below, an interesting early result with one of the chemicals is its impact on the brome grass. In the test plots of that particular chemical, the grass is a full 12" taller than all the grasses in the other plots. There could be a couple of reasons. First, a characteristic of that particular herbicide is that it acts as a "growth enhancer" for certain grasses.
When applied at a higher rate than was applied on the test plots, this chemical is actually used to control grass in highway ditches around sign and delineator posts (the grass outgrows itself and dies because it cannot sustain the rapid growth). Within the test plot, however, the chemical was applied at a low rate and, presumably, the grass has been able to grow but maintain its health. Time will tell if the plants actually survive long-term.
On other chemical plots, the grasses were also slightly taller than in others. In those, a coincidental reason could be that the chemicals simply reduced the viable plants around the grasses, thus reducing the other-plant competition. The grass was then able to take advantage of the available moisture and nutrients and flourish. Is this a good thing? Not necessarily, especially if the nutrient-rich legumes are not harvestable. Such considerations are all part of the research and the real-world decisions producers have to make to determine what provides the most acceptable results to maximize a balance between weed control and valuable forage production.
Incidentally, the vinegar and ethanol trials have been suspended. Even with spraying the plots with an equivalent of 20 gallons per acre of both substances, absolutely no effect can be seen on the weeds. While this method may work on a small scale, such as along a driveway or garden fence line, it is not an effective, sustainable way to get any meaningful weed control on a larger-scale ag-production setting.
Biological IWM
It has always been said that goats may not eliminate a weed but they will certainly control it. Very true! That is what we have been seeing on our farm for years. Even though we aren't monitoring specific test plots this year, we can readily see what is happening in the pastures that the goats routinely graze, especially now that we are paying close attention to what the goats are accomplishing, albeit on a much larger scale. As previously noted, the tops of the weeds (the seed-producing parts) are generally eaten but the leaves stay fairly intact. A theory is that if the plant is controlled enough and is kept from producing seed (i.e., by an animal eating the seeds or seed-producing part of the plant), it will eventually die out. Thus, grazing equals weed elimination. We can state with certainty that as long as the goats are allowed to graze an area, nearly all the weeds will be kept under control. In the photos below, the evidence is clear that the goats will consume the tops of the plants and may even nibble a bit on the leaves. The propagation of seeds will definitely be reduced, and it is safe to say goats are a reliable control-targeted alternative.
However, be careful. We also found that if the animals are pulled from the area for an extended time period and no other control method is employed, the weeds may come back with a vengeance. Mowing may also keep the weeds at bay, but chicory is persistent and will likely become more prevalent, particularly because the goats have also done a fine job of fertilizing the ground they were grazing on. Case in point, we took an area that had been goat pasture and fenced it off to plant some trees. Soon thereafter, the chicory became so prolific we had to chemically treat the area to stop the spread of the weed. Mechanical means (mowing) may have kept the plants from producing an abundance of seed but the plant population definitely became a problem.
Mechanical IWM
As with grazing, mowing can be an effective method to keep a plant from reaching the flowering stage. However, time and again we have been seeing that mowing is not a "one time and done" method. We have one test area that we have continuously mowed to keep the vegetation from growing too tall, yet a "healthy" population of chicory still resides in that space. We highlighted this same part of our farmyard in last month's blog. We continue to mow it and have not applied any chemical treatment on it at all. In the photos below, it is clear that if the plants are left unattended, an undesirable amount of chicory will bolt and could soon produce flowers. The illustrated area was mowed less than two weeks ago. Obviously, it will be crucial to mow it again very soon.
The question still remains whether or not mowing alone can accomplish adequate control. Perhaps it can, but that depends. A determining factor is how much time a producer is willing to devote to mowing chicory in infested fields or pastures. As we all know, controlling weeds is one job on an ag operation but certainly not the only job. Another factor is whether the forage yield eventually realized by constantly mowing the plants off will be acceptable enough to warrant the routine mowing. A final factor is whether or not different cutting heights will make a significant difference in controlling the weed. We will have those results next month.
Cultural IWM
As mentioned above, the cultural aspect of IWM will now be receiving more emphasis in our project than we had originally planned. An added component will be laboratory-conducted soil health tests to measure the amount of organic matter and the full spectrum of nutrients available in our soils. We've been monitoring what is happening above ground with the ground cover but we really haven't concentrated on what is going on below the surface. Good soil health includes both!
On July 30, 2019, Tanse Herrmann from the USDA Natural Resource and Conservation Service office in Sturgis, SD, collected three soil tests in areas of our fields that have become infested with chicory and other weeds. These samples will be mailed to the lab and the results will be reported in next month's blog. The question to be answered is whether there is a difference in soils that have an overabundance of weeds compared to an area that is relatively weed-free. The presumption is that the weed-infested ground isn't as healthy overall. The lab tests will prove or deny that belief. Equally as interesting could be if the "clean" soil is found to be less healthy, i.e., has less organic matter and less fertility. In that case, we will need to determine why that may be. The results should be interesting!
Another addition to the cultural IWM is that we examined the physical makeup of the soils by doing a Rainfall Infiltration Test on the same areas. This test measures the ability of the soil to absorb an inch of rain, followed shortly thereafter by another inch, and whether or not the soil can utilize the water. Healthy soil can soak all the rain in, resulting in less runoff. Poor soil (ground that has adversely compromised soil structure, due to poor ground cover, compaction, or damaging tillage practices) can't make use of the rain and, consequently, is more prone to drought conditions. A farm with poor soil can get a couple of inches of rain but can't store it and the water runs away. In other words, the farm may as well have not received any rain at all.
We're happy to report that our soil passed the tests! In the first test (taken in a non-weed infested portion of a grass pasture), the soil was able to absorb an inch of rain in 20 seconds. When the second inch of water was applied 15 minutes later, the water completely disappeared into the ground in 1 minute and 26 seconds. Range health standards tell us that the ground in this area of our farm has good structure and will be able to make use of even heavy rain. When that same test spot was dug up, the observations supported the theory. Healthy soil has the consistency of chocolate cake, and there should be signs of roots and organic matter mixed into the soil, as well as an ag producer's friends, earthworms. The presence of earthworms should make every ag producer smile. In fact, tests have shown that worm poop is extremely nutrient-dense. In equal amounts of material, worm casts have 25 times more plant-usable nutrients than an equal amount of other material. Our soil in this part of the farm is in good shape!
Interestingly, we also did a Rainfall Infiltration Test in another cropland field where a significant population of undesirable plants has grown. To improve the production of the field, we very recently sprayed the field with 2,4D to reduce the weeds and we will be no-till planting a cover crop, hopefully, in the next week, weather permitting. In that field, the first inch absorbed in 26 seconds and the second inch (applied 15 minutes later) soaked away in 1 minute and 15 seconds (actually less time than the non-weedy pasture soil). The reason for this could be that the multispecies of plants (including weeds) actually opened up additional root channels for the water to soak into. This proves that a monoculture of one species of grass alone is not as desirable as a mixture of grasses and forbs, especially plants with taproots. Once we get the full spectrum of lab tests back, we may consider no-till planting a variety of pasture plants into the first grass pasture to provide a more diverse plant (and root) community.
Well, that's all for this month! Please stay tuned for future news and research results. As always, if you haven't already signed up for our newsletter on our website or Facebook page, we invite you to do so by following this link. See you next month!


Concrete is hand cast to create this contemporary Medano pendant lamp design, and individually painted in an unusual chocolatey shade to accompany the natural surface tones. Each light is distinctive, taking up to a month to reveal unique blemishes in surface, texture and tone as they dry. This modern design reinvents utilitarian industrial concrete as individual works of art which enhance muted colours or complement a bolder palette.


text:
\section{Introduction}
$ $

The study of gravity with torsion is a field of large interest to the physicists since a long time \cite{datta,hehl,5,1,rumpf}. A interesting review of the general relativity with spin and torsion has been done in  \cite{5}. The investigations  of fermions  interacting with  torsion also has been considered in the Ref.\cite{7}.  The mathematical apparatus for the Dirac equation coupled with torsion, in curved spacetime, is developed in \cite{1}. The formulation of the conservation laws
 in the spacetime with curvature and torsion was verified in \cite{8} and, the non-relativistic limit of the fermions coupled to torsion in the flat spacetime was studied in \cite{7}. Recently, some  papers has studied  the some possible
physical effects of the torsion\cite{bagrov, hamon,doba,sing,shapiro}.   The physical effect of coupling of space-time torsion with fermios was theoretically  investigated, on the energy levels of atoms in a Hughes-Drever type experiments,  by L\"ammerzah\cite{3}.

Is well knowed that   a crystal with defects may in the continuum picture be described
as a space with curvature and torsion\cite{kroner,bilby,kleinert,anp:dia,6,katanaev92}. In this formulation we use the techniques of differential geometry to describe
the strain and stress induced by the defect in an elastic medium. All this
information is contained in the geometric quantities (metric, curvature tensor,
etc.) that describe the elastic medium with defects. The boundary conditions
imposed by the defect, in the elastic continuum, are accounted for by a non-Euclidean metric.  In the continuum limit, the solid can be viewed as a Riemann-Cartan manifold. In general, the defect corresponds to a singular curvature or
torsion (or both) along the  defect line~\cite{katanaev92,furt}, where the curvature
and the torsion of the manifold are associated to the topological defects,
disclinations and dislocations, respectively. In this way, the quantum dynamics of electrons/holes in a crystal can be modelled by quantum dynamics of a particle in space with curvature and torsion.
The influence of the torsion of the space in the dynamics of nonrelativistic particle has attracted attention of the physicists for a long time\cite{6,2,kaw,epl1,pla,furtpla1,furtepl1}.
Aurell\cite{2}  have studied the influence of torsion in the motion of conducting electrons in a quantum dot  and have discussed the physical implications of the torsion in classical as on non-relativistic quantum dynamics.

The study of the influence of external inertial and gravitational fields in the quantum dynamics of particles is a topic of great interest in the investigation of the structure of spacetime. In recent years, the concept on Berry's\cite{ber} phase was extended to consider the influence of  weak gravitational  and inertial fields \cite{papiprl,papinibook}. The  Relativistic generalization of geometric phase   was obtained  by Cai and Papini \cite{caimpl,caicqg} using the proper time method. Corichi and Pierri \cite{cori}  investigated the phase acquired by the quantum scalar particle when  transported along a closed path surrounding a rotating cosmic string. Mostafazadeh \cite{Mosta} employing the two-component formalism also investigated the appearance of a Berry's phase for a scalar particle in the background of a rotating cosmic string. Recently,  the Berry's quantum phase for a scalar particle and spinorial in the presence of a magnetic chiral cosmic string was investigated in Refs. \cite{furtassi,josevi}. Many authors have analyzed the Berry's phase in a series of  curved spaces \cite{feng,jil}. Recently,  the appearance of relativistic geometrical phase in the  dynamics of a neutral particles with permanents electric and magnetic dipoles  was investigated in a flat spacetime, without torsion by Anandan\cite{12,13,anandan}. In \cite{fur2} the noncommutativity version of geometric phase acquired by neutral particles was investigated. In the context of only the curved spacetime, as the dynamics as the appearance of relativistic phase of the same neutral particle was studied in \cite{bf1}. The geometric phase in flat space-time with torsion was studied in the reference \cite{shir} in the context of Einstein-Cartan model. The Berry phase of oscillating neutrinos was calculated  in Ref. \cite{capo} in the framework of theories of gravity with torsion. In this paper we are analyzed the influence of the torsion and the curvature of the spacetime in the  relativistic and nonrelativistic quantum phase acquired by wave function of a neutral  spin-$1/2$ particle with permanent electric and/or magnetic dipole moment in the presence of a electric and magnetic fields.  In the present contribution we also analyze the gravitational Aharonov-Casher\cite{17} and He-McKellar-Wilkens\cite{18,19} geometric phase in this dynamics.

The structure of the paper is given as: In section II, we give the general behaviour of the neutral particles with permanent dipoles in the curved spacetime background with torsion. In section III, we present the geometrical aspects of the topological defect. In section IV, we work the Dirac equation and study the relativistic phase shift acquired by the wave function of the neutral particles. In section V, we investigate the quantum dynamics of this particle in the non-relativistic limit. In section VI, we study the interference effects caused by the curvature and torsion. At the end, in section VII, we present the conclusions.

\section{ Spin-$1/2$ Neutral  Particles in a Curved Space-time with Torsion}
$ $
In this section we consider the Dirac equation for a neutral spin-half particle with nonzero magnetic and electric dipoles.
The relativistic quantum dynamics of a single neutral spin-half particle with nonzero magnetic and electric dipoles that we shall consider in this section is when the particle is moving in a external electromagnetic field in the curved space-time with torsion. (where we used $\hbar=c=1$). The equation which describes this is
\begin{eqnarray}
i\gamma^{\mu}\,\nabla_{\mu}\psi+\frac{\mu}{2}\Sigma^{\mu\nu}\,F_{\mu\nu}\psi-i\frac{d}{2}\,\Sigma^{\mu\nu}\,\gamma^{5}\,F_{\mu\nu}-m\psi=0,
\label{1.2}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\mu$ is the magnetic dipole moment, $d$ is the electric dipole moment, the Greek index $(\mu,\nu)$ indicates the spacetime indices. The tensor $F_{\mu\nu}$ is
\begin{eqnarray}
F_{\mu\nu}&=&\left\{\vec{E},\vec{B}\right\},\,\,\,\,\,F_{\mu\nu}=-F_{\nu\mu} \nonumber\\
F_{0\alpha}&=&E_{\alpha};\,\,\,\,\,F_{\alpha\beta}=-\epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma}\,B^{\gamma}.
\label{1.8}
\end{eqnarray}
with $(\alpha,\beta,\gamma)$ being the spatial indices of the spacetime. In curved spacetime we need to define a local frame where we can study the electromagnetic effects in the presence of a gravitational field. We define our local frame through the tetrads $e^{a}_{\,\,\,\mu}\left(x\right)$ which are the components of the non-coordinate basis $\hat{\Theta}^{a}=e^{a}_{\,\,\,\mu}\,dx^{\mu}$ \cite{naka} and its inverse $dx^{\mu}=e^{\mu}_{\,\,\,a}\,\hat{\Theta}^{a}$. The covariant derivative in the curved spacetime with torsion is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\nabla_{\mu}&=&\partial_{\mu}+\Gamma_{\mu}+K_{\mu}\nonumber\\
&=&\partial_{\mu}-\frac{i}{4}\,\omega_{\mu ab}\Sigma^{ab}+\frac{i}{4}K_{\mu ab}\Sigma^{ab},
\label{1.3}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\Sigma^{ab}=\frac{i}{2}\left[\gamma^{a},\gamma^{b}\right]$ and the indices $(a,b,c=0,1,2,3)$ indicate the local reference frame. The $\gamma^{a}$ matrices are defined in the local reference frame and are identical to the Dirac matrices in the flat spacetime, \textit{i.e.},
\begin{eqnarray}
\gamma^{0}=\hat{\beta}=\left(
\begin{array}{cc}
1 & 0 \\
0 & -1 \\
\end{array}\right),\,\,\,\,\,\,
\gamma^{i}=\hat{\beta}\,\alpha^{i}=\left(
\begin{array}{cc}
 0 & \sigma^{i} \\
-\sigma^{i} & 0 \\
\end{array}\right),
\label{1.10}
\end{eqnarray}
with $\sigma^{i}$ being the Pauli matrices whose satisfy the relation $\left(\sigma^{i}\,\sigma^{j}+\sigma^{j}\,\sigma^{i}\right)=-2\,\eta^{ij}$, where $\eta^{ab}=diag(- + + +)$ is the Minkowsky tensor and the index $(i,j,k=1,2,3)$ are the spacial index of the local reference frame. The $\gamma^{5}$ matrix is defined as
\begin{eqnarray}
\gamma^{5}=\frac{-i}{24}\,\epsilon_{\mu\nu\alpha\beta}\,\gamma^{\mu}\,\gamma^{\nu}\,\gamma^{\alpha}\,\gamma^{\beta}=i\,\gamma^{0}\,\gamma^{1}\,\gamma^{2}\,\gamma^{3}=-\gamma_{5}=\left(
\begin{array}{cc}
0 & 1 \\
1 & 0 \\
\end{array}\right),
\label{1.11}
\end{eqnarray}
and, for convenience, we define the spin vector $\vec{\Sigma}$ as
\begin{eqnarray}
\vec{\Sigma}=\left(
\begin{array}{cc}
\vec{\sigma} & 0 \\
0 & \vec{\sigma} \\
\end{array}\right).
\label{1.12}
\end{eqnarray}

Back to the expression to the covariant derivative (\ref{1.3}), we have a one-form connection $\omega^{a}_{\,\,\,b}=\omega_{\mu\,\,\,\,b}^{\,\,\,a}\,dx^{\mu}$ and $K_{\mu ab}$ which is related with the contortion tensor by \cite{7}
\begin{eqnarray}
K_{\mu ab}= K_{\beta\nu\mu}\left(e^{\nu}_{\,\,\,a}\,e^{\beta}_{\,\,\,b}-e^{\nu}_{\,\,\,b}\,e^{\beta}_{\,\,\,a}\right),
\label{1.4}
\end{eqnarray}
and the contortion tensor is related with the torsion tensor as
\begin{eqnarray}
K^{\beta}_{\,\,\,\nu\mu}=\frac{1}{2}\left(T^{\beta}_{\,\,\,\nu\mu}-T_{\nu\,\,\,\,\mu}^{\,\,\,\beta}-T^{\,\,\,\beta}_{\mu\,\,\,\,\nu}\right).
\label{1.5}
\end{eqnarray}
We are using the definitions given in \cite{7} where the torsion tensor is antisymmetric in the last two indices while the contortion tensor is antisymmetric in the first two indices. It is usually convenient to write the torsion tensor into three irreducible components \cite{8,7}:
\begin{eqnarray}
T_{\mu}=T^{\beta}_{\,\,\,\mu\beta};\,\,\,\,\,\,S^{\alpha}=\epsilon^{\alpha\beta\nu\mu}\,T_{\beta\nu\mu};
\label{1.6}
\end{eqnarray}
and in the tensor $q_{\beta\nu\mu}$ which satisfy the conditions $q^{\beta}_{\,\,\mu\beta}=0$ and $\epsilon^{\alpha\beta\nu\mu}\,q_{\beta\nu\mu}=0$. So, the torsion tensor becomes
\begin{eqnarray}
T_{\beta\nu\mu}=\frac{1}{3}\left(T_{\nu}\,g_{\beta\mu}-T_{\mu}\,g_{\beta\nu}\right)-\frac{1}{6}\,\epsilon_{\beta\nu\mu\gamma}\,S^{\gamma}+q_{\beta\nu\mu}.
\label{1.7}
\end{eqnarray}

So, the expression (\ref{1.2}) for the Dirac equation becomes
\begin{eqnarray}
i\gamma^{a}\,e^{\mu}_{\,\,\,a}\,\nabla_{\mu}\psi+\frac{\mu}{2}\,F_{\mu\nu}\,e^{\mu}_{\,\,\,a}\,e^{\nu}_{\,\,\,b}\,\Sigma^{ab}\psi-i\frac{d}{2}\,\Sigma^{ab}\,e^{\mu}_{\,\,\,a}\,e^{\nu}_{\,\,\,b}\,\gamma^{5}\,F_{\mu\nu}-m\psi=0,
\label{1.9}
\end{eqnarray}
With this definitions in ours hands, we are able to build the local reference frames for observers that are located in some place of the spacetime. We shall see this in the next section where we choose a general relativity background.
\section{The cosmic Dislocation}
$ $

In this section we develop the structure of the curved spacetime that we work out along this paper. We choose a topological defect called Cosmic dislocation\cite{letel,gal} which its line element is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
ds^{2}=-dt^{2}+d\rho^{2}+\eta^{2}\rho^{2}d\varphi^{2}+\left(dz-\chi\,d\varphi\right)^{2},
\label{2.1}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\eta=1-4G\nu$ is the angular deficit defined at the range $0<\eta<1$, with $\nu$ being the linear mass density. The parameter $\chi$ is related to the torsion of the defect. It is related with the Burges vector if we consider the crystallography language. The azimuthal angle varies in the interval: $0\leq\varphi<2\pi$. The deficit angle can assume only values in which $\eta<1$ (unlike of this, in \cite{katanaev92,furt}, it can assume values greater than 1, which correspond to an anti-conical space-time with negative curvature). This geometry possess a conical singularity represented by the following curvature tensor
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{curv}\label{curva}
R_{\rho,\varphi}^{\rho,\varphi}=\frac{1-\eta}{4\eta}\delta_{2}(\vec{r}),
\end{eqnarray}
where $\delta_{2}(\vec{r})$ is the two-dimensional delta function. This behavior of the curvature tensor is denominated conical singularity~\cite{staro}. The conical singularity gives rise to the curvature concentrated on the cosmic string axis, in all  other places the curvature is null.

It is convenient to construct a local reference frame where we can define the spinors in curved spacetime. We can build the local reference frame through a non-coordinate basis $\hat{\theta}^{a}=e^{a}_{\,\,\,\mu}\,dx^{\mu}$, which its components $e^{a}_{\,\,\,\mu}\left(x\right)$ and satisfy the following relation \cite{naka}
\begin{eqnarray}
g_{\mu\nu}\left(x\right)=e^{a}_{\,\,\,\mu}\left(x\right)\,e^{b}_{\,\,\,\nu}\left(x\right)\,\eta_{ab}.
\label{2.2}
\end{eqnarray}
the components of the non-coordinate basis $e^{a}_{\,\,\,\mu}\left(x\right)$ are called \textit{tetrads or Vierbein} and them form our local reference frame. The tetrads has a inverse define as $dx^{\mu}=e^{\mu}_{\,\,\,a}\,\hat{\theta}^{a}$, where
\begin{eqnarray}
e^{a}_{\,\,\,\mu}\,e^{\mu}_{\,\,\,b}=\delta^{a}_{\,\,\,b}\,\,\,\,\,\,\,e^{\mu}_{\,\,\,a}\,e^{a}_{\,\,\,\nu}=\delta^{\mu}_{\,\,\,\nu}.
\label{2.3}
\end{eqnarray}

We have many forms to construct the tetrads, so, we choose in this system that our tetrads are given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\hat{\theta}^{0}&=&dt\nonumber\\
\hat{\theta}^{1}&=&\cos\varphi\,d\rho-\eta\rho\sin\varphi\,d\varphi\nonumber\\
\hat{\theta}^{2}&=&\sin\varphi\,d\rho+\eta\rho\cos\varphi\,d\varphi\nonumber\\
\hat{\theta}^{3}&=&dz-\chi\,d\varphi.
\label{2.4}
\end{eqnarray}
The matricial form of the tetrads and its inverse is
\begin{eqnarray}
e^{a}_{\,\,\,\mu}\left(x\right)=\left(
\begin{array}{cccc}
1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & \cos\varphi & -\eta\rho\sin\varphi & 0 \\
0 & \sin\varphi & \eta\rho\cos\varphi & 0 \\
0 & 0 & \chi & 1 \\
\end{array}\right),\,\,\,
e^{\mu}_{\,\,\,a}=\left(
\begin{array}{cccc}
1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & \cos\varphi & \sin\varphi & 0 \\
0 & -\frac{\sin\varphi}{\eta\rho} & \frac{\cos\varphi}{\eta\rho} & 0 \\
0 & \frac{\chi}{\eta\rho}\sin\varphi & -\frac{\chi}{\eta\rho}\cos\varphi & 1 \\
\end{array}\right).
\end{eqnarray}

With the information about the choice of the local reference frame, we can obtain the one-form connection $\omega^{a}_{\,\,\,b}=\omega_{\mu\,\,\,\,b}^{\,\,\,a}\,dx^{\mu}$ and the components of the torsion tensor through the Cartan's structure equation \cite{naka}
\begin{eqnarray}
T^{a}=d\hat{\theta}^{a}+\omega^{a}_{\,\,\,b}\wedge\hat{\theta}^{b},
\label{2.5}
\end{eqnarray}
where the operator $d$ is the exterior derivative and the symbol $\wedge$ means the exterior product. Observing the symmetry of the defect, we obtain
\begin{eqnarray}
\omega_{\varphi\,\,\,2}^{\,\,\,1}=-\omega_{\varphi\,\,\,1}^{\,\,\,2}=1-\eta.
\label{2.6}
\end{eqnarray}
and
\begin{eqnarray}
T^{3}&=&\chi\,\delta\left(\rho\right)\,d\varphi\wedge d\rho,
\label{2.7}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\delta\left(\rho\right)$ is a delta function in spacetime indices. With this, we have one contribution of the torsion given in the singularity of the defect.

\section{Dirac equation in cosmic dislocation background }
In \cite{7}, the non-relativistic limit of Dirac equation for spin half particle in the presence of external electromagnetic and torsion field was considered. Thus, the Pauli equations was obtained in the frame work of the Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation.The Dirac equation that describes a spin-$1/2$  neutral particle with non-zero magnetic and electric dipole moments moving in an external electromagnetic field is given by the expressions (\ref{1.2}) or (\ref{1.9}).
Using the expressions (\ref{1.3}), (\ref{2.6}) and (\ref{2.7}) the first part of the spinorial connection, $\Gamma_{\mu}$, has only one non-zero component
\begin{eqnarray}
\Gamma_{\varphi}&=&\frac{1}{4}\left(1-\eta\right)\left[\gamma^{1},\gamma^{2}\right]=
-\frac{i}{2}\left(1-\eta\right)\,\Sigma^{3}.
\label{3.1}
\end{eqnarray}

Thus, using the expressions (\ref{1.4}), (\ref{1.5}) and (\ref{1.7}) in the second part of the spinorial connection $K_{\mu}$, the Dirac equation in curved spacetime with torsion (\ref{1.2}) becomes
\begin{eqnarray}
i\,\gamma^{t}\,\frac{\partial\psi}{\partial t}&+&i\,\gamma^{\rho}\left(\partial_{\rho}-\frac{1}{2}\frac{\left(1-\eta\right)}{\eta\rho}-\mu\,\hat{\beta}\,E_{\rho}+d\,\hat{\beta}\,B_{\rho}\right)\psi+i\frac{\gamma^{\varphi}}{\eta\rho}\,\frac{\partial\psi}{\partial\varphi}+i\,\gamma^{z}\,\frac{\partial\psi}{\partial z}\nonumber\\
&-&\frac{1}{8}\vec{\Sigma}\cdot\vec{S}\,\psi-\mu\,\vec{\Sigma}\cdot\vec{B}\,\psi-d\,\vec{\Sigma}\cdot\vec{E}\,\psi+\frac{1}{8}\,\hat{\beta}\,S^{0}\,\gamma^{5}\,\psi-m\psi=0.
\label{3.2}
\end{eqnarray}
In this background the matrices $\gamma^{\mu}=e^{\mu}_{\,\,\,a}\,\gamma^{a}$ are given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\gamma^{t}&=&e^{t}_{\,\,\,a}\,\gamma^{a}=\gamma^{0};\\
\gamma^{\rho}&=&e^{\rho}_{\,\,\,a}\,\gamma^{a}=\cos\varphi\,\gamma^{1}+\sin\varphi\,\gamma^{2};\\
\gamma^{\varphi}&=&e^{\varphi}_{\,\,\,a}\,\gamma^{a}=-\sin\varphi\,\gamma^{1}+\cos\varphi\,\gamma^{2};\\
\gamma^{z}&=&e^{z}_{\,\,\,a}\,\gamma^{a}=\gamma^{3}.
\label{3.3}
\end{eqnarray}
Note that  Eq.(\ref{3.2})  terms that depend explicitly of the torsion of the space-time. Notice that, in the term $\frac{1}{8}\vec{\Sigma}\cdot\vec{S}$, the torsion play the role   similar to  the coupling of magnetic field with the spin  in the flat case.
Now, let us discuss the relativistic geometric phase in this dynamics. We consider that the spinor $\psi$ can be written in the following form
\begin{equation}\label{phased}
\psi=e^{i\phi}\psi_{0}
\end{equation}
where $\psi_{0}$ is phase and is the solution of Dirac equation in the absence of fields and $\phi$ is a phase. Substituting  Eq.(\ref{phased}) in  Eq. (\ref{3.2}), we obtain a relativistic phase given by the expression
\begin{eqnarray}\label{relatpha}
\phi_{R} =\oint \left(\frac{1}{2}\left(1-\eta\right)\,\Sigma^{3}-\mu\,\hat{\beta} \,\left(\vec{\Sigma}\times\vec{E}\right)_{\varphi}+ d\,\hat{\beta}\,\left(\vec{\Sigma}\times\vec{B}\right)_{\varphi}+\frac{1}{8}\,e^{i}_{\,\,\,\varphi}\,S^{0}\,\Sigma_{i}\right)\,d\varphi,
\end{eqnarray}
Note that this relativistic quantum phase has four contributions, where the first three contributions was discussed in \cite{bf1}. The last term of (\ref{relatpha}) comes from the torsion field and show us how the torsion field are present in the relativistic quantum phase. Using the expression (\ref{1.6}), we have that this contribution indicates a flux of the torsion field as indicated in \cite{anandan}
\begin{eqnarray}
\phi_{T}&=&\frac{1}{8}\oint\,e^{i}_{\,\,\,\varphi}\,S^{0}\,\Sigma_{i}\,d\varphi=-\frac{\pi}{2}\,\chi\,\Sigma^{3}.
\end{eqnarray}
This term represent the influence of the torsion in the relativistic geometric phase. This effect can be investigated in the interferometric experiment , where the defect is circulated by the interferometric path. This torsion contribution to the geometric phase is topological in the sense that this not depend of the path of the particle encircle the defect and depend the winding number.
Again, we must observe that the first term in equation (\ref{relatpha}) is the relativistic Berry's geometric phase which was proposed in \cite{caimpl,caicqg} for spin $1/2$ particle using the weak field approximation to the curved spacetime. As discussed in \cite{bf1}, we can write this term in the following form
\begin{equation}\label{pap}
 \phi_{p}= \frac{1}{4}\oint R_{\mu \nu \delta \lambda} J^{ \delta \lambda}d\tau^{\mu \nu},
\end{equation}
where $J^{ \delta \lambda}= L^{ \delta \lambda} + \Sigma^{ \delta \lambda}$ is the total angular momentum of the particle. Taking the curvature tensor in the expression (\ref{curva}), we find that (\ref{pap}) is
\begin{equation}
\phi_{p}=\oint \frac{1}{2}\left(1-\eta\right)\,\Sigma^{3}  d\varphi.
\end{equation}

We emphasize that in our study, we do not use this approximation, and obtain that the phase found in \cite{caimpl,caicqg} is generic.

To end this section, we argue that the two others contributions in (\ref{relatpha}) are due to the magnetic  and electric dipole moments to relativistic Anandan geometric phase \cite{12,13} in the presence of cosmic string, but now with the presence of torsion.  they are given by
\begin{equation}\label{relatpha1}
\phi =\oint \left(- \mu \,\left(\vec{\Sigma}\times\vec{E}\right)_{\varphi}+d \,\left(\vec{\Sigma}\times\vec{B}\right)_{\varphi}\right)\,d\varphi,
\end{equation}
If we take the limit $\eta\longrightarrow 1$ and $\chi=0$, we obtain flat spacetime results for the Anandan geometric phase.

\section{the Foldy-Wouthuysen approximation}

In this section we wish to write the Dirac equation for the neutral particle with permanent electric and magnetic moment of dipoles in the topological defect background when there are the influence of an external electric and magnetic fields. In this way, we study the non-relativistic limit of the Dirac equation using the Foldy-Worthuysen approximation. We shall start writing the Dirac equation in the form
\begin{eqnarray}
i\frac{\partial\psi}{\partial t}=H\psi.
\label{4.1}
\end{eqnarray}
So, taking the equation (\ref{1.9}), we can rewrite as
\begin{eqnarray}
i\frac{\partial\psi}{\partial t}&=&m\hat{\beta}\psi+\vec{\alpha}\cdot\vec{p}\psi-i\vec{\alpha}\cdot\vec{\xi}+\frac{1}{8}\vec{\Sigma}\cdot\vec{S}\,\psi+\frac{1}{8}S_{0}\,\gamma^{5}\,\psi\nonumber\\
&+&i\mu\hat{\beta}\left(-\vec{\alpha}\cdot\vec{E}+\hat{\beta}\,\vec{\Sigma}\cdot\vec{B}\right)\psi+id\hat{\beta}\left(-i\vec{\Sigma}\cdot\vec{E}+\vec{\alpha}\cdot\vec{B}\right)\psi,
\label{4.2}
\end{eqnarray}
where we call, in the local reference frame, $p_{i}=-i\,e^{\alpha}_{\,\,\,i}\,\partial_{\alpha}$; $E_{i}=e^{\alpha}_{\,\,\,i}\,E_{\alpha}$; $B_{i}=e^{\alpha}_{\,\,\,i}\,B_{\alpha}$ and where we define in \cite{bf1} the quantity
\begin{eqnarray}
\xi_{i}=\frac{1}{4}e^{\alpha}_{\,\,\,i}\,\omega_{\alpha jk}\,\Sigma^{jk}=-\frac{i}{2}\left(1-\alpha\right)\Sigma^{3}\,e^{\varphi}_{\,\,\,i},
\label{4.3}
\end{eqnarray}
and
\begin{eqnarray}
\vec{\pi}=\vec{p}+i\mu\hat{\beta}\,\vec{E}-id\hat{\beta}\,\vec{B}-i\vec{\xi},
\label{4.4}
\end{eqnarray}
where it is defined in the local reference frame and it is identical to that done in \cite{fur2} in the flat spacetime and \cite{bf1} in the presence of the topological  defect. The Dirac equation (\ref{4.2}) becomes
\begin{eqnarray}
i\frac{\partial\psi}{\partial t}=m\hat{\beta}\psi+\vec{\alpha}\cdot\vec{\pi}\,\psi+\frac{1}{8}\vec{\Sigma}\cdot\vec{S}\,\psi+\frac{1}{8}S_{0}\,\gamma^{5}\,\psi+\mu\,\hat{\beta}\,\vec{\Sigma}\cdot\vec{B}\psi+d\,\hat{\beta}\,\vec{\Sigma}\cdot\vec{E}\,\psi.
\label{4.5}
\end{eqnarray}
Now, we apply the Foldy-Wouthuysen approximation \cite{fw} in the Dirac equation. This approach permit us to investigate the non-relativistic limit of the Dirac equation in the curved spacetime with torsion.  The Hamiltonian of the system must be write as a linear combination of even terms $\hat{\epsilon}$ and odd terms $\hat{O}$ as following
\begin{eqnarray}
H=\hat{\beta}\,m+\hat{O}+\hat{\epsilon},
\label{4.6}
\end{eqnarray}
where the even and odd operators need to be hermitian operators and must satisfy the relations
\begin{eqnarray}
\begin{array}{c}
\hat{O}\,\hat{\beta}+\hat{\beta}\,\hat{O}=0,\\
\hat{\epsilon}\,\hat{\beta}-\hat{\beta}\,\hat{\epsilon}=0.\\
\end{array}
\label{4.7}
\end{eqnarray}

In the final result of this approximation we consider just the terms up to order of $m^{-1}$. So, the Hamiltonian of the system in the low-energy limit becomes
\begin{eqnarray}
H'=\hat{\beta}\,m+\frac{\hat{\beta}}{2m}\hat{O}^{2}+\hat{\epsilon}.
\label{4.8}
\end{eqnarray}
Considering the expression (\ref{4.5}) we have that
\begin{eqnarray}
\hat{O}&=&\vec{\alpha}\cdot\vec{\pi}+\frac{1}{8}S_{0}\,\gamma^{5}\\
\hat{\epsilon}&=&\mu\,\hat{\beta}\,\vec{B}\cdot\vec{\Sigma}+d\,\hat{\beta}\,\vec{E}\cdot\vec{\Sigma}+\frac{1}{8}\vec{\Sigma}\cdot\vec{S},
\label{4.9}
\end{eqnarray}
and the expression for the Hamiltonian (\ref{4.8}) becomes
\begin{eqnarray}
H'&=&\hat{\beta}\,m+\frac{\hat{\beta}}{2m}\left(\vec{p}+\vec{\Xi}\right)^{2}-\frac{\mu^{2}\,E^{2}}{2m}-\frac{d^{2}\,B^{2}}{2m}+\frac{1}{8}\vec{\Sigma}\cdot\vec{S}\nonumber\\
&+&\frac{\mu}{2m}\vec{\nabla}\cdot\vec{E}+\frac{d}{2m}\vec{\nabla}\cdot\vec{B}+d\,\hat{\beta}\,\vec{\Sigma}\cdot\vec{E}+\mu\,\hat{\beta}\,\vec{\Sigma}\cdot\vec{B}
\label{4.10}
\end{eqnarray}
where we have introduced  the vector $\vec{\Xi}$ as  in \cite{bf1}, but with a new contribution due the torsion field
\begin{eqnarray}
\vec{\Xi}=\mu\,\hat{\beta}\,\vec{\Sigma}\times\vec{E}-d\,\hat{\beta}\,\vec{\Sigma}\times\vec{B}+i\vec{\xi}+\frac{1}{8}\vec{\Sigma}\,S^{0}.
\label{4.11}
\end{eqnarray}

The behaviour of the electric and magnetic dipoles in the presence of an angular deficit and torsion where there exists the action of external electric and magnetic fields is described by the Hamiltonian (\ref{4.10}). The topology of the defect (\ref{2.1}) is evident due the last two terms in the expression (\ref{4.11}). We can see that if we consider that $\chi=0$, \textit{i.e.}, in the absence of torsion, we recuperate the results obtained by the authors in \cite{bf1} in the cosmic string background without torsion. However, if we also consider $\eta\rightarrow 1$, we have the same configuration obtained by Passos, \textit{at all} in the flat spacetime \cite{fur2}. The effects due the configuration of the dipoles inside a topological defect with the influence of the external fields will be discussed in the next section. Notice that the term $\frac{1}{8}\vec{\Sigma}\cdot\vec{S}$ in Eq. (\ref{4.10}) give the coupling of the torsion with the spin of the particle in the non-relativistic limit. The  physical effects of this contribution can be investigated in condensed matter sytems where the torsion play a important role.

\section{Gravitational Nonrelativistic Geometric Phase and Torsion}

We start this section writing the Schr\"ondiger equation considering  the terms that contributes to the appearance of the geometric quantum phases in the wave function. This becomes clear when we consider that the charge densities  are concentrated on the symmetry axis of a cosmic dislocation, with the dipoles oriented along the $z$-axis. In that way, the fields are cylindrically radial and are given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\vec{E}=\frac{\lambda_{e}}{\rho}\hat{\rho};\,\,\,\,\vec{B}=\frac{\lambda_{m}}{\rho}\hat{\rho},
\label{5.4}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\lambda_{e}$ is and electric charge density that creates the electric field and $\lambda_{m}$ is a constant that depends on the arrays of magnetic dipoles that generate a magnetic field. Note that the index of the fields indicates the general coordinate system, thus, we need to transform this configuration of fields to the configuration of fields in the local reference frame.

Hence, with this configuration of the external fields, the last four terms of the Hamiltionian (\ref{4.10}) give no contribution to the geometric phase acquired by the wave function. The terms proportional to $E^{2}$ and $B^{2}$ also do not contribute to the geometric phase because they are local terms \cite{12,13,fur2}. Thus, taking the remaining terms of the Hamiltonian (\ref{4.10}), the Schr\"odinger equation becomes
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{1}{2m}\left(\vec{p}+\mu\,\hat{\beta}\,\vec{\Sigma}\times\vec{E}-d\,\hat{\beta}\,\vec{\Sigma}\times\vec{B}+i\vec{\xi}+\frac{1}{8}S_{0}\vec{\Sigma}\right)^{2}\,\Psi-\frac{\mu^{2}\,E^{2}}{8m}\,\Psi-\frac{d^{2}\,B^{2}}{8m}\,\Psi=E\,\Psi.
\label{5.1}
\end{eqnarray}
The quantum phase can be obtained if we consider the ansatz:
\begin{eqnarray}
\Psi=e^{i\Phi}\,\psi,
\label{5.2}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\psi$ is the solution of the equation
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{1}{2m}\,p^{2}\psi-\frac{\mu^{2}\,E^{2}}{8m}\,\psi-\frac{d^{2}\,B^{2}}{8m}\,\psi=E\,\psi.
\label{5.3}
\end{eqnarray}

If we consider that no charges are concentrated in the axis of symmetry of the defect, we have that a quantum phase given by the last two terms of the expression (\ref{4.11}), i.e. using (\ref{1.6}) in the contribution given by $S_{0}$ we have,
\begin{eqnarray}
\Phi&=&\oint\,e^{i}_{\,\,\,\mu}\left(i\xi_{i}\right)dx^{\mu}-\frac{1}{8}\sigma^{3}\oint\,T^{3}_{\,\,\,\mu\nu}dx^{\mu}\wedge dx^{\nu}\nonumber\\
&=&\left(1-\eta\right)\,\pi\,\sigma^{3}-\frac{\pi}{2}\,\chi\,\sigma^{3}.
\label{5.5}
\end{eqnarray}
The first term give us the contribution of the angular deficit of the defect in the quantum phase. This term is identically to obtained by Furtado, \textit{at all} \cite{fur3} through the application of the parallel transport of the vector in a closed path in the graphene cones. The second term above explicit us the contribution of the torsion of the defect.

Now, if we take into account the local reference frame and that the charges are concentrated on the symmetry axis of the topological defect, the quantum phase of this system is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\Phi&=&\oint\,\Xi_{\mu}\,dx^{\mu}=\oint\,\Xi_{i}\,e^{i}_{\,\,\,\mu}\,dx^{\mu}=\int^{2\pi}_{0}\,\Xi_{i}\,e^{i}_{\,\,\,\varphi}\,d\varphi\nonumber\\
&=&\left(1-\eta\right)\,\pi\,\sigma^{3}-\frac{\pi}{2}\,\chi\,\sigma^{3}+\left(\mu\,\lambda_{e}-d\,\lambda_{m}\right)\,2\pi\,\sigma^{3},
\label{5.55}
\end{eqnarray}
where we considered the two-component spinor field. The contribution of the defect can be view clearly through the angular deficit parameter $\eta$ and the torsion parameter $\chi$ that appear in the first two terms of the expression (\ref{5.55}) and coupled with the dipoles moments. If we take $\eta\rightarrow 1$ and $\chi=0$, we recuperate the results obtained by Furtado and Lima Ribeiro \cite{fur1} in the absence of the topological defect.

If we take $d=0$, we obtain the analogue effect of the Aharonov-Casher effect in the presence of topological defect. The quantum phase in this case becomes
\begin{eqnarray}
\Phi_{AC}=\left(1-\eta\right)\,\pi\,\sigma^{3}-\frac{\pi}{2}\,\chi\,\sigma^{3}+2\pi\,\mu\,\lambda_{e}\,\sigma^{3}.
\label{5.6}
\end{eqnarray}

Our next step is take $\mu=0$ and obtain the analogue effect of the He-McKellar-Wilkens effect in the presence of the topological defect. The quantum phase becomes
\begin{eqnarray}
\Phi_{HMW}=\left(1-\eta\right)\,\pi\,\sigma^{3}-\frac{\pi}{2}\,\chi\,\sigma^{3}-2\pi\,d\,\lambda_{m}\,\sigma^{3}.
\label{5.7}
\end{eqnarray}

Observe that if we take $\chi=0$ in the quantum phases (\ref{5.6}) and (\ref{5.7}) we recuperate the results given in \cite{bf1}. All the results obtained above (\ref{5.5}), (\ref{5.55}), (\ref{5.6}) and (\ref{5.7}) demonstrate the influence of the topological defect in the geometric quantum phase acquired by the wave function in the dynamics of the neutral particle.

In that way, the general result given in the expression (\ref{5.5}) show us the geometric phase absorbs the topology of the defect in the dynamics of the neutral particle with a permanent electric and magnetic moment of dipole.

\section{Conclusions}
$ $
We investigated the influence of the torsion and the deficit of angle produced by a topological defect on the geometric phases acquired by the wave functions of relativistic neutral particles. The contribution of the torsion given here is equivalently to the flux of torsion pointed out by Anandan in \cite{anandan} and has its origin due to a disclination and dislocation if we treat in the context of the Volterra process in the theory of the elasticity.

We investigated the non-relativistic quantum phase using the Foldy-Wouthuysen approximation. Again, the new contribution to the geometric phases was given by deficit of angle and torsion without assuming the adiabatic approximation or the weak field approximation. This geometric phase is identical to Anandan's geometric phase.

In both quantum phases, relativistic and non-relativistic, we can see that if we take the limit $\chi\rightarrow 1$ we are going to the flat spacetime, but the torsion continues with its influence on the quantum phase. If we take $\chi=0$ and $\eta\neq 1$ we have the result obtained by the authors in \cite{bf1}.

Finally, we investigated the effects analogue to the Aharonov-Casher and He-McKellar-Wilkens effects. The presence of the topological defect produced a new term on the topological nature of this effects as showed by the authors \cite{bf1} due the disclination. In this work, a new contribution is acquired due a dislocation, i. e., due the presence of the torsion.

\acknowledgments{ This work was partially supported by PRONEX/FAPESQ-PB, FINEP, CNPq and CAPES/PROCAD)}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Small Fissures in Reality:
: The 'Artifice' Short Story
JAMES HINKS
My thesis has two components: 1) a collection of eighteen original short stories entitled Mayflies, and 2) a critical work, which proposes a definition of the 'Artifice' story structure, examines the techniques used by its authors, and reflects on my own Practice as Research.
Artifice stories feature one impossible element introduced into an otherwise normative context, whereupon one or more characters adapt to a new fictive universe. The structure was originally proposed by Tzvetan Todorov in The Fantastic: A Structural Approach to a Literary Genre. Todorov does not give a name to the Artifice story; I instead take the term from Ra Page's introduction to the short story anthology Parenthesis: 'Some stories have such a high content of artifice or unreality [that] they offer themselves as an immediate sub-species […] — the 'Artifice story' — the archetype of which would have to be Kafka's 'The Metamorphosis'' (Page, 2006: iv). Page himself borrows the term from Jorge Luis Borges' use of 'Artifices' as the title for Part Two of his collected stories: Fictions (Borges, [1965] 1998: 93-152).
My collection of stories forms an original contribution to knowledge as a) original creative works, which intrinsically contribute to the short story corpus; b) experiments in the Artifice story structure, and c) occasionally, to demonstrate what does not qualify as an Artifice story, testing to destruction my proposed definitions. Accordingly, the collection meets the National Association of Writers in Education's benchmarks for Practice as Research, 'that the creative writer will undertake this research through the act of creating; that they will invest knowledge and understanding into this practice, and that they will develop their knowledge and understanding through their practice' (NAWE, 2008).
While the Artifice structure recurs in the work of many prominent short fiction writers of the past hundred years (Franz Kafka, Jorge Luis Borges, Silvina Ocampo, Ted Chiang, Hassan Blasim, et al), it has so far evaded definition and investigation as a distinct form. The critical section of my thesis constitutes an original contribution to knowledge by defining the Artifice structure, by analysing archetypal Artifice stories and their narrative mechanisms, and by considering the form's sub-species and genre hinterlands.
The thesis, as a whole, will address the following questions:
What are Artifice short stories?
What aren't Artifice short stories?
What are the different kinds of Artifice short stories?
How do Artifice stories work, and how do I go about writing them?
AILSA COX (Director of Studies) & ROGER GLASS (Director of Studies)
Todorov
artifice
Irrealism
Adam Marek
Hassan Blasim
Small Fissures in Reality: : The 'Artifice' Short Story
HINKS, J. (Author). 28 May 2020
Small Fissures in Reality: Introduction and Contents
File: application/pdf, 143 KB
Small Fissures in Reality: Critical Thesis


text:
Home/Fortnite/A soon-to-be stepdad wants to pay a Fortnite history expert $100 an hour to get him closer to his fiancée's kids.
A soon-to-be stepdad wants to pay a Fortnite history expert $100 an hour to get him closer to his fiancée's kids.
Admin 4 days ago Fortnite Leave a comment 88 Views
A soon-to-be stepfather is looking for a Fortnite history expert to teach him everything he knows about the game so he can better bond with his fiancée's children.
Website FandomSpot is on the hunt for the "world's greatest expert on Fortnite lore" after a Texas man reached out for help. The man, who wishes to remain anonymous, is not a Fortnite fan who just discovered the game and now wants to learn everything there is to know. No, his reason for wanting to know about Epic's Battle Royale is adorable.
You see, he plans to propose to his girlfriend on their anniversary at the end of March, but he's been having trouble forming a strong connection with his kids. The boys, ages 9, 10 and 13, are all huge Fortnite fans, and the man hopes learning more about the game will bring them closer as a family.
Touched by his story, FandomSpot is now accepting applications for the concert and is offering up to $100 an hour for the Fortnite guru's time and experience. Applicants can be based anywhere in the world, but must be 16 years of age or older and have access to their own device to play Fortnite. If you know the lore of the game well and think you'd be a good fit, head over to FandomSpot (Opens in a new tab) for all the information you'll need to apply.
Fortnite Chapter 4 arrived in December and brought a lot of changes to the popular Battle Royale. In addition to switching to Unreal Engine 5.1, the latest chapter introduced a "whole new island to explore, different ways to move, and newly forged weapons, as well as a new Battle Pass featuring Geralt of Rivia and the Doom Slayer." .
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They key to writing a great spec is knowing how to specify software that mets our customers' needs.
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text:
Remembering Bradford Frost
Written by on February 9, 2017 . Posted in Blog, Detroit Revitalization, Working at Capital Impact
On Sunday, January 22, the Capital Impact family lost a dear friend and colleague, Brad Frost. He will be remembered as an individual of integrity, thoughtfulness, sharp wit, and dedication. Brad wore his passion for Detroit on his sleeve and was an unceasing supporter, critic and advocate for the city and all its residents.
A prolific writer, he published many articles reflecting on his experiences living in Detroit and working to improve Detroit residents' access to opportunity and economic mobility. Model D recently republished this piece, in which Brad reflects on his early days in the city and challenges those living and working here to seize what he called a "once-in-a-generation" opportunity to ensure that Detroit's growth is inclusive.
My Detroit story started, of course, with a drive. As I rode east down Jefferson and crossed Alter Road—America's starkest opportunity divide—I knew instantly why I was here.
I had just graduated college, and relocated from the D.C. area on a one-year fellowship. A white kid—with roots from Connecticut of all places—I came to contribute what I could to Detroit's inclusive revitalization despite knowing little more about the city than tidbits of Americana and a seemingly endless barrage of negative headlines.
I remember vividly the raw sentiments I carried then about 'Detroit'—how it represented all that was wrong in America with its pervasive crime, blight, and disinvestment.
But as time unfolded, it became very evident to me that it didn't matter much to Detroiters that I was white. Or an outsider. Or new.
It only mattered that I was here.
That first year revealed an entirely different Detroit narrative. Instead of a barren city of hopelessness, I found a palpable energy and enthusiasm for the Detroit rising story, as well as a hustle to prove everyone wrong. That this city could indeed rise again as an epicenter of opportunity for all who chose to stay and everyone who dared to come made me hungry to latch on for the ride.
I was welcomed as part of the solution.
That solution revealed itself in a variety of ways including a book project Bradford led through the Detroit Institute of Arts called Reveal Your Detroit: An Intimate Look at a Great American City. Using disposable cameras, each participant captured people, places, and things that make their lives in Detroit distinctive, inspired by the questions "what does your Detroit look like?" and "how do you want others to see it?"
We were pleased to have Brad join Capital Impact in 2013 at time when we were becoming more and more involved in the collaborative, decades-long effort to stabilize and revitalize the Woodward Corridor. Through his tireless efforts and clarity of voice, Brad transformed our efforts in Detroit. He inspired us to constantly challenge ourselves and our approach to addressing the complex issues facing the city by suggesting that the projects we finance should thoughtfully contribute to adding density, preserving a healthy neighborhood income mix, and ensuring access for all in Detroit's highest-opportunity, mixed-use corridors.
This approach was part of an inclusive growth strategy – one that is core to our Detroit Program and informs our work nationally as well. That strategy was captured in his seminal report: Towards Inclusive Growth in Detroit: Density & Income Mix Strategies for Detroit's Mixed-Use Corridors. He further contextualized that report in his blog post with accompanied videos.
Brad was particularly proud of launching the Stay Midtown program in October 2016. Stay Midtown is a pilot initiative of Midtown Detroit, Inc. (MDI) and Capital Impact, with contributions from the Ford and Kresge Foundations, to provide inclusive housing interventions to support Midtown's critical workforce households at most at risk of market displacement.
This initiative, grounded in a thorough body of research on resident displacement that Brad, Elizabeth Luther and others produced in mid-2016, values inclusive economic development in the district; aims to honor long-term residents of the area; and builds upon the success MDI and its partners have had in deploying similar efforts like the Live Midtown and Live Downtown programs over the last several years.
Brad's body of work was honored in the book Just Change: How to Collaborate for Lasting Impact published by Living Cities in 2017.
For many in the Capital Impact family, experiencing Detroit meant taking a personal tour with Brad. Visiting staff that took advantage of that opportunity all recount the number of people who stopped him to chat, hug, share news or solicit advice.
We hope you join us in sending thoughts and prayers to Brad's wife Dana, family and friends. As Brad himself would remind us, truly celebrating his life means to keep fighting for equity and inclusion in communities everywhere.
Following his diagnosis, Bradford published this deeply personal reflection in the Guardian. It ended with these words:
The truth is, we're all terminal. I could also get hit by a bus tomorrow. Or I could beat the odds and live till I'm 90. But whatever my time left on this earth, I'll now endeavor forward with some earned resolve.
I am the person I want to be. I'm not afraid.
At 35, he left this world much too early. But in that short time he made a huge impact that will continue to benefit people in communities for years to come. Our hearts are broken and he will be sorely missed, but his fight lives on in all of us.
It is in that spirt that Brad's final wish that donations be made to one of the organizations he cared so deeply about – Declare Detroit, the Detroit Riverfront and Live6Detroit.
CDC Small Business Alliance
Detroit Revitalization
Working at Capital Impact


Freezing rain with a light coating of snow. Everything's covered with ice.
Yes, but icy roads do add an element of sport and excitement to what otherwise might be a dull and boring drive.
Freezing rain with a light coating of snow, calls for a nice hot drink while sitting inside watching the flames in the fireplace dance around. When in doubt about the weather, always choose the safer option.


Sean leads the design consulting organisation of Philips Design. This global team is tasked with developing solutions for customers in the healthtech space. The practice is delivering projects in Australia, Africa, Middle East, China, USA and Europe.