Introductions to the chapters in the three Volumes of the Massage and Health Series - Aro-healing as a Complementary Therapy, Aro-healing Revised Complementary Therapy (ARC) as a whole medical system, and Arochology as a Health Science.
In Chapter 10 Reflex Turning (Non-locomotor Movement) and Reflex Creeping (Locomotor Movement) will be expanded upon. It is an interesting fact (when I explain these 2 reflexes) that it is the same principle that applies to babies as well as animals.
The minor earlier services of Aro-healing are phasing out as ARC and Arochology have their own Theories, Techniques and Therapies, but Aro-healing will never phase out altogether. It has too big a role in the above Whole Medical System and Science. (jointly as well as separately).
The Hierarchy Levels serve as a means to maintain a higher definition of the character of Arochology.
Since I discussed the profiles and therapeutic properties of essential oils in detail in Chapter 3, I now want to continue with MASSAGE THERAPIES AND TECHNIQUES, bearing in mind the contents of Chapter 3. Do not forget for one moment the magic of Essential Oils in a technologically driven world.
This is the reason why I need you to understand in this duct (remember Chapter 4 will be referred to as a 'duct') only the basics of Polygons.
There are 3 pieces that make this 'riddle' fit—'the polygon', 'the diagonal line' and 'the Vojta Concept'. Each of these concepts has a Summary and a Discussion. You can skip the Discussion if you wish, but I strongly recommend you read it.
When leaving duct 4, you must at least understand that you have dealt with a very important 'duct' (chapter) in the history of Aro-healing. If you don't understand everything in this duct, don't worry, as long as you understand the different Theories, Techniques and Therapies under Aro-healing.
I visited a science laboratory for children (the first in Africa), where children could play with scientifically presented 'puzzles' and enjoy the satisfaction of producing the answers or the principle behind the 'puzzle'. In an auditorium I learned how to produce my own carbon dioxide, how to ignite a fire and how to chase snakes away.
In the play area, having a chance at experimenting on my own, I realized what one could do with mirrors. They created all kinds of mirrors with a scientific background—parabolic mirrors, anti-gravity mirrors, and a five by five meter mirror maze. You will ask 'what is a mirror maze'? Plainly, it is a closed cage made of mirrors. There is an entrance and an exit. You enter the cage, the door is closed under supervision, and you walk your way through the mirrors to the exit. It reminds me of Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments with rats. If the rat finds the right path, a piece of cheese awaits him at the end of the passage. No thank you, the mirror maze is definitely not for me.
I still didn't have the answer. How do I tie the therapies in this duct together?
Do I work as if in a mirror like so many of the principles behind the examples at the science laboratory? Do I concentrate on a focal point to bring the power together to create enough energy to see the results I want? From where can I draw power and energy, or where is my source of muscular attachment? Where does my diagonal line start? How can I shorten a diagonal line to shorten a reflex span (the length of time before a reflex in sports like boxing)?
I was 'struggling' with this duct at the time, but I knew that after the visit to the science laboratory I would be 'wiser' in putting this chapter's riddle together.
Two days after the visit I suddenly realized everything worked on either the basis of diagonal lines or optical illusion. At the very point in time I was doing research about pathological reflexes and Physiotherapy. All the sketches explained to the therapist how to use the Vojta Concept to correct any pathological condition in a child. All that I remembered was the diagonal lines in the sketches. That's it! With diagonal lines! I tested it on all my Therapies and Techniques and it worked 100 percent! (I altered the Vojta Concept to the PDL (Principle of Diagonal Lines). Therefore, duct 4 will concentrate on the principle of diagonal lines. I will indicate if an Aro-healing Therapy or Technique in this duct does not use the PDL (Principle of Diagonal Lines).
All the Reflex Stimulations, Reflex Zones, Reflex Improvement, Bodywork, Breathing and Posture Techniques, Arochology Pressure Point Therapy, Improving Boxing Reflexes, Correcting Cerebral Palsy in a child, Pathological Reflex Development, to improve locomotive reflexes (turning and creeping reflexes) and numerous other physiological as well as pathological conditions stand to gain by the PDL concept. I will briefly discuss Optical Illusion in Chapter 5 when dealing with the sense of Sight and expand upon it in Book 3.


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US – UK Intel Agencies Declare Cyber War on Independent Media
by WHITNEY WEBB, https://unlimitedhangout.com/
British and American state intelligence agencies are "weaponizing truth" to quash vaccine hesitancy as both nations prepare for mass inoculations, in a recently announced "cyber war" to be commanded by AI-powered arbiters of truth against information sources that challenge official narratives.
In just the past week, the national-security states of the United States and United Kingdom have discreetly let it be known that the cyber tools and online tactics previously designed for use in the post-9/11 "war on terror" are now being repurposed for use against information sources promoting "vaccine hesitancy" and information related to Covid-19 that runs counter to their state narratives.
A new cyber offensive was launched on Monday by the UK's signal intelligence agency, Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), which seeks to target websites that publish content deemed to be "propaganda" that raises concerns regarding state-sponsored Covid-19 vaccine development and the multi-national pharmaceutical corporations involved.
Similar efforts are underway in the United States, with the US military recently funding a CIA-backed firm—stuffed with former counterterrorism officials who were behind the occupation of Iraq and the rise of the so-called Islamic State—to develop an AI algorithm aimed specifically at new websites promoting "suspected" disinformation related to the Covid-19 crisis and the US military–led Covid-19 vaccination effort known as Operation Warp Speed.
Both countries are preparing to silence independent journalists who raise legitimate concerns over pharmaceutical industry corruption or the extreme secrecy surrounding state-sponsored Covid-19 vaccination efforts, now that Pfizer's vaccine candidate is slated to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) by month's end.
Pfizer's history of being fined billions for illegal marketing and for bribing government officials to help them cover up an illegal drug trial that killed eleven children (among other crimes) has gone unmentioned by most mass media outlets, which instead have celebrated the apparently imminent approval of the company's Covid-19 vaccine without questioning the company's history or that the mRNA technology used in the vaccine has sped through normal safety trial protocols and has never been approved for human use. Also unmentioned is that the head of the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Patrizia Cavazzoni, is the former Pfizer vice president for product safety who covered up the connection of one of its products to birth defects.
Israeli Air Strikes Hit Near Damascus: State Media
Sir Desmond Swayne: "Flu Has Been Killing More Than Covid Recently"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Google's Android Silver program could take on the iPhone and end the Nexus brand
By Ryan Whitwam on April 30, 2014 at 7:43 am
Android has succeeded in taking over in most areas, but that's largely thanks to the marketing efforts by Samsung and others that got the Google name and associated Android brand out there. Most users have never used one of the stock Nexus devices that run Google's preferred version of Android. That may be all about to change with the roll-out of a new, secret Android Silver program, which would see Google essentially paying OEMs to ship devices with stock or near-stock versions of Android. This could be the beginning of a new era for more usable Android phones, but it may also be the end of the Nexus program as we know it.
Pundits have been calling on Google to focus on the customer experience for years now in order to better compete with the iPhone. According to the leaked information, that's very much what Android Silver is going to be. Google will reportedly pay OEMs to limit the bloatware and modifications made to a small number of devices, as many as five at any given time, according to The Information. In return, Google will provide better software support for users and help promote these devices online and in carrier stores as a single brand — a brand that may replace the fabled, enthusiast-friendly Nexus line.
A Silver device could be something produced exclusively for the program, or a new version of an existing device. This second scenario would be more like the current Google Play Edition line, which is likely to be merged into Silver as well. All the Silver devices will have very nearly stock software, perhaps with one or two OEM customizations Google deems fit — think Active Display from the Moto X, not arbitrary reskinning a la Samsung. This will ensure they get prompt updates each time a new version of the platform comes out, essentially proliferating the Nexus program beyond its original single device framework.
Something that is still an unknown in all this talk about Android Silver — what about development devices? Google uses the Nexus platform to build and test Android, so can they simply toss it out? There are times when you simply need an unlockable bootloader and full system images. Based on the information out there, it sounds like there may be room for Google to commission Android Silver devices like it does the Nexus right now. If that's the case, there could still be a Google-preferred device that it sells online alongside all the others with an open bootloader and full system images. The variety of hardware configurations in Silver could also still leave room for $300-400 unlocked phones.
Whatever form Android Silver eventually appears in, it will no doubt be sold to people as a more consistent "Google" experience for high-end Android devices. That's certainly a good thing as most Android users have never owned a "stock" device, which tends to be a better experience. Behind the scenes, though, this move could be just as much about leveling the playing field to keep Samsung from gobbling up everyone else's market share.
By agreeing to make an Android Silver phone, an OEM gets free software support and advertising from Google. If the consumer-facing results are as good as Mountain View is hoping, it will mean more sales for less of an investment. This is a way for Google to help OEMs without just handing over sacks of cash, which would raise the ire of market-leading Samsung. At the same time, it ties Android together in our collective consumer consciousness. The platform ceases to be a cacophony of TouchWiz, Sense, and Optimus — it settles down into a gentle tapestry of Android Silver, with a splash of TouchWiz here and a hint of Sense there. Android Silver could come to the US, Germany, and Japan as soon as early 2015.
android silver


When you finally escape the hold your abuser has on your mind you get a whole new outlook on life. There's an overwhelming sense of FREEDOM you get while finding yourself once again. You'll want to do things you haven't been able to do for a while. It's like being set free from prison. And sometimes being alone never felt so good!
Push me away, if you don't feel like you can be faithful, pull me close, if I'm the one you can't leave without, hold me tight, I wanna stay in your arms, let me go, if all you have to offer is sorrow.


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Teaching After the Attack on the Capitol
The following is a collection of resources, learning and discussion prompts, and encouragement for educators as you help students understand what happened on January 6th, 2021.
January 6th and its Effects on Education: PDK International
"How educators can help kids process the attack on the U.S. Capitol" by Phyllis L. Fagell
"Understanding propaganda: A conversation with Renee Hobbs"
"Taking a reasoned stance against misinformation" by Wayne Journell
Understanding Bias: a one-day lesson plan on examining how bias manifests in the classroom
"The silence of the ellipses: Why history can't be about telling our children lies" by Sam Wineburg
Kappan magazine's upcoming issue — focusing on the theme Whose truth do we teach? — includes a number of articles on the challenges involved in leading classroom debates, teaching students about propaganda, and negotiating conflicts over curricular content. In the coming weeks, we'll provide members with discussion questions to facilitate ongoing dialogue about these topics.
In addition, partners and friends of PDK International have produced the following content for understanding and emotionally processing the events of January 6, 2021.
"Responding to the Insurrection at the U.S. Capitol" - Facing History
"When Bad Things are Happening" - Teaching Tolerance
Resources compiled and shared by PDK International
Teaching Strategies & Thoughts from other Educators
Tricia Ebarvia, 1/6/2021:
"After Parkland, I knew I had to make space for students to process. I asked students to write: 1) What I know, 2) What I think I know, & 3) What I want to know. Through the confusion and grief, this allowed us to reflect from a place of humility and curiosity. I will be doing this tomorrow."
Jess Lifshitz. (5th grade):
"Keeping students and their thinking at the center of our work as we work to understand the world unfolding around us. We can take an inquiry stance to help teach a process students can use to responsibly understand the world." Asking Questions As News Unfolds
Alex Shevrin Venet (@AlexSVenet), 1/6/2021:
"Teachers: it is more than OK if you decide you're not grounded enough to help your students process tomorrow. It's OK to say "I don't have the answers." It's ok to model taking some time to make sense of things. It's ok to just process feelings. It's ok to collaborate with your colleagues.
Don't ignore what's happening, of course. But if you cannot plan an effective lesson, it's ok to admit that and ask for help.
When we jump to intellectualize things really fast we're sending a message. Slow down. It's ok to just process feelings.
I'm sorry, it's so hard. Don't feel like you have to fix it all in one day. You are enough."
Woke Kindergarten, 1/6/2021:
"Spot the Difference:
Tonight's #WokeKindergarten 60 Second Text is called Spot the Difference, & it's meant to be used as a facilitative anchor for kids to interrogate the implications of white supremacy in this country by contrasting the ways BLM protestors & Tr*mp supporters are treated by p*lice."
Sarah Ahmed:
"Teachers: Here is a slide link from the "What's in Your News?" lesson in #BeingtheChange. I included steps, a model I did with my advisory on 11/4, & a blank slide for you to make a copy and use. I hope it can be of help to you."
Katrice Quitter:
"Kids' news gives us immediate, relevant opportunities for practicing the skills of social comprehension. More importantly, examining it with kids helps them to make sense of their world."
What happens the day(s) after the world hands us a curriculum?
Don't Overthink Your Lesson Plan
Ursula Wolfe-Rocca"
"Not that anyone asked me (on here), but my advice to teachers regarding tomorrow: don't overthink your lesson plan; just make sure your lesson plan is about this moment and makes space for your students' questions & concerns.
By "overthink" I mean tomorrow is probably not the day to plan a text/video/activity-heavy lesson to try to make sense of this moment; but you should think about the Qs your students might have, how you'll create space for them to ask & discuss them, & how you'll respond.
If it were me, I would plan a very simple opening writing task: What do you know about what happened yesterday? What questions do you have? Following that, we'd discuss & process & keep a running list of questions for further inquiry. Nothing fancy here.
Hayley Brenden sent out a nice example of making space in a way — in my experience of teaching kids in the midst of chaotically unfolding events — that makes a lot of good sense.
Hayley's text:
Text of what I sent: Hey everyone, Thank you for a wonderful first day back to class. While we were in class today, some events began in the US Capital that I want to ensure you have space to process and discuss. We will be using tomorrow's class time (Thursday's class) to do this, and to connect today's events to other events in history. So, please watch the two short videos and follow the directions for the history terms in preparation for FRIDAY's class, not tomorrow's class. I think it's really important that we have space to look at facts and process our reactions to today's events. If you have any questions, please send me schoology messages - due to these events, I'll be checking them several times for the rest of the night.
(the videos were already on the agenda for Thursday– they aren't specific to today's events)
I think it is really important that we teachers think (& read) hard about how we want to frame what's happening honestly & clearly. I just don't think tomorrow is the day to info-dump on kids. They get the floor.
When I ask students to write what they know, it sometimes inevitably morphs into "what I thought I knew," & it is super important to have a shame-free plan/approach for addressing misinformation."
Caring for Students in the Wake of a Traumatic News Event
As pro-Trump extremists stormed into the U.S. Capitol Wednesday, middle school teacher Shawn Griffith traded messages with her peers about how they would help their students process the unprecedented event.
"We are all like 'Oh my gosh. What are we going to do tomorrow?'" said Griffith, who teaches 8th-grade English in Fairfax County, Va., about 20 miles from Capitol Hill who spoke after school had concluded for the day.
Protests turned to violence in the nation's capital as rioters interrupted a joint session of Congress held to certify the presidential election.
The resulting news footage would likely trouble some children as much as it troubled the adults around them, educators said. And even students who don't fully understand the events may feel a sense of instability as the adults in their lives react to current events.
How should teachers address those emotions so that students can continue learning, especially in a school environment already disrupted by the COVID-19 crisis?
The Yale Center for Emotional Intelligence has created a free online course for pre-K through 12th grade educators called "Managing Emotions in Times of Uncertainty & Stress."
Experts on social-emotional learning say it's crucial for educators to help students identify their own feelings, to understand the effects adults have on students' emotional stability, and to recognize teachable moments on tough news days.
"There are kids who are [going to be] legitimately coming in with different perspectives that are associated with different feelings," said Marc Brackett, a psychologist and director of the Yale Center for Emotional Intelligence. "What's important is not to tell people that they shouldn't be angry or they can't be fearful. There's no judgment about the emotion ... What you can try to unpack is the reasons for their feelings and the best way to manage those feelings."
Investigate students' emotions, without assumptions
Some school districts addressed the news Wednesday evening. Denver, for example, said it would make counseling services available to teachers and students.
It's key for educators not to assume they know how their students are feeling and responding to events. Rather than interpreting behavior, like a student who seems distracted or agitated, teachers should "investigate feelings," Brackett said. One student may look angry when they are actually scared, and a student may seem defiant and disengaged when they are actually overwhelmed.
https://www.edweek.org/leadership/teaching-in-the-wake-of-a-traumatic-news-event-like-the-storming-of-the-u-s-capitol/2021/01
Tomorrow is Not Simply Another Day at School: Kylene Beers
Tomorrow is Not Simply Another Day at School
Tomorrow is not simply another day at school.
Tomorrow is a day when kids will be confused, scared, angry, and some excited because their parents are proud of what happened today.
Tomorrow is not simply another day at school. Tomorrow is a day when kids need the opportunity to ask questions, to write about their anger, to understand the electoral process as we move from popular vote to electoral vote to Congressional acceptance of the electoral college. They need facts and school is the place for critical thinking and respectful discussions.
Tomorrow is not simply another day at school. Teachers will walk into classrooms or will turn on their Zoom screens and try to hold in check their own fury, disappointment, and confusion as they help fourteen-year-olds try to process what has happened today. They will have heard that Vice-President Pence said that our Capitol was under unprecedented attack while the President announced that the election was stolen.
Older students should listen to Trump's video statement and Biden's video statement and discuss which one calms a nation and which one incites a nation. I want them to read and discuss Langston Hughes "Let America Be America Again" and I would make "sedition" the word of the day. I would turn to the Three Big Questions Bob Probst and I presented in our book Reading Nonfiction:
What did the author think you already knew?" (In this case, the author could be the news reporters or members of Congress.)
What changed, challenged, or confirmed your thinking?
Keeping listening. I hope at some point you hear our white students wondering what would have happened if those rioters had been Black.
Younger students will wonder "Can this happen here?" or "Why did these people do this?" I would want them to talk about how we should share our differences. I want them to know that there are far more good people than bad people, that far more people share their disappointments with words rather than violence. I would want them to draw pictures that explain how they felt and let them talk and talk.
For any age students, use the fiction signposts and turn them inward. Let students share their own Tough Questions; their own Aha Moments; their own Memory Moments; their own Words of Wisdom. If you aren't sure what the Signposts are, see Notice and Note: Strategies for Close Reading.
Tomorrow is not simply another day at school. Don't expect it to be. Don't expect that you will know the answers to all their questions because kids always ask the hardest questions. So, dear teachers, do what you do so well. Listen. Say, "Tell me more." Remind all that they are growing into adults who will be better than the adults they saw on television today and can practice now learning to listen respectfully to one another. Ask them what they want to write – letters to the editor; letters to their Congressperson; a poem; create a video cast; a pod cast. Ask them what they want to read.
I would tell them over and over again that good people have not disappeared. We are still here. We are listening to them – our nation's kids – because they will remember this day and they are the ones that can make sure this never happens again.
Tomorrow is not simply another day at school. You have had far too many of these days, dear teachers. Somewhere in you, you always find the heart, the courage, the compassion to set aside that lesson on sequencing or multiplying or the explanation of a cell and instead embrace their questions, their concerns, and their fears, and as you give them facts, you give them what we all need most: hope.
For what you will do tomorrow, thank you.
http://kylenebeers.com/blog/2021/01/06/tomorrow-is-not-simply-another-day-at-school/
Days After Pedagogy: Beyond the Stoplight
https://beyondthestoplight.com/2021/01/06/resources-for-teachers-on-the-days-after-the-attack-on-the-u-s-capitol/
We welcome this guest post from Dr. Alyssa Hadley-Dunn, Associate Professor of Teacher Education at Michigan State University and founder of Teaching on the Days After: Dialogue & Resources for Educating Toward Justice
For educators, I am going to share some resources/ideas for use in your classrooms tomorrow. A reminder about everything that I share here: There is no one easy answer. Not everything works for every student or every teacher or in every classroom. I am not an expert in your classroom or your students (or an expert in anything, actually!). This is not a conversation that needs to or should be relegated to only Social Studies and English Language Arts classrooms.
Black teachers: I hope that you have time and space to care for yourselves, as you support your students. I hope that you have white colleagues who are talking about this, too, so you do not have to be the only one. I hope that you can find co-conspirators in your schools (or here).
White teachers of white students: You HAVE to talk about what is happening. This is on us, every time and all the time. We cannot pretend to be surprised anymore. We have to do what we said we were going to do all summer when we were reading those anti-racist books and completing those anti-racism checklists. Our white students are not 'too young' to learn about this.
White teachers of students of color, especially Black students: Please make sure you know what you are doing before you do it. Please make sure you know how to support your Black students and other students of color if you try to have these conversations. Make sure you to do not do more harm by entering into these conversations without careful thought and planning. Ideas/resources/links in comments on Facebook will be updated throughout the evening on our educator's group: Teaching on Days After: Dialogue & Resources for Educating Toward Justice..
USING ZOOM: Breakout rooms can work to your advantage here. Especially if you are teaching students of color, create multiple breakout rooms for students based on what they want to and feel capable of talking about: (1) For students who do not want to discuss it right now and want to work independently on 'regular' class content; (2) For students who want to process with a partner; (3) For students who have many questions and want to process with you.
NAMING THE TRUTH: Think about the language that the media is using, especially when this first started happening. What does this language mean? What does it reveal and what does it obscure? (Hint: Racism.) For example: "protestors" versus "terrorists," "protest" versus "attack" or "coup."
ANALYZING IMAGES: There are many images being shared, including some of the Confederate flag in the Capitol building, of someone stealing a Podium, people hanging from the Capitol walls. What do these images tell us? What do they (attempt to) obscure? (Hint: Racism.)
WRITING: If you have students who might better process their thoughts through writing and/or you want to use writing as an intro activity, here are some potential prompts: What do you think happened yesterday? What do you know? What questions do you have? How would you like to process this as a community? If you are doing this virtually, you could have students work in individual or shared Google docs or other apps.
COMPARING A POLICE RESPONSE: There are many Tweets and stories that are being shared that compare images of response to BLM protests and today's terrorist action. You could use these images to ask students to compare what they think is happening and why it is happening. (Hint: Racism, white supremacy, white rage)
September 1, 1939, by W. H. Auden
https://poets.org/poem/september-1-1939
This page is a collection of campus resources (access links, FAQs, support services), community support services, professional development opportunities, and subject-specific guides and resources. To submit resources for review and inclusion on these lists, please email us.
CSUSM as One - Fall 2020
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Kinder/1st Science Video: Forces, Push and Pull
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Unleashed Learning: How to Boost Academic Performance of Students with Special Needs
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Art=Opportunity Resources
Inkshed: art, writing, music, and theater video lessons created by high schoolers for elementary school students
Dual Language Immersion Resources
English for Anxious Times
Center for Applied Linguistics (CAL)
Spanish Language Educational Materials - CAL & Embassy of Mexico
How to Effectively Coach Bilingual and Dual-Language Teachers
Coronavirus Resources for English Language Teachers
Distance Learning Strategies for English Learners in the Elementary Setting
Distance Teaching: English Learners in Elementary and Secondary Education
Webinar: English Language Development (ELD) Implementation and Engagement
Disclaimer: These links are being provided as a convenience and for informational purposes only; they do not constitute an endorsement or an approval by the CSUSM School of Education of any of the products, services or opinions of the corporation or organization or individual. The CSUSM School of Education bears no responsibility for the accuracy, legality or content of the external site or for that of subsequent links. Contact the external site for answers to questions regarding its content.


text: docker build -t synctree/postfix-s3 .

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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The social impacts of regional development policies in Eastern Amazonia: A case study of Parauapebas.
Serra, Mauricio Aguiar (1998) The social impacts of regional development policies in Eastern Amazonia: A case study of Parauapebas. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom).
This dissertation analyses the adverse urban social impacts generated by regional development policies in Eastern Amazonia and illustrated by the town of Parauapebas. After the military coup of 1964, Brazilian Amazonia became the centre of attention for development planning. Due to its tremendous potential of natural resources as well as its vast areas of uninhabited land, this region was regarded by military governments as a means of rapidly tackling a range of economic, social and geopolitical objectives. In this regard, several development programmes, such as the Greater Carajas Programme (PGC), were planned and implemented by the Federal government. Brazilian development policies were heavily influenced by Perroux's development pole theory, which suggested that economic growth, interregional equilibrium and integration of backward regions could be achieved through a strategy of decentralised development. This basic idea provided a convenient theoretical justification not only for economic reasons (accelerated economic growth), but also in terms of the geopolitical objectives (national integration and occupation of Amazonia) of the military regime. Development pole strategies were vigorously implemented by the Federal government through the PND II - Second National Development Plan (1975/79) - and these strategies continued with the advent of the PGC in the 1980s. In order to exploit the huge iron-ore reserves at Carajes mountain, the Carajas Iron-Ore Project was established. CVRD was aware that this project would attract a considerable flow of migrants to the region and Parauapebas was built with the clear purpose of avoiding the formation an enormous shanty town at the company's entrance gate. Despite planning Parauapebas, however, CVRD could not avoid the formation of Rio Verde, a peripheral settlement contiguous to the planned town. CVRD's under-estimation of the pace of urbanisation, its decision to force service workers to live outside the company town allied to the substantial flow of migrants contributed to producing a serious situation in which the Parauapebas/Rio Verde region presented inadequate urban infrastructure and services; a critical nosological table and worrying problems in the educational sector. However, the above factors are unable to explain entirely the worrying situation in Parauapebas. In fact, these problems are a direct product of development pole strategies, which advocated that the concentration of investments in selected poles would generate economic growth, which would in turn "trickle down" to peripheral regions. Investments were made, but the beneficial spread effects in Parauapebas fell below expectations and the main reason for this lies in the fact that the ferrous-alloy industries were not implemented as originally envisaged by the PGC. As a consequence, the lack of option for diversifying the local economy is considerable. This dissertation analyses in detail the major social and environmental impacts of rapidly urban development in Parauapebas. It shows that development strategies in Eastern Amazonia have had limited positive effects and that the exploitation of the natural resources of the region has occurred in a predatory way and at the same time, it stresses that old projects and future undertakings in the region must be compatible with the environment. In this regard, this dissertation concludes with the discussion of policy implications for more sustainable policy for Eastern Amazonia.
Land Use Planning, Anthropology, Cultural
Departments > Social Policy


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Some of our favorite Walt Disney World attractions with low waits
Home → Low Wait Attractions
By: Author Allyson Koerner
Published: February 4, 2021 Updated: December 7, 2022
If you're looking for Walt Disney World attractions with low wait times, go no further.
Here are some of our favorite time-fillers that we think everyone should try at least once during their visit to the most magical place on earth.
What is a time-filler?
Don't be mistaken; just because we consider these time-fillers doesn't mean the following attractions aren't worthy of your time. They very much are.
But, when we say "time-filler," we simply mean that when you compare this list to other attractions at each respective park, they aren't as popular and don't typically reach high wait times.
These attractions are the kind of time-fillers that are perfect if you don't want to wait in a long line or if you're simply trying to kill time until your next dining reservation or Lightning Lane return time.
Heck, maybe your schedule is completely open, or you've done everything on your list. Enter these attractions.
Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover
The PeopleMover may not look like much, but it is actually our top pick in all four parks. You read that right. It's perfect and amazing, and we could ride it all day long.
This is truly a relaxing ride where you can sit and catch views of Tomorrowland, Cinderella Castle, and Buzz Lightyear's Space Ranger Spin. But, probably the biggest highlight is that you get to actually ride through Space Mountain.
Since this section is completely in the dark this part can be kind of scary for little ones. But, if you are prepared with some soft light (that won't interfere with others on the attraction) smaller kids almost always love it, too.
Mickey's PhilharMagic
Mickey's PhilharMagic is a fun and cute 3D show starring Donald Duck and other beloved Disney characters. This is great for families, anyone seeking air conditioning, and if you need to rest those feet.
If you don't like 3D, we recommend skipping.
Walt Disney World Railroad
The Walt Disney World Railroad is a classic attraction that embodies everything Walt Disney. After all, he did love trains.
The railroad is not only peaceful and offers unique views of the park, but you can also use it as a form of transportation to get from one part of Magic Kingdom to another.
This is definitely a great choice if you want a break, especially if you have a little one. You can even stay on as long as you like.
In fact, because you can stay on as long as you want it can be a good spot to let little ones close their eyes for a bit. The train whistle can be noisy, but many a nap have been taken on the train.
Note: Strollers must be able to fold, so WDW rental strollers are not permitted. Also, the train is temporarily closed due to the construction of TRON Lightcycle Power Run.
Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room
This is an original Disney park classic that everyone should experience at least once. It's a great spot to relax, take in the air conditioning, and enjoy catchy songs. Warning: it can be scary for kids due to some loud noises and a fake storm.
Honorable Mention — Tom Sawyer Island
Have you ever hopped over to Tom Sawyer Island? It's located across the Rivers of America in Frontierland. You can wander and explore a totally different part of the park.
It's also a good spot for kids to burn off some energy and for the adults to relax by sitting in some rocking chairs. Keep in mind that the island typically has different operating hours than the rest of the park.
Living with the Land
Living with the Land is a relaxing boat ride where guests can learn about the environment in a unique and educational way. You even get to ride through to see where plants and produce are grown that are actually used throughout Epcot.
This attraction sometimes gets a long line, but it's our top pick for a time-filler in Epcot.
FYI: If you eat at Garden Grill in the Land Pavilion (the character dining spot that rotates), you can see the boats.
Disney & Pixar Short Film Festival
A Disney and Pixar short film festival? Well, that sounds great, right? You can watch some super cute videos inside Epcot over by the Imagination Pavilion.
It's nice to be able to watch Disney and Pixar shorts while resting your feet and enjoying some air conditioning. This is definitely an underrated spot and almost never has a long wait.
The Seas Pavilion
The Seas Pavilion isn't only where you can find The Seas With Nemo & Friends, but it also houses massive aquariums, all kinds of aquatic life, and has much-needed air conditioning.
Kids will also love it here. It's a rarely busy pavilion, which is a bonus.
Honorable Mention — Awesome Planet
There are several films throughout Epcot to watch, and one of our favorites is Awesome Planet in the Land Pavilion. Narrated by Ty Burrell from Modern Family, the newer film is not only visually stunning but eye-opening, as well.
The movie does have some loud and noisy moments, so keep that in mind if you have little ones.
Mickey Shorts Theater
If you want some more Mickey in your life, then you should give the Mickey Shorts Theater a chance. This is a brand new theater that shows an adorable cartoon called Vacation Fun, and you even get to sit in Mickey-themed seats that are the absolute cutest. There's also a cute cartoon photo-op area at the exit that's super fun, too.
Walt Disney Presents
On the way to Toy Story Land is Walt Disney Presents. It's like a mini-museum of Walt Disney history and his dream of building magical and happy theme parks.
Plus, there's even a short film called One Man's Dream that tells Disney's story. You can even sometimes catch extended previews of new movies that are coming out here.
Muppet*Vision 3D
Sure, Muppet*Vision 3D is an older attraction, but it is still a fun and hilarious show thanks to the Muppets. If you love Miss Piggy, Kermit, and the rest of the Jim Henson gang, you'll enjoy this.
Better yet, it's a good place to take a break, get some air conditioning, and have a laugh. And, since it is close to Rise of the Resistance it makes it a great spot to hang out if you need to kill a bit of time before your Boarding Group gets called.
Honorable Mention — Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge
No, this isn't an attraction, but there's no denying Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge is an impressive and captivating area. Even if you're not a Star Wars fan, the land should be explored.
You don't even feel like you're inside a Disney park as soon as you step into Black Spire Outpost on the planet of Batuu. There's so much to see and the shops are so unique that they deserve a look, too.
Gorilla Falls Exploration Trail
This is one of the best trails at Animal Kingdom and really is a must-do. From the incredible theming to a range of animals, it's quite unforgettable.
Obviously, this is where you can see gorillas, but you can also learn about birds, watch zebras, and even swoon over the adorable meerkats. The outdoor trail in Africa can get very hot, so drink lots of water and take a fan when you go.
Maharajah Jungle Trek
This is another trail not to be missed. Located in Asia, this is the trek to take if you want to see tigers. Admittedly, they are sometimes hard to find and aren't out a lot, especially during hot days.
But, when you do get to see them, they are beautiful. Maharajah Jungle Trek also has some fantastic areas to take photos of and, in our opinion, some of the best theming in the park.
Rafiki's Planet Watch
This area is easy to skip, but one spot to definitely put on your list. First, you get to hop on a train, which transports you to the Conservation Station on Rafiki's Planet Watch. It's a great family area, too.
From a petting zoo where you can see animals up close, to drawing with a Disney animator at the Animation Experience, this area has a lot to offer.
Lines can get long, so you should plan accordingly. FYI: trains run every five minutes.
Honorable Mention — Discovery Island Trails
The Discovery Island Trails are easy to miss but something not to forget. The trails offer a fantastic up-close look of the Tree of Life and several spots where you can capture Animal Kingdom views that you don't get in other areas of the park.
The trails are outdoors, so depending on the weather, they can get very hot.
There's no denying that there are many attractions that make for great time-fillers at all four theme parks. What's your favorite? (PeopleMover is the correct answer — just kidding, well, kind of.)
If you need help planning an upcoming trip to Walt Disney World, contact Small World Vacations.
Select Individual Lightning Lane Attractions Moving To Genie+ At Disney World For Limited Time
The Epcot Experience Is Permanently Closing In March 2022
D23 Expo 2022 blue sky ideas for Disney World (Zootopia, Moana, Coco, Encanto, villains)
Disney After Hours Returning to Disney World in 2023
Park Hopping Changes & More Coming to Disney World & Disneyland
Allyson Koerner
Allyson was able to take her lifelong love of Disney and her education (Bachelor's Degree in English/minor in writing and a Master's Degree in Print & Multimedia Journalism) and turn it into a career writing about all things Disney parks. Her writing can be seen in a few places, including her site, Magically Main Street. Email Allyson
Latest posts by Allyson Koerner (see all)
2023 Epcot Flower & Garden Festival Dates Announced - January 18, 2023
Ariel Meet and Greet, Enchanted Tales With Belle Returning to Magic Kingdom - January 17, 2023
Tiana's Palace Replacing French Market Restaurant in New Orleans Square at Disneyland - January 12, 2023
'Celebrate Soulfully At Disney Springs' Honors Black History Month
January dispatches from the parks – PREP267


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Strasbourg All Destinations
Explore Strasbourg
Strasbourg Tours
All Strasbourg Tours
Château du Haut-Koenigsbourg Tours & Tickets
Strasbourg Cathedral of Notre Dame (Cathédrale Notre Dame de Strasbourg) Tours & Tickets
Vauban Dam (Barrage Vauban) Tours & Tickets
Tanners House (Maison des Tanneurs) Tours & Tickets
Place Gutenberg Tours & Tickets
Strasbourg Covered Bridges (Ponts Couverts) Tours & Tickets
Orangerie Park (Parc de l'Orangerie) Tours & Tickets
Black Forest Day Trips from Strasbourg
How to Spend 3 Days in Strasbourg
How to Spend 1 Day in Strasbourg
Alsace Wine Route Tours from Strasbourg
Tanners House (Maison des Tanneurs)
At the heart of Strasbourg's La Petite France district, tucked amid the half-timbered houses and snaking canals of the historic neighborhood, the Tanners House, or Maison des Tanneurs, is one of the area's most famous landmarks. A lasting vestige of the old tanners district, the former tannery was built in 1572 and is known for its timbered galleries and slanted roofs, where dyed hides were once draped to dry in the sun.
Transformed into a restaurant in 1949, the Tanners House is now home to La Maison de la Choucroute, which serves up traditional Alsatian cuisine in authentic surroundings, with the original 16th-century beams complemented by antique furnishings and window boxes overflowing with geraniums. For the most atmospheric spot, book a table on the open-air terrace, from where the views stretch along the riverfront.
Tuesday-Saturday midday-1:45 p.m.; 7-10 p.m.
La Petit France, Grand Ile, Strasbourg, France
The Tanners House (Maison des Tanneurs) is located in La Petite France on Strasbourg's Grand Île. The restaurant is open Tuesday through Saturday from midday until 1:45 p.m. and from 7 to 10 p.m. Reservations are required.
A popular destination for hikers, campers, cyclists, and Grimm fairy-tale fans, the Black Forest makes for an ideal day trip from Strasbourg.
Following the Alsace Wine Route is a quintessentially French experience. Here are a few ways to explore the rolling vineyards, hilltop castles, and medieval towns as an excursion from nearby Strasbourg.
As the capital of France's Alsace region, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and home to the European Parliament, there's plenty to see and do in Strasbourg. With two days you can cover the city's historic heart, its top sights, the nearby wine region, and, in December, the Christmas markets. Here's how.
More Tours in Strasbourg
Things to do near Strasbourg
Things to do in Basel
Things to do in Montreux
Things to do in Geneva
Things to do in Lake Como
More attractions near Strasbourg
La Petite France
Strasbourg Covered Bridges (Ponts Couverts)
St. Thomas Church (Eglise St. Thomas)
Vauban Dam (Barrage Vauban)
Grande Île
Kamerzell House (Maison Kammerzell)
Alsatian Museum (Musée Alsacien)
Strasbourg Cathedral of Notre Dame (Cathédrale Notre Dame de Strasbourg)
Rohan Palace (Palais Rohan)
Christmas Market (Christkindelsmärik)
Orangerie Park (Parc de l'Orangerie)
Fort of Mutzig (Feste Kaiser Wilhelm II)
Château du Haut-Koenigsbourg
Recommended for Strasbourg


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Muslim Cemetery Meets Opposition in Texas Town
Although the mayor of the predominantly white community has said the cemetery is allowed to be built, some people are pushing for a no vote.
By Lauren SilvermanJuly 27, 2015 7:14 amTop Stories
Photo via Lauren Silverman/KERA News
Islamic Association of Collin County Resident Scholar Khalil Abdur-Rashid in downtown Farmersville.
This article originally appeared on KERA News.
This town used to be the Onion capital of North Texas. And although the "Collin County Sweets" it became famous for had a mild flavor, resident Medford Sumrow has some harsh words for the proposed cemetery.
"We don't need that crap up here," he says. "What the hell they want to come up here and jack with Farmersville for?"
On a recent morning Sumrow is sitting on a bench downtown. He watches as folks drive along the red brick road, ducking into the post office and drug store. Farmersville is a quiet town, but Sumrow says the Islamic Association of Collin County's recent land purchase has riled him up. He's especially upset by what he's heard are Muslim burial practices.
"They just scrub 'em down, wrap 'em up, put 'em in the grave and that's without a casket, without embalming," he says. Health experts dismiss concerns about Muslim burial practices as nonsense. Furthermore, the Islamic Association says bodies will be placed in wooden caskets and then in cement vaults.
Handling The Opposition
Ever since the nonprofit Islamic Association of Collin County laid out plans to build a large cemetery on undeveloped land, resident scholar Khalil Abdur-Rashid has heard some pretty incendiary remarks.
"Some folks have said if they go forth with this we'll pour pigs blood on it," he says. "That is something that has just been very hurtful."
There are more than twenty thousand Muslims in Collin County. But there's not an active Muslim community within Farmersville. Which is why Abdul-Rashid, who's wearing dress clothes and a traditional white cap, stands out in downtown's "Freedom Plaza." Most men here are in blue jeans or overalls and cowboy boots.
He explains the reason the Islamic Association bought the land is simple: They're running out of room to bury members of the faith.
"Nobody is looking to come in and change anything," Abdur-Rashid says. "We saw this land and saw this property and we thought it would be a beautiful place to preserve the memory of folks that we thought were beautiful."
Abdul-Rashid says he didn't expect so much vitriol and opposition.
"We have enough bridges to build as an American-Muslim community for our living," he says. "I didn't know we had to do that for our deceased as well."
'Not A Religious Issue'
Local Diane Piwko is against the cemetery and says isn't about religion or health.
"We don't like the fact that we seem to be portrayed as radicals against Islam," Piwko says. "We don't want to be dumped on. We want to have say in how our community grows."
She wants the land, which is private, to be used for residential and commercial use.
City Manager Ben White says his goal is to treat the application fairly. And so far, he says, the Association's proposal – which includes an open air pavilion and small retail component — has met all development requirements.
Still, some members of the commission that oversees planning and zoning have received threats.
"Certainly [it] is unnerving to the people it is happening to, and in the city of Farmersville we take that very, very, very seriously and our chief of police is investigating these things right now," White says.
Not everyone hanging around downtown has a problem with the cemetery.
Harvey Sisco has lived in Farmersville for more than 60 years. He says he has a good relationship with the few Muslim people he knows who work around town. Besides, he says, it seems silly to be afraid of the dead.
"Once you're gone you're gone," Sisco says. "They're not going to come back and haunt us."
The debate in Farmersville isn't going anywhere for now. Between city approvals and permitting it could be months, even years until this drama plays out.
Texas Standard for July 27, 2015
Why Americans are Hesitant to Talk Openly About Mental Illness
Are Texas High Schools Building Their Own Sports Teams?
The Texas Ed Board Wants to Send More Texans to College
Judge Orders Women and Children at Two Texas Detention Centers be Released
A Combination Of Heavy Rain & Rising Sea Waters Could Devastate Texas Coast
What's Behind The Changing Face Of The Mexican Immigrant
Texas Nationalist Movement Wants Issue On TX-GOP Ballot


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Hotels With Whirlpools in Rochester, New York
Hotels and Motels in Cobleskill, New York
Pet-Friendly Hotels in Rochester, New York
Aurora LaJambre, Leaf Group
No need to leave your pet at home when they're welcome at the hotel. (Photo: Jupiterimages/BananaStock/Getty Images )
Restaurants in Norwich, New York
Hotels Near the New York LaGuardia Airport
In western New York, Rochester is a small city with boating marinas on Lake Ontario and Irondequoit Bay. Also referred to as the "Flower City," Rochester has several outdoor recreational spaces for pets including paths in the Rails-to-Trails network and Greece Canal Dog Park. Some hotels in Rochester welcome pets. Request a pet room upon your reservation and note that most pet-friendly hotels include an additional fee.
Comfort Inn West
Guests choose from singles, doubles, family rooms and suites at the Comfort Inn West (comfortinn.com). At the time of publication, pets are welcome for an additional accommodation fee of $15 per night. Rooms are painted in light, natural colors and include deluxe continental breakfast with hot waffles. The hotel is located eight miles from the Greater Rochester International Airport. Local attractions include the George Eastman House photography, Susan B. Anthony House and the Strong National Museum of Play.
Hampton Inn Rochester-North
Located in Greece, New York, 10 minutes north of downtown Rochester and six minutes from the airport, the Hampton Inn Rochester -- North (Hamptoninnrochester.hiltn.com) is a contemporary hotel with a casual atmosphere. Guests can swim in the indoor heated pool or relax beside the lobby fireplace. Complimentary buffet breakfast is included. The hotel has no weight limits on pets or added fees.
Give your pet plenty of room to spread out in one of Rochester's all-suite hotels at the Homewood Suites by Hilton (homewoodsuites1.hilton.com). At the time of publication, the hotel charges a $75 nonrefundable pet service fee for all pets. Suites include a kitchenette and complimentary breakfast is offered daily. Rated three diamonds by AAA, hotel facilities include a fitness center, indoor heated pool and a spa. Vacationers are only a short drive from Casa Larga Vineyards, the Downtown Historic District, Custom Brew Crafters and the Stasenburgh Planetarium.
La Quinta Inn Rochester
Cats and dogs up to 50 lbs. are welcome for no additional fee at La Quinta Inn Rochester (lq.com). Busy guests won't have to travel far for a meal at the hotel's restaurant or lounge and bar, and complimentary breakfast is provided. Room options include double twins, double queens and a king with a sofa bed. The hotel is less than one block from Graham Arenas Park, a convenient distance for dog walking.
Homewood Suites by Hilton @ Rochester
Visit Rochester
Bring Fido: Pet Friendly Hotels in Rochester
Aurora LaJambre is a writer and editor living in Brooklyn, N.Y. For over five years she's covered topics in culture, lifestyle, travel, DIY design and green living for print and online media. Her publication credits include "WOW Women on Writing," "Six States" and Catalogs.com. She graduated from New York University in 2003 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in creative writing.
Attribution: Maximilian Kapitonoff; License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license
Attribution: EastOfWest; License: GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
Attribution: Karl Thomas Moore; License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license
Attribution: Ryan Hyde from Ann Arbor, United States; License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license
Inexpensive Restaurants That Serve Brunch in Manhattan, New York
LaFayette, New York Area Hotels
Hotels in Williamsville, New York
Hotels Near Cairo, New York
Rochester, New York Tourist Attractions
New York Accommodations»
Pet Friendly Hotels in New York»


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Podcasts List
July 11, 2018 ~ todaysadventureis
Anyone else out there a fan of podcasts? I admit I'm addicted and would rather listen to podcasts than the radio. It's my go to when I'm getting ready, gardening, driving (by myself…most are not Sky safe subject and/or language), cooking dinner…really any time I'm doing something that allows me to pull up a cast and let it play while I'm busy with a task. Not reading though, I can't read and listen at the same time.
What I'm currently listening to.
It all started with Serial season 1…about the Adnan Syed case, if you don't know about it Google it, or listen to the podcast. It's story telling, with a lot on the line, at its best! The case is ongoing and fascinating to follow. Serial season 2 is really fascinating as well, not about Adnan Syed, but still a very interesting story!
Anyway, I listen to a lot of podcasts and thought I'd share my faves. First off I listen via Castbox a free app on my phone. There are a lot of options for listening, this is one I've used forever and it has all my faves/subscriptions on it, so it's what I stick with.
While this is a list of my current listens, it has changed over time. I've dropped some and added others, but for the most part these are my go-to casts that don't change.
True Crime:
–Break Down – The Atlanta Journal-Constitution's Podcast covers stories that may or may not feature a break down in the justice system. It's story telling with a bit of investigation mixed in, and some are told in real time, so you go through the prosecution/trial as it happens. The only down side is that because it's real time there can be lengthy breaks in the seasons if trial is delayed for any number of reasons. There are several seasons already, so it's a great binge listen.
–Empty Frames – This is a truly fascinating listen. Tim and Lance, podcast hosts, have done a lot of research and dug up some interesting people to tell the story of an art heist at the The Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, one of the largest art heists in history. (I listened to Tim and Lance when they launched their first podcast, Missing Maura Murray it's totally worth a listen btw..super easy to get sucked in and frustrated by). Empty Frames is just a really good listen. It's an unsolved case, with a lot of very interesting personalities involved, and a lot of speculation/assumptions. I would love to know what really happened!
–True Crime Garage – Oh how I love Nic and The Captain! The banter back and forth is hilarious even while telly some pretty gruesome stories. There are not a lot of happy endings here, but for some reason I'm hooked. I can't listen to this one when I'm running or walking alone, all I can think is "I don't want to end up as a story for Nic and Captian", but I do love listening to them. They crack open some beer, play some cool music, and talk about true crimes solved and unsolved alike. Super fun to listen too even though it's a dark subject.
–Undisclosed – From the site: The Undisclosed podcast investigates wrongful convictions, and the U.S. criminal justice system, by taking a closer look at the perpetration of a crime, its investigation, the trial, and ultimate verdict… and finding new evidence that never made it to court. Susan Simpson, Colin Miller, and Rabia Chaudry are attorneys that take a deep dive into wrongful convictions, and thanks to their efforts there are several innocent people that stand a very good chance of getting out of jail. I highly recommend this podcast for being so well rounded in educating listeners, investigating cases and finding new evidence, and ultimately giving hope to innocent inmates and their families. It's truly astonishing to hear how badly the justice system can fail when it's not functioning as it should, and I'm glad these three are taking on the system and helping people at the same time. I have learned so much listening to this cast.
–Truth & Justice – Guys I love this podcast so much! Bob Ruff is the host and like Undisclosed got his start as a type of spin off from Serial. (The Adnan Syed case is that compelling)! Bob focuses on crowd sourced investigation of crimes that have resulted in wrongful convictions. Every case he's taken on has produced new evidence and while none of the falsely convicted individuals have been released yet, there is one that being released within the next month or so, and several others that have filed motions for DNA testing on new evidence, filed appeals and are close to having convictions thrown out entirely. This podcast probably frustrates me the most. The level of corruption Bob has uncovered in certain areas is sick. Sadly the justice system doesn't mean justice for all and this cast drives that home. But, it's uplifting to hear about the hope Bob is giving to old cases and to know that justice it coming, even if it's taking decades. P.S. Bob can be a little cheesy sometimes, but still love listening.
–Awesome Etiquette – From their site: Lizzie Post and Daniel Post Senning cousins and co-presidents of the Emily Post Institute answer your questions about etiquette today in this weekly hour-long podcast. With advice based on consideration, respect, and honesty, Awesome Etiquette guides listeners through everything from traditional etiquette quandaries to everyday and emerging etiquette issues in the modern world.
I had no idea I would have so many etiquette opportunities in my life, but this podcast has really helped me to stop and think how to handle certain situations, and I've even submitted questions that have been answered. The advice is practical with a lot of laughs mixed in. Also, this is one I can listen to with Sky around. She won't sit and listen to it, but I don't have to turn it down or pause if she's in the room.
–Coffee + Crumbs – I just started listening to this one a few weeks ago. I figured I should add a parenting type cast to my list to be well rounded. I have not listened to all the episode and don't plan on it…I only have so much time. I did go back through past seasons and listen to the ones that I thought would be helpful/informative. I love their This Is How We Do…insert anything from birthday parties, to play dates. I enjoy the banter between the hosts and have picked up a few good tips!
–Happier – The title sums it up! Gretchen Rubin shares her tips, tricks, life hacks and advice on how to live a happier life. I really enjoy this cast a lot. It's very uplifting and it leaves a smile on my face.
–Happier In Hollywood – Liz Craft (Gretchen's (see above) sister also co-hosts Happier) is a TV writer in Hollywood. Liz along with her writing partner Sarah Fain share what it's like to live in LA and write/work in Hollywood. Very entertaining and it's been fun listening to them as they pitch a show idea and all the ups and downs of will the show get picked up or not. I won't spoil it. Another cast that leaves me smiling and is really fun to listen to.
–The History Chicks – Two friends who take you back in time to learn about influential ladies in history. The first several episodes are really hard to listen to, it was a new cast with not great sound editing, but it's gotten so much better and I really enjoy the history lessons they provide.
–Reveal – From the site: Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radio's first one-hour radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of "driveway moment" storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.
Truly great, fact based, story telling. Very enriching to listen to.
–Embedded – From the site: Host Kelly McEvers takes a story from the news and goes deep. Whether that means digging into the Trump administration's past, the stories behind police shootings caught on video, or visiting a town ravaged by the opioid epidemic, Embedded takes you where the news is happening.
Another fact based cast that is telling the stories that are happening right now. I don't watch the news, but I do listen to this and learn a lot!
–Binge Mode – The link takes you to the Harry Potter Binge Mode series, but they have several "seasons" covering different shows/movies. I just couldn't find a general link to all the topics they cover. I just started listening to this one, only on episode two of the Harry Potter Season and loving it. They take a deep dive into facts from the books, point out things that fans may not have picked up on, and speculate and/or ask questions that the rest of us are wondering about. If you are a fan of Harry Potter (I hear they have done Game of Thrones, Westworld, Star Wars and more) or any of the other topics they cover than this would be a fun cast to geek out to.
Last but not leas is a kiddo podcast that Sky loves! Wow in The World is pretty great. Mark and I enjoy it as well, and all three of us have learned a lot. I tend to let the episodes build up and then we binge listen on longer road trips. Sky likes it so much she wants to re-listen to older episodes once we are all caught up. The two hosts are so engaging and full of comedic relief while sharing some pretty awesome scientific knowledge.
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text:
Lo 8 cm kanon vzor 28 era un cannone campale cecoslovacco, prodotto dalla Škoda e impiegato durante la seconda guerra mondiale.

Storia
Le origini del cannone risalgono al 1928. Il progetto della Škoda tentava di combinare i ruoli campali, da montagna e antiaereo in un'unica arma. Il vz. 28 combinava affusto a due ruote, otturatore a cuneo orizzontale, freno di sparo idropneumatico, freno di bocca, alto angolo di elevazione e una piattaforma di tiro per il brandeggio su 360°. Per l'impiego in montagna il pezzo poteva essere scomposto in tre carichi, caratteristica comune con il contemporaneo obice 10 cm houfnice vz. 28 e i successivi cannoni 8 cm kanon vz. 30 e 10 cm houfnice vz. 30.

Il pezzo si dimostrò abbastanza efficace come cannone campale e da montagna, ma risultò fallimentare come cannone antiaereo. L'Esercito cecoslovacco impiegò un limitato numero di pezzi, ma ordinò in grandi quantità il suo successore, il 8 cm kanon vz. 30. Quest'ultimo era privo della piattaforma di tiro, ma era pressoché identico per configurazione, dimensioni e prestazioni.

Il Reale Esercito Jugoslavo ordinò il vz. 28, designato 80 mm M.28. Quello rumeno ordinò la versione in calibro 75 mm, designata 75 mm Skoda Model 1928. I cannoni catturati dalla Wehrmacht e reimmessi in servizio furono designati 7.65 cm FK 304(j)..

Note

Bibliografia
 Gander, Terry and Chamberlain, Peter. Weapons of the Third Reich: An Encyclopedic Survey of All Small Arms, Artillery and Special Weapons of the German Land Forces 1939-1945. New York: Doubleday, 1979 ISBN 0-385-15090-3

Collegamenti esterni

Armi d'artiglieria della seconda guerra mondiale
75 mm

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


It was lean period, starvation was rampant. All edible leaf, vegetables and roots in the village exhausted. Bakron's family went without food for the consecutive third day. The emaciated children of the family, two boys and two girls turned pale and frail. Among the famished children two girls seemed to be more burdensome to their parents. So Bakron, her landless father and her younger sister started walking in wobbling feet towards the orphanage at Ulipur, the Sub-district town. Bakron felt happy as she would be able to eat well at the orphanage. She and her sister grew up in the orphanage. When she turned fifteen the orphanage administrator bought 3 decimal of land for both the sisters.
She returned from the orphanage, got married and gave birth to a son. Her husband died after the birth of her son and everything fell apart again. Her father sold out her land due to hardship. Her son became her only hope and she dreamt of happy future with her son. She started vending spices to earn a livelihood. When her son reached seven years one day he was lost. Devastated Bakron looked for him everywhere possible but nothing worked. Her in-laws forced her to leave her husband's house. Losing everything, alone, she returned to her brother's house. Couple of years later she got married again and she had another son but could not continue her conjugal life due to family strife and came back to her brother again with her son. She faced serious hardship to manage food for her and her son. She started working as a domestic aid and tried to do spice vending again. Her son grew up and left her. Years passed by, her condition did not improve.
In this distressed condition she was engaged in SWAPNO public works employment. Now she has a stable job and bought a cow. She started spice vending again. She also sells some grocery along with spices. She also took some land on lease.
"SWAPNO has trained me how to do a business. Now I feel empowered, I can count money and manage my business'', opines confident and happy Bakron.


text:
Nupi Lan: How Thousands of Manipuri Women Protestors Created History
Shruti Chakraborty
Shruti Chakraborty is the author Editor, Digital (Saha Sutra) with Sahapedia. She is a trained journalist, who has worked with publications such as Mint, Businessworld and IndianExpress.com.
Saha SutraProtest MovementsWomen empowermentManipurBritish Rule
Long before the images of women of Shaheen Bagh came to symbolise feminine power in contemporary India, thousands of Manipuri women came together to effect change unlike any other. We look at how the two Nupi Lan movements (1904 and 1939) changed the course of history. (In pic: The Nupi Lan Memorial in Imphal, Manipur; Photo courtesy: Shruti Chakraborty)
In a letter to confidant and fellow activist Ludwig Kugelmann on December 12, 1868, Karl Marx wrote: 'Anybody who knows anything of history knows that great social changes are impossible without the feminine ferment.' Little did he know that almost a century later, the very day would be commemorated as 'Nupi Lan Day' in the state of Manipur, India. Nupi Lan means Women's War, and December 12 marks the day when thousands of women in Manipur valiantly stood up for the rights of their countrymen and women against the British in 1939.
In the year 2020, as the women of Shaheen Bagh make headlines across the world, creating history, there is some merit in looking back at one of the first protests led by women back in 1904. Those familiar with the history of Manipur, know that Manipuri women have always enjoyed a high and free position in the kingdom. It is believed the Khwairamband Bazar (currently more popularly known as Ima Keithel, or Mother's Market) was set up in the late sixteenth century, and more than 2000 women have been conducting trade of all kinds of commodities here ever since. This market proved to be an important location for the two Nupi Lans later.
The Nupi Lan of 1904
The first agitation was triggered by the action of Colonel Maxwell in July 1904 to reintroduce the abolished Lallup System (wherein men were required to perform free labour for 10 days after every 30 days). After the bungalows of two British officials was burnt down in 1904, Maxwell temporarily reintroduced the Lallup System to rebuild them. This move proved a misstep as the women rose up in unison to protest against the injustice of forced labour.[1]
Related | History of Student Protests in Postcolonial India
On September 3, thousands of women gathered spontaneously and marched towards Maxwell's official residence. They were assured that the order would be reconsidered, however, it all came to naught. Hence, on October 5, around 5000 women gathered at Khwairamband Bazar in protest, refusing to move till the order was retracted. 'The violent agitations and demonstrations led by the market women had to be dispersed by the use of force but ultimately the British had to build the houses at their own expense,' wrote Sanamani Yambem in the Economic and Political Weekly.[2] The womenfolk of Imphal, thus, according to academic Lal Dena, achieved what their male folk could not.[3]
In 1925, the women raised their voice again when the state authorities increased the water tax. There were widespread demonstrations, again led by the tradeswomen, against the measure. This was similar to the later women's agitation later of 1939.[4]
Fig. 1. Manipuri women standing against the Army in the 1904 Nupi Lan 1904 (Courtesy: Wikimedia Commons)
Second Nupi Lan in 1939
After the Anglo-Manipur War of 1891, Manipur came under direct British rule till 1907, when the administration was handed over to Raja Churachand Singh and his durbar. However, a British Political Agent was employed to oversee the functioning of the region and had powers over the royal durbar. This had major implications on the economy and trade of Manipur.
The Manipur valley was and is a major rice-growing region. While rice was exported outside of Manipur—primarily Assam—even before 1891, the quantity increased by gargantuan proportions thereafter. Irrespective of production and internal need, export quantity continued to increase. This was aided by the replacement of bullock carts as mode of transport by motorised vehicles, which made it easier and faster to export large quantities of rice. According to Prof. N. Joykumar, from 1925–26 to 1938, there was an increase of only 10,322 acres of total area under cultivation, however the volume of the export of rice increased from 1,55,014 mounds to 3,72,174 mounds, respectively, before the outbreak of Nupi Lan.[5]
Also read | The Vaishnava Temples of Manipur: An Historical Study
In addition to exporting more rice than Manipur could afford, the British slowly and steadily converted the region into a market for imported manufactured goods, which ultimately led to the decline of indigenous cottage industries.[6] For instance, the import of Liverpool Salt (which was sold cheaply) competed with the local brine wells of the state. On the other hand, the Marwaris—who had settled in the region and took over much of the rice trade—spied a business opportunity and bought most of the paddy land, and built rice mills. This resulted in running the local husking industry out of business.
Fig. 2. A special stamp was issued to commemorate the contribution of the Manipuri women during the two Nupi Lan movements
All these factors contributed to the mobilisation of the second Nupi Lan. In July-August and then November 1939, excessive rain and hail severely damaged paddy production. The farmers appealed to the durbar to ban export to meet local demand. While the durbar temporarily agreed, they overturned the ban under pressure from the exporters. The situation resulted in acute shortage of rice and a rise in price, hitting the poor sections of Manipur hard.
Also read | Laiphadibi: The Cloth Dolls that Guard and Guide Manipuri People
On December 12, hundreds of women came out on the streets of Imphal demanding a ban on rice export and a closure of rice mills, marching up to the durbar office. However, since Maharaja Churachand Singh was travelling, they were told a decision could not be taken. Undeterred, the women dragged T.A. Sharpe, president of the Manipur state durbar, to the Telegraph office to send an urgent telegram to the maharaja. Sharpe and other officials were held captive till a response came, with the gathering of women swelling to around 4000. Soon a posse of Assam rifles arrived at the scene to disperse the women, and a ruthless bayonet charge followed. It was met with stone-pelting by the women, many of whom were injured.[7] This scene has been portrayed in the Nupi Lan Memorial in Imphal. While the women had to backtrack under the shower of brutality, their voices were heard by the maharaja, who messaged the next day asking for rice export to be stopped. Jubilant, the women then turned their focus towards the rice mills, eliciting a promise from them to stop milling paddy. Minor attempts by traders to restart export or milling was met with immediate resistance by the women.
Fig. 3, A 2018 photo of the women's market in Imphal, Ima Kheitel, where the women are said to have been running things since the sixteenth century (Courtesy: Shruti Chakraborty)
Khwairamband Bazar was closed for almost a year in protest against the violence meted out to the women. As Yambem wrote, 'The Nupi Lan, which started as an agitation by Manipuri women against the economic policies of the Maharaja and the Marwari monopolists, later on changed its character to become a movement for constitutional and administrative reform in Manipur.'[8]
Since then, Manipuri women have bravely led protests across the years—be it the Meira Paibi movement in the 1970s against drug abuse and alcoholism or the 12 women standing nude in 2004 against AFSPA. There have been other women-led movements across the country as well, but Nupi Lan remains a strong testament to the power of women's voice in India.
This article was also published in Scroll.in.
[1] 'Nupi Lan: The Great Second Women Agitation of Manipur, 1939-40 - Part 1', E-pao.net, accessed March 5, 2020, http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Nupi_Lan.Nupi_Lan_The_Great_Second_Women_Agitation_of_Manipur_1939-40_Part_1.
[2] Sanamani Yambem in the EPW 1976 article 'Nupi Lan Manipur Women s Agitation, 1939', accessed March 5, 2020, https://www.epw.in/journal/1976/8/special-articles/nupi-lan-manipur-women-s-agitation-1939.html.
[3] Nupi Lan : The Great Second Women Agitation of Manipur, 1939-40 - Part 1', E-pao.net, accessed March 5, 2020, http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Nupi_Lan.Nupi_Lan_The_Great_Second_Women_Agitation_of_Manipur_1939-40_Part_1.
[4] Sanamani Yambem in the EPW 1976 article 'Nupi Lan Manipur Women s Agitation, 1939', accessed March 5, 2020, https://www.epw.in/journal/1976/8/special-articles/nupi-lan-manipur-women-s-agitation-1939.html
[5] Lal Dena (ed.), History of Modem Manipur, 1826-1949 (New Delhi: Omsons, 1991), 146.
[6] Nupi Lan: The Great Second Women Agitation of Manipur, 1939-40 - Part 2', E-pao.net, accessed March 5, 2020, http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Nupi_Lan.Nupi_Lan_The_Great_Second_Women_Agitation_of_Manipur_1939-40_Part_2.
[7] Haorongbam Sudhirkumar Singh, 'Socio religious and political movements in modern Manipur 1934–51', Chapter 4, 2011, accessed March 5, 2020, https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/121665/9/09_chapter%204.pdf
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