text:
Home/Report/Executive Summary
Executive SummaryWebmaster2017-06-13T18:48:40+00:00
Considering the positive signs, it's important to ask whether we, as a community, are prepared and positioned to capitalize on our current momentum.
In recent decades, Birmingham and its metro area have underperformed in job and population growth in comparison to comparable cities. That begs the question: Why?
Nationally, a substantial body of research indicates that metro areas with more broad-based, cooperative governmental arrangements grow faster and generate greater prosperity than metro areas that are governmentally fragmented, divided into a multitude of independent municipalities.
Our central city of Birmingham is surrounded by more independent suburbs than any other southern city.1 This pattern of fragmentation has consequences. It leads to duplication, creates intra-regional competition, concentrates economic advantage and disadvantage, and diffuses resources and leadership. It makes it difficult to arrive at consensus, pursue priorities of regional importance, or deliver services that transcend municipal boundaries. In sum, it puts the metro area at a disadvantage.
Figure 1 compares job growth since 2000 in two groups of metropolitan areas. The seven cities on the left are fragmented like Birmingham: a diminished central city ringed by a multitude of suburbs.
The seven metros on the right have governmental structures that unite the region. In the more unified metros, job growth since 2000 ranges from 20 percent to 50 percent. In the fragmented metros, job growth ranges from 5 percent to -12 percent.
Average annual employment in Birmingham-Hoover MSA has increased by only 0.24 percent since 2000.
The same contrast emerges when comparing median income and poverty and unemployment rates: In cities where government is fragmented, growth is slower, and social and economic problems are more concentrated.
The negative effects of fragmentation weigh not only on the center city but also on the metropolitan area as a whole. The fortunes of the central city and its suburbs are interlocked.2
Fragmentation is a long-term process, a deeply ingrained pattern of development that Birmingham shares with northern cities that have a similar industrial heritage. It is not easily undone. In no instance in the post-World War II era has there been a mass political consolidation that dissolved existing cities or school districts. However, cities across the country have developed alternative approaches that promote unity and increase cooperation within their metro areas.
In 2016, the Community Foundation of Greater Birmingham commissioned the Public Affairs Research Council of Alabama (PARCA) to conduct a study of the current structure of government in Greater Birmingham, with Jefferson County as its primary focus. The study was to examine Greater Birmingham's historic development and its current state in comparison with other cities, to describe different options other cities have pursued to overcome fragmentation, and finally, to explore how those different options might work in the Birmingham context.
This resulting report was developed with advice and review from a Strategic Advisory Group convened by the Community Foundation. Members of the Strategic Advisory Group were selected to provide a range of perspectives representing the larger Jefferson County community.
Locally, a wide range of public officials from the central city, the suburbs, and the county were also consulted, as were leaders in business and civic groups.
Fragmentation has led to a decline in Birmingham's prominence and its ability to lead the region.
In 1950, Birmingham was the 34th largest city in the U.S. According to the latest population estimates, the city has fallen out of the top 100. Though the latest estimates indicate the city may have halted its population decline, other Alabama cities where growth is strong may eventually displace Birmingham as Alabama's largest city.
The population of the City of Birmingham now represents only 32 percent of Jefferson County's population compared to 60 percent in 1950. The city still holds a position of regional leadership thanks to its ability to draw taxes from businesses and commuters who come into the city to work or shop. Over 90,000 people commute into the city each day, filling more than half of the jobs in the city. According to PARCA's analysis, city residents contribute 33 percent of city taxes, non-residents contribute 28 percent, and businesses 39 percent.
However, Birmingham's role as chief supporter of regional assets and projects is under increasing strain, as it struggles to meet not only that role but also the needs of economically distressed neighborhoods and residents.
Fragmentation is a drag on metropolitan growth.
The Birmingham-Hoover MSA is currently the 49th largest in the U.S., but its growth in employment and population is slow compared to peer MSAs. Growth is particularly lagging in its central county, Jefferson. Recent projections estimate Jefferson County will add only 8,967 new residents by 2040, a 1.4 percent increase over the current population.
Greater Birmingham has not developed a viable alternative for regional leadership.
While Jefferson County has positioned itself to better play a regional leadership role thanks to recent improvements in its finances and management, it still lacks an executive branch. Nearly half of the large counties in the U.S. are now headed by an elected CEO, creating a strong and capable executive branch charged with the management of the county government. Jefferson County is still governed by a five-member commission elected by district. Additionally, the 26-member Jefferson County Legislative Delegation exercises substantial control over local affairs.
Greater Birmingham needs a spirit of governmental innovation.
Across the country, local governments are innovating with form and function, finding new ways to collaborate, economize, and deliver better customer service. Greater Birmingham need not be bound to traditional ways of doing things.
INSIGHTS FROM OTHER CITIES
PARCA's research identified four different approaches cities and metro areas take toward building and maintaining regional unity. Four cities representing the four different approaches were selected for study.
The four approaches are:
1 | Functional Consolidation
Decreasing duplication and increasing efficiency through cooperative agreements between local governments.
Example Metro: Charlotte, North Carolina
2 | Modernizing County Government
Structuring county government to provide regional leadership.
Example Metro: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
3 | Cooperation Through Regional Entities
Using regional bodies to deliver services or coordinate strategy on a region-wide basis. These can be public or private, or a fusion of the two.
Example Metro: Denver, Colorado
4 | Political Consolidation
Most often, the merger of the central city with the central county, creating an umbrella metro government to deliver regional level services.
Example Metro: Louisville, Kentucky
Once labeled "the most segregated city in America," Birmingham is justly proud of its historic role in breaking down the walls of segregation that once legally separated blacks and whites.
The time is now right to re-examine the barriers to unity that were created in the past and develop a new approach that better meets the needs of all the people in the Birmingham metropolitan area—urban, suburban, and rural. No one approach rules out the others. In crafting an approach that meets its unique needs, Birmingham might borrow ideas from each.
This is not a new issue for our region, and we are not alone in having tried multiple times to resolve it.
Louisville and Nashville each failed twice before achieving governmental consolidation, and Charlotte created its intergovernmental cooperation strategy as an alternative to unachievable structural change. Pittsburgh took a first step to attack fragmentation by reforming county government, just as Denver did by creating special-purpose regional authorities with their own tax sources.
The question of community unity has been a recurring strain in Birmingham's history. Greater Birmingham was catapulted to the status of major American city through a consolidation in the first decade of the 20th Century. Multiple votes from the 1940s through the 1960s presented city-suburban merger as an option but failed to garner adequate support. A different approach, the Metropolitan Area Project Strategies, was proposed in the late 1990s.
With the negative effects of fragmentation having become very clear, it is time for fresh ideas and new conversation about how Greater Birmingham can chart a new, more prosperous course. The public seems ready to engage in this conversation, as evidenced by public opinion polling and focus groups conducted in concert with the research.
In December of 2016, a poll of 400 registered voters in Jefferson County was conducted by Montgomery-based Southeast Research.
Most respondents expressed high levels of satisfaction with the direction of their local community but were less satisfied when it came to the direction of Jefferson County as a whole.
The poll found strong support for the concept of communities cooperating to deliver services with 81 percent of those polled saying they would support cooperation.
Support for cooperation was strong across a spectrum of services: police and fire protection, garbage pickup, road maintenance, public transit, economic development, and the provision of public parks and recreational facilities.
Support for cooperation was even higher in the rising younger generation, with support for cooperation in virtually every domain exceeding 90 percent among 18- to 34-year-olds.
Based on PARCA's research commissioned by the Community Foundation of Greater Birmingham, the Strategic Advisory Group recommends the following steps:
Dissemination of the report
During the summer and fall of 2017, the findings in this report should be shared as widely as possible in hopes of reaching a wide variety of interested audiences and fostering dialogue throughout the various communities in Jefferson County.
Identification of champions for change
During the dissemination phase, key leaders willing to lead the call for increased cooperation should be identified and enlisted.
Decision on a course of action
Based on feedback from the community and considering Birmingham's current governmental landscape, the most feasible and effective course for change should be identified.
Campaign for change
With champions identified and a course of action selected, a broad, grass-roots campaign should be pursued in order to raise awareness of and garner support for the model of change most suitable for Greater Birmingham.
This effort to build the structures needed for a more cooperative community is not aimed at a particular outcome or policy area. Instead, it is aimed at improving Greater Birmingham's ability to identify and pursue common ambitions and address common concerns.
Our communities are inextricably linked. Our future is shared. As Martin Luther King, Jr. wrote in his "Letter from Birmingham Jail," "We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly." Recognizing those connections is a first step. Our challenge will be to forge those connections into structures for cooperation.
1 Rusk, David. Cities without Suburbs: A Census 2010 Perspective. Fourth Edition ed. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins UP, 2013. Print.
2 Rappaport, Jordan; "The Shared Fortunes of Cities and Suburbs." Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Economic Review, Third Quarter, 2005.
Proceed to Chapter One
Charting a Course to Cooperation
for Greater Birmingham
2016 Jefferson County
Cooperation Study
Poll Report


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Q: Ideal class name for static class for misc functionalities Whats is the ideal class name for my static class which has some static methods to handle General/Common functionalities iike taking backup,saving recent items etxc.. (Infact Misc items ) in C#. I would like to have Manager as suffix of the class name (ex: SaleManager(to handle sales related functionalities),ContatManager(to handle contact related functionality)

A: It turns out that "Utility" is controversial, while "Math" is not.  So it would seem that the name should suggest the overall functionality of the methods in the static class.

A: RefactorMeManager.

A: If you have a Utility (or UtilityManager) class that has lots and lots of static methods, that is indeed an anti-pattern and should be refactored pronto.
However, there are the things that are just that - utilities, and one should not refrain from putting them in a separate Utilities class (my personal favourite). Yes, that opens the door for all sorts of ugly scenarios, and one has to hold the reins, or anything and everything will end up there, and yes, there is a need to "promote" methods to their own class (usually XXXHelper) if the need arises, but, nonetheless, I find the Utilities class a helpful construct, and not an anti-pattern by itself. Patterns are a recommendation after all, they are not a religion :)
Manager as a suffix for that kind of a class is confusing, because the class does not in fact manage anything.

A: Long live internal static class Utils.

A: My general feeling is that one should not have such a general class. Email in particular is quite likely to expand to more than just a SendEmail() method and frankly new Email({to, subject, body}).Send() makes a lot more OO sense.

A: Here are some .NET Framework classes that perform these types of operations:

*

*System.Environment

*System.Math

*System.IO.File

*System.IO.Directory

*System.IO.Path

*System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal

As you can see, the routines are grouped by topic into classes, and none of the classes have "Helper" or "Utilities" appended. Here are some classes I've made that perform some of these types of things:

*

*SymbolicMath (like the Math class, but for working with symbolic math expressions)

*BigIntegerMath (library of large-integer arithmetic using System.Numerics.BigInteger type - primality proving, factoring, and some other things)

A: UtilityManager..?

A: Tools
Utils
Extensions (if you put just extension methods in there (C#))

A: There are very good reasons not to do that kind of thing. It is considered an anti-pattern.

A: Even for static classes (btw: I prefer the XxxHelper suffix) I'd stick to the paradigm "Separation of Concerns" and would not mix different utilities in one class.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Always be improving. Kaizen, baby!
Seriously, you MUST make this sauce ASAFP!!!
This will undoubtedly be your "Go To" tomato sauce and you will use it with everything you possibly can.
Not only is this sauce inspired by my Italian honeymoon, but I also found a very similar version from Thomas Keller in his fine cookbook, "Ad Hoc At Home." Together it is a dreamy combo! And it's so frickin easy!
The reason why this is so interesting is that there are a couple of ingredients I doubt you put in your tomato sauces. As fate would have it, while staying in our Moneglia AirBnB, I had to use the local ingredients, whatever they had and/or was in season. So, using the fennel and leeks was just what was done. And what a great surprise.
I am sharing (basically) Thomas Keller's oven roasted way of doing the sauce. But for my version, I did it all on stovetop. I added pan seared prosciutto to start and then added a little red wine (whatever we discovered that day), and I would add fresh rosemary, butter, and top with parmesan. Add whatever you like. But his base is crazy good, so let's start with his recipe. I have simplified it to make it easy for you to cook it up for your dates and store as much as you can. But I doubt it will last long!
Pour olive oil, fennel, onion, leek, and garlic in an oven proof pot. If you like, just throw in the bay leaf and time and fish them out later. As for the peppercorns, well, figure it out. Sprinkle with salt. Put in oven for about 1 hour.
Stir in brown sugar and red wine vinegar and heat for another 20 mins.
Add the tomatoes and sachet.
Cook for another 1 1/2 hours, stirring every 30 minutes.
When it is to your desire thickness, you are done!
Use this on pasta, throw in meatballs, or my favorite, serve warm over fried eggs in the morning. So frickin' good!
Play with it and add some of the things I did in Italy and you will be a very happy man with very happy dates.
I love Argentina! Even though I haven't actually been there yet, I know I do. Why?
Three words Malbec, Parrilla, and Tango.
You may already know of all these things, but what you may not know is of another tasty addition that makes Argentinean meats really pop – Chimichurri sauce. It is incredibly tart tangy savory and succulent and will be a welcome addition to your FoodGame repertoire. ENJOY!
Put all ingredients in a blender or processor, blend till coarse, do not puree!
You can add, oregano, cilantro, onions, cayenne, or whatever else you want to try. But this is your base, experiment from here and enjoy. Serve over any kind of meat, preferably grilled.
I know, I know, it's frickin' Friday! Humpday was 2 days ago. Well, things have been movin' and shakin' over here in the Spencer compound.
There are a lot of technical happenings taking place right now. The DKYD is getting some new hosting and boy does that take a lot of time.
So to say a mea culpa, I am giving you a sneak peek in to the new FoodGame book and sharing an incredibly versatile recipe for an intricate sauce that is ridiculously easy to make and goes with everything. Make this immediately and start sharing it with your saucy dates.
Put all ingredients in a blender or processor, blend til coarse, do not puree!
While you enjoy it, imagine yourself sitting in the Mendoza wine region of Argentina sipping a fine Malbec as the sun slowly sets over the mountains. The scent of grilled meats wafting on the breeze and the expectation of building your own fire in the bedroom add to the intense experience. Yummy.
This recipe is just too damn easy! (I know I say that a lot, but its always true, right?) I am here to help you impress your dates as easy as possible. This recipe packs a vibrant flavorful punch and you can experiment with using it with all kinds of dishes.
Tomatoes (chopped) any kind will work, but get them fresh and in season!
Season with salt and pepper.
Now add almost anything. Try chopped parsley, cilantro, garlic, onions, jalapeños, etc., etc., and so on!
Top anything with this super fresh and tasty condiment: fish, chicken, rice, eggs...delicious.
Here is an amazingly simple sauce to ladle over poultry, fish, dessert, or, when cool enough, your date. As always, click on the ingredient links to get them sent right to your door, so you'll have all you'll need to start turning up the heat in your kitchen!
Take 3 oranges, peeled and cut in chunks as shown. Remove the seeds, peel, and the pith in the center.
Put the orange in a pot.
Bring all to a boil, reduce heat to simmer for about an hour.


text:
\section{Introduction}
	\label{s:intro}

It is well known that fluctuation interactions at nonzero temperature are
entropic in character, a prominent example being the critical Casimir
effect in liquid mixtures close to a continuous phase transition (see Ref.\refcite{Gambassi09}
for an overview). The electromagnetic Casimir interaction is also associated
with an entropy that determines its limiting behaviour at high
temperatures and/or large distances\cite{Balian78, Feinberg01}.
The Casimir entropy for two material plates has recently attracted much
interest also for low temperatures, as for certain situations a violation of the
third law of thermodynamics (the Nernst heat theorem) has been
claimed\cite{Klimchitskaya01a, Bezerra04}.
This has been used to argue in favor of a description
where the DC conductivity of the metallic plates
is ignored. Although the result of this theoretical prescription provides
a better
fit to recent experiments\cite{Decca07b}, the situation is, however, not satisfactory from the physical point of view.
In addition, a similar analysis for an experiment with laser-irradiated
semiconductors\cite{Chen07a} leaves open the meaning of the threshold
value above which the DC conductivity should be included in the theory.

Much has been said about spatially dispersive mirrors where the third law is
verified, due to the anomalous skin effect\cite{Svetovoy08b}, and where
a continuous cross-over from a dielectric to a perfectly conducting response
has been found\cite{Pitaevskii08}. We focus in these proceedings on a
strictly local framework, mainly for simplicity, but also to show that this
case is thermodynamically consistent as well.
We shall see that, indeed, spatial
dispersion plays only a small role in the range of wave vectors that are relevant
for current Casimir experiments.

We take up the interpretation of Ref.\refcite{Hoye03a} where the nonzero
Casimir entropy found as $T \to 0$ was associated to two oscillators coupled
via a third one. Following this idea, we consider two half-spaces filled by an
ideal electron gas, separated by a distance $L$,
and provide a direct calculation of the entropy per area
$S(L) = \lim\limits_{T\to 0} S(L, T)$ in one of the two field polarizations.
This calculation highlights the following point:

The Casimir entropy $S(L)<0$ results from the coupling between two
systems that are not in equilibrium as $T \to 0$. They are filled with a \emph{frozen}
magnetization and, in the local limit, have separately divergent (bulk and
surface) entropies that characterize the disorder of the electromagnetic
configuration.
The Casimir entropy is the correction to additivity when the two bodies are close enough
for their frozen currents to be mutually
coupled by the quasi-static magnetic fields that
`leak' through their surfaces. The Nernst theorem is clearly not applicable for
this disordered system. The situation is quite similar to the `ideal conductor'
(in distinction to a superconductor, see Ref.\refcite{Landau10}) that does not
reach thermodynamical equilibrium as it is cooled, because its random
bulk currents freeze. (See Ref.\refcite{Evans65} where it is argued how
special this ideal conductor case is.)

\section{Casimir entropy from frozen medium currents}

\subsection{Motivation}

We have analyzed in a recent paper\cite{Intravaia09a} the overdamped
field modes to which the unusually large thermal corrections to the
Casimir force between metals can be attributed. Substantiating
previous observations\cite{Torgerson04,Svetovoy07}, we have
interpreted the characteristic frequency,
$\xi_L = D / L^2 = (\mu_0 \sigma L^2)^{-1}$,
in terms of a diffusion equation (diffusion coefficient $D$)
satisfied by the magnetic field and electric
currents in a medium with DC conductivity $\sigma$.

There is no contradiction between thermodynamics and fluctuation
electrodynamics in this case. Fields and
currents induced in the metal are clearly damped and lose energy into
the phonon bath, say.
In equilibrium, however, this is compensated by field and current fluctuations
that are created by the bath. This concept can be traced back to the
Einstein--Langevin theory of Brownian motion \cite{Einstein05b} and
is also the very essence of the fluctuation-dissipation
theorem\cite{Callen51,Ford93a}.  Moreover, for the quantum field
theory, the quantum (or zero-point) fluctuations of the bath variables
are an essential tool to establish at all times the commutation relations for
the field operators\cite{Barnett92,Welsch95,Tip97,Suttorp07,Scheel08}.
In the field theory considered in Ref.\refcite{Intravaia09a}, we dealt with
overdamped
modes: if the wave equation were homogeneous, its eigenfrequencies
would be purely imaginary, similar to free Brownian particles. The quantum
theory of Brownian motion\cite{WeissBook} provides a consistent scheme
for the quantum thermodynamics of this damped system.
In this setting, nonzero entropies and even negative heat
capacities find a quite natural explanation (see, e.g.,
Refs.\refcite{Ingold09a,Ingold09b}).

In the particular
case of an ideal electron gas (or `perfect crystal'), the diffusion constant
$D = D(T) =
\mathcal{O}(T^2)$. As the temperature drops to zero,
the diffusion-dominated modes of
the electromagnetic field do not reach a unique ground state, but remain
in the classical regime $\hbar\xi_L \ll T$.
This motivates the present calculation where the electromagnetic Casimir
entropy between
perfect crystals is re-derived within a classical model.

The basic ingredient are
transverse modes that extend throughout the bulk of the gas:
static current waves interlocked with a magnetic field.
The magnetic fields associated to the bulk currents
leave one medium, by continuity, and cross the vacuum gap to the
other medium in the form of (transverse) evanescent waves. This coupling
between the two media changes slightly the wave vector of each current
mode. Summing over all modes, we get a non-zero change in entropy
that depends, quite naturally, on the separation $L$. It represents
the distance-dependent change per unit area of the (much larger) entropy
of the two frozen bulk systems.

\subsection{Lagrangian and conservation laws}

We start with the Lagrangian density
\begin{equation}
	\mathcal{L} =
	\frac{ n m }{ 2  }
    \dot {\bfxi}^2
    + e n \dot {\bfxi} \cdot {\bf A}
    - \frac{1}{2\mu_{0}}( \nabla \times {\bf A})^2
	\label{ch:def-class-Lagrangian}
\end{equation}
where the field $\bfxi$ describes the displacement of a charged fluid
element, ${\bf A}$ is the vector potential,
$n$ a constant background charge density and $e$ a coupling constant
with units of charge.
The current density is
${\bf j} = e n \dot{\bfxi}$ [see Eq.(\ref{ch:Maxwell-Faraday}) below],
so that $\dot{\bfxi}$ represents a velocity
field. The first term in Eq.(\ref{ch:def-class-Lagrangian}) is thus the kinetic
energy (density), the second one a bilinear coupling, and the third one the
magnetic energy. Note that we neglect electric fields here. This is consistent
if we make the assumption that
$\nabla \cdot \bfxi = \nabla \cdot {\bf A} = 0$. The first equality
ensures that the medium displacement does not produce any charge density,
the second one is the Coulomb gauge.
The variation of
the Lagrangian~(\ref{ch:def-class-Lagrangian}) with respect to ${\bf A}$ gives
the Faraday equation
\begin{equation}
	    e n \dot{\bfxi}
    -\frac{1}{\mu_{0}} \nabla \times (\nabla \times {\bf A}) = 0
    \label{ch:Maxwell-Faraday}
\end{equation}
In addition, the displacement
field $\bfxi$ is a cyclic variable, hence we get a conserved momentum
field
\begin{equation}
	\frac{ \partial {\bfpi}}{ \partial t } = 0
, \quad
	{\bfpi} =
	n m \dot \bfxi + e n {\bf A}
	\label{ch:conservation-law}
\end{equation}
There are two ways to implement this conservation law
physically.\cite{London35}

(i) In a \emph{London
superconductor}, the current density is tied at all times to the vector potential,
with the momentum ${\bfpi}$ being zero:
\begin{equation}
	\mbox{superconductor:\ }\quad
	{\bf j} = e n \dot{\bfxi} =
	- \frac{n e^2}{m} {\bf A}
	\label{ch:London-equation}
\end{equation}
The Maxwell--Faraday equation~(\ref{ch:Maxwell-Faraday}) becomes
\begin{equation}
	\left( \lambda^{-2} -
	\nabla^2 \right) {\bf A} = 0
	\label{ch:Meissner-effect}
\end{equation}
where the Mei\ss{}ner--London penetration depth $\lambda$
is given by the
familiar expression
$\lambda^{-2} = \mu_0 n e^2 / m = \Omega^2 / c^2$
($\Omega$ is the plasma frequency). Eq.(\ref{ch:Meissner-effect}) does
only allow for solutions that start at the surface and exponentially
decay into the bulk on a length scale $\lambda$ (or shorter). Except
for a surface layer of thickness $\sim \lambda$, the
interior of the medium remains free of magnetic field:
the Mei\ss{}ner--Ochsenfeld effect.

From the London
equation~(\ref{ch:London-equation}), we can also conclude that
the Mei\ss{}ner effect is maintained in
time-dependent fields
(at least with sufficiently slow variations;
a detailed analysis clearly goes beyond the simple model considered here).
 For a given frequency component $\omega$,
the `dielectric function' of the London superconductor can be read off
from the polarization field associated to $\bfxi$:
\begin{equation}
	{\bf P} = e n \bfxi = \frac{ {\bf j} }{ - {\rm i} \omega }
	= - \frac{ \varepsilon_0 \Omega^2 }{ \omega^2 }
	{\bf E}
	\label{ch:return-to-plasma-model}
\end{equation}
leading to the so-called plasma model
$\varepsilon( \omega ) = 1 - \Omega^2 / \omega^2$. There is no
violation of causality here, if we read Eq.(\ref{ch:London-equation})
as a retarded response function between the current density and the time
integral of the electric field (i.e., the vector potential).

The option (ii) that complies with the conservation law~(\ref{ch:conservation-law})
corresponds to an \emph{ideal conductor}:
\begin{equation}
	\mbox{ideal conductor:\ }\quad
	\frac{ \partial {\bf j} }{ \partial t }  = 0
	\quad \mbox{and} \quad
	\frac{ \partial {\bf A} }{ \partial t } = 0
	\label{ch:ideal-conductor}
\end{equation}
which means that currents, once created, are not damped and that
the magnetic field is static. The value of the conserved momentum ${\bfpi}$
is not restricted otherwise.
The Faraday
equation~(\ref{ch:Maxwell-Faraday}) then yields the field ${\bf A}$
in terms of its source ${\bf j}$.
Note that the magnetic field is in this case tied to the current density,
similar to the scalar potential and the charge density
in Coulomb-gauge electrodynamics~\cite{CDG1}.
Let us switch to reciprocal space with wavevector ${\bf q}$:
the vector potential ${\bf A}_{\bf q}$
created by the current is
\begin{equation}
	{\bf A}_{\bf q}
	=
	\mu_0 \frac{ {\bf j}_{\bf q} }{  {\bf q}^2 }
	\label{eq:A-in-terms-of-momentum}
\end{equation}
so that the Lagrangian~(\ref{ch:def-class-Lagrangian}) becomes
\begin{equation}
	L = \frac{\mu_0 V }{2}
\sum_{\bf q}
\left(
\lambda^2
+ {\bf q}^{-2}
\right)
|{\bf j}_{\bf q}|^2
	\label{eq:L-in-terms-of-current-alone}
\end{equation}
where $V$ is the quantization volume.
The conjugate momentum becomes
\begin{equation}
	\bfpi_{\bf q}
	= \frac{ m }{ e } \left( 1 + \frac{ 1 }{ \lambda^2 {\bf q}^2 }
	\right)
	{\bf j}_{\bf q}
	\label{eq:conjugate-momentum-and-current}
\end{equation}

\subsection{Normal modes and entropy}

The normal modes of the effective
Lagrangian~(\ref{eq:L-in-terms-of-current-alone}) can clearly be chosen
as plane waves, labelled by wave vector ${\bf q}$ and polarization
index $\mu$.
The associated Hamiltonian, expressed
in terms of the canonical momentum field, is then
\begin{equation}
    H =

    \frac{ V }{ 2 n m }
    \sum_{{\bf q},\mu}
    \left( 1 +
    \frac{ 1 }{ \lambda^2 {\bf q}^2 } \right)^{-1} |{\pi}_{{\bf q}\mu}|^2
	\label{eq:glass-Hamiltonian}
\end{equation}
The (classical) thermodynamics of this system is determined by summing
the free energies of the normal modes over the
quantum numbers ${\bf q}$, $\mu$.
For one mode, we find by calculating the classical partition
function
($\beta = 1/T$)
\begin{equation}
    F_{{\bf q}\mu} = - T \log
    \int\!{\rm d}{\pi}_{{\bf q}\mu}^{\phantom *}

    \exp\left( - \frac\beta2  \epsilon_{q} |\pi_{{\bf q}\mu}|^2 \right)
    = \frac{ T }{ 2 } \log\frac{ \beta \epsilon_{q} }{ 2 \pi }
    \label{eq:result-class-free-energy}
\end{equation}
where $\epsilon_q =
(V/nm) (1 + \lambda^{-2}{\bf q}^{-2})^{-1}$ determines
the mode's energy.
The entropy of this polarization mode is
\begin{equation}
    S_{{\bf q}\mu} = - \frac{ \partial F_{{\bf q}\mu} }{ \partial T }
    = - \frac{ 1 }{ 2 } \log\frac{ \beta \epsilon_{q} }{ 2 \pi }
    + \frac{ 1 }{ 2 }
    \label{eq:entropy-per-mode-1}
\end{equation}
where the equipartition term $+1/2$ comes from the $\beta$ in the logarithm.

When we sum this over all modes, the entropy becomes to leading order
extensive in the volume $V$ of the medium. The part that depends on
the surface is calculated in the usual way. Consider two media (total volume
$V$) with parallel
surfaces of area $\mathcal{A}$ facing each other at a distance $L$ and write
the entropy of the total system in the form
\begin{equation}
    S = V s + 2 {\cal A} S_{\rm surf} + {\cal A} S(L)
        \label{eq:def-Casimir-entropy}
\end{equation}
where $s$ is the (intensive) bulk entropy density, $S_{\rm surf}$
is the entropy per area of one (isolated) surface and $S(L)$
the Casimir entropy per area. We can read the latter as the
deviation from additivity in the system of two media: it thus describes
how the disorder (or information content) of the two plates
is changed by the coupling across the vacuum gap of thickness $L$.

The physical mechanism for this coupling is the penetration of magnetic
fields through the medium surface, as allowed for by the
electromagnetic boundary conditions.  In the vacuum between the media,
the fields satisfy
the Laplace equation $\nabla^2 {\bf A} = 0$: for a given wave vector
${\bf k}$ parallel to the surface, they `propagate' perpendicular to the
surface (along the $z$-axis, say) as evanescent waves $\sim
\exp( \pm k z )$ where $k = |{\bf k}|$.
For a single surface, only solutions that decay into
the vacuum are permitted. In the gap $0 \le z \le L$ between two surfaces,
even and odd solutions
$\cosh k (z - L/2 )$ and $\sinh k (z - L/2 )$ can be constructed.
This is illustrated schematically in Fig.\ref{ch:standing-waves}.

\begin{figure}[htb]
\centerline{\psfig{file=standing-waves,width=2.5in}}
\caption{Illustration of standing waves at the surface
of an ideally conducting medium. We plot the component of the
vector potential tangential to the surface.
Thin line: isolated surface, thick line:
mode between two surfaces with even parity.}
\label{ch:standing-waves}
\end{figure}

Both the surface entropy and the Casimir entropy can be calculated from
the phase shifts of standing wave modes
(see Refs.\refcite{Barton79,Bordag01} for
details). For the surface entropy,
\begin{equation}
    S_{\rm surf} = \sum_{\mu}
    \int\frac{ {\rm d}^2k }{ (2\pi)^2 }
    \int\limits_{0}^{\infty}\!{\rm d}k_{z}
    S_{{\bf q}\mu}
    \left( - \frac{ 1 }{ \pi }
    \frac{ \partial \theta_\mu }{ \partial k_{z} } \right)
    \label{eq:def-surface-entropy}
\end{equation}
where ${\bf q} = ({\bf k}, k_z)$, and
the mode functions in the medium ($z \le 0$)
are proportional to ${\rm e}^{ {\rm i} {\bf k} \cdot {\bf r}_\Vert }
\sin( k_z z + \theta_\mu )$ with ${\bf r}_\Vert = (x, y)$ the coordinates
parallel to the surface.
From this form, we can also read off
a `reflection coefficient' for (time-independent) waves from within the
medium, $r_\mu = - {\rm e}^{ - 2 {\rm i} \theta_\mu }$.
From a physical point of
view, we can interpret the phase derivative in Eq.(\ref{eq:def-surface-entropy})
as a density of modes in ${\bf q}$-space, more precisely, its change due
to the surface.

For an isolated interface, the usual matching of the component
of the vector potential tangential to the surface and its derivative at the
interface yields in TE-polarization (current perpendicular to the
plane of incidence spanned by ${\bf k}$ and the surface normal)
\begin{equation}
 	r_{\rm TE} = \frac{ k_z - {\rm i} k }{ k_z + {\rm i} k }, \qquad
	\tan \theta_{\rm TE} = - \frac{ k_z }{ k }
	\label{ch:TE-inside-reflection}
\end{equation}
Here, $k = |{\bf k}|$ gives the decay constant of the evanescent wave on
the vacuum side. In the TM-polarization (current in the plane of incidence),
the current has to satisfy the boundary condition $\lim\limits_{z \to 0}
j_z( z ) = 0$ to avoid the build-up of a surface charge sheet. (That case
would
require electrical field energy in the Lagrangian~(\ref{ch:def-class-Lagrangian})
and is best described within a spatially dispersive model.\cite{Barton79})
This boundary condition immediately leads to $r_{\rm TM} = 1$, and there
is no phase shift.
The surface entropy in TM-polarization hence vanishes, while it is
logarithmically divergent at large  ${\bf q}$
in the TE-polarization:
$S_{\rm surf} \approx -(8\pi\lambda^2)^{-1} \log( q_c \lambda )$
with a short-range cutoff $q_c$.
One needs a nonlocal description of the material response (spatial dispersion)
to get a finite result, see, e.g., Ref.\refcite{Horing85} for the surface self-energy.

For the Casimir entropy, a local calculation is sufficient, as we shall see now:
the reflection phases for even and odd modes in the vacuum gap
are found as (we henceforward suppress the TE-polarization label)
\begin{equation}
	\tan \theta_{\rm even}( L ) = - \frac{ k_z }{ k } \coth \frac{ k L }{ 2 },
	\qquad
	\tan \theta_{\rm odd}( L ) = - \frac{ k_z }{ k } \tanh \frac{ k L }{ 2 }
	\label{eq:even-odd-phase}
\end{equation}
The entropy per area for the two-surface system,
$2 S_{\rm surf} + S(L)$,
 is then given by
Eq.(\ref{eq:def-surface-entropy}) with $\theta$ replaced by
$\theta_{\rm even}( L ) + \theta_{\rm odd}( L )$. Subtract
twice the single-interface phase shift and calculate the quantity
\begin{equation}
	\exp 2 {\rm i}[ \theta_{\rm even}( L ) + \theta_{\rm odd}( L ) -
	2 \theta] =
	\frac{ 1 - r^2 \, {\rm e}^{ - 2 k L }
	}{ 1 - (r^*)^2 \, {\rm e}^{ - 2 k L }  }
	\label{eq:get-Casimir-phase-shift}
\end{equation}
as can be checked with straightforward algebra.
The Casimir entropy from
TE-polarized bulk currents becomes
[combining Eqs.(\ref{eq:entropy-per-mode-1},
\ref{eq:def-surface-entropy},
\ref{eq:get-Casimir-phase-shift})]
\begin{equation}
	S(L) =
    \int\limits_{0}^{\infty}\!\frac{ k {\rm d}k }{ 2\pi }
    \int\limits_{0}^{\infty}\!\frac{ {\rm d}k_{z} }{ 2\pi }
\left(
\log\frac{ \beta V \lambda^2 {\bf q}^2 }{ 2 \pi n m
(1 + \lambda^{2}{\bf q}^{2})}
-1
\right)
    \frac{ \partial  }{ \partial k_{z} }
    {\rm Im} \, \log
    \left(
1 - r^2 \, {\rm e}^{ - 2 k L }
    \right)
	\label{eq:Casimir-entropy-2}
\end{equation}
The terms independent of $k_z$
in the entropy per mode are irrelevant:
after a partial integration, the integrated terms vanish because
for $k_z \to 0, \infty$, the reflection coefficient $r$ becomes real.
Manifestly, short-wavelength modes with $2 k L \gg 1$ are suppressed,
and a local theory is sufficient unless $L$ becomes comparable to the
length scales typical for spatial dispersion (mean free path, Debye-H\"uckel
screening length, Fermi wavelength).

\subsection{Calculation of the entropy}

Integrating Eq.(\ref{eq:Casimir-entropy-2})
by parts, we have to evaluate the integral:
\begin{eqnarray}
I_k &=& -
	\int\limits_{-\infty}^{\infty}\!\frac{ {\rm d}k_{z} }{ 2\pi {\rm i}
	\,\lambda^2 }
    \frac{ k_z \,
	    \log
	    \left( 1 - r^2 \, {\rm e}^{ - 2 k L } \right)
    }{ (k_z^2 + k^2) (k_z^2 + k^2 + \lambda^{-2}) }
\end{eqnarray}
where we recall that $r$ is given by Eq.(\ref{ch:TE-inside-reflection}) above.
We have extended the integration domain to $-\infty < k_z < +\infty$,
using the property $r(-k_z) = [r(k_z)]^*$. Observe that $r(k_z)$,
as a function of complex $k_z$, satisfies $|r(k_z)| \le 1$
in the upper half-plane,
that the integrand vanishes at infinity, and evaluate the integral by
closing the contour. There are simple poles at $k_z = {\rm i} k$
and $k_z = {\rm i} (k^2 + \lambda^{-2})^{1/2}$. At the first pole,
the reflection coefficient~(\ref{ch:TE-inside-reflection})
vanishes, and we get from the second one:
\begin{equation}
	I_k = \frac{ 1 }{ 2 }
	\log\left[ 1 - r_{\rm pl}^2( k, 0 ) {\rm e}^{ - 2 k L } \right]
	,\quad
	r_{\rm pl}( k, 0 ) =
	\frac{(k^2 + \lambda^{-2})^{1/2} - k }{
	(k^2 + \lambda^{-2})^{1/2} + k}
	\label{eq:result-integral-I-k}
\end{equation}
As it happens, the reflection coefficient $r_{\rm pl}(k, \omega )$
for electromagnetic waves from a plasma half-space
[dielectric function after Eq.(\ref{ch:return-to-plasma-model})]
appears here, evaluated at zero frequency and in the TE-polarization.
If Eq.(\ref{eq:result-integral-I-k}) is integrated over $k$, we get
the `entropy defect' calculated in the Lifshitz theory of the Casimir effect
using the local dielectric function of a `perfect crystal' [see, e.g.,
Eq.(20) of Ref.\refcite{Bezerra04}]:
\begin{equation}
	S(L) = \int\limits_{0}^{\infty}\!\frac{ k {\rm d}k }{ 2\pi } I_k
	=
	    \int\limits_{0}^{\infty}\!\frac{ k {\rm d}k }{ 4\pi }
	\log\left[ 1 - r_{\rm pl}^2( k, 0 )\,
	{\rm e}^{ -2 k L } \right]
	\label{eq:result-Foucault-entropy}
\end{equation}
A switch to the integration variable to $y = 2 k L$ shows that
\begin{equation}
	S(L) = -\frac{ \zeta(3) }{  16\pi } \frac{ f(L/\lambda) }{ L^2 }
	\label{eq:def-scaling-function}
\end{equation}
where the scaling function $f(L/\lambda)$, plotted in
Fig.\ref{ch-fig:scale-function},
is dimensionless and
normalized to unity in the limit $L \gg \lambda$. Indeed, in this regime,
one may expand $r_{\rm pl}(k, 0 )$ in powers of $k$ to get the asymptotic
series [for higher terms, see Eq.(20) of Ref.\refcite{Bezerra04}]:
\begin{equation}
	L \gg \lambda
	: \quad
	f( L / \lambda) \approx 1 - 4 \frac{ \lambda }{ L }
	+ 12 \frac{ \lambda^2 }{ L^2 } + \mathcal{O}( \lambda/ L)^3
	\label{eq:series-scaling-function}
\end{equation}
\begin{figure}[htb]
\centerline{\psfig{file=scale-function,width=2.5in}}
\caption{Scaling function $f(L/\lambda)$
for the Casimir entropy of for the ideal electron gas, defined by
Eqs.(\ref{eq:result-Foucault-entropy}, \ref{eq:def-scaling-function}).
Dashed: Eq.(\ref{eq:series-scaling-function}). $\lambda = c / \Omega$
is the London-Mei\ss{}ner penetration depth (plasma wavelength).
The same $f(L/\lambda)$ governs the `entropy defect' for the
electromagnetic Casimir effect between perfect crystals
(i.e., Lifshitz theory with the Drude dielectric function
and scattering rate $\gamma(T) = \mathcal{O}(T^2)$),
see Eq.(20) in Ref.\refcite{Bezerra04}.}
\label{ch-fig:scale-function}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusions}

We have analyzed the Casimir entropy for the ideal electron gas, in particular
the contribution of electric currents frozen inside the bulk. This system shows
(electromagnetic) disorder, and
the third law of thermodynamic does not apply in its orthodox formulation. We have
recovered the `entropy defect' (negative Casimir entropy at zero temperature)
reported in several places in the literature. Its thermodynamically consistent interpretation
is the measure of the change in the disorder of the frozen currents due to their
interaction through quasi-static magnetic fields.

\paragraph{Acknowledgments.}
We acknowledge financial support by the European Science Foundation
within the activity `New Trends and Applications of the Casimir
Effect' (www.casimir-network.com). F.I.\  acknowledges financial support by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


I have been a reading machine lately, so when I finished all of my ARC reads for the week I took the opportunity to finally read a book from Kandi Steiner that I had wanted to read for about two years. Weightless is beloved by my reader friends, touted as one of her best books and perfect for NA/Adult coming-of-age reader fans. That's my type of book, in case you're wondering. So I bought it, it's been sitting on my Kindle for ages calling to me, and yesterday I picked it up and I didn't put it down until I was done. I smiled a lot, I laughed a little, and I cried more than I'd like to admit, it was that enjoyable of a read. I also thought this would be a short review...I lied.
"'You're light. Don't ever lose that. Don't let the world weigh you down like them.' He shifted, looking away. 'Like me.'"
Weightless is Natalie's story, an eighteen year-old graduate with little hope or direction for her future after finding herself single and heavier than, what she considers, her prettier classmates. An event pushes her to training sessions with none other than Rhodes, resident bad boy, client charmer, and all around handsome to look at man. The training brings out the Natalie she never knew existed inside herself and it also brings out emotions she didn't think she could feel for anyone but her ex. Natalie and Rhodes are from opposite sides of the small town, the sort of people who don't mix business and pleasure, but neither can resist each other. As the two reveal their deepest secrets to one another and find a comfortable companionship in helping the other be their best self. It's a romance filled with angst though, as Rhodes continues to suffer from the loss of his sister years prior and Natalie's parents try to cover up a dark secret that is increasingly harder to contain.
It felt like my first breath and my last one, too.
I went into Weightless blind, as a big fan of Kandi Steiner and a trusting review reader the frequent 5 stars guaranteed this would be a solid read for me. What I didn't know is just how much I would relate to Nat. Her weight issues, her self confidence struggles, and her desperate hope of being loved for just being herself really resonated with me, both in the present and as I thought of my old high school self. She's a complex character, filled with unassuradeness about her place in the world, but especially about her place amongst her friends and family. I loved her struggles with finding herself and how she overcame it, but I admit, I did have a hard time with her food and dieting. She seemed to almost rely on it too much and in my head I could see it spiraling. Rhodes seemed to be an anchor for Natalie, showing her way of a healthy life, but also giving her perspective on the spoiled life she's lead and the people she shouldn't allow in it. Their romance was a push and pull type of connection, neither willing to give in at times and at others diving headfirst into one another. Rhodes comes with a lot of life experiences and he imparts much of his wisdom on Natalie, revealing both to her and to himself that there's more to her than meets the eye as she takes on his weight as her own.
"I'm afraid I'll ruin you with my darkness."
The story between them progresses into a romance, but for the first half of the book it was definitely more coming-of-age than teenage romance and angst. Just when the romance seems to bloom the book takes another turn, a darker turn than I expected, but was executed very well. There's a bit of mystery to Rhodes and all of that is unveiled right about the same time Nat begins to realize her perfect parents aren't so perfect. It seems like your usual angst, but Kandi takes a serious subject, something we think of as adult that does indeed happen to children, and really made it fit into this story. As the reader we are aware of Rhodes' sister being missing, we are aware that Nat's stepdad has something he's hiding, and we're aware that Nat's mom is seeking perfect. As all of that comes to a head the book takes a serious twist, but Kandi Steiner handled it very well. There's talking, a resolution, and acknowledgement of the weight (get it) that comes from those experiences. There's several impactful life lessons within the book, each of them equally relevant and each focused on separately with the progression of the story.
Weightless was a really stunning coming-of-age story and a beautiful example of how talented Kandi Steiner is as a storyteller. There's a depth to this novel that I often find lacking in books that fall between New Adult and Adult, an acknowledgement of the transition one's life takes as they enter adulthood, find first romance, and embark on life without their parents. It's certainly still a contemporary romance, the sort of book you can read just for fun like I did, but also with several lessons from its complex characters. I definitely recommend Weightless, just as I do every other Kandi Steiner book out there.


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Share Episcopal Church
The first Episcopal Church in what is now West Virginia was built about 1740 at Bunker Hill in Berkeley County. It is still in use today as an unorganized mission, where an annual service is conducted each September. Its successor is Zion Church in Charles Town.
Several other congregations began in the 1700s, and still others in the 1800s. In the Charleston area, St. John's Episcopal Church can trace its roots back to 1837, and parishioners there moved out to create All Saints Church in South Charleston and the Church of the Good Shepherd in Kanawha City. Trinity Episcopal Church in Huntington held its first services at the Cabell County Courthouse in Barboursville in 1869 but soon moved to Huntington. In the 20th century, its membership fanned out to create three other parishes in the region.
Like the state itself, the Episcopal Church split from Virginia. At the national convention in Boston on October 9, 1877, a resolution passed creating the new Diocese of West Virginia. The initial convention of the new diocese met at St. John's in Charleston, with 14 clergy and 16 lay delegates. Their first choice as bishop, the Reverend J. H. Eccleston of New Jersey, turned down the appointment. At a subsequent meeting, delegates took 11 ballots before they chose George William Peterkin, a native of Maryland. On May 30, 1878, he was consecrated a bishop at St. Matthew's Church, Wheeling, the largest in the new diocese with 220 communicants. Bishop Peterkin established the diocesan office in Parkersburg and built the Church of the Good Shepherd there in 1891.
The second bishop was the Reverend William Loyall Gravatt, who had been born in Virginia and was rector at Zion Church, Charles Town, when he was elected bishop coadjutor on July 26, 1899. When Bishop Peterkin died in 1916, Gravatt became bishop and moved the diocesan headquarters to Charleston. The third bishop, the Right Reverend Robert Edward Lee Strider, was a native West Virginian, born April 9, 1887, in Leetown, Jefferson County. He was rector at St. Matthew's, Wheeling, when he was consecrated bishop coadjutor there in 1923. He became bishop in 1939 and moved the diocesan office to Wheeling.
In 1944, a committee began searching for a church camp site to honor the first bishop and his wife. Diocesan trustees eventually purchased land from the Hampshire Club on the South Branch of the Potomac River near Romney. Today the Peterkin Camp and Conference Center honors all three of the first bishops with the main lodge named Gravatt Hall and the chapel named for Bishop Strider.
Sandscrest Farms near Oglebay Park at Wheeling came to the diocese in the early 1950s, through the will of Mr. and Mrs. Harry S. Sands, members of St. Luke's on the Island, Wheeling. Planned as a retirement home for Episcopalians, it is used instead as a retreat for small conferences, and the Diocesan Council conducts three of its four quarterly meetings there each year. Reynolds Memorial Hospital in Glen Dale was owned by the diocese until 1973, when it was given to the community. The first official Diocesan Center was established in October of 1964 when Helen Ruffner Ritz gave a house and land on Virginia Street in Charleston in memory of her late husband, Judge Harold A. Ritz. The diocesan office is now permanently located there.
Bishop Strider had announced in 1949 that he intended to retire April 9, 1955, on his 68th birthday. William Camrock Campbell became the fourth bishop of the diocese on May 10, 1955, with more than 2,500 people attending the services at the Charleston Municipal Auditorium. The fifth bishop was Robert Poland Atkinson, elected bishop coadjutor on February 17, 1973. He became bishop when Bishop Campbell retired January 1, 1976. He ordained the first women priests in 1977 and took semi-retirement in 1989, when Bishop John H. Smith was elected.
Bishop Smith came from Vermont. At the time of Bishop Smith's retirement in 1999, there were 78 parishes and mission churches in West Virginia. During his ten years, the emphasis was on cluster ministry, which combined smaller churches with a ministry team to avoid each parish paying the full cost of clergy. More than half of the congregations are now part of one of the 11 clusters established in the diocese, including two that include a church in a neighboring state and diocese.
In 2001, the Reverend Mike Klusmeyer of Wheaton, Illinois, was elected Episcopal bishop of West Virginia. There were 10,800 baptized Episcopalians in West Virginia at the time.
This Article was written by Tom D. Miller
Hamilton, Eleanor Meyer. The Flair & the Fire. . Charleston: Diocese of West Virginia, 1977.
Miller, Tom D. "Episcopal Church." e-WV: The West Virginia Encyclopedia. 16 March 2012. Web. 19 January 2020.
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Propeller Anime: Propeller Anime Radio Episode #22: Favorite Anime of 2014, Bayvangelion, ScarJo in GitS, & More!
Michael Bay looking at Neon Genesis Evangelion?
Our favorite anime of 2014! What did we pick?!
What the hell is sports trash?
Can Johnny Yong Bosch sing?
Also, if you are interested, here is our 2013 recap podcast.


text:
Word order and linear modification in English
Author: Chamonikolasová, Jana
The paper examines the role of linear modification in shaping the syntactic structure of an English sentence. Linear modification – the principle of presenting ideas in an order of gradual rise in importance – co-determines word order in all Indo-European languages, though it is less powerful in languages with fixed word order than in languages with flexible word order. English syntax changed quite significantly on the way from Old English to Modern English. The shift from flexible word order to fixed word order, which was closely related to certain phonological and morphological features of English, was accompanied by a reduction of the power of linear modification as a word-order principle. The paper tests this reduction by an analysis of written Old English and Modern English texts.
word order; linear modification; functional sentence perspective; Old English; Modern English; word-order principles
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[3] Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan (1999) Longman Grammar Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
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[9] Chamonikolasová, Jana (2009) 'Initial syntatic elements in Old English and Modern English sentences'. In Loudová, Kateřina, Marie Žáková (eds.) Early European Languages in the Eyes of Modern Linguistics. Brno: Masaryk University, 99-110.
[10] Čermák, Jan (2000) 'A Typological note on the category of gender in Old English'. In: Čermák, Jan and Aleš Klégr (eds.) The Tongue is An Eye. Studies Presented to Libuše Dušková. Praha: Ústav anglistiky a amerikanistiky FFUK a Kruh moderních filologů, 15–20.
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[13] Firbas, Jan (1957) 'Some thoughts on the function of word order in Old English and Modern English'. Sborník prací Filozofické fakulty Brněnské univerzity A5, 72–98.
[14] Firbas, Jan (1979) 'A functional view of "ordo naturalis"'. Brno Studies in English 13, 29–59.
[15] Firbas, Jan (1989) 'Degrees of communicative dynamism and degrees of prosodic prominence'. Brno studies in English 18, 21–66.
[16] Firbas, Jan (1992) Functional sentence perspective in written and spoken communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[17] Fischer, Olga and Wim van der Wurff (2006) 'Syntax'. In: Hogg, Richard and David Denison (eds.) A History of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 109–198.
[18] Haiman, John (1974) Targets and Syntactic Change. Janua Linguarum Series Minor 186. The Hague and Paris: Mouton.
[19] Jucker, Andreas H. (ed.) (1995) Historical Pragmatics: Pragmatic Developments in the History of English. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
[20] Mathesius, Vilém (1975) A Functional Analysis of Present-Day English on a General Linguistic Basis. transl. Libuše Dušková, ed. Josef Vachek. Prague: Academia.
[21] Pintzuk, Susan, and Taylor, Ann (2006) 'The loss of OV order in the history of English'. In: Kamenade, Ans van and Los Bettelou (eds.) The Handbook of the History of English. Maldon/Oxford/ Carlton: Blackwell Publishing, 249–274.
[22] Quirk Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik (1985) A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. New York: Longman.
[23] Sauer, Hans (1995) 'Das gegenwärtige Englisch und seine historischen Hintergründe' [Present-Day English and its Historical Background]. In: Ahrens, R. et al. (eds.) Handbuch English als Fremdsprache. Berlin: Erich Schmidt, 17–23.
[24] Seoane, Elena (2006) 'Information structure and word order change: The passive as an information-rearranging strategy in the history of English'. In: Kamenade, Ans van and Los Bettelou (eds.) The Handbook of the History of English. Maldon/Oxford/Carlton: Blackwell Publishing, 360–391.
[25] Shannon, Ann (1964) A descriptive syntax of the Parker manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon chronicle from 734 to 891. The Hague: Mouton.
[26] Svoboda, Aleš (1981) Diatheme. Brno: Masaryk University.
[27] Svoboda, Aleš (1989) Kapitoly z funkční syntaxe [Topics in functional syntax]. Prague: Státní pedagogické nakladatelství.
[28] Vachek, Josef (1994) A Functional Syntax of Modern English. Brno: Masaryk University


text:
package applicationfakes

import (
	"sync"

	"code.cloudfoundry.org/cli/cf/commandregistry"
	"code.cloudfoundry.org/cli/cf/commands/application"
	"code.cloudfoundry.org/cli/cf/flags"
	"code.cloudfoundry.org/cli/cf/models"
	"code.cloudfoundry.org/cli/cf/requirements"
)

type FakeStarter struct {
	ApplicationStartStub        func(models.Application, string, string) (models.Application, error)
	applicationStartMutex       sync.RWMutex
	applicationStartArgsForCall []struct {
		arg1 models.Application
		arg2 string
		arg3 string
	}
	applicationStartReturns struct {
		result1 models.Application
		result2 error
	}
	applicationStartReturnsOnCall map[int]struct {
		result1 models.Application
		result2 error
	}
	ExecuteStub        func(flags.FlagContext) error
	executeMutex       sync.RWMutex
	executeArgsForCall []struct {
		arg1 flags.FlagContext
	}
	executeReturns struct {
		result1 error
	}
	executeReturnsOnCall map[int]struct {
		result1 error
	}
	MetaDataStub        func() commandregistry.CommandMetadata
	metaDataMutex       sync.RWMutex
	metaDataArgsForCall []struct {
	}
	metaDataReturns struct {
		result1 commandregistry.CommandMetadata
	}
	metaDataReturnsOnCall map[int]struct {
		result1 commandregistry.CommandMetadata
	}
	RequirementsStub        func(requirements.Factory, flags.FlagContext) ([]requirements.Requirement, error)
	requirementsMutex       sync.RWMutex
	requirementsArgsForCall []struct {
		arg1 requirements.Factory
		arg2 flags.FlagContext
	}
	requirementsReturns struct {
		result1 []requirements.Requirement
		result2 error
	}
	requirementsReturnsOnCall map[int]struct {
		result1 []requirements.Requirement
		result2 error
	}
	SetDependencyStub        func(commandregistry.Dependency, bool) commandregistry.Command
	setDependencyMutex       sync.RWMutex
	setDependencyArgsForCall []struct {
		arg1 commandregistry.Dependency
		arg2 bool
	}
	setDependencyReturns struct {
		result1 commandregistry.Command
	}
	setDependencyReturnsOnCall map[int]struct {
		result1 commandregistry.Command
	}
	SetStartTimeoutInSecondsStub        func(int)
	setStartTimeoutInSecondsMutex       sync.RWMutex
	setStartTimeoutInSecondsArgsForCall []struct {
		arg1 int
	}
	invocations      map[string][][]interface{}
	invocationsMutex sync.RWMutex
}

func (fake *FakeStarter) ApplicationStart(arg1 models.Application, arg2 string, arg3 string) (models.Application, error) {
	fake.applicationStartMutex.Lock()
	ret, specificReturn := fake.applicationStartReturnsOnCall[len(fake.applicationStartArgsForCall)]
	fake.applicationStartArgsForCall = append(fake.applicationStartArgsForCall, struct {
		arg1 models.Application
		arg2 string
		arg3 string
	}{arg1, arg2, arg3})
	fake.recordInvocation("ApplicationStart", []interface{}{arg1, arg2, arg3})
	fake.applicationStartMutex.Unlock()
	if fake.ApplicationStartStub != nil {
		return fake.ApplicationStartStub(arg1, arg2, arg3)
	}
	if specificReturn {
		return ret.result1, ret.result2
	}
	fakeReturns := fake.applicationStartReturns
	return fakeReturns.result1, fakeReturns.result2
}

func (fake *FakeStarter) ApplicationStartCallCount() int {
	fake.applicationStartMutex.RLock()
	defer fake.applicationStartMutex.RUnlock()
	return len(fake.applicationStartArgsForCall)
}

func (fake *FakeStarter) ApplicationStartCalls(stub func(models.Application, string, string) (models.Application, error)) {
	fake.applicationStartMutex.Lock()
	defer fake.applicationStartMutex.Unlock()
	fake.ApplicationStartStub = stub
}

func (fake *FakeStarter) ApplicationStartArgsForCall(i int) (models.Application, string, string) {
	fake.applicationStartMutex.RLock()
	defer fake.applicationStartMutex.RUnlock()
	argsForCall := fake.applicationStartArgsForCall[i]
	return argsForCall.arg1, argsForCall.arg2, argsForCall.arg3
}

func (fake *FakeStarter) ApplicationStartReturns(result1 models.Application, result2 error) {
	fake.applicationStartMutex.Lock()
	defer fake.applicationStartMutex.Unlock()
	fake.ApplicationStartStub = nil
	fake.applicationStartReturns = struct {
		result1 models.Application
		result2 error
	}{result1, result2}
}

func (fake *FakeStarter) ApplicationStartReturnsOnCall(i int, result1 models.Application, result2 error) {
	fake.applicationStartMutex.Lock()
	defer fake.applicationStartMutex.Unlock()
	fake.ApplicationStartStub = nil
	if fake.applicationStartReturnsOnCall == nil {
		fake.applicationStartReturnsOnCall = make(map[int]struct {
			result1 models.Application
			result2 error
		})
	}
	fake.applicationStartReturnsOnCall[i] = struct {
		result1 models.Application
		result2 error
	}{result1, result2}
}

func (fake *FakeStarter) Execute(arg1 flags.FlagContext) error {
	fake.executeMutex.Lock()
	ret, specificReturn := fake.executeReturnsOnCall[len(fake.executeArgsForCall)]
	fake.executeArgsForCall = append(fake.executeArgsForCall, struct {
		arg1 flags.FlagContext
	}{arg1})
	fake.recordInvocation("Execute", []interface{}{arg1})
	fake.executeMutex.Unlock()
	if fake.ExecuteStub != nil {
		return fake.ExecuteStub(arg1)
	}
	if specificReturn {
		return ret.result1
	}
	fakeReturns := fake.executeReturns
	return fakeReturns.result1
}

func (fake *FakeStarter) ExecuteCallCount() int {
	fake.executeMutex.RLock()
	defer fake.executeMutex.RUnlock()
	return len(fake.executeArgsForCall)
}

func (fake *FakeStarter) ExecuteCalls(stub func(flags.FlagContext) error) {
	fake.executeMutex.Lock()
	defer fake.executeMutex.Unlock()
	fake.ExecuteStub = stub
}

func (fake *FakeStarter) ExecuteArgsForCall(i int) flags.FlagContext {
	fake.executeMutex.RLock()
	defer fake.executeMutex.RUnlock()
	argsForCall := fake.executeArgsForCall[i]
	return argsForCall.arg1
}

func (fake *FakeStarter) ExecuteReturns(result1 error) {
	fake.executeMutex.Lock()
	defer fake.executeMutex.Unlock()
	fake.ExecuteStub = nil
	fake.executeReturns = struct {
		result1 error
	}{result1}
}

func (fake *FakeStarter) ExecuteReturnsOnCall(i int, result1 error) {
	fake.executeMutex.Lock()
	defer fake.executeMutex.Unlock()
	fake.ExecuteStub = nil
	if fake.executeReturnsOnCall == nil {
		fake.executeReturnsOnCall = make(map[int]struct {
			result1 error
		})
	}
	fake.executeReturnsOnCall[i] = struct {
		result1 error
	}{result1}
}

func (fake *FakeStarter) MetaData() commandregistry.CommandMetadata {
	fake.metaDataMutex.Lock()
	ret, specificReturn := fake.metaDataReturnsOnCall[len(fake.metaDataArgsForCall)]
	fake.metaDataArgsForCall = append(fake.metaDataArgsForCall, struct {
	}{})
	fake.recordInvocation("MetaData", []interface{}{})
	fake.metaDataMutex.Unlock()
	if fake.MetaDataStub != nil {
		return fake.MetaDataStub()
	}
	if specificReturn {
		return ret.result1
	}
	fakeReturns := fake.metaDataReturns
	return fakeReturns.result1
}

func (fake *FakeStarter) MetaDataCallCount() int {
	fake.metaDataMutex.RLock()
	defer fake.metaDataMutex.RUnlock()
	return len(fake.metaDataArgsForCall)
}

func (fake *FakeStarter) MetaDataCalls(stub func() commandregistry.CommandMetadata) {
	fake.metaDataMutex.Lock()
	defer fake.metaDataMutex.Unlock()
	fake.MetaDataStub = stub
}

func (fake *FakeStarter) MetaDataReturns(result1 commandregistry.CommandMetadata) {
	fake.metaDataMutex.Lock()
	defer fake.metaDataMutex.Unlock()
	fake.MetaDataStub = nil
	fake.metaDataReturns = struct {
		result1 commandregistry.CommandMetadata
	}{result1}
}

func (fake *FakeStarter) MetaDataReturnsOnCall(i int, result1 commandregistry.CommandMetadata) {
	fake.metaDataMutex.Lock()
	defer fake.metaDataMutex.Unlock()
	fake.MetaDataStub = nil
	if fake.metaDataReturnsOnCall == nil {
		fake.metaDataReturnsOnCall = make(map[int]struct {
			result1 commandregistry.CommandMetadata
		})
	}
	fake.metaDataReturnsOnCall[i] = struct {
		result1 commandregistry.CommandMetadata
	}{result1}
}

func (fake *FakeStarter) Requirements(arg1 requirements.Factory, arg2 flags.FlagContext) ([]requirements.Requirement, error) {
	fake.requirementsMutex.Lock()
	ret, specificReturn := fake.requirementsReturnsOnCall[len(fake.requirementsArgsForCall)]
	fake.requirementsArgsForCall = append(fake.requirementsArgsForCall, struct {
		arg1 requirements.Factory
		arg2 flags.FlagContext
	}{arg1, arg2})
	fake.recordInvocation("Requirements", []interface{}{arg1, arg2})
	fake.requirementsMutex.Unlock()
	if fake.RequirementsStub != nil {
		return fake.RequirementsStub(arg1, arg2)
	}
	if specificReturn {
		return ret.result1, ret.result2
	}
	fakeReturns := fake.requirementsReturns
	return fakeReturns.result1, fakeReturns.result2
}

func (fake *FakeStarter) RequirementsCallCount() int {
	fake.requirementsMutex.RLock()
	defer fake.requirementsMutex.RUnlock()
	return len(fake.requirementsArgsForCall)
}

func (fake *FakeStarter) RequirementsCalls(stub func(requirements.Factory, flags.FlagContext) ([]requirements.Requirement, error)) {
	fake.requirementsMutex.Lock()
	defer fake.requirementsMutex.Unlock()
	fake.RequirementsStub = stub
}

func (fake *FakeStarter) RequirementsArgsForCall(i int) (requirements.Factory, flags.FlagContext) {
	fake.requirementsMutex.RLock()
	defer fake.requirementsMutex.RUnlock()
	argsForCall := fake.requirementsArgsForCall[i]
	return argsForCall.arg1, argsForCall.arg2
}

func (fake *FakeStarter) RequirementsReturns(result1 []requirements.Requirement, result2 error) {
	fake.requirementsMutex.Lock()
	defer fake.requirementsMutex.Unlock()
	fake.RequirementsStub = nil
	fake.requirementsReturns = struct {
		result1 []requirements.Requirement
		result2 error
	}{result1, result2}
}

func (fake *FakeStarter) RequirementsReturnsOnCall(i int, result1 []requirements.Requirement, result2 error) {
	fake.requirementsMutex.Lock()
	defer fake.requirementsMutex.Unlock()
	fake.RequirementsStub = nil
	if fake.requirementsReturnsOnCall == nil {
		fake.requirementsReturnsOnCall = make(map[int]struct {
			result1 []requirements.Requirement
			result2 error
		})
	}
	fake.requirementsReturnsOnCall[i] = struct {
		result1 []requirements.Requirement
		result2 error
	}{result1, result2}
}

func (fake *FakeStarter) SetDependency(arg1 commandregistry.Dependency, arg2 bool) commandregistry.Command {
	fake.setDependencyMutex.Lock()
	ret, specificReturn := fake.setDependencyReturnsOnCall[len(fake.setDependencyArgsForCall)]
	fake.setDependencyArgsForCall = append(fake.setDependencyArgsForCall, struct {
		arg1 commandregistry.Dependency
		arg2 bool
	}{arg1, arg2})
	fake.recordInvocation("SetDependency", []interface{}{arg1, arg2})
	fake.setDependencyMutex.Unlock()
	if fake.SetDependencyStub != nil {
		return fake.SetDependencyStub(arg1, arg2)
	}
	if specificReturn {
		return ret.result1
	}
	fakeReturns := fake.setDependencyReturns
	return fakeReturns.result1
}

func (fake *FakeStarter) SetDependencyCallCount() int {
	fake.setDependencyMutex.RLock()
	defer fake.setDependencyMutex.RUnlock()
	return len(fake.setDependencyArgsForCall)
}

func (fake *FakeStarter) SetDependencyCalls(stub func(commandregistry.Dependency, bool) commandregistry.Command) {
	fake.setDependencyMutex.Lock()
	defer fake.setDependencyMutex.Unlock()
	fake.SetDependencyStub = stub
}

func (fake *FakeStarter) SetDependencyArgsForCall(i int) (commandregistry.Dependency, bool) {
	fake.setDependencyMutex.RLock()
	defer fake.setDependencyMutex.RUnlock()
	argsForCall := fake.setDependencyArgsForCall[i]
	return argsForCall.arg1, argsForCall.arg2
}

func (fake *FakeStarter) SetDependencyReturns(result1 commandregistry.Command) {
	fake.setDependencyMutex.Lock()
	defer fake.setDependencyMutex.Unlock()
	fake.SetDependencyStub = nil
	fake.setDependencyReturns = struct {
		result1 commandregistry.Command
	}{result1}
}

func (fake *FakeStarter) SetDependencyReturnsOnCall(i int, result1 commandregistry.Command) {
	fake.setDependencyMutex.Lock()
	defer fake.setDependencyMutex.Unlock()
	fake.SetDependencyStub = nil
	if fake.setDependencyReturnsOnCall == nil {
		fake.setDependencyReturnsOnCall = make(map[int]struct {
			result1 commandregistry.Command
		})
	}
	fake.setDependencyReturnsOnCall[i] = struct {
		result1 commandregistry.Command
	}{result1}
}

func (fake *FakeStarter) SetStartTimeoutInSeconds(arg1 int) {
	fake.setStartTimeoutInSecondsMutex.Lock()
	fake.setStartTimeoutInSecondsArgsForCall = append(fake.setStartTimeoutInSecondsArgsForCall, struct {
		arg1 int
	}{arg1})
	fake.recordInvocation("SetStartTimeoutInSeconds", []interface{}{arg1})
	fake.setStartTimeoutInSecondsMutex.Unlock()
	if fake.SetStartTimeoutInSecondsStub != nil {
		fake.SetStartTimeoutInSecondsStub(arg1)
	}
}

func (fake *FakeStarter) SetStartTimeoutInSecondsCallCount() int {
	fake.setStartTimeoutInSecondsMutex.RLock()
	defer fake.setStartTimeoutInSecondsMutex.RUnlock()
	return len(fake.setStartTimeoutInSecondsArgsForCall)
}

func (fake *FakeStarter) SetStartTimeoutInSecondsCalls(stub func(int)) {
	fake.setStartTimeoutInSecondsMutex.Lock()
	defer fake.setStartTimeoutInSecondsMutex.Unlock()
	fake.SetStartTimeoutInSecondsStub = stub
}

func (fake *FakeStarter) SetStartTimeoutInSecondsArgsForCall(i int) int {
	fake.setStartTimeoutInSecondsMutex.RLock()
	defer fake.setStartTimeoutInSecondsMutex.RUnlock()
	argsForCall := fake.setStartTimeoutInSecondsArgsForCall[i]
	return argsForCall.arg1
}

func (fake *FakeStarter) Invocations() map[string][][]interface{} {
	fake.invocationsMutex.RLock()
	defer fake.invocationsMutex.RUnlock()
	fake.applicationStartMutex.RLock()
	defer fake.applicationStartMutex.RUnlock()
	fake.executeMutex.RLock()
	defer fake.executeMutex.RUnlock()
	fake.metaDataMutex.RLock()
	defer fake.metaDataMutex.RUnlock()
	fake.requirementsMutex.RLock()
	defer fake.requirementsMutex.RUnlock()
	fake.setDependencyMutex.RLock()
	defer fake.setDependencyMutex.RUnlock()
	fake.setStartTimeoutInSecondsMutex.RLock()
	defer fake.setStartTimeoutInSecondsMutex.RUnlock()
	copiedInvocations := map[string][][]interface{}{}
	for key, value := range fake.invocations {
		copiedInvocations[key] = value
	}
	return copiedInvocations
}

func (fake *FakeStarter) recordInvocation(key string, args []interface{}) {
	fake.invocationsMutex.Lock()
	defer fake.invocationsMutex.Unlock()
	if fake.invocations == nil {
		fake.invocations = map[string][][]interface{}{}
	}
	if fake.invocations[key] == nil {
		fake.invocations[key] = [][]interface{}{}
	}
	fake.invocations[key] = append(fake.invocations[key], args)
}

var _ application.Starter = new(FakeStarter)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Major world indices pretty much do the same thing, they help investors analyze and describe the market to help them compare their investments. Several stock market indices, exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and mutual funds try to track these indices on a global, regional, and national scale to offer investors information regarding exposure to any given market.
Major world indices also include global stock market indices like the MSCI World Index that tracks large and mid-cap equities covering 85% of the free float-adjusted market capitalization (in each country) across 23 developed nations.
What are the most popular global stock market indices?
Before we get into the most popular global market indices, it's important to note at this juncture that they don't offer exposure to frontier markets or emerging markets as they are still too small to include in this particular list.
Major world indices also may cover Asian, European, and Latin American equities to help investors analyze and compare the performance of specific countries to the general area and ascertain what assets are underperforming or overperforming.
The funds that are tied to these indices can also help build exposure to specific geographical locations around the planet.
What are the most popular regional stock market indices?
If you look at it on a national scale, you will be able to provide exposure to individual countries. More often than not, these indices will consist of mostly large-cap stocks that are quite similar to the Dow Jones Industrial Average in the U.S.


A classic cherry, almond and raspberry jam pastry treat, finished with a thick creamy custard.
You will receive a 100ml bottle, filled with 80ml of Nicotine free Cherry Bakewell & Custard e liquid. You can also have the option to purchase Nicotine Shots. Mixing 2 Nicotine shots into the 100ml bottle will make your Cherry Bakewell & Custard e liquid 3mg, negating the need to purchase the 10ml pre-mixed bottles.


It is Veteran's Day, Lehigh Valley. Happy Veteran's Day to all who are serving and have served! We thank you. My late grandfather was a veteran. And my post today is about him, but not because today is Veteran's Day. It's because today is the day that he would get in line and buy all of his grandchildren, including me, Hess Trucks!
So maybe it is a little sweeter that I can remember my grandfather the soldier and veteran on Veteran's day and my grandfather the wonderful man who like clockwork every year would give me the gift of a Hess truck.
Now, today is November 11th, 2011, so today is not technically a palindrome, because the date is 11/11/2011. However in light of the fact that all through the 90's no one used "19", I'm calling this one an informal palindrome on account that no one is using 2011, informally.
Will you be getting someone a Hess Truck this year?


text:
We believe every child should have the opportunity
to create, compose, and perform, as well as to visit, experience, participate in and review extraordinary work. Artsmark can help unlock the potential of children and young people, help to develop character and talent, and increase their knowledge and understanding. That's why Artsmark was created: to bring this ambition to life in every classroom.
Awarded by Arts Council England, designed by schools, the new Artsmark award will help schools deliver a high quality arts and cultural education and provide an excellent way to demonstrate this. Across the country Artsmark is rewarding more and more schools for championing arts and culture. Any school, college or youth justice setting can apply. Artsmark schools gain access to exceptional resources as well as networks of the country's most treasured cultural organisations, helping them develop and strengthen their arts provision.
"Exciting", "Educational", "Cool" and "Inspirational": Alexandra Sheppard visits AMSI
A lucky group of students had the opportunity to meet local author Alexandra Sheppard whose debut novel 'Oh My Gods' was published in January.
Of the students who attended Alex's engaging talk on Greek mythology in popular culture, many had never had the chance to meet an author before. Our students were very interested in the process of taking a book from idea to publication and were surprised to hear that Alex grew up just around the corner in Holloway.
Some of the group had been working on their own creative writing inspired by the opening chapters of 'OMGs' during their English lessons. They were excited to hear that Alex would actually be reading their work and choosing her favourite piece. Daniella's vivid description of living with a modern-day Poseidon impressed Alex and won Daniella a signed copy of the book.
At AMSI we place great value on reading for pleasure and meeting an author can be the spark that ignites a young person's love of reading. We are incredibly grateful to Alex for being so generous with her time and also for the beautiful books that she has donated to the school library.
Alex is currently working on her second novel and we can't wait to read it!
Numeracy Day
On Tuesday 21st May 2019, all our Year 7 students took park in a National Numeracy Day. This is an event celebrating Numeracy Skills in all schools across the country. One of the world's largest accountancy firms, KPMG agreed to send 3 volunteers along to support each Year 7 class. Each class was given a presentation focusing on how much numbers affect our every day lives.
The KPMG staff told the students how they were using their numeracy skills to help businesses to be more successful. Each lesson ended with a tower building competition. Students had to consider what shapes helped to build the tallest and strongest towers.
The KPMG staff and our PGCE Trainee teachers helped to make it a great National Numeracy Day enjoyed by all and highlights our commitment to using creativity across the entire curriculum.
MFL Drama Workshop
Our years 7&8 MFL students enjoyed a day of drama and role play whilst furthering their knowledge of French and Spanish.
Using the stories of The Three Musketeers by Alexandre Dumas and Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes, our visitors brought costumes and incorporated role playing whilst engaging the students in the language of the text.
It was a lot of fun but also a highly effective way of teaching and bringing to life not only the language but the literature of these two classic texts. It was a perfect example of how we are committed to bringing creativity to as much of our teaching at Arts & Media School Islington as possible. Thank you to our head of MFL, Mr Castillo, for organising this event.
We are delighted to welcome to our school community, 4 Artists in Residence – Janetka, Louise, Betsy and Esther – who are working in their new Studios in C block. This initiative is a unique partnership with Cubitt Arts which has revived our old woodwork room. In exchange for affordable rent the Artists will be working with students and staff on lots of exciting creative projects.
As a result of this new partnership, this week we hosted St. Martin's School of Art and Brazilian Artists who collaborated with our more able MFL students in a workshop to develop a dialogue with young people in Sao Paulo through the arts.
The Artists have also converted a small kitchen in to a Photographic Darkroom which will run after-school sessions in January 2019.
Year 7 Anti Bullying Week Winners
November 16th: 'Respect' goes out to Year 7 students from Arts and Media Islington Secondary school (AMSI) who have won Islington's Anti Bullying Week competition for schools.
The students produced their own version of the News at Ten on the theme 'Choose Respect' using Aretha Franklin's song 'Respect' as inspiration.
Heather Vaccianna said: "A huge round of applause to the Year 7 students at AMSI for their fantastic entry for this year's borough-wide creative competition. The students created a really entertaining piece that was fun to watch whilst reminding us of the serious impact of bullying and the importance of treating each other with respect to prevent it happening – well done!!"
Islington Life
Read full story here
Hansel and Gretel at the Barbican
On October 12th, a group of Year 8 and 9 students attended a special production of 'Hansel and Gretel' at the Barbican Theatre as a rewards trip for their work during the Autumn Term.
'Hansel and Gretel (A Nightmare in Eight Scenes) 'was a reimagining of the famous tale, with specially commissioned poetry, chamber music, puppetry and animations, all projected live onto a large screen.
Students were also lucky enough to participate in a live Q&A session with poet Simon Armitage, who wrote the poetry for the production. He told students: "If you want to be a writer, you need to be a reader." Excellent advice indeed!


I am based in a private and comfortable building in the heart of Peterborough city centre and offer a service in a safe, therapeutic, non-judgemental environment. My consulting rooms are within easy reach of Peterborough, Huntingdon, Stamford and Oundle and are served by major road, bus and train routes. Parking is available.


SACRAMENTO, Calif. - March 9, 2019 - PRLog -- Denise Healy will team up with other leading entrepreneurs and professionals, including Best-Selling Author® Jack Canfield, to release the new book, The Success Formula, which brings together successful entrepreneurs to offer advice as a catalyst to success.
Sacramento, CA March 9, 2019– Educator and Psychologist, Denise Healy, recently signed a publishing deal to co-write the forthcoming book titled The Success Formula, published by CelebrityPress® LLC. In addition to Healy's expertise, the publication features content from world-renowned entrepreneur, professional speaker, and Best-Selling Author® Jack Canfield. The book will be released under the CelebrityPress® LLC imprint, a leading business book publisher that publishes books from ThoughtLeaders® around the world.
Denise Healy was selected to be in the book because of her commitment to professional success and willingness to share her vast knowledge. Her professional expertise makes her an asset to the publication and will surely benefit a wide range of readers.
Denise is privileged to assist and support people who are seeking to better themselves by taking steps to make positive changes in their relationships. She is dedicated to helping those who are seeking a way to reconnect with a loved one and arming them with the positive, social skills they need to bring harmony back into their lives. Denise has taught, mentored, coached, and counseled literally thousands of people over the last four decades. She is versed in knowing which strategies work to mend broken connections in relationships. Denise adds value to people through assisting them in applying positive social skills strategies to real life circumstances so as to yield positive outcomes and success. She is invested in building relationships, adding value to teams, and increasing psycho-educational performance outcomes.
Denise is an educator and psychologist. She is a John C. Maxwell certified coach and speaker. Her newest venture is as an American author and entrepreneur. Denise established Cedar Rose Publishing. She embarked on this journey to further support non-fiction and historical fiction work in the areas of education and psychology. Denise is Co-Owner, Co-CEO of Streets2Schools (S2S). Through this venture she directs a team of Victim's Advocates who works with violent offenders. The company is the first of its kind providing approved interactive virtually based Anger Management and DV-BIP 52 Week Courses in California counties with expansion across the nation.
Denise is a highly motivated and creative professional, dynamic and collaborative, an individual that welcomes fresh ideas, has initiative, is dedicated, and experienced in providing service to others. She offers more than forty years of experience in teaching, writing, consulting, facilitation, training, administration, child assessment, counseling and psychology, complemented by a proven ability to motivate and add value to teams. She is a 2019 nominee for a JMT DNA Culture Award; Nurture Transformation. Denise is known for her children's book, Christopher's Anger (WPS) and is the author of Mending Broken Connections (CRP).


The new android market split us android owners into two camps, those who love it and those who hate it. There doesn't seem to be anything in the middle. Me? I love it. I think it looks cool, looks up to date and you gotta love swiping to navigate right?


Mike Faloon writes about "Quinn's", the upstate NY diner turned into a collaborative, cooperative live music venue and Japanese restaurant co-owned by Steve Ventura and curated by James Keepnews, written from a variety of perspectives, alongside essays, interviews and photographs, as Faloon searches for self and finds fascinating patrons, performers, and music.
Mike Faloon has paid the bills as a DJ, dishwasher, drummer, and school teacher. He is the publisher of two zines (Go Metric, Zisk) and a contributing writer to magazines such as Chunklet, Razorcake, and Roctober. His work has also appeared in The Zine Yearbook (Soft Skull) and The Overrated Book (Last Gasp). He lives in Brewster, New York with his family.
"Don't let The Other Night at Quinn's: New Adventures in the Sonic Underground scare you. Yes, it's a creative non-fiction collection about the explosive uncertainty of free jazz in a diner-turned-club in upstate NY. But you didn't have to do mounds of coke and wreck Italian sports cars to be riveted by Neil Strauss' Motley Crue tell-all, The Dirt. You didn't need to live in a rat-infested apartment on the Lower East Side of Manhattan to be swept up in Legs McNeil's oral punk history Please Kill Me. And you don't need to embrace the steep wall and seeming chaos of improvised music to enjoy Mike Faloon's The Other Night at Quinn<'s/i>.
Like the best of Ali Smith, David Shields, and Mary Roach, it's not just the topic. It's your guide. It's Faloon's approach of deep immersion and careful listening. His wit, openness, and sympathy for whom he's writing about. His absorption of audio pandemonium, filtered through a buzzing membrane, and translated into text as propulsive and vibrant asthe music itself. Mike Faloon is your guide throughout The Other Night at Quinn's, a fascinating window into a community of creators surviving beyond the mainstream in an otherwise overlooked outpost of the cultural underground that cuts across distinctions of culture, gender, race, age, and genre.
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Description 102 Bl. : Kt.
The Trans-Caspian pipeline project is a controversial proposed oil and gas transportation initiative in the Caspian region that aims to bring energy resources from landlocked Central Asian republics, particularly Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, to Europe, bypassing Russian territory. The project was postponed several times since early 1990s due to political, economic, environmental and legal reasons, the most prominent of which is the legal status issue of the Caspian basin. The Caspian is also known for its unique ecological system and endemic species, such as the sturgeon population. However, due to enhancing oil and gas development if the region and projects like Trans-Caspian pipeline, it faces challenges of environmental pollution and degradation. One of important mechanisms that could assist the Caspian littoral states to prevent further deterioration of environmental situation and minimize the possible transboundary impacts is the establishment of the harmonized national EIA procedures and procedure of transboundary EIA in the Caspian. This thesis explores the challenges of the transboundary EIA legislature in the Caspian Sea region by assessing the perspectives of proposed Trans-Caspian pipeline project through the prism of the existing issues of legal status of the Caspian basin and political rivalries. Despite general comparability of the national legislation on EIA in the Caspian littoral states, and already existing agreements on the need for procedures of transboundary EIA, the ongoing process of development has not yet reached the objectives of proper functioning legislative framework. The draft Protocol on transboundary EIA to Tehran Convention is based on the provisions of the Espoo Convention, though several difficulties of the legislature and its application were found. Deficiencies in the national EIA legislature, including lack of practice in transboundary EIAs, insufficient public participation and formality in its application, the lack of importance given to environmental issues in the strategic decision making process found to be the most important issues that should be considered in the evaluation of the possibility of construction of cross border projects, in this case Trans-Caspian pipeline project.


The Fastback Liberator V1000 Dual Port is an easy to deploy, cost-effective, point-to-point wireless Ethernet bridge operating in the 60 GHz millimeter wave V band. A secondary data port with both GigE copper & SFP sockets, allows flexibility for either Cat5 or fiber connections interchangeably. This allows both copper and fiber tributaries to be aggregated over the radio link, and is particularly useful for daisy-chaining in small cell backhaul applications.


text:
<?php

declare(strict_types=1);

namespace Orchid\Screen\Fields;

use Orchid\Screen\Field;

/**
 * Class Range
 *
 * @method Range accesskey($value = true)
 * @method Range autofocus($value = true)
 * @method Range disabled($value = true)
 * @method Range form($value = true)
 * @method Range name(string $value = null)
 * @method Range required(bool $value = true)
 * @method Range tabindex($value = true)
 * @method Range help(string $value = null)
 * @method Range popover(string $value = null)
 * @method Range title(string $value = null)
 * @method Range step($value = true)
 * @method Range max(int $value)
 * @method Range min(int $value)
 */
class Range extends Field
{
    /**
     * @var string
     */
    protected $view = 'platform::fields.range';

    /**
     * Default attributes value.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $attributes = [];

    /**
     * Attributes available for a particular tag.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $inlineAttributes = [
        'accesskey',
        'autofocus',
        'disabled',
        'form',
        'name',
        'required',
        'size',
        'tabindex',
        'type',
        'step',
        'max',
        'min',
    ];
}


Sometimes life's biggest challenges can be turned into rewarding events. This is the case for Ashley Burroughs, who stumbled upon her future career when she totaled a beloved family car back in 2012.
Automotive Technology is one of over 140 programs offered at Broward College. The program, which started at the College in 2006, trains students to become auto specialists qualified to work on the highly-sophisticated cars of today. In partnership with the Broward County Technical Colleges, Broward College provides technical training for the students at an affordable price.
The training follows dealer-specific requirements that include engine repair, electrical systems, brake, transmissions, and more.
Throughout the entire industry, women are underrepresented. In 2017, women represented 26.7 percent of the industry's workforce in all positions, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. When it comes to automotive technicians, women only represent 9.6 percent of the employees.
Ashley worked as a mechanic for a year before enrolling in College, and during that time she faced discrimination not only from clients but from her friends and family. "It was very frustrating having to deal with sexism, but at the same time I found more purpose to be the best I could be and show that I am just as qualified and can do the same or even a better job than my male colleagues," she says.
Ashley's ultimate goal is to work as a technician for General Motors. She currently holds six Automotive Service Excellence (ASE) certifications.
The automotive industry is expected to grow 6 percent through 2026. As of 2017, the median pay was $39,550 per year, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Interested in pursuing a career in Automotive Technology? Visit the program's website.
Register for an information session and program tour here.
Learn more about career opportunities in the Industry, Manufacturing, Construction, and Transportation (IMCT) Pathway, here.


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source site November 23, 2015…The Missing Christmas Song!!
viagra jelly buy online pharmacy In 2004 Paul and I recorded a bonus track "Coming Home to Christmastime" during the sessions for our cds "Ballad of The Unknown Gentlemen" and "Love Waits for No One".. The master was lost.. I had no idea where it was and with several moves in my life we assumed it was gone. This year while I was staying at Hoods Hill in the Bahamas I opened an old cd player (walkman) and there it was!!! The Master!!!!
http://cinziamazzamakeup.com/?x=viagra-generico-100-mg-pagamento-online-a-Parma As I am updating this site I have reflected on how our music has stayed alive long after we broke up as a duo. Several of the UG tracks have been recorded by my current bands..The Trailmen and The Tropical Sons.. and many songs rotate in our live shows. Even better for me is running into fans who remember our shows from CBGBs and Ottos Shrunken Head in NYC or at a dozen different venues we played regularly in Long Island.