The MXGP Festival which included round sixteen of the FIM Motocross World Championship has come to a close. With the crowning of many new champions this weekend as well as old champion's it's safe to say the week has been a success. The challenging circuit of Matterley Basin saw Antonio Cairoli receive his seventh FIM Motocross world title while Clement Desalle took his fourth MX1 overall victory of the season ahead of Rockstar Energy Suzuki World Motocross team mate Kevin Strijbos and Honda World Motocross's Evgeny Bobryshev. The MX2 saw Standing Construct KTM's Glenn Coldenhoff take his first ever Grand Prix victory ahead of Wilvo Nestaan JM Racing KTM's Jake Nicholls and KTM Silver Actions Jose Butron.
In the opening MX1 moto it was Desalle and Cairoli who fought over the holeshot, third was Strijbos, then Bobryshev, De Reuver, Pourcel, Simpson, Roelants and Searle. Van Horebeek went down in the first corner, but the battle up front was intense as the Belgian and Italian battled hard.
Simpson was riding well, moving into fifth place as Pourcel dropped back. De Reuver was also out of the picture on lap two as he dropped back to 11th place. Searle was in 8th, and Paulin in 12th spot.
Cairoli as he always does though found some extra speed and made his way past Desalle, the Italian then picked up his pace even further and pulled quickly away from the Suzuki rider. Further back Searle was making a charge as he moved into sixth spot, Simpson dropped back to 8th and Philippaerts moved into seventh position.
After 14 laps the lead by Cairoli was 10 seconds, with Strijbos still in third another six seconds back, then came Bobryshev, De Dycker, Searle, Philippaerts, Simpson, Paulin and Leok in 10th.
After 19 laps Cairoli crossed the line with a huge whip and then joined hundreds of KTM team members for the champagne celebrations as he is crowned World Motocross Champion for the seventh time. A brilliant achievement for the Red Bull KTM Factory rider.
The second moto Cairoli led early from Desalle, with Van Horebeek and Bobryshev also in the picture. Cairoli made a couple of small mistakes and both Van Horebeek and Bobryshev went past. Further back were Strijbos, Paulin, De Dycker, Simpson and Searle.
Cairoli continued to just cruise a little and was passed by both Strijbos and Paulin. In a moto with very little action Desalle won the moto and the GP, second overall in the GP was Strijbos and Bobryshev third overall.
Four riders have a chance to win the Grand Prix in the closing stages of the second MX2 moto as Coldenhoff, Jake Nicholls, Jose Butron and Romain Febvre all battled for positions on the track and also on the score board.
In the end it was Coldenhoff with 38pts, Nicholls 37pts, Butron with 36pts, and Febvre 34pts, but it wasn't this very last laps when Coldenhoff passed Tixier for fourth place and Romain Febvre passed Butron for second place. Nicholls needed to pass Tixier, who was just ahead of him to win the GP, but came up short.
In the opening MX2 moto Dean Ferris continued on from his Belgian form as he pulled the holeshot and straight away taking command on the race. Butron was second, then cake Nicholls, Pocock, Coldenhoff, Tixier, Ferrandis, Gajser, Banks Browne and Desprey in 10th. Graeme Irwin held a nice 11th place and Max Anstie was back in 19th position.
Jake Nicholls made a nice pass on Butron for second and began his charge after leader Ferris, while Pocock dropped back to 6th place, Banks Browne moved up to 8th and Anstie clawed his way to 17th on lap five.
The lead by Ferris was four seconds and despite the crowd screaming for Nicholls to make ground Ferris continued to control the race moving to six and a half seconds on lap seven and pushing hard to extend his lead.
Coldenhoff held third some 12 seconds back from Ferris and Ferrandis was fourth, followed by Butron, Gajser, Banks Browne, Lupino and Desprey in 10th place.
Suddenly Nicholls did find some extra speed and pulled back two seconds to close in on Ferris and with the crowd celebrating the possible battle for the moto victory the British riders looked very determined.
Ferris though was up to the challenge and quickly picked up his pace and rattled off a couple of quick laps to move to eight seconds ahead of Nicholls. Coldenhoff remained in third, followed by Ferrandis and Butron.
Ferris wins it by four seconds, followed by Nicholls, and Coldenhoff.
The second MX2 moto and it is Butron who leads with Charlier, Ferris, Febvre all-in tow. Pocock and Banks Browne are ninth and 10th and Anstie is miles back again. Charlier passes Butron on the second lap, while Pocock drops out of the top ten.
Charlier pulled away from the other riders, although behind him it was a great battle between Butron, Ferris, Febvre, Ferrandis and Tixier, all within a second of eachother. Nicholls after a bad start was into the top 10 after passing Banks Browne for ninth place.
On lap five Ferris made a mistake, flipped the bike and broke the fuel tank, then pulled out of the race, his Grand Prix victory chances over. The Grand Prix was now alive and well as a bunch of riders were fighting on the track, but also for the GP victory.
In a stunning end to the MX2 Grand Prix Glenn Coldenhoff won his first ever GP with as he finished with 3-4 results, while Jakes Nicholls was a brave second with 2-6 and third was Butron with 5-3. Moto winner was Charlier.


text:
#ifndef	_SYS_UTSNAME_H
#define	_SYS_UTSNAME_H	1

#include "msvclibx.h"

struct utsname {
  char *sysname;  /* Name of this implementation of the operating system */
  char *nodename; /* Name of this node on the network */
  char *release;  /* Current release level of this implementation */
  char *version;  /* Current version level of this release */
  char *machine;  /* Name of the hardware type on which the system is running */
};

int uname(struct utsname *);

#endif /* _SYS_UTSNAME_H */

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


September 7 - 10, 2010: Welcome Back!
Welcome to Team 84 science!!!
Students in eighth grade social studies will learn American History from the 1760's through 1877. Students will interpret events in US History by reading, taking notes, creating projects, constructing timelines, relating the past to the present day, listening to speakers on a variety of topics, and analyzing cause and effects. Students will complete writing assignments, maps, charts, tables and graphs, along with the application of technology.
We would like to welcome you to Team 85. On this site, you will find daily assignments and important dates for our team. There will also be a link to some of the core classes on our team as well.
Welcome to Team 84! We consider it our priority to provide every student with the utmost respect and care. It is our goal to provide the exceptional educational experience that Novi is known for.


Crafting devices and systems for computing, communication, health care, power and transportation.
Electrical engineering and computer engineering are professions concerned with systems that generate, transmit, process and measure information. Advanced technology pervades our lives in areas such as communications, electronics and computers.
Electrical engineers design, develop and implement electrical hardware and software that are used in electrical devices, control systems, electrical machines and communications systems. Electrical engineers have contributed in the design of many devices we use daily such as cell phones, microwave ovens, radars, TVs and laptops.
Computer engineers design, develop and implement computer technologies for a variety of industrial consumer, commercial, military and medical applications. Computer engineers are equipped with knowledge and skills in all aspects of computer hardware and software. They use these skills to make hardware and software tradeoffs for the optimum computer system integration and design.
In the Photonics and Optics Laboratory in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, researchers investigate nanophotonics — manipulating light at the nanoscale, and intense light pulses in materials, or nonlinear optics. Assistant Professor Nathaniel Kinsey, Ph.D., and Ümit Özgür, Ph.D., Qimonda Associate Professor and Graduate Program Director of the department, explain.
Ph.D. candidate William Clavijo and Gary Atkinson, Ph.D., associate professor in the Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, have developed a new gas sensor that uses metal oxide nanostructures to detect toxic gases. Clavijo credits VCU's superior facilities and hands-on approach to engineering research with helping to foster development of this lifesaving innovation.
Find out how a passion for robotics led Adam Morrissett to the VCU School of Engineering. And be sure to watch to the end to find out what other technology Adam thinks every VCU engineer needs to invest in.
Electrical & Computer Engineering along with Chemical & Life Science students Chris Deloglos (ECE), Umar Hasni (ECE) and Patricia Moseh (CLSE) have teamed up for their Capstone Design project to design a new technology for hyperthermia. Hyperthermia is a complimentary breast cancer treatment that statistically increases treatment effectiveness and survival rate. The group has designed a cost effective 3D printed microwave hyperthermia applicator in hopes that this type of treatment would be available to a greater number of women suffering from breast cancer.


text:
import os
import sys
import ctypes

if sys.platform == 'darwin':
    name = 'libzbar.dylib'
elif sys.platform == 'windows':
    name = 'libzbar.dll'
else:
    name = 'libzbar.so.0'

try:
    libzbar = ctypes.cdll.LoadLibrary(name)
except OSError:
    libzbar = None

def scan_barcode(device='', timeout=-1, display=True, threaded=False):
    if libzbar is None:
        raise RuntimeError("Cannot start QR scanner; zbar not available.")
    libzbar.zbar_symbol_get_data.restype = ctypes.c_char_p
    libzbar.zbar_processor_create.restype = ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_int)
    libzbar.zbar_processor_get_results.restype = ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_int)
    libzbar.zbar_symbol_set_first_symbol.restype = ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_int)
    proc = libzbar.zbar_processor_create(threaded)
    libzbar.zbar_processor_request_size(proc, 640, 480)
    libzbar.zbar_processor_init(proc, device, display)
    libzbar.zbar_processor_set_visible(proc)
    if libzbar.zbar_process_one(proc, timeout):
        symbols = libzbar.zbar_processor_get_results(proc)
    else:
        symbols = None
    libzbar.zbar_processor_destroy(proc)
    if symbols is None:
        return
    if not libzbar.zbar_symbol_set_get_size(symbols):
        return
    symbol = libzbar.zbar_symbol_set_first_symbol(symbols)
    data = libzbar.zbar_symbol_get_data(symbol)
    return str(data)

def _find_system_cameras():
    device_root = "/sys/class/video4linux"
    devices = {} # Name -> device
    if os.path.exists(device_root):
        for device in os.listdir(device_root):
            try:
                name = open(os.path.join(device_root, device, 'name')).read()
            except IOError:
                continue
            name = name.strip('\n')
            devices[name] = os.path.join("/dev", device)
    return devices

if __name__ == "__main__":
    print(scan_barcode())


text:
About IPNDV
IPNDV Products
Reports & Analysis
Statements/Presentations
Dismantlement Interactive
Understanding Nuclear Disarmament
Working Group 5: Verification of Each of the 14 Steps of Nuclear Weapon Dismantlement
Prepared By:
Working Group 5
This paper captures the results of a major part of the work in Phase II of IPNDV's Working Group 5. The paper puts forward a conceptual description of the verification process at each of the 14 steps in the nuclear weapon dismantlement process that was outlined by IPNDV in Phase I of its work. In particular, the paper includes a series of "step maps" that elaborate verification objectives, information requirements and possible inspection approach for each step, including routine inspection and ad hoc tasks. Potential inspection technologies, as well as constraints on inspection activities, and possible pathways for diversion and/or substitution of declared items are examined in this paper. The paper discusses in further detail many of the issues in verification of the nuclear weapon dismantlement that are common to one or more of the 14 steps, or that focus on the dismantlement process as a whole.
Featured Work:
IPNDV Releases New Analysis and Videos as NPT Marks 50th Anniversary
IPNDV Exhibition: Pathways to Verifiable Nuclear Disarmament
Statement/Presentation
Statement from Lisa E. Gordon-Hagerty, Under Secretary for Nuclear Security of the U.S. Department of Energy and Administrator of the National Nuclear Security Administration on the work of the IPNDV
Verification is not as straightforward as it sounds. It is a system requiring a set of tools and multiple approaches, such as on-site inspections, satellite imagery, data collection, and remote monitoring.
Privacy | © Copyright 2021
1776 Eye Street, NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20006

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


RECENTLY RENOVATED RESTAURANT FOR SALE !!! Excellent location, one of the Most Important Shopping Center in Miami ! Heavy Traffic area, near offices & Hotels. Business is newly established, but in an existing restaurant space that has served the community for many years ! * ALL EQUIPMENT & FURNITURE ARE NEW * ALL PERMITS AND LICENSES ARE VALID * It is currently operating * Please, do not disturb the employees. For further information or to schedule an appointment please text or call to Agent or Co-Agent.


Alshowkan, Muneer; Elleithy, Khaled M.
In this poster we propose a new protocol for multiparty secret key sharing by using quantum entanglement swapping. Quantum Entanglement swapping is a process that allows two non-interacting quantum systems to be entangled. Further, to increase the security level and to make sure that the users are legitimate, authentication for both parties will be required by a trusted third party. In this protocol, a trusted third party will authenticate the sender and the receiver and help them forming a secret key. Furthermore, the proposed protocol will perform entanglement swapping between the sender and the receiver. The result from the entanglement swapping will be an Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pair that will help them in forming and sending the secret key without having the sender to send any physical quantum states to the receiver. This protocol will provide the required authentication of all parties to the trusted party and it will provide the required secure method in transmitting the secret key.


Here I'm preseting my first Desktop Theme Pack for Windows 7. Simply double-click or press enter after selecting the file to apply the theme pack. In the theme packs wallpapers used are of the original designers and I only used them.
Last edited by arvind_kumar; 7th July 2009 at 06:21.


text:
These Are The 8 Best Games Of 2019 That Every Gamer Should Try At Least Once
Akshay Bhalla Updated: Nov 22, 2019, 14:56 IST
We didn't get to see many AAA games in 2019 and in general, the year wasn't that great for games. Having said that, some games have been surprisingly good this year for various reasons. There were plenty of Indie games that were awesome to play in 2019. However, for this list, we are going to limit it to blockbuster games. Here are eight of our favourite games of the year that are definitely worth checking out:
1. Star Wars: Jedi Fallen Order (PC, Xbox One and PS4)
© Electronic Arts
It's been a week since the game came out and it is one of the best Star Wars game of all time. I've practically played every Star Wars game in existence and Jedi Fallen Order is by far the best experience you can have as a Jedi in this generation. It uses mechanics from popular games such as the Uncharted series, Dark Souls and classic Star Wars games to give you a full single-player experience we always wanted. You can check out our full review here to know more.
2. Resident Evil 2 (PC, Xbox One and PS4)
© Capcom
When it comes to remakes, nothing gets better than Resident Evil 2. It is scary and creepy, thanks to the new textures, effects and mechanics to relive the horror game with updated graphics. It plays better than the original, thanks to the new over-the-shoulder point of view and has some great moments for horror game fans. Read our full review here to know more about the game.
3. Metro Exodus (PC, Xbox One and PS4)
© Deep Silver
The Metro games have always been a delight to play and the same can be said about Exodus. It is a survival horror game that has been coupled with stunning graphics and unique gameplay systems. If you play on PC, the game looks even better with RTX turned on. You will encounter irritated monsters and humans with ill intentions as you play through the semi-open-world environments. Read our review to know more about Metro Exodus here.
4. Mortal Kombat 11 (PC, Xbox One and PS4)
© NetherRealm Studios
Apart from being a competitive fighting game, the campaign was the real hero of this one. If you've been wanting to play a game that gives you the same blockbuster vibes as superhero movies, Mortal Kombat 11 will not leave you disappointed. It is the best fighting game in the series and if you like to compete in fighting games, be prepared to get destroyed. Read our full review here about the campaign and other fighting mechanics you may want to check out. We called it the best fighting game ever made and the statement still holds true.
5. The Outer Worlds (PC, Xbox One and PS4)
© Obsidian Entertainment
If you are a fan of RPG games, you need to check out this game by developers Obsidian Entertainment. The game is heavily influenced from Fallout games as the core team worked on Fallout: New Vegas back in the day. It is set in a dystopian world where you get to visit planets controlled by corporations. The game is available to play on Xbox Game Pass for PC, Xbox One which makes it an incredible deal. You can also play it on the PlayStation 4 and it is scheduled to launch for the Nintendo Switch next year.
6. Call of Duty Modern Warfare (PC, Xbox One and PS4)
© Activision
Infinity Ward decided to reboot the Modern Warfare franchise and the game has gone back to its "boots on the ground" formula. While the game is primarily for multiplayer mode, the campaign has one of the best stories we've encountered in an FPS game. It really does hit you hard with horrors of war. The campaign has a fresh take on story-telling in the Call of Duty franchise while the multiplayer mode has its own pros and cons. If you are looking for a first-person shooter that satisfies your addiction, Call of Duty Modern Warfare is the game to play this year. To know more about the game in detail, read our full review here.
7. Borderlands 3 (PC, Xbox One and PS4)
© Geaarbox Entertainment
If you are a fan of looter-shooter games where you get access to incredible loot and a good story that goes with it, you cannot go wrong with Borderlands 3. Vault Hunting feels so good with updated shooting mechanics and a plethora of guns to choose from. Read our full review of this crazy game here.
8. Apex Legends (PC, Xbox One and PS4)
Nobody could have predicted how good Apex Legends would be when it first launched for free on every platform. However, the game changed the way we played Battle Royale games and made games like Fortnite rethink their own mechanics. The game also introduced a revolutionary ping system that helps players communicate with each other without actually having to talk to them. It is a fast-paced action shooter that keeps the adrenaline flowing till you put the controller down.
Games 'Call Of Duty: Modern Warfare' Is Now Available To Play
Games 'Call Of Duty Modern Warfare': First Impressions
Games Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Is Going Back To The Basics
'Star Wars Jedi READ NOW " Fallen Order' Review: A Precious Story Combined With Action, Adventure And Emotion"
Games Call Of Duty: Modern Warfare Is Going Back To Its Roots
'Call of Duty Modern Warfare' Review READ NOW " The Most Disturbing Yet Addictive Game In The Franchise Yet"
Games 'Call Of Duty Modern Warfare' Looks Awesome
Reviews Mortal Kombat 11 Is The Best Fighting Game Ever Made But It Comes With A Lot Of Grind
Reviews 'Resident Evil 2' Is The Scariest Horror Game Ever
Games 8 Tips And Tricks For Apex Legends One Needs To Know To Become A Champion Of The Game
Games 9.2K New 'Call Of Duty' Game Made Over $600M In Just 3 Days
Games Next COD Title Will Be Called 'Call Of Duty: Modern Warfare'
Games 2.2K 'Apex Legends' Hits 25 Million Players In One Week Compared To 'Fortnite' That Took 4 Months To Achieve
Games Apex Legends Hits 10 Million Players
Games 'Borderlands 3' Is Absolute Madness
Games Games Coming Out In October
Games Apex Legends Is Coming To Mobile Phones
News The New 'Mortal Kombat' Is Going To Be Epic & Here's Everything We Know About The Fighting Game
Games 1K YouTuber Ninja Was Paid Rs 6.9 Crores To Play 'Apex Legends' And We Can't Even Pay Our Bills
Games 'Apex Legends' Failed To Survive Against 'Fortnite'


Yes, technically I should've posted this yesterday, but mistakes were made.
India and Pakistan have fought no fewer than four full-on wars since the two nations came into being in 1947. Where the 1971 war stands out from the others is that it had nothing (directly, at least) to do with the disputed region of Kashmir. In fact, the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War was really the final phase of another conflict, the Bangladesh Liberation War. That war, if you don't already know, is the reason why Bangladesh is Bangladesh, and not "East Pakistan." Both wars came to their end on this date in 1971.


text:
AS PUBLISHED IN THE NEW YORK DAILY NEWS ON FEBRUARY 10 1998
Get Local Spin on Web Site
Nabes signing on to cyberspace network
The Brooklyn neighborhood leading the way through cyberspace to the new millennium is not some ritzy or trendy area, but virtual Greenpoint.
The working class enclave on the Queens border is leading a pack of Brooklyn neighborhoods sprouting their own sites on the world wide web.
Webmasters such as Joe Curcio in Greenpoint are the thumbs and fingers erecting this virtual borough of Kings.
"I grew up in Greenpoint, I know every nook and cranny", said Curcio, who designed the Greenpoint web page. "I created the website because I thought that it was important for people to see what a cool place Greenpoint is.
Web surfers get a chance to look at favorite local restaurants, learn neighborhood history and current happenings, and give long lost friends a chance to get reacquainted.
Curcio, who created the Greenpoint Web page three years ago, developed the web site as a hobby. It is now the most elaborate of the Brooklyn sites.
A visit to Greenpoint can take surfers to its writers forum where you can find out what it was like to play childhood games, such as the bottlecap favorite, scolezees, during the 1970's. There are also a listing of Polish bakeries and digital snapshots of marathon runners breezing or creeping through the streets of Greenpoint.
"I enjoy this", said Curcio who supervises the engineering department at WNYC radio. "I'm a musician and a writer at heart. This is my stage between other projects".
Austin Fenner


The hexadecimal color code #2a9cab is a shade of cyan. In the RGB color model #2a9cab is comprised of 16.47% red, 61.18% green and 67.06% blue. In the HSL color space #2a9cab has a hue of 187° (degrees), 61% saturation and 42% lightness. This color has an approximate wavelength of 487.65 nm.


I found a smoking deal on a Kona Blue Roush Bumper and have been eyeballing the Boss grille for a few weeks. So I pulled the trigger!
Looks great brother! Are you going to get the grill painted to match the car like the Boss? How much lower to the ground is the bumper compared to stock?
I'm going to leave it black for now. I think the grille looks too narrow when it's border is painted to match. I kind of like the long narrow look the front end currently has.
Depending on how the Roush splitter fits, it should hang down less than the v6 garb did.
Nice! That combination looks great!
Maybe the price will come down when these Boss cars actually start to hit the road in 2012.


text:
Google shows us what Pixel 4 Soli radar actually sees
You can't make out a person's unique features, but it's enough for Motion Sense to work anyway.
Hadlee Simons
Google implemented Motion Sense gestures in the Pixel 4 series, using a tiny 'Soli' radar to detect your hand movements. The search giant already explained how the tech works last year, but it's now given us a look at what exactly the radar sees.
In a post on Google's AI Blog, the company says they've developed algorithms which means the Soli radar system doesn't require a "well-defined image" of a person to work properly. This has potential implications for privacy too, as the firm says they don't generate "distinguishable" images of a person's body or face.
The team also shared several GIFs showing us what the Pixel 4 Soli radar actually sees, and it's indeed tough if not impossible to tell who's using the system. The first GIF shows a person approaching the radar, the second GIF shows someone reaching for the device, and the third animation shows a person conducting a swipe action.
From here, Google said it had to develop on-device algorithms to accurately detect gestures, owing to the wide variety of unique ways people might perform them. For example, one person's way of swiping might be different to that of another person. It also developed algorithms to ensure that background movements weren't falsely detected as gestures.
Google Pixel 4a video leak doesn't leave much for Google to announce
Another factor Google had to take into account when developing the Pixel 4 Soli radar system was interference from other components within the phone. In fact, the firm had to develop new signal processing techniques to reduce the effect of audio vibration on the radar's signal. This latter breakthrough paved the way for Motion Sense to be used for music playback as well.
"We are excited to continue researching and developing Soli to enable new radar-based sensing and perception capabilities," the team concluded, suggesting that this isn't the end of the road for the technology.
Are you a fan of Motion Sense on the Pixel 4 series? Let us know in the comments!
GoogleGoogle Pixel 4


During her first few months on the field in Central Asia, Janet struggled with loneliness and unexpected trials. Without the comforts of home to lean on, Janet knew that Jesus was the only hope she could cling to.
As Janet and her team share the gospel in an unreached region, they are daily witnessing that God is bringing life to an otherwise spiritually dead country—and with this, they endure.


text:
Website

{{event.title}}

        {{event.startAt | date:'mediumDate'}} — {{(event.endAt | date:'mediumDate') || 'Today'}}

Product Page

Preview

App Store

Video

Source Code

{{event.title}}

        {{event.date | date:'mediumDate'}}

Technologies

{{technology}}


Waves No 5 Platinum Ring Platinum Wedding Ring – When anyone with fiancé set foot in some sort of precious jewelry keep, you ought to have an allowance on your mind with regard to marriage ceremony rings. Holistic direct can be to besides 3% connected with the wedding party plan for wedding and reception rings. However on the grounds that wedding event costs contrast as well as pair, it's not essential to hold fast to this regular percentage. In the event that you have some sort of estimate your head, try it. Having a pre-set budget will probably enable it to be a lot of simpler for you after the purchasing will begin and this will even focus your selections for you.


text:
using Remotion.Linq.Clauses;
using Remotion.Linq.Collections;
using Remotion.Linq.Utilities;

namespace Remotion.Linq
{
  /// <summary>
  /// Provides a default implementation of <see cref="IQueryModelVisitor"/> which automatically visits child items. That is, the default
  /// implementation of <see cref="VisitQueryModel"/> automatically calls <c>Accept</c> on all clauses in the <see cref="QueryModel"/>
  /// and the default implementation of <see cref="VisitOrderByClause"/> automatically calls <see cref="Ordering.Accept"/> on the
  /// <see cref="Ordering"/> instances in its <see cref="OrderByClause.Orderings"/> collection, and so on.
  /// </summary>
  /// <remarks>
  /// This visitor is hardened against modifications performed on the visited <see cref="QueryModel"/> while the model is currently being visited.
  /// That is, if a the <see cref="QueryModel.BodyClauses"/> collection changes while a body clause (or a child item of a body clause) is currently
  /// being processed, the visitor will handle that gracefully. The same applies to <see cref="QueryModel.ResultOperators"/> and
  /// <see cref="OrderByClause.Orderings"/>.
  /// </remarks>
  internal abstract class QueryModelVisitorBase : IQueryModelVisitor
  {
    public virtual void VisitQueryModel (QueryModel queryModel)
    {
      ArgumentUtility.CheckNotNull ("queryModel", queryModel);

      queryModel.MainFromClause.Accept (this, queryModel);
      VisitBodyClauses (queryModel.BodyClauses, queryModel);
      queryModel.SelectClause.Accept (this, queryModel);

      VisitResultOperators (queryModel.ResultOperators, queryModel);
    }

    public virtual void VisitMainFromClause (MainFromClause fromClause, QueryModel queryModel)
    {
      ArgumentUtility.CheckNotNull ("fromClause", fromClause);
      ArgumentUtility.CheckNotNull ("queryModel", queryModel);

      // nothing to do here
    }

    public virtual void VisitAdditionalFromClause (AdditionalFromClause fromClause, QueryModel queryModel, int index)
    {
      ArgumentUtility.CheckNotNull ("fromClause", fromClause);
      ArgumentUtility.CheckNotNull ("queryModel", queryModel);

      // nothing to do here
    }

    public virtual void VisitJoinClause (JoinClause joinClause, QueryModel queryModel, int index)
    {
      ArgumentUtility.CheckNotNull ("joinClause", joinClause);
      ArgumentUtility.CheckNotNull ("queryModel", queryModel);

      // nothing to do here
    }

    public virtual void VisitJoinClause (JoinClause joinClause, QueryModel queryModel, GroupJoinClause groupJoinClause)
    {
      ArgumentUtility.CheckNotNull ("joinClause", joinClause);
      ArgumentUtility.CheckNotNull ("queryModel", queryModel);
      ArgumentUtility.CheckNotNull ("groupJoinClause", groupJoinClause);

      // nothing to do here
    }

    public virtual void VisitGroupJoinClause (GroupJoinClause groupJoinClause, QueryModel queryModel, int index)
    {
      ArgumentUtility.CheckNotNull ("groupJoinClause", groupJoinClause);
      ArgumentUtility.CheckNotNull ("queryModel", queryModel);

      groupJoinClause.JoinClause.Accept (this, queryModel, groupJoinClause);
    }

    public virtual void VisitWhereClause (WhereClause whereClause, QueryModel queryModel, int index)
    {
      ArgumentUtility.CheckNotNull ("whereClause", whereClause);
      ArgumentUtility.CheckNotNull ("queryModel", queryModel);

      // nothing to do here
    }

    public virtual void VisitOrderByClause (OrderByClause orderByClause, QueryModel queryModel, int index)
    {
      ArgumentUtility.CheckNotNull ("orderByClause", orderByClause);
      ArgumentUtility.CheckNotNull ("queryModel", queryModel);

      VisitOrderings (orderByClause.Orderings, queryModel, orderByClause);
    }

    public virtual void VisitOrdering (Ordering ordering, QueryModel queryModel, OrderByClause orderByClause, int index)
    {
      ArgumentUtility.CheckNotNull ("ordering", ordering);
      ArgumentUtility.CheckNotNull ("queryModel", queryModel);
      ArgumentUtility.CheckNotNull ("orderByClause", orderByClause);

      // nothing to do here
    }

    public virtual void VisitSelectClause (SelectClause selectClause, QueryModel queryModel)
    {
      ArgumentUtility.CheckNotNull ("selectClause", selectClause);
      ArgumentUtility.CheckNotNull ("queryModel", queryModel);

      // nothing to do here
    }

    public virtual void VisitResultOperator (ResultOperatorBase resultOperator, QueryModel queryModel, int index)
    {
      ArgumentUtility.CheckNotNull ("resultOperator", resultOperator);
      ArgumentUtility.CheckNotNull ("queryModel", queryModel);

      // nothing to do here
    }

    protected virtual void VisitBodyClauses (ObservableCollection<IBodyClause> bodyClauses, QueryModel queryModel)
    {
      ArgumentUtility.CheckNotNull ("queryModel", queryModel);
      ArgumentUtility.CheckNotNull ("bodyClauses", bodyClauses);

      foreach (var indexValuePair in bodyClauses.AsChangeResistantEnumerableWithIndex())
        indexValuePair.Value.Accept (this, queryModel, indexValuePair.Index);
    }

    protected virtual void VisitOrderings (ObservableCollection<Ordering> orderings, QueryModel queryModel, OrderByClause orderByClause)
    {
      ArgumentUtility.CheckNotNull ("queryModel", queryModel);
      ArgumentUtility.CheckNotNull ("orderByClause", orderByClause);
      ArgumentUtility.CheckNotNull ("orderings", orderings);

      foreach (var indexValuePair in orderings.AsChangeResistantEnumerableWithIndex())
        indexValuePair.Value.Accept (this, queryModel, orderByClause, indexValuePair.Index);
    }

    protected virtual void VisitResultOperators (ObservableCollection<ResultOperatorBase> resultOperators, QueryModel queryModel)
    {
      ArgumentUtility.CheckNotNull ("queryModel", queryModel);
      ArgumentUtility.CheckNotNull ("resultOperators", resultOperators);

      foreach (var indexValuePair in resultOperators.AsChangeResistantEnumerableWithIndex())
        indexValuePair.Value.Accept (this, queryModel, indexValuePair.Index);
    }
  }
}


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Uboldo, 6 December 2018 – The Silk Road is becoming even more Lombard thanks to LU-VE Group. The multinational based in the Province of Varese, world leader in the business of heat exchanger manufacture, has been declared the winner in the "Top Investors" category of the "China Awards 2018". This is the second time LU-VE Group has been recognized for its important investments in China, winning the same award also in 2015.
The 13th annual China Awards ceremony was held yesterday evening in Milan, at the Leonardo da Vinci Museum of Science and Technology, organized by the Italy-China Foundation and Class Editori with the patronage of the Ministries of Foreign Affairs, Economic Development, Environment, and the Italian-Chinese Chamber of Commerce and the partnership of the Italian Chamber of Commerce in China.
The hosts of the event were Alberto Bombassei, President of the Italy-China Foundation, and Paolo Panerai, Vice-President and MD of Class Editori. Amongst the guests was the Consul General of the People's Republic of China, Song Xuefeng.
The organizers of the event presented awards to the Italian and Chinese companies which had known best how to seize the opportunities of the two markets, exploiting the benefits deriving from the crossflow of capital, people, goods and services between Italy and China. The activities of LU-VE Group are particularly representative, having decided to double their production surface area in China, transferring from Changshu in the Province of Jiangsu to a new facility in Tianmen in the province of Hubei in south-central China. In total, the new base will have over 19,000 sqm., 15,000 sqm. for production, a two-floor office building of 2,000 sqm., and another 2,000 sqm. for dormitories and the company restaurant. Development plans include, from 2021, possible expansion of another 10,000 sqm.
This year there are 29 winners of the China Awards in 9 categories: 19 Italian companies and 7 Chinese. The Gold Lions (reserved for the world of culture, sport and entertainment) went to Paolo Genovese for the great success of his film "Perfect Strangers", to Daniele Garozzo, who won the gold medal in the foil category of the fencing World Championships in Wuxi, and to Sofia Goggia, women's downhill skiing World Champion, who is expected to take part in the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing.
The China Awards 2018 was held at a charity dinner for Ai.Bi. – the Friends of Children Association (a non-governmental organization for international adoption, also from China and Project Loveast a cultural exhange programme between to sprting organizations: the Italian ASD ForMeD'Abili and the Chinese Ren' Ai School in Suzhou, for young people with cognitive and relationship disabilities and their caregivers.


so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."
Do not despise nor disregard small beginnings! As you know, multiplication is My specialty and I know how to take something as a small lunch and turn into an earthshaking experience.
I turn the world upside down by taking the foolish things to confound the wise. I use the least likely vessels to manifest My glory. If you look for Me to show up in a certain way, I always come in another unconventional way --remember the stable in Bethlehem?
I don't fit into man's conventional mindsets. Every time they try shoving Me into their boxed in theologies, I blow them up with revelation truth!
My expertise is taking small packages and filling them up with spectacular surprises. Big things do come in small packages. You are the perfect example of someone I have power packed with atmosphere changing, city transforming, and history making surprises!
Those around you may seem to overlook this potential and life could appear to have forgotten you, but My eyes are keenly fixed on You. I forget nothing, but your sins. I see your destiny and though it may look small in your natural estimation, all it takes is one word from My mouth to fertilize and water that impregnated seed for it to come bursting out of the ground.
I took a group of ordinary people, breathed Holy Spirit fire into each one, and the ordinary transformed into extraordinary and My eternal church was born.
Think about it, My earthly ministry began in a little, tiny manger and miraculously grew and exploded touching every living creature throughout the entire universe.
What I can do with a surrendered life? What can I do with you, My cherished and treasured child?
And watch it grow into an Enormous destiny!
Father, thank You for all those things in my life that I deem small, but placed in Your hands can touch the multitudes. Forgive me for those times I looked down on myself and belittled who You created me to be. You placed me on this earth with every gift and talent needed to fulfill Your plans and purposes for my life. I may appear small in the eyes of some, but I am packed and loaded up with explosive Holy Spirit power! Watch out...here I come!


text:
Home News Rwandan Government gives Free Houses to 138 Families
Rwandan Government gives Free Houses to 138 Families
Clinton McDubus
Rwanda's Rwamagana District has completed construction of 68 houses for needy families in Urugwiro village in Kitazigurwa cell.
The houses, worth Rwf510 million, were given to over one hundred and thirty eight families with each house valued at Rwf7.5 million. The District Mayor, Abdul Kharim Uwizeyimana, said each house has the capacity to accommodate as many as eight people.
"Most of the beneficiaries were people living in dilapidated houses with little hope of getting a well furnished house of their own. We thus gave them a beginning of a new life," he said, while touring the new settlement with Local Government Minister, Francis Kaboneka.
Mr Kaboneka, while addressing the residents, said that the settlements set a standard in the country and should be a blessing.
"We don't expect this place to be a hub of illicit alcohol and other drugs…desist from such activities and behaviors that will destroy the good image of your community. There shouldn't be gender based violence or child abuse as well. Guard jealously the general infrastructure you have. Maintain good roads, electricity, water installations as they come up. Don't take access to such infrastructure for granted," he said.
Beneficiaries were full of praises for the government, while expressing their gratitude for the support which will help ease their problems.
This article first appeared HERE
Abdul Kharim Uwizeyimana
Francis Kaboneka
Rwamagana District
Urugwiro Village
Previous articleNine reasons why doing business in Rwanda is a smart strategy
Next articleRwanda's $34.5 million Skills Development Programme registers Success


text:
Q: AttributeError: 'int' object has no attribute 'isdigit' from user input I'm running python 3 in the default IDE.
Here is my code:
def print_():
    f = open("height.txt","r")
    content = f.read()
    print(content)
    f.close()
    main()

def main():
    name = str(input("What is your name?"))
    data = int(input("How tall are you? (CM)"))

    if data.isdigit() == True:
        print("\n")

    elif data.isdigit() == False:
        print("Must be a number!")
        main()

    # a+ is read only mode
    f = open("height.txt","a+")
    f.write(name)
    f.write(str(data))
    f.write("cm, ")
    f.close()

    data_1 = str(input("1 = View Contents. Other = Quit"))
    if data_1 == '1':
        print_()

    else:
        print("Exiting")

main()

A: You're trying to check isdigit() on data you already casted to int.  Read it in as a str then cast it once you've checked it's a digit:
def main():
    name = str(input("What is your name?"))
    data = str(input("How tall are you? (CM)"))

    while !data.isdigit():
        print("Must be a number!")
        data = str(input("How tall are you? (CM)"))
        print("\n")

    data = int(data)
    print("\n")

this loop will continue to ask for an int until provided with one, then cast it as int

A: The issue is that isdigit operates on a string; however you cast the data object to an int already: data = int(input("How tall are you? (CM)")). You should let the data be a string if you want to use the isdigit function. data = str(input("..."))

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


If you've ever gotten ready for a big occasion, then you know it can be very messy to make yourself look very pretty. Such is backstage at New York Fashion Week. Almost all of the backstage scenes look the same, just in different sized spaces.If you look below the hair and makeup stylists, you can catch nail techs hovering around a model's hands and feet sizing tips or applying polish.


text:
Q: How to diagnose bizarre behavior of saving and loading a bit vector (std::vector)? I'm writing a one-off utility to edit a monochrome bitmap format for a game. There are 0x10000 "slots" for 8x8 monochrome sprites. I store each 8x8 sprite in eight bytes, each representing a horizontal line of on- or off-pixels.
Everything was fine while I drew the characters A through Y in slots 0 through 24. They all survived a round-trip of saving and loading with exactly the same pattern of bits. But then the Z drawing, in slot 25, lost one of its horizontal lines through the round-trip. Worse still, this happens wherever the Z is, and shifts all the lines below it up! I noticed other similar behavior with other patterns in slots after 25.
My code looks like it only ever examines single pixels at a time, so I am lost on how to diagnose this problem.
As far as I can tell, the problem is the deletion of 0x0C bytes. It seems unlikely that this is a problem with ASCII form feed (^L or '\f') characters.
I didn't find any Google results about missing form-feed characters, so I'm guessing it's a bug in my code.
Here are the saver and loader. (This is not how I write published or production code! )
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <SDL.h>
#include <stdint.h>

static std::vector<bool> bitmap(0x400000, 0);

void save(const char *path)
{
    std::ofstream f(path, std::ios::binary);
    for (int i = 0; i < 0x10000; ++i)
    for (int j = 0; j < 8; ++j) {
        uint8_t byte = 0;
        for (int k = 0; k < 8; ++k)
            byte |= bitmap[8 * (8 * i + j) + k] << (7 - k);
        f << byte;
    }
    f.close();
    std::cout << "Wrote charmap to " << path << std::endl;
}

void load(const char *path)
{
    std::ifstream f(path, std::ios::binary);
    for (int i = 0; i < 0x10000; ++i)
    for (int j = 0; j < 8; ++j) {
        uint8_t byte;
        f >> byte;
        for (int k = 0; k < 8; ++k)
            bitmap[8 * (8 * i + j) + k] = !!(byte & (1 << (7 - k)));
    }
    f.close();
    std::cout << "Read charmap from " << path << std::endl;
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { /* ... snip ... */ }

I expect 0x0C bytes to be preserved, but they are deleted. Thanks for any pointers!

A: Don't use formatting stream operators (f << ...; and f >> ...;) when dealing with binary files, even when they are opened in binary mode.  You don't want formatted input/output, you want the bytes written/read as-is.  Use the ofstream::write() and ifstream::read() methods instead, eg:
//f << byte;
f.write(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&byte), sizeof(byte));

//f >> byte;
f.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&byte), sizeof(byte));


It's June. Wedding season. Only a few days left to dig out that embossed invitation, navigate your buddy's online bridal registry, and take a Sharpie to the scuffs on your party shoes.
During the reception, the deejay will spin "Single Ladies," and you'll want to hit the dance floor and show off your mad self-spanking skills. But the groom's gabby Aunt Joan and sozzled Uncle Ted will stop you to tell The Story. The treasured "How He (or She) Proposed" anecdote. It's told and retold at these events, laying the foundation for the couple's mutual mythology, the oral history of their romance.
Our culture loves a good "Will you marry me?" narrative. It's the dragon-slaying folktale of our modern world. How'd he do it? How'd he fell the beast? Did he use wit, or brawn? Did he bury the ring in bean dip or convince the philharmonic to bust out Dramarama's "Anything, Anything," falling to one knee and wailing, "Marry me, marry me, marry me …"?
Outrageous proposals abound in recent news. A San Diego tattoo artist inked "Rachel, will you marry me?" onto his own leg. (I'd marry him for his perfect punctuation, but that's my freak-ness weakness.) A New Jersey valedictorian popped the question by calling her beau and fellow grad to the stage after her speech. A New York fella edited himself into Back to the Future, rented a movie theater, and took his girlfriend to see the flick — in which he shows up on screen, looks into the camera, and asks her to be his wife. They all said yes. Aww.
Don't get me wrong; I applaud creativity. I know a guy who took his true love to dinner, disappeared into the men's room, and re-emerged in a velvet Prince Charming costume with tights and beret. They lived happily ever after.
But here's my biggest beef with Grandiose Proposals: Are they indicative of the kind of marriage that will follow?
After the cake has been ordered, the garter tossed, and the gifts exchanged for cash to pay for all the crap they bought on their honeymoon, these newlyweds have to live together. Like forever. Will their union be as inspired as the proposal that sparked it?
I heard about a guy who wrote "Will you marry me?" on a tortilla chip (See? A Sharpie's uses are untold.) and had a waiter hide it in the chip basket at his gal's favorite taqueria. The stunt showed foresight, imagination, whimsy — but will those qualities make him an ideal spouse? Will she ever again feel so special, so all-important, so worth his trouble? Hard to say. But I did enjoy typing all those commas.
Extravagant? Romantic? Promising? No. But I'd have given anything to hear Aunt Joan recount that pretty parable as the cake was cut.


Easily accessible and well designed facility in the city of San Marcos with direct access to the city maintained trail system. New construction priced well below replacement cost.
Commercial equestrian center with two residences offers cash flow with upside potential. 3% return, as leased at 60% occupancy. Occupancy low due to bank failure. Stabilized return of 7.25% projected at 95% occupancy, with additional upside potential. Major use permit for up to 139 horses, set up for 110 horses with huge covered arena and feed store. New construction. Priced below cost. Includes APN 182-073-02-00, 182-073-05-00, 182- 270-21-00 fee simple and portion of 182-073-03-00, leased for total of 19 acres. Property improvements include tack and feed store, large covered arena, 24 stall main barn, 86 covered breezeway pipe corrals, regulation sized dressage arena, 3 additional arenas, large turnout, large round pen, trailer parking and room to expand.


January 12, 2012 - On January 9, 2012 the Legislature gave final approval to a bill amending the Water Quality Planning Act that will avoid the automatic withdrawal of sewer service areas. The legislation also includes other reforms to the water quality management planning process. The bill now awaits Governor Christie's signature.
Under rules adopted by DEP during the Corzine administration, counties (or in some cases municipalities) are required to adopt new or updated wastewater management plans. As an "incentive" to compel the counties to act, the rules required DEP to withdraw wastewater service area designations in counties that did not submit new or updated plans to DEP by April 7, 2009. This deadline was subsequently extended until April 7, 2010. Where these deadlines were not met, the rules provide that sewer service area designations would be withdrawn in areas where sewers are not already in the ground, except in limited situations such as infill development where sewer lines in place, projects for which sewer permits have been issued, or for site specific amendments less than six years old.
While DEP has delayed withdrawing sewer service areas, enforcement of the rule would have catastrophic consequences by precluding much new development, including development in many areas long planned for growth and that meet all environmental criteria. The legislation that awaits the Governor's signature precludes withdrawal of sewer service area designations for at least 180 days while counties prepare new or updated wastewater management plans. The DEP Commissioner may further extend this grace period up to a total of at least two years. Moreover, counties need not submit complete wastewater management plans in order to avoid the withdrawal of wastewater service areas, so long as they submit the portion of a wastewater management plan designating a sewer service area. Once the new or updated plan is submitted to DEP, any previous sewer service area designation remains in effect until the new plan is adopted.
The legislation has other significant provisions as well.
Since 2009 DEP has refused to consider new applications for site specific plan amendments that would allow a particular project to be added to a sewer service area. Now, as soon as the county submits a partial wastewater management plan, DEP must review of applications for site specific amendments, and must act within a designated time frame.
The legislation establishes an expedited process for site specific amendments for septic disposal areas, which have to meet NJDES standards (6 ppm nitrate/nitrogen) as opposed to 2 ppm under the current DEP regulations.
Existing law is clarified to make clear that land may be included in a sewer service area notwithstanding that there may not be guaranteed capacity to treat the wastewater without infrastructure improvements or permit modifications.
Finally, it is important to note that the new statute does not modify any provision of the Pinelands Comprehensive Management Plan, nor does it apply to sewer service areas in the Highlands Preservation Area withdrawn pursuant to the Highlands Water Protection and Planning Act.


Lions signed GM Bob Quinn to an extension through 2022.
DC, assistant coaches, any ideas?
Where Do We Get Our D-Line Help From?
Playoff Rosters An Indictment of Our Coaching Staff?
Should Jamal Agnew Become A Slot WR?


text:
Ace of Cups Announces Two Special Shows
Article Contributed by Rachel Anne | Published on Friday, February 15, 2019
Ace of Cup has announced two special upcoming shows, including their debut New York performance on February 26th. Details on these two shows below.
Feb 26th - 7PM
An Evening of Songs and Stories with the Ace of Cups & Guests. Special guests joining the conversation with the Ace include Lenny Kaye, David Fricke, Gary Lambert, Jesse Jarnow, Raffaela Kenny-Cincotta, Rhoney Stanley and more TBA. Evening also includes a full set of live music from the Ace of Cups. Their debut performance in NY.
March 1st - 6:30PM
Friday Night Jam - Ace of Cups, Rabbi Daniel Brenner & Relix. This is a very unique and intimate event. Limited tickets available. — with Diane Vitalich, Patrick Whalen, Denise Kaufman, Gary Lambert, Mary Simpson Mercy, Mary Alfiler, Lucas Van Lenten, Rebecca Rosen Shapiro and George Wallace.
Grateful Web Sponsors
Fri, 02/15/2019 - 2:34 pm
Mickey Hart & American Musuem of Natural History Collaboration
Mon, 03/19/2018 - 11:40 am
Be A Part Of The Grateful Web
Grateful Web
May 17 at 4:52pm
Progressive jam giants Umphrey's McGee's return to Las Vegas for the seventh installment of the massively popular UMBowl production was marked once again by a stand-out tour closing dual evening extravaganza where all stops were pulled out and the power given directly to the fans, for better or for worse.
On June 24, Round Records & ATO Records will release GarciaLive Volume Six: July 5, 1973 – Jerry Garcia & Merl Saunders, the latest installment of the celebrated GarciaLive archival series. The three-CD set was recorded at the 200 capacity Lion's Share club formerly located in the small town of San Anselmo, CA, just 20 miles north of San Francisco. The performance features Jerry Garcia performing with friend, mentor and legendary keyboardist/vocalist Merl Saunders. The duo is joined by drummer Bill Vitt and bassist John Kahn, who soon became a lifelong Garcia collaborator.
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I had a marvelous Easter Sunday yesterday, and I owe most of that to The Walking Dead and hanging out with Jaren. I swear good friends are hard to find and great friends are few and far between, but I'm glad I found a great friend in Chicago. I'm happy we got to spend some time together, since our schedules have been ridiculously hectic this year. But you make time for the people you care about, which is why we were downtown on a cloudy afternoon on State Street.
We decided to meet up at Latinicity, a new restaurant in the Block 37 mall, for brunch to celebrate Jaren's 29th birthday. If you haven't been, I highly recommend that you go. It was $25 for two alcoholic beverages and all you can eat Latin inspired food. And everything is made to order, so there's no food sitting out that's been breathed over by a bunch of nasty individuals.
After the food and mimosas, we took a bunch of photos. Jaren is a photographer, so it was fun getting her behind the lens for once. She kept saying, "I'm never the model." And I was like, "Just act natural, girl." I wish it hadn't have started raining, or we'd been out longer. But, the photos we took were pretty interesting and captured the mood just right. Two friends enjoying each others company, while taking advantage of the perfect lighting.
Glad you using your camera. Looks good.


text:
La corrosión intergranular, también conocida como ataque intergranular (IGC y IGA por sus siglas en inglés), es una forma de corrosión que se presenta en algunas aleaciones, y que está caracterizada por la disolución del metal en las zonas próximas al borde de grano.

Se suele producir en aleaciones que forman capa pasiva, como son los aceros inoxidables, y que consiste en la formación de carburos de cromo en los bordes de grano, provocando un empobrecimiento en cromo en la zona aledaña, no quedando suficiente cromo para formar la capa pasiva de óxido de cromo que le protege del ambiente. Este fenómeno es característico de los aceros inoxidables, sin embargo se puede presentar en otras aleaciones que forman capas pasivas, como aleaciones base aluminio o níquel.

Mecanismo

En aceros inoxidables, es necesario una cantidad mínima de aproximadamente el 12% de cromo para crear la capa protectora de óxido de cromo (Cr2O3), que es la que aporta la resistencia a la corrosión a los aceros inoxidables. El mecanismo que se presenta para la corrosión intergranular es la formación de carburos de cromo normalmente el (Cr23C6) , debido a que la afinidad del cromo por el carbono es termodinámicamente muy alta. Cuando se eleva la temperatura, el carbono tiene buena difusividad a través del acero hacia el borde del grano, y en el borde de grano se produce la nucleación de los precipitados de Cr23C6 muy ricos en cromo, provocando que quede una zona próxima a los carburos empobrecida en cromo (inferior al 12% de cromo), lo que provoca que estas zonas no se pueda formar la capa protectora. Para que se formen los carburos de cromo en los bordes de grano, se tiene que producir la difusión del carbono hasta los límites de grano,  normalmente este proceso está asociado a un aumento y mantenimiento de la temperatura de entre 450 a 850 °C, al cual se le denomina sensibilización a la corrosión intergranular, y normalmente es producto de un mal tratamiento térmico o una soldadura. El acero queda sensibilizado a la "corrosión intergranular".

Al crearse los carburos de cromo y las zonas empobrecidas en este último elemento, se crean pequeñas celdas galvánicas debido a la diferencia de potencial entre los bordes y el resto del grano del metal, lo cual provoca una corrosión galvánica localizada en los bordes del grano.

Las aleaciones de aluminio pueden ser sensibles la corrosión intergranular si dentro de los granos de la aleación hay partículas de materiales que actúen como ánodos, la corrosión intergranular también afectar a las aleaciones con un alto contenido de cobre.

Efecto de la sensibilización
La sensibilización de los metales se produce por una alteración de la microestructura de la aleación, que provoca la formación de precipitados en bordes de grano, y que modifican la composición de la aleación en estas zonas.

Ciertas aleaciones cuando se exponen a temperatura o un rango de temperaturas en particular se sensibilizan y se vuelven susceptibles a la corrosión intergranular. En una atmósfera corrosiva, las interfaces del grano de esa aleación sensibilizada se vuelve muy reactivas y se produce la corrosión intergranular, la cual se caracteriza por un ataque localizado adyacente a los límites de grano y poca o nula corrosión dentro del mismo.

Esta corrosión se considera generalmente que es causada por la segregación de impurezas en los bordes de grano o por el enriquecimiento o el agotamiento de uno de los elementos de aleación en las zonas aledañas al de borde de grano. De esta manera, en algunas aleaciones de aluminio, se ha demostrado que pequeñas cantidades de hierro se segregan en los límites de grano y causan corrosión intergranular, también se ha visto que en el contenido de zinc en los latones es mayor en los límites de granos que han sufrido corrosión. Las aleaciones de aluminio de alta resistencia tales como el duraluminio (aleación de Al-Cu), en las cuales el fortalecimiento de la aleación depende de las fases precipitadas, son susceptibles a la corrosión intergranular después de una sensibilización a temperaturas de 120 °C. Las aleaciones ricas en níquel como el Inconel 600 o el Incoloy 800 muestran una susceptibilidad similar a esta corrosión.

Las aleaciones de zinc fundidas que contienen aluminio exhiben corrosión intergranular cuando se someten a vapor en una atmósfera marina. Los aceros al Cr-Mn y Cr-Mn-Ni son susceptibles a la corrosión intergranular tras una sensibilización en un rango de temperatura de 400 - 850 °C. En el caso de los aceros inoxidables austeníticos, cuando se somete a estos aceros en una rango de temperatura de 500 - 800 °C, ocurre el empobrecimiento de cromo en la región adyacente a los límites de granos (al formarse los carburos de cromo), lo cual provoca la susceptibilidad a la corrosión intergranular. Este proceso se ha visto en calderas, generadores de vapor o en estructuras soldadas con estos aceros.

Métodos de prevención

Para evitar este tipo de corrosión se debe evitar calentar el acero entre el rango de la temperatura de sensibilización (450 - 850 °C), o en el caso de calentar, ya sea por un calentamiento térmico o una soldadura hacerlo con el cuidado debido, se debe calentar el acero a una temperatura mayor a 1100 °C, la cual permite disolver los carburos dentro del grano del material y luego se enfría rápidamente para evitar de nuevo su formación.

Otra forma de prevenir este fenómeno es utilizar aceros con bajo contenido de carbono, inferior a 0,02%, ya que se ha estimado que con contenidos inferiores a este valor no se produce la formación de los carburos de cromo y por tanto la corrosión intergranular no se producirá.

En el caso de soldadura, para evitar este fenómeno corrosivo se debe soldar partes delgadas para que así al terminar la soldadura la pieza libere el calor tan rápidamente que no de tiempo a la formación de los carburos.

Acero estabilizado

Para evitar la corrosión intergranular se pueden usar aceros estabilizados, los cuales están aleados con elementos como el titanio (AISI 321), niobio y tantalio (AISI 347), los cuales tienen más afinidad por el carbono que el cromo, por lo que serán estos elementos y no el cromo los que formarán los carburos, evitando las zonas pobres de cromo y con ello su perdida en la resistencia contra la corrosión.

Otro efecto relacionado con la corrosión intergranular es el ataque "Knifeline", este fenómeno se ve dentro de los aceros estabilizados con niobio como el acero inoxidable 347. El titanio y el niobio, así como sus carburos se disuelven el en acero a temperaturas muy altas, en algunos ciclos de enfriamiento, el carburo de niobio no precipita, y el acero se comporta como uno no estabilizado por lo que se forman los carburos de cromo. Sin embargo esto solo suele pasar en los ciclos de enfriamiento en soldaduras y sólo afecta a una zona delgada de algunos milímetros de ancho en la vecindad misma de la soldadura, las estructuras hechas de aceros que puedan ser atacados mediante este fenómeno deben ser calentados por encima de 1066 °C para disolver el carburo de cromo y formar el carburo de niobio. La velocidad de enfriamiento no es importante en este último tratamiento, debido a que el carbono que podría unirse con el cromo ya está ligado con el niobio.

Referencias

 Engineering materials and processes, Corrosion and Protection , E. Bardal

Corrosión

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Em matemática, o epigrafo de uma função f : Rn→R é o conjunto de pontos que estão no ou acima de um gráfico:

Propriedades
Uma função é convexa se e somente se seu epigrafo é um conjunto convexo. O epigrafo de uma função afim real g : Rn→R é um semi-espaço em Rn+1.

Referências
 Rockafellar, Ralph Tyrell (1996), Convex Analysis, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. ISBN 0-691-01586-4.

Análise matemática


text:
Uluru/Ayers Rock est un inselberg en grès situé dans le Territoire du Nord, au centre de l'île principale de l'Australie. Il s'élève à  au-dessus de la plaine et est situé à  au sud-ouest d'Alice Springs. Découvert et gravi pour la première fois par William Gosse et Edwin S. Berry en 1873, il a été nommé en l'honneur d'Henry Ayers, Premier ministre et secrétaire en chef de l'Australie-Méridionale entre 1863 et 1877.

Il est sacré pour le peuple aborigène de la région, les Pitjantjatjaras, qui font partie des Anangus. Le site abrite des points d'eau, des grottes et des peintures rupestres. Il est classé sur la liste du patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO au travers du parc national d'Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa dont il est, avec les Kata Tjuṯa/monts Olga, l'une des formations emblématiques.

Ses singularités géologiques et hydrologiques, associées aux remarquables teintes qu'il peut prendre, en particulier au coucher du soleil, en ont fait un des emblèmes de l'Australie. Il est devenu une attraction touristique à partir de la fin des .

Toponymie
Les autochtones Pitjantjatjaras appellent le rocher Uluṟu (API : ). Le caractère  (r souligné) dans Uluṟu représente une consonne spirante rétroflexe voisée utilisée par certains dialectes de l'anglais américain. Ce mot n'a pas de signification particulière, si ce n'est qu'il est porté comme un nom de famille local chez les anciens. Cependant, on le retrouve pour traduire les mots « protection » et « long sommeil » ou « périple » utilisé aussi pour définir la « liberté », dans la plupart des langues anangus.

Le , William Gosse nomme le site  (API : ) en hommage à Henry Ayers, Premier ministre d'Australie-Méridionale au . Le nom aborigène est rapporté par l'expédition de Burke et Wills en 1903. Depuis lors, les deux noms sont indistinctement utilisés, bien qu' restait surtout employé par les Blancs.

En 1993, une politique de double dénomination est officiellement adoptée, consistant à accoler au nom anglais le nom traditionnel aborigène. Ainsi, le , il est renommé «  / Uluṟu » et devient le premier nom double du Territoire du Nord. Le , l'ordre est inversé en « Uluṟu /  » sur la demande de l'association du tourisme régional d'Alice Springs.

Géographie

Situation et description

Uluru/Ayers Rock se situe au sud-ouest du Territoire du Nord, au cœur de l' australien, au sein du parc national d'Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa, près de la petite ville, assimilable à un complexe touristique, de Yulara et à  à vol d'oiseau au sud-ouest d'Alice Springs ( par la route). Il a une hauteur de  par rapport au sol et une altitude de  par rapport au niveau de la mer, bien qu'il s'enfonce profondément sous terre. Il a un périmètre de  et une longueur de . La formation rocheuse des Kata Tjuṯa/monts Olga est située à  d'Uluru/Ayers Rock.

Un aérodrome (aéroport Connellan, code AITA : AYQ, code OACI : YAYE) dessert le site. Des routes d'accès et des parkings ont également été construits pour fournir des points de vue aux touristes.

Uluru/Ayers Rock est un des symboles de l'Australie. Il a une grande importance culturelle pour les Pitjantjatjaras. Une de ses caractéristiques est de changer de couleur en apparence en fonction de la lumière qui l'éclaire au long du jour et de l'année. Ces effets de couleur particuliers sont dus à la présence abondante dans la roche de grains de feldspaths qui réfléchissent de façon remarquable la lumière rouge des oxydes de fer. Les couchers de soleil sont particulièrement spectaculaires lorsqu'ils teintent brièvement en rouge le massif. Bien que les pluies soient rares dans cette région aride, Uluru/Ayers Rock devient gris argenté durant les périodes humides en raison du développement d'algues noires microscopiques à la surface des goulottes d'érosion empruntées par les écoulements d'eau.

Hydrographie

Les Pitjantjatjaras considèrent que toutes les sources aquifères du parc sont l'œuvre du temps du rêve. La connaissance de leur localisation et de leur pérennité a de tout temps été une composante essentielle de la capacité des Aborigènes à survivre en se déplaçant à travers ces terres.

La source de Mutitjulu, à la base d'Uluru/Ayers Rock, est considérée comme la seule source permanente du parc. Elle est alimentée par un des deux systèmes hydrographiques souterrains du parc. Après les pluies, qui surviennent de manière irrégulière, l'eau peut rester présente plus ou moins longtemps dans les mares, au niveau de la partie supérieure du rocher, et les chenaux d'écoulement qui forment des ravines. Le milieu naturel a une capacité de régénération très rapide après chaque pluie importante. Ensuite, l'eau s'infiltre dans le sous-sol et recharge les nappes souterraines.

Géologie

Géomorphologie

On décrit souvent Uluru/Ayers Rock comme un monolithe mais il est en fait la partie émergée d'une formation rocheuse du sous-sol dégagée par l'érosion. Du point de vue géomorphologique, il s'agit d'un inselberg, une « montagne-île ». Il s'agit du deuxième plus grand au monde, après le mont Augustus, également en Australie.

Une caractéristique d'Uluru/Ayers Rock est son homogénéité pétrographique et une quasi-absence de diaclases en surface, ce qui a pour conséquence une quasi-absence d'éboulis sur les pentes et à la base du relief. Ces particularités ont permis sa pérennité, alors que les roches environnantes étaient aplanies. L'étude des relations entre le relief en inselbergs  et les dépôts lacustres d'âge Paléocène de la plaine, lors de climats plus humides, montre que ces reliefs relictuels ont pratiquement conservé les mêmes contours et le même aspect depuis  d'années et que la surface d'aplanissement qu'ils dominent est sans doute plus ancienne.

Orogenèse

L'arkose (grès feldspathique) de Mutitjulu aurait approximativement le même âge que le conglomérat des Kata Tjuṯa/monts Olga et aurait une origine similaire malgré un type de roche différent. En revanche, elle est plus récente et sans rapport avec la formation rocheuse tabulaire nommée mont Conner, à  à l'est. La strate qui compose Uluru/Ayers Rock est pratiquement verticale, avec un pendage de  vers le sud-ouest et une épaisseur apparente d'au moins . Elle s'enfonce profondément sous la plaine environnante mais son étendue est inconnue. La roche qui la compose était à l'origine du sable d'un vaste cône de déjection qui débouchait en contrebas des chaînes de Mann et Petermann, les « ancêtres » des monts Musgrave, en direction du nord et de l'est. Il était proche d'un autre cône de déjection constitué de sable, de galets et de pierres qui constitue désormais les Kata Tjuta/monts Olga. Ceci explique la similarité minéralogique entre l'arkose de Mutitjulu et les montagnes granitiques érodées au Sud. Elles constituaient autrefois un massif plus large, soulevé au cours de l'orogenèse de Petermann qui s'est déroulée de la fin du Néoprotérozoïque au début du Cambrien (), époque durant laquelle se serait formée l'arkose de Mutitjulu. La composition granulométrique du grès montre une érosion rapide des granites. Les couches de sable étaient relativement horizontales lorsqu'elles se sont déposées au niveau du cône de déjection puis ont été basculées quasiment à la verticale durant une phase tectonique postérieure, probablement l'orogenèse d'Alice Springs pendant le Paléozoïque (). . Seul Uluru/Ayers Rock émerge aujourd'hui.

Pétrologie

Pour décrire l'histoire géologique de la zone, les géologues appellent la strate qui constitue Uluru/Ayers Rock Mutitjulu Arkose, une des nombreuses formations sédimentaires composant le bassin du lac Amédée. Uluru/Ayers Rock est en effet principalement composé d'arkose grossière, un type de grès caractérisé par son abondance en feldspath, et de quelques conglomérats. La composition moyenne consiste en 50 % de feldspaths, 25 à 35 % de quartz et jusqu'à 25 % de fragments rocheux. La plupart des feldspaths sont des orthoses avec quelques plagioclases comme grains angulaires et inclusions altérées. Les grains font généralement de  de diamètre. Les grès les plus fins sont bien triés, avec une répartition diminuant en fonction de la taille des grains. Les fragments de roche incluent des basaltes, remplacés à divers degrés par de la chlorite et de l'épidote. Les minéraux présents suggèrent une migration depuis une source granitique prédominante, similaire au  au sud. La roche saine a une couleur grise mais exposée aux agents météoriques, la dégradation des minéraux ferreux par oxydation confère aux couches externes de la roche une teinte rouille, rouge-brun. La sédimentation a induit des stratifications croisées et des formations rocheuses ondulées s'expliquant par des dépôts dans des cours d'eau peu profonds et avec un fort courant, typiques des cônes de déjection.

Climat et saisons

Le parc reçoit en moyenne  de précipitations par an et les températures moyennes vont de  pour les maximales en été à  pour les minimales en hiver. Les records enregistrés dans le parc sont de  en été et de  une nuit d'hiver. Le rayonnement ultraviolet est généralement très fort sur tout le parc.

Les Pitjantjatjaras divisent l'année en cinq saisons :
 Piriyakutu (août/septembre/octobre), période de reproduction des animaux et de floraison des plantes ;
 Mai Wiyaringkupai (octobre/novembre/décembre), saison chaude où la nourriture devient rare ;
 Itjanu (janvier/février/mars), des orages sporadiques peuvent éclater subitement ;
 Wanitjunkupai (avril/mai), les températures sont plus basses ;
 Wari (juin/juillet), saison froide avec gelées matinales.

Faune et flore

Quarante-six espèces de mammifères indigènes vivaient dans la région d'Uluru/Ayers Rock il y a quelques dizaines d'années. Les derniers contrôles indiquent qu'il en reste vingt-et-une. Des essais de réintroduction sont en cours pour des espèces disparues localement comme le phalanger renard, le lièvre-wallaby de l'ouest, le bilby, le bettongie de Lesueur et le wallaby des rochers. Cette zone abrite aussi la taupe marsupiale. Les espèces de chauves-souris de la région sont au nombre de sept qui s'abritent le jour dans les grottes et les fissures d'Uluru/Ayers Rock et des Kata Tjuṯa/monts Olga. La plupart des chauves-souris se nourrissent de proies attrapées en vol dans un rayon de  autour du rocher. Une espèce de dasycercus, le seul mammifère de la région considéré comme espèce en danger a un domaine très réduit, une étroite bande de terre qui va du voisinage d'Uluru/Ayers Rock à la limite nord du parc.

Le parc abrite une grande quantité de reptiles ; soixante-treize espèces y sont identifiées. Le python de Ramsay et le grand scinque du désert sont considérés comme vulnérables.

Quatre espèces de grenouilles se trouvent en abondance dans la région après les pluies de l'été.

L'avifaune est modérément riche mais typique des milieux arides.  d'oiseaux ont été recensées, dont plusieurs rares : la perruche splendide (Neophema splendida), l'amytis strié (Amytornis striatus) ou encore le méliphage de White (Conopophila whitei). Elles sont dépendantes de la présence d'eau et beaucoup ont un comportement migratoire. Leur habitat se partage entre les escarpements rocheux, les arbres et les buissons, les mares et les chenaux, ainsi que les sols herbeux et sablonneux. Le léipoa ocellé, disparu localement, est en cours de réintroduction.

Les Pitjantjatjaras, aborigènes du parc, continuent de chasser à la limite ou à l'extérieur du parc. La chasse est limitée au kangourou roux, à l'outarde d'Australie, à l'émeu, au varan de Gould et au varan Perenti.

Sur les vingt-sept espèces de mammifères trouvées dans le parc, six ont été importées par les Européens : la souris, le dromadaire, le renard, le chat, le chien et le lapin. Ces espèces se rencontrent dans tout le parc mais leur densité est plus forte à proximité des points d'eau.

La flore du parc national d'Uluru-Kata Tjuta est constituée de la plupart des espèces du Centre de l'Australie. Nombre d'entre elles sont rares voire endémiques du parc ou de son voisinage. Elles peuvent être classées selon les trois strates de la végétation. Parmi les arbres (punu) figurent Acacia aneura (le mulga commun en Australie), Allocasuarina decaisneana, , Corymbia terminalis, Eucalyptus camaldulensis et Eucalyptus gamophylla ; les espèces buissonantes (puti) sont représentées par Grevillea eriostachya, Acacia kempeana et Eremophila latrobei ; enfin, les herbacées sont distinguées en fleurs (ejulpun-tjulpunpa) et en herbes (ukiri) selon la classification aborigène et sont composées notamment de Ptilotus obovatus, , Thryptomene maisonneuvei et Crotalaria cunninghamii, , , , Paractaenum refractum et Panicum decompositum.

La croissance et la reproduction de la végétation du parc sont dépendantes des pluies, très irrégulières. Quelques plantes sont capables de résister au feu (espèces pyrophiles) et quelques-unes d'entre elles en sont dépendantes pour se reproduire. Les plantes jouent un rôle important dans les légendes aborigènes (Tjukurpa) et beaucoup d'entre elles sont associées à des ancêtres.

Les arbres comme le mulga et Corymbia terminalis, l'« arbre à sang », sont utilisés pour faire des outils comme des lances, des boomerangs et des cuvettes. La sève rouge de Corymbia terminalis est localement utilisée comme désinfectant et comme collutoire pour traiter les rhumes et infections respiratoires. D'autres plantes sont utilisées pour leur nectar, comme équivalent du tabac, comme matériau de construction ou pour leurs propriétés adhésives, comme combustible ou carburant ou encore, en tant qu'ornement.

Il y a plusieurs espèces de plantes menacées dans le parc. La plupart d'entre elles, comme celles du genre Ophioglossum, ne poussent que dans les zones humides à la base des rochers, celles qui sont piétinées par les visiteurs.

Depuis l'arrivée des Européens,  exotiques ont été introduites dans le parc, ce qui représente 6,4 % de la totalité de la flore du parc. Certaines, comme Cenchrus ciliaris, ont été introduites pour réhabiliter des espaces abimés par l'érosion. C'est l'espèce la plus envahissante du parc qui a tendance à coloniser toutes les zones un peu humides. D'autres espèces ont été importées accidentellement par les véhicules ou les visiteurs.

Histoire

Des découvertes archéologiques à l'est et à l'ouest d'Uluru/Ayers Rock indiquent la présence de campements humains dans la région il y a plus de . Les Européens arrivent dans le désert occidental australien dans les . Les Kata Tjuṯa/monts Olga et Uluru/Ayers Rock sont cartographiés pour la première fois à l'occasion des expéditions menées dans le cadre de la construction de la ligne télégraphique transaustralienne. En 1872, l'explorateur Ernest Giles découvre, depuis un point proche de , un massif de dômes d'arkoses en inselbergs qu'il nomme monts Olga. Il ne peut se rendre sur place, barré par le lac Amédée. L'année suivante, l'explorateur William Christie Gosse  découvre un autre inselberg, établit sa position exacte et lui donne le nom d'. Le 20 juillet, en compagnie d'Edwin S. Berry, il parvient au sommet.

Des expéditions postérieures sont organisées dans le but d'évaluer les possibilités d'activités pastorales dans la région. À la fin du , des éleveurs tentent de s'établir en bordure de la  ; les interactions entre les Pitjantjatjaras et les Blancs se multiplient et deviennent plus violentes. À cause des pâtures et de la sécheresse, les réserves en nourriture du bush s'épuisent. La compétition pour s'approprier les ressources génère des conflits entre les deux populations et entraîne l'intensification des patrouilles de police. Plus tard, au cours de la dépression des , des Aṉangu seront impliqués dans la chasse aux dingos avec les doggers qui les initieront à la nourriture et aux modes de vie occidentaux.

Entre 1918 et 1921, de vastes zones contiguës d'Australie-Méridionale, d'Australie-Occidentale et du Territoire du Nord sont classées en réserves aborigènes, constituant ainsi des sanctuaires pour les populations nomades qui n'avaient virtuellement aucun contact avec les colons. Ainsi, en 1920, une partie de l'actuel parc national d'Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa est officiellement déclarée réserve aborigène par le gouvernement australien par décret aborigène.

Les premiers touristes arrivent à Uluru/Ayers Rock en 1936. Les premières installations permanentes sont construites dans les  en accord avec la politique de développement aborigène et dans le but de promouvoir le tourisme. Les premières pistes routières sont tracées en 1948 et un service de tour en bus est mis en place au début des . En 1958, la zone correspondant à l'actuel parc national est retirée de la réserve Petermann, placée sous la direction du  et nommée parc national d'. Le premier ranger du parc est Bill Harney, une personnalité reconnue dans le centre de l'Australie. En 1959, le premier bail pour l'établissement d'un motel est accordé et Eddie Connellan construit une piste d'atterrissage au nord d'Uluru/Ayers Rock.

Le , un hélicoptère trois places , piloté par Philip Latz s'écrase sur la montagne, à un kilomètre et demi à l'est du cairn. L'épave est dégagée le  par un hélicoptère Sikorsky S-58.

Le , le gouvernement australien rétrocède la propriété d'Uluru/Ayers Rock au peuple aborigène Pitjantjatjara, avec une condition stipulant que ces derniers accordent un bail d'exploitation de  à la  et qu'ils gèrent la montagne de façon coordonnée. La communauté des Mutitjulu, estimée à , est installée près du versant occidental d'Uluru/Ayers Rock. Dix-sept kilomètres séparent ce versant, par la route, de la ville touristique de Yulara, peuplée de  et située juste en dehors du parc national.

Le , le site d'Uluru/Ayers Rock est le lieu de réunion d'une convention référendaire des Aborigènes et des insulaires du détroit de Torrès, où est adoptée la déclaration d'Uluru (, « venue du Cœur de la nation »), qui appelle à la reconnaissance d'une « voix des Premières nations » dans la Constitution australienne et à une « commission Makarrata » de rassemblement après la lutte pour superviser un processus de « conclusion d'accords » et d'« expression de la vérité » entre le gouvernement et les peuples autochtones.

Activités

Tourisme

Équipements

Le développement des infrastructures touristiques au pied d'Uluru/Ayers Rock qui a commencé dans les  a rapidement causé des dommages environnementaux. Pour cette raison, il a été décidé au début des  de déplacer toutes les installations en dehors du parc. En 1975, un terrain de  au-delà de sa limite septentrionale, à  du rocher, a été attribué pour héberger et permettre le développement des structures d'accueil et la construction d'un aérodrome. Ce lieu, définitivement ouvert en 1984, s'appelle Yulara. Le terrain de camping à l'intérieur du parc a été fermé à son tour en 1983, suivi par les motels à la fin de l'année 1984. En 1992, la majorité des propriétés de Yulara, tenue par le gouvernement du Territoire du Nord, est vendue et la station est renommée .

Un centre culturel permet la découverte des traditions, des légendes, des langues et de l'histoire des aborigènes. Il est construit en matériaux locaux (principalement des briques de boue) et son architecture particulière, récompensée en 1996, a été inspirée par les deux serpents traditionnels Kuniya et Liru. Des rangers font découvrir le parc. Plusieurs circuits d'un à dix kilomètres ( à  de marche) permettent de découvrir Uluru/Ayers Rock, ses particularités géologiques, ses points d'eau, ses richesses faunistiques et ses peintures.

Ascension

Jusqu'à son interdiction en 2019, l'ascension d'Uluru/Ayers Rock est une attraction populaire. Elle suit alors un parcours de . La montée est longue (plus d'une heure de grimpe) et pas facile car la pente varie de  à certains endroits, les conditions climatiques peuvent être difficiles et la roche glissante. La main courante, une chaîne ajoutée en 1964 et rallongée en 1976, indispensable par endroits, permet une ascension plus aisée. Mais les accidents, parfois mortels ( connus au total), sont nombreux. Les vents peuvent être violents et la température atteindre  l'été. Au sommet du rocher, extrêmement venteux, se trouve un repère géodésique et d'orientation qui permet d'identifier les montagnes environnantes jusqu'à  de distance.

Le rocher étant sacré pour les Pitjantjatjaras, eux-mêmes ne l'escaladent pas. Même avant son interdiction, l'ascension est vivement déconseillée aux personnes soucieuses de respecter les croyances des autochtones, d'autant que le chemin qui mène au sommet traverse une piste sacrée traditionnelle dite du « Temps du rêve ». La sévérité des lois ancestrales aborigènes peut conduire ces derniers à des comportements violents vis-à-vis de leur propre personne (automutilations, scarifications) en cas de profanations, voire d'accident (notamment en raison du vent). Afin d'éviter ces conséquences, il est alors conseillé aux visiteurs de profiter du rocher en en faisant le tour.

Le , le Premier ministre Bob Hawke avait promis, dans son plan en dix points concernant la rétrocession d'Uluru aux Pitjantjatjaras, l'interdiction de l'ascension. Cette condition n'a pendant longtemps pas été respectée. Pendant des années, le site internet officiel du parc d'Uluru/Ayers Rock signale de ne pas escalader le rocher en raison de son « importance spirituelle ». Un des panneaux placés en bas du rocher indique :  Mais de nombreux touristes estiment à cette époque que l'ascension du rocher est indissociable d'une visite de l'Australie.

En , le conseil du parc national d'Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa a voté unanimement pour une interdiction totale de l'ascension d'Uluru/Ayers Rock à partir du , soit la date du  du retour du mont sous le contrôle des Pitjantjatjaras. Dans les mois précédant la fermeture, les touristes affluent, et le parc enregistre une augmentation de fréquentation de 20 % sur la période de  à . Le , après la descente des derniers touristes, les gardes referment définitivement les portes d'accès au monolithe. Mais le parc lui-même peut toujours être visité.

Photographie

Le monolithe d'Uluru/Ayers Rock est un site sacré des Pitjantjatjaras, ils lui vouent un grand respect et, bien que leurs rites demeurent secrets, on sait que deux sites d'Uluru/Ayers Rock sont d'une haute importance religieuse : l'un pour les femmes âgées, l'autre pour les hommes les plus initiés, qui y convergent par centaines lors de rares cérémonies. Ces deux sites en particulier sont interdits à la photographie, afin que les Anangu n'aient pas connaissance des rituels du sexe opposé.

Protection environnementale

Le , le parc national est le premier placé sous la tutelle du  signé par les États du . Sa superficie couvre  et inclut le sous-sol sur  de profondeur. Le ,  sont ajoutés. C'est en 1993 que son nom actuel est adopté : parc national d'Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa. En , il passe sous la tutelle de l'.

Depuis que le parc a été classé parmi les sites naturels du Patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO en 1987, le nombre de visiteurs a augmenté jusqu'à dépasser  par an depuis l'an 2000. Bien que l'augmentation de la fréquentation touristique bénéficie avant tout à l'économie régionale et nationale, elle présente aussi un défi à relever pour la conservation de l'héritage culturel du site. Dans cette optique, il a été classé parallèlement site culturel par l' en 1994.

Culture

Mythes de la création du monde

Comme de nombreuses cultures, celle des aborigènes d'Australie, en attribuant à certains lieux des pouvoirs ou une symbolique particulière, a conçu une géographie sacrée. Selon leur tradition, les êtres du « Temps du rêve » ont façonné les formes du monde. Uluru/Ayers Rock est l'une d'entre elles. Le rocher est un des points du chemin parcouru par les ancêtres au temps du rêve, période de la formation du monde. Ce chemin était parcouru annuellement par diverses tribus afin de perpétuer la mémoire et de stimuler les esprits.

Selon le peuple autochtone Pitjantjatjara d'Uluru/Ayers Rock :

Il existe différentes interprétations données par les étrangers aux histoires ancestrales aborigènes concernant l'origine d'Uluru/Ayers Rock, de ses failles et de ses fissures. Il aurait été bâti au Temps du rêve (Tjukurpa). Son isolement dans la plaine et la violence des orages que sa masse attire en font un lieu de référence mythique. Une de ces interprétations avance que :

Une autre interprétation parle de serpents qui menèrent de nombreuses guerres autour d'Uluru/Ayers Rock, entaillant la roche, tandis qu'une autre encore raconte que deux tribus d'esprits ancestraux, invités à une fête mais distraits par la beauté de la Femme Tiliqua manquèrent à leurs engagements ; en réponse, les hôtes en colère invoquèrent le Mal dans une statue de boue qui vint à la vie sous la forme d'un dingo. Une grande bataille s'ensuivit, qui se conclut par la mort des chefs des deux tribus. La terre elle-même se souleva en affliction face à ce carnage, créant ainsi Uluru. Il est le lieu central des croyances des Anangu, pour qui le serpent arc-en-ciel Yurlungur dort dans l'un des bassins du sommet. Tout autour de ce rocher, de nombreux sites sont sacrés et porteurs de mémoire et de légendes.

Le département pour l'environnement formule les conseils et mises en garde de la sorte :

Il est parfois rapporté que ceux qui prennent des roches d'Uluru/Ayers Rock seront maudits et subiront des malheurs. Il existe de nombreux cas où des personnes ont renvoyé par colis postal à diverses agences les roches qu'elles avaient prélevées dans l'espoir de se débarrasser des malheurs qui les touchaient.

Utilisation du nom et références populaires
En 1987, , le groupe rock du futur ministre de l'Environnement australien Peter Garrett, connu pour son militantisme pour la cause aborigène, a fait le clip de leur chanson  au pied d'Uluru/Ayers Rock. Ce décor fut également utilisé dans le film Un cri dans la nuit de Fred Schepisi sorti en 1988.

L'astéroïde (9485) Uluru a été nommé d'après le monument.

Dans la littérature, un épisode de la bande-dessinée Sandy et Hoppy s'intitule  et le monstre de pierre sur la couverture du  de la série  se nomme Uluru. Dans le jeu vidéo, Uluru est le nom d'une vallée de .

En Australie, d'après l', toute utilisation commerciale de l'image d'Uluru/Ayers Rock nécessite un permis.

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Territoire du Nord
 Exploration de l'Australie par les Européens
 Aborigènes d'Australie
 Déclaration d'Uluru
 Géographie de l'Australie
 Mythologie aborigène
 Parc national d'Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa
 Serpent arc-en-ciel (Yurlungur)
 Tourisme en Australie

Bibliographie
  Caroline Arnold, , , ,  .
  Anne Kerle, , , ,  .
  Stanley Breeden, , Simon & Schuster, , 1994  .
  Barry Hill, , Allen & Unwin, St Leonards, NSW, 1994  .
  Charles P. Mountford, , , Adelaide, 1965  .
  Stanley Breeden, , , 1995  .

Liens externes

Notes et références

Sommet en Australie
Montagne dans le Territoire du Nord
Montagne sacrée
Inselberg
Monolithe naturel
Région d'Alice Springs
Religion en Australie


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text:
Adv Salim A Nakhjavani
HomeVmxenge Group of Advocates | Commercial Litigation | Adv Salim A Nakhjavani
salim@nakhjavani.net
www.vmxengegroup.co.za
Salim maintains a general practice and is increasingly instructed in complex corporate and commercial disputes, including commercial mediation and arbitration; as well as transnational disputes; matters of public and private international law; and international criminal law.
Salim was previously a United Nations prosecutor in the criminal proceedings against the senior Khmer Rouge leaders in Cambodia (2011–2015) and a member of the legal team that established the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (2002-2003), where he was responsible for the drafting of the first Code of Conduct for international prosecutors and helped to develop the suite of legal tools known today as the Case Matrix and ICC Legal Tools Database.
He was Whewell Scholar in International Law in the University of Cambridge, where he was awarded the LLM degree (first class) in 2002. He was awarded the LLB and BCL degrees (magna cum laude) from McGill University. He is fluent in English and French, and has experience with legal proceedings in common law, civil law and mixed legal systems.
Matters of Particular Significance
CDH Invest NV v Petrotank (Pty) Ltd
[2019] ZASCA 53 (SCA) — validity of directors' resolutions under section 74 of the Companies Act, 2008;
South African Human Rights Commission v Khumalo
2019 1 SA 289 (GJ)— social media posts amounting to hate speech — compatibility of section 10(1) of PEPUDA with section 16(2)(c) of the Constitution;
Rodrigues v National Director of Public Prosecutions
[2019] ZAGPJHC 159 — compatibility of stays of proceedings for apartheid crimes with South Africa's obligations under customary international law; and
Madima NO and Others v Ratshitanga and Others
multiple civil proceedings to trace, secure and recover the proceeds of complex theft and fraud from a charitable trust.