text:
\section{Introduction}

The goal of  spintronics is to inject and manipulate the spin of
charge carriers in semiconductors.
Spin Hall effect (SHE) has been proposed as an efficient source of
spin current in semiconductors. Two different mechanisms of
SHE are proposed.\cite{review}
In the extrinsic SHE the
skew scattering of electrons (driven by an electric field)
 from impurities with spin-orbit (SO)
 dependent scattering potential leads to opposite
spin accumulation in the transverse edges of the
sample. \cite{dya}
On the other hand, the intrinsic SHE
arises from the SO term in
the single-particle Hamiltonian of paramagnetic materials and
 is present even in the absence of impurities.
Intrinsic SHE is predicted for two major systems: Murakami {\it et al.}
\cite{mur2} have predicted a dissipationless spin current in
 $p$-type semiconductors described by the
Luttinger model\cite{lut} of spin-3/2 holes. Sinova {\it et al.}\cite{Sinova}
have calculated spin Hall conductivity (SHC) for a
two-dimensional
electron gas with k-linear  Rashba\cite{Rashba} SO
coupling.

 Two seminal experiments have reported the observation of SHE.
Kato {\it et al.}
 \cite{kato} have used Kerr rotation to observe spin accumulation in n-type
GaAs.
 Wunderlich {\it et al.} \cite{wun} have observed the effect in  a clean 2D
hole system
 using circularly polarized light. It is generally
 believed\cite{eng} that in the former experiment the measured SHE is
extrinsic while in
 the latter experiment (due to very low impurities concentration)
 it is an intrinsic effect.\cite{ber,mur,lei}

When impurities are
 present their contribution to intrinsic SHE is crucial.
Extensive theoretical,\cite{ino1,ino2,dim,oleg,mish,schwab,kha2}
 and numerical studies,\cite{sin2,sheng,nico}
 show that for the model of
2D electrons  with
 $k$-linear Rashba SO interaction,
 the SHE does not survive the
thermodynamic limit if disorder induced
 vertex corrections are included. This is because
in this system the spin current is the time derivative of the magnetization
and vanishes when the magnetization saturates.\cite{dim,oleg} On the other
 hand for the Luttinger model of a hole  gas in which the SO coupling depends
 nonlinearly in momentum, the vertex correction is calculated to be zero
within the ladder approximation and for short-range scattering potential of
the impurities.
\cite{mur,ber,lei}
Adding Rashba SO interaction in  highly confined
quantum wells, makes the
 system be described by $k$-cubic Rashba SO terms.\cite{win2}
The spin Hall conductivity of this system in the
clean limit approaches
 the universal  value of $\sigma=9e/8\pi$ for
weak SO coupling.\cite{sch} The vertex corrections of this model are
calculated,\cite{ber,lei,kha} and confirmed numerically,\cite{syn,sin2,che} to
be zero.

 Rashba has used
 an external magnetic field on a 2D
electron system with $k$-linear Rashba SO term to show that the zero spin
current
is an intrinsic property of the system and persists in the presence of
impurities.\cite{Rashba2}
This system is described by two series of Landau levels (spinors)
 separated by the SO dependent gap. The standard Kubo-Greenwood formula
has been used to calculate the SHC. It turns out that
the interband transitions
 contribute to the universal intrinsic SHE while including
the intraband transitions  cancels the effect. In the zero magnetic
field limit the latter contributions evolve into vertex corrections.
\cite{sin2}

The relation between the
 {\it conventional}
 definition of spin current (as the expectation value of the
product of the spin operator and velocity) and spin accumulation is not
obvious. In systems with SO interaction the spin current is not conserved.
The spin density continuity equation contains the torque contribution which
 adds a torque dipole term to the conventional spin current
term.\cite{cul,shi}
The resulting {\it  effective} spin current  has been introduced as the
proper definition
of the spin current. The corresponding { effective} spin Hall conductivity
is shown to have opposite sign with respect to the conventional SHC for
$k$-linear
and $k$-cubic Rashba models.\cite{shi}

Parallel to recent work,\cite{Rashba2,sch} we consider a 2D hole gas model
 in a perpendicular magnetic field in the absence of Zeeman coupling
 and find its exact eigenstates and eigenvalues. The Kubo-Greenwood
formula is then used to calculate both the conventional and {effective}
 SHC of the model  for
different values of SO coupling
 and Fermi energies, including both interband and
intraband contributions.  We show that unexpectedly
 both {effective} and conventional
SHC go to zero for
small value of SO coupling and then take a finite value as the SO coupling
increases.
  Although calculations of  vertex
corrections for different types of scatterers have actually
appeared recently, \cite{kha,shytov} more detailed comparison
and analysis will be
desirable especially in the presence of  magnetic field.

\section{The Model}
In  2D hole systems, the Rashba spin-orbit splitting
(due to the structure-inversion asymmetry) of heavy hole states
 is of third order in in-plane
wave vector $k$ as compared to  Rashba spin splitting of electron states
which is linear in $k$. \cite{win2}
For a very confined quantum well
and not too high densities,  the Hamiltonian of heavy holes
can be written as
\begin{equation}}%\extraspace
H_0=\frac{\hbar^2k_x^2}{2m}+\frac{\hbar^2k_y^2}{2m}
+\gamma_0\hbar^3(k_-^3\sigma^++k_+^3\sigma^-),\label{hole}
\end{equation}
where $k_{\pm}=k_x\pm \mbox{i} k_y$,
$\sigma^{\pm}=(\sigma_x\pm \mbox{i} \sigma_y)/2$.
The Pauli matrices $\sigma$ represent spin-$3/2$ heavy holes with
effective mass $m$, and
$\gamma_0$ is the Rashba SO coupling which without the lose of generality
we assume to be positive. \cite{symmetry} Out of two energy branches
\begin{equation}}%\extraspace
{\varepsilon}(k)=\hbar^2k^2/2m\pm\gamma_0\hbar^3k^3, \label{enb}
\end{equation}
the lower energy branch is bounded from below
only for
\begin{equation}}%\extraspace \gamma_0< 1/(3mk\hbar).\label{limit}
\end{equation}
For low Fermi energies (or low hole densities $n_D$), this condition is
satisfied and the SHC is calculated in the dc limit  neglecting the
impurity vertex corrections.\cite{sch} When the impurity scattering
energy $\hbar/\tau$ is comparable with the SO splitting energy
 $\gamma_0(2m{\varepsilon}_f)^{3/2}$, the SHC goes to zero. In the
opposite  limit of
a clean system
$\hbar/\tau\ll\gamma_0(2m{\varepsilon}_f)^{3/2}\ll{\varepsilon}_f$,
 the dc SHC  is
found to be dependent on $\gamma_0^2n_D$:
\begin{equation}}%\extraspace
\sigma^z_{xy}=\frac{9e}{16\pi m\gamma_0}(\frac{1}{k^+_f}-\frac{1}{k^-_f})\approx
\frac{9e}{8\pi}1/\sqrt{1-4\pi\hbar^2 n_Dm^2\gamma_0^2}.\label{fsh}
\end{equation}
Here $k^+_f(k^-_f)$ is the Fermi momentum for the upper (lower) energy
branch (\ref{enb}).
Recent theoretical,\cite{ber,lei} and numerical,\cite{syn,sin2,che}
work shows that
the vertex corrections to the SHC of the above model
are zero for short-range disorder interaction. This is in contrast to the
$k$-linear
Rashba model in which the vertex corrections lead to complete cancellation of
the spin current.

\vskip .3cm

We consider the above homogeneous model in a
homogeneous perpendicular magnetic field $\vec{ B}=-B\hat z$,
in the absence of Zeeman coupling.\cite{mal}
The kinetic momentum $ P=\vec{p}+\frac{e}{c}\vec{A}$ satisfies the commutation
relation $[P_y,P_x]=\mbox{i} m\hbar\omega_c$, where $\omega_c=eB/mc$. We
use the symmetric gauge $A=-\frac{1}{2}\vec{r}\times\vec{B}$. The
Hamiltonian is
\begin{eqnarray}
H&=&\frac{P_x^2}{2m}+\frac{P_y^2}{2m}+\gamma_0(P_-^3\sigma^++P_+^3\sigma^-) \nonumber\\
&=&\hbar\omega_c\left((a^{\dag}a+\frac{1}{2})
+\gamma(a^3\sigma^++{a^{\dag}}^3\sigma^-)\right)\label{model}
\end{eqnarray}
in which the bosonic operators $a=P_-/\sqrt{2m\hbar\omega_c}$ and
$a^{\dag}=P_+/\sqrt{2m\hbar\omega_c}$
describe Landau levels. The
dimensionless parameter $\gamma$ is defined
by $\gamma=\gamma_0\sqrt{8m^3\hbar\omega_c}$.

 Similar to the $k$-linear Rashba
model in a perpendicular magnetic field,\cite{Winkler,Rashba2,egu,zu}
the exact
eigenvalues and eigenstates
of the above model can be found.
The SO term couples every state
$(\phi_{n},0)$  to the $(0,\phi_{n+3})$ leading to two new
$\lambda=\pm$ spinor states:
\begin{eqnarray}
&&\psi^{\lambda}_n=\left(\begin{array}{c}\cos\theta^{\lambda}_n \phi_{n-2} \\
\sin\theta_n^{\lambda}\phi_{n+1}\end{array} \right),\nonumber\\
&&E^{\lambda}_n/\hbar\omega_c=n+\delta/\cos2\theta_n^{\lambda},\label{states}
\end{eqnarray}
in which $\delta=-3/2$,
$\tan2\theta_n^+=\sqrt{n(n^2-1)}\gamma/\delta,
~\theta_n^-=\theta_n^+-\pi/2$ where $n\geq 2$. The states
$\phi_{0\downarrow},\phi_{1\downarrow}$
and $\phi_{2\downarrow}$ are not coupled to any other state, i.e for $n<2$
we have $\theta_n^+=\theta_n^-=0$.

We restrict the upper limit of SO coupling to $\gamma< 1/(3\sqrt{n_f})$ where
${\varepsilon}_f=\hbar\omega_cn_f$ is the Fermi energy.  This condition is
 equivalent to equation (\ref{limit}).
As long as this condition is satisfied, two
$\lambda=+$ states do not cross each other. Energy levels are shown in
 Fig.\ \ref{level}; we can see that $\lambda=-$ states never cross
each other (for $\gamma>0$).

\begin{figure}
\psfrag{E}{$E/(\hbar\omega_c)$}
\resizebox{.5\textwidth}{!}
{\rotatebox{0}{\includegraphics{f1h.eps}}}
\caption{ The energy levels $E^+_n$  of eq.(\ref{states})
as a function of $\gamma$ for $3<n<20$. Note that each energy
state $E^+_n$ is plotted as long as  $E^+_n>E^+_{n-1}$.
The inset shows all states in that window, including
 $\lambda=-$ states that disperse upwards and so do not cross
each other.}\label{level}
\end{figure}

\section{The effective and conventional  spin current}

Using the commutation relation of $P_x$ and $P_y$ the velocity can be written
as
\begin{eqnarray}
&&v_x=[x,H]/\mbox{i}\hbar=[P_y,H]/(\mbox{i} m\hbar\omega_c)\nonumber\\
&&v_y=[y,H]/\mbox{i}\hbar=-[P_x,H]/(\mbox{i} m\hbar\omega_c).\label{vel}
\end{eqnarray}
The same relation also holds for the linear SO system in magnetic field,
\cite{Rashba2} but the spin-dependent part of the velocity is
different in these two models. While in the hole system
 velocity shows a $d$-wave symmetry,
$
v_x=P_x/m+3\gamma (P_xP_y+P_yP_x)\sigma^x+3\gamma(P_x^2-P_y^2)\sigma^y,
$
for the electron system we get $v_x=P_x/m+\gamma\sigma^y$ in which
the $\gamma$-dependent part is a constant. The symmetry of the
velocity is directly reflected in the vertex corrections.
For the 2D hole system in the absence of magnetic field this leads
to zero vertex corrections after integration over azimuthal angle
$\phi=\tan^{-1}(p_y/p_x)$. \cite{ber,lei}

The conventional definition of spin current for spin-$3/2$ holes
is
\begin{equation}}%\extraspace
J^z_x=\frac{3}{4}(v_x\sigma^z+\sigma^zv_x)=3P_x\sigma^z/2m. \label{spcu}
\end{equation}
Note that in contrast to the $k$-linear Rashba model,
here the spin current operator can not be written as a commutator like
$J^z_x\sim [H,\sigma^x]$.\cite{dim} This is the profound reason behind
the vanishing of spin current in $k$-linear Rashba model for any
scalar random potential.

Relations (\ref{vel}) and (\ref{spcu}) show that
$\langle \lambda n|v_y|\lambda'n'\rangle\langle\lambda' n'|J_x^z|\lambda n\rangle$ is
antisymmetric and so we can use  the following definition of conventional
SHC:\cite{Rashba2}
\begin{equation}}%\extraspace
\sigma^{z}_{xy}(\omega)=-3\mbox{i}\frac{em\omega_c}{\pi}\sum_{nn',\lambda\lambda'}^*
\frac{\langle \lambda n|v_y|\lambda'n'\rangle\langle\lambda' n'|J_x^z|\lambda n\rangle}
{(E_n^{\lambda}-E_{n'}^{\lambda'})^2-\hbar^2\omega^2}, \label{shc}
\end{equation}
where the sum is restricted by
$E_{n}^{\lambda}>{\varepsilon}_f$ and  $E_{n'}^{\lambda'}<{\varepsilon}_f$.
The Landau
degeneracy factor  $m\omega_c/(2\pi\hbar)$ is also included.

Using the relation
$J^z_x=\frac{1}{\mbox{i} m\hbar\omega_c}[P_y\sigma^z,H_0]$ the conventional
spin
 current can be written as
\begin{equation}}%\extraspace
J^z_x=\frac{-i}{2 m\hbar\omega_c}([P_y\sigma^z+\sigma^zP_y,H]
-[P_y\sigma^z+\sigma^zP_y,V])
\end{equation}
where $V$ is the SO term in (\ref{model}). The first term in this formula is
a full time derivative and
represents
 the {\it effective} spin current of the model (\ref{model}). By  simple
 algebra
the second
term can be written as $P_y\dot\sigma^z+\dot\sigma^zP_y$ which is the torque
dipole
density. The dc SHC
is
\begin{eqnarray}
\sigma^{z}_{xy}(0)&=&\sigma^{z,s}_{xy}+\sigma^{z,\tau}_{xy}\nonumber\\
&=&\frac{\ri3e}{\pi m\omega_c\hbar^2}\sum_{nn',\lambda\lambda'}^*
\big(\langle \lambda n|P_x|\lambda'n'\rangle\langle\lambda' n'|P_y\sigma^z|\lambda n\rangle\nonumber\\
&-&\frac{\langle \lambda n|P_x|\lambda'n'\rangle
\langle\lambda' n'|[P_y\sigma^z+\sigma^zP_y,~V]|\lambda n\rangle}
{2(E_n^{\lambda}-E_{n'}^{\lambda'})}\big) \label{eshc}
\end{eqnarray}
in which the first term $\sigma^{z,s}_{xy}$ (respectively the second term
$\sigma^{z,\tau}_{xy}$)  on the right hand side is the contribution of the
{\it effective} spin current (respectively torque dipole density)
to the conventional SHC.

\section{Results and discussion}

Relations (\ref{vel}) and (\ref{spcu}) indicate that the transition from the
state $n$ is allowed only to the state $n'=n\pm1$.
In the energy spectrum (\ref{states}), the $\lambda=+$ state
has lower energy than $\lambda=-$ levels (because we have defined $\delta<0$
and $\gamma>0$).
For a given Fermi energy
 the first unoccupied $\lambda=+$ state $n^+$ is larger than the first
empty $\lambda=-$ state $n^-$ i.e always $n^+\geq n^-+3$.
Therefore according to Fig.\ \ref{band}
there are two contributions to the
spin Hall conductivity: the interband transitions occur from any state
 $\psi^-_n$
with $n\ge n^-$ to the state $\psi^+_{n\pm1}$ with $n\pm1<n^+$,
and the intraband transition from
$\psi^+_{n^+}$ to  $\psi^+_{n^+-1}$ and from $\psi^-_{n^-}$
to $\psi^-_{n^--1}$.

To calculate the  {effective} SHC in (\ref{eshc}) we apply
the
same method used by Rashba,\cite{Rashba2} namely we write
\begin{eqnarray}
&&\sigma^{z,s}_{xy}(0)=3\mbox{i}\frac{e}{\pi m\omega_c\hbar^2}\nonumber\\
&&\big(\sum_{n=n^-}^{n^+-1}
\langle -1,n|P_x|\lambda'n'\rangle\langle\lambda' n'|P_y\sigma^z|-1,n\rangle\nonumber\\
&&+\langle -1,n^+|P_x|+1,n^+-1\rangle\langle+1, n^+-1|P_y\sigma^z|-1,n^+\rangle\nonumber\\
&&+\langle +1,n^+|P_x|+1,n^+-1\rangle\langle+1, n^+-1|P_y\sigma^z|+1,n^+\rangle\nonumber\\
&&-\langle -1,n^+-1|P_x|-1,n^+\rangle\langle-1, n^+|P_y\sigma^z|-1,n^+\rangle\nonumber\\
&&-\langle -1,n^+-1|P_x|+1,n^+\rangle\la1, n^+|P_y\sigma^z|-1,n^+-1\rangle\big).\nonumber\\
\label{my}
\end{eqnarray}
In deriving this equation we have used the fact
that the transition
$\psi^{-}_{n}\to\psi^{-}_{n+1}$ is canceled by
 $\psi^-_{n+1}\to\psi^{-}_{n}$.
 The equivalence of
(\ref{my}) and (\ref{eshc}) can be seen  from Fig.\ \ref{band}.
The sum of the last four `surface' terms in (\ref{my})
renders a constant $-3/2$ for the  $k$-cubic Rashba model using
(\ref{states}). On the other hand taking into account the $x-y$ symmetry
of the model, the first term in (\ref{my})
can be written in the symmetric form
$\sum_{n=n^-}^{n^+-1}
\langle -1,n|[P_x,P_y]\sigma^z|-1,n\rangle/2$. Finally we get the following
relation for the { effective} SHC:
\begin{eqnarray}
&&\sigma^{z,s}_{xy}(0)=\frac{3e}{\pi\hbar}\big(\sum_{n=n^-}^{n^+-1}
\langle -1,n|\sigma^z|-1,n\rangle/2+3/2\big)\nonumber\\
&&=3\frac{e}{\pi\hbar}(3/2-\sum_{n^-}^{n^+-1}\cos2\theta_n/2).\label{sh-ma}
\end{eqnarray}
The second term is  the
total
magnetization of the system in a magnetic field.

\begin{figure}
\resizebox{.5\textwidth}{!}
{\rotatebox{0}{\includegraphics{f2.eps}}}
\caption{(Color online)
 Left panel shows  possible  interband (dotted line) and
intraband (dash-dotted line)
 transitions of the model. The solid (dashed) line shows filled (empty)
states. For convention the $\lambda=-1$ states are plotted lower.
 The right panel shows the equivalence of equations
(\ref{my}) and (\ref{eshc}). Two subtracted $\times$ transitions and
two added $\bullet$ transitions are~~`surface` terms in (\ref{my}).}\label{band}
\end{figure}

 For a given physical system the SO parameter $\gamma_0$ may depend on the
intrinsic and applied electric fields.\cite{win2} The
Fermi energy depends linearly on the hole density $n_D$.
Moreover
$\gamma\sqrt{n_f}=(2m)^{3/2}\gamma_0\sqrt{{\varepsilon}_f}$ is independent
of the applied magnetic field. In the accumulation layer of
$GaAs-Al_{0.5}Ga_{0.5}As$ one obtains $\gamma\sqrt{n_f}\approx 0.3$ for
$n_D=10^{10}cm^{-2}$ while in a $200$\AA-wide  quantum well
 with
$n_D=10^{11}cm^{-2}$ we get $\gamma\sqrt{n_f}\approx 10^{-3}$.\cite{win2}

 We study the SHC as
function of this parameter. When plotted against this parameter
all graphs of SHC for different Fermi energies (hole
densities)  will be scaled
to one graph. To begin with,
the value of $\gamma$ is limited by $1<\gamma n_f^{3/2}<n_f$ which corresponds
to $\hbar/\tau_c<\gamma_0(2m{\varepsilon}_f)^{3/2}<{\varepsilon}_f$, i.e the same
conditions as in the
free hole system in which the relaxation time $\tau$ is replaced by the
cyclotron time $\tau_c=1/\omega_c$.
For this value of $\gamma$ the mixing angle $\theta^\lambda$ approaches
 its
maximum value $-\pi/4$ and the conductivity (\ref{eshc})
 can be approximated as:
\begin{eqnarray}
&&\sigma^{z,s}_{xy}(0)\approx-9\frac{e}{2\pi\hbar}
(1/\gamma\sqrt{n^+}-1/\gamma\sqrt{n^-}+1).\label{aeshc}
\end{eqnarray}

\begin{figure}
\resizebox{.5\textwidth}{!}
{\rotatebox{0}{\includegraphics{f3.eps}}}
\caption{(Color online)
 The {\it effective} spin Hall conductivity as a function of
$\gamma\sqrt{n_f}=\gamma_0\sqrt{{\varepsilon}_f}$ for different values of
Fermi energy. All graphs scale to one if plotted against
$\gamma\sqrt{n_f}$. For weak SO coupling or low Fermi energies the conductivity
approaches zero but it shows Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations.}\label{eshc1}
\end{figure}

In Fig.\ \ref{eshc1} we have plotted the {effective} SHC
(\ref{eshc})
as a function of $\gamma\sqrt{n_f}$. For larger value of  $\gamma\sqrt{n_f}$
 the {effective} SHC $\sigma^{z,s}_{xy}$ is {\it negative} and {\it finite}.
The
negative sign of the {effective} SHC for larger $\gamma\sqrt{n_f}$ is the
result of the original choice for positive conventional SHC.\cite{Rashba3}

For lower values of $\gamma\sqrt{n_f}$ both the { effective}
and conventional
 SHC approach zero. In Fig.\ \ref{eshc0} we have plotted the { effective}
SHC for
 lower values of $\gamma\sqrt{n_f}$. Going to the zero limit the
typical
Shubnikov-de Haas
oscillations appear in the conductivity. Notice that for
 smaller $n_f$
the amplitude of the oscillations is larger, as one would expect for
the quantum limit.

\begin{figure}
\resizebox{.5\textwidth}{!}
{\rotatebox{0}{\includegraphics{f4.eps}}}
\caption{ (Color online)
The {\it effective} spin Hall conductivity for very low value of
$\gamma\sqrt{n_f}\sim\gamma_0\sqrt{{\varepsilon}_f}$. The higher the $n_f$ values
 the smaller is the amplitude of oscillations, as one would expect.
The inset is exactly the same graph when plotted against
$\gamma{n_f}^{3/2}$ which shows that the highest jump in SHC is
$\Delta\sigma^s_{xy}=9e/(8\pi)$ and it happens at the same value of
$\gamma{n_f}^{3/2}$ for any $n_f$.}
\label{eshc0}
\end{figure}
It is important to note that  the same
behavior can be observed for {effective} SHC in the linear Rashba
model in a magnetic field.
Actually the formula (\ref{eshc}) is valid
for $k$-linear Rashba model (up to the factor of 9 which comes from spin-3/2
holes and  $k^3$ momentum dependence).
In Fig.\ \ref{comp} we  compare
the {effective} SHC of these two models. There are two differences between
the two systems. Firstly
 in the $k$-linear Rashba model with $V_{SO}=\alpha(k\times\sigma)$
the {\it effective} SHC remains  zero for
larger value of SO coupling $\alpha$
while in the $k$-cubic model it goes to finite negative
values (see Fig.\ \ref{eshc1}).
However the deviation from zero in the latter case
 is because we  approach
the limit of unbounded negative energies while for the linear model the typical
value of SO coupling is very far from the upper limit $\alpha>\sqrt{n_f}$ of
 the unphysical region.
Second and more importantly, in the linear model both the interband and
intraband contributions to the {effective} SHC are zero {\it independently}
 while for the
$k$-cubic model these two contributions are finite but opposite in sign and
cancel each other out.

\begin{figure}
\resizebox{.5\textwidth}{!}
 {\rotatebox{0}{\includegraphics{f5.eps}}}
\caption{ (Color online)
The distinct
 intra and interband transition contributions to the
{\it effective} SHC for very low value of
$\gamma\sqrt{n_f}$ in the $k$-cubic model (left panel). The right panel
 is the same for the
  $k$-linear
model in which two contributions are zero independently.    }\label{comp}
\end{figure}

For comparison we also calculate the {\it conventional} SHC (\ref{shc}).
A straightforward
replacement of the wave functions and energies in  (\ref{shc})
renders
\begin{eqnarray}
&&\sigma^z_{xy}(0)=\frac{3e}{4\pi\hbar}\sum_{n,\lambda\lambda'}^*\nonumber\\
&&
\frac{  (n-1)\cos^2\theta_{n+1}^{\lambda'}\cos^2\theta_{n}^{\lambda}
  -(n+2)\sin^2\theta_{n+1}^{\lambda'}\sin^2\theta_{n}^{\lambda}}
{1+\delta/\cos2\theta_{n+1}^{\lambda'}-\delta/\cos2\theta_{n}^{\lambda}}\nonumber\\
&&-
\frac{  (n-2)\cos^2\theta_{n-1}^{\lambda'}\cos^2\theta_{n}^{\lambda}
  -(n+1)\sin^2\theta_{n-1}^{\lambda'}\sin^2\theta_{n}^{\lambda}}
{1+\delta/\cos2\theta_n^{\lambda}-\delta/\cos2\theta_{n-1}^{\lambda'}}\nonumber\\
\label{cur}
\end{eqnarray}
in which the first (respectively second) term describes the transition
 $n\to n+1$ (respectively $n\to n-1$).
 We first include only the  interband contribution to the conventional
SHE to compare it to the system of free holes in the absence of magnetic field.
The result is plotted in Fig.\ \ref{intf} and it is actually the same as the
SHC for a free 2D electron gas.\cite{sch} For the range of $\gamma\sqrt{n_f}$
chosen here, (\ref{cur}) can be approximated by
\begin{eqnarray}
\sigma^{z,inter}_{xy}(0)&\approx& \frac{3e}{16\pi\hbar}\int_{n^-}^{n^+}
\frac{-3}{\gamma\sqrt{n^3}}dn\nonumber\\
&=& \frac{9e}{8\pi\hbar\gamma}
(\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^+}}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^-}}).\label{int}
\end{eqnarray}
which  using  $\hbar\omega_c n^{\pm}=\hbar^2k_{\pm}^2/2m$
 renders exactly
  (\ref{fsh}).
Here, as $\gamma$ decreases the {\it conventional} SHC
approaches its
  universal value $\sigma^z_{xy}=9e/8\pi$.\cite{sch}
Now we include also  the intrabandr transitions, consisting of
the two terms
near the Fermi surface.
Their contribution is negative and cancels the conventional SHC for the lower
values of $\gamma\sqrt{n_f}$, as it is shown in the inset of Fig.\ \ref{intf}

\begin{figure}
\resizebox{.5\textwidth}{!}
{\rotatebox{0}{\includegraphics{f6.eps}}}
\caption{ (Color online)
The interband contribution to
the  {\it conventional} SHC as a function of
$\gamma\sqrt{n_f}=\gamma_0\sqrt{{\varepsilon}_f}$ for the $k$-cubic model.
For weak SO coupling or low Fermi energies the conductivity
approaches its universal value $\sigma^z_{xy}=9e/8\pi$. When the
intraband contribution is included,
the total conventional SHC is zero for small  $\gamma\sqrt{n_f}$ and goes to
negative values as  $\gamma\sqrt{n_f}$ increases. }\label{intf}
\end{figure}

\vskip .5cm
\section{Conclusion}

We have studied the 2D hole gas system with $k$-cubic Rashba SO
interaction in a perpendicular magnetic field in the absence of
Zeeman splitting. The exact eigenstates and eigenvalues are derived and used
in a
 Kubo formula to calculate  the { effective} and conventional SHC of
the model.
For the {\it conventional} SHC the interband transitions reproduce the
intrinsic spin Hall conductivity which approaches the universal value
of $\sigma^z_{xy}=9e/8\pi$ for weak SO coupling.\cite{sch} However
when the negative intraband
contributions are included the {\it conventional} SHC becomes negative and
goes to zero for weak SO coupling.

We also consider the {\it effective}
spin current in which the torque dipole is included. We show that
 the  corresponding {\it effective} SHC shows Shubnikov-de Haas
oscillations around zero for
small SO coupling, if both interband and intraband contributions are
included.
Higher $n_f$ results in smaller oscillation amplitude. For stronger
SO coupling the {\it effective} SHC becomes negative.

Comparing the
$k$-cubic model with the  $k$-linear model, the main difference
is that in the former the intraband and interband contributions to the
{\it effective} SHC are finite but opposite in sign and cancel each other.
 In the latter
each contribution is zero independently.

 The fact that for low values of SO coupling
both the { effective} and conventional SHC go to zero is unexpected.
For the $k$-linear model it is well-known that the intraband transitions
evolve into the vertex correction which is proved to be zero.
For the $k$-cubic model,
although it is
well known\cite{ber,lei,mur} that the vertex corrections are zero
 in the case of short-range s-wave scatterers,
the relation between
 the intraband transitions and the vertex corrections is not straightforward.
For the {\it effective} SHC  eq.(\ref{sh-ma}) suggests that
the zero magnetic field limit is  singular in this model.
However more detailed calculations of the vertex and higher order
corrections may help
to ascertain this behavior.

The above results would be modified  for an {inhomogeneous} system and
for the ac SHC $\sigma^z_{xy}(\omega)$, because the intraband
contributions are less stable and are reduced by frequency and
scattering.\cite{mish}
One expects that the intraband contributions will diverge
at $\omega=\omega_c$ after which they will vanish for
$\omega_c\ll\omega$.

{\bf Acknowledgment}

 The work was supported by CMSS at Ohio University and NSF-NIRT.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Packaging salaries rise despite economic recession
An exclusive IoPP/Packaging World survey reveals that average 2008 total compensation tops $100,000. Advancement opportunities, economic factors challenge packaging pros.
Jim ButschliJim Butschli
Unprecedented financial conditions so challenge the global economy that cost-cutting measures are commonplace and workers face mounting responsibilities with fewer resources on which to draw. Yet packaging continues to provide some financial security in today's economic storm. For evidence look no further than the exclusive 2008 Salary Survey conducted by the Institute of Packaging Professionals (www.iopp.org) and Packaging World. According to the 1,188 respondents to a question about 2008 earnings, the average total compensation was $101,879.
Overall, 1,637 people responded to the online survey, which was developed in cooperation with Gros Executive Recruiters (www.plasticsjobs.com). Market research comes from Kane Consulting (847/934-7150). The survey was conducted between Jan. 13 and Feb. 13, 2009, reflecting the state of respondents and their work in 2008 (see "Survey Methodology" sidebar, page 46).
Sixty-five percent of the respondents to the question about earnings in 2008 indicated their compensation increased as compared to 2007 (see Table A). More good news: Fifty-nine percent of respondents to this question earned a bonus last year, with the average bonus equal to 10.2% of their total compensation.
Looking at compensation by job function (Table B), corporate management respondents reported the highest average earnings, at $146,171. At the other end of the earnings spectrum was packaging production at $70,991. Average compensation by job title was as follows: Company officer $151,169, vice president $142,038, division/department manager $111,772, supervisor $86,941, and staff member $87,111.
Average compensation figures by organization type (Table C) showed a noticeable difference between respondents who are end users and those who are suppliers. The end users reported a $97,017 average total compensation last year, while supplier respondents earned $109,073.
Interestingly, 149 survey respondents indicated they were both end users and suppliers, or others. An example of where a company might consider itself both an end user and supplier firm, according to Gros Executive Recruiters, may be a bag manufacturer that functions as a supplier, yet becomes an end user in that it orders zippers for its bags that are provided by a zipper supplier. On average, end-user firms tend to employ more employees (13,111) than supplier companies (4,021).
Experience, education pay
It's important to recognize that age and experience factor into these seemingly healthy packaging compensation figures. Average compensation headed northward within each of six different age groups listed in the survey. For those 18 to 24, the average compensation was $59,571. That income reached an average of $120,263 for those 65 and older.
The average respondent was 43 years old, with males averaging 44 and females 41. The average respondent indicated 13.5 years of experience, with men averaging 2.5 more years of packaging experience than women. There continues to be a gap in compensation between the sexes, with women averaging $85,903 in 2008, about $20,000 less than the $105,948 earnings reported by men.
That same pattern exists in terms of years of experience, where respondents with at least 20 years of experience averaged $121,187 in total compensation, compared to $67,532 for those with one or two years of professional experience.
Advancing age and experience can also work against earnings. One respondent said, "My position is at or near the top allowed within my company. There are no opportunities for a package engineer above my position, and I'm too close to retirement to make a significant lateral change that might allow me to move into a higher-ranking position. And if I was willing, it probably would not be offered considering my age."
About one-third of respondents earned a degree in a packaging-related field, with another third saying they don't have a packaging-related degree but do have relevant coursework in the field. IoPP reported that those with a packaging-related degree averaged nearly 38 years of age, while others were 46. Overall, nearly 85% of respondents were college grads, with 43% having an undergraduate degree and nearly 30% a Master's.
Compensation levels steadily increased based on education, ranging from $84,840 for High School graduates to $109,821 for graduate degree holders. Interestingly, respondents with a degree in packaging earned about $15,000 a year less than those with no packaging education. The explanation: Degree holders were nearly 10 years younger on average than those without such a degree.
Those respondents who have taken courses reported an average compensation of $101,747, right between respondents with no packaging education and those with a packaging degree. Along with experience and education, being an IoPP Certified Packaging Professional also paid financial rewards, according to the survey. The average total compensation last year for CPPs was $96,838, more than $6,000 a year more than engineers without the certification. Additionally, 77% of CPPs saw a compensation increase last year compared with 2007, while 72% of non-CPPs enjoyed a compensatory hike in that same time.
Certified engineers earn more
More than one-fifth of respondents (21%) are Certified Packaging Professionals. Engineers are more likely to be CPP-certified than marketing/sales pros. Engineers were also more likely to belong to the IoPP than marketing/sales personnel. In all, 41% of respondents belong to IoPP. That number far surpassed the 5% of respondents of the next-most frequently mentioned trade association membership.
Thirty-four percent of survey respondents work as engineers. Respondents to this question who work for end users are more likely to be engineers (52%) than those working for suppliers (13%).
One engineer believed there is a "lack of respect as a packaging engineer [in that] we're not seen as a real engineer as peers do not understand what the packaging function entails, or the urgency of timelines to meet production dates." Another said, "The company lacks an understanding of how someone specializing in packaging can help, whether it's in cost savings, product/project implementation, or other types of projects."
Other notable factors from the survey include the following:
• Company size: The average respondent works in an organization with 8,667 employees. Company size did not play a major role in compensation, although IoPP reported that professionals working in larger firms were more likely to see an increase in 2008.
• Promotions: Correlated with age, younger workers reported a greater chance of getting promoted. Overall, 16% of respondents received a promotion from their existing employer in 2008.
• Job satisfaction: 69% of respondents are very or somewhat satisfied with their current working conditions. The most satisfied were in purchasing, with 84% indicating those levels of satisfaction. As for benefits, 71% reported they are very or somewhat satisfied with employer benefits. Least satisfied: respondents in companies with fewer than 10 employees. One respondent said, "I love the challenge, the company I work for, and I have a flexible schedule." But, he noted, "Being a one-person marketing department in a small company, the amount of work often feels like more than I can handle."
• Career satisfaction: One-third of respondents indicated they have definite or possible plans to actively search for a new job this year. However, plans to search for a new job drop after age 55.
• Geography: Respondents in the Northeast tended to earn the most, while packaging pros in the West earned the least. Respondents in the South Central region were most likely to experience a decrease in compensation, with that occurrence less likely in the Northeast, Mid-Atlantic, and South Atlantic. International respondents were not included in the total results due to currency fluctuations.
Many respondents commented in ways that weren't especially surprising given the economic climate. One respondent's challenge: "Doing more with less seems to be a constant."
Institute of Packaging Professionals (IoPP)
Eco-friendly plastics additives
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Three-step blood bag reduces risks and costs

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Haftara from Shmuel Alef, 11:14-12:22 is a good match for Parshat Korach for a few reasons.
One reason is that both the Torah and Haftara readings deal with leaders who defend themselves using almost the same words.
Rashi quoting Midrash Tanchuma comments that Moshe states that even when he needed a donkey for transportation, he did not take one that belonged to B'nei Yisrael. Rather, he took his own.
Rashi elaborates that Shmuel asked if he had ever used anyone else's ox to plow his field or whether he had ever taken a donkey other than his own as transportation.
If you pay careful attention you see that Moshe addresses God, while Shmuel speaks directly to the nation and asks for their trust.
Rav Yisachar Yaakovson asks why both Moshe and Shmuel got all defensive about stealing donkeys when that was not what they were being accused of. His answer is that every complaint needs to be analyzed psychologically- what was said outright as well as the intention behind what was said. Both Moshe and Shmuel felt that their credibility was being attacked as often leaders are suspected of stealing (even in their time) and unfortunately in many cases the suspicions are correct.
In Psalm 99 which we recite as part of the Kabbalat Shabbat service we say: "Moshe and Aharon were among his Kohanim and Shmuel among those who invoke His name- They called upon God and He answered them." We see from here that all three were considered the true leaders from the tribe of Levi.
Another reason why Parshat Korach and this Haftara from Shmuel are read on the same day can be found in the genealogy of Divrei HaYamim Alef (Chronicles) 6:18-23, where Shmuel is listed as a descendent of Korach. Rav M. Hirsch teaches that from the seed of Korach, the rebel who rose up against God's kingship descended Shmuel, the strongest fighter for guarding the holiness of God's leadership.
Korach, a member of the tribe of Levi took a group of 250 important people to rebel against Moshe and Aharon. Why would these intelligent leaders agree to follow Korach?
According to Ibn Ezra, B'nei Yisrael believed that it was Moshe's decision (not God's) to take the job of working in the Mishkan (Tabernacle) away from the bechorim (first born sons of every tribe) and transfer it to the Kohanim (priests) immediately after the sin of the golden calf. They were under the false impression that Moshe did this on purpose in order to give preference to his own family members. The Leviim (members of the tribe of Levi) were upset that they were chosen to be subservient to the Kohanim (Aharon, Moshe's brother and his children). The tribe of Reuven felt that they were deprived of their birthright which was transferred to Joseph's descendents. They suspected that Yehoshua favored his own tribe (Ephraim) over the other tribes.
Ramban explains that Korach did not yet have enough fuel for his fire after the sin of the golden calf so he did not start his rebellion at that time. Rather, he waited until after B'nai Yisrael were punished in Taverah (where they complained for no apparent reason), Kivrot HaTeavah (where they lusted for meat) and the sin of the meraglim (spies) where they were condemned to death in the wilderness.
According to Ramban this was the perfect moment for Korach to start his mutiny. When the nation felt at their worst, Korach blamed all of their troubles on Moshe and Aharon even though ultimately all of these decisions were made by God.
Korach can be looked at as the first politician, blaming all of the nation's problems on the current leadership, a tactic that is still used today. The politician gives an impression that if they are elected they will be able to correct all of the nations problems which were created by the former government.
For Korach to blame Moshe and Aharon for the problems that B'nai Yisrael brought upon themselves was simply not fair.
Good politicians do not need to rip apart the governments that came before them, they just need to prove that they are the best candidates for the job.
Unfortunately for Korach, he was not destined to have a career in politics and he and his followers were swallowed up by the earth.
*Linda Basch z"l was a teacher, mentor and friend who was the director of programming for senior citizens and those with special needs at The Hebrew Institute of Riverdale. Torat Reva Yerushalayim's Women in Judaism class at Neve Amit senior residence in Jerusalem has been sponsored in memory of Linda for the past three years. Please help us continue to sponsor the class in memory of Linda z"l by dedicating one class, one month, one semester or a full year. Please see the dedication opportunities below. Thank you for your support and may Linda continue to be remembered each week in Jerusalem.
The Talmud, Sanhedrin 109b-110a chooses to focus on the wives who are not mentioned at all, On, the son of Pelets's wife and Korach's wife, to try to fill in what may have gone on behind the scenes.
On, the son of Pelet ceases to be part of the rebellion. Why did he drop out?
She said to her husband: "I know the entire assembly, Korach and his followers included are holy people as it says 'for the entire assembly-all of them-are holy.' Turn back from this dangerous course and I will save you!" She gave him wine and when he was drunk she put him to bed inside their tent. She then sat at the entrance of the tent with her hair uncovered. Every member of Korach's group who came to summon On saw her sitting at the entrance with her hair uncovered and left as they weren't comfortable seeing an immodest woman. While On was sleeping off his intoxication, Korach's assembly were swallowed up by the earth.
We see from here that On's wife's prevented him from joining Korach's rebellion and suffering the conspirator's horrible fate.
In contrast, the Talmud explains that Korach's wife incited her husband to rebel against Moshe.
The Talmud concludes with a quote from Proverbs 13:1: "She who is wise among women builds her house", that is a reference to the wife of On the son of Pelet, "But the foolish one destroys it with her own hands", this is a reference to the wife of Korach.
Parshat Korach begins with the words "Vayikach Korach", "Korach took" yet the text never tells us what he took.
Rashi explains that Korach won over the heads of the Sanhedrin with flattering words.
Gur Aryeh, a commentary on Rashi says that the essence of the person is the mind which can't be taken physically but may be taken figuratively when submitting to another persuasion.
Korach tried convincing the important people that Moshe and Aharon were not good leaders and that they take advantage of the Jewish people.
Korach gathered the community together (Bamidbar 16:19) "Korach congregated against them the entire congregation at the entrance of the tent of meeting" and he began to tell a story about a widow that had two daughters. The widow owned a field and when she wanted to plow, Moshe told her that she can't plow with an ox and donkey together. When she went to plant he told her that she can't plant kilayim (mixed seeds). When she went to harvest, he told her that she has to leave "leket", gleanings "shichecha", forgotten sheaf and "peah" the corner of the field for the poor. When she went to thresh he told her to give "terumah", "maser rishon" and "maser sheni", tithes.
Korach was trying to make it look like Moshe and Aharon were taking advantage of the widow and making up rules to drive her crazy when in fact those are Gods rules from the Torah.
Although she had to give up parts of her possessions to the Kohanim, Leviim and those less fortunate, there would have still been plenty left for her and her family.
Korach doesn't bring up the fact that the Torah protects those who may have less such as the stranger, the widow and the orphan.
What is the problem with BDS beyond trying to hurt Israel's economy?
If Israel ends up closing factories, especially over the "green line" it will be a bigger problem for the Arabs as it is mostly Arabs who work in those factories. Most of the Arabs that work in those factories just want to earn an honest living and bring home a paycheck at the end of the month. If they are no longer working for Israelis, they will not be paid nearly as well (if they are able to get jobs at all). Those in charge of the BDS campaign are actually hurting the people who they think that they are helping.
In Jerusalem, where Israeli-Arabs are free to shop wherever they like, I don't see Arabs boycotting Israeli stores or products. The malls and supermarkets are full of Israeli-Arabs who are looking for a good deal just like the rest of us!
Korach started a rebellion against Moshe and Aharon and in the end Korach and his followers were swallowed up by the earth to show that Korach would never be a leader and his spreading of lies and stretching the truth would never work.
Those who are running the BDS campaign will not win either. Many quality products come out of Israel and those looking for quality will not compromise. Those who choose to go along with it will be taken down the wrong path like Korach's followers.
Wherever you are in the world, help support Israel by buying Israeli products and show the world that you are on Moshe's side, not Korachs!
According to Metzudat David, Vayizaku refers to crying out to God in prayer.
When we are in a dangerous situation our first reaction is to call out to God in prayer.
Last Thursday, three Israeli teenagers, Gil-Ad Shaer, Naftali Fraenkel and Eyal Yifrach were kidnapped by terrorists.
The first response after the initial shock was to pray for the boys. Special communal prayer services were set up all over Israel and throughout the world in order to pray for their safe return.
Special chapters of Tehilim (Psalms) are being recited. Prayers for the captives are being included in our daily services.
The army is doing everything that they can to find the boys.
Social media campaigns are raising awareness of the kidnappings throughout the world.
Donations of food and treats for the soldiers are being collected and distributed.
Classes on the topic of the mitzvah of releasing captives are being taught.
Women are baking challot and praying for the boys while they observe the mitzvah of Hafrashat Challah.
There are people learning Mishnayot and dividing up Pirkei Avot to be studied.
Letters of support for the families and the soldiers are pouring in.
Residents of Chevron are doing laundry for the soldiers who are stationed near them.
Donated pizzas are being delivered to the army bases.
There are songs being written about bringing the boys home safely and famous singers visiting the families including Tony Orlando.
The families of the boys as well as the soldiers feel strengthened by the outpouring of support as they continue to pray for the safe return of the boys.
Just as God heard our prayers and rescued us from the hands of the Egyptians, Sisera, the Plishtim and Moav may He hear our prayers and through the merit of all of the special mitzvoth that are being observed bring the boys home safely to their families and may we dwell safely and securely in the Land of Israel.
Every controversy which is for the sake of Heaven will endure in the end; and every one which is not for the sake of Heaven will not endure. Which is a controversy for the sake of Heaven? Such was the conflict of Hillel and Shammai. And which is not for the sake of Heaven? Such was the conflict of Korach and his entire assemblage.
What was special about the controversy of Hillel and Shammai?
For two and a half years the schools of Hillel and Shammai debated, each claiming "The Halacha is as we teach." A heavenly echo then said "Both these and these are the words of the Living God; but the Halacha follows the <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" />school of Hillel." Why did the school of Hillel have the law established the way that they taught? Because they were humble and taught both their views as well as the views of the house of Shammai.
Although we follow Halacha according to Beit Hillel, the teachings or Beit Shammai are alive as well since when we study the Halacha we respectfully mention what was taught by Beit Shammai as well.
A well known example would be the Halachot for lighting Chanukah candles. Beit Shammai says to light all of the candles on the first night of the holiday and remove one each night. Beit Hillel says to light one on the first night and add an additional one each night since we should always "go up in holiness". Even though we follow Beit Hillel, we still study Beit Shammai's teachings each year as well.
We can learn from the disputes of Beit Hillel and Beit Shammai that if something is "for the sake of Heaven", within the realm of Halacha, one has the right to voice his opinion and others have the right to respectfully disagree.
Korach on the other hand was looking to pick a fight. He came to rebel against Moshe and seek honor. What he was doing was for his own sake, not for the sake of Heaven.
According to Midrash Tanchuma, the reason that the mishna talks about the conflict between Korach and his assemblage and not the conflict between Korach and Moshe was because Korach couldn't even get along with his own assemblage. There were 250 men in his group and they each were out for themselves, each of them wanted to be the Kohen Gadol (High Priest)!
We see from here that discussion is healthy as long as it is for the sake of Heaven.
How Can We Get the Majority of Jews Back to Israel?
The Parsha ends with a list of the gifts that God presented to the Kohanim as a reward for their service.
Teruma is a gift (from fruits and grains) that is mentioned in this section.
Those living in Israel are familiar with the laws of Teruma. When we shop for produce we have to make sure that there is a sign saying that Terumot have been taken out.
Is it still a Biblical commandment to observe the laws of Teruma in the Land of Israel today?
According to Rambam in Hilchot Trumot, today Teruma is a Rabbinic mitzvah. It only applies in the Land of Israel as a Biblical commandment when all of Israel dwells there.
In the days of Ezra (Second Temple), not all of the Jews came back to Israel. Today as well, although we have the State of Israel not all of the Jews are living in Israel.
What exactly does "all of Israel" mean? Does every Jew in the world need to move to Israel in order for the Mitzvah of Teruma to once again become a Biblical commandment?
If most of the Jews in the world move to Israel and the majority of the Jews in the world are living in Israel then the mitzvah of Teruma as well as the other mitzvoth HaTluyot BaAretz (mitzvoth that only take place in the Land of Israel) will once again become Biblical commandments.
The question now is how are we going to get the majority of Jews in the world to move to Israel?
One way that is slowly helping bring young families to Israel is the high cost of day school tuition. Many people who can no longer afford US day schools are realizing that in Israel their children can get an excellent Jewish education in the religious public schools.
The phenomenon of students coming to study in Israel for a year has also brought about a rise in aliya as many students become comfortable in Israel during their year abroad and feel that they can make Israel their home.
The rise in anti-semitism in many parts of the world has helped play a factor in aliya as well.
The most effective way for Rabbis to encourage aliya is by setting an example. The fact that Rabbi Riskin left Lincoln Square Synagogue to start a community in Efrat encouraged many members of his congregation to move to Israel as well. The same is true for Rabbi Shalom Rosner, a Rabbi from Woodmere, Long Island who built a community called Nofei HaShemesh and encouraged many of his congregants to follow in his footsteps.
If we can bring the majority of Jews in the world back to Israel, not only will they be able to observe the Mitzvoth HaTluyot Ba'aretz Rabinically, they will raise us to a level where we can perform these mitzvoth on a Biblical level.
A Land Flowing with Cottage Cheese and Honey?
It is known throughout the world that the <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" />Land of Israel is a land flowing with milk and honey. ElAl even runs trips called Milk and Honey tours!
We see the milk and honey theme throughout the Torah including in this week's Parsha, Parshat Korach and last week's Parsha, Parshat Shlach.
Datan and Aviram claim that the Land of Egypt was a land flowing with milk and honey and now that they are in the desert they are worse off since they have not been brought into the promised Land of milk and honey (Israel) and were not given an inheritance of fields and vineyards.
Even though they claimed that Egypt was a land of milk and honey, they never said that Israel was not.
In the modern State of Israel there is no shortage of milk or honey. The dairy products are so good here that you rarely see milk products being brought into Israel from abroad.
The downside is that there is no competition and therefore the cost of milk products continues to rise. At this point, the cost of cottage cheese in Israel is double the price of cottage cheese in Europe.
This week there was a public campaign in Israel to ban cottage cheese. Cottage cheese is being used as a symbol for dairy products and basic food products. The idea of the boycott is to make sure that every family can buy these products at fair prices.
The problem with importing the products from overseas is that Israelis will end up losing jobs.
We have to do what we can to lower the prices on dairy products that are produced in Israel so that we can truly take advantage of the fact that we are in an "Ertez zavat chalav u'dvash", a land flowing with milk and honey.
How did Korach, Datan and Aviram convince 250 important men to join their rebellion against Moshe?
Ibn Ezra explains that the group of rebels was made up of all kinds of grumblers and malcontents.
Korach's rebellion took place right after the Leviim were separated and given the honors which were originally given to the Bechorim (first born sons).
B'nai Yisrael felt that Moshe took the honor away from the Bechorim because he wanted to give it to his own tribe.
The Leviim were upset because they would be subservient to the Kohanim.
Members of the tribe of Reuven felt that they were deprived of their birthright which was given to the tribe of Yosef. They may have felt that the birthright was given to Yosef because Yehoshua was a descendent of Yosef (from the tribe of Efraim).
Korach used the discontent of others for his own benefit.
Korach had strong leadership skills. He had the ability to gather people together and form a cohesive group. Unfortunately, instead of using these skills in a positive manner, he used them to promote negativity.
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In Parshat Korach, Korach, Moshe and Aharon's cousin, along with Datan and Aviram, leads an outright rebellion, attempting to overthrow Moshe and Aharon as the leaders of the nation.
Before calling for the destruction of Korach and his followers, Moshe went to the tents of Datan and Aviram to see if he could convince them to stop their rebellion.
"Moshe stood up and went to Datan and Aviram and the elders of <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" />Israel followed him. He spoke to them saying: 'Turn away now from near the tents of the wicked men and do not touch anything of theirs, lest you pesrih because of their sins'" Bamidbar 16:25-26).
We see from here that even if one feels he is right, he should not perpetuate a quarrel. Rather he should look for every opportunity to end it. Although Moshe had been slandered by Datan and Aviram, he didn't wait for them to apologize to him. Rather, he went to them to try to persuade them to end their quarrel. Moshe's reasoning was that one must seize every opportunity to end a dispute.
Unfortunately, Datan and Aviram did not listen and were therefore punished with Korach and the rest of his company.
We must do our best to resolve any quarrels that may arise and remain in the camp of Moshe and Aharon.
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Rabbi Saadya Gaon comments that the words "ach pado tifdeh", "you shall surely redeem" implies that the child must be redeemed (the Kohen cannot try to keep the baby, he must return him to his father).
According to the Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh Deah 305:24, if the firstborn was delivered by a caesarian section and therefore did not "open the womb", then that baby is still considered firstborn, but he is not redeemed (there is no Pidyon HaBen for him).
The Gemara in Bechorot 48a explains that the Torah commands the Pidyon HaBen to be done at 30 days since that is when the baby is out of serious danger and is considered a person.
The Pidyon HaBen is celebrated with a festive meal. The baby is usually brought out on a silver tray and bedecked in jewelry.
The Pidyon HaBen reminds us that our children are gifts from God and should not be taken for granted.
What was so bad about what Korach said? God also said (Shmot 19:6) "You shall be to me a kingdom of Kohanim and a holy nation (goy kadosh)".
According to Rabbi Aharon Yaakov Greenberg, the difference is that if there is unity among the Jewish people, if they are truly a "goy kadosh", holy nation of one heart and one soul then the holiness will emanate throughout the nation. When God spoke the words "goy kadosh", He spoke in the singular (kadosh rather than kedoshim).
However, when the Jewish people were in a state of disunity, as in the episode of Korach, Korach spoke in the plural "kulam kedoshim" each individual is holy in their own right. The problem was that the community aspect was missing.
Sforno comments that a holy nation is a nation that will never perish but will exist forever.
The Jewish people can only achieve this status if we become unified.
Unfortunately, again today, the Jewish people are divided. We have to work on getting the secular and religious, those on the left and those on the right to come together despite their differences so that we can truly become a "mamlechet kohanim vegoy kadosh", a kingdom of kohanim and a holy nation that will endure forever.
Aliyah: Literally "to go up", the word has acquired two common meanings: to be called up to the bimah during the Torah service when a portion of the Torah is being read; the act of immigrating to Israel is referred to as "making aliyah".
Practically, "Aliyah" refers to rising spiritually.
In Parshat Korach, Bamidbar Chapter 16, Korach and other members of the tribe of Levi including Datan and Aviram lead a rebellion against Moshe. When Moshe asks to speak to Datan and Aviram, their response is "Lo Naaleh", "We will not go up".
Eben Ezra (16:12) explains why Datan and Aviram used the terminology of "Lo Naaleh" as opposed to just saying "Lo", "No". The simple meaning of the text is that Ohel Moed, where Moshe wanted to meet with them was in the middle of the camp, on a raised surface and they didn't want to go up there. Eben Ezra's second meaning is that whoever goes to serve God or goes to a holy place is considered an "oleh", "rising".
In Parshat Shlach, when the spies complained about the Land of Israel. Calev said (Bamidbar 13:30) "Aloh Na'aleh Viyirashnu Otah", "We can surely go up to the land and we can surely possess it". However, the other spies that were with him (excluding Yehoshua) said "lo Nuchal La'alot", "We are not able to rise up".
A group of modern orthodox rabbis who themselves made Aliyah, named their organization "Aloh Na'aleh". Their mission is to motivate American Jews to come to Israel. The organization believes that the mitzvah of Yishuv Haaretz (returning to the Land) is of utmost importance and that Aliyah is an achievable goal. Their aim is to legitimize Aliyah and place it firmly on the agenda of the North American Jewish community. These Rabbis are in Calev's camp as opposed to the camp of the spies and Dotan and Aviram.
Different people have different ways of spiritually rising and connecting with God. For some it is going to a synagogue, for others it is receiving an aliyah during Torah reading, for still others it is visiting Israel, praying at the Kotel or ultimately it may be making Aliyah, permanently residing in Israel.
We must continue to rise spiritually.
Question: If two people are standing on a ladder, one on the third rung and one on the second rung, who is higher? Answer: It depends on which direction they are going. Never stop climbing!


While this may seem fairly obvious, make sure that you keep on top of your workload and manage your time effectively. Firms will ask for your first year grades when making an application. So although these grades may not count towards your final degree result, they will count towards your career.
Ashurst's top tip: Look ahead and know what university contact time, exams and other deadlines you have scheduled. This will get you in the habit of planning your time – a useful skill for when you are attending interviews and assessment days.
Get involved with university life as much as possible. Societies and other clubs are a great way to develop your skills, while meeting new people and broadening your network. Firms are looking for well-rounded candidates that have something to say outside of their studies.
Ashurst's top tip: If you can hold a position of responsibility in any society or club you join, this will help enhance your application, demonstrating your team work and communication skills.
Research different law firms and find out which ones you are most interested in applying to in the future and, more importantly, why. Once you have made your shortlist, focus on meeting them when they are on campus and at any open days they may be hosting in their offices. The best way to identify the right law firm for you is to meet their people and experience their culture.
Ashurst's top tip: Our essential guide to researching law firms provides you with a list of useful questions you could be asking and where to start with finding the answer.
Law firms typically target their vacancies towards students at certain stages in their studies. Check firm websites for information about application deadlines and what you are eligible to apply for.
Ashurst's top tip: While they may differ from year to year, look at different firm's application forms to familiarise yourself with the types of questions they ask.
Although you may not yet be eligible to apply for a vacation scheme or training contract, network as much as you can at this stage. As mentioned above, meeting firm representatives are a good place to start. It may also be beneficial to explore any connections your university may have – there are often mentoring schemes in place with alumni.
Ashurst's top tip: Law societies are a good source of useful career information. Members who are further along in their studies may be able to pass on knowledge from their own applications.
Firstly, ensure that you understand what the term 'commercial awareness' means. Once you are confident with this, focus on developing your own commercial knowledge. An understanding of the wider commercial world is a key competency firms look for when reviewing application forms and during interviews.
Ashurst's top tip: Subscribing to relevant magazines or emails is a great way to receive up to date information on a regular basis.
We will be recruiting for ahead with ashurst, our first year spring vacation scheme, between 1 september 2016 – 8 January 2017. Please visit our website for more information.


text:
Evidence for hibbingite–kempite...
Nemer, Martin B. Xiong, Yongliang Ismail, Ahmed E. and Jang, Je-Hun 2011. Solubility of Fe2(OH)3Cl (pure-iron end-member of hibbingite) in NaCl and Na2SO4 brines. Chemical Geology, Vol. 280, Issue. 1-2, p. 26.
WANG, Yun-shan ZHANG, Jin-ping and YANG, Gang 2011. Solubility and phase diagrams of hydroxyl manganese chloride. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, Vol. 21, Issue. 5, p. 1136.
Réguer, Solenn Mirambet, Francois Rémazeilles, Céline Vantelon, Delphine Kergourlay, Florian Neff, Delphine and Dillmann, Philippe 2015. Iron corrosion in archaeological context: Structural refinement of the ferrous hydroxychloride β-Fe 2 (OH) 3 Cl. Corrosion Science, Vol. 100, Issue. , p. 589.
Warren, John 2016. Encyclopedia of Geochemistry. p. 1.
Warren, John K. 2016. Evaporites. p. 1591.
Warren, John 2018. Encyclopedia of Geochemistry. p. 636.
April 1998 , pp. 251-255
Evidence for hibbingite–kempite solid solution
Bernhardt Saini-Eidukat (a1), Nikolai S. Rudashevsky (a2) and Alexander G. Polozov (a3)
Department of Geosciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58105-5517, USA
Mechanobr Technical Corporation, 21 Line 8A, St. Petersburg, 199026, Russia
Institute of Geochemistry, SB RAS, P.O. Box 4019, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1180/002646198547602
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 July 2018
New occurrences of hibbingite, γ-Fe2(OH)3Cl, have been found associated with platinum-group minerals in the Noril'sk Complex, and with the Korshunovskoye iron ores of the southern Siberian platform. The Norils'k grains, which are up to 0. 6 mm in diameter, are associated with the platinumgroup minerals froodite, cabriite, urvantsevite and with native silver in massive pentlandite–cubanite– chalcopyrite ore. The Korshunovskoye iron ore sample in which hibbingite was found is composed of fine-grained magnetite ore associated with halite. Hibbingite, hematite and silver grains are found in cavities in halite; the reddish-brown hibbingite grains usually occur as encrustations in the cavities. The size of hibbingite and hematite grains is up to 100 µm.
Hibbingite from the Noril'sk Complex contains a significant kempite (Mn2(OH)3Cl) component; in some cases it contains over 50 mol. % Mn. These data suggest that at least a partial solid solution series exists between hibbingite and kempite. All known occurrences of hibbingite represent paragenetically late mineral assemblages. In the case of the Korshunovskoye deposits, the occurrences are associated with highly concentrated hydrothermal brines derived from the Lower Paleozoic saline sediments of the Siberian Platform cover.
COPYRIGHT: © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 1998
Buchwald, V.F. and Koch, C.B. (1995) Hibbingite (γ-Fe2Cl(OH)3Cl), a chlorine-rich corrosion product in meteorites and ancient iron objects. Meteoritics, 30, 493.
Dahlberg, E.H. (1987) Drill core evaluation for platinum group mineral potential of the basal zone of the Duluth Complex. Minnesota Dept. Natural Res. Rep., 255.
Dahlberg, E.H. and Saini-Eidukat, B. (1991) A chlorinebearing phase in drill core of serpentinized troctolitic rocks of the Duluth Complex, Minnesota. Canad. Mineral., 29, 239–44.
Dunayev, V.A. (1986) Structure and origin of the ore bodies of the Korshunovo iron ore deposit. Intl. Geol. Rev., 28, 1468–79.
Laverat, A.G., Martínez, O.G., Ruiz, J.C. and Ros, E.G. (1973) Hydroxy salts. XII. Hydroxychlorides of iron (II), manganese(II) and other heavy cations. Anales de Quimica, 69, 331–7.
Malinko, S.V., Lisitsyn, A.Ye., Purusova, S.P., Fitsev, B.P. and Khruleva, T.A. (1983) Korshunovskite Mg2Cl(OH)3-nH2O — a new hydrous magnesium chloride. Intl. Geol. Rev., 25, 1105–10.
Miura, Y., Rucklidge, J.C. and Nord, G.L. Jr., (1981) The occurrence of chlorine in serpentine minerals. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 76, 17–23.
Palache, C., Berman, H., and Frondel, C. (1951) Dana's System of Mineralogy, 7th edn, Vol II. Wiley, New York.
Polozov, A.G., Vorontsov, A.E. and Amirzhanov, A.A. (1995) The latest process of mineragenesis in iron ore deposits of the Angara-Ilim type, Siberian Platform. Proc. IGCP Proj. 336 Intl. Field Conf. and Symp., Duluth, MN, 151.
Post, J.E. and Buchwald, V.F. (1991) Crystal structure refinement of akagenéite. Amer. Mineral., 76, 272–7.
Rucklidge, J.C. and Patterson, G.C. (1977) The role of chlorine in serpentinization. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 65, 39–44.
Saini-Eidukat, B., Kucha, H. and Keppler, H. (1994) Hibbingite, γ-Fe2(OH)3Cl, a new mineral from the Duluth Complex, Minnesota, with implications for the oxidation of Fe-bearing compounds and the transport of metals. Amer. Mineral., 79, 555–61.
Springer, G. (1989) Chlorine-bearing and other uncommon minerals in the Strathcona Deep copper zone, Sudbury District, Ontario. Canad. Mineral., 27, 311–3.
URL: /core/journals/mineralogical-magazine
hibbingite
kempite
solid solution
Noril'sk complex
Korshunovskoye iron ores
platinum-group mineral


text:
SPEED REGULATIONS
8.16.010 State speed laws applicable.
8.16.015 Penalty.
8.16.020 Decrease of state speed limit at certain intersections.
8.16.030 Increasing speed limit in certain zones.
8.16.040 Decrease of state law maximum speed.
8.16.060 Repealed.
8.16.070 Park speed regulations.
The state traffic laws regulating the speed of vehicles shall be applicable upon all streets within this city, except as this title, as authorized by state law, declares and determined upon the basis of engineering and traffic investigation that certain speed regulations shall be applicable upon specified streets or in certain areas, in which event it shall be unlawful for any person to drive a vehicle at a speed in excess of any speed so declared in this title when signs are in place giving notice thereof. [Ord. 1169 § 22, 1966].
Unless otherwise provided in this municipal code, by state statute adopted by reference, or by traffic infraction court rules, any person who violates any provision of this chapter shall be guilty of a traffic infraction, and shall be subject to a fine not to exceed $1,000 for each offense. [Ord. 2853 § 48, 1991].
It is determined upon the basis of an engineering and traffic investigation that the speed permitted by state law at the following street intersections is greater than is reasonable or safe under the conditions found to exist at such intersections and it is declared that a reasonable and safe speed limit thereat, which shall be effective at all times or during hours of daylight or darkness or at the times specified herein and within those intersections herein designated shall be as herein when appropriate signs are erected at such intersections or upon approaches thereto giving notice of the speed limit so declared thereat.
Posted at All Times (or During Daytime)
[Ord. 1169 § 23, 1966].
It is determined upon the basis of an engineering and traffic investigation that the speed permitted by state law upon the following streets is less than is necessary for safe operation of vehicles thereon by reason of the designation and signposting of the streets as arterial highways and by reason of widely spaced intersections and it is declared that the speed limit shall be as hereinafter set forth on those streets or parts of streets designated in this section at the times specified when signs are erected giving notice thereof, but in no case shall the speed limit exceed 35 miles per hour, except with approval of state highway commission.
1. Bowdoin Way, 5 Corners to 1100 Block
2. 76th Ave. West, Meadowdale Beach Road to 244th S.W.
3. 9th Avenue South, from Dayton Street to the southern city limits (50 feet north to 234th Street S.W.)
4. Main Street, 770 feet from 5 Corners to 9th Avenue
5. 100th Avenue W. between 232nd S.W. and 238th S.W.
6. 212th S.W. from 5 Corners to U.S. Highway 99
7. State Highway #104 (a/k/a 244th S.W.) from U.S. 99 to east city limits
8. 220th Street S.W. from the eastern city limits to SR #99
9. 220th S.W. from 9th South to 96th West
10. 238th Street S.W. between SR #99 and SR #104
11. State Highway #104 between 97th Avenue W. and 95th Place W.
12. 244th Street S.W. from SR #99 to SR #104
[Ord. 3218 §§ 1 – 4, 1998; Ord. 3173 §§ 1, 2, 1997; Ord. 3044 § 1, 1995; Ord. 2811 § 1, 1991; Ord. 2408 § 1, 1983; Ord. 2376, 1983; Ord. 2247 § 1, 1981; Ord. 2070 § 2, 1979; Ord. 1913 § 1, 1977; Ord. 1800 § 1, 1975; Ord. 1752 § 1, 1975; Ord. 1565 § 1, 1971; Ord. 1436, 1969; Ord. 1169 §§ 23, 24, 1966].
It is determined upon the basis of engineering and traffic investigation that the speed permitted by state law outside of business and residential districts as applicable upon the following set forth streets is greater than is reasonable or safe under the conditions found to exist upon the streets and it is declared that the speed limit shall be the miles per hour as herein set forth on those streets or parts of streets as herein designated at the times herein specified when signs are erected giving notice thereof.
1. U.S. Highway 99 (PSH No. 1) from 220th S.W. to 228th S.W.
2. West side of U.S. Hwy. 99 (PSH No. 1) from 220th S.W. to 608 feet north of 212th S.W.
3. East side of U.S. Hwy. 99 (PSH No. 1) from 228th S.W. to 244th S.W.
4. Sixth Avenue South from Pine to Walnut Street
5. 75th Place West from North Meadowdale Road to the County Park
6. SR 524 (portions of Puget Drive, 9th Ave. N., Caspers Street and 3rd Ave. N.) from 300 feet east of 88th Ave. W. to Edmonds Street
7. SR 104 (Sunset Avenue) from Main to Dayton
8. SR 524 (3rd Ave.) from Edmonds Street to its junction with SR 104 (to Pine Street and thence east on Pine to SR 104)
9. State Highway #104 (Edmonds Way) from South end of 5th Avenue South to 95th Pl. W.
10. SR 524 (196th S.W.) from 300 feet east of 76th Ave. W. to 300 feet east of 88th Ave. W.
11. Sunset Avenue from Edmonds Street to Caspers Street
12. 175th Street S.W. west of 76th Ave. W. to the terminus thereof
[Ord. 4082 § 1, 2017; Ord. 4036 § 1, 2016; Ord. 4027, 2016; Ord. 3021 § 1, 1995; Ord. 2513, 1985; Ord. 2408 § 3, 1983; Ord. 2395, 1983; Ord. 2070 § 2, 1979; Ord. 1840 § 1, 1976; Ord. 1807 § 1, 1975; Ord. 1788 § 1, 1975; Ord. 1764 § 1, 1975; Ord. 1169 § 25, 1966].
8.16.060 Speed of trains within city limits.
Repealed. [Ord. 2784 § 1, 1990; Ord. 1648 § 1, 1973].
When properly posted, the following speed limits shall apply in the designated public parks, beaches and playgrounds owned, leased or otherwise under the direct supervision and/or control of the city of Edmonds:
Name of Park Speed Limit
Union Oil Beach
Parking Lot and
Access Road from Park
Lot to Admiral Way 15 mph
[Ord. 1916 § 1, 1977].


You have stumbled upon a guide to the greatest outdoor gentlemans drinking game to ever grace the earth. There's no better way to create memories or just pass the time than by rounding up some buddies and playing a few rounds of Snappa! Originating on the beaches of Southern California, this incredible sport will challenge your endurance, agility, and dexterity. Grab three friends and a few packs of beer and let the fun begin.
A Delicious Beer of your choice!
Place one cup at each corner of the table, about index finger length from the edges. Arrange two chairs on either side of the table, behind the cups. One cup is designated to each player. This game is best played outside, in the true spirit of Snappa's beach origins. If playing outside is not an option, however, it can be played in a spacious room with reasonably high ceilings.
Snappa gameplay is relatively simple and easy to pick up. I believe the best way to learn snappa is first-hand, but if your friends have never played then it's good to have a list of rules for reference.
Each player takes turn throwing the die. Before every turn, the throwing player must call out 'Snappa!' to alert the opposing team that the game is live. A good snappa throw is made underhand, and your palms may face upward or downward. Whatever you are most comfortable with. The die must go at least as high as the tallest person sitting on the table. If a player doesn't throw it high enough, the other team may call 'Low' resulting in a lost turn. The object of your throw is to aim for the opponents edge of the table. This maximizes your chance to score.
The first throw is determined by rolling the die across the table. A chosen player is required to call 'Highs' or 'Lows'. If the die is 1,2,or 3 it is low. Accordingly, if it lands 4,5,or 6 it is high. If the player is correct he goes first, if not the opposing team begins play. Player must alternate turns, and no team can throw twice in a row. That means after your throw, every other player should throw it once before you throw again.
Making a legal throw that hits the table and rolls through your opponents goalposts(cups). This is 1 point.
Making a legal throw that hits your opponents cup and rolls off of the table(a Clink). This is 1 point. Note that the die does not have to roll between the goalposts on a clink, it is a scoring play as long as it hits the glass and leaves the table.
Making a legal throw that lands in one of your opponents cups(a Sink).This is the most coveted play in Snappa, and is worth 2 points.
Keep in mind that on Clink and Sink plays, it does not matter if the die goes in/hits the cup directly or off of a ricochet, it is still a score.
If the die hits the playing surface and does not go through the opponents cups or hit/go in a cup, then it is a non-scoring throw and your turn is over.
It cannot be 'trapped'. this means trapped against your body with your hand, such as on your leg or chest.
You may not get out of you seat to catch a die until it has made contact with a cup or table.
This is why Sink's are the most revered play of Snappa. Not only are they worth 2 points, they are uncatchable as well.
You'll notice somebody has sunk the player in the image above. This means he, as well as his lovely teammate, must finish their beverages entirely and then refill.
An optional addition to the game is the Rule of Five, also known as "Biz". With this rule in effect, any time the dice come to a stop on the table with the number 5 straight up, all four player must drink. Additionally, after a Sink, the player must finish his beverage and then roll the dice out of his cup and onto the table. If it lands on 5, the player must drink another beverage and repeat the process until a 5 is not rolled.
Remember guys, Snappa is a gentleman's game, so don't get into arguments or disputes over points. The true spirit of Snappa is enjoying time with your friends, whether it be on the beach or in the snow. If you have your own version of Snappa, or maybe have some suggestions for rule additions/improvements, let me know in the comment section. Snap-On!


Your Third Eye, or brow chakra, is located on your forehead between your eyebrows. This is where your mind's eye, or 3rd eye, resides. Intuitive messages, psychic visions, dreams - all of this is sensed and experienced within your Third Eye Chakra. While stuck emotions aren't typically responsible for having a closed Third Eye, it's usually simply that exercises to fully open it are needed.
Use this candle whenever you're meditating or connecting with your Spirit Guides and tapping into your intuition. It works great while working with Divination tools such as Tarot or Oracle cards, Runes stones, a pendulum or crystal ball.
I pay attention to my dreams.
I am open to messages from spirit.
I see in my mind's eye.
Handmade in small batches with love and intention.


Lord Krishna, Krishna Flute, Baby Krishna, Radha Krishna Love, Jai Shree Krishna, Radha Krishna Wallpaper, Krishna Leela, Radhe Krishna, Radha Krishna Paintings. Anuschka Steigemann . Krishna. Indian Art Indian Gods Radha Rani Krishna Krishna Lord Krishna Hanuman Radha Krishna Pictures Krishna Images Krishna Leela. Mahabharatham - The Great Indian Epic... Anuschka Steigemann. Krishna. Krishna... Krishna playing the flute. Vector illustration for the Indian festival of janamashtmi celebration against the background of the mandala art. Zip file contains editable 10 EPS 5 vector files and 5 JPEG images Buy Now 5 Happy Janmashtami.
Transform your house with Krishna artwork as it imparts peace, spirituality and serenity upon its immediate surroundings. Choose your favorite Krishna paintings from our exclusive collection. Available as posters, framed prints, canvas prints and canvas wraps.... 19/05/2015�� How to Draw LORD flute KRISHNA DRAWING step by step for kids.
Like in the other paintings, Krishna again is in the axis of the painting raised on a platform and playing his flute to draw in the gopis. The central Krishna is surrounded by four gopis and four other Krishnas creating a mirroring and balancing effect, a common theme to all the paintings so far.... John 12:32- And I, when I am lifted up from the earth, will draw (attract) all people to myself.� What if I told you that Christ is Krishna�s flute?
Transform your house with Krishna artwork as it imparts peace, spirituality and serenity upon its immediate surroundings. Choose your favorite Krishna paintings from our exclusive collection. Available as posters, framed prints, canvas prints and canvas wraps.
John 12:32- And I, when I am lifted up from the earth, will draw (attract) all people to myself.� What if I told you that Christ is Krishna�s flute?
19/05/2015�� How to Draw LORD flute KRISHNA DRAWING step by step for kids.
I did this pencil shading with great interest as I love dark shadings and it came out very well!


Congratulations on your engagement to be married! Every marriage in Virginia must be licensed and solemnized according to state law. The following information is intended to summarize these laws, but should not be construed as legal advice.
The minimum age for marriage in the Commonwealth of Virginia is 16 years for both bride and groom. If either party is under 18 years old, consent to the marriage must be given in person by the father, mother or legal guardian of the minor. The law permits marriage by a person under 16 if the bride is pregnant when seeking a marriage license or has been pregnant within the nine months preceding examination by a physician, and the parent or guardian of the under age party gives consent.
A marriage license may be obtained from the Office of the Clerk of Circuit Court in any city or county in Virginia. A license may be obtained in Accomack County even if one or both parties do not reside in the county, except that a pregnant bride under 16 years of age must apply for a marriage license in the locality in which she resides. Once granted, a marriage license permits a marriage ceremony anywhere in the Commonwealth of Virginia.
Both parties must appear in person to receive the license. The Office of the Clerk of Circuit Court is open from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Monday through Friday, except holidays. Please arrive no later than 4:00 p.m. to ensure that there is enough time to properly process your application. Each party must furnish the required information under oath or affirmation, and falsifying any information on a marriage license could subject the parties to prosecution for perjury. Your driver's license or a valid photo ID is required.
There is no waiting period in Virginia between being granted a divorce and remarrying or between applying for and being issued a marriage license. Once a marriage license has been issued, however, the marriage must be performed within 60 days or the license becomes void. After the marriage ceremony is performed, the officiant (person authorized to celebrate the rites of marriage) must return the marriage license to the Clerk of Circuit Court's office within five days.
The Clerk of Circuit Court will charge a fee of $30 for issuing a marriage license. Twenty dollars of this fee is a state tax on marriage licenses and $10 is the statutory clerk's fee for issuing and recording the license. A certified copy of your marriage license is $3.
A minister of any religious denomination must produce proof of his or her ordination and regular communion with the religious society of which he or she is a reputed member.
Marriages between persons belonging to any religious society which has no ordained minister may be solemnized by the persons and in the manner prescribed and practiced in the society.
Each circuit court appoints persons who are eligible to perform civil marriage ceremonies. The Circuit Court of Accomack County has appointed Barbara B. Reiger, (757) 787-7480 and L. R. "Spider" Fleming, Jr., (757) 990-4242 to serve as Marriage Commissioner. Samuel H. Cooper, Jr., Clerk of Circuit Court, is also authorized to perform marriage ceremonies.
Within five days after the marriage ceremony, the officiant must complete and sign the Marriage license and forward both forms to the circuit court clerk's office that issued the license. The license is then forwarded to the Virginia Division of Vital Records. In addition to these two forms, the officiant is welcome to prepare any other type of certificate to be given to the newly married couple.
If you wish to change your last name upon marriage (whether you are the bride or groom), begin using the new name immediately after the marriage ceremony.
Voter Registration - Notify the Registrar's Office of your name change.
Personal Property - Notify the Commissioner of the Revenue's Office of your name change within 30 days.
Address Changes - If you will also be changing your address, don't forget to notify the Registrar's Office, the Commissioner of the Revenue's Office, the U. S. Postal Service with the USPS Change of Address Form and the Internal Revenue Service with IRS Form 8822.
Other - Don't forget to notify other agencies, businesses and associates that your name has changed.
Certified copies of marriage records may be obtained in person or by mail from the circuit court clerk's office that issued the marriage license for a fee of $3.00 or from the Virginia Division of Vital Records in Richmond for a fee of $12.00. The full names of the bride and groom and the date and place of marriage must be provided.


Police say it was Elnashar who helped the bombers set up their bomb factory in Leeds. Elnashar's capture came as British. Hasib Hussain, 18, is seen carrying the backpack that exploded on a double-.
It's so different from anything we see today," says physiologist Graham Askew of the University of Leeds in the United Kingdom. is much greater than the energy that a person wearing a backpack of a.
Her options: I do not give permission for the school to administer corporal punishment as a form of discipline to my. Opting out was necessary, because "according to Leeds City Schools Public Polic.
overtaking Leeds United (6-0 over Lyn in 1969) and Manchester United (6-0 over Shamrock Rovers in 1957). Klopp was delighted with his side's display, saying Liverpool's history could sometimes be a "b.
ESPN The Magazine's senior writer Shaun Assael talks about. the hoops recruit felt embarrassed by his two worn backpacks, which carried everything he owned, and his self-described ghetto accent tha.
Gardener Mair, 53, is accused of repeatedly shooting and stabbing Mrs Cox outside her constituency surgery in Birstall, near Leeds, on June 16 at the height. both found in Mair's backpack. Mair den.
Richard Geist, owner of Uncle Sam's, stockpiles a mountain of everything military at his store, from Vietnam soldiers' backpacks to World War II flight. that sparks the imagination," says Laurence.
After the success of their best-selling Farpoint backpack, Osprey have introduced a female fit counterpart! The Osprey Fairview 40 is designed for women with a female fit back system and comes with all the same features as the Osprey Farpoint.
According to scientists at Leeds University in England. At only two inches high when deflated, they easily fit into a backpack. Plug them into a wall, or use six AA batteries for portability. You c.
As the investigation continued, police Sunday announced the arrest of a man in a working-class area of South London, where authorities have conducted a manhunt for the four fugitives whose backpack bo.
Three of the July 7 bombers were British-born sons of a Pakistani immigrant community that has carved out a solid life in the weary industrial neighborhoods of Leeds in Britain's. Underground train.
Shop the latest Fendi range from the designer department at Harvey Nichols today.
backpacks, business cases, duffels, drinkware, executive & desktop, housewares, and many others. HotRef.com provides business gifts from some of the leading brands including Brookstone, Wenger, Cutter.
04:00 Mohammad Sidique Khan, 30, Shehzad Tanweer, 22, and Hasib Hussain, 18, leave their rented flat in Leeds and drive to Luton. Khan is seen fiddling with his backpack before it goes off near Edg.
Rain coat, backpack, laptop and cell chargers, essentials for London. Okay so when I arrived in London, I don't know why, but I expected nice sunny days in gardens – it was Summer after all!
If you want a durable and reliable backpack for your gap year, the Vango Freedom 60+20 travel backpack in purple is a great option! Not only does this backpack stand out from the crowd in a stylish purple colour way, but it's also loaded with useful travel related features to.
Worship is at 9:30 a.m. with a "blessing of the backpacks" with special activities and the pig. The free-will offering will support the initiative to combat hunger among children attending Leeds El.
One of the raids took place on Tuesday in Beeston, a suburb of Leeds, West Yorkshire. Two weeks later, four men attempted to replicate the deadly attacks, but their backpack bombs did not fully det.
NORTH VERNON — The start of every new school year produces familiar scenes: yellow school buses transporting students, children carrying their books in backpacks and teachers. to the community," sa.
"We packed up the backpacks and took off blind." Burrus had just completed his master's degree at Leeds Beckett University in England, and Venvertloh had been pursuing a Ph.D. at the University of Iow.
Theft from vehicle (Ramblewood) — Someone stole a backpack and its contents, worth about $330, from an unlocked vehicle on the 100 block of Leeds Road, police said. The theft occurred sometime between.
She speaks four languages, has studied abroad in Spain and will shortly leave to backpack solo through Romania. student teams who completed seven projects benefiting Hurricane, Leeds, Virgin, Sprin.


text:
Héctor Eduardo Reglero Montaner (born September 8, 1957), better known as Ricardo Montaner (), is an Argentine-born Venezuelan singer and songwriter. Since starting his career in the late 1970s, he has released more than 24 albums, and many successful singles. He has sold an estimated 100 million records worldwide, making him one of the best-selling Latin music artists.

Biography

Early years
Montaner was born as Héctor Eduardo Reglero Montaner, in Valentín Alsina, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. His family moved to Venezuela when he was 6 years old. During his youth, he performed in the church choir in the city of Maracaibo. The first song he internationally performed in a festival in Peru was "Canta, viejo, canta". After this, he decided to choose his artistic name Ricardo Montaner (using his maternal family name).

In 1976, he recorded his first single named Mares produced by the Venezuelan italian singer Roberto Luti. The same year he participated in the Ancon Festival (a Peruvian music festival from 1968 to 1984), where he gained some popularity after performing his song "Murallas".

In 1983, he released his first album titled Cada Día. Although the album was not a great success in Venezuela, it was a start for Montaner's career in Venezuela. It wasn't until 1987 that Montaner became widely popular in Venezuela, with the singles "Yo Que Te Amé" and  "Vamos a Dejarlo" from his self-titled album.

Success
The following year he came out with Ricardo Montaner 2 which featured hit songs like "Tan Enamorados" and "A Donde Va el Amor". At the same time, he acted in the popular telenovela (soap opera), Niña Bonita. This became a starting point to make his songs known to the rest of Latin America where he won 4 platinum albums in Argentina alone. His next two albums, Un Toque de Misterio and En el Último Lugar del Mundo, became big hits in the Mexican charts, also in Central and South America he had hits such as "La Cima del Cielo", "Me Va a Extrañar", "Déjame Llorar" and "Será".

By 1992, Ricardo decided to hit the Spanish Caribbean with Los Hijos del Sol, an album that contained songs like "Castillo Azul", "Honda" and "Piel Adentro". That year, he also recorded a duet with Michelle, which was the Latin American version for the Aladdin song "A Whole New World" titled "Un Mundo Ideal". In the same year, he performed his live concert in Madison Square Garden with more than 16,000 people who attended the concert. Additionally, he released singles such as "La pequeña Venecia" in which he demonstrates his immense love and appreciation towards his naturalized country of Venezuela, in which he refers to Venezuela as his country. Montaner was nominated for three Lo Nuestro Awards in 1993: Pop Artist of the Year, and Pop Song and Video of the Year for the single "Castillo Azul".

Although Montaner has written most of his songs he has worked closely with other songwriters in Latin America such as Pablo Manavello, Ilan Chester, and Oscar Gómez.  But in 1994, Ricardo Montaner wrote and produced all the songs in his album Una Mañana y un Camino, which became popular only years after his release due to the lack of promotion by his new record label EMI Latin, with which Ricardo would also release Viene del Alma in 1995, an Italian pop music themed album. Also in 1995, he teamed up with Yolandita Monge to establish a Guinness World Record for performing three concerts in different cities on the same day in Puerto Rico. This was only possible by air transportation via helicopter from stage to stage.

Changes in style
By 1997, Montaner again worked with Pablo Manavello and was signed under a new record company, Warner Music. Es Así brought Ricardo attention in the Spanish-speaking areas of the United States and allowed Montaner to tour more than 17 countries in Latin America. Songs like "La Mujer de Mi Vida", "Para Llorar" and "Es Así" became very popular all around.

In 1999, Montaner recorded his greatest hits album of his well-known songs featuring the London Metropolitan Orchestra. This was also a hit upon release, selling over 1 million copies. Ricardo made another attempt in 2001 with Sueño Repetido that included the bolero-style song "Bésame" arranged by Bebu Silvetti. Again, the song enjoyed immense success all over the world. Succeeding collaboration with Juan Carlos Calderón, Kike Santander, and Silvetti further propelled Ricardo's career to new heights in 2002, 2003, and 2004.

2002's Suma (Bolero style songs) and 2003's Prohibido Olvidar (balada pop) had fair results in terms of sales. "Si Tuviera Que Elegir" in Suma was written for his daughter. In 2003, he broke the record for the most concerts on the same tour in the theater of Bellas Artes in Puerto Rico. He sold out 18 concerts breaking his past record of 12, which was held previously by Yolandita Monge and Ricardo Arjona. In 2004, he made another album with the London Metropolitan Orchestra named Con La London Metropolitan Orchestra Vol. 2 featuring his latest hits songs and two exclusive songs such as "Desesperado" and "Esta Escrito". In 2005, Montaner launched Todo y Nada which featured the songs "Cuando a mi Lado Estas" and "Nada". For this album, he was nominated in the Latin Grammys for Album and Song of the Year for "Cuando a mi Lado Estas". "Amarte es mi Pecado" and "Heridas de Amor" are non-album songs that have been chosen to be the theme songs on two Mexican soap operas.

Recent years
In 2007, Ricardo released Las Mejores Canciones Del Mundo produced by Argentinean producer Adrian Posse with the songs "Hoy Tengo Ganas de Ti", "Nostalgias (Argen Version)", "Échame A Mí La Culpa (Artista Invitado: Juanes)".

In 2008, he released Las Mejores Canciones Del Mundo II – Y Algunas Mías...! with the songs "Cuando Un Amigo Se Va", "Ansiedad", "Bésame (Featuring Pasión Vega)". In 2009, Montaner received the ASCAP Latin Heritage Award.  His album "Viajero Frecuente" (Frequent Traveler) was launched on October 16, 2012, on iTunes, his first with Sony Music. The recording features a duet with his daughter actress and singer Evaluna Montaner, "La Gloria de Dios" (The Glory of God) whose video has more than 433 million views on YouTube/Vevo. Ricardo Montaner has sold over 65 million albums and keeps breaking records in arenas and theaters all over the world. One of the most remarkable was in Mar del Plata in Argentina where 220,000 people attended the concert that night. Montaner started his "Viajero Frecuente Tour 2013" in Mexico on January 24, 2013. The Special Edition of the "Viajero Frecuente" album released also in México featured a duet with Spanish musician Alejandro Sanz.

In October 2016, "Ida y Vuelta" was released, containing 20 songs, of which 11 were written by him. This album is different because he sang nine songs written by well known Mexican singers; in return, those Mexican singers sang some of Montaner's songs, all in the same album. A month later, Montaner received the Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.

Personal life
Montaner is married to Marlene Rodríguez Miranda, the daughter of shareholder and owner of the former Venezuelan record company Sonorodven, where Montaner started his career. He has three children with Marlene: Ricardo, Mauricio, and Evaluna. He also has two older sons from a previous marriage with Ana Vaz: Alejandro and Héctor Jr. All of them are singers: Evaluna, Héctor, and Alejandro perform independently, while Mauricio and Ricardo formed a duo together known as Mau y Ricky.

In 1994, after Montaner fell out with his record label Sonorodven, he signed with Sonográfica. This was cause for a legal dispute between the two companies, exacerbating a struggle between them which has gone on since about 2006.

Discography

Filmography
Betty La Fea (himself), 2000
 Los Reyes (himself), 2005
 Rebelde (Mexican telenovela) (himself), 2005
 Casi angeles (telenovela argentina) (himself), 2009
 La Voz Colombia, 2012–2013
 La Voz Argentina, 2018–present
 La Voz Mexico, 2019–2020
 La Voz Senior'', 2019–2021

See also

List of singer-songwriters/Venezuela

References

External links

 Lyrics to all of Ricardo Montaner's songs
 Ricardo Montaner, Nuevos ´Ålbums – Billboard En Español

1957 births
Living people
Argentine emigrants to Venezuela
Capitol Latin artists
Latin Grammy Award winners
Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners
Latin music songwriters
Latin pop singers
Naturalized citizens of Venezuela
People from Lanús
People from Maracaibo
Rodven Records artists
Sony Music Latin artists
Venezuelan expatriates in the United States
Venezuelan pop singers
Warner Music Latina artists
20th-century Venezuelan male singers
21st-century Venezuelan male singers

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