text:
Conor Friedersdorf
10:32 AM / December 28, 2015
Oberlin Students and Alumni Reflect on Activism at the College
stu spivack / Flickr
Last week, I asked Oberlin insiders to help explain a protest at the Ohio liberal-arts college. A small group of students there complained that the dining hall was engaging in offensive appropriation by serving poorly prepared sushi and inauthentic "bánh mì" sandwiches. Were they co-opting the language of social justice to get better food? Or did they really believe a cultural injustice was being perpetrated?
Numerous Oberlin students and alumni were generous enough to offer their perspectives. Many shared more general thoughts about activism at the college too. Some think it is unfairly maligned. Others find it hugely frustrating and counterproductive, but feel that they will be ostracized if they say so. In presenting their correspondence I've lightly edited emails to enhance conciseness and cut repeat arguments. We begin with an alum who argues that students are earnestly engaged in an effort to address real cultural shortcomings at the college:
I have some thoughts in defense of Oberlin students. Let me make clear that I am a foodie and a white person who enjoys cooking ethnic cuisines. While at Oberlin, I remember CDS served something called the "Indian Platter," which consisted of feta cheese, pita, raw spinach, and hummus. The feta cheese was listed as "paneer" and the pita as "naan." The previous day, CDS served exactly the same dish but called it "Mediterranean Platter." CDS was known for casually using ethnic buzzwords to remarket old dishes. I wouldn't be surprised if the exact same Banh Mi sandwich depicted in your article was served the day before, but listed as "pulled pork sandwich." I understand how it seems extreme to accuse CDS of cultural appropriation for these minor transgressions, but I also think there is some background you must understand.
Oberlin advertises itself as the first racially integrated college in the country. From my understanding, a very low percentage of Oberlin's students of color make it to graduation, and many students feel this results from a lack of institutional support. There are few professors of color. At least once a year, racial slurs and threats are posted on some public forum. Many students are in the process of learning about the racial inequality of our criminal-justice system and are rightly angry about it. Campus officers are not immune from racism. I have heard stories about officers assaulting students of color. And financial aid is almost non-existent. A lot of students of color feel like they don't matter to the college.
In that climate, it is easier to understand how minor transgressions like inauthentic food can offend students of color. They feel their school doesn't care about them. Inauthentic food is just one more aggravating factor that brings them over the edge. Food is embedded in culture. It's nothing new for offense to be taken when someone misuses the name of a dish.
As a foodie from New York who, growing up, could easily find a great Banh Mi sandwich for $10, I was never satisfied with Oberlin's cafeteria food. I am a picky snob. But the people fighting to change CDS are not picky snobs from New York. They are people of color from many walks of life who feel like their college doesn't care about them. They are trying to improve their living conditions. That is a noble cause, and I hope I have shed some light on why students think it is important.
A 2010 graduate agrees that the "food appropriation" controversy should be viewed in a larger context, but thinks that context reflects poorly on today's students:
When I read the reports coming out of Oberlin I'm ashamed and embarrassed, but I also find myself thinking: It didn't used to be this way. Among the activist-minded students there were always a few who were shrill, intolerant, allergic to critique, and bent on subsuming the whole of reality within their preferred ideological framework. They didn't care about persuasion ... they knew they were right and didn't give a damn if they alienated everyone to whom they were ostensibly preaching.
But their approach to advancing their agendas on campus was different. Before, student activists generally viewed a direct and immediate appeal to institutional authority as a double-edged sword (one that could bring your goals to fruition, but not without the cost of some degree of democratic credibility). Today, student activists have become acutely aware that the decision-making authority at Oberlin is the college administrators, and they're increasingly willing to take even the most minute problems straight to the top to be institutionally rectified.
Ideas that thrived in a space of open exchange, a space that the administration stayed out of, are now seen as needing institutional validation, codification, and, indeed, enforcement. The various conceptual iterations of "privilege," for instance, were current and widely discussed, as were "whiteness," "safe spaces," and the many different "-isms." But such concepts were not then what they have since become--cudgels. They had not yet hardened into a rigid system of moral norms, enforced by a self-appointed activist vanguard with the backing of cowed administrators, norms that to transgress would invite public shaming, harassment, or social ostracizing, to say nothing of official disciplinary action.
There were plenty of people who vocally proclaimed their categorical dismissal of the very existence of forms of oppression that today no one would dare question. Did I myself agree with such people? Not at all. I almost always came down on the side of the anti-oppression crowd when I felt their positions were staked out in good faith, were intellectually sound, were practically applicable, and weren't fueled by that uniquely liberal-arts-college brand of narcissism and self-indulgence. I enjoyed learning about their work and being challenged by their ideas, and I tended to regard the majority of complaints about PCism as short-sighted, because I never felt like I couldn't disagree with anyone. For the most part, people with seriously divergent views could air them without risking any kind of official infraction. There simply was not a precedent for reporting someone to the authorities because their very opinions made you feel, to use the watchword of today's activists, "unsafe."
In short, beyond a certain point, people with opposing views simply left each other alone, and even in as small a place as Oberlin there was room enough for everyone. There was a tradition of grudging inclusiveness toward different views--and genuine inclusiveness need not be anything more than grudging. Yet everything I see from Oberlin now suggests that this tradition has given way to something very different. There is now an atmosphere of close-mindedness, intellectual submission, conformity, and fear. Anti-oppression activism, something inherently noble, has become an extensive apparatus for suffocating freedom of expression and crushing dissent, and an increasingly illiberal left devotes its energies to denouncing, pillorying, and silencing anyone who doesn't march in lockstep with its latest orthodoxies.
Whoever can most cunningly, loudly, and shamelessly cloak themselves in the flag of social justice is empowered to effectively disregard everyone's speech other than their own. Administrators, terrified of being accused of this or that ism, are unwilling to push back in any way against activist bully tactics and have allowed them not only to dictate the course of campus life but to have effective veto power over curricula as well. And who do the victims mostly end up being? Who are the harassed or dis-invited speakers? The professors who can't teach what they want? Liberals and other leftists whose crime has been to presume that they are in some sense on the activist side but who have failed to meet their limitless criteria. This is not social justice at work.
The business about culturally insensitive dining-hall fare is attention-grabbing for its ludicrousness, but it's hardly the prime example of what has taken hold. A better example would be the the list of demands issued by the Black Student Union. Beyond the stunning extent of these demands, which include firing certain faculty and staff... they reflect a truly perverse view of education as the forcing of a worldview down the student's throat.
An ability for nuance, for a recognition of degrees, subtle differences, finer essences, and other aspects of abstract thought in which the liberal arts are supposed to train one, seems to escape these students. It's not enough to point out contradictions and inconsistencies in enlightenment universalism, with its tendency to take a certain dominant group's narrative as applicable to all people, and attempt to rectify them. No. All of Western culture is tainted by white supremacy, and thus Western higher education as we know it should itself be dismantled.
Student activism in this country is only possible because generations of Americans on and off college campuses have forged a tradition and a culture of freedom of speech, in tandem with a jurisprudence of expansive legal protections for speech and expression. Yet, not only are today's activists turning on the very tradition that has allowed them to be activists: they may also be unwittingly engaged in long-term self-sabotage in the event that the various speech restrictions they demand are one day used against them. Conservative Christian safe spaces, anyone?
My sincere hope for the future of Oberlin and for student activism is that it turns off from its present course, toward one that honors principled disagreement, self-critique, and individual conscience. As it stands now, all of those values are endangered. I am, of course, interested to hear what current Oberlin students have to say about all this (including the ones who would disagree with me), so I hope you'll receive some responses from them and compile them in another article.
This next correspondent agrees that Oberlin activists contribute to an intellectually "oppressive" climate, but defends their good intentions and primary goals:
Oberlin is not, sometimes, a "safe space" for those who express skepticism about safe spaces. This call for less cultural appropriation in the dining halls comes amidst giant upheaval in other areas: there was the petition calling for better food to be served at the African Heritage House, for it to contain less cream, since African-Americans are often lactose intolerant; and there was the petition from the Black Student Union which was quickly picked up by conservative blogs (like here) which demanded fairly outrageous structural changes to the institution, including paying activists for their work on an hourly basis, developing a prison to college pipeline, firing specific administrators, and tenuring certain professors.
That said, these complaints and demands arise from one of the most liberal wings of fairly liberal colleges at a time when the plight, struggle, and disadvantage of people of color in this country is finally coming to light in vicious and often incomprehensible ways: black people are being killed with impunity, and, it now dawns on us, always have been, but the general public didn't notice, as individuals chose to look the other way.
There is a sense at Oberlin that something should be done about this, especially at an institution that prides itself as a beacon of progress and enlightenment, a bulwark against backwardness and ignorant conservatism. Oberlin students want what other college students are asking for, whether they phrase it this way or not: better control of the college's money. It's time, I think, to revoke some of the power that the boards of trustees have—the undue sway of the moneyed few—in favor of the consciences of the paying and physically attending students. So for us, I think, legitimate complaints have gotten mixed up with more questionable ones.
As someone who lives in the Oberlin environment, I can speak to the enormous outrage about—and the difficulty of expressing—the gross narcissism involved in some of the students' rhetoric. Considering the privilege most of us have––which most of us have to have in order to even stumble on a place like Oberlin––it's sickening to hear certain complaints, not about the quality of the food, which of course is pretty terrible (situation normal, all fucked up) but the language-mantle of colonialism. This group of largely white students is also young and fairly privileged, and it makes sense that they can be blind to the circumstances of many whose lived existence they use as an excuse for leverage and social cache, ignorant of the hypocrisy of campaigning for even greater privileges for themselves by using the experience of the benighted poor as justification. That experience of the American poor, a population they've been separated and insulated from, is not necessarily your experience, and to appropriate it can be as scandalous as bad sushi.
My classmates are bright and articulate people—often. In many senses they are the future: the future of government, the future of NGOs, of non-profits, the vanguard of green-energy policy, et al. And their progressivism is often to the good.
Yet we (Oberlin students as well as onlookers) must not fail to recognize that the most seemingly progressive of people are not the most goodly people by default; rather, like others with extreme views, they are fully susceptible to blanketing over inconvenient truths and signing away liberties (particularly involving free speech) in the name of more and more rules that "protect" us. This is not something we are inclined to support when it comes to the NSA, and we should be very careful when considering enforced codes appended to documents meant to "keep people safe."
There is no safety from ideas, merely ignorance, and to argue that "some things just aren't up for discussion,"—rather than to posit that by arguing something one feels cheapened, or sacrifices a part of one's morality—but to insist that things simply can't be talked about, is more conservative and narrow than I think my classmates realize. Many Oberlin students reading this would argue, I think, that it mischaracterizes honest efforts to change an unjust institution within a damnably unjust world. I hope I can honor and join in the efforts of my classmates to change our many situations for the better while reserving the right to point out creeping egotism where it erupts—but the atmosphere for doing that work of semi-judicious skepticism is just a little tough right now.
This correspondent believes the media's focus on the "food appropriation" story is misplaced:
As a current 4th year at Oberlin College, I would like to take you up on your offer and provide one (of many) insider's perspective ... This was not a unified issue on campus: I saw many Asian-American students who were unconvinced that this constituted a cultural appropriation… while the complaints were circulated, this did not receive nearly as much publicity as MANY other issues on campus. The amount of attention that this issue has achieved in the media is COMPLETELY MISREPRESENTATIVE ...
Just last week a petition was circulated detailing various institutional demands which generated around 700 signatures within a day. However, the petition was defaced with INCREDIBLY RACIST, ANTI-SEMITIC, AND VIOLENT words and symbols (which I have attached below). This issue was FAR MORE RELEVANT, IMPACTFUL, PUBLICIZED, and IMPORTANT than any of these food complaints, yet NOTHING in the media has covered this. In truth, what the general public believes to have been the "focus" of student activists this semester is a fabrication by the media and not remotely representative. I do appreciate the fairness and depth to which you wrote your article (compared with any other news source I have seen). But now I am urging you: please share this racist incident and encourage all others in the media to do the same. If you truly want to hear what is going on at Oberlin: this is it! While calling out cultural appropriation in food is valid, this is how you can report what truly are relevant and important issues not only at Oberlin but facing marginalized communities as a whole!
This next alum started to mistrust the earnestness of fellow Obies after observing the social incentives to laud and defer to members of groups that are perceived as victims:
At Oberlin, anyone seen as vulnerable is given the benefit of the doubt: there is no room for understanding, there is a victim speaking their mind and there is the oppressor. This mode of thought impacts all issues (race, gender, sex politics, etc.). In order to be hip, one should identify or sympathize with whatever group is being oppressed. Most of it is for show.
I would be happy to take a bet that the Vietnamese freshman was not offended as much as they were excited to see an opportunity to be the victim... I guarantee they got 10+ emails congratulating them on their courage... If you'd like another outrageous story, I urge you to find ABUSA's petition which made waves within the Oberlin community and demanded (basically) a hostile takeover of the college by black students and students of color (my last name is _____, mind you. Not all POC Oberlin people feel this way). This included the hiring and firing of professors, inclusion of incarcerated folks in the college community, and boycotting Israel.
It's wild.
Honestly, the social climate of that school is bullshit. Plain and simple. Very privileged kids trying to run away from their privilege by being part of the solution.
A 2014 graduate criticized the press, cautioned against dismissing the complaints of black students, and posited that Obies know they're not exposed to enough dissent:
... While Oberlin students can be a bit overzealous in their social justice efforts (which I think is a good thing!), what is disturbing is not their activist excesses but how journalists frame them as ridiculous, pie-in-the-sky claims… The idea that students at "elite" campuses (where, by the way, many black students attend not from their parents' wealth but from Pell grants) are too privileged to be taken seriously is an old canard. When students claim their campus is racist, or culturally insensitive, we should listen ...
You end the article with these sentences, which I found striking: "From the outside, Oberlin seems unable to provide dissent in anything like the quality and quantity needed to prepare these young people for the enormous complexity of life in a diverse society, where few defer to claims just because they are expressed in the language of social justice. Is that how it looks from the inside, too?"
Yes. That is exactly what it looks like from the inside. And students are very aware of this problem. Although the "radical left" students are the most vocal, many of us (and many of them) recognize that the lack of political diversity on campus is concerning. It makes our arguments weak and it prevents us from honing our claims against the grindstone of critical opposition.
I'm only one alumnus, and others may feel differently, but what I would emphasize is that there is a lively debate, both in and outside of Oberlin, about how to find the balance between idealism and pragmatism, zeal and diplomacy. When articles like yours appear online, we discuss them at length—and there is plenty of disagreement. I can only hope that journalists will take it seriously, and view it as a sign of deliberative democracy rather than the thoughtless churning out of liberal sentiment.
An Oberlin senior writes:
Really, this is about much more than food. It's about the myth of multiculturality that our school likes to perpetuate, but fails to enact. Here's an example regarding the serving of beef in recognition of Diwali: on the surface, this looks like an attempt to make Hindu students feel welcome. However, by using beef, they served a dish that Hindu students could not eat. By doing this, our dining services showed that they are not concerned with serving authentic food to Indian students, but instead with branding our dining hall and institution as multicultural.
Its reflective of a tendency to value the foods of other cultures while rejecting the people of that culture.
That's a problem.
Ignorance of Hindu dietary restrictions strikes me as a far more likely explanation for the misstep of dining hall workers than "rejecting" the culture of Hindu students. I don't understand the impulse to frame matters in a way that presumes that others are acting in the most hostile way possible when odds are against that interpretation.
The senior continues:
In response to your quote from Freddie de Boer: No one is berating the underpaid workers. In fact better benefits for dining hall workers have been the subject of recent protests. You didn't include this in your article. Instead, complaints have been directed towards the management level.
I should have mentioned that some student activists have called for better treatment of dining hall workers. And de Boer did mention that in his commentary. However, I think the students who insist that they are targeting the corporation that runs the dining halls at Oberlin without affecting the workers preparing their food are naive about the likely effect of students complaining that they're being served incompetently prepared fare that has been offensively named.
A 1970 graduate believes that the college should just stop trying to serve ethnic fare because it will only upset people when the cooks inevitably get various things wrong:
The dilemma of a college food service trying to be all things to all people seems a modern one. My vague memory of Obie food back in the day was that it was decent American food. There weren't many attempts to be multi-cultural. I knew some of the food service workers at the time. The meals were prepared by cooks, not chefs. The one constant is that college students always, always complain about the food. My daughter's a sophomore in college and she complains about the food. Venturing too far afield from the cuisine food service cooks have mastered ... is an invitation to insult, and complaint. Rather than cook Indian, or Thai, or Japanese food badly, I just wouldn't go there.
Another correspondent explains why people who go to Oberlin tend to pick fights over seemingly small matters––and defends that inclination as laudable and salutary:
I graduated from Oberlin with majors in English and Dance in 1997. I was inspired and emboldened by recruitment and admissions materials that were glossy black, with an image of earth in the center. The text above the satellite image read, "Think One Person Can Change the World? So Do We." Oberlin is a small campus.The student population hovers below 3,000. The insularity makes it such that potential injustices or oversights do both seem and become worth fighting for. This is inspiring. It can also mean that these issues can seem too big, too immediate, to be rational or appropriately reflective. But I would rather see students' risk overreacting for the sake of what feels right, than dissipate their political awareness in humility—and I say that while NOT agreeing with all of Oberlin students' missions, including the embrace of BDS (Boycott, Divest, Sanction) against Israel.
While the reactions may read to some as knee-jerk self indulgence, I gather they are a sincere response to approaching the cafeteria serving line, and––despite the names of the dishes being served––feeling on some level miscounted, anonymous, voided. Oberlin is not only the kind of place where this can be expressed, but where there is the latent promise that dialogue about how we understand and interact with one another is viable. While it may seem small, or entitled, it is also within the promise of the campus to consider that small things can resonate largely, because values systems translate from what is on the plate to more impactful levels of global discourse, outside of the dining hall.
A former Oberlin dining hall worker takes a dim view of today's students and wants to give them a taste of their own medicine:
As a teenager, I worked in the food service area of the college. The staff members were overwhelmingly black. I doubt that's changed. How dare these privileged college snobs complain about food prepared by oppressed minorities? Administration should forced these students to attend sensitivity sessions until they learn to respect other cultures. And hire another administrator to oversee the program. That's the way it's done at Oberlin.
A 1998 grad who worked in the dining hall isn't quite so down on the student protestors, but is annoyed:
Students really do care about food, and they also really care about oppression. They're not insincere, but they can be annoying ... When I worked in the dining halls, employees were either students on work study or adults from the community. Most of these adults were low-income African Americans ...
There's something I find deeply irritating about mostly privileged students whining about how the dining hall staff isn't preparing the sushi with the same reverence as a Japanese chef. There also seems to be very little understanding of how much it costs to serve food on a large scale, and how the changes students are seeking will inevitably impact tuition. None of this means Oberlin can't make improvements. But students have to recognize that dining halls have limitations, and that sometimes bad sushi is just bad sushi.
The next correspondent feels that the college is in crisis:
I'm a current Oberlin student.
Sadly, academic merit, deep history, and dedicated faculty aside, it seems the only thing we're known for these days is being the target of ridicule from The New York Post and others. First and foremost I wanted to thank you for writing an article that treated us like people, not children. But the story of Oberlin in 2015 is much more than the small, incredibly loud, socially conscious minority that drives mainstream opinion here.
Oberlin is a campus in crisis.
A week ago, a petition was posted by the Black Student Union that was rightfully criticized for being utterly ridiculous. It included such demands as the renaming of buildings, admissions quotas for black students, an increased number of exclusive safe spaces, and free classes for town residents, among others. They also demanded the alteration of several meals served in African Heritage House, which the New York Post included in their article. The administration responded to these demands by revoking Bill Cosby's honorary diploma. The (public) Google doc containing the signatures was unfortunately posted anonymously to 4chan and vandalized with racist language/imagery and a threat to the auditorium, although it was never specified which one. The next day there was an increased police presence on campus and a protest on one of our quads in which white students formed a barrier around black students. Students groaned on Facebook as to why the food incident was being reported on but this was not.
My greatest disappointment about the reality of Oberlin is its failure to recognize differing opinions. As upsetting as these online threats were, I and others understand that they were radical, extreme, anonymous threats with little reason to send the campus into the frenzy that they did.
Of course racists hate us, of course they want us killed, but I hold the belief that it's only then that we need to be bigger than them and maybe not stoop to their level. Of course I never voiced this opinion outside of a small group of friends. It truly would have been social suicide and I would have been labeled the racist, cisgender, heterosexual white man that I am. The complaints about the food on the other hand were maybe valid on a certain level but were completely ill-intentioned and alarmist on behalf of those students. That's why as a proud Oberlin student I am completely split on where I stand on these issues.
It is enraging to see how we are depicted in The New York Post, but still there's truth to it. It still baffles me trying to come to terms with how we can be ranked so highly as an academic institution, with some of the best professors in the country and some of the most brilliant young minds, but also stoop so low as to engage in petty complaints about the ingredients in our campus food while a number of students scrub dishes in our kitchens to desperately try to alleviate some of the burden of debt.
Another alum blames consumerism for the food protests:
As a 2001 graduate of Oberlin, I have lately begun to cringe whenever my alma mater makes headlines. I guarantee you that the students are perfectly serious in their intent. Think about it: approximately $60,000 buys one year of classes, housing, and dining at Oberlin, placing the student in the highest tier of American educational consumers.
Given this, why should they not place demands—substantive, banal, and yes, even ridiculous—on the very system that so gleefully accepts their tuition checks? Look, I co-oped all four years at Oberlin. I ate my tofu, protested financial aid policies, and generally did all the usual things that one did at Oberlin. But you know what I didn't do? I didn't dream that campus dining was ever trying to be authentic (even if they said they were) when serving Asian, Italian, or any other kind of food. You know what you're getting with campus dining. To pretend otherwise is just stupid. And to appropriate the language of social justice as a tool with which to badger folks working in the service industry is just cruel.
The next correspondent feels that the problem is that critics of Oberlin students just don't understand the social justice concepts that would help them to see reality:
I'm emailing you just to explain some of the reasoning behind some of the complaints. Cultural appropriation is the "adoption or use of elements of one culture by members of a different culture." At Oberlin people take cultural appropriation very seriously. For example, at a school sponsored event a few months ago students were outraged by the presence of henna tattoos. Giving people henna tattoos would be an example of cultural appropriation because it trivializes a traditional act by another culture. I think that people were trying to bring attention to the lack of appreciation for other culture's foods when they're reduced to just another thing on the dining hall's menu. CDS in general has done a poor job of giving other cultures dishes the recognition they deserve. Bahn Mi and sushi are both traditional dishes from cultures that are not our own, so, if prepared at all, they should be prepared in a manner that gives the dish the respect it deserves. People don't usually think about food as something that deserves respect, but food is reflective of the heart of different cultures. I identify as religiously and culturally Jewish and I would be offended if someone prepared a traditional Seder plate incorrectly at some time other than Passover. This would de-sanctify the religious meal of Passover and reduce it to just another quotidian meal.
Food plays a large part in people's cultural background and I agree that it is wrong to prepare traditional foods incorrectly. Cooking a traditional dish with improper ingredients and using incorrect method demeans the culture of those who hold those dishes dear. I hope you read this and at least gain a bit of understanding about why students were upset about the quality and nature of food they were being served.
As best as I can tell, most critics of the Oberlin students are well aware of the rationale set forth in the email above, but reject many of its premises as wrongheaded.
An Oberlin freshman is shocked by the climate at the college:
I'm a freshman at Oberlin College. My first semester at Oberlin was interesting to say the least. I'm a liberal, politically active kid from [very liberal city]. I didn't expect the atmosphere at Oberlin to be much different from the one I've been used to for the past 18 years. I was mistaken.
Not everyone at Oberlin is a lunatic. Yet the most radical students are by far the loudest so it seems like Oberlin is way more radical than it actually is. I hadn't even heard about the food thing until I got home for break and saw Oberlin students sharing a Fox News article about food appropriation. But there have been many heated discussions (via Yik Yak, an anonymous iPhone app for instance) regarding similar issues. For instance, a couple months ago, there was this big debate about whether Henna is cultural appropriation. When these discussions come up, I, along with the other smart Oberlin kids, don't get involved.
The reason is that the radical vocal minority is quick to ostracize anyone who disagrees with them. This is why I would ask that if you would like to quote me on anything, you keep it anonymous. The far left radicals are as bad as equally radical right wingers. Although I agree politically on almost all issues, their inability to tolerate people with different views is absurd. They tend to not focus enough on reaching a goal but instead on having a strong reaction. I feel frustrated when I think about my school because I know that if I were to do something like share the Fox News article and make fun of my school, I would get disparaged on Facebook.
Oberlin students responded to these articles by complaining that they detracted from the big issue now at Oberlin, the ABUSUA petition. This petition was created so that black students could demand certain changes to address issues at Oberlin. I agreed with many of these issues but I didn't sign the petition because some of it was completely unrealistic. And it demanded that certain teachers be fired without giving enough explicit info about their supposed wrongdoing. On Yik Yak, many people were against the petition but no one said anything against it in public.
This is because it became abundantly clear that to critique the petition would be racist. Any dissenters are called racists by the vocal minority which completely shuts down conversation. This is a very long winded email but I hope to convey some of my uncertainties about my new school. I think these issues have become apparent in many liberal arts schools. If you have any specific questions for me, I would be happy to answer them. But again, I wish to remain anonymous for obvious reasons.
Finally, a reader who neither attended nor worked at Oberlin remarks from afar:
The most valuable thing I learned in college was that (aside from a few close friends and family members) nobody in the real world cares what happens to me. They don't care where I'm from, what my dreams are, if I'm happy, or even if I'm fed or clothed. It was a hard lesson, but a formative one. It's important to know that. The idea that a college administrator would care that I'm satisfied with, or at least not offended by food choices is an idea that I have literally never considered before.
My mind is blown.
I worked in a college cafeteria. The people who prepare the food are trying to get through their shift. They are assembling pre-packaged ingredients according to standard protocols. They are quite uninterested in who eats the food, or how they feel about it, or even if they like it. There is no scheme to appropriate culture. They are indifferent to culture. I don't doubt that the students are offended, and I don't mean to minimize their feelings. It's just hard for me to relate to their demands.
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What can our name give us? As the science about names says, any name carries some mystery embodied with its own emotional coloring in itself. A correctly chosen name has a positive effect on the character of a person.
So, it is important to know the meaning of names or to be sure of the compatibility of names, for example between parents and children, or future spouses. There are many theories about the influence of a person's name on his character.


text:
Want to become an international music superstar? Learn English!
Contributed by Arthur Fong, Accommodations Assistant, ILSC-San Francisco
Have you thought about taking your English skills to the next level? Take some inspiration from Shakira, the hip shaking Colombian who took the time to practice her English in realizing her full potential. Shakira always had tremendous success in the Latin music markets in the US, but it wasn't until Miami Sound Machine vocalist, Gloria Estefan, coaxed her to improve her English in order to gain international acceptance. Not only did Shakira improve her English, she took the courageous step in writing and singing in English for the first time on her 2001 hit album, Laundry Service.
Shakira live in Paris (Photo credit: Flickr user oouinouin)
By 2002, Shakira's risky venture paid off as Laundry Service became certified triple platinum in United States sales alone. This was the turning point in Shakira's career, as she emerged from the Latin billboards onto the international stage. Album after album, Shakira's resume grew with duets with Rihanna and Beyonce, not to mention she is also a vocal coach to American wannabe music stars on NBC's "The Voice".
No doubt Shakira's international stardom was initiated by her ability to sing in English. But what about other musical artists that are popular in their home country but not internationally? For some artists, there are ambitions to sing in English to gain commercial acceptance, but for other musical artists, choosing to sing in their native tongue is by choice. Let's take a look at other global trends that are working for international acts.
Eurotronica
English is the most taught foreign language in Europe and the learning begins at an increasingly early age. Since spoken languages vary all across Europe, the one constant is English.
This is evident in the European music circles. Take Sweden. The Swedes are currently exporting the hottest music right now through a diversity of musical acts – The Sounds, Little Dragon, Swedish House Mafia, Lykke Li, First Aid Kit, and Ghost BC. They are all emerging international artists performing different genres of music. The one thing they have on common? They all present their music through English.
Avicii (Photo credit: Flickr user Jalil Arfaoui)
The most popular Swedish export is arguably Avicii. Technically a DJ, but by enlisting help from an American singer, Avicii's "Wake Me Up" became a huge hit. The song's appeal is so strong, it can be heard on mainstream radio here in the US – a rare feat for a DJ.
A-S-I-A pop
In the beginning, there was only J-pop, a term to describe pop music in Japan with definitive western elements. But in South Korea, K-pop cloned the J-pop formula adding bright colored videos. The K-pop market is HUGE! It is not just transforming pop culture all across Asia and pockets in Europe, but contributing to a wealth effect in South Korea. The quest doesn't end there, there are a number of K-pop bands striving for global fame, and English is their weapon. Here are some popular K-pop bands that can break out in Western markets:
Girls' Generation is on a major attack to invoke an international mainstream audience following. Maximizing their potential, many of their songs will include repetitive English phrases and often release English versions of their songs.
One successful K-pop band, Big Bang, incorporates English in many of their designated hip-hop style of music. Similar to Girls' Generation, they do release versions of their songs in English to gain international acceptance. If Big Bang does make it "big" outside of their predominately Asian audience, they have PSY's "Gangnam Style" to thank in putting South Korea on the map.
PSY (Photo credit: Flickr user Republic of Korea)
"Gangnam Style" has the distinction of the most viewed video on You Tube, and PSY became a household name all across the world. But that brand of success is difficult to follow, and PSY may also have the distinction of becoming a one hit wonder. PSY realizes his international fame may wane and in order to stay relevant, you collaborate with an American rapper and create another song with English heavy lyrics. Enter Snoop Dogg and the new video, "Hangover". I'm sure PSY would prefer to sing it himself but until he becomes more fluent in English, he will need to share the stage with other English speaking artists.
Spanglishlicious
There are two sides of music from South America. Many pop songs utilize Latin instrumentation typically used in Samba, Reggaeton, or Tango rhythms. Couple the romance language of Spanish or Portuguese, it would be out of character to sing in English.
This is especially true for Julieta Venegas from Mexico, an idiosyncratic artist who is completely fluent in English, but made a wise choice to sing in Spanish due to her pop blend of traditional Mexican influences.
Although hailing from Spain, Bebe's "Malo" is a wildly popular song in South America. Using music with flamenco roots, Bebe is an intense singer, which would only sound comedic if she incorporated English lyrics.
For the other side of the coin, South American metal bands might as well stay in South America. Mixing guitar heavy music with Spanish or Portuguese lyrics has never worked with international audiences. But sing (or scream) in English, then you have half a chance. Take Sepultura. A metal band from Brazil that is so good at crafting their music with English lyrics, hardly anyone gave any thought about where they are from.
English is the universal bridge to communication, and it is evident in the way musical artists write and package their songs. Music has always been considered as a universal language. With globalization changing the way we interact, English will soon be the language of music.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
The 65-Storey Treehouse
Author: Andy Griffiths Series: Treehouse
Andy and Terry's amazing treehouse has 13 new storeys. Prepare for more zany fun and crazy adventures!
From the punk rock stars of Australian children's literature comes the fastest-selling Australian book in a decade and the no. 1 bestselling book of 2015 "Brilliantly silly" - The Daily Telegraph "Hilariously clever" - Australian Women's Weekly Andy and Terry's amazing 65-Storey Treehouse now has a pet-grooming salon, a birthday room where it's always your birthday (even when it's not), a room full of exploding eyeballs, a lollipop shop, a quicksand pit, an ant farm, a time machine and Tree-NN: a 24-hour-a-day TV news centre keeping you up to date with all the latest treehouse news, current events and gossip. Well, what are you waiting for? Come on up! "It will be reread and reread...A fantastic ride" - The Australian
Winner of KOALA Award Fiction for Older Readers 2016
Winner of KROC Awards Best Fiction for Older Readers 2016
Short-listed for YABBA Awards 2016
Long-listed for Children's Book Council List of Notables 2016 2016
Andy Griffiths and Terry Denton are a creative partnership that began with Just Tricking! in 1997 and now extends to eight Just books and more than a million copies sold, the ground-breaking The Bad Book, the off-the-wall success of The Cat on the Mat is Flat, the Bum trilogy (which made the New York Times bestseller list), the bestselling The Very Bad Book and now the Treehouse series. Andy and Terry have won numerous kids choice awards and many of their titles are nominated every year.
Pan Macmillan Australia | Pan Australia
Books » Children & Young Adults » Fiction » Humour


text:
Choices for housing growth could see council double its housing allocation
Home / Blog / Choices for housing growth could see council double its housing allocation
Before I begin I must stress that nothing has yet been agreed and this is at the conceptual ideas stage, although some councillors and the council themselves have already been busy lobbying government and preparing bids which openly promote the concept ahead of the public consultation.
In a nutshell the Council is debating whether they should build all future housing beyond what has already been agreed in a couple of supersized "garden town" sites or continue with the present approach of finding suitable land across the entire borough.
You may wonder why they are looking at something so radical having only just agreed housing targets until 2031.
The reason we're told is based on the need to conduct an early review of the local plan by 2022 to clarify how the council is planning to support the present housing numbers with the planned infrastructure. However, this should not in itself warrant a review of housing numbers.
We're also informed by the Secretary of State for Housing Communities and Local Government, Sajid Javid that newly proposed targets do not apply to existing local plans, and there is no real justification to opt for a new plan at this time unless of course, the council wishes to deliberately increase housing numbers.
The Council have told us "we are using 'review' loosely to differentiate it from the recently adopted Local Plan. The decision as to whether we have a review or a new plan will depend on if and how much the development strategy changes from 'Bearing Fruits' and potentially, further impact from national planning policy change."
However, the Council are already repeatedly using the phrase 'new' local plan. This new plan would also extend the time frame by a further 5 years and could add another 17,000 houses. That is more than all the housing in the existing plan which has a target of 13,192 houses over 17 years.
Even if you factor in the 5 extra years that would only generate a need for another 3,880 houses. If you then also factored in the unagreed increased government targets of 776 houses per annum to 1054 you would still only reach a total of 8,050 which is acknowledged by the council themselves who believe that a further 7,500 would be sufficient.
So why are we looking at increasing provision from 13,192 houses to a whopping 30,000 plus?
The answer is simple, the new garden town/village style developments are inherently limited by their build-out rate, which in simple terms means that they take an incredibly long time to develop.
What the council are considering here is up to 10,000 houses in a single site, which based on the very limited report data available would take at least 40 years to develop, in fact, the examples shown end dates of 2068 for some of these ideas.
You need to think about that, we will be asked to make decisions now which may affect two or three generations to come.
So what's in for the Council besides the obvious benefits of reducing the number of applications they would need to deal with, as far as I can ascertain the main driver would appear to be financially motivated.
The idea here is that the council will only issue planning permission on these developments if the developer agrees to contribute somewhere between £30,000 to £50,000 per property to support new infrastructure.
Sounds like a lot of money right, well it certainly is and in order to make this work, the council is planning on issuing an ultimatum to both landowners and developers that they are going to have to lower their expectations on potential profits. By this I mean, landowners will be expected to sell their land significantly below the full commercial value in order that the developer can increase his Section 106 and Community Infrastructure Levy contributions to the Council.
Besides the obvious problems of getting landowners to fall in line and developers who currently repeatedly fail to meet their existing contributions to cough up even more, there are some further challenges in terms of the methods by which the council may legally recoup these contributions.
The Community Infrastructure Levy or CIL as its known is a flat rate fee that has to be applied across all developments, so as I understand they cannot raise that contribution without also increasing contributions on all the existing sites, and besides the council do not currently have this facility in place.
Section 106 contributions, the councils only option right now, may not be used for strategic road infrastructure which is a serious concern, given that the primary purpose of the entire approach is to pay for an A2/M2 link road.
So, I asked how exactly the council were planning on making this idea work in practice and their response was "we are looking at a number of alternative delivery vehicles which have been used successfully elsewhere, which are capable of capturing more land value for infrastructure provision."
I'll take that as no flipping clue then.
The council has prepared some suggestions as to where these supersized garden town developments might be located which I have included by way of a simplified map below.
They would be looking to creating two or three new towns and according to the report still, have some further reliance on other smaller new sites beyond that.
The council are keen to maintain that they are simply putting ideas out there, albeit to tackle a problem that largely doesn't yet exist, with the suggestion that "here are some ideas for how we could approach it, we'll test them and see what people think" we should be mindful that the council have already floated the idea with central government and more specifically singling out one option, in particular, built a funding bid around testing infrastructure for the exact same option with no scope for testing some of the other options outlined in their report.
Even the report itself singles out that exact same option for a specific illustration, so realistically how much faith can you place in the council to actually listen.
It is abundantly clear that the political focus is on delivering an A2/M2 link and the only concept illustrated is by some remarkable co-incidence almost exactly the same as the Quinn Estates / Kent Science Park proposals. I don't buy that the Upchurch/Newington options are even on the table and as for Faversham, a key component of the current Local Plan would need to be removed before any of the Faversham options could come forward.
The Council have confirmed today that has not decided whether or not they would be prepared to relinquish the special protection afforded to Faversham. Therefore, we may be consulted on the basis that all options in the report are possible, when clearly, they may not be. I think the council needs to concede right now before the consultation commences that if the public supported any of the Faversham options then the special planning status would end by default.
You may have also noted the absence of any locations on the Isle of Sheppey which is apparently because the house prices are not sufficiently high to make this scheme viable. This is why Faversham comes out as the least problematic option according to the report's author.
Personally, I remain unconvinced, and I'm not sure we should be planning 50 years ahead, regardless of location, and I should make it clear that is also an option so you don't have to choose any of the schemes.
A public consultation on these grand ideas is apparently going to be held for 8 weeks starting in April.
Andy Hudson
Showing comments 1 to 3 of 3
If one views anything to do with the so-called science park as a red herring (with the usual promise of employment) and discounts any future increase in its size or even closure then it is possible to come up with a different scenario for the SBC/Quinn Estates master plan for housing development between the A2 and M2. Rerouting the new link road from just before Cromers Road up the Highsted Valley avoids the problem of developing J5A where Ruins Barn Road goes OVER the M2. Instead you have Bottom Pond Road passing UNDER it which would make the building of exit/joining slip roads much easier (and cheaper).
With all the deviousness when it comes to housing development in Swale it is a case of watch this space.
Comment by James on 20 Feb 2018
Swale Council do have an idea of how they intend to fund junction 5A and a link road since they have already applied for funding via KCC to the Housing Infrastructure Fund for transport infrastructure:-
https://www.kent.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/76965/Housing-Infrastructure-Fund-Swale-Transport-Infrastructure-bid.pdf
Phase 1 refers to the A249 M2 j5 road link
Phase 2 refers to "provision of the additional new road infrastructure, north and south of the A2, creates new links and assists delivery of new development but also opens new possibilities in tandem with the Local Plan Review".
"Options for a new development strategy will be considered as part of the Local Plan Review. This will define growth beyond 2031 and offer the potential for enhanced delivery in the period 2022-2031".
Comment by Kevin Godfrey on 03 Feb 2018
I think the council's dream "alternative delivery vehicle" to finance the link road may be the Housing Infrastructure Fund: -
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/housing-infrastructure-fund
Is this being explored / applied for by the council via KCC?
However the housing infrastructure fund example does not quite fit, the example states: -
"The site has a Neighbourhood Plan, reflecting the strong local support for the scheme and
will also form 35% of the district's housing need."


text:
Q: Storing ints in Arrays without knowing the length the user will specify(as a string, not an int!?) I want my program (java) to ask the user how many cups he wants (e.g. 4), then ask them how many sugars he wants in each cup. I would store them as an array.. but truthfully have almost no idea on how to go about it.. I just need a starting point!
An example:
How many sugars in cup 1? 0

How many sugars in cup 2? 1

How many sugars in cup 3? 3

How many sugars in cup 4? 1

So far I have something like this:(The user would have previously typed how many cups they want).
int[] sugarList = new int [cupsWanted];
while(cupsWanted > 0) {
    System.out.println("How many sugars in cup " + shotlist[0++] + "?");
}

I feel like I am stuck in a rut and not sure if I am on the right track.. any help would be great!! Thanks

A: To answer the question in the title:
Don't use an array to store it, use an ArrayList. The ArrayList will automatically resize as you add items.
List<Integer> sugarList = new ArrayList<>();

To answer the question in the body - you need to parse the String into an Integer using:
Integer.valueOf(theStringEntered);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


How to add Email Signature in Windows Phone?
It is a known fact that email is one of the important modes of communication in all business sectors. And today a lot of business are depended on email service. Moreover, if you have an email service then you can easily get connected with the people around you and also with the customers across the globe. With the help of email, you can also do marketing of your business products and services. So today if you are looking for information on how to add Email Signature in Windows Phone then here is the complete information on it.
1. First, you need to open an email account and that can be done either from the start screen or from the Apps list.
2. Next, in the inbox of your email account, you need to tap on more option (the three dots on the bottom right of the screen).
3. Now a menu will be shown on the bottom of your screen with several options. So in there, you need to click on setting.
4. Next, in the setting tab, you can customize plenty of things so in there you will see the signature for your email account.
5. The first thing you'll find in the Signature section is a switch for turning this feature On and Off. If you want to stop using an email signature, set this switch to Off. If you want to use a signature, set this switch to On.
6. Once after turning the signature option on a text field is shown beneath its switch. It displays the current signature. If you never changed it, it should say "Sent from my Windows Phone".
7. Now to edit the signature you need to click on that filed and need to enter the text that you want to use. Next click on done to save your changes.
8. So now all the emails you will send from this account will have the new signature attached at the end.


You're reading Lord of All Realms Chapter 720: Bad Habi at Wuxiaworld.world. Please visit our website regularly to update the latest chapters of the series.
"Yeah, give me a kiss and you'll get a soul crystal," Nie Tian said playfully.
In fact, he didn't expect Yin Yanan to agree to it. He only wanted her to stop annoying him while he gathered soul crystals.
At this moment, Nie Tian had just picked up another soul crystal from by his feet.
In the next moment, she gently put her charming red lips against Nie Tian's neck.
However, before he could enjoy Yin Yanan's sweet kiss, a agonized scream escaped his mouth.
A strong stabbing pain came from his neck, and he felt as if he had been pierced by many steel needles. He could even feel the pain in his scalp.
He looked down, and it turned out that Yin Yanan had bit him with great force after briefly touching his neck with her soft lips.
While Nie Tian grunted in pain, she stretched out her slender arm that looked like a spiritual snake and snatched the soul crystal out of Nie Tian's hand with great precision.
"Give it back!" Nie Tian said angrily.
With these words, sharp light started to gather at the tips of her fingers as she held them close to Nie Tian's neck.
At this moment, he realized that having this woman so close to him was actually a great potential threat.
She was not only at the late Worldly realm, but practiced powerful incantations. So even stranded in the depths of the lake, she still had formidable battle prowess.
If she actually discarded all scruples and made an attempt on his life from behind him, the consequences would be catastrophic.
"No, thanks!!" Nie Tian said angrily.
The corner of Nie Tian's mouth twitched as he decided not to talk to her anymore.
Afterwards, Nie Tian seemed to have become a solid stone. No matter what Yin Yanan said, he ignored her completely, and focused solely on gathering soul crystals and refining them with the nine fragmentary stars in his soul.
Yin Yanan, however, didn't give up easily. She thought of every possible way to tease and provoke him, but Nie Tian didn't pay her the least attention.
Finally, she settled down and focused her attention on the soul crystal in her hand. Eyes narrowed, she examined it for a short while before starting to channel and refine its pure, concentrated soul power.
The two of them didn't have any interactions after that.
Time passed bit by bit, and Nie Tian found and refined many soul crystals at the bottom of the lake.
He was holding another soul crystal in his hand when he noticed that the fierce souls that had been hovering around them from a safe distance had suddenly left for the lake's surface.
He looked up, and discovered that Hong Xian, Wei Yu, Chu Xuanji had jumped into the lake at the same time.
The fierce souls seemed to have summoned some profound power from the lake water as they pounced on the three of them.
The three of them only stayed underwater for a few seconds before their expressions flickered drastically and they fled in panic like the Frost Blood Python and the Bone Blood Demon.
Nie Tian knew that all living beings would find themselves influenced by some restrictive spell.
They wouldn't be able to cast any spells or magics that had anything to do with soul power.
However, those fierce souls were completely unaffected. Therefore, even though Hong Xian and the other two experts were all at the late Soul realm, they were at their wits' end when facing these fierce souls.
Fleeing was their only option.
After seeing them escape from the lake, Nie Tian didn't seem to attach much importance to it as he refocused on his own business.
Hong Xian and the other two experts landed on the lakeshore, their faces very grim.
Standing beside them were the Bone Blood Demon and the Frost Blood Python, both of which were formidable creatures. It didn't seem to matter whether it was human experts, hybrid spirit beasts, or powerful puppets, all they could do was to stand here and watch the lake.
He had seen what Wei Yu had seen too, but what concerned him at this moment weren't those soul crystals, but Yin Yanan's safety.
Those fierce souls they saw in the lake were clearly preying on the souls of those who dared to go into the lake. The three of them had been attacked the moment they jumped in.
Yin Yanan was down there, but how was she not being attacked by those fierce souls?
As the Beast-controlling Sect's chosen one, Yin Yanan was deemed to be the future of the Beast-controlling Sect. As valuable as the soul crystals were, they weren't nearly as valuable as her.
Hong Xian was very worried that something would happen to her, and he would have be held responsible for it.
While the three of them talked, Soul realm and Profound realm Qi warriors gradually returned to the lakeside.
Originally, they had all fled from the lake. They only returned now because they sensed the changes, and were convinced that it was now safe to return to the lakeside.
They gathered to their team leaders and asked about the situation. They were shocked to learn that Nie Tian and Yin Yanan were now gathering soul crystals at the bottom of the lake.
Even Worldly realm cultivators like Qiao Yunxi, Chu Bowen, and Xing Beichen exited the Wood Thriving Formation and gathered curiously by the lakeside.
They only dared to come out of the spell formation because they sensed that the strange soul attracting force was completely gone.
"Where's Nie Tian?" Qiao Yunxi asked with a worried look.
At this moment, people finally learned Nie Tian's name.
"He's at the bottom of the lake with Yanan now," Hong Xian explained.
Nie Tian reached down and picked up a thirteenth soul crystal. As he tried to refine it with the nine fragmentary stars in his soul again, the fragmentary stars didn't channel soul power from it as they had done with the previous ones.
Instead, it was his true soul that started channeling soul power from the soul crystal.
However, the speed at which his true soul channeled soul power was much slower than the fragmentary stars in his soul.
As wisps of pure soul power slowly flew into his true soul, Nie Tian had a peculiar feeling that an illusory version of him was refining power into itself.
He then realized that this feeling came from his true soul.
His true soul was channeling soul power from the soul crystal the same way he channeled spiritual power from spirit stones.
As he examined the nine fragmentary stars in his soul, he noticed that they had become at least three times as large as they had been, shining brightly over his sea of awareness.
It appeared that each and every fragmentary star was now brimming with power.
After pondering for a while, Nie Tian decided to put the cultivation of his true soul on hold.
He figured he had better gather all of the remaining soul crystals first.
As he went from place to place to gather soul crystals, something caught his attention.
It was the skull in his ring of holding, which had a Phantasm soul sealed inside. The Phantasm soul suddenly charged through the soul barriers Nie Tian had established and flew out of the skull.
In the blink of an eye, it flew into the prismatic crystal in his ring of holding.
Immediately afterwards, the prismatic crystal that was only the size of a fingernail broke away from his ring of holding and flew into the lake.
A strong sense of danger rose in Nie Tian's heart.


I made contact with local artisanal roasters to start with, asking them for the opportunity to sell their coffee online. The list of roasters expanded, and then I started to approach local equipment distributors and wholesalers so that I could round out the offering to include brewing gear.... "How to Start Your Own Coffee Roasting Business" Espresso Vida If you are interested in losing weight by drinking healthy all-natural coffee, tea, juice, or hot chocolate, check out my website!
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Coffee Roasting Business For Sale. While researching this chapter I found one coffee roasting business for sale online for $98,000. The one-man company had gross sales of $216,000 and a net profit $66,000 the previous year. how to stop desk shaking from subwoofer HI All, I am planning to start a coffee business this year and my business plan incorporates a roaster into the equation. Roasting coffee is something I have never done so a big learning curve ahead.
If you haven�t been roasting coffee steadily, even as a home roaster for at least 1�2 years then build up that experience. Even a small fluid bed roaster will do the trick. And you�ll need to figure out how to correctly roast many different types of coffee and �cup them� accordingly. If you are GOOD at it and you like it, then figure out your business plan and your go-to-market how to start a business plan for dummies Beanisimo Coffee coffee roaster business plan company summary. Beanisimo Coffee is a start up Salem, Oregon based coffee roaster that has developed a line of premium coffees and espressos. Beanisimo Coffee is a start up Salem, Oregon based coffee roaster that has developed a line of premium coffees and espressos.
This is a great way to introduce a new roasting business to local patrons and is especially useful if you are planning to expand from wholesale into retail sales and open your own coffee shop. The ultimate goal is to develop a roast that can be used as your signature product.
23/12/2016�� Learning how to roast coffee starts by understanding the principles and theory first. The manual operation of the machinery is quite simple but without comprehension of the roasting process, you may not be getting the best characteristics from the green beans and therefore not producing the highest quality possible.
Once you have organized and projected the volumes of your wholesale accounts, it will make it easier for you to plan ahead in your own green coffee procurement. Check out the article written by my colleague about buying forward for more insight.
The best part of roasting your own, is when you get lucky, and hit the right amount of roast for your beans. The coffee almost has a sweetness to it, and the flavor is so clean. My roaster does about 3/4 lb per batch (search 'Turbo-crazy'), its a convection oven top and Stir-Crazy popcorn popper. Did 3 lbs this morning, will last 2-3 weeks.


Hypertension, or high blood pressure, refers to the pressure of blood against your artery walls. Over time, high blood pressure can cause blood vessel damage that leads to heart disease, kidney disease, stroke, and other problems. Hypertension is sometimes called the silent killer because it produces no symptoms and can go unnoticed — and untreated — for years. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), an estimated 75 million Americans have high blood pressure. Many risk factors for high blood pressure are out of your control, such as age, family history, gender, and race. But there are also factors you can control, such as exercise and diet. A diet that can help control blood pressure is rich in potassium, magnesium, and fiber and lower in sodium.
Canned vegetables often have added sodium. But frozen vegetables contain as many nutrients as fresh vegetables, and they're easier to store. You can also blend these veggies with bananas and nut milk for a healthy, sweet green juice. The Most Common Spinach we've in Nigeria is "Ewedu" which is very common among the yoruba tribes it is used to eat our swallows as supplement to our regular pepper stew.
Berries, especially blueberries, are rich in natural compounds called flavonoids. One study found that consuming these compounds might prevent hypertension and help lower blood pressure. Blueberries, raspberries, and strawberries are easy to add to your diet. You can put them on your cereal or granola in the morning, or keep frozen berries on hand for a quick and healthy dessert.
Beets are high in nitric oxide, which can help open your blood vessels and lower blood pressure. Researchers also found that the nitrates in beetroot juice lowered research participants' blood pressure within just 24 hours. You can juice your own beets or simply cook and eat the whole root. Beetroot is delicious when roasted or added to stir-fries and stews. You can also bake them into chips. Be careful when handling beets — the juice can stain your hands and clothes.
Skim milk is an excellent source of calcium and is low in fat. These are both important elements of a diet for lowering blood pressure. You can also opt for yogurt if you don't like milk. According to the American Heart Association, women who ate five or more servings of yogurt a week experienced a 20 percent reduction in their risk for developing high blood pressure. Try incorporating granola, almond slivers, and fruits into your yogurt for extra heart-healthy benefits. When buying yogurt, be sure to check for added sugar. The lower the sugar quantity per serving, the better.
Oatmeal fits the bill for a high-fiber, low-fat, and low-sodium way to lower your blood pressure. Eating oatmeal for breakfast is a great way to fuel up for the day. Overnight oats are a popular breakfast option. To make them, soak 1/2 cup of rolled oats and 1/2 cup of nut milk in a jar. In the morning, stir and add berries, granola, and cinnamon to taste.
One review notes that garlic can help reduce hypertension by increasing the amount of nitric oxide in the body. Nitric oxide helps promote vasodilation, or the widening of arteries, to reduce blood pressure. Incorporating flavorful herbs and spices into your daily diet can also help you cut back on your salt intake. Examples of herbs and spices you can add include basil, cinnamon, thyme, rosemary, and more.
Pistachios are a healthy way to decrease blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance, or blood vessel tightening, and heart rate. One study found that a diet with one serving of pistachios a day helps reduce blood pressure. You can incorporate pistachios into your diet by adding them to crusts, pesto sauces, and salads, or by eating them plain as a snack.


The Safari H2O Abel Explorer is a fully featured sea kayak for the experienced and intermediate paddler.
When you need to have maximum luggage capacity, good speed and uncompromised performance in an exploring adventure situation, the Abel Explorer is the boat of choice.
It's a fast and stable adventure kayak with all your gear. It's designed for serious adventuring.
The brief was to create an up-to-date, uncompromised, fully featured exploring sea kayak - something that you would choose when you were off doing your big adventure.
The Abel Explorer is ideal for ocean adventures, or multi-day trips in big rivers.
Abel Tasman was one of our most famous maritime explorers, and this boat is named after him. It's also an able boat, whether Abel by name, or able by nature.


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Household electricity and its current flow can be easier to understand if you compare it to the plumbing in your home. Both water and electricity enter your home from the utility service lines and exit it after being distributed throughout the house. Water flows through pipes and is used at faucets and other fixtures. Electricity flows through a network of wiring and is used by lights, appliances and other electrical devices.
Water flows throughout a home's supply piping because it is pressurized by the water company or by a well system. Once it is used at a fixture it no longer has pressure and must rely on gravity to flow through the drain pipes. Therefore, all the water exiting the house through drains can be considered to have no pressure. Likewise, electricity has a specific pressure that is regulated by the power company. This pressure allows the electrical current to flow through the wiring leading into the house and throughout the home's electrical system. Electricity is used by each electrical device or appliance. Anything unused returns to the electrical service entry point (and ultimately back onto the power grid) via neutral circuit wires. This return is considered to be without pressure, much like water going down the drains of your home.
Increasing pressure in a pipe means the water flows through with greater force. The same is true with electrical wiring; more pressure means greater force. Water pressure is measured in pounds per square inch or psi. Electrical pressure is measured in volts or voltage. All electrical devices are rated for specific voltages. Most devices and small appliances in a home are rated for 120 volts, while high-voltage appliances, such as electric dryers, ranges, and many baseboard heaters, are rated for 240 volts.
Just as larger water pipes carry more flow, or volume, of water, larger wires carry more electrical current. Current is measured in amps or amperage. Along with voltage, all electrical components are rated for safe amperage levels. The circuit breakers in your home's breaker box have specific amp ratings. Most circuits are rated for 15 or 20 amps, while large-appliance circuits are rated for 30, 40, 50 or more amps. When you plug too many things into one circuit, you're effectively increasing the flow to the point of overload. This causes the breaker to trip and shut off the power to the circuit.
A watt is a measure of how much electricity is used by an electrical device. Watts are a function of both voltage (pressure) and amperage (flow, or current). Multiplying voltage and amperage give you wattage. For example, your microwave oven might be rated for 10 amps, and you plug it into a 120-volt outlet. Therefore, 10 (amps) x 120 (volts) = 1,200 watts. That's how much electricity the microwave is using whenever it's running on high (other settings, like defrost, probably use fewer watts). Returning to our plumbing comparison, an energy-efficient light bulb is like a low-flow showerhead. Where we used to have 60-watt incandescent bulbs we now use 12- or 14-watt LED bulbs. Old showerheads had flows of 5 gallons per minute, but today's low-flow models use no more than 2.5 gallons per minute. Depending on how you look at it, that means more power going back to the grid or less water going down the drain.


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Description , 3-343, , 11 ff., 346:200 mm., light age and damp staining, wide margins, some light foxing last several ff., ff. 4-7 misbound. A very good copy bound in later half leather and cloth boards, rubbed.
Description Commentary to the Pentateuch. The book is divided into chapters, each containing an introduction in which he sets forth what in his opinion were the difficulties to be encountered in the chapter. These questions have no fixed number, sometimes amounting to over 40. Don Isaac states that he chose it as a means of initiating discussion and encouraging investigation (introduction to commentary on Joshua). Grammatical or philological explanations of the text are rarely given in his commentaries, since as he says, he relies wholly on the philological interpretations of his predecessors (mainly R. David Kimhi). His exegesis is characterized by lengthy expositions of the content and subject matter of Scripture. Each chapter is prefaced by a short resume of its content, followed by a lengthy excursus of the subject matter in the course of which he endeavors to resolve the problems raised in the introduction.
Don Isaac b. Judah Abravanel (1437-1508), received a careful education and was a pupil of R. Joseph Hayyim, rabbi of Lisbon. Well versed in Talmudic literature and in the learning of his time, endowed with a clear and keen mind, and full of enthusiasm for Judaism, he devoted his early years to the study of Jewish religious philosophy,and when scarcely twenty years old wrote on the original form of the natural elements, on the most vital religious questions, on prophecy, etc. His political abilities also attracted attention while he was still young. He entered the service of King Alfonso V. of Portugal as treasurer, and soon won the confidence of his master. Notwithstanding his high position and the great wealth he had inherited from his father, his love for his afflicted brethren was unabated. When Arzilla, in Morocco, was taken by the Moors, and the Jewish captives were sold as slaves, he contributed largely to the funds needed to manumit them, and personally arranged for collections throughout Portugal. He also wrote to his learned and wealthy friend Jehiel, of Pisa, in behalf of the captives. After the death of Alfonso he was obliged to relinquish his office, having been accused by King John II. of connivance with the duke of Bragança, who had been executed on the charge of conspiracy. Don Isaac, warned in time, saved himself by a hasty flight to Castile (1483). His large fortune was confiscated by royal decree. At Toledo, his new home, he occupied himself at first with Biblical studies, and in the course of six months produced an extensive commentary on the books of Joshua, Judges, and Samuel. But shortly afterward he entered the service of the house of Castile. Together with his friend, the influential Don Abraham Senior, of Segovia, he undertook to farm the revenues and to supply provisions for the royal army, contracts that he carried out to the entire satisfaction of Queen Isabella. During the Moorish war Abravanel advanced considerable sums of money to the government. When the banishment of the Jews from Spain was decreed, he left nothing undone to induce the king to revoke the edict. In vain did he offer him 30,000 ducats ($68,400, nominal value). With his brethren in faith he left Spain and went to Naples, where, soon after, he entered the service of the king. For a short time he lived in peace undisturbed; but when the city was taken by the French, bereft of all his possessions, he followed the young king, Ferdinand, in 1495, to Messina; then went to Corfu; and in 1496 settled in Monopoli, and lastly (1503) in Venice, where his services were employed in negotiating a commercial treaty between Portugal and the Venetian republic (Zurita, "Historia del Rey Don Fernando el Católico," v. 342a).
Paragraph 2 Paragraph 2 מהחכם השלם דון יצחק אברבנאל זצ"ל ... ועתה הוסיף ... הענריך יעקב מבאסהייזין, דאקטר ופראפעשיר ודרשן בהענוויא, להדפיסו זה שנית עם תוספות נופך ... וסימנים ... וגם לרבות ... מראה מקומות ... בדפוס לשון הקדש אשר הוקם עתה מחדש בעיר הזאת. דף [2,א-7,א]: שער נוסף, הקדשה והקדמה בלאטינית. השער הלאטיני: R. Isaaci Abrabanelis ... cummentarius in pentateuchum Mosis ... com accessionibus marginalibus ... ... Henrico Iacobo Van Bashvysen דף [1-9] (מן הספירה השלישית): מפתח עניינים בלאטינית. דף  ,א-יא: בית שער קטן ... (סימנים על מקצת דמקצת חדושי ... ארבנאל) [עם שער מיוחד].
דף [7,ב]: הסכמות ר' נפתלי הכהן, ורנקפורט דמיין, [בלא תאריך]; ר' שלמה אאילייון, אמשטרדם ד מנחם-[אב] תס"ט; ר' יהודא ליב [ב"ר דוד] אמשטרדם, טו תמוז תס"ט; ר' משה ב"ר אברהם ברודא מפראג, הענא, ט ניסן ת"ע.