text:
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Nobody Knows How Long Inflation Will Last. That's Life.
Monday, 18 July, 2022 - 04:30
Have we just passed peak inflation? That was the question economists were debating last week, when the US Labor Department published the latest consumer price inflation rate. The index in June was 9.1% above the level a year before — the highest figure since December 1981.
Is that the top? We are all entitled to guess, of course. But the idea that the average economist could know the answer to this question is laughable. Only a handful — former Treasury Secretary Larry Summers, most famously, but also my Hoover Institution colleague Michael Bordo and my old friend and fellow Bloomberg Opinion columnist Mohamed El-Erian — correctly foresaw in early 2021 that inflation was about to take off. And even they didn't venture to predict that inflation would exceed 9% by now.
Mainstream economists, as well as central bankers, had come to believe that inflation was driven not by the growth of the money supply and the velocity of circulation but by the expectations of consumers — which in turn could be "anchored" by a credible inflation target. If the Federal Reserve said that inflation would be 2%, then it pretty much would be. In any case, the problem for most of the last 20 years was its tendency to be below, not above, that goal — hence the innovation of an "average inflation target," which would implicitly allow inflation to be a little above 2% for a time, to compensate for having been a little below it for a time.
"Frankly we welcome slightly higher … inflation," declared Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell in January 2021. "The kind of troubling inflation people like me grew up with seems unlikely in the domestic and global context we've been in for some time." This was what his staff economists were telling him. This was what their models told them.
But the models used by economists turned out to be as good at forecasting inflation in 2022 as they were at forecasting growth in 2009, which even after the failure of Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. they predicted would not turn negative. "I don't think we've seen a significant change in the basic outlook," reported Fed chief economist David J. Stockton to the Federal Open Markets Committee on Sept. 16 (the day after Lehman declared bankruptcy), "and certainly the story behind our forecast is … that we're still expecting a very gradual pickup in GDP growth over the next year." In fact, the economy shrank by 2.6%. A major recession was already well underway.
To understand why the models fail, we need to accept that they are designed to simulate processes that are mind-blowingly complex. To do so, they must engage in deliberate simplification. But consider for a moment what we are implicitly asking when we pose the question: Has inflation peaked? We are not only asking about the supply of and demand for 94,000 different commodities, manufactures and services. We are also asking about the future path of interest rates set by the Fed, which — despite the much-vaunted policy of "forward guidance" — is far from certain. We are asking about how long the strength of the dollar will be sustained, as it is currently holding down the price of US imports.
But there's more. We are at the same time implicitly asking how long the war in Ukraine will last, as the disruption caused since February by the Russian invasion has significantly exacerbated energy and food price inflation. We are asking whether oil-producing countries will respond to pleas from Western governments to pump more crude. We are asking how much damage President Xi Jinping's policy of "Zero Covid" will do to the Chinese economy, and hence to East Asian demand for oil and other commodities.
We should probably also ask ourselves what the impact on Western labor markets will be of the latest Covid omicron sub-variant, BA.5. UK data indicate that BA.5 is 35% more transmissible than its predecessor BA.2, which in turn was over 20% more transmissible than the original omicron.
Good luck adding all those variables to your model. It is in fact just as impossible to be sure about the future path of inflation as it is to be sure about the future path of the war in Ukraine and the future path of the Covid pandemic.
Subconsciously, if not consciously, we would all like these three phenomena to be "transitory." Our cognitive bias in favor of things going back to normal has been exacerbated by the near-universal attention deficit disorder of the TikTok era. Not only are inflation, war in Ukraine and Covid nasty; we are also bored of them — so bored, in the case of Covid, that we no longer pay much attention to the latest wave currently sweeping the US (until we ourselves test positive).
The reality is that all three forms of disorder — economic, public health and geopolitical — seem likely to be protracted, not just for months but potentially for years. And the longer they last, the more disruption we shall see.
Where will be the next Sri Lanka, where economic crisis has led to political chaos? Albania? Argentina? Kenya? Panama? Which political leader will be next to follow British Prime Minister Boris Johnson through the exit door? (It was nearly Italy's Mario Draghi.) Who will be next to fall to an assassin's bullet, as the former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe did on July 8? Feel free to send me your guesses. Just don't dignify them by calling them forecasts or predictions.
The central problem is that the world we have built has, over time, become an increasingly complex system prone to all kinds of stochastic behavior, non-linear relationships and "fat- tailed" distributions. When I am asked about the future path of inflation, or war, or plague, my answer does not begin, "It's complicated." My answer begins, "It's complex."
Complexity is a term now widely used by natural scientists as well as computer scientists to make sense of a wide range of different systems, such as the spontaneously organized behavior of half a million ants or termites, which allows them to construct complex hills and nests; the production of human intelligence from the interaction of a hundred billion neurons in the "enchanted loom" of the central nervous system; the action of the antibodies in the human immune system to combat alien bacteria and viruses; the "fractal geometry" whereby simple water molecules form themselves into intricate snowflakes, with myriad variants of sixfold symmetry; and the elaborate biological order that knits together multiple species of flora and fauna within a rain forest.
There is every reason to think that man-made economies, societies and polities share many of the features of such complex adaptive systems. Economists such as W. Brian Arthur have been arguing along these lines for more than 20 years, going beyond Adam Smith's 18th-century idea that an "invisible hand" caused markets to work through the interaction of profit-maximizing individuals, or Friedrich von Hayek's later critique of economic planning and demand management.
For Arthur, a complex economy is characterized by the dispersed interaction of multiple agents, a lack of any central control, multiple levels of organization, continual adaptation, the incessant creation of new niches, and an absence of general equilibrium. In this version of economics, Silicon Valley is a complex adaptive system. So is the internet itself.
Researchers at the Santa Fe Institute, where Arthur is an external faculty member, have for years labored to see how such insights can be applied to other aspects of collective human activity.
Consider the following features that are characteristic of complex systems. First, a small input can produce major changes. Second, causal relationships are often (though not always) nonlinear, so conventional methods of generalizing from observations to theory about their behavior, such as trend analysis and sampling, are of little use. Indeed, some theorists of complexity would go so far as to say that complex systems are wholly nondeterministic. When complex systems experience disruption, the scale of the disruption is therefore well-nigh impossible to predict.
A complex system operates somewhere between order and disorder — "on the edge of chaos," in the phrase of the computer scientist Christopher Langton. The system can operate for an extended period very nicely, apparently in equilibrium, in fact adapting all the time. However, there can come a moment when the system reaches a critical state. A very small catalyst can trigger a "phase transition" from one state to another.
The best-known illustration of complexity in action is the weather. Edward Lorenz, the pioneer of chaos theory, famously suggested that the flapping of a butterfly's wings in Brazil could set off a tornado in Texas. Even a tiny disturbance, he argued, could have huge effects in a complex system governed by nonlinear relationships.
Lorenz discovered the butterfly effect in 1961, when he was experimenting at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with a computer model he had designed to simulate weather patterns. He was repeating a simulation he had run before, but he had rounded off one variable from 0.506127 to 0.506. To his amazement, this tiny change drastically transformed the simulated weather generated by the computer.
Almost no one read Lorenz's pathbreaking paper on the subject when it was published in the Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences as "Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow." It was not until a decade later that he translated his insight into layman's language in a lecture with the title, "Predictability: Does the Flap of a Butterfly's Wings in Brazil Set Off a Tornado in Texas?"
"Two particular weather situations," he argued, "differing by as little as the immediate influence of a single butterfly, will generally after sufficient time evolve into two situations differing by as much as the presence of a tornado."
Lorenz, however, added an important caveat: "If the flap of a butterfly's wings can be instrumental in generating a tornado, it can equally well be instrumental in preventing a tornado." In Lorenz's view, this was what made long-range weather prediction so very difficult.
The same applies to economic forecasting. In 1966, the Nobel Prize-winning economist Paul Samuelson joked that declines in US stock prices had correctly predicted "nine out of the last five recessions." Economic forecasters are far worse at their jobs than weather forecasters. Of 469 downturns in national economies between 1988 and 2019, the International Monetary Fund predicted only four by the spring of the year before they began. As for the global financial crisis of 2008-9, only a handful of economists foresaw it with any real precision. Most, as Her Majesty the Queen pointed out, did not "see it coming."
Both the weather and the economy are complex systems — and, in the case of the economy, the system has been growing steadily more complex since the Industrial Revolution. Such systems are not governed by the same rules as individual members of our species, which is one reason we find them hard to think about.
For example, we human beings at adulthood are all roughly the same height. A histogram of human stature is a classic bell curve, with most of us somewhere between five and six feet tall and nobody shorter than about two feet or taller than about eight. There are no ant-size people and no human skyscrapers.
But now consider the realm of international politics. Two mega-states — China and India — account for 36% of the world's population. Then come 11 big states, from the US down to the Philippines, each with more than 100 million people, accounting for just over a quarter of the world's population. Seventy-five medium-size states have between 10 million and 100 million inhabitants: another third of the world's population. But then there are 71 with between one million and 10 million (5% of humanity), 41 states with between 100,000 and a million (0.2%), and a further 33 with fewer than 100,000 residents. Each of these states has a seat in the United Nations General Assembly. In the real world, however, what happens in the mega-states affects vastly more people than what happens in the small fry.
Just as the sizes of states are not normally distributed, so, too, with their lifespans. Unless our lives are cut short by violence, accidents or disease, we humans can count on living from infancy through maturity to senility. Because there is a life cycle for us as individual organisms, we tend to assume the same is true for polities.
Yet the lifespan of empires (the biggest human polities) range from a millennium (the Roman Empire) to just over a decade (Hitler's Third Reich). As for cycles of history, these are artificial constructs, superimposed on the complexity and chaos of the past by authors desperate for more order and predictability than exist.
History, broadly conceived, is the interaction of natural and man-made complexity. It would be very remarkable if this process resulted in predictable cycles. Even a relatively simple man-made edifice such as a bridge can fail (to quote the recently deceased engineering professor Yacov Haimes), "from deterioration of the bridge deck, corrosion or fatigue of structural elements, or an external loading such as floodwater. None of these failure modes is independent of the others in probability or consequence."
All complexity carries with it the potential for collapse — hence the Yale sociologist Charles Perrow's idea of the "normal accident," i.e., the normalization of accidents as a result of ubiquitous complexity.
Historians are partly to blame for our inability to understand complexity. The major upheavals — wars, revolutions, plagues — that we love to study are low-frequency, high-impact events located in the tails of distributions that are anything but normal. Often, like Lorenz's tornado, they can have quite small, proximate triggers.
Not long after some big phase transition, however, the historians arrive on the scene. Misunderstanding complexity, they proceed to explain the huge calamity in terms of long-run causes, often dating back decades. A world war breaks out in the summer of 1914, to the avowed amazement of most contemporaries. Before long, the historians have devised a storyline commensurate with the disaster, involving power-hungry Germans and the navy they began building in 1898, the waning of Ottoman power in the Balkans dating back to the 1870s, and a treaty governing the neutrality of Belgium that was signed in 1839. This is what Nassim Nicholas Taleb has rightly condemned as the "narrative fallacy" — the construction of psychologically satisfying stories on the principle of post hoc, ergo propter hoc.
Telling such stories is an age-old habit that is very hard to break. Recent versions of the retrospective fallacy trace the 9/11 terrorist attacks back to the 1966 execution of Sayyid Qutb, the Islamist writer who inspired the Muslim Brotherhood; or attribute the 2008 financial crisis to measures of financial deregulation dating back to the 1980s.
But the proximate triggers of a crisis often suffice to explain the sudden phase transition. As Taleb has argued, the global economy by 2007 had come to resemble an overoptimized electricity grid. The relatively small surge represented by defaults on subprime mortgages in the US sufficed to tip the entire world economy into the financial equivalent of a blackout. Blaming such a crash on financial deregulation under President Ronald Reagan is about as illuminating as blaming World War I on the naval plans of Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz.
A key facet of complexity is the role played by networks, arguably the most important feature of both natural and man-made complexity. The natural world is to a bewildering extent made up of "optimized, space-filling, branching networks," in the words of the physicist Geoffrey West — another Santa Fe Institute sage.
In prehistory, Homo sapiens evolved as a cooperative ape, with a unique ability to network — to communicate and to act collectively — that sets us apart from all other animals. In the words of the evolutionary anthropologist Joseph Henrich, we are not simply bigger-brained, less hairy chimpanzees; the secret of our success as a species "resides … in the collective brains of our communities."
Social networks are the structures that human beings naturally form, beginning with knowledge itself and the various kinds of representation we use to communicate it, as well as the family trees to which we all necessarily belong. They come in all shapes and sizes, from exclusive secret societies to open-source mass movements. Some have a spontaneous, self-organizing character; others are more systematic and structured. All that has happened — beginning with the invention of written language — is that successive information and communication technologies have facilitated our innate, ancient urge to network.
The key point is that social networks today are much larger and faster than at any time in history. That is why the complex system we know as humanity is more vulnerable than ever to various forms of contagion. In the words of the sociologist Duncan Watts, the key to assessing the likelihood of a contagion is "to focus not on the stimulus itself but on the structure of the network the stimulus hits."
This helps explain why, for every idea that goes viral, there are countless others that fizzle out in obscurity because they began with the wrong node, cluster or network. The same often goes for infectious microbes, only a very few of which succeed in generating pandemics.
Large social networks are themselves complex systems, with their own kinds of phase transition. A seemingly random network can evolve with astounding speed into a hierarchy. The number of steps between the revolutionary crowd and the totalitarian state has more than once proved to be surprisingly small. The seemingly rigid structures of a hierarchical order can disintegrate with equal rapidity.
As I argued in "Doom: The Politics of Catastrophe" (out now in paperback with a new afterword), a disaster such as a pandemic is not a single, discrete event. It invariably leads to other forms of disaster — economic, social, political — as well as to other forms of contagion (such as viral conspiracy theories). There can be, and often are, cascades or chain reactions of disaster. The more networked the world becomes, the more we see this.
I ended the book by predicting both economic and geopolitical crises in the wake of the worst phase of the pandemic. Here, too, I drew inspiration from Santa Fe, because Edward D. Lee's concept of a "conflict avalanche" — which he and his co-authors derived from their research on modern conflicts in Africa — seemed to me to have a global applicability.
Inflation, as the writer Matthew C. Klein has argued, may be about to fade as prices of everything from graphics cards to stainless-steel skillets and ocean freight come down and inventories continue to rise, even if there remain significant supply constraints in energy, automobiles and air travel.
Larry Summers has recently restated his belief in "secular stagnation," suggesting that the period of rising interest rates may prove short-lived as demographic and technological forces reassert themselves.
Yet research by both the Institute for Economics and Peace and the International Monetary Fund points to rising levels of social unrest and violent demonstrations around the globe. The scenario of a global conflict avalanche can certainly not be discounted, especially when political assassination returns to Japan, for decades one of the world's most politically stable countries. And nothing is more certain to keep inflation going around the world than an avalanche of war and political violence, disrupting the supply of money, goods and labor.
History shows this. But complexity explains it.
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Emil Schön (4 d'agost de 1872 - 29 de gener de 1945) va ser un tirador d'esgrima alemany que va competir a començaments del . El 1906 va prendre part en els Jocs Intercalats d'Atenes, on guanyà la medalla d'or en la competició de sabre per equips del programa d'esgrima. En aquests mateixos Jocs disputà cinc proves més, amb una quarta plaça en la prova de Sabre, tres cops i una cinquena en la d'espasa individual i espasa per equips com a millors resultats.

El 1908 va prendre part en els Jocs Olímpics de Londres, on disputà dues proves del programa d'esgrima, espasa i sabre, però en cap d'elles superà les sèries eliminatòries.

Als Jocs d'Estocolm, el 1912, foren quatre les proves del programa d'esgrima que disputà, sent les millors posicions la setena en espasa per equips i sabre per equips.

Referències

Tiradors d'esgrima alemanys
Medallistes alemanys als Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1906
Esportistes alemanys als Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1908
Esportistes alemanys als Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1912
Morts el 1945
Naixements del 1872

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Overpriced or not, there are few things that make you feel more pampered during a hotel stay than ordering room service. While any old hotel can send up a plate of pancakes or a burger and fries under a silver domed lid, some hotels are taking the concept of "room service" to new heights by delivering everything from Fender guitars to an oversized Tom Selleck pillow. Here are nine of our favorites.
At Seattle's Kimpton Palladian Hotel, pillow talk is all the rage. Guests looking to cuddle up with their favorite celebrities at the end of a long day of travel or sightseeing. Brad Pitt, Leonardo DiCaprio, David Bowie, Elvis Presley and Bill Murray are among the A-listers you can ask to sleep with. (If you're more into mustaches and a retro '80s vibe, Tom Selleck and Chuck Norris are on the menu, too.) And if you grow a little too attached, don't worry — and definitely don't try to stick the pillow in your suitcase: the hotel makes them available for purchase, too.
We'll take one Tom Selleck, stat! Image courtesy Kimpton Palladian Hotel.
Perhaps unsurprisingly, the Hard Rock Hotels live up to their name with their "The Sound of Your Stay" program, which allows guests to turn their hotel rooms into personalized recording studios by simply reserving one of 20 Fender guitars, which will be delivered to your room with headphones and a floor amplifier. For newbies, in-room video tutorials will teach you how to move beyond simple strumming.
Rock out at the Hotel nhow Berlin. Image courtesy of Hotel nhow Berlin.
Craving a cocktail? While it would be easy enough for guests of California's Cavallo Point, overlooking the Golden Gate Bridge in Sausalito, to make their way over to the lodge's Murray Circle restaurant or Farley Bar, why bother? A simple call down to room service can have a personal bartender in your room, ready to craft a cocktail to your very demanding specifications — shaken or stirred.
Cheers — your in-room bartender has arrived. Image courtesy of Cavallo Point.
It's the goal of most hotels to feel like a home away from home — particularly a hotel that specializes in extended-stay accommodations. TownePlace Suites, Marriott's all-suite chain that caters to business travelers, understands this and knows that few things feel more "homey" than cooking up some burgers and dogs on the grill (even if it's a borrowed one). That's why Weber grills are just one of the many just-like-home items you'll find waiting for you to fire up — same goes for those ever-important grilling utensils (though you'll have to venture outside your room, to the official area where they're stationed, to get to 'em. Safety first!).
Get grilling at TownPlace Suites by Marriott. Image courtesy of Marriott International Inc.
To call the HGU New York a wellness-focused hotel would be a major understatement — wellness-obsessed would be much more accurate. For proof, look no further than the property's partnership with REVIV, one of the world's leading wellness centers, which will deliver any one of its range of IV infusion therapies right to your room to fix what ails you, whether it's jet lag or a hangover.
From jet lag to hangovers, there's an IV therapy to cure what ails you. Image courtesy of HGU New York's Facebook page.
If you're traveling with kids, it's important to keep them entertained. And that's where the Four Seasons Chicago's Ice Cream Man comes in. Kids (and, well, you) will hardly be able to contain themselves when the hotel's Ice Cream Man arrives, with cart in tow, ready to let young guests concoct a sundae with all the toppings they can handle.
The Ice Cream Man has arrived. Image courtesy of Four Seasons Chicago.
When it comes to ice cream, kids aren't the only ones who get to have all the fun. At the Hotel Victor in South Beach, guests can order up a 24-scoop sundae, a.k.a. the King Kong Sundae, from the onsite (and pretty famous) outpost of Sugar Factory, a sweets-loving brasserie. Though it's priced at a hefty $99, it easily serves 12 (or fewer — it's your vacation, so it's up to you) and is topped with hot fudge, caramel, strawberry sauce, bananas, toasted marshmallows, Reese's Pieces, chocolate chip cookies, crushed waffle cones, gummi bears, white chocolate strawberry shavings, toasted walnuts, and whipped cream — all of that topped with a couple of gigantic lollipops and sparklers.
To share or not to share? Sugar Factory's King Kong Sundae begs the question. Image courtesy of Scott Eisen/Getty Images for Sugar Factory American Brasserie.
Sure it may seem cliché, but a visit to Hawaii just isn't quite complete without partaking in a luau. Fortunately for guests of the Four Seasons Resort Maui, they don't even have to leave their room to experience one. For $180, you can order up a luau for two on the lanai, complete with a fresh Mai Tai, a selection of poke, poi, coconut haupia, and a bevy of local delicacies. Staying in a larger suite? If there's enough room to fit some dancers and singers, you can order up some entertainment at the same time. (Just don't expect any of those pyrotechnic tricks).


Recently, the Census Bureau released its annual report on poverty. The report showed that the official rate of poverty in 2015 was 13.5%, down 1.2 percentage points from 2014. Using the Current Population Survey March Supplement, the data used for the Census poverty report, we update our recent analysis to describe the characteristics of the poor in 2015 and changes in these characteristics over the last year.
The characteristics of individuals living in poverty did not change substantially from 2014 to 2015. Children still comprise more than a third of those living below poverty and students an additional 7 percent. A quarter of those living below the poverty threshold are in the labor force, either working or searching for work. Senior citizens, early retirees, the disabled, and caregivers constitute the remaining thirty percent of those living in poverty. Only 3 percent of those living in poverty fall outside of the groups just mentioned.
There were small shifts in the composition of who is poor from 2014 to 2015. Children (+0.3 percentage points), students (+0.3 percentage points), and the disabled (+0.4 percentage points) saw small increases in their shares of those living in poverty while working-age adults in the labor force (-0.4 percentage points), caregivers (-0.3 percentage points), and early retirees (-0.4 percentage points) saw slight declines.
Next we examine the characteristics of working-age adults living in poverty. Just over 11.5 percent of working-age adults living in poverty are working full-time year-round, a 1.2 percentage point decrease in the share from 2014 to 2015. As detailed in last week's poverty report, earnings rose for those working full-time year-round, helping to raise many out of poverty. There were also decreases in the share of working-age adults seeking employment (-0.9 percentage points), caregivers (-0.5 percentage points), and early retirees (-0.6 percentage points). There were increases in the share of working-age adults living in poverty who were employed less than full-time year-round (+1.7 percentage points), the share who were students (+0.5 percentage points), and the share who were disabled (+0.8 percentage points). Only five percent of working-age adults in poverty were not members of the groups just mentioned.
Finally, we look at the characteristics of working-age adults living in poverty who reported usually working part-time in 2015 and were still working part-time in March 2016. The largest increase in the share of part-time workers living in poverty was among students, which saw just over a one-and-a-half percentage point increase. By contrast, we see an almost four percentage point decrease in the share of adults working part-time involuntarily, though this group still represents more than a third of those living in poverty and working part-time. This decrease reflects the ongoing strengthening in the labor market, which resulted in a sharp drop from 2014 to 2015 in the overall number of those working part-time who would have preferred full-time employment.
In order to address poverty, we must know who is poor and how the composition of who is poor is changing. This analysis describes who was living in poverty in 2015 and how that changed from the prior year. As with our analysis of poverty in 2014, this update suggests that when poor working-age adults are not employed full-time, they are often disabled, receiving education, or engaged in caregiving.


Example 1. 假使心灵是一个房间,双眼就是这个房间的窗户。 [phr] If one's heart were a room, his or her eyes would be the windows of this room.
Example 2. 假使我有钱的话,我要买个大房子。 [phr] If I become rich, I will buy a big house.
There are other conjunctions used in the same way as 假使, for example, 要是、如果、假如. The difference is that 要是 is mostly used in speaking, 如果 can be used both in speaking and writing. Being more formal, 假如 and 假使 are both used in writing.


text:
Le Mas (Lo Mas en occitan provençal en écriture classique et Lou Mas en écriture mistralienne) est une commune française située dans le département des Alpes-Maritimes, en région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur.

Ses habitants sont appelés les Massois.

Géographie

Localisation
Le village est situé à  de Aiglun et  de Roquestéron. Membre des communes du Parc naturel régional des Préalpes d'Azur, il se trouve dans la Vallée de l'Estéron.

Géologie et relief
D'une surface de , la commune comporte , et comporte plusieurs hameaux : les Sausses, de La Faye, de la Clue, les Tardons, du Clot, de Sarrodier et du Collet.

Une des spécificités du territoire du Mas est d'être une vallée enclavée entre deux chaînes montagneuses, plus précisément entre les deux les plus importantes du haut-pays grassois : les montagnes de Bleine et le Cheiron (dite aussi montagne de Thorenc) au sud et la montagne du Charamel au nord.

Sismicité
Commune située en zone de sismicité moyenne.

Hydrographie et les eaux souterraines
Cours d'eau sur la commune ou à son aval:
 rivière l'Estéron ;
 rivière la Gironde ;
 ruisseau de la Faye ;
 vallons de l'arsiagne, de la combe de la serre, de valourouot, fontanier, de la combe croux, de pigros, de la chaume, de la roche clave.

Climat
Climat classé Csb dans la classification de Köppen et Geiger.

Voies de communications et transports

Voies routières
Village desservi par la route départementale 17 depuis Roquestéron, puis par la départementale 10.

Boucle d'Azur N°2 : La route des clues.

Transports en commun
 Transport en Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Une ligne régulière du réseau Sillages de la Communauté d'Agglomération du Pays de Grasse dessert la commune.
.

Intercommunalité
Commune membre de la Communauté d'agglomération du Pays de Grasse.

Urbanisme

Typologie
Le Mas est une commune rurale. Elle fait en effet partie des communes peu ou très peu denses, au sens de la grille communale de densité de l'Insee.

Par ailleurs la commune fait partie de l'aire d'attraction de Nice, dont elle est une commune de la couronne. Cette aire, qui regroupe , est catégorisée dans les aires de  à moins de .

La commune dispose d'une carte communale validée par arrêté préfectoral du .

La commune est intégrée dans le Périmètre du Schéma de cohérence territoriale (SCoT'Ouest acté par Arrêté préfectoral le .

Occupation des sols

L'occupation des sols de la commune, telle qu'elle ressort de la base de données européenne d'occupation biophysique des sols Corine Land Cover (CLC), est marquée par l'importance des forêts et milieux semi-naturels (100 % en 2018), une proportion identique à celle de 1990 (100 %). La répartition détaillée en 2018 est la suivante :
forêts (87 %), espaces ouverts, sans ou avec peu de végétation (10,4 %), milieux à végétation arbustive et/ou herbacée (2,6 %).

L'IGN met par ailleurs à disposition un outil en ligne permettant de comparer l'évolution dans le temps de l'occupation des sols de la commune (ou de territoires à des échelles différentes). Plusieurs époques sont accessibles sous forme de cartes ou photos aériennes : la carte de Cassini (), la carte d'état-major (1820-1866) et la période actuelle (1950 à aujourd'hui).

Histoire
Isnard, de la Maison de Grasse, commandeur de Saint-Jean-de-Jérusalem, prieur de Capoue, Grand sénéchal de Provence, a reçu de la reine Jeanne, en récompense de ses services, les terres du Mas et d'Aiglun, le . Il a fait donation de la terre d'Aiglun à son cousin Pons des Ferres, le . Le fief du Mas est revenu à Bertrand II de Grasse. La famille de Grasse perdit la seigneurie du Mas au moment de la dédition de Nice car elle est restée fidèle aux comtes de Provence.

En 1713, le traité d'Utrecht prévoit que l'Ubaye et ses dépendances, relevant auparavant du royaume de Piémont-Sardaigne, soit échangé contre les places françaises du Val de Suse, afin que la frontière suive la ligne de partage des eaux. Mais les imbrications de territoires héritées de l'histoire subsistent : ainsi, Entraunes et Saint-Martin-d'Entraunes dépendaient de Barcelonnette, mais se situent dans la vallée du Var, donc du côté Piémontais, en amont de Guillaumes qui lui était déjà français. Le royaume de France et celui du Piémont les revendiquèrent. Par ailleurs, la vallée de l'Estéron, en rive droite du Var, était piémontaise, créant ainsi une langue de territoire s'avançant dans la Provence française. Dans le Haut-Var, c'est finalement la règle de la ligne de partage des eaux qui prévaut. Pour apporter une compensation à la France, et réduire l'irrégularité de la frontière, la communauté du Mas est cédée à la France en 1718.

Le samedi  un quadrimoteur B-24 Liberator de l'USAF s'écrasait sur les hauteurs du col de Bleine, pic de l'aigle.

Héraldique

Politique et administration

Budget et fiscalité 2019

En 2019, le budget de la commune était constitué ainsi :
 total des produits de fonctionnement : , soit  par habitant ;
 total des charges de fonctionnement : , soit  par habitant ;
 total des ressources d'investissement : , soit  par habitant ;
 total des emplois d'investissement : , soit  par habitant ;
 endettement : , soit  par habitant.

Avec les taux de fiscalité suivants :
 taxe d'habitation : 6,04 % ;
 taxe foncière sur les propriétés bâties : 4,91 % ;
 taxe foncière sur les propriétés non bâties : 21,79 % ;
 taxe additionnelle à la taxe foncière sur les propriétés non bâties : 0,00 % ;
 cotisation foncière des entreprises : 0,00 %.

Chiffres clés Revenus et pauvreté des ménages en 2017 : médiane en 2017 du revenu disponible, par unité de consommation : .

Population et société

Démographie

Évolution démographique

Enseignement
Le Mas comptait trois écoles au village, aux Sausses et aux Tardons. La mairie-école.

Établissements d'enseignements actuels :
 écoles maternelles à Andon, Gréolières ;
 écoles primaires à Briançonnet, Gréolières ;
 collège à Puget-Théniers, Saint-Vallier-de-Thiey ;
 lycée à Vence.

Santé
Professionnels et établissements de santé :
 Médecins à Puget-Théniers, Entrevaux,
 Hôpitaux à Puget-Théniers, Cabris, Grasse,
 Pharmacies à Entrevaux, Saint-Vallier-de-Thiey.

Cultes
 Culte catholique, Paroisse Sainte-Marie-des-Sources, Diocèse de Nice.

Économie

Entreprises et commerces

Agriculture
Les moines de l'Abbaye de Lérins s'étaient implantés sur une crête de la montagne Charamel, faisant l'élevage de moutons. Le Mas, détaché du Comté de Nice, revient à la France en 1718 par le Traité de Paris. Ses principales activités économiques étaient l'élevage d'ovins, la production maraîchère et l'exploitation forestière. Cette industrie du bois traversera les siècles pour s'éteindre vers 1960.

À l'exception de deux petites exploitations de Culture de légumes, de melons, de racines et de tubercules, la vallée de St Auban, zone de trois communes originellement (Aiglun, Le Mas et Saint Auban) a vu son nombre d'exploitations divisé par trois de 1955 à 2000. En 2000, les communautés du Mas et d'Aiglun (à l'est de Saint Auban) ne comptaient plus aucun agriculteur et formaient un espace entièrement recolonisé par la forêt.

Tourisme
 Auberge communale.
 Gîtes ruraux et gîtes communaux labellisés Gîtes de France.
 Maison de vacances.

Commerces
Commerces et services de proximité dans les villages environnants.

Lieux et monuments

Patrimoine religieux :
 église Notre-Dame du Mas, inscrite au titre des Monuments historiques en 1937;
 chapelle Saint-Arnoux.
 chapelle des Pénitents blancs, transformée en habitation privée ;
 chapelle Saint Sébastien ;
 chapelle-reposoir Saint-Sébastien, elle aussi privée ;
 hameau des Sausses avec la chapelle Saint-Sauveur et l'oratoire Saint-Aman ;
 la croix du jubilé.
 Mémorial, Conflits commémorés 1914-1918.

Patrimoine civil :
 vestiges du château féodal du  ;
 petit château classique ;
 moulin au sud du village ;
 la pierre rousse de Pimpinier.

Patrimoine environnemental :
 Un patrimoine environnemental préservé et une diversité de faune et flore.

Personnalités liées à la commune
 Jules Muraire, acteur provençal dit Raimu, dont la famille est originaire du Mas.
 De Barlatier de Mas (dite aussi « De Barlatier de Saint-Julien »).
 Paul-François Bartalier du Mas, capitaine des vaisseaux du roy.
 Les De Grasse, seigneurs du Mas.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

 Fiches sur l'histoire du Mas : préhistoire et période préromaine - Période romaine - de 400 à 1007 - de 1038 à 1330 - de 1382 à 1771 - de 1772 à 2009.
 Le conseil de la fabrique des Sausses,
 Le Petit Massois
 Nouvelles découvertes historiques : de vraies reliques et un tableau caché !
 Philippe de Beauchamp, Le haut pays méconnu. Villages & hameaux isolés des Alpes-Maritimes, 137, Éditions Serre, Nice, 1989  ; 159
 Une étude générale d'identification et d'inventaire du bâti du village a été réalisée par les stagiaires du « Centre européen de formation PARTIR (Patrimoine Architectural Rural, Techniques d'Identification et de Restauration) » - École d'architecture de Paris-La Villette, dans le cadre de ses sessions de formations d'application organisées par l'antenne du Centre pour la région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur.

 Le Mas, sur www.departement06.fr/patrimoine-culturel-des-alpes-maritimes/
 Essai de toponymie massoise
 Le Mas : Train d'atterrissage du B24
 Cavité naturelle : Aven du Mas
 Chiffres clés publiés par l'institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (INSEE). Dossier complet
 Inventaire national du patrimoine naturel de la commune

Articles connexes
 Liste des communes des Alpes-Maritimes
 Liste des anciennes communes des Alpes-Maritimes

Liens externes

 Le Mas sur le site de l'Institut géographique national
 Le patrimoine architectural et mobilier des communes sur le site officiel du ministère français de la Culture (Bases Mérimée, Palissy, Palissy, Mémoire, ArchiDoc), Médiathèque de l'architecture et du patrimoine (archives photographiques) diffusion RMN, et service régional de l'inventaire général de la direction de la Culture et du Patrimoine de la Région PACA]
 Site de la Direction Régionale de l'Environnement, de l'Aménagement et du Logement (DREAL) et Inventaire et protections réglementaires de l'environnement des communes

Village perché dans les Alpes-Maritimes


text:
California Casino Owner, Notorious Mormon Sect Member Joe Kingston Dies from Coronavirus
Posted on: May 27, 2020, 08:18h.
Last updated on: May 27, 2020, 10:06h.
Joseph Ortell Kingston, co-owner of California's Lake Elsinore Casino and member of Utah's controversial Mormon fundamentalist Kingston Group, has died from COVID-19, The Salt Lake Tribune reports.
Lake Elsinore Casino co-owner Joseph Kingston was known to have suffered from diabetes and to have been in ill health. (Image: Salt Lake Tribune)
Kingston, 63, was the full brother of Paul E. Kingston, the current leader of the sect, which is also known as the Davis County Cooperative Society, the Latter-Day Church of Christ, or simply "The Order."
Their father was Ortell Kingston, the founder of the sect, who had 14 wives and claimed a direct bloodline from Jesus Christ.
Secretive Sect
The secretive Kingstons run one of the wealthiest family-run business empires in Utah, with interests in coal mining, restaurant supply, and firearms retail.
The family's ownership of Lake Elsinore Casino is controversial, and not least because of the family's contentious practices, such as polygamy, inter-family marriage, and the harsh treatment of family members who try to escape the sect.
One such former member, Mary Ann Kingston, sued The Order in 2003. She had been beaten unconscious when, at 15, she attempted to resist her forthcoming marriage to her uncle.
A current lawsuit brought by a former family member accuses the Kingstons of defrauding federal student aid programs.
Meanwhile, it emerged last year that the Lake Elsinore Casino has been operating under a provisional gaming license for the past two decades, despite a recommendation by regulators it be denied full licensing back in 2008.
Underlying Health Problems
Per recent court documents, Joseph Kingston was known to be suffering from underlying health conditions, including diabetes, a major risk factor for COVID-19. He had been attempting to transfer his 47.5 percent equity in the casino to his second cousin, Chad Benson, citing his own poor health.
But The Salt Lake Tribune reports the share transfer has been impeded by the questions surrounding Lake Elsinore's licensing. Meanwhile, gaming regulators have asked for more information about Joseph Kingston and his co-owner, Ted Kingston, Benson's half-brother.
They also want to know about loans issued to the business by lenders with links to The Order. But the Kingstons' tendency toward secrecy appears to be holding up proceedings.
The group's caginess is likely because of fear of prosecution for practicing polygamy.
According to court documents related to the student aid fraud case, Joseph Kingston had three wives and 26 children. He was the 14th-most powerful member in the Kingston hierarchy. The sect itself numbers around 3,500 people.
California Casino Run by Powerful Polygamous Mormon Sect Could Lose License
California Casino Operated by Controversial Polygamous Group Gets Mixed Gaming License Ruling
California Regulators Seek More Details About Kingston Family, Polygamous Group With Ties To Lake Elsinore Casino
Claimed Howard Hughes Heir Melvin Dummar Dead at 74, Nevadan Supposedly Rescued Billionaire in 1967
Brazil President Approves Tourism Investment Program, Shortens Odds on Casinos
Philip Conneller — April 29, 2019
Todd Shriber — July 12, 2019
Todd Shriber — September 21, 2019
Devin O'Connor — December 11, 2018

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
by paltman
last posted Aug. 19, 2014, 12:11 p.m.
get stream as: markdown or atom
James Tauber is teaching me biology, specifically genetics and molecular biology.
created Aug. 19, 2014, 2:09 a.m.
This is an overview to prep for me for Introduction to Biology at MIT
What is genetics about?
A lot of people refer to genetics as the thing that describes the traits that people have, which is a really misleading way to think about it.
Another slightly more correct, but still misleading is that genes are a blueprint for an organism.
Genes control the behavior of cells not organisms.
The genetic code is really about telling cells how to behave.
If all cells have all the genes then how is it that cells behave differently.
How do they know what to be doing.
Genes are like the software for how your cell operates.
100 years ago this was unknown.
Genetics until 50 years was not understood how it works but just that there was things like inheritance.
1850-1950 was dominated by the discoveries of a monk named Gregor Mendel and the research of his into peas.
He called genes factors and knew there was something that caused inheritance.
Another thing that is really misleading is that the high school level understanding of this thing is that people talk about genes as being recessive or dominant.
It really just depends.
The key terminology to take away:
dominate and recessive as not of the gene but rather the trait
genotype is the set of information that gets inherited
phenotype is the set of traits that gets inherited
alleles is the variations in a gene
if a particular cell is using that gene at a particular point of time
it was realized that whatever the mechanism for whatever these alleles where that the information existed in the nucleus of a cell and existed in things called chromosomes.
there isn't much correlation between the number of chromosomes and the complexity of the organism.
23 pairs of chromosomes (23 from mother, 23 from father)
for each sperm and egg created, they have one of the two pairs for each chromosome.
imagine 46 floppy disks, but they come in pairs.
when a sperm is made, for each of the 23 pairs, you pick one of the pairs, ending up with 23 floppy disks.
same for the egg.
when the egg is fertilized, you have 46 disks again.
sometimes bytes from two disks trade places, but pretty much all the alleles (bytes) on the disk travels together.
this is the understanding of things through 1950s
there were various processes that happened. some scientists believed there something happening beyond chemistry to make the processes happen.
fermentation was one such process
this spontaneous creation of alcohol and particle was something beyond chemistry, some "life giving force".
Edward Buchner discovered, and won a nobel prize for it, that yeast was getting into the juice from the air and it was converting the juice to alcohol. he called these particle enzymes.
Yeast was understood as a substance but then it became known that it was actually a living thing.
Buchner discovered that it was something inside the yeast, not the the yeast itself. he was able to extract a chemical from the yeast and reproduce fermentation with it.
The key thing about enzymes is that some chemical reactions happen when two substances just combine.
But the vast majority of things need a catalyst.
An enzyme is a protein that acts as a catalyst.
The first hint that genetics and biochemistry was a discovery / realization that there were certain people that failed to undertake certain reactions in their bodies and it was genetic.
This was first was noticed in this condition that was inheritable that caused black urine.
The biochemists worked out that their was a process in your body that breaks down a substance and if it doesn't break down the urine is black.
For certain people without this enzyme the urine isn't broken down.
People started putting things together and seeing that genetics and biochemistry were related due to black urine. :)
Back to genetics for a bit.
If you've got two genes on chromosome 6, they are most likely to be inherited together because they are on the same chromosome.
Sometimes, however, sometimes genes from each pair of chromosome merge. The greater distance between genes on a chromosome the greater the chance that swaps occur between two pairs.
Before anyone knew about DNA, it was understood that genes existed on chromosome.
This was done from correlations and statistics in observations in fruit fly traits.
Meanwhile, biochemists were building up biochemical pathways.
In each cell there are 100s of different chemical reactions happening.
Biochemists worked out that strange things that happened like black urine were because arcs in the biological pathways were broken for some reason.
Biological Pathways Poster:
The discovery of DNA was the sudden realization that the biochemistry processes and genetics were directly linked.
created Aug. 19, 2014, 3 a.m.
What DNA provides is the recipe for making proteins (mostly enzymes).
What determines if a particular pathway is happening is the required enzyme is around and if it's around depends on if it's being required by the DNA. This production of the proteins by DNA is gene expression.
Child Streams
updated Sept. 25, 2014, 3:41 a.m.


How Can I Help You Play Guitar The Way You Want?
Please take a minute to tell me about yourself so that I can better understand your specific guitar lesson needs and desires. I look forward to hearing about your guitar playing journey so far!
After you fill out the form, I'll contact you shortly thereafter to answer any questions you have or to schedule a free introductory session if you wish! You can also call me anytime @ 315-567-3256. Thanks.
If these Lessons are for someone other than yourself, please click "lessons for Someone Else" for the correct form.
How many months/years have you been playing?
What/who inspired you to play guitar?
What are some of your favorite bands/artist or songs in the style you want to play?
Please tell me how you learned about The Way Of Guitar/Jeff Wiggins?
If you've already been playing guitar you can answer the following questions to the best of your ability.
What current struggles or frustrations in your playing do you wish to overcome?
If you've taken lessons in the past, what did you both like and dislike about them?
To this point, what has your approach to learning guitar on your own consisted of?
If you can name one or more things that you feel are holding back your progress, what would they be?
Can you think of one or more things that if you could do now would make you super excited about your guitar playing?
Please list any other problems or areas of interest that you would like help with here.
Thanks for taking the time to answer these questions. They will be useful while evaluating how I can best help your playing!
Please fill out your contact info first then continue to fill out the information on the person your inquiring about lessons for.
Your relation to the student?
How many months/years if at all have they been playing?
What are some of their favorite bands/artist or songs?
What do you wish most for them to get out of taking guitar lessons?


text:
A Magyar Közlöny időszaki lap, Magyarország hivatalos lapja. A 2010-es magyarországi országgyűlési választásokat megelőzően a Miniszterelnöki Hivatal szerkesztette, ezt követően a Szerkesztőbizottság közreműködésével az Igazságügyi Minisztérium (2014 előtt Közigazgatási és Igazságügyi Minisztérium) szerkeszti. Jogszabályokat és jogszabálynak nem minősülő egyéb jogi dokumentumokat közöl.

A Magyar Közlöny elektronikus, a szerkesztő elektronikus aláírásával és időbélyegzővel ellátott változata hiteles, a papíralapon kiadott lap csak a jogalkalmazók tájékoztatását szolgálja.

Tartalma

 A Magyar Közlönyben történő megjelentetéssel hirdetik ki a jogszabályokat. Ezek közé tartoznak az Alaptörvény és annak módosításai, az Országgyűlés által elfogadott törvények, a kormány, a Magyar Nemzeti Bank elnökének és a Kormány tagjainak (miniszterelnök, miniszterek) rendeletei. A Kúria jogegységi döntéseit és az Alkotmánybíróság határozatait, valamint végzéseit a jogalkotás és jogalkalmazás során figyelembe kell venni. Itt teszi közzé az Országos Választási Bizottság az állásfoglalásait, valamint a népszavazási kérdések tárgyában benyújtott indítványokról hozott döntéseit. A kormány tagjainak határozatai közül a külügyminiszternek a nemzetközi szerződések hatálybalépésével kapcsolatos határozatait érdemes kiemelni. Ezeken felül részét képezik a személyi kérdésekben hozott döntések, ideértve a köztársasági elnök és a Kormány által adományozott kitüntetések közzététele is. Bár jogszabálynak minősül, mégsem itt hirdetik ki az önkormányzati rendeleteket.
 A Magyar Közlönyben csak új jogszabály jelenhet meg, régebbi hatályos szövege (egységes szerkezetben való kihirdetés) nem. Ugyanakkor az Alaptörvény módosítása elrendelheti az Alaptörvény hatályos szövegének kihirdetését (a negyedik módosítás ezt meg is tette)
 Jogszabály, illetőleg a miniszterelnök a Magyar Közlönyben más közlemény közzétételét is elrendelheti.
 Melléklete a miniszteri utasításokat, határozatokat, tájékoztatókat és más szervektől származó közleményeket, hirdetményeket tartalmazó Hivatalos Értesítő, mely hetente 2-3 alkalommal jelenik meg.
 1985 és 2005 között a lapban 16 052 jogszabályt hirdettek ki. 1985-ben 332, 2005-ben 1263 volt az évente kibocsátott jogszabályoknak a száma.
 A hivatalos lap terjedelme 1945 és 2005 között összesen 195 606 oldal volt. A nyolcvanas évek végéig az éves terjedelem 1000-2000 oldalt tett ki. A rendszerváltás óta folyamatosan emelkedett, 2004-ben megközelítette a 20 000 oldalt, 2009-ben pedig az 50 000-t.

Fejezetei
A Magyar közlöny részei:
 I. Az Alaptörvény és annak módosításai, valamint az Alaptörvény egységes szerkezete
 II. Törvények
 III. Kormányrendeletek
 IV. A Magyar Nemzeti Bank elnökének rendeletei, valamint az önálló szabályozó szerv vezetőjének rendeletei
 V. A Kormány tagjainak rendeletei
 VI. Az Alkotmánybíróság határozatai, teljes ülési állásfoglalásai és végzései
 VII. A Kúria határozatai
 VIII. Az Országos Választási Bizottság állásfoglalásai
 IX. Határozatok Tára
A Hivatalos Értesítő részei:
 I. Utasítások
 II. Nemzetközi szerződésekkel kapcsolatos közlemények
 III. Személyügyi közlemények
 IV. Egyéb közlemények
 V. Alapító okiratok
 VI. Hirdetmények

Története
A Magyar Közlöny 1945. január 4-én jelent meg először; felváltva a korábbi hivatalos lapot, a Budapesti Közlönyt. Érdekesség, hogy az első tizenöt számot Debrecenben adták ki; azóta azonban minden lap Budapesten jelent meg.

Címlapján - a politikai rendszerek változásával párhuzamosan - a címer is változott:

Kezdetben csak a jogszabályok jelentek meg benne, de később, 1945. március 28-tól már hirdetményeket is olvashatunk számaiban. (Ezeket jelenleg melléklete tartalmazza).

A jogalkotásról szóló 1987. évi XI. törvény előírta, hogy a jogszabályokat a Magyar Köztársaság hivatalos lapjában, a Magyar Közlönyben kell kihirdetni. A lapszerkezet fejezetei ekkor: Személyi rész, Jogszabályok, Határozatok, Iránymutatások, Közlemények, hirdetmények és Nemzetközi szerződések. Fejezetei az idő folyamán gyakran módosultak.

A 2010. évi országgyűlési választásokat megelőzően a Miniszterelnöki Hivatal szerkesztette, ezt követően - a jogalkotásról szóló 2010. évi CXXX. törvény alapján - a Szerkesztőbizottság közreműködésével az Igazságügyi Minisztérium szerkeszti.

A közlöny éves megjelenési- és lapszáma:

Megjelenési napjának jelentősége

 A jogszabályok hatálybalépését vagy a Magyar Közlönyben való megjelenés napja vagy az adott jogszabályban meghatározott, ettől eltérő időpont határozza meg.
 Az adott jogszabály hatályba lépése – ha az adott jogszabály másként nem rendelkezik – egyben meghatározza, hogy az adott jogszabályban meghatározott jogszabályok vagy bizonyos részeik mely napon vesztik hatályukat.

Jogállása

A Magyar Közlönyre vonatkozó alapvető szabályokat a jogalkotásról szóló 2010. évi CXXX. törvény 11. alcíme, valamint a Magyar Közlöny kiadásáról, valamint a jogszabály kihirdetése során történő és a közjogi szervezetszabályozó eszköz közzététele során történő megjelöléséről szóló 32/2010. (XII. 31.) KIM rendelet tartalmazta; ez utóbbit 2019-ben azonos címmel a 5/2019. (III. 13.) IM rendelet váltotta fel.

A jogszabály megjelölése a jogszabály kihirdetése során

Törvény megjelölése annak kihirdetése során - az alábbi sorrendben -
 a) a törvény kihirdetésének évét arab számmal,
 b) az "évi" kifejezést,
 c) a törvény sorszámát római számmal,
 d) a "törvény" kifejezést és
 e) a törvény címét foglalja magában.

Önkormányzati rendelet megjelölése annak kihirdetése során - az alábbi sorrendben -
 a) a rendelet megalkotójának teljes megjelölését,
 b) a rendelet sorszámát arab számmal,
 c) a "/" jelet,
 d) a rendelet kihirdetésének évét arab számmal,
 e) zárójelben a rendelet kihirdetésének hónapját római számmal és napját arab számmal,
 f) az "önkormányzati rendelete" kifejezést és
 g) a rendelet címét foglalja magában.

Egyéb jogszabályoknál a jogszabály megjelölése annak kihirdetése során a következő sorrendben:
 a) a jogszabály megalkotójának teljes megjelölését,
 b) a jogszabály sorszámát arab számmal,
 c) a "/" jelet,
 d) a jogszabály kihirdetésének évét arab számmal,
 e) zárójelben a jogszabály kihirdetésének hónapját római számmal és napját arab számmal,
 f) a jogszabály megalkotója megjelölésének a rövidítését,
 g) a "rendelete" kifejezést és
 h) a jogszabály címét  foglalja magában.

A jogszabályok sorszámát a jogszabály megalkotója és a jogszabály típusa szerint évenként egytől kezdődően, a kihirdetés ideje szerint folyamatosan, növekvő sorrendben kell meghatározni, függetlenül a kihirdetés módjától.

Jegyzetek

Külső hivatkozások
 magyarkozlony.hu vagy kozlonyok.hu/nkonline/index.php – a Magyar Közlöny hiteles tartalma letölthető elektronikus dokumentumként
 A Magyar Közlöny 2009. évi 150. (kettős jubileumi) száma: A Magyar Köztársaság Alkotmánya
 A Magyar Közlöny 2011. évi 43. száma: Magyarország Alaptörvénye (első kiadás)
 A Magyar Közlöny 2013. évi 163. száma: Magyarország Alaptörvénye (a 2013. október 1-től hatályos változat)
 Dr. Nizalowski Attila: Jogrendszer, jogszabályok, számítógép. Jogi fórum. jogiforum.hu
 Digitalizált Törvényhozási Tudástár

Jog
Magyarországi sajtótermékek


Denver, CO – Capstone Headwaters, a leading international middle management investment bank, advised Bedrock Petroleum Consultants, a leading provider of contract personnel to the oil and gas industry, on its sale to NES Global Talent. Terms of the deal were not disclosed.
Based in Lafayette, LA, Bedrock Petroleum Consultants is an industry leading staffing provider to the U.S. onshore oil and gas market. Founded in 2011, the Company is a recognized leader in the upstream staffing sector, and has established long-term relationships with key industry players, including many top oil and gas operators in the most active basins in the lower 48. Bedrock has a pool of 900-plus active skilled and experienced contract personnel ("consultants") supporting all facets of oil and gas production over the entire 30-year lifecycle of the well, including wellsite and office-based solutions. To find out more about Bedrock visit bedrockpcl.com.
With four decades of experience in the global market, NES has continued to pursue a strategy of organic growth complemented by targeted acquisitions. Bedrock's local expertise working across all the major Oil & Gas plays in the continental U.S. will further strengthen NES's position as the engineering and technical talent provider of choice for Oil & Gas staffing across the Americas.


The thermoformed moulds can be produced in the dimensions and mould designs according to your production method and equipment. The durable polycarbonate sheet which is used for the thermoforming process, has a high impact rate and excellent crack propagation resistance.
Our thermoformed press has a unique vacuum technology which enables us to identify every single detail in the mould and will therefore copy this into your chocolate bunny, egg or any other hollow figure.
All the spinning and double moulds are provided with very powerful and fully enclosed magnets. To make the moulds absolutely leakage proof, each cavity has a well designed raised sealing rim.
The range of polycarbonate thermoformed moulds covers one-shot deposit moulds, spinning moulds, trays and single sheets. Of course magnets, lugs for belt transport, positioning pins, removable centering pins, corrosion free metal foot and laser engraving are standard extras. For different production methods we have polycarbonate sheets in various thicknesses.


text:
Q: How to compare the size of two times in Python, if two times have different sources? (It may come from DataTime module, timedelta module of pandas, or datetime in numpy package)
For example:
first = numpy.datetime64('2019-04-02T12:18:00.000000000')

second = numpy.datetime64('2019-04-08T12:16:00.000000000')

if we compare "first - secone" to pd.Timedelta("1H") using first - secone < pd.Timedelta("1H") will arise an error:

Cannot compare type Timedelta with type ndarray

I'm surely a novice and I hope to get some advice although this is a simple question. Thank you very much.
If possible, Can you guide me what keyword I should search to find the answer I want.
Thanks again!

A: It works if you cast the difference as pd.Timedelta too: pd.Timedelta(first - second) < pd.Timedelta('1H')
However, first - second is negative. Not sure whether that's what you want.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Four bedroom home, Master Bedroom with large bath and closet and Guest Room dwonstairs with two bedrooms and play room upstairs. Large kitchen open to living area and dining area. There is separate office space a utility and mud room. A separate stair case leads to game room above tow car garage.
Three bedroom home, large private Master Bedroom. Master Bath features large garden tub and a separate tile shower. Living Room open to Kitchen with large seating area at coutner top. There is separate Dinging Room. The large front porch provides entracne to the Foyer and private Office area. The Utility Room incudesa 1/2 bath. Double Garage and Covered Patio.


Labour member Rick Burgess rejoined the party at the beginning of 2016, inspired by the party's vision under its leader Jeremy Corbyn – and just missed the retrospective cut-off date imposed by the Labour National Executive Committee (NEC) to be able to vote in the 2016 leadership contest. So he paid the supporter's fee £25 (increased controversially from the £3 fee the previous year) to be able to vote.
This was no small step – and no small sum – for Rick, who is disabled and also cares for his mum, who suffers from Alzheimers and vascular dementia. Rick himself has been 'through the mill' of multiple and punitive disability assessments.
The Labour and social justice movements owe a lot to Rick. He co-founded the WOW Petition which, led by comedian Francesca Martinez, was signed by over 104,000 people and made history by being the first motion brought to the main chamber of the British parliament by disabled people. Despite winning the vote the current government still refuses to abide by the motion.
Rick built on the success of the petition to co-found 'New Approach', which laid out a practical path for the government to abolish the widely-condemned 'work capability assessment' and co-founded Manchester Disabled People's Assembly.
Rick wasn't calling anyone vermin, or even Blairite – the article and the tweet about it referred to the words on a t-shirt worn by an elderly man at a rally. The SKWAWKBOX also published an article on this man and the reality was nothing like the 'moderates' portrayed it.
I wrote to the Party asking for an appeal, no response ever came. So I lodged a small claim to recover the £25 the party took from me yet denied me a vote. Lodging the claim cost £25 so this not about money but principle.
The claim was put on the mediation track which I agreed to but at the last moment Mr McNicol refused to attend mediation.
The claim then was examined by District Judge Mauger who referred the matter back to another attempt at mediation which again I agree to. I wrote to Iain McNicol and his solicitors showing my willingness to mediate. There has been no reply.
I hope by writing this open letter that Mr McNicol responds by attending mediation. However a court date in London for Friday 28th July has been set by District Judge Mauger should mediation fail (costing another £25 court fee, I am a disabled carer on a fixed low income).
So I am appealing to any readers with legal expertise to contact me through the blog if they fancy lending a hand, in case the offer of mediation is refused.
If you're in a position to offer help with Rick's fight to force Labour's bureaucracy to be accountable for its behaviour, please contact him via his website. You might just open a door for tens of thousands of unfairly-treated members to get some kind of justice and recompense as well.
The SKWAWKBOX is provided free of charge but depends on the generosity of its readers to be viable – in spite of mainstream media libels to the contrary, this blog runs on coffee and a shoestring. If you can afford to, please click here to arrange a one-off or modest monthly donation via PayPal. Thanks for your support so this blog can keep bringing you information the Establishment would prefer you not to know about.
As (An able-bodied) carer meself, I wish Rick all the very best. Lad's a star turn for refusing to be silenced or cowed by the wannabe tyrants.
I'd have thought if mediation was refused again, then the judge'd have no option but to find in Rick's favour at the next hearing. Evidently Rick's done all he can to settle the disgrace – sorry, 'matter' – amicably.
Oh, and by the way, the likes of mcnicol are lower than vermin in my book. Breaching the DPA in order to conduct his & his cronies' proscriptions…Rodents.
Rick – If you're reading, I hope this link can offer you some guidance.
Rick Burgess is a hero. The system is so rigged against us, justice is just a dream at the moment. Hope he finds the help he needs.
PROOF IF WE NEEDED ANY JUSTICE FOR THE POOR AND DISABLED IS A LOT DIFFERENT FOR THOSE WITH PLENTY OF READIES AND AVAILABLE QCs!
I CAN SMELL THE INJUSTICE FROM WERE I LIVE AND IT STINKS!
Rick may already know this but I understand from a retired solicitor that to take this forward, he would need a public law solicitor who is currently in practice and possibly a pro bono counsel. Depending on Rick's circumstances, he might have to pay for this professional support because of the Government's severe restrictions on access to Legal Aid. If this were the case then crowd funding might be a possible way forward. Justice for all?
why is McNicol not gone ?


(CNS): James Bernie Williamson, who was arrested following a bomb hoax just before Christmas and admitted his culpability, formally entered his plea Friday when he admitted to the offence. Having checked into Caribbean Haven to deal with his alcohol dependency, Williamson was bailed to remain there and continue with the rehabilitation programme at the facility until his sentencing in March. The West Bay man was a former employee of the Caribbean Cub, which, along with the Ritz-Carlton, was one of the resorts involved in the hoax called into the 911 emergency centre on 14 December. The call caused chaos at the two leading resorts in the heart of seven Mile Beach and during peak tourist season.


Depending on the operational efficiency entrepreneurs are more or less income.This, in turn, affects the relationship between the owners and users of the resources, and the value of the resources themselves on the market.
land rent - is an economic category, provides for the regulation of relations between entrepreneurs, using the land and the landowner.Outwardly, this category is a pay-per-use.At the same time it is part of the cost of the product obtained by owner.
On the economic side of the land is always a direct factor of production or is used for placement of production facilities, residential and office premises, as well as transport and other communication systems.At the same time it does not belong to the category freely reproducible production factors.
as experts note, the natural environment is just beginning to be applied in real economic relations affecting the reproduction of both public and separate capital.
main feature of market relations associated with the use of land as a limited, non-replicated the natural factor is the rent of land.
pricing in agriculture has distinctive features.They are mainly related to the rigidities, limited supply of land.It is these special offers distinguish income from the natural resources of the profits, interest and wages.
Land rent occupies a special position in economic science.This is largely due to the fact that for a long period of agriculture is the main economic sector.
Different authors theory of land rent is treated differently.
According to Marxist doctrine, this type of income is a converted form of surplus value together with interest, profits and wages.Surface land rent is a charge for the territory, which could create the impression that the area itself and generates income.This doctrine of the economic value of labor denies this, pointing out that the value is created only by living labor.Land rent is thus formed of unpaid surplus labor of agricultural workers.Part of the surplus value produced by entrepreneurs tenant territory, they paid the owners of this territory.
According to the theory of production factors and the marginal productivity of the concept of rent is defined as the remuneration received by the owner of the land or other natural resources, which corresponds to the marginal productivity of factors.
One of the interpretations defines these payments as no independent income, but as a percentage of the loan for a fixed capital, which is embedded in the rented sector.
According to the theory of the Physiocrats rent is a pure natural product, the only really gets income society.
According to another doctrine, that payment is considered to be unfair income.For example, in America criticisms against rent payments took the form of a motion for the introduction of the single tax.It should be noted that this movement has been generated by the book "Progress and Poverty" G. George and obtained considerable support in the late 19th century.


text:
Rediff.com » News » Inside Swat: Lies, torture and killings by Pak army
Inside Swat: Lies, torture and killings by Pak army
Last updated on: September 11, 2009
Why Gul doesn't swim
Akhtar Gul, 13, is sitting on the bank of River Swat. He is a fine swimmer who could easily cross the river that separates Dir District and Malakand Agency, but he is reluctant to plunge into the water.
Gul is scared that while taking a swim, he may once again find the dead body of a militant beneath his feet, like the one he found recently in a swirl, which has given him sleepless nights since.
Not only Akhtar, but almost all the residents of this area are afraid of going to the river, as the sight of militants' corpses floating in the river is becoming common.
These militants were not killed in combat during the recent military operation in Swat -- they were arrested and later killed, while in the custody of security forces. Though a great deal of evidence is available about the extra-judicial killings being carried out in Swat, such incidents usually go unreported due to the lack of media access in the crisis-torn region.
After the three-month long military operation ended, it was common to find bullet-riddled bodies dumped in different parts of the valley or the bodies of militants, hands bound with ropes and shot in the head, hanging from electricity poles.
Reportage: Tahir Ali
Image: Akhtar Gul on the banks of the Swat River
Photographs: Tahir Ali
'It is common to see dead bodies of militants in the river'
The people living on the bank of the river have become familiar with such experiences. Ahmad Jan, 37, a resident of Badwan area of lower Dir, told rediff.com, "It is very common to see the dead bodies of militants floating in the river. We have stopped our children from going to the riverside, as they are scared all the time."
The people are also frightened to dispose off the floating bodies due to the veiled threat by the government. Afzal Khan, a resident of Totakan area in Malakand agency, says, "We found the dead body of a bearded man in the river. We tried dumping it in the nearby graveyard but the security forces warned us against it, so the body was thrown into the river again."
Despite being warned by the government, some locals dump the dead bodies secretly if found on the riverside, like the one they found in Khadagzai area in Lower Dir.
"Animals had started eating the body and the odour was unbearable, so it was buried under the stones," recalled a local resident.
Image: River Swat
Mass graves discovered
Security forces prefer to dump the dead bodies of militants who have been killed in custody in the River Swat.
Talking to rediff.com, a security personnel, on condition of anonymity, revealed, "The dead bodies of the militants, who are killed in custody, are dumped into the river from the Kanju Bridge. We feel sorry for them but we cannot say anything, as an order is an order."
Ironically, before the Pakistan government launched the military operation, Swat had witnessed wide-spread atrocities and violence by the Taliban. So the locals have seen dead bodies being dumped in the fields, at the riverside or hanging from poles and trees. According to reports, approximately 226 bodies of militants and their sympathisers have been recovered from across Swat Valley since mid-July.
The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan has discovered two mass graves at Kokarai and Shah Dherai areas of Swat. Locals fear that such graves also exist in other parts of the valley to which the media has no access to.
Asma Jahangir, the chairperson of HRCP, has severely condemned the Pakistan Army on the issue.
"We have raised the issue and asked the government to clarify whether it considers it as an internal law and order situation, on which human rights are applied, or as an armed conflict that comes under the purview of humanitarian law. The HRCP has proposed the formation of a multi-party parliamentary committee for conducting an inquiry into this issue and the reports of extrajudicial killings," she said.
Image: A grave on the banks of River Swat
'Civilians were killed during Pak army's operations'
Talking to rediff.com from an undisclosed location, Taliban spokesperson Haji Muslim Khan alleged, "Instead of propaganda, the government should provide an opportunity to the media to show the real picture of the area. A majority of the people killed during the military operation were innocent civilians, while the majority of Taliban militants and their leaders are all safe. Where are the champions of human rights who always voiced their protests when the Taliban killed a criminal or person of bad character? Today, the army is killing innocent people and there is no one questioning their actions."
The people of Swat are living in constant fear and remain tight-lipped about the issue. Extra-judicial killings by security forces are very common. The army follows a zero-tolerance policy not only towards hardcore militants but also for their sympathisers and suspected militants.
Once a person is arrested on the suspicion of being a militant, his relatives lose all hope about his return. The killing of a local militant Azim Kasab in Butkhela, the headquarters of Malakand agency, in the custody of security agencies, had terrorised the locals. It is the second high-profile killing in the area after the death of Tehreek Nifaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi deputy chief Maulana Muhammad Alam, who was taken into custody on June 4 and was reportedly killed on the third day of his arrest, while he was in custody.
Image: Men sit along a river running through Mardan district
'What type of justice is this'
The spectre of death and horror has started haunting the children of Swat. "We were playing cricket at Zafar Park when a vehicle of the security forces stopped near us. The bullet-riddled bodies of two militants were dragged out of it. The security personnel told us that those are the bodies of the state's enemies and no one would be spared if they were found involved in such activities. Whenever I am alone, the images of those people come to my mind," said Zubaid khan, 11, a resident of Butkhela.
Imran Shah, another Butkhela local, said, "Our neighbour Hakim is a leading militant in the area. He has escaped after the military operation, but the security forces have arrested his father and three brothers, who never agreed with the Taliban mission. A letter has been sent to Hakim's family, warning that if he did not surrender to the army, his brothers and father would be killed one by one. I think Hakim would never lay down his arms. What type of justice is this, where someone else is punished for the wrongdoings of another person?"
Mustafa, a vendor at Thana town in Malakand agency, was allegedly killed while being tortured in the custody of security forces. The Taliban had ordered him to guide militants, who were strangers to the area, to their hide-out. Mustafa had done so as no one dared to defy the Taliban.
After the military operation got over, he was picked up by the security forces and after 40 days, his body was found hanging from an electricity pole in Jalala village.
Image: Soldiers of the Pakistan Army deployed in Swat
Pakistan faces its worst refugee crisis since 1947
Images: Swat valley exodus continues
Will Pakistan's break-up bode well for India?
'Pakistan army still calls the shots'
'India has to help Pakistan get off Taliban hook'


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On January 21, 2017 people across the world gathered together to fight for women's rights. I headed to DC to capture as many images of the women protestors as I could. Here are 158 strong, intelligent, nasty, beautiful women.
A big thank you to the women who opened themselves up to being photographed. I left feeling energized, hopeful and connected to the powerful sisterhood of resistance. The fight has just begun.
Were you one of the women photographed?
If so, please email me at jillian@theebbandtheflow.com with a photo of yourself so I can send you your image.


With a stay at Navios Yokohama in Yokohama (Kannai - Chinatown), you'll be minutes from Red Brick Warehouse and Yokohama Cosmo World. This beach hotel is within close proximity of Cupnoodles Museum and Landmark Tower.
With a stay at Sotetsu Fresa Inn Yokohama-Sakuragicho in Yokohama (Kannai - Chinatown), you'll be minutes from Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Cultural History and Yokohama Creative City Center. This hotel is within close proximity of Nihonkoua Bashamichi Building and NYK Maritime Museum.
With a stay at Yokohama Heiwa Plaza Hotel, you'll be centrally located in Yokohama, steps from Nihonkoua Bashamichi Building and Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Cultural History. This hotel is within close proximity of Yokohama Creative City Center and Yokohama Shiloh Church.
With a stay at HOTEL EDIT YOKOHAMA in Yokohama (Minatomirai), you'll be 1 minutes by foot from Tokyo Bay. This hotel is within close proximity of NYK Maritime Museum and Sky Garden.


It's strange because this used to work fine. I think it might have stopped working since updating the latest minor PyCharm release?
In my case, I'm using python Bottle (micro framework), running inside docker containers, and am also using docker-compose. Using PyCharm 2017.1.2, I set up the remote interpreter (using the Docker Compose option), and it appears to be working correctly as I can successfully run the launch script. Everything then works as expected.
debugging the container appears to work before it hangs... if I set a breakpoint at the very start of the script that launches the web server in the container, then PyCharm does in fact hit the breakpoint, and I can trace execution all the way until the web server is launched. After that, it appears to hang, with the previous mentioned symptoms.
Unfortunately, I can't comment on whether it was working in previous versions. Either way, it would be super helpful to get it resolved.
I haven't tried running tests yet - I was working against a Hello World type of application (single wgsi server application with a single endpoint returning a single line of text), just to investigate the problem. However, I seem to think that they would work... as I mentioned in my previous post, debugging all the way up to the start of the application server works correctly, and only hangs on that specific call... in fact, debugging a non app server python script works perfectly fine on my end.
As far as I can tell at the moment, all fingers are pointing to it having something to do with the WGSI server being started... everything works up until execution reaches the point of starting the server... then it hangs.
As a side note, I've removed network and port configurations from my docker-compose YAML files, to no avail... so I'm pretty sure its something specific to the way PyCharm is attempting to start the app server in the container.
On a related note, I did file a bug for this and included a link to this post.
Quick question: do you have any form of auto-reloading enabled in your Django setup?
Reason I ask is I've managed to get my debugger running by turning auto-reloading off. Which is definitely not ideal in a development environment, but at least I have an option available to debug problematic code now.
Does it work for you though?
Yes indeed! Django development server does auto-reloading by default. If I turn that off by adding the --noreload flag, the PyCharm debugger works fine.
Thanks for the hint and the workaround, although I agree that it would be good to get it fixed properly! Do you want to add this information to the bug on youtrack?
Happy to hear that it is working for you as well. I did include my findings as a comment to the bug report, but I can update it with your feedback as well... hopefully it gets a look at by the devs at some point soon.


text:
HOCK LOCK SIEW
Will revelation foil Pangolin's bid to block delisting?
Tue, Jun 18, 2019 - 5:50 AM
Two weeks before an anticipated showdown that will determine if Challenger Technologies will stay on as a listed company, the party making the exit offer has played what it hopes is its trump card.
PHOTO: ST FILE
Digileap Capital, which is offering to delist and privatise Challenger, revealed last week that Pangolin Investment Management, the purported "resistance leader" that is championing the interest of minority shareholders, had earlier expressed a desire to cash out.
Pangolin is asking shareholders to vote against the voluntary delisting deal because it deems the offer too low. But according to Digileap, Pangolin made an unsolicited offer to sell its stake to the majority shareholder in October 2017 at S$0.435 per share. It made another offer to sell in March 2018 but without stating a price.
Why would the offeror disclose this new piece of information at this juncture? Is it to sow mistrust among the dissenting minority shareholders at a time when Pangolin is furiously attempting to amass the 10-per-cent vote it needs to block the deal? Given the revelation, it is natural for minorities to wonder if Pangolin is really on their side or just looking after its own interests. To be sure, it is possible to do both at the same time.
On June 12, the same day that the delisting circular was despatched, Pangolin said it was already close to obtaining votes for the 10 per cent share required to block Digileap's S$183 million exit offer for the electronics retailer. This includes the 2.94 per cent stake that Pangolin already owns in Challenger. Of course, whether or not the shareholders will turn up to vote or secure proxies to vote on their behalf on the day itself remains to be seen.
SEE ALSO: Minorities block Challenger's delisting; exit offer will lapse
This is the inherent difficulty for minorities looking to veto against a voluntary delisting. Such a delisting has to be approved by 75 per cent of the shareholders present and voting, and not opposed by 10 per cent or more.
Another obstacle is also the fact that the company directors and controlling shareholders can vote as well. In this regard, the Loo family group and majority shareholder Ng Leong Hai collectively hold about 78.64 per cent of Challenger, which already makes the first condition of the voluntary delisting an easy one to meet. Indeed, the Loo family group and Mr Ng have already obtained irrevocable undertakings to vote all their shares in favour of the delisting resolution and accept the exit offer.
What remains to be seen is whether dissenting shareholders can band together to amass the 10-per-cent block to vote it down. But while Pangolin has said that it has received e-mails from fellow minority shareholders pledging to vote against the exit offer, in reality, any kind of administrative carelessness or unexpected events - for instance, proxy forms not submitted in time, or shareholders unable to attend the June 27 extraordinary general meeting (EGM) at the last minute - could cause them to fall short, and consequently cause the voluntary delisting to go through.
In last week's announcement, the offeror also made an implicit warning when it said that if the delisting is not approved by shareholders, the exit offer will lapse and the offeror and its concert parties will not be able to make another offer for the shares for 12 months from the date the exit offer lapses.
That means 12 more months of thin trading liquidity, languishing share price, and uncertainty as the company undergoes its business restructuring. Can shareholders accept that?
As it is, Digileap, which is 70 per cent owned by the Loo family, and 30 per cent by Dymon Asia Private Equity, is offering S$0.56 per share before the FY18 final dividend of S$0.02 per share (or S$0.54 per offer share after the dividend was paid out on June 3, 2019).
Pangolin is arguing that a fair valuation for the share buyback should come at S$1.15 a share, given the excessive cash the company has on its balance sheet - about S$66 million as at end-March 2019, or about S$0.19 per share.
In a statement last week, Loo Leong Thye, director of the offeror, and Challenger's executive director and chief executive officer, said he only began exploring the possibility of a delisting after receiving the two unsolicited offers from Pangolin, because he wanted to make an offer to all shareholders rather than enter into a transaction with just one.
This is a kind of role reversal in making the statement, a plot twist that swops the role of the bad guy to the good guy.
In its defence, Pangolin said that it was merely "sounding out" Challenger as to whether it had a buyer, as part of the fund's day-to-day operations in weighing any investment. It said that it did not actually make a firm offer.
Regardless, it is true that shareholder activism has been on the rise in recent years, in some cases led by sophisticated institutional investors with industry knowledge leading the charge.
Take, for example, Noble Group. When the troubled commodity trader revealed its rescue plan to restructure some US$3.5 billion debt, Abu Dhabi-based investment firm Goldilocks Investment baulked at the unfairness of the plan and took the company to court. That was arguably a win for minority shareholders.
But not all activist-led challenges were successful. Apollo Investment Management tried to amass a 10 per cent block vote to prevent a voluntary delisting of Vard Holdings by its controlling shareholder Fincantieri Oil & Gas. It didn't succeed, managing only to get a 3.57 per cent share of those present and voting to oppose. This was despite a marathon four-hour EGM and much effort expended to rally others to oppose the vote before the meeting.
Challenger's June 27 EGM will be interesting to watch.
Will Digileap's attempt to cast doubt on Pangolin's motivations win the day or will dissenting shareholders prevail, regardless?
challenger technologies


I am a Senior Research Scientist in the Department of Terrestrial Ecology at the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (2017 to present). I was previously a Professor of Wildlife Ecology in the Division of Biology at Kansas State University (2001 to 2017). My research interests are in population biology and wildlife management, especially with grouse, arctic-breeding shorebirds, and grassland birds. I have skills in quantitative ecology, including vertebrate demography, mark-recapture statistics, and matrix population models. My projects have included long-term studies of species of conservation concern, and manipulative field experiments to understand the ecological drivers of population dynamics.


text:
Princess Maria Carolina Augusta of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (26 April 1822 – 6 December 1869) was a Princess of Bourbon-Two Sicilies by birth and a princess of the House of Orléans through her marriage to Prince Henry of Orléans, Duke of Aumale. She was the daughter of Leopold, Prince of Salerno and Archduchess Clementina of Austria, and was their only child to survive to adulthood.

Life

Youth and marriage

Maria Carolina was born in Vienna on 26 April 1822, the only surviving child of Leopold, Prince of Salerno and his wife Archduchess Maria Clementina of Austria.

Nicknamed Lina since her birth, the Princess spent the first years of her life under the supervision of her mother in the Austrian Imperial court at Vienna and was officially introduced there in society. As a teenager, she returned with her family in Naples.

In the 1830s and 1840s, there were not many princesses from European nobility who were in a marriageable age, allowing Maria Carolina to receive several suitors for her hand. The choice finally fell on Prince Henry, Duke of Aumale, fifth and second-youngest son of King Louis-Philippe I of France and his wife Maria Amalia of the Two Sicilies, who became impressed with her during a stay at her father's palace in Naples. The marriage negotiations began in late August 1844, and on 17 September of the same year at the Revue de Paris, their engagement was officially announced. The union was anything but a love match. Henri d'Orléans described his wife in a letter to his teacher Alfred-Auguste de Cuvillier-Fleury as "not nice, but nothing unpleasant about herself". Cuvillier-Fleury agreed with him, adding that she also had an "exquisite appearance". Henry agreed with the marriage only after intense pressure from his parents after they rejected other candidates and finally opted for the small and graceful Maria Carolina to forestall any other marriage proposals to her from other European princes.

The marriage took place on 25 November 1844 in Naples at the request of the groom, although Maria Carolina's future in-laws would have preferred that the marriage would be celebrated in Paris. The civil wedding was performed in the royal palace of King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies, and on the same day, the religious ceremony was celebrated with great pomp. The bride received the large amount of 517,000 gold francs as a dowry. The festivities on the occasion of the wedding, such as balls, receptions, hunting events or theater galas, lasted more than two weeks. However, Maria Carolina traveled already on 2 December 1844 together with her husband by ship to Toulon. From there, the newlyweds had a grand reception by the city to Paris, where they settled in a series of rooms at the Tuileries Palace.

First years of marriage and children

During the first months of 1845, which for Maria Carolina were filled by ceremonial duties at official occasions such as balls, theatrical performances or meetings with nobles, she and her husband had finally the opportunity to know each other better. They developed a mutual respect, and during all their years together, the Princess was a faithful and devoted wife who never made claims. Her charming ways, gentleness and kindness, gained the love of her husband's family. Contemporaries described her as amiable and witty. In May 1845 she moved with her husband to the Château de Chantilly, which Henry specially rebuilt and modernized for her.

Maria Karolina remained at her husband's side after he was appointed in September 1847 Governor General of Algeria and therefore his presence in that country was necessary.

Exile in England and death
After the February Revolution of 1848 the Orléans family went into exile in England and were, by decree from 16 May 1848, permanently banned from France. Maria Carolina followed her husband, and they temporarily moved to Claremont House. Their strained finances forced the Princess to sell parts of their precious jewels to pay for their maintenance.

Maria Carolina soon become a close friend of Queen Victoria, who gave her and her family the Orleans House in Twickenham, London, as their residence. They moved from Claremont to their new home on 16 April 1852. After a long journey in August 1864 across Europe (including Belgium, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Spain, Switzerland and the Orient), Maria Carolina preferably spent her time in the Wood Norton Hall estate at Worcestershire.

The unexpected death of her eldest son Louis Philippe, Prince of Condé, in 1866 plunged Maria Carolina into a deep depression from which she never fully recovered. After a six-week bout of illness, she died on 6 December 1869 aged 47 at Orleans House from infectious tuberculosis.

Four days after her death, on 10 December 1869, Maria Carolina was buried in the Catholic Chapel of Weybridge until 1876, when her remains were returned to France by her husband to be buried in the Chapelle royale de Dreux. After the death of his wife, Henry preferred to remain a widower until his own death in 1897.

Children

Ancestry

References

Bibliography
 Raymond Cazelles: Le duc d'Aumale. Prince aus dix visages. Tallandier, Paris 1984, , pp. 98–115, 279–282.
 Alfred-Auguste de Cuvillier-Fleury: Marie-Caroline Auguste de Bourbon, duchesse d'Aumale, 1822–1869. C. Lahure, Paris 1870. online
 Eric Woerth: Le duc d'Aumale. L'étonnant destin d'un prince collectionneur. L'Archipel, Paris 2006, , pp. 65–82.

External links

1822 births
1869 deaths
Nobility from Vienna
Princesses of Bourbon-Two Sicilies
Princesses of France (Orléans)
Burials at the Chapelle royale de Dreux
Austrian Roman Catholics
19th-century Italian people
Duchesses of Aumale
Royal reburials