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These are the 15 worst cities for black Americans
24/7 Wall St. created an index based on racial disparities in socioeconomic measures in metro areas to identify the worst cities for black Americans.
These are the 15 worst cities for black Americans 24/7 Wall St. created an index based on racial disparities in socioeconomic measures in metro areas to identify the worst cities for black Americans. Check out this story on USATODAY.com: https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2018/11/16/racial-disparity-cities-worst-metro-areas-black-americans/38460961/
Samuel Stebbins and Evan Comen, 24/7 Wall Street Published 6:00 a.m. ET Nov. 16, 2018 | Updated 10:10 a.m. ET Feb. 27, 2019
These are some of the worst cities to live in for black Americans according to unemployment rate and median income. USA TODAY
The unemployment rate for black Americans fell below 6 percent for the first time in history earlier this year.(Photo: Darren Hauck / Getty Images)
The unemployment rate for black Americans fell below 6 percent for the first time in history earlier this year.
The historic dip in joblessness was a benchmark of progress in the continued pursuit of racial equality in the United States – and a reminder of the unique challenges black Americans face every day.
The black unemployment rate has hovered above the overall unemployment rate by several percentage points since the Bureau of Labor Statistics began tracking it over 40 years ago. Racial disparities in America do not stop with the labor market.
The median annual income among black households in the United States is just $36,651, about $24,000 shy of the median income among white households. Black Americans are also less likely to own a home, less likely to have a college education, and five times more likely to be incarcerated than white Americans.
50 worst cities to live in
In some U.S. cities, everyday comfort and happiness is much harder to attain than in others. Quality of life is subjective, and difficult to measure. Still, there is a wide range of quantifiable factors that can impact quality of life in a given area. Affordability, safety, job market strength, quality of education, infrastructure, average commute times, air quality, and the presence of cultural attractions are just a few examples of factors that can influence overall quality of life. 24/7 Wall Street created an index with measures in eight categories -- crime, economy, education, environment, health, housing, infrastructure, and leisure -- to identify the 50 worst cities to live in. Not confined to a single region, the worst cities span the country. TennesseePhotographer / iStock
50. Fort Smith, Arkansas: By a number of measures assessing economic opportunity, education, crime, and public health, Fort Smith is one of the worst cities to live in. Just 20.0% of adults in the city have a bachelor's degree, far less than the national college attainment rate of 31.3% and the smallest share of any major city in Arkansas. Scott Ward / Shutterstock.com
49. Salt Lake City:One factor detracting from quality of life in Salt Lake City is the area's high violent crime rate. Some 937 violent crimes were reported in 2016 per 100,000 city residents, more than twice the national violent crime rate of 386 incidents per 100,000 Americans and nearly four times the state rate of 243 per 100,000 Utah residents. Housing prices in Salt Lake City also have been rising fast in recent years and have outpaced the area's income growth, making housing unaffordable for many low-income residents. Thinkstock
48. Gainesville, Fla.: Gainesville is the home of the University of Florida, one of the top 50 national universities as ranked by U.S. News & World Report and the country's fifth largest university by undergraduate enrollment. While the presence of a large research university likely has added depth to the area's talent pool -- some 41.7% of Gainesville adults have a bachelor's degree compared to 31.3% of adults nationwide --quality of life in the city is poor overall. Sean Pavone / iStock
47. Atlanta: While Atlanta has experienced substantial economic and population growth in recent years, the city's high violent crime rate continues to hinder the area's quality of life. There were 1,084 violent crimes reported in 2016 per 100,000 Atlanta residents, nearly three times the national violent crime rate of 386 incidents per 100,000 Americans. Thinkstock
46. Tacoma, Wash.: While Tacoma has experienced substantial economic growth in recent years -- the number of employed workers in the city rose by 6.1% from 2014 to 2016, compared to a 3.5% growth nationwide -- the area still struggles with high unemployment and violent crime. Some 6.6% of the Tacoma workforce is currently unemployed, a far higher jobless rate than the 4.9% national rate. Scott Eklund, for USA TODAY
45. Albuquerque, N.M.:While cheap land and low taxes have spurred rapid development in much of the area surrounding Albuquerque, the city's population growth has been relatively limited in recent years. Albuquerque's population growth rate of just 1.2% from 2011 to 2016 is less than one-third the national population growth rate of 3.7% over that time. Thinkstock
44. Jackson, Miss.: By a number of metrics assessing economic opportunity, education, public safety, and infrastructure, Jackson is one of the worst cities to live in in the country. The typical Jackson household earns just $39,742 a year, far less than the national median household income of $57,617. Even adjusted for the area's low cost of living -- goods and services cost 13.9% less in Jackson and the surrounding Hinds County than they do nationwide -- incomes in Jackson are still far below the U.S. median. Jackson is also one of the more dangerous Southern cities. Thinkstock
43. Syracuse, N.Y.:Syracuse is one of two upstate New York cities to rank among the worst cities to live in nationwide. A third, Rochester, nearly made the list as well. A relatively poor city, the typical household in Syracuse earns $33,695 a year, only slightly more than half the median income of $62,909 statewide. Additionally, 32.1% of city residents live below the poverty line, well more than double the state poverty rate of 14.7%. Thinkstock
42. Miami, Fla.:Miami is one of the most expensive cities in the country. Goods and services in Miami-Dade County are about 15% more expensive than they are on average nationwide. Housing is particularly expensive. The typical home in Miami is worth $277,700 compared to the median home value of $205,000 nationwide. Despite this, the typical household in the Miami area earns $34,901 a year, well below the median income of $57,617 nationwide. Thinkstock
41. North Charleston, S.C.:More than one in every four North Charleston residents live in poverty, compared to 15.3% of South Carolinians and 14.0% of Americans. Poorer cities are often relatively dangerous, and North Charleston is no exception. There were 885 violent crimes in North Charleston for every 100,000 residents in 2016, compared to state's violent crime rate of 502 per 100,000 and the nationwide rate of 386 per 100,000. Thinkstock
40. South Bend, Ind.: South Bend is one of the most dangerous cities in the United States. There were 1,012 violent crimes in South Bend for every 100,000 residents in 2016, more than double both the state and national violent crime rates of 405 incidents and 386 incidents per 100,000 people, respectively. As is often the case in high crime areas, property values in South Bend are depressed. Matt Cashore, Matt Cashore-USA TODAY Sports
39. New Haven, Conn.: New Haven is one of two Connecticut cities to rank among the worst cities to live in nationwide. The city's 6.6% unemployment rate is higher than both the state jobless rate of 5.1% and the national rate of 4.9%. The weak job market likely only increases financial hardship for some city residents as it is not a particularly inexpensive place to live. Goods and services in New Haven County are about 16.5% more expensive than they are on average nationwide. John Moore, Getty Images
38. Tallahassee, Fla.: Tallahassee is one of six cities in the Sunshine State to rank among the least liveable in the country. As is the case with most other Florida cities on this list, Tallahassee has a relatively high poverty rate. More than one in every four city residents live below the poverty line compared to 14% of Americans nationwide. Additionally, both property and violent crimes are more than twice as common in Tallahassee than they are nationwide. Thinkstock
37. Kalamazoo, Mich.: Air quality in Kalamazoo is nearly the worst of any U.S. city. The city's air is considered hazardous for about 15% of days in a given year, a far larger share than the 6% average nationwide. The city is also among the most dangerous nationwide. There were 1,217 violent crimes in 2016 for every 100,000 residents, more than triple the U.S. violent crime rate of 386 per 100,000. Mark Bugnaski, AP
36. Knoxville, Tenn.:About one in every four Knoxville residents live in poverty, well above the 14% share of Americans and the second highest poverty rate of any large city in the state. Poorer areas often struggle with crime, and in Knoxville, both violent and property crimes are more than twice as common as they are nationwide. Thinkstock
35. Toledo, Ohio:Toledo, Ohio, is one of the most dangerous cities in the country. There were 1,192 violent crimes for every 100,000 Toledo residents in 2016, more than three times the statewide violent crime rate and nearly triple the U.S. violent crime rate. A high crime rate can depress home values, and real estate in Toledo ranks among the least expensive in the country. The typical home in the city is worth just $79,100 compared to the value of $205,000 of the typical American home. It is also lower than in all but 13 other U.S. cities. Thinkstock
34. Buffalo, N.Y.: Based on a number of socioeconomic indicators, Buffalo is the worst city to live in in New York state and one of the worst in the country. Buffalo is one of just a handful of cities nationwide where the typical household earns less than $33,000 a year. The low median income is due in part to the high jobless rate. Some 6.3% of Buffalo's labor force is out of a job, above both the state unemployment rate of 4.8% and the national rate of 4.9%. The jobs market has not improved meaningfully in the western New York city in recent years. Thinkstock
33. Canton, Ohio: Only 15 cities nationwide have a higher poverty rate than Canton, Ohio, where 31.5% of the population lives below the poverty line. The high poverty rate is likely due in part to the bleak jobs picture. The number of people working in the city fell by 1.3% from 2014 to 2016, and the annual unemployment rate stands at 6.4%. In comparison, employment climbed 3.5% nationwide over the same period and the annual U.S. unemployment rate stands at 4.9%. Thinkstock
32. Fresno, Calif.: Fresno is one of half a dozen cities in California to rank among the worst cities to live in nationwide. Like most California cities, Fresno is an expensive place to live. The typical area home is worth $227,500, or about five times the median income of $44,905 in the city. In comparison, the typical American home value of $205,000 is only about 3.6 times the national median income of $57,617. MARK CROSSE, AP
31. Tucson, Ariz.:Tucson is the second most populous city in Arizona and the only city in the state to rank among the worst U.S. cities to live in. The typical Tucson household earns $40,021 a year, only about three-quarters of the median annual household income in Arizona. Additionally, nearly one in every four city residents live in poverty, compared to 14.0% of Americans and 16.4% of people in Arizona. Thinkstock
30. Trenton, N.J.:In Trenton, one of the poorest cities in the country, more than one in four residents live in poverty, and the typical household earns just $31,592 a year. Low-income Trenton residents live with additional financial stress as goods and services in the county around the New Jersey state capital are about 18% more expensive than they are on average nationwide. Thinkstock
29. Dayton, Ohio:The median annual household income in Dayton, Ohio, of $28,894 is the sixth lowest among all large U.S. cities. Low-income areas often also have low property values, and Dayton is no exception. The typical home in the city is worth $66,900, also the sixth lowest median home value of any similarly sized city in the United States. Thinkstock
28. Springfield, Mass.:Springfield is the only city in Massachusetts, and one of only three in the broader New England region, to rank among the worst cities to live in. Springfield's 6.9% unemployment rate is the highest of any Massachusetts city and well above the 4.9% U.S. unemployment rate. The high jobless rate exacerbates financial hardship in the city. About one in every four Springfield residents live below the poverty line, the highest poverty rate of any city in the state. Thinkstock
27. Oakland: Oakland's median household income of $68,060 a year is the highest of any city on this list and higher even than the median income nationwide of $57,617. However, the city's high incomes are largely offset by a high cost of living, as goods and services are about 27% more expensive in Oakland than they are nationwide, on average. Housing is particularly expensive. trekandshoot / iStock
26. Merced, Calif.: Merced is one of several California cities on this list struggling with high unemployment. About one in every 10 workers in the city are out of a job, the sixth highest unemployment rate of any American city. The high jobless rate may contribute to the city's high poverty rate. More than one in every four Merced residents live in poverty, well above the 14.0% U.S. poverty rate. Kurt Hegre, for USA TODAY
25. Miami Beach, Fla.: Miami Beach -- one of three cities on this list in Miami-Dade County -- is one of the least affordable cities in the United States. The median home value is just under half a million dollars, about nine times the median household income in the city of $53,685. In comparison, the typical home nationwide is worth just 3.6 times the median household income. High crime rates often drive down property values, but not in Miami Beach. There were 1,023 violent crimes in the city for every 100,000 residents in 2016, nearly triple the national violent crime rate. Thinkstock
24. Stockton, Calif.: Stockton has one of the highest unemployment rates of any American city. Some 8.7% of the city's workforce is out of a job, far higher than the 4.9% U.S. annual unemployment rate. The high jobless rate contributes to the city's relatively low median income. The typical household in the city earns just $49,271 a year -- less than three-quarters of the median income of $67,739 across the state. Ben Margot, AP
23. Daytona Beach, Fla.: Daytona Beach is one of the poorest cities in the country, with a median annual household income of just $31,273. The city's low median income is likely due in part to a lack of jobs. Some 6.3% of the Daytona Beach workforce is out of a job, well above the 4.9% annual U.S. unemployment rate. JIM TILLER, AP
22. Charleston, W.Va.:Though the median household income in Charleston of $46,720 a year is considerably lower than the national median of $57,617, a dollar goes further in West Virginia's capital city. Goods and services are 17% less expensive in Charleston than they are on average nationwide. Thinkstock
21. Shreveport, La.:The violent crime rate in Louisiana of 566 incidents for every 100,000 residents is the fifth highest among states. In Shreveport, violence is even more prevalent. There were 959 violent crimes for every 100,000 residents in 2016, nearly double the corresponding state rate. Violence is often more common in poorer areas, and a large share of Shreveport residents face serious financial hardship. Some 30.8% of the city's population lives below the poverty line compared to the 20.2% of the state's population and 14.0% of the U.S. population. Thinkstock
20. Compton, Calif.:More than one in every four Compton residents live on poverty level income, well above the 14.0% U.S. poverty rate. The high poverty rate is partly attributable to the city's weak job market. Some 8.2% of workers in Compton are unemployed compared to 4.9% of American workers nationwide. The jobs that are available in the city do not likely pay much. High-paying jobs are often only available to those with a college education, and in Compton, just 8.1% of adults have a bachelor's degree or higher, less than a third of the U.S. share of 31.3% of adults. Thinkstock
19. Little Rock, Ark.: Little Rock, the capital of Arkansas, ranks as the worst city to live in in the state and one of the worst in the country. One of the most dangerous cities in the country, Little Rock's violent crime rate of 1,533 incidents per 100,000 residents is nearly quadruple the national violent crime rate of 386 incidents per 100,000. The high violent crime rate may discourage some from relocating to or starting a family in the city. In the last decade, Little Rock's population increased by only 0.2%, even as the U.S. population grew by 7.1%. Thinkstock
18. Gary, Ind.: Gary, Indiana, is one of the most economically depressed cities in the country. One in every three city residents live below the poverty line, more than double the national poverty rate of 14.0%. Gary is also one of only a handful of cities nationwide where most households earn less than $30,000 per year. The low incomes are reflected in the area's depressed real estate values. Alyssa L Schukar, for USA TODAY
17. Pueblo, Colo.: Pueblo is the only Colorado city to rank among the worst cities to live in. The typical household earns just $38,380 a year, by far the lowest median income of any city in the state. Pueblo is also home to many residents struggling with financial hardship. Nearly one in every four residents live below the poverty line, the highest poverty rate of any city in Colorado. Bloomberg, Bloomberg via Getty Images
16. Rockford, Ill.:The city of Rockford, Illinois, has an unemployment rate of 7.7%, the highest of any city in the state and well above the 4.9% annual U.S. jobless rate. The city also ranks as the most dangerous in the state, with a violent crime rate of 1,658 incidents per 100,000 residents in 2016 -- which is more than four times the U.S. violent crime rate. Thinkstock
15. Youngstown, Ohio: Youngstown, Ohio, is one of the poorest cities in the United States. Some 38.0% of the population lives below the poverty line, the third highest poverty rate among U.S. cities. Youngstown is also the only U.S. city where more than half of all households earn less than $25,000 a year. The low incomes are reflected in the city's low property values. The typical home in Youngstown is worth just $43,300, less than a quarter of the national median home value of $205,000. Amy Sancetta, AP
14. San Bernardino, Calif.: San Bernardino is the second worst city to livein inCalifornia and one of the worst in the country. San Bernardino's 29.4% poverty is the third highest in the state and more than double the U.S. poverty rate. Widespread financial hardship is likely tied to the lack of available jobs in the city. Some 7.3% of workers are out of a job, well above the 5.4% statewide unemployment rate. Thinkstock
13. Florence-Graham, Calif.: The typical household in Florence-Graham earns just $34,738 a year, almost half the $67,739 the typical California household earns. The city's lower-income residents face additional financial strain with a high cost of living. Goods and services in Florence-Graham are about 37% more expensive than they are on average nationwide. Google Maps Street View
12. Homestead, Fla.: One of three cities in Miami-Dade County to rank among the worst places in the country to live, Homestead is the worst city in Florida and 14th worst nationwide. The typical household in Homestead earns just $32,001 a year compared to the national median income of $57,617. Residents' financial strain is compounded by the city's a high cost of living. Goods and services are 15% more expensive in Homestead than they are on average nationwide. Joe Raedle, Getty Images
11. Hartford, Conn.: Hartford is the worst city to live in in both Connecticut and the broader New England region. The typical Hartford household earns $36,637 a year, less than half the median income in Connecticut of $73,433. Low-income individuals in the city are put under additional financial strain as goods and services are 17.3% more expensive in the city than they are on average nationwide. A bleak jobs picture in the city is partially to blame for the low median income. Thinkstock
10. Milwaukee:More than one in every fourMIlwaukeeresidents live in poverty, more than double the 11.8% state poverty rate. Poor cities often have higher crime rates than more affluent cities, and Milwaukee is no exception. There were 1,546 violent crimes for every 100,000 Milwaukee residents, more than five times the statewide violent crime rate of 306 per 100,000. Thinkstock
9. Baltimore:Baltimore's median annual household income of $47,350 is the lowest of any city in Maryland. The city's poor households face additional strain because of the high cost of living. Goods and services are about 12% more expensive in Baltimore than they are nationwide on average. Thinkstock
8. Springfield, Mo.:Along with St. Louis, Springfield is one of two Missouri cities to rank among the worst cities to live in. As is also the case in St. Louis, crime detracts considerably from overall quality of life in Springfield. There were 1,345 violent crimes for every 100,000 city residents in 2016, more than triple the U.S. violent crime rate. Additionally, there were 8,518 property crimes in the city for every 100,000 people in 2016, the third highest property crime rate in the United States. Thinkstock
7. Albany, Ga.:The populations of several cities on this list are shrinking, but few are losing residents as fast as Albany, Georgia. In the last five years, Albany's population declined by 4.8%, even as the U.S. population expanded by 3.7%. The falling population is likely attributable in part to bleak economic conditions. Some 32.5% of city residents live in poverty, more than double the state poverty rate of 16.0% and the U.S. rate of 14.0%. Thinkstock
6. Wilmington, Del.:Low incomes and a high cost of living likely detract from overall quality of life for many in Wilmington, Delaware. The typical household in the city earns just $36,435 a year -- well below the median income of $57,617 nationwide -- and 27.7% of the city's population lives below the poverty line, nearly double the U.S. poverty rate. Meanwhile, goods and services in Wilmington are about 17% more expensive than they are on average nationwide. Thinkstock
5. Cleveland:One of the poorest cities in the country, Cleveland's 35% poverty rate is more than double the U.S. poverty rate and higher than that of all but one other city in the state. Cleveland's 6.9% jobless rate is also the second highest of any city in the state. The city is also dangerous. There were 1,633 violent crimes in the city for every 100,000 residents in 2016, more than in all but eight other U.S. cities and quadruple the national violent crime rate. Thinkstock
4. Memphis:In Memphis, serious financial hardship and high crime rate detract from the overall quality of life of many residents. Some 26.9% of area residents live in poverty, the largest share of any city in the state and well above the 14.0% U.S. poverty rate. Poorer cities often struggle more with crime, and Memphis is no exception. Thinkstock
3. St. Louis:St. Louis is the worst city to live in in Missouri and third worst nationwide. A concentration of violence in parts of the city makes St. Louis a particularly difficult place to live. There were 1,932 violent crimes for every 100,000 city residents in 2016, the third highest violent crime rate of any U.S. city and five times the comparable U.S. rate. Crime rates are often higher in economically depressed areas, and St. Louis is a relatively poor city. Some 23.8% of residents live below the poverty line, a higher poverty rate than in the majority of U.S. cities and nearly 10 percentage points above both the U.S. and statewide poverty rates of 14.0%. Thinkstock
2. Flint, Mich.: Flint is second-worst city to live in in both Michigan and the United States as a whole. Some 44.5% of Flint's population lives below the poverty line, the highest poverty rate of any city in the country. Financial hardship in the city is precipitated in part by a lagging job market. The city's 9.8% unemployment rate is double the annual U.S. unemployment rate of 4.9%. Carlos Osorio, AP
1. Detroit: The poster child of American post-industrial urban decline, Detroit, Michigan, ranks as the worst city in the country to live in. Once home to 1.8 million residents at the peak of U.S. auto manufacturing in the 1950s, the city is now home to fewer than 700,000 after decades of decline.A poor, economically depressed city, more than one in every three Detroit residents live below the poverty line. The city also has one of the highest unemployment rates in the United States, with 10.9% of the workforce out of a job. Thinkstock
More: 31 cities adding the most jobs as the US economy grows
Disparities in socioeconomic measures exist to some degree nationwide. However, in certain cities, gaps in outcomes along racial lines are chasmic. 24/7 Wall St. created an index based on racial disparities in eight socioeconomic measures in U.S. metro areas to identify the worst cities for black Americans.
In an interview with 24/7 Wall St., Camille M. Busette, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, laid out some of the causal factors behind these disparities in the cities on this list. "Looking historically, these are cities where there is a tremendous amount of residential segregation," Busette said.
The cities on this list are largely concentrated in the Midwest and have long histories of systemic racial segregation. Though about half a century has passed since the Fair Housing Act legally banned discriminatory lending, zoning, and renting practices, such practices persist in much of the country in less overt ways.
Busette described the day-to-day implications of segregation. "People are not walking around, working together, going to school together, taking the same metro together, et cetera. So there isn't a lot of familiarity."
This kind of segregation can have profound consequences for labor markets. "People tend to hire people like themselves, so when you get residential segregation, you tend to also get employment segregation," Busette said.
More: 10 years later, these 28 U.S. cities never recovered from the Great Recession
Segregation serves to perpetuate inequality in other ways as well. "Where you have residential segregation and where you have large percentages of poor black populations, the schools that service those neighborhoods tend to be substandard relative to white neighborhoods," Busette said.
Second-rate schools in black neighborhoods in many of the cities on this list result in lower educational attainment rates – which in turn contribute to disparities in other measures like income, unemployment, and incarceration.
To determine the 15 worst cities for black Americans, 24/7 Wall St. created an index consisting of eight measures to assess race-based gaps in socioeconomic outcomes in each of the nation's metropolitan areas. Creating the index in this way ensured that cities were ranked on the differences between black and white residents and not on absolute levels of socioeconomic development. For each measure, we constructed an index from the gaps between black and white Americans. The index was standardized using interdecile normalization so outliers in the data did not skew results. We excluded metro areas where black residents comprised less than 5 percent of the population or where data limitations made comparisons between racial groups impossible.
More: What is the worst city to live in your state? Find out.
Within the index, we considered 2016 data from the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey on median household income, poverty, adult high school and bachelor's degree attainment, homeownership, and unemployment rates. All ACS data are five-year estimates. Data on incarceration rates came from The Sentencing Project, a nonprofit dedicated to criminal justice reform, and are for the most recent available year. Because states, rather than metro areas, are responsible for the prison population, incarceration rates are for the state where the metro area is located. If a metro area spans more than one state, we used the state in which the metro area's principal city is located. From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, we used age-adjusted mortality rates by race for each U.S. county from 2012-2016 to calculate mortality rates at the metro level using a variation on the indirect standardization method. Incarceration and mortality rates are per 100,000 residents.
Chicago (Photo: Thinkstock)
15. Chicago, Naperville and Elgin, Illinois
• Black population: 1.6 million (16.9 percent)
• Black median income: $36,017 (47.3 percent of white income)
• Unemployment: 18.7 percent black; 5.8 percent white
• Homeownership rate: 39.9 percent black; 74.6 percent white
A history of exclusionary zoning, redlining, and discriminatory lending practices in Chicago throughout the 20th century has led to deeply entrenched segregation in the Midwestern metropolis and contributed to some of the largest racial disparities in income, education, and health of any U.S. metro area. While nationwide the typical black household earns 60.1 percent of the income the typical white household earns, in Chicago the typical black household earns just 47.3 percent of the typical white household's income. Just 21.3 percent of black adults in Chicago have a college degree, less than half the 43.7 percent of white adults with a degree. Additionally, the black unemployment rate is more than three times the white unemployment rate.
14. Rochester, New York
• Black population: 124,911 (11.5 percent)
A recent report by the Civil Rights Project of the University of California, Los Angeles, found that segregation persists de facto in the Rochester metro area's schools. From 1990 to 2010, white enrollment in Rochester's inner-city public schools fell from more than 34 percent to just 15 percent. As white families relocated to the suburbs, the share of black students in urban Rochester schools climbed from 49 percent to 60 percent.
Segregated schools can perpetuate economic and social inequality. In Rochester just 78.8 percent of black adults have a high school diploma compared to 93.1 percent of white adults – nearly double the nationwide attainment gap. The median income for black area households of $28,681 a year is less than half the white median household income of $58,885 a year.
13. Danville, Illinois
• Black population: 10,946 (13.7 percent)
• Black median income: $24,504 (52.1 percent of white income)
• Unemployment: 22.5 percent black; 8.1 percent white
• Homeownership rate: 31.0 percent black; 75.0 percent white
Danville is one of several metro areas in Illinois in which the gaps in income, education, and health between white and black residents are among the widest in the country. The typical black household earns $24,504 a year, about half the income the typical white household earns of $47,054 a year. Just 31.0 percent of black heads of household own their homes, compared to the white homeownership rate of 75.0 percent.
One factor contributing to the large disparities in income and homeownership in Danville may be the high unemployment rate among black workers in the area. According to recent Census figures, 22.5 percent of the black workforce in Danville is unemployed, the sixth highest share of any U.S. metro area and nearly three times the area's 8.1 percent white unemployment rate.
Trenton, N.J. (Photo: Thinkstock)
12. Trenton, New Jersey
In the Trenton metro area, gaps in socioeconomic measures such as income and poverty are partially rooted in disparities in educational attainment. While the 48.0 percent white college attainment rate in Trenton is far greater than the 33.8 percent national figure, the 18.2 percent black college attainment rate is below the 20.0 percent national figure. Those with lower educational attainment have lower earnings potential and are less likely to accumulate wealth over their lifetimes. The typical black household in Trenton earns $43,393 a year, less than half the median income for white households of $91,008 a year.
Trenton is the capital of the state with the largest black-white disparity in incarceration in the country. According to data from the Sentencing Project, a criminal justice reform advocacy group, black Americans are incarcerated at approximately five times the rate of white Americans nationwide. In New Jersey, the black incarceration rate is more than 12 times the rate for whites in the state.
11. Springfield, Illinois
Across Illinois, black residents are nine times more likely than white residents to be incarcerated. A high incarceration rate can reduce the earning potential of affected families, and may be one of the many factors contributing to economic and social inequality in Illinois' capital. The typical black household in Springfield earns $27,197 a year, less than half the median annual income of $61,976 for white households. A criminal record can also reduce the likelihood of finding employment, and the unemployment rate among black workers in Springfield stands at 18.8 percent, more than triple the white unemployment rate of 5.8 percent.
10. Fresno, California
• Black population: 48,434 (5.0 percent)
Fresno is the only West Coast metro area to rank among the worst cities for black Americans. In Fresno, like many U.S. cities, much of the overt housing segregation of the 20th century is evident today. Many of the city's black and minority residents live in west Fresno, while the wealthier, largely white population lives in northern and eastern sections of the metro area. The construction of Highway 99 through Central Valley in the 1950s created a physical barrier between east and west Fresno, further concentrating poverty in minority neighborhoods. Today, 41.2 percent of black residents live in poverty, one of the largest shares of any city and more than three times the 13.0 percent white poverty rate.
According to a recent study by the California Environmental Protection Agency, life expectancy in Fresno varies by as much as 20 years between the city's richest and poorest neighborhoods. With socioeconomic disparities largely divided along racial lines, so are health inequities. The black mortality rate of 908 deaths per 100,000 residents is nearly 20 percent greater than the white mortality rate of 750 deaths per 100,000 residents.
9. Kankakee, Illinois
More than two in every five black residents of Kankakee, Illinois, live below the poverty line, compared to fewer than one in every 10 white residents. Disparities in poverty rates along racial lines tend to be higher in highly segregated areas, and Kankakee has some of the most racially segregated neighborhoods in Illinois.
While segregated schools were outlawed as the result of the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision in 1954, the concentration of minorities in poor neighborhoods and inequitable distribution of resources can result in predominantly black and underfunded schools that put their students at a substantial disadvantage. In Kankakee, fewer than 80 percent of black adults have a high school diploma compared to more than 90 percent of white adults.
Niles-Benton Harbor, Michigan (Photo: coophil / Getty Images)
8. Niles-Benton Harbor, Michigan
Niles-Benton Harbor is the only metro area in Michigan to rank among the worst places for black Americans. Segregation can significantly deepen socioeconomic gaps along racial lines, and Niles-Benton Harbor is one of the most segregated cities in the country. Nearly half of all black metro area residents in Niles-Benton Harbor live in predominantly black neighborhoods, more than twice the national share.
Nearly 42 percent of the city's black population lives below the poverty line, a higher black poverty rate than in all but 11 other metro areas nationwide. Meanwhile, 12.4 percent of white area residents live below the poverty line. The white-black poverty gap in Niles-Benton Harbor may be exacerbated in part by the metro area's wide unemployment disparity. The area's black unemployment rate stands at 17.4 percent, well more than double the 6.2 percent white unemployment rate.
7. Decatur, Illinois
Decatur is one of several Illinois metro areas to rank among the worst cities for black Americans. Just 77.6 percent of black adults in Decatur have a high school diploma, far less than the 91.8 percent of white adults who have a high school diploma. Individuals with less educational attainment tend to have lower earning potential, leading to similar disparities in income, unemployment, and other socioeconomic measures.
The 21.7 percent black unemployment rate in Decatur is nearly triple the 7.4 percent white unemployment rate. The typical black household in Decatur earns just $21,871 a year, less than half the white median household income of $51,662 a year. Black Decatur residents are also less likely to have as much in the way of material assets that white residents do. For example, the black homeownership rate in Decatur of 36.4 percent is less than half the white homeownership rate of 75.9 percent.
6. Elmira, New York
• Black population: 5,143 (5.9 percent)
Elmira, New York, has a relatively small black population. Just 5.9 percent of the nearly 88,000 area residents are black. For reference, 12.6 percent of the U.S. population is black. The gaps in some socioeconomic outcomes between white and black Elmira residents are among the largest in the country.
The typical black household in Elmira earns just $21,767 a year, less than half the income of the typical white household of $51,101 a year. Black Elmira residents are also less likely to have as much in the way of material assets that white residents do. For example, the homeownership rate among black Elmira residents is just 22.4 percent compared to 71.7 percent among white residents.
Peoria, Illinois (Photo: Thinkstock)
5. Peoria, Illinois
Peoria, Illinois, is one of many cities on this list with a long history of segregation, the effects of which linger today. Black Peoria residents are much more likely to struggle financially and far more likely to face difficulty finding employment than white Peoria residents. The metro area's black poverty rate is 37.0 percent – higher than the national black poverty rate of 26.2 percent and well above the metro area's white poverty rate of 9.2 percent. Additionally, 17.9 percent of the metro area's black labor force is out of a job compared to a white unemployment rate of just 5.6 percent.
While segregated housing has been illegal nationwide since the passage of the Fair Housing Act of the Civil Rights Act of 1968, a recent federal lawsuit alleges that there are still housing codes in place in Peoria being used to unlawfully target African Americans. Filed in August 2017 by the Illinois-based nonprofit HOPE Fair Housing Center, the lawsuit claims that Peoria's chronic nuisance ordinance, which requires landlords to evict tenants from homes that have been the subject of multiple police contacts, is being selectively enforced in predominantly black neighborhoods.
4. Minneapolis-St. Paul, Bloomington, Minnesota
• Black population: 270,924 (7.8 percent)
The Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington metro area is one of several Midwestern cities that enacted restrictive housing covenants and exclusionary zoning policies in the 20th century. These policies still impact residential patterns today. The city is highly segregated by race and has some of the largest disparities in poverty, income, and homeownership between black and white residents of any U.S. metro area.
While the 6.0 percent white poverty rate in Minneapolis is far lower than the comparable 10.6 percent national figure, the 32.0 percent black poverty rate is above the 26.2 percent national figure. Additionally, the typical black household in the area earns $31,653 a year, just 41.5 percent of the white median household income of $76,208. Disparity in homeownership is even more stark. The 24.6 percent black homeownership rate in the Twin Cities metro area is less than a third of the 75.8 percent white homeownership rate.
3. Racine, Wisconsin
Racine, Wisconsin, is one of several Rust Belt cities where social and economic outcomes for black residents fall well behind those of white area residents. For example, the typical black household in the Racine metro area earns just $26,888 a year, less than half the $63,507 annual income the typical white household in the area earns.
Racial disparities in the metro area may be made worse by disproportionate incarceration rates. In Wisconsin, black residents are nearly 12 times more likely to be imprisoned than white residents. For reference, the black incarceration rate is five times the white incarceration rate nationwide. The effects of incarceration are far reaching, as adults with a criminal record are less likely to find employment, and households with a family member in jail have one less potential income earner.
2. Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, Wisconsin
• Black population: 260,776 (16.6 percent)
Like many Midwestern cities with similar history, Milwaukee's discriminatory housing policies from the mid-20th century still largely define residential patterns today. According to research published by the University of Wisconsin-Madison, 16 of the 18 suburbs of Milwaukee County enacted restrictive housing covenants in the 1940s, many of which remained in effect into the 1960s and 1970s. Segregation can contribute to income inequality, and today, the typical black household in Milwaukee earns just $27,834 a year – 42.5 percent of the $65,568 white median household income. While the white poverty rate in Milwaukee of 7.6 percent is one of the lowest in the country, the black poverty rate of 36.4 percent is among the highest.
Milwaukee is the largest city in Wisconsin, a state with one of the largest racial disparities in incarceration nationwide. Black Americans in Wisconsin are nearly 11 times more like to be incarcerated than white state residents. In Milwaukee County, more than half of all black adults in their 30s and early 40s have served time in a state correctional facility.
1. Waterloo-Cedar Falls, Iowa
No U.S. metro area has larger social and economic disparities along racial lines than Waterloo-Cedar Falls, Iowa. Black metro area residents earn just 46.8 percent of what white area residents earn, and are far more likely to be unemployed than white workers in the city. The city's black unemployment rate is 23.9 percent, well above the 13.3 percent nationwide black unemployment rate and the second highest such figure of any U.S. metro. Meanwhile, the area's white unemployment rate stands at 4.4 percent, below the 5.9 percent national white unemployment rate and among the least of any city nationwide.
Like many U.S. cities with high economic and social inequality, Waterloo residents have struggled with several major incidents that have sparked racial tension in the area in recent years. In 2012, for example, a white police officer shot and killed a fleeing black suspect, and was later exonerated by a grand jury.
24/7 Wall Street is a USA TODAY content partner offering financial news and commentary. Its content is produced independently of USA TODAY.
Read or Share this story: https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2018/11/16/racial-disparity-cities-worst-metro-areas-black-americans/38460961/


I receive the gift certificate email, but not the order emails. I know that phpmailer is referenced in awomail.php. Beyond that I don't know how to fix this.
What might be happening is it is called in awomail, and something else you are using also tries to forcibly include phpmailer.php without first checking to see if it is included.
Is there any other plugins you are using that would trigger the mail function?
Not that I am aware of. Especially that would trigger during checkout. HikaShop out fo the box standard besides language and styling changes. Any thoughts of what would be causing this issue within AwoCoupon or HikaShop? I really can't think of anything else on the website causing the issue.
I am not sure what it could be then. The only other suggestion would be to debug the code to find out exactly what is causing this. I can do it but would need temporary admin and ftp access, which you can send over private message.


coucharchive 1.0.2 (Python) –Dump/restore a whole CouchDB server contents to/from a single tar.gz file.
couchdb-change-events 2.0.0 – This library will emit changes done in CouchDB.
CouchDB 2.0 – How to autoincrement keys in a View?
Does using number type instead of string speed up performance in CouchDB?
When using PouchDB is all of the associated remote CouchDB database stored locally?
"Williams was suffering, she says, from nature withdrawal. She spent the next three years digging into the science of how nature works on our brains. In short, it makes us more relaxed, more creative, and more socially connected. She traveled to Japan and Finland, the deserts of Utah and the urban forests of Singapore, to study just how much we stand to gain by bring nature back into our lives." – Anxiety, depression, distraction — what if the cure is just outside?
"In this way, tDCS can modulate the signal-to-noise ratio in a select brain region and tweak information processing. The word "tweak" here is key. tDCS doesn't transfer meaningful information — it only improves the ability of subjects to learn." – Does Zapping Your Brain Actually Help You Learn Faster?
"When Johnson informed Ginsburg he would be leading me through her workout, she told him, 'I hope he makes it through.' This was obviously some sort of coded instruction to humiliate me, because after the stretching, Johnson announced he would make me use double the weight that Ginsburg did on the strength exercises to achieve the same effect." – I Did Ruth Bader Ginsburg's Workout. It Nearly Broke Me.
Posted on March 2, 2017 by renrutnnej.	This entry was posted in News. Bookmark the permalink.


Grammy Nominated, ARIA winning pianist and composer Barney McAll has played on over 100 recordings and has released 15 highly acclaimed solo albums. Having worked with many of the world's best musicians including; Gary Bartz, Dewey Redman, Sia, Vernel Fournier, Kurt Rosenwinkel, Jimmy Cobb, Clyde Stubblefield and Fred Wesley, Barney will bring a wealth of knowledge and imagination to the table of youth.
Playing newly composed music written with these important young musicians in mind, Barney will get more than he bargained for! Look Out!


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Mooresville Campus
Plan your visit to campus to receive a guided tour conducted by our Student Ambassadors and Student Services staff. Learn more about the amazing programs and services available at Mitchell and get an overview of how to begin your journey. All tours will last approximately 1 hour. Sign up for a Campus Tour here.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Welcome to Game Update 1.1 of Star Wars™: The Old Republic – Rise of the Rakghouls. In this episode your high-level characters will be introduced to the Tion Hegemony, journeying to the world of Kaon for the first time in Flashpoint: Kaon Under Siege. You can also expect to see new and dangerous foes inhabiting Operation: Karagga's Palace, challenging you further in various difficulty modes.
- Anti-aliasing is now available and can be enabled in the preferences menu.
- Healing caused by crowd control abilities no longer generates threat.
- Tooltips for abilities modified by skill points now display correct damage values.
- The cooldown indicator on hotbars no longer causes all ability icons to appear grayed out (unusable). Now, when an ability is on cooldown, it will not be grayed out if its activation conditions (like resource costs or range) are met.
- Using character rotation keys no longer breaks a character out of cover.
- This ability now transfers to a new friendly target without requiring deactivation on the previous target.
- Activating this ability while targeting a guarded or invalid target will still toggle the Guard ability off.
- A distinct visual effect is now present on characters using Guard on another character, and another effect is now present on the guarded character if they leave Guard's range.
- A new visual effect has been added to the user and the target of the Taunt ability for the duration of its effect.
- Force Leap: This ability no longer functions on Portable Holo Dancers.
- Enure: This ability's cooldown has been reduced to 1.5 minutes.
- Force Push: Now finishes the cooldown on Force Leap.
- Force Stasis: This ability is now correctly an instant ability when both Stasis Mastery and the 2-piece PvP set bonus are present.
- Plasma Brand: This ability's tooltip now properly reflects the damage it does. Its damage has not been adjusted.
- Intercede: This ability no longer functions on Portable Holo Dancers.
- Shatter: This ability's tooltip now correctly reflects its damage; damage from this ability has not been adjusted.
- Endure Pain: This ability's cooldown has been reduced to 1.5 minutes.
- Force Push: Now finishes the cooldown on Force Charge.
- Force Choke: This ability is now correctly an instant ability when both Force Grip and the 2-piece PvP set bonus are present.
-Project: This ability no longer shakes the screen of onlookers.
- Battle Readiness: Now allows Combat Technique to trigger once every 3 seconds.
- Combat Technique: Healing received through Combat Technique has been increased, scales properly at higher levels, and can only be triggered once every 4.5 seconds.
- Slow Time: This ability's damage has been increased by 15% and it now slows the movement speed of all affected targets.
- Dark Charge: Healing received through Dark Charge has been increased, scales properly at higher levels, and can only be triggered once every 4.5 seconds.
- Overcharge Saber: Now allows Dark Charge to trigger once every 3 seconds.
- Wither: Damage has been increased by 15% and it now slows the movement speed of all affected targets.
- Flash Grenade: This ability now has a 60-second cooldown.
- Accomplished Sawbones: The tooltip now reflects the actual healing bonus of 10/20/30%.
- Underdog: The tooltip for this skill has been re-worded to clearly state which abilities are modified.
- Rough and Tumble: This skill now properly reduces the cooldown of Wounding Shots.
- Incendiary Missile: This ability is no longer misclassified as an Area of Effect ability.
- C2-N2 and 2V-R8 no longer vocalize crafting commentary during combat.
- The Carbonized Stream companion ability no longer breaks prematurely.
- Ashara's Force Blast ability has had its damage increased.
- Ashara now animates correctly when using dual wield attacks.
- Fixed a bug that could block marriage dialogue options with this companion.
- Fixed an issue that caused players to be unable to progress in Kira's affection conversations. Players previously affected by this issue can now speak to Kira and progress normally.
- Companions will now sell trash items when requested, regardless of group size.
- Companion healing abilities no longer apply a permanent green effect on the character.
- Fixed an issue that caused Companion Characters to sometimes have the incorrect appearance in cinematics.
- Companion abilities that have been disabled by the player no longer toggle back on when the companion is re-summoned.
- Corrected an issue that caused the indicator that a companion wants to talk to you to disappear.
- Companions no longer need to be re-summoned after selling trash items if the player mounts a vehicle after dispatching them.
- Traveling from a Contested Area to a Contested Region now causes companions to be unsummoned correctly.
Below, you'll notice some changes to high-end Biochem and Cybertech crafted items that reduce their output. We understand that these changes may cause concern for Biochemists and Cybertechs, but we've made them in order to prevent a situation where any specific crafting skill becomes the objective "best choice" for players challenging endgame content or PvP. We only make this type of change after very careful consideration, and only to ensure a level and fun playing field for all players.
- All mod type item modification schematics have been removed from the Artifice trainer. These schematics were invalid, and could not be used if purchased.
- Biochem medpacks that heal a player and their companion no longer revive defeated companions.
- All Energized, Exotech, and Rakata adrenals and stims now require 400 Biochem for use.
- The Exotech Medpac is now named "Exotech Med Unit." Its overall healing has been reduced and is now in line with similar level medpacs, and it temporarily increases the maximum health of its targets. Use of this item now requires 400 Biochem.
- The amount healed by Rakata Medpacs has been reduced. This item now additionally increases maximum health briefly. Use of this item now requires 400 Biochem.
- Wynz-Tek grenades now require 400 Cybertech for use.
- Wynz-Tek Grenades have had their damage reduced to bring them more in line with grenades of similar level.
- The Wynz-Tek Firestorm grenade's damage has been reduced to bring it in line with grenades of similar level. It now deals damage every 3 seconds over 12 seconds.
- Corrected an issue that prevented recently completed Crew Skill missions from showing up in the next list of available missions.
- Fixed a bug that could cause Crew Skills a character didn't have to appear in the Crew Skills window.
- Players can no longer loot harvesting nodes they do not have the appropriate Crew Skill for after a group member harvests (but does not loot) a node.
- A new level 50 Flashpoint, Kaon Under Siege, is now available for play in Normal and Hard Modes!
- The Gav Daragon and the Ziost Shadow have been expanded to accommodate the Kaon Under Siege gateway.
- The difficulty of some non-boss enemies in Flashpoints has been adjusted.
- Enemies now drop credits more frequently in Flashpoints.
- Krel Thak's Allied Weequay Pirates have had their toughness reduced in Hard Mode.
- Some enemies in this Flashpoint are no longer invisible.
- General Ortol's rocket fire damage no longer occurs when the rocket is not active.
- This Flashpoint's mission now correctly leads the players into the Flashpoint.
- Bulwark was dealing more damage than intended in Normal Mode. His damage output has been reduced.
- Corrected an issue that caused Interrogator to sometimes spawn far more cyborgs than intended. The fight is now more manageable.
- Corrected an issue that allowed Replicator to become susceptible to crowd control in Hard Mode, making the encounter easier than intended.
- The Sith Entity's affliction ability now properly deals damage in Hard Mode.
- HK-47 now has the correct amount of health in Normal Mode.
- Tregg no longer immediately initiates his whirlwind attack after leaping to a player target. Players now have more time to react and avoid whirlwind damage.
- Corrected an issue that caused Jindo Krey to randomly target players with his blaster attack. He now focuses those attacks on his primary target, making him "tankable" as intended.
- Players can now acquire special Pulse Grenades outside of Darth Malgus' throne room. These grenades aid groups lacking knockback abilities in defeating him.
- Corrected an issue that could cause the final boss to become stuck at 10% health.
- The final boss now resets if he is pulled out of his chamber. This prevents an exploit allowing players to avoid the encounter's mechanics.
- The final boss was unintentionally dealing 70k damage with one of his attacks. This has been corrected.
- Players can no longer cause the final boss to become stuck in an immune state by damaging him too quickly in his final phase.
- X-37 Oppressor Droid's grapple can no longer be resisted, ensuring the fight mechanic behaves as intended.
- The Red Reaper mission now updates correctly for the entire group when the mission is obtained on the Imperial or Republic Fleets.
- Players are now able to successfully loot the chest after defeating the Infernal Council.
- Perimeter Defense Cannons have been re-tuned and have improved targeting behaviors.
- Soa's Mind Trap and Force Throw abilities no longer target the same player multiple times; they now target every player in the group once.
- Ball lightning enemies summoned by Soa deal damage in a smaller radius.
- The Annihilation Droid's rocket burst attack no longer deals double damage in 16-player Operations.
- Soa now summons fewer ball lightning enemies during the final round in 16-player Operations.
- The Ancient Pylons now reset correctly if not solved within the allotted time.
- Soa's mind traps unintentionally had 200k health in Nightmare Mode. This amount has been reduced significantly.
- The duration of the Penalty of Destiny effect in the Infernal Council encounter has been increased to 1 minute. Players are unable to assist other players in their fight for the duration of this effect.
- Players are now released from Soa's mind traps in the correct location after the encounter.
- Four new bosses can now be battled by players in Karagga's Palace!
- Players no longer get stuck attempting to exit the Karagga's Palace phase.
- Reduced the damage of Bonethrasher's Overhead Smash attack and reduced the distance players are knocked back by his Backhand attack in Hard Mode. This gives players more room to avoid being knocked into the pit.
- Bonethrasher no longer attacks players immediately after they fall into his pit when re-entering after being defeated, allowing players to regroup before engaging.
- Corrected an issue that prevented some enemy NPCs from spawning in Flashpoints.
- The correct error message now displays when a player attempts to enter a different Flashpoint than the rest of the group.
- Flashpoint gateways no longer display as orange in incorrect circumstances.
- Fixed an issue that prevented Flashpoint difficulty from being set properly.
- Fixed an issue that caused mapnotes directing players to some Flashpoints to not appear correctly.
- Corrected map issues that made locating mission objectives on the Gav Daragon difficult.
- Fixed an issue preventing some players from opening a chest after a boss fight if the group was previously defeated by the boss.
- An Item Modification Table has been added to the Supplies areas of the Republic and Imperial Fleets.
- Several tanking relics that had the incorrect stats have been corrected.
- Battlemaster Gear Tokens have been converted into Battlemaster Commendations, which can be used to purchase any Battlemaster gear. This allows players to purchase any piece of gear instead of requiring them to purchase the piece indicated by the token.
- Battlemaster Bags now contain Battlemaster Commendations instead of Battlemaster Gear Tokens. They still also contain Champion Commendations.
- The PvP item "Heal Consumable" is now named "Warzone Medpac." Its cooldown has been reduced from 5 minutes to 3 minutes and it now shares the 1.5-minute cooldown with other medpacs. This item can be used effectively over time, but now cannot be stacked beyond what is intended.
- The PvP item "Overcharge Consumable" is now named "Warzone Expertise Adrenal." Its cooldown has been reduced from 5 minutes to 3 minutes and it now shares a cooldown with other adrenals. It (and other adrenals) no longer stack with the PvP Power-Up that increases Expertise to prevent Expertise values from increasing beyond intended levels.
- Warzone Medpacs and Warzone Expertise Adrenals no longer share a cooldown with each other.
- A new line of high-end PvP relics with appropriate PvP stats have been added to PvP vendors.
- Removing a modification from an item and then re-inserting it no longer causes that modification to be lost upon area transitions.
- All Bonus Series missions and their required missions can now be abandoned.
- Certain Wampas on Hoth that were preying on lower-level characters have had their level reduced.
- In Cold Blood: Enemies that use Armor Piercing Cell during this mission no longer each stack a debuff on the player.
- A Dangerous Auction: The step "Travel to Hutta" now updates if the player travels there via the Imperial Fleet.
- Death Marks: This mission now advances in the Star Cluster Casino regardless of player decisions regarding Yjal on Balmorra.
- Enclave Raid: This mission no longer becomes blocked if players complete the task "Defeat Tarisian Enclave Masters" before completing "Recover Tarisian Artifacts."
- Geroya be Haran: Objectives related to this mission now glow when selected.
- Honor or Glory: Players can no longer repeat a conversation with Torian.
- Hutt Hospitality: The conversation with Ambassador Rove now takes into account the outcome of a decision regarding Grub.
- Legerdemain: The dialogue with Chaney Barrow can no longer be repeated.
- The Mandalorian Killer: Kellian Jarro and Thendys Noori now correctly spawn during this mission.
- Pressure Points: The Lerantha Lurker no longer engages players in combat before completing its spawn sequence.
- The Sacred Flame: Blank dialogue options no longer display during this mission's conversations.
- Shadow Spawn: The Sith Spawn no longer knocks players down for longer than intended.
- The Slave-Killers: Players can no longer repeat a conversation that belongs to this mission.
- Spiking the Punch: Players can no longer repeat Vicebaron Heitor's initial dialogue.
- Thuggish Behavior: Corrected an issue that could cause the player to remain stuck in combat during this mission. The required kills to complete this mission have been reduced.
- Back Alley: Players now receive credit for defending the point with the turret.
- Climbing the Ladder: A conversation related to this mission no longer ends prematurely.
- Droid Clean Up: Corrected an issue that caused the bonus mission to persist in the player's mission log.
- Lab Work: Choosing the dark side option in this mission no longer causes this mission to stop advancing.
- Prison Breaking: Rist Slayers, Stalkers, Torturers, and Prison Guards now respawn correctly.
- Rescue Operation: This mission now progresses normally if the player is defeated on the step "Use Your Personal Holocom" when fleeing the base.
- Scorched Earth: The mission objective NPC in this mission no longer spawns as friendly and unattackable in some instances.
- Shattering: Mission progression no longer becomes blocked if the player returns to the med center after being defeated in combat.
- The Shadow Fist: Mission progression no longer becomes blocked if the player closes the loot window on the step "Recover the Stealth Field Generator."
- The Summit: The difficulty of the encounter with Sidone has been reduced.
- Thwarting House Thul: Thul Mercenaries, Thul Sharpshooters, and Thul Colonels now respawn properly.
- Vivicar Awaits: Lowered the amount of enemies that attack the player during the step "Find a Way Past the Force Field."
- Redris Korin on Corellia now uses ranged Force abilities in combat.
- Jilcoln Cadera's abilities now correctly take into account whether a player is immune from knockbacks.
- The "Primal Destroyer" World Boss on Belsavis is now "Overwhelming" as intended.
- The World Boss "The First" on Dromund Kaas no longer inhibits Bounty Hunter's Rapid Shots, and Imperial Agents will no longer be knocked out of cover during combat with it.
- Fixed a bug that could cause specific NPCs to appear miniature-sized in conversations.
- Players using the French and German clients can now obtain daily PvE missions.
- The shuttle room in Dorn Base Command Center on Hoth is no longer considered contested territory.
- Ka on Voss is now a PvP Sanctuary.
- Players who are interacting with a Warzone objective and are then affected by an area of stealth effect will have the objective interaction interrupted. This ensures players cannot exploit area of stealth effects to secure Warzone objectives unaffected and unseen by defending players.
- Level 50 players now participate in their own Warzone bracket and will not be matched with lower-level players.
- Players can no longer respawn inside the Warzone with full health under certain conditions.
- The daily and weekly mission objectives in Ilum now require defeating enemy players and/or collecting armaments from the center objective.
- Players now gain increased Valor from player kills in Ilum.
- Players now gain increased bonus Valor for kills based on the number of objectives controlled by their faction.
- Increased bonus Valor is now granted for player kills when defending an objective your faction owns.
- A notification is now displayed when a player gains Valor.
- Three new respawn points have been added for each faction.
- Companions are now restricted from the PvP objective area on Ilum.
- Notifications are now displayed when enemy players are close to an objective.
- Automated defense turrets have been added to Empire and Republic taxi spawn points.
- Particle Cannons around the Empire and Republic bases now activate more reliably.
- Chests containing Mercenary Commendations are now available again in the Outlaw's Den.
- The scoreboard value for "Highest Protection Per Single Life" now functions correctly.
- Players who have left a Warzone can no longer receive an MVP vote from teammates.
- Your PvP status will now be toggled automatically upon leaving a PvP region.
- Additional feedback is now provided when a player attempts to toggle their PvP flag.
- The Bolster tooltip now more accurately represents the buff's effects.
- Corrected a rare issue that could cause the Frogdogs to be declared the winner in a 0-0 match even if the Rotworms held the ball last.
- Mountable turrets in Ilum no longer deal damage to targets behind them or outside their range.
- Turrets no longer immediately dismount the player after use.
- Fixed a bug that would not grant proper credit to the first player to interact with a mission loot chest.
- Players will now receive proper Valor and mission credit when defeating another player.
- Armor Upgrade 2 now has the correct armor value.
- Players now receive the appropriate message when they are unable to enter an area because they are in an Operation group.
- Fixed a bug that prevented the minimap title from displaying when loading into the game or refreshing the UI.
- Corrected an issue that caused some mapnotes to disappear from the minimap when other mapnotes were updated.
- Item hyperlinks now display stats for crafted research items properly.
- Item hyperlinks no longer display erroneous additional information relating to schematics when examined.
- Attempting to place a non-mission item into the mission inventory now displays an error message.
- Dragging equipment onto the character paper doll no longer prompts an item deletion notice. Items dragged to the paper doll are now equipped if possible.
- Item set bonuses now appear on the tooltip when viewing an item on a vendor.
- Items that can be modified now display with the correct loot color in the loot roll window.
- Comparative tooltips now correctly display stat differences when mousing over items in the Crew Skills window.
- Fixed the tooltip display for ability cooldowns over one hour in length.
- The interface for splitting stacks of items now displays correctly.
- Servers that are online now always display on top of servers that are offline in the Server Select screen.
- Corrected a typographical error in the "Additional Commands" context menu option.
- Players nearby a player who achieves a new Legacy level no longer receive the Legacy level-up notification.
- Legacy name display preferences now persist when travelling between planets.
- A new confirmation dialogue now appears when submitting spam reports in game.
- Sorting now works correctly in the Guilds tab.
- Opening the Inventory Panel with the button on the Menu Bar now always correctly displays the reverse engineering button.
- Inviting a new player to a guild no longer causes the member list to display incorrectly.
- The owner of a holocall conversation is no longer shown in the last frame of the cinematic.
- Players can no longer teleport to the location of a player whose conversation they are spectating.
- Players can no longer prevent others from using a mission-related item in the world by refusing to close its loot window.
- The spacebar button is now recognized when a player presses it to progress after a loading screen even if the spacebar button has been re-bound.
- Additional issues that could impact performance on Taris have been addressed.
- Vanity pets can no longer be considered targets for any abilities.
- Players who spectated conversations no longer unleash an initial massive critical social roll in their next multiplayer conversation.
- Corrected an issue that could cause some preferences to reset to defaults upon area transitions.
- Respawnable chests are no longer present in some mission phases.
- An Aim Datacron on Ilum is now accessible and no longer repeats its initial cinematic once used.
- A Datacron on Coruscant is no longer blocked by unintentional collision.
- Corrected an issue with older ATI cards that could cause the game to render as a black screen.
- Falls on the Republic and Imperial Fleets that should lead to death now properly do so. Players who die on the Fleets now respawn at the appropriate med center.
- Corrected an issue that could cause the game to crash during area transitions.
- Fixed a bug that could cause players to fall through the world during or after a conversation or cinematic.
Pretty solid patch if you ask me.


text:
Ethiopia's Prime Minister Commissions Artist Elias Sime for New Public Garden at Historically Off-Limits National Palace
by NEWS
in Architecture, Architecture & Design, Art, News
Elias Sime, an Ethiopian artist well known at home and ascendant internationally for works involving intricately woven tangles of reclaimed electrical wires and other materials that look like paintings from afar, is building a large public garden for the Grand National Palace in Addis Ababa that once served as the home of emperor Haile Selassie. The project came to fruition after Ethiopian prime minister Abiy Ahmed visited Zoma, an ambitious complex of buildings and gardens in the city devoted to exhibitions of contemporary art and indigenous-architectural education as imagined by Sime and anthropologist Meskerem Assegued.
As James Cohan, whose New York–based gallery represents Sime, recalled of the prime minister, "Once he saw it, literally the next day he called Elias up and said, 'You need to come to the grounds of the royal palace, which I'm going to open to the public for the first time since 1976. It will become our national pride, and you need to build a garden for us.'"
That visit some three months ago led to work that has continued around the clock on a 30,000-square-foot garden expected to be completed in six months. "They're carving pieces of stone with wavelike rhythmic forms," Cohan said, "and he's carving stone for the walls." More than 300 workers are involved, and "the prime minister visits on a daily basis and has brought numerous visiting international diplomats and dignitaries to see progress," Cohan added.
In a written statement, Sime—who is working on the project with his partner in Zoma—told ARTnews, "Anyone can be commissioned to build, but being trusted by the Prime Minster, Dr. Abiy Ahmed, with love to build our dream in one of the most prestigious places is special. What Meskerem Assegued and I are building is meant to give love to anyone as much as we loved building it."
Later this month, Sime will be honoured as one of two winners (along with Njideka Akunyili Crosby) of African Art Awards from the Smithsonian's National Museum of African Art in Washington, D.C. In an announcement of the awardees to be feted in the capital on October 25, Gus Casley-Hayford, the museum's director, said, "Both artists focus on the personal and societal impact of connection as they work with materials evocative of contemporary renewal, reuse, and hybridity."
http://www.artnews.com
Solo Exhibition by Lakin Ogunbanwo
Ade Abayomi Olufeko on Merging Art and Science
Barthélémy Toguo: Bilongue
1-54 Contemporary African Art Fair Marrakech
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Dr. E. Tsimerman has proudly been serving Toronto in the Harbourfront area since 1987. Dr. Tsimerman and his friendly staff specialize in full service family dentistry. We accept new patients and we always look forward to meeting your dental needs.
Proudly serving Toronto and the surrounding areas from our Downtown office. Full service family dentistry.


Welcome to the KEMBA Kids Club!
The KEMBA Kids Club is a great way for kids 12 and under to start learning about saving money and will help them learn good money management skills at an early age. A parent or guardian will also be an owner of the account. Deposits can be made in person, by automatic transfer or by direct deposit so helping them save is easy!
Saving for your child's future is one of the most important things you can do. KEMBA wants to help! Our youth certificate offers an outstanding dividend. Any child between 8-17 can start a certificate with a maximum deposit amount of $1,000. The certificate will automatically mature on their 18th birthday and roll to their KEMBA savings account. Speak to a KEMBA representative for more information about this outstanding offer!
See what you could earn here!
*APY= Annual Percentage Yield. Youth CD offers a 10% APY (9.57% rate). Primary account owner must be between the ages of 8 and 18. The certificate automatically matures on the child's 18th Birthday. Certificate must remain on deposit the full term to earn any dividends. With the exception of the rules, all other certificate rules and disclosures apply.


One of the best parts about living next to the ocean is the availability of fresh fish. Every restaurant offers a variety of seafood, from Corvina (the local white fish) to octopus to shrimp.
A trip to the local fish market a mile away seemed like an adventure, so we packed my dogs into my SUV on a Sunday afternoon and off we went.
We weren't the only ones who thought of going to the fish market on Sunday, and parking took a while. But a parking lot attendant who works for tips squeezed us into a tiny spot.
I wanted to keep my little white dogs white, so we each carried a dog rather than let them walk on their leashes. There is no way I can pass for anything but a Gringa, so I don't bother trying to blend in. If you look at the photo behind the fresh fish, you will notice the fish seller smirking behind his hand. I don't think frou-frou dogs and Gringas in big hats are a common sight at the fish market!
Our first stop was a stand selling ceviche in Styrofoam cups. Everyone coming out of the fish market had a Styrofoam cup overflowing with fish, and we did not want to take another step until we'd tried it. A menu listed the different types of ceviche available, but I still get confused about the difference between lobster and shrimp in Spanish. A man in front of me ordered something with large shrimp, so I tapped him on the shoulder and asked in my very bad Spanish what he had ordered. He promptly offered me a bite. It was so unexpected, that I declined.... even though I was really dying to try it. After all, taking food from a strange man isn't proper, right? He and his wife started an animated conversation with us about how good this ceviche was, and once again he offered. I couldn't refuse this time. Not only was the shrimp ceviche delicious, but it was a warm encounter with a local. This is the way Panamanians are. They happily share food with strangers.
After devouring the ceviche, we toured the fish market. Even though we'd waited until the heat of the day to go, the fish market didn't smell fishy. It was relatively clean and all the fish was very fresh. We settled on buying Corvina from a friendly man who spoke broken English. He filleted the fish in mere seconds, wrapped it, and handed us a parcel worthy of a grocery store in under a minute. For $10, we got two whole Corvinas, filleted and packed.
We then bought some fresh lemons and other fruit from a fruit vendor and hurried back to my apartment to cook the fish. With just salt, pepper and lemon, the fish was amazing.
If you like fresh fish, the availability of fresh fish in Panama is definitely in the Top 10 reasons to come down for a visit.
I can't figure out how to follow your blog, or get new posts emailed to me. I'm also in Panama and would be very interested to see how it's going for you here.


The U.S. Department of Agriculture says rain is delaying winter wheat harvest and hay cutting in northern and central Illinois.
The USDA's weekly crop report was issued Monday.
It says that precipitation statewide averaged 1.92 inches, or 0.94 inches above normal and there was just one day suitable for fieldwork during the week ending June 28.
Corn silking was at 2 percent, slightly behind last year at this time. Even so, 49 percent of corn was rated as in good condition and 13 percent in excellent condition. Twenty-seven percent of corn was rated fair, 8 percent poor and 3 percent very poor.
The USDA says soybeans are about 5 percent behind last year.


text:
Developments in U.H.F.
March 1955 Radio & Television News Article
March 1955 Radio & TV News
Once World War II was over and the peoples of the world could breathe and start enjoying life again, television, which had just begun to take off before the war, quickly gained widespread adoption in homes. As with so many areas of technology and science, advancements in electronics and wireless communications during the war years redounded very beneficially to the TV industry. Early schemes for television combined both electronics and mechanical elements using rotating discs, vibrating mirrors, and other far-out schemes to convert electrical signals to moving pictures. Due to the small size of the first cathode ray tubes (CRTs), commonly called kinescopes at the time, light beams were launched toward physically maneuvered mirrors to steer the image onto the back of a larger glass screen - basically the first projection screen televisions ...but I digress. TV's popularity grew so fast in the late 1940s and early 1950s that the Federal Communications commission (FCC) issued a moratorium on the building of new broadcast stations until a scheme could be devised to deal with signal overlap (interference) from too closely spaced stations. One solution was to assign a new band above the original very high frequency (VHF) channel assignments (channels 2-13, what happened to channel 1?), which are the ultra high frequency (UHF) channels above channel 13. Many new technical problems quickly became apparent with UHF signals because of the greater atmospheric attenuation rate of high frequencies (Friis equation), greater difficulty and expense of higher frequency RF components, and the different kind of geophysical effects of on the new band.
Receiving microwave dish antenna and high-gain channel 82 retransmitting antenna shown on a u.h.f, satellite station tower.
By Edward M. Noll
Here are some new ideas to help you lick your u.h.f. reception problems; also, new hope for u.h.f.'s future.
The problems of u.h.f. foretell the path it is to follow. What are the problems of u.h.f.? There are three basic ones - coverage, economy, and sensitivity. Coverage improvement is a most important consideration in modern u.h.f. operations. Any step taken to improve coverage permits the serving of a greater populace with a more reliable signal. The economies of u.h.f. operation have been baffling in many areas because of the competition presented by strong v.h.f. signals and the fact that many u.h.f. stations are located in smaller cities where the capital wealth is substantially less than in large metropolitan areas.
Sensitivity has to do with the ability to make full use of whatever u.h.f. signal strength exists at the receiving location. Sensitivity is best interpreted in terms of signal-to-noise ratio. The over-all gain of a u.h.f. converter and a modern television receiver is adequate to amplify even the very weakest u.h.f. signal. The problem really is not one of lack of gain but rather of making the incoming u.h.f. signal dominate the inherent noise in the u.h.f. device. A typical u.h.f. converter employs a crystal mixer and a rather narrow-band i.f. stage following the mixer. Consequently a very excellent signal-to-noise ratio can be established. Despite a good noise factor the u.h.f. signal is so weak in many areas and at some sites quite close to the transmitter, that it is not able to dominate the noise level.
It is apparent that the improvement in u.h.f. sensitivity must occur at some place between the antenna and the u.h.f. mixer. A stronger u.h.f. signal must be delivered to the u.h.f. device. At present, the use of u.h.f. radio frequency stages is too costly if the vacuum tube amplifier is to be designed with a noise factor better than that which can be attained with a crystal mixer. These factors stress the important contribution that the technician must make in obtaining better u.h.f. coverage. The u.h.f. antenna, transmission line, and installation are the key factors in the delivery of a stronger u.h.f. signal to the mixer.
Sensitivity Improvement
We have indicated in the previous paragraphs that u.h.f. reception would be improved most effectively if the signal level could be increased prior to its application to the mixer. In the receiver system there is sufficient amplification after the mixer. However, the major problem is to deliver a stronger initial u.h.f. signal to the converter so that inherent noise levels might be better surmounted. Delivery of a strong signal to the mixer depends on choosing the proper mounting position for the antenna, using an efficient high-gain antenna, and minimizing the loss of signal between the antenna and input to the u.h.f. device. A fourth consideration in the over-all performance of the u.h.f. converter is the crystal mixer itself as well as the local oscillator injection level. For best efficiency in a weak signal area, the technician should be certain to have a peak-performing crystal and local oscillator tube in the u.h.f. device. Comparison can be made by substitution.
Fig. 1 - Diversity reception setup for using two u.h.f. antennas with one converter or tuner. The small 2" aluminum stubs are used to maximize the signal.
Fig. 2 - Mounting the mixer stage of a u.h.f. converter or tuner on the antenna mast minimizes the loss of signal in the transmission line. This loss is much greater for u.h.f. than for v.h.f.
Fig. 3 - Satellite and booster stations are used as shown here to fill in pockets of poor or no reception within the transmitter coverage area. The booster rebroadcasts on the same frequency as that of the original signal; the satellite station may broadcast on another.
Fig. 4 - A booster station located on a water tower near Vicksburg, Mississippi, fills in the channel 25 coverage area.
Using a higher gain u.h.f. antenna would be most helpful in raising the u.h.f. signal level of a particular installation. However, the u.h.f. corner reflectors and narrow-band yagis commonly used in low signal areas are already high-gain antenna types. The degree of elaboration necessary to obtain a substantial improvement over these types is prohibitive. In a practical sense, we have had more success with diversity arrangements of u.h.f. antennas.
In a typical diversity arrangement for the reception of a single weak u.h.f. channel, two narrow-band twelve-element yagis may be employed as shown in Fig. 1. Each yagi is positioned in a strong field. (Although this is a very important consideration, there is no definite equation that will permit you to calculate or estimate mounting positions for maximum signal. The procedure is entirely experimental.) After a strong signal position is found for each antenna, two separate lines are run down to the u.h.f. device. As is required for a good u.h.f. installation, the line (low-loss) should be run as direct as possible. The two lines are joined together at the input to the u.h.f. device. However, each line must be tuned for peak signals. To do this, proceed as follows:
1. Connect a transmission line from one of the u.h.f. antennas to the input of the u.h.f. device. Wrap a two-inch piece of aluminum foil around the line and slide the foil back along the line until a peak signal is obtained.
2. Touch the leads of the transmission line from the second antenna across the input terminals of the u.h.f. unit. Notice if there is an increase or decrease in signal level. If there is a decrease, reverse the leads. Fasten the leads beneath the input terminals.
3. Wrap a two-inch piece of foil around the second transmission line and move it for maximum signal. Re-adjust the foil on the first transmission line slightly for maximum signal.
Another effective aid in improving u.h.f. reception is the positioning of the u.h.f. mixer at the antenna. The u.h.f. local oscillator may be located at the same point or down at the receiver. When the local oscillator is located indoors, near the receiver, it is not necessary to supply any power to the antenna-mounted u.h.f. mixer. The u.h.f. injection signal is sent up the transmission line from the local oscillator as shown in Fig. 2. The local oscillator signal mixes with the u.h.f. signal and sends a v.h.f. resultant down the line to the v.h.f. amplifier that is a part of most converters.
The antenna-mounted u.h.f. mixer eliminates the severe loss of u.h.f. signal strength that is caused by high attenuation at u.h.f. frequencies. This arrangement is especially helpful when long lengths of line are required between the antenna and receiver. Additional improvement can be obtained by locating a high-gain, low-noise v.h.f. amplifier at the antenna to amplify the v.h.f. resultant before it is sent down the line.
U.H.F. Coverage
The reliable coverage area of u.h.f. stations is being extended with the increase in power output and proper location of the transmitting tower. A few stations with effective radiated powers of one million watts expect to be on the air shortly.
Although increasing the effective radiated power by using a high gain antenna is advantageous, it cannot be carried to the extreme. As the antenna gain is increased, the vertical radiation pattern is more and more confined. With too narrow a vertical radiation pattern it is possible to create pockets in the coverage area in which there is no signal or a very weak signal. Consequently, it is also important to increase the power output of the transmitter because in this way an increase in effective radiated power can be obtained without confining the radiation pattern too drastically.
Proper location for the transmitter site is very important. It is not always advisable to locate the transmitter too far from and too high above the populated area to be covered. In the desire to include more and more cities in the coverage range, the transmitter is often located at too great a distance from the major area to be served. This results in poor reception pockets in what is considered to be the primary coverage area for the station.
Transmitting antenna height is also important. It is conceivable that with too high an antenna location and too high an antenna gain, sections moderately near to the station will be without coverage.
The satellite and booster stations have proven encouraging in filling in pockets and extending coverage at reasonable cost. A booster station, as shown in Fig. 3, picks up the transmitted signal from the main station at a point where the signal intensity is still very high. The booster can be located on a mountain top near the poor reception pocket or near the distant city to be covered. The received signal is amplified and then re-radiated on the same frequency by a low-powered transmitter. The booster transmitting antenna is made highly directional to concentrate the re-radiated signal into the poor reception pocket. Because the high-gain antennas at the booster station are highly directional, there is a minimum of interference between the direct signal and the re-radiated one.
A successful installation of a booster station was made by RCA to supply Vicksburg, Mississippi with a satisfactory u.h.f. signal from Jackson, Mississippi, some 35 miles away. Vicksburg, which is shadowed by a ridge, had not been able to receive satisfactory signals from the 17,000 watt transmitter at Jackson. The high gain receiving antenna, mounted on a water tower, as shown in Fig. 4, picks up the channel 25 u.h.f. signal from Jackson and applies it to a booster amplifier.
The gain of the booster is approximately 100 db with a bandwidth essentially fiat over 6 megacycles. The output of the booster supplies signal to the highly directional booster antenna that directs the channel 25 signal into the Vicksburg area. To minimize interference between the two antenna systems and signals, the antennas are designed with high gain and ideal patterns.
Another method that can be employed to minimize interference be-tween two signals on the same frequency is to change the signal polarization. For example, it is possible in a booster operation to receive a horizontally polarized signal from the main station and apply the booster amplifier output to a vertically polarized transmitting antenna. In this arrangement, the receiving antennas in the poor reception pocket area must be vertically polarized.
Economics of U.H.F.
The economic problems of u.h.f. have been trying. Most allocations have been to small cities which have limited sources for station revenues. In many areas the u.h.f. station has to compete with a local v.h.f. station or with a v.h.f. fringe station that delivers adequate signals to the area. The growth of u.h.f. is further hampered by limited coverage and the fact that an investment is required on the part of the viewer to add u.h.f. reception to his receiver. The additional equipment needed to extend coverage and increase power is a further burden on the u.h.f. station.
In a number of locations local u.h.f. stations have suffered because of competition from community wired-television systems.
Certainly u.h.f. is here to stay. It delivers, and will continue to deliver, reliable service within its coverage limitations. We can expect to find continued developments both in trans-mitting and receiving methods to im--prove reception conditions within the projected service areas of u.h.f. sta-tions. However, the rate of growth and the total number of u.h.f. stations to come on the air must now be esti-mated more conservatively because of the problems discussed here.


This month's issue of The American Cinematographer has an article about David Fincher's Academy Award-winning The Curious Case of Benjamin Buttons. Benjamin Buttons was shot on Thomson Grass-Valley Viper cameras and recorded to S.Two field recorders. After editing with Final Cut Pro, it was then conformed using SpeedGrade DI.