In 2016, 9 out of 10 persons living in the EU had been born in the country where they were living, with 4 % of the total number of inhabitants born outside the EU and 3 % born in another EU country.
In 2016, 29 % of the native-born population in the EU had a tertiary level of education, while the share among foreign-born residents was 30 %.
In 2015, marriages involving at least one foreigner accounted for 10.5 % of all marriages in the EU.
This is one of a set of statistical articles that forms Eurostat's flagship publication People in the EU: who are we and how do we live?; it presents a range of statistics that cover the cultural diversity of the population living in the European Union (EU).
Beyond its intrinsic value, cultural diversity has the potential to contribute to economic growth, job creation, innovation and competitiveness. With freedom of movement across the EU, its residents have a broad range of options to expand their horizons and to increase their social and cultural interactions through study, work, travel for business or for leisure, as well as shopping across borders.
The EU promotes intercultural dialogue, the exchange of views and opinions between different cultures, and diversity across European society, encompassing linguistic, political, religious, ethnic and sexuality differences. Language provides a good example of the wide range of diversity in the EU, insofar as there are 24 official languages and more than 60 regional and minority languages, together with more than 100 migrant languages.
History provides evidence as to the importance of protecting minorities and allowing different identities to flourish. EU policies promote a pluralistic approach, human rights and equality with the goal of ensuring an open, tolerant and equal society for all.
Within the context of this article, cultural differences are analysed through a comparison of migration statistics, using information broken down by citizenship and by place of birth to provide a more detailed description of a range of socioeconomic measures. Migration is influenced by a combination of economic, political and social factors: either in a migrant's country of origin (push factors) or in the country of destination (pull factors). Historically, the relative economic prosperity and political stability of the EU are thought to have exerted a considerable pull effect on immigrants. In destination countries, international migration may be used as a tool to solve specific labour market shortages. However, migration alone will almost certainly not reverse the ongoing trend of population ageing currently being experienced in many parts of the EU.
Eurostat's migration statistics provide information in relation to population distributions by place of birth (see Figure 1). In 2016, the latest figures suggest that more than 9 out of every 10 persons living in the EU-28 had been born in the country where they were living, with some 4.1 % of the total number of inhabitants born outside the EU and 3.1 % born in another EU Member State; the share of the EU-28 population that was stateless or unknown was marginal (0.04 %) in size.
A closer analysis by EU Member State reveals that there were considerable differences in the composition of the different populations, with the native-born population barely accounting for a majority of the population in Luxembourg (53.3 % of the total number of inhabitants), whereas the native-born population accounted for at least 99.0 % of the population in Croatia, Lithuania, Romania and Poland.
According to the population and housing census, there were almost 51 million people resident in the EU-28 in 2011 who had been born outside of the Member State where they were living (excluding stateless persons and those whose place of birth was unknown), representing approximately 10 % of the EU-28 population.
Figure 2 shows that Europeans accounted for approximately half of all the foreign-born people who were resident in an EU Member State. More than one third (36.9 %) of foreign-born residents — some 18.8 million persons — were born in other EU Member States, while 7.4 million (14.6 %) were born in other European countries from outside of the EU; as such, Europeans (born in other EU Member States and non-member countries) accounted for more than half (51.5 %) of the total number of foreign-born people living in the EU-28's Member States in 2011. Residents in EU Member States who were born in Asia made up 20.6 % of the foreign-born total, while EU residents born in Africa accounted for 16.9 % of the total and residents born in the Caribbean, Central and South America made up 8.7 %. There were relatively small shares for those born in North America (1.7 %) and Oceania (0.6 %).
The EU Member States have a long tradition of receiving immigrants from other European countries and considerably further afield. For example, post-war immigration in Belgium saw a flow of migrant workers from Italy, Portugal and Spain to work in the industrial economy, while in the United Kingdom migrants from the Indian sub-continent or the Caribbean contributed to economic regeneration in the 1960s. More recently, there have been substantial migrant flows between EU Member States following successive expansions of the EU, while political instability, wars and human rights abuses have resulted in an increasing flow of migrants from outside the EU many of whom seek asylum.
Table 1 provides more information from the population and housing census in relation to the 20 largest foreign-born communities living across the EU Member States in 2011. It focuses on EU residents who were born in non-member countries (in other words, those outside the EU). This information covers the stock of foreign-born residents and not the flow of migrants for a single year; for more information on the latter, please refer to an article on Changing places — geographic mobility.
In 2011, the top 20 foreign-born communities from outside the EU numbered 18.5 million residents in the EU-28, which was equivalent to 3.7 % of the total EU-28 population. These 20 communities together accounted for 58.3 % of the foreign-born residents from outside of the EU.
The largest foreign-born community from a country outside of the EU was composed of EU residents born in Morocco. There were 2.3 million people born in Morocco who lived in the EU-28 in 2011, which equated to 7.2 % of all foreign-born residents from non-member countries or 0.5 % of the total EU-28 population. The largest Moroccan community in any of the EU Member States was in France, although Moroccan-born residents in Belgium accounted for a higher share of the total population.
The second and third largest foreign-born communities resident in the EU-28 were composed of people born in Turkey and Russia (2.1 million and 1.8 million persons), while there were in excess of one million residents living in the EU originating from each of Algeria, Ukraine and India. It is interesting to note that there were more Chinese-born residents living in the EU-28 (826 thousand) than American-born residents (584 thousand).
This next section analyses one particular aspect of demographic diversity, namely, the proportion of marriages where at least one of the spouses is of a different nationality to the country in which they reside.
Eurostat's annual demography data collection provides information on, among others, marriages and divorces. Slightly fewer than 9 out of every 10 (89.5 %) marriages that took place in 2015 in the EU-28 were formed by a bride and groom who were both nationals of the EU Member State in which they were married, while 4.7 % of marriages involved a foreign bride, 3.7 % a foreign groom, and 2.1 % both a foreign bride and a foreign groom. Note that this information is based on data for only 21 of the EU Member States and excludes Germany, France and the United Kingdom (see Figure 3 for coverage).
Luxembourg was the only EU Member State where marriages between a bride and groom who were both nationals accounted for less than half (37.9 %) of all marriages, while such marriages accounted for fewer than four out of every five marriages in Malta, Latvia and Slovenia (59.2 %, 79.4 % and 79.7 % respectively). By contrast, more than 19 out of every 20 marriages in Hungary and Poland were formed by spouses who were both nationals of the Member State where the marriage took place.
The proportion of marriages between spouses from different EU Member States may be expected to increase as a result of increased integration, freedom of movement, as well as cross-border labour and education opportunities. A very low proportion of marriages in most of the Member States that joined the EU since 2004 involved two foreign spouses. With the exception of Croatia, the proportion of marriages that involved a foreign groom was higher than the proportion involving a foreign bride in each of the Member States that joined the EU since 2004; this pattern was particularly apparent in the Baltic Member States and Slovakia. By contrast, with the exception of Finland, a higher proportion of marriages involved foreign brides in those EU Member States that were already members of the EU before 2004.
As presented in Figure 1, some 3.1 % of the EU-28's population was born in another EU Member State. In 2016, residents that were born in another EU Member State accounted for more than 1 in 25 residents in Spain (4.2 %), Germany (4.6 %) and the United Kingdom (4.9 %), for more than 1 in 20 residents in Austria (7.1 %), Belgium (7.7 %) and Ireland (8.1 %), and for more than 1 in 10 residents in Cyprus (12.9 %). However, by far the highest share was recorded in Luxembourg, where almost 4 out of 10 residents (39.8 %) were born in another EU Member State. By contrast, less than 1 % of the residents in each of Hungary, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Lithuania, Romania and Poland were born in another EU Member State.
The population and housing census also provides information on foreign-born residents living in the EU. This may be used to analyse the opposing situation, namely, the share of the native-born population who had emigrated to live abroad in another EU Member State. In 2011, those residents born in one EU Member State but living in another accounted for 3.7 % of the EU-28's population (see Figure 4). This share peaked at 12.8 % for Cyprus and 12.5 % for Romania, while double-digit shares were also recorded for emigrants born in Ireland, Luxembourg and Poland. By contrast, the five largest EU Member States in population terms — Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Italy and Spain — recorded some of the lowest shares of their native-born populations choosing to live abroad in another Member State, their share stood at 2.1 % for Germany (the highest among the five largest Member States), falling to 1.2 % for Spain. Among the other EU Member States, Denmark (2.1 %) and Sweden (1.6 %) also reported a relatively low share of their native-born populations living abroad in other EU Member States.
Following the fall of communism in much of Eastern Europe, a new wave of migration into the EU from eastern neighbours began; this became more pronounced following successive enlargements of the EU, as people from the new Member States could progressively circulate freely within the EU.
According to the population and housing census, more than one fifth (22.0 %) of all the residents born in one of the EU Member States and living in another EU Member State originated from Poland (see Figure 5). This was considerably more than the shares recorded for those born in Romania (13.7 %) or Germany (8.9 %), while France, Portugal, the United Kingdom and Italy each accounted for 5.2 %-6.2 % of the residents born in one EU Member State and living in another. By contrast, there were eight (relatively small) Member States that accounted for less than 1 % of the total number of residents born in one EU Member State and living in another: Sweden, Latvia, Denmark, Cyprus, Slovenia, Estonia, Luxembourg and Malta.
Table 2 — also based on information from the population and housing census — provides information on the main communities of people born in one EU Member State and living in another. In 2011, the 20 largest communities of such residents collectively numbered just over 10.0 million persons, equivalent to more than half (53.3 %) of the total number of residents born in one Member State and living in another.
By far the largest community, in absolute terms, was the Polish-born community living in Germany (2.7 million persons), while there were an additional 654 thousand Polish-born residents in the United Kingdom (the fourth largest such community).
Several EU Member States that were traditionally countries of emigration have in recent years started to receive immigrants. This is particularly the case in Italy and Spain, in part due to a flow of migrants across the Mediterranean Sea, but also as a result of internal flows of migrants born elsewhere in the EU: the second and third largest communities of people born in one Member State and living in another were Romanian-born residents living in Italy (769 thousand) and Spain (691 thousand). The only other such community that numbered in excess of half a million residents was the Portuguese-born community living in France (617 thousand).
The information presented in Table 2 also provides details of the largest such communities in relative terms, in other words, as a share of the total number of residents living in the reporting country having been born in another EU Member State. The ranking is unsurprisingly often characterised by pairs of neighbouring countries. For example, almost three quarters (74.8 %) of all residents in the Czech Republic who were born in another Member State were born in Slovakia; this was the highest share among the Member States in 2011. The next four country pairings were also neighbours: Croatian-born residents living in Slovenia, Czech-born residents living in Slovakia, Romanian-born residents living in Hungary, and Lithuanian-born residents living in Latvia; each accounting for shares of between 65 % and 70 % of all residents born in another Member State.
There were, however, some exceptions to the rule, as people born in the United Kingdom accounted for almost 6 out of 10 (59.5 %) of the total number of residents living in Malta who were born in another EU Member State, many of whom were retirees. In a similar vein: almost half (49.1 %) of the residents who were born in another EU Member State who lived in Italy were born in Romania, while the share of Romanians in Spain's population of residents who were born in another EU Member State was just over one third (36.5 %); almost half (47.7 %) of all the residents living in Croatia who were born in another EU Member State were born in Germany, as were just over one third (34.6 %) of the residents who were born in another EU Member State who lived in Greece; close to half (45.3 %) of the residents living in Portugal who were born in another EU Member State were born in France; just over one third (37.8 %) of the residents living in Luxembourg who were born in another EU Member State were from Portugal.
Having established some general patterns of cultural diversity in relation to the distribution of foreign-born and EU-born populations, this article continues by analysing a range of socioeconomic factors according to the place of birth, starting with the economic activity status of the resident population. According to the population and housing census, just over half (51.9 %) of the native-born population of the EU-28 in 2011 was economically inactive (for example studying, retired or not working for some other reason), while 42.7 % were employed and 5.1 % unemployed.
Migration policies within the EU in relation to citizens of non-member countries are increasingly concerned with attracting migrants with particular profiles, often in an attempt to alleviate particular skills shortages. Selection criteria include, for example, language proficiency, work experience or educational qualifications. Alternatively, employers may directly select immigrants, who then migrate with a job available upon arrival.
Across the whole of the EU-28, the share of foreign-born residents who were employed was systematically higher than for native-born residents. In 2011, this proportion reached two thirds (66.7 %) for residents of EU Member States who were born in Oceania, and was also greater than 50 % among residents of EU Member States who were born in Asia. The lowest proportions were recorded for those born in another EU Member State (45.2 %) and those born in Africa (44.8 %); in both cases these shares remained higher than for the native-born population (42.7 %).
The data presented in Figure 6 relates to the whole of the foreign-born population. It should be borne in mind that many foreign-born migrants decide to move residence when they are relatively young adults (often without a family) and some may decide to return to their country of birth when they are approaching or have reached retirement; the impact of this is to push up the share of economically active people (employed or unemployed) among the foreign-born population. By contrast, some people may decide to move residence in their retirement, and the impact of this is to push down the share of economically active people among the foreign-born population of the destination country.
Figure 7 provides an analysis of activity rates for those persons of working age (15-64 years), according to their place of birth; note that this information comes from the EU's labour force survey (EU-LFS). During the period 2006 to 2016, the activity rate for residents of one EU Member State who had been born in another was consistently higher — generally by 4-5 percentage points — than the activity rates recorded for either the native-born population or the population born in countries outside the EU. It is interesting to note that during the global financial and economic crisis, the activity rate of people born in one EU Member State but living in another continued to increase (as did the rate for native-born residents), while there was a reduction in the activity rate of those born in countries outside of the EU.
Women and men have a range of rights in the EU, such as: the right to freely and consensually choose a spouse; parental rights to a child irrespective of marital status; or the right to choose a profession/occupation when in work. Despite the considerable progress that has been made, gender inequalities persist, perhaps nowhere more so than in the workplace: for example, women continue to experience a gender pay gap and they often have low levels of representation in positions of power, such as within senior management or in government (which may also impact on the level of harassment they experience in the workplace).
Female activity rates in 2016 were lower than male activity rates, with this gender gap linked to some extent to family and care activities, often referred to as the 'supportive environment', which tends to affect people's availability and/or willingness, to participate in the labour force. This is especially the case in those EU Member States where traditional family units continue to thrive and/or where care services are lacking or do not meet the needs of (full-time) working parents, with women tending to decrease their paid working hours when they are parents, while men tend to increase theirs.
Figure 8 (which is also based on information from the EU-LFS) shows that EU-28 female activity rates for those aged 15-64 years were highest in 2016 among women born in another EU Member State (72.0 %), while the activity rates of native-born women (67.7 %) and women born in a country outside the EU (61.0 %) were much lower. Women born in countries outside the EU may face a range of issues that explain their relatively low levels of economic activity, among which: migrating under family reunification provisions (which may involve constraints on employment rights); lower levels of educational attainment and language barriers; different cultural practices that highlight a women's role at home; higher fertility rates; and various obstacles in accessing information about childcare services that are available and rights to use such services.
The gap in activity rates between native-born women and women born outside of the EU was greatest in the EU Member States characterised by some of the highest female activity rates, namely, the Nordic Member States, the Netherlands, Belgium, Austria, France and the United Kingdom. In each of these cases, the activity rate for native-born women in 2016 was at least 10 percentage points higher than that for women born outside the EU.
By contrast, in the southern EU Member States — where activity rates for native-born women tended to be much lower — it was common to find activity rates for women born outside the EU were higher; this was particularly true in Portugal, Greece, Cyprus and Malta. In Portugal, the activity rate for women born outside the EU was 77.1 %, which was the highest rate recorded among any of the EU Member States.
Figure 9 provides an analysis by place of birth of the employment status of working people in the EU-28 in 2011; it is based on data from the population and housing census. It shows the employment status of foreign-born residents varied as a function of where they were born. For each group, employees accounted for the overwhelming majority of the workforce (more than four out of every five persons): their shares were highest among people living in EU Member States but born in the Caribbean, Central and South America (88.5 %), Africa or European countries outside of the EU (both 88.2 %), while employees accounted for an 84.5 % share of the native-born workforce. Residents of EU Member States born in Oceania (13.6 %) and North America (13.1 %) had a relatively high propensity to be own-account workers when compared with the EU Member States' native-born workforce (9.1 %), while residents born in Asia (6.0 %) or in North America (5.6 %) were more likely to be employers than the EU Member States' native-born workforce (4.9 %). The employment status of residents in an EU Member State who were born in another EU Member State closely resembled that of native-born residents.
According to the population and housing census, a higher proportion of foreign-born residents living in the EU-28 were in some form of employment (52.6 %) than the corresponding share for the native-born population (46.4 % were in some form of employment). Given that relatively few persons are employers or working on their own-account, the most striking aspect of the analysis presented in Figure 10 concerns the differences in the proportion of the foreign-born and native-born populations that are employees and those that are not in employment.
On the one hand, there was a group of EU Member States where a higher proportion of the foreign-born population (compared with the native-born population) were employees and a lower proportion was not in employment. This was particularly the case in the southern EU Member States of Spain, Cyprus, Portugal, Malta, Italy, and Greece, as well as in Ireland, Slovenia and Luxembourg.
On the other hand, a second group of EU Member States were characterised by their foreign-born population displaying a relatively high share of people not in employment and a lower proportion of employees. These differences were most pronounced in Poland, Romania and the Czech Republic, and to a lesser degree in Sweden, Estonia, Latvia, Bulgaria, Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands.
As noted above, migration policy within the EU for citizens of non-member countries is increasingly concerned with attracting migrants with particular profiles; note that while such policies may impact on new migrant arrivals, they are unlikely to affect those migrants already permanently resident within the EU.
Table 3 (also based on data from the population and housing census) provides information on the occupations of native-born and foreign-born residents. In 2011, the most striking difference between these two subpopulations was recorded in relation to people who had elementary occupations. Just over one fifth (20.6 %) of all the foreign-born residents living in EU Member States who were in employment carried out elementary occupations such as being a cleaner, agricultural or construction labourer, food preparation assistant, or refuse worker; this could be compared with less than one tenth (9.7 %) of the native-born workforce.
Workers in elementary occupations accounted for a particularly high share of the foreign-born workforce in Italy, Cyprus, Greece, Slovenia, Spain, Luxembourg, Denmark and Germany, as their shares of the foreign-born workforce were at least 10 percentage points higher than within the native-born workforce.
The population and housing census provides more detailed information at the level of NUTS level 2 regions. This shows (subject to data availability; no information for Belgium or Austria) that there were eight regions in the EU with a higher absolute number of foreign-born residents (compared with native-born residents) who were employed in elementary occupations. These eight regions included: the Swedish capital region of Stockholm; two Greek regions (Peloponnisos and the capital region of Attiki), the French overseas region of Guyane; the capital and neighbouring region of Inner and Outer London in the United Kingdom; as well as Cyprus and Luxembourg (both single regions at this level of detail). In Luxembourg, the number of foreign-born residents with an elementary occupation was almost three times as high as the number of native-born residents with an elementary occupation.
The share of foreign-born residents with an elementary occupation was higher than the corresponding share among native-born residents in 209 out of the 252 NUTS level 2 regions for which data are available (again, no information for Belgium or Austria). The gap between these two shares was highest in three southern regions of the EU, namely, Sterea Ellada (Greece), Lombardia and Emilia-Romagna (both Italy); in all three cases the share of foreign-born residents with an elementary occupation was at least 20 percentage points higher than the corresponding share among native-born residents.
By contrast, some 15.4 % of the EU Member States' native-born workforce was employed as a technician or associate professional, which was 4.5 percentage points higher than the corresponding share for the foreign-born workforce. Equally, a higher proportion of the native-born workforce was occupied as clerical support workers (3.3 percentage points difference) and professionals (2.7 points). Professional occupations cover, among others, scientists, engineers, health and teaching professionals, business and administration professionals, information and communications technology professionals, legal professionals, journalists and linguists. However, there were a number of EU Member States where a considerably higher proportion of the foreign-born workforce (compared to the native-born workforce) had a professional occupation, principally, Romania (16.5 percentage points difference), Poland (13.2 points), Hungary (6.9 points) and Bulgaria (6.3 points).
According to the population and housing census, managers accounted for 5.4 % of the foreign-born workforce in the EU-28 in 2011. The relative share of managers in the foreign-born workforce was considerably higher in several of the EU Member States, rising to 17.8 % in Bulgaria, while it was also higher than 10.0 % in Malta, Romania, Poland, Latvia and the United Kingdom.
Figure 11 provides a contrasting analysis, showing the relative share of native-born and foreign-born managers in the total number of managers by EU Member State. In 2011, just less than 1 in 10 of all managers in the EU (no information available for Belgium and Austria) were foreign-born, with 6.2 % of the total born in a country outside the EU and 3.6 % born in another EU Member State.
The relative share of foreign-born managers (from the EU or from non-member countries) was less than 5.0 % in Hungary, Denmark, Slovakia, Finland, Bulgaria, Romania and Poland; in the latter, foreign-born managers accounted for just 1.0 % of the total number of managers. The majority of the EU Member States reported that foreign-born managers accounted for between 5.0 % and 15.0 % of all managers, although there were somewhat higher shares in Croatia (17.6 %), Ireland (19.0 %) and Cyprus (20.1 %). The pattern in Luxembourg was atypical insofar as a large majority (62.1 %) of managers were foreign-born, with more than half (51.5 %) of the total having been born in another EU Member State.
Luxembourg was one of only eight EU Member States where the share of foreign-born managers from other EU Member States was higher than the corresponding share for foreign-born managers from outside the EU. This difference was also quite large in Ireland, where managers born in another EU Member State accounted for 14.7 % of the total number of managers, compared with 4.3 % among those born in a foreign country outside the EU. The other six Member States that recorded much smaller differences (not greater than 2.1 percentage points) were: Malta, Slovakia, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Finland and Sweden.
The information presented in Figure 12 and in Table 4 complements that already shown for occupations, insofar as it refers to the economic activities (by NACE) where foreign-born and native-born residents were employed in 2011; it is also derived from the population and housing census.
One quarter (25.0 %) of the EU Member States' native-born population who were in employment in 2011 were working within public administration, defence, education, health and social work; this equated to 51.2 million persons. By contrast, there were 4.9 million foreign-born residents who were working in the same economic activities, equivalent to 18.9 % of the foreign-born workforce. The difference in the relative shares of these two subgroups — 6.1 percentage points — was the largest recorded for any of the activities analysed in Figure 12.
A more detailed analysis, by EU Member State, is provided in Table 4. This shows that a slightly higher share of the foreign-born workforce (compared with the native-born workforce) was employed in public administration, defence, education, health and social work in Romania, Slovakia and Sweden, with the difference rising to 2.4 percentage points in Poland. By contrast, in all of the remaining Member States, the share of the native-born workforce employed in public administration, defence, education, health and social work was higher, with a gap of more than 10 percentage points in Spain, Greece, Cyprus and Luxembourg, where almost half (46.7 %) of the native-born workforce was working in these activities. These figures suggest that in some of the EU Member States there may be considerable — formal or informal — barriers which prevent foreign-born residents being employed in these largely public sector activities.
A higher proportion of the EU Member States' native-born workforce (compared with their foreign-born workforce) was also employed in agriculture, forestry and fishing (a difference of 2.1 percentage points), industry (1.5 points), financial and insurance activities (0.9 points), and information and communications (0.1 point). By contrast, higher shares of the foreign-born workforce were employed in various service activities and in the construction sector.
In the Baltic Member States and Germany, a relatively high share of the foreign-born workforce was employed within the industrial economy. In 2011, these activities accounted for 21–22 % of the foreign-born workforce in Latvia and Lithuania and for close to 28 % in Estonia and Germany, while the share of the foreign-born workforce employed in industrial activities was 3.6 percentage points higher than for the native-born workforce in Lithuania, 4.0 points higher in Latvia, 5.3 points higher in Germany, peaking at 7.4 points higher in Estonia. Italy, Ireland, the Netherlands and Greece were the only other EU Member States where a higher proportion of foreign-born residents were employed within the industrial economy, although the shares for the native-born workforce were never more than 2 percentage points lower.
In 2011, the aggregate heading covering distributive trades, transport, accommodation and food services provided employment to just less than one quarter (23.4 %) of the native-born workforce in the EU-28. The share of the foreign-born workforce employed in these activities was somewhat higher, at 27.1 %. This pattern of a higher share of the foreign-born workforce being employed in distributive trades, transport, accommodation and food services was repeated in all but three of the EU Member States, the exceptions being Slovenia, Greece and Slovakia. In a majority (18) of the Member States, between 20 % and 30 % of the foreign-born workforce was employed in distributive trades, transport, accommodation and food services, with the share of these activities rising to more than 30 % in the remaining 10 Member States.
Evidence presented earlier in this article concerning the occupations and economic activities in which foreign-born residents work appears to suggest that it remains relatively difficult for foreign-born residents to convert their educational attainment into occupations generally associated with higher qualifications, and that a considerable proportion of foreign-born residents may therefore be overqualified in their jobs.
Figure 13 presents an analysis of the educational attainment of the native-born and foreign born populations (among those aged 25-74 years); these data are from the labour force survey. In 2016, more than one quarter (28.7 %) of the native-born population in the EU-28 had a tertiary level of educational attainment (as defined by ISCED 2011 levels 5-8), while the corresponding share among foreign-born residents was somewhat higher, at 30.1 %.
In Ireland and the United Kingdom, more than half (53.2 % and 51.5 %) of all foreign-born residents aged 25-74 years possessed a tertiary level of educational attainment in 2016, while almost half of all foreign-born residents aged 25-74 years in Bulgaria (49.9 %) and Luxembourg (49.6 %) had also attained a tertiary level of education.
In 2016, the gap between the proportion of foreign-born and native-born residents with a tertiary level of educational attainment peaked at 23.9 percentage points in Bulgaria, while much higher shares of foreign-born residents possessed a tertiary level of educational attainment in Luxembourg (a difference of 19.2 percentage points), Ireland (16.5 points), the United Kingdom (12.8 points), Poland (11.8 points) and Portugal (10.6 points) and there were an additional eight EU Member States where a higher share of foreign-born residents possessed a tertiary level of educational attainment.
By contrast, there were 12 EU Member States where a higher proportion of native-born (rather than foreign-born) residents had attained a tertiary level of education; these included Spain, Germany, France and Italy. However, the largest gaps in educational attainment were recorded in Finland (where the share for native-born residents was 9.4 percentage points higher), Greece (11.3 points) and Slovenia (15.4 points).
A regional analysis for the same indicator is provided in Map 1; note that the source of this information is the population and housing census and that the information presented is for 2011 and covers people aged 25 years and over (rather than people aged 25-74 years). The map confirms, to some degree, the results shown in Figure 13 insofar as many of the regions with very high levels of tertiary education attainment for foreign-born residents were located in Ireland, the United Kingdom and Bulgaria; the lower share in Luxembourg may be explained, at least to some degree, by economic migrants deciding to leave Luxembourg after having completed their working lives.
Looking in more detail, the NUTS level 2 region with the highest share of tertiary educational attainment among foreign-born residents in 2011 was North Eastern Scotland, which includes the city of Aberdeen which provides support to much of the British offshore oil and gas activity. More than four fifths (81.6 %) of its foreign-born residents possessed a tertiary level of educational attainment. It was followed by the neighbouring region of Eastern Scotland — which includes Edinburgh — where a ratio of 77.7 % was reported.
There were eight NUTS level 2 regions in the EU-28 where fewer than 10 % of the foreign-born residents had a tertiary level of educational attainment in 2011, which were: four regions from the Czech Republic (Jihozápad, Severovýchod, Moravskoslezsko and Severozápad), two Polish regions (Lubuskie and Opolskie), the Ciudad Autónoma de Melilla (Spain) and the French overseas region of Guyane; the latter had the lowest share in the EU-28 at 6.2 %.
This page was last modified on 15 April 2019, at 11:37.


text:
The University of West London
Library|Student Portal|Academic Schools|News & events|Jobs at UWL|Maps|Contact us
An introduction to critical thinking, academic writing and Harvard referencing
Weerawardane, Dinusha and Byrne, Paul (2021) An introduction to critical thinking, academic writing and Harvard referencing. In: Academic Development and Employability. Pearson Education Limited, Harlow, UK, pp. 3-54. ISBN 9781800064133
Chapter_Dinusha and Paul.pdf - Published Version
In this chapter, you will be introduced to the academic skills and strategies required to succeed in your studies. The chapter begins with an explanation of critical thinking and characteristics you would need to develop in order to become a critical thinker. It then introduces you to academic writing and the application of critical thinking. It will also provide tips on structuring written work and and some key principles to guide you in successful writing at university. The last section of this chapter provides an explanation on the concept of plagiarism and the importance of avoiding it; it will also introduce you to the essential art of Harvard referencing, with detailed examples on how to acknowledge a variety of sources.
ISBN (print): 9781800064126 ISBN (e-book): 9781800064133
Plagiarism, Harvard referencing, Critical thinking, Academic writing
Business and finance > Accounting and finance
Business and finance > Business and management
Education > Higher education
Dinusha Weerawardane
http://repository.uwl.ac.uk/id/eprint/8456
Bailey, J., 2011. The world's first "plagiarism" case. Plagiarism Today. [online] Available at: < https://www.plagiarismtoday.com/2011/10/04/the-world%E2%80%99s-first-plagiarism-case/> [Accessed 23 April 2021]
Bloch, J., 2008. Plagiarism across cultures: Is there a difference? In: C. Eisner and M. Vicinus, eds. 2008. Originality, imitation and plagiarism: Teaching writing in the digital age. Michigan: University of Michigan Press. Ch.19, pp.219-230.
Bowdoin College, n.d. The common types of plagiarism. [online] Available at: <https://www.bowdoin.edu/dean-of-students/judicial-board/academic-honesty-and-plagiarism/common-types-of-plagiarism.html#:~:text=Mosaic%20Plagiarism%20occurs%20when%20a,and%20meaning%20of%20the%20original.> [Accessed 23 April 2021]
Cousin, G. and Cureton, D., 2012. Disparities in student attainment (DiSA). York: Higher Education Academy.
Eckstein, G., 2003. Perspectives on plagiarism. Writing on the edge. [e-journal] 23(2), pp.99-104.
Ennis, R.H., 1985. A logical basis for measuring critical thinking skills. Educational Leadership [e-journal] 43(2), pp.45-48.
Ferrett, S., 1997. Peak performance: Success in college and beyond. 5th ed. Chicago: Irwin Mirror Press
Halpern, D., 1996. Thought and knowledge: An introduction to critical thinking. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Mutton J. and Plowder, P., 2016. Addressing the attainment gap at the University of Derby: From theory to practice. In: G. Steventon, D. Cureton, and L. Clouder. Student Attainment in Higher Education. Abingdon: Routledge.
Myers, C.S., 2018. Plagiarism and copyright: Best practices for classroom education. College and Undergraduate Libraries. [e-journal] 25(1), pp.91-99.
QAA, 2020. Contracting to cheat in higher education. Available at: <https://www.qaa.ac.uk/docs/qaa/guidance/contracting-to-cheat-in-higher-education-2nd-edition.pdf> [Accessed 22 May 2021]
Sedgley, M., 2020. Skills for business and management. London: Red Globe Press
Turnitin.com, 2019. Five historical moments that shaped plagiarism. Plagiarism Consultant – Plagiarism Today [blog] 29 January. Available at: <https://www.turnitin.com/blog/5-historical-moments-that-shaped-plagiarism> [Accessed 23 April 2021]
University of West London - Teaching Hub, 2019. Guides for Success. [online] Available at <https://campuspress.uwl.ac.uk/teaching/teaching/guides-for-success/> [Accessed 12 May 2021]
RDF+XML BibTeX RIOXX2 XML RDF+N-Triples JSON RefWorks Dublin Core Simple Metadata Refer METS Dublin Core HTML Citation ASCII Citation OpenURL ContextObject EndNote OpenURL ContextObject in Span MODS MPEG-21 DIDL EP3 XML Reference Manager RDF+N3 Multiline CSV
Author Guidance
Promoting Your Work
The University of West London ©2012-2017
The University of West London is not responsible for content on external sites.
International +44 (0)20 8231 2468
Locations West London campus in Ealing and Brentford, and the Berkshire Hub
UWL online shop

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Earlier this month a colleague of mine called and asked how many return calls I was getting when I sent my CV out. I had just re-written my profile and he was concerned I had missed the mark.
Being a professional sales coach and someone who prided themselves in helping others achieve I was a bit surprised. I listened to Paul with patience as he pointed out a number of important things.
Those 30 minutes with Paul gave me a whole new perspective of how others viewed me and changed the way I presented myself. It was also a timely reminder that no matter how good you might think you are, getting someone else to read your story, listen to your ideas and provide the tough questions to test your plans is still vital to ensure you are getting the right story out.
This is particularly important when you work as an independent consultant or in a small business as it is easy to lose perspective without peers to help you.
Almost every decision a person makes, from making a purchase to who to date, is made emotionally within the first minutes of your first belly-to-belly meeting. Many communication experts argue it is the first 12 seconds which are the most important. While you may have had a good, polite, discussion; when you walk out of that first meeting your prospect will have already made up their mind if they want to continue the relationship. 'Flop' into your first 'belly-to-belly' meeting unprepared and you will not get a second chance.
When you meet someone belly-to-belly for the first time 93% of how you are judged will be an emotional response based on the non-verbal data you are presenting - your appearance, verbal tone and body language. Only 7% is influenced by the words you speak.
When your initial encounter is over the phone, 70% of how you are judged will be an emotional response based on your tone of voice and enthusiasm, only 30% on your words. It's not what you say - it's the way that you say it.
While a mere 7% of what you say is of influence in your first belly-to-belly encounter, don't leave them to chance. Express some form of thank you when you meet the client. Clients appreciate you when you appreciate them.
Do some research into the person you are meeting. With the mountain of information available today there is no excuse to not have a few personal and business questions ready to show they are important to you and their business is of value.
When someone calls me by my first name I feel cared for. Nothing brings down barriers quicker than using a person's name. When you use your client 's name in conversation you are sending a message that you value that person and are focused on them.
I have one of those eyebrows which needs regular attention or it becomes the one thing people I meet focus on.
When you meet someone belly-to-belly for the first time they will notice your hair, eyebrows, forehead and face – in that order. If you are meeting with a female in addition to these they are likely to pay more attention to your shoes, crispness of your shirt / blouse and your nails.
While it may not be obvious, people look from your face to your feet and take in the detail subconsciously. Right or wrong they are deciding if you are a person they like and trust.
The first physical touch you have with someone, business and personal, is almost always a handshake. A good business handshake is essential to make a lasting impression. When meeting someone belly-to-belly for the first time put out your hand and be prepared to provide a firm handshake. There is no need for bone crunching strength or trying to overwhelm them with vigour. Set the scene as equals and develop from there.
While a nice business card can contribute to your total image, the main purpose of a business card is to receive one in return. When you meet someone belly-to-belly for the first time offer your card and expect one in return. The details on their card indicate how they wish to be contacted.
Treat your cards with respect ensuring you only give out cards which are in pristine condition. When you receive a card treat it with the same respect.
In today's world there is no excuse for being unprepared. Take time to prepare yourself and your mind.
In business in particular there is a mountain of information available at your fingertips. Get to know the person you are going to meet and prepare yourself.
Use LinkedIn, Face book and a companies website to learn about the person you are about to meet. Read the annual report to learn about their industry & their business challenges.
Check your personal grooming, your posture and mental attitude just before you meet them.
You never get a second chance at making a first impression.


text:
Review: The Way of Kings by Brandon Sanderson
Book: The Way of the Kings
Author: Brandon Sanderson
Series: The Starlight Archive #1
Publisher: Tor Fantasy
From #1 New York Times bestselling author Brandon Sanderson, The Way of Kings, Book One of the Stormlight Archive begins an incredible new saga of epic proportion.
Roshar is a world of stone and storms. Uncanny tempests of incredible power sweep across the rocky terrain so frequently that they have shaped ecology and civilization alike. Animals hide in shells, trees pull in branches, and grass retracts into the soilless ground. Cities are built only where the topography offers shelter.
It has been centuries since the fall of the ten consecrated orders known as the Knights Radiant, but their Shardblades and Shardplate remain: mystical swords and suits of armor that transform ordinary men into near-invincible warriors. Men trade kingdoms for Shardblades. Wars were fought for them, and won by them.
One such war rages on a ruined landscape called the Shattered Plains. There, Kaladin, who traded his medical apprenticeship for a spear to protect his little brother, has been reduced to slavery. In a war that makes no sense, where ten armies fight separately against a single foe, he struggles to save his men and to fathom the leaders who consider them expendable.
Brightlord Dalinar Kholin commands one of those other armies. Like his brother, the late king, he is fascinated by an ancient text called The Way of Kings. Troubled by over-powering visions of ancient times and the Knights Radiant, he has begun to doubt his own sanity.
Across the ocean, an untried young woman named Shallan seeks to train under an eminent scholar and notorious heretic, Dalinar's niece, Jasnah. Though she genuinely loves learning, Shallan's motives are less than pure. As she plans a daring theft, her research for Jasnah hints at secrets of the Knights Radiant and the true cause of the war.
The result of over ten years of planning, writing, and world-building, The Way of Kings is but the opening movement of the Stormlight Archive, a bold masterpiece in the making.
Speak again the ancient oaths:
Life before death.
Strength before weakness.
Journey before Destination.
And return to men the Shards they once bore.
The Knights Radiant must stand again.
...Whoa. This book is officially the longest novel I have ever read. 1007 pages! It took me 3 and a half weeks to carve through this monstrosity, which for me, is insane. But those darn pages were way bigger than normal, and the print much smaller, so it took me twice as long to finish. Anyway, onto the review!
Welcome to the world of Roshar. After the discovery of a new nation of people followed quickly by the unsuspecting assassination of one of the kingdom's kings, war has broken out between two nations, lasting seven years in counting. The story follows three main individuals from completely different backgrounds, all who somehow find themselves caught up in the politics of war, scholarship, and survival. One has been newly unjustly branded a slave, another a thief in disguise of a scholar, and the last a highprince who's thirst for battle is waning in favour of a greater purpose.
Where to start? This book is a high fantasy, so a large chunk was world building. I will admit that the book is extraordinarily thorough in describing the complexities of the world: each kingdom (and there are numerous) have their own individuals cultures and traditions, the species of the world is completely different, and the magic system is both simple yet intriguing (though it's clear there's much more depth to the magic system than is explained in the first book). Thoroughly complex, though it was a little difficult to keep track of them at all times. The characters are respectable for their persistence, and it's clear that they've only started their journey into developing into the strong heroes they most certainly will become by the end of everything.
The main focus of the book was on Kaladin and Dalinar. Kaladin finds himself unjustly sold into slavery, and must do his very best to survive the horrible and disposable nature of a slave's fate, all while weathering guilt and hurt form betrayal. Though he eventually does rise back to who he was, I will say that his periodic sulking, especially at the beginning, made it difficult to latch onto until about midway through the book. Dalinar, who is the brother of the assassinated king, plays a more political role than survival like Kaladin. Having recently experiencing visions, he's begun to question the morals and ways the war his kingdom is engaged in are fought. He's trying to do what's right, steer his nephew (the present king) in the right direction, figure out what the visions mean, go into battle when needed, and continue to preserve his reputation as a respectable highprince within the war camps. Total walk in the park, right? Ha!
The governing hierarchical system was very interesting: society is separated by "brighteyes" and "darkeyes," where brighteyes are those with coloured eyes and assume the superior position of ruling and making up the majority of the aristocrat society. Darkeyes, on the other hand, are seen as inferior; they are more traditionally doing the trades work of farming and solider recruits. Though one can rise to aristocracy, they can only go so far within the brighteyes society. However, if a darkeyes wins a Shardblade, the power of the Shardblade changes their eye colour from dark to light.
Speaking of Shardblades and Shardplates, those were the main forms of magic most heavily discussed and emphasized in this book. Though the power of Stormlight and Surgebinding is definitely going to be more relevant in the next few books, the focus of magical powers was through Shardblades and Shardplates, magical objects that grants the wielder incredible power. Shardblades cut through people's essence--they don't harm flesh, but to be cut by one of them is to have that body part rendered useless. I thought that was a very unique and original concept!
Though the book was filled with very original ideas, it did seem to drag on a bit at numerous parts. The world building, though extremely detailed and wonderfully integrated, did seem to slow the pace down every now and then. A lot of the characters are also going through their developments very slowly, if thoroughly. Maybe I'm just not used to such long books? But it still was an enjoyable read for sure, and I'm definitely going to be reading the next book at some point! So for all you fantasy fans: if you're looking for an intricate, well-developed and heavily detailed story and world, take the plunge to brave this tome of a book! I can't promise all your questions will be answered (it is only the first book after all), but it definitely will leave you intrigued!
Posted by Erika at 10:54 PM
Ana Esteves @ The Bewitched Reader February 20, 2018 at 1:13 PM
Hey! I really liked your review :) I've never read anything from Brandon Sanderson, do you think this is a good book to start with or should I read the Mistborn Series first?
Erika Gold March 2, 2018 at 1:52 AM
Hi Ana! I definitely think you should start with the Mistborn series. It lays out the foundation of the magic system in the world and gives you a taste of the kind of characters you'll be reading about :) Hope you'll enjoy those books as much as I have! :D
Cover Talk: A Court of Frost and Starlight by Sara...


The JSC "Gorodeya Sugar Refinery" is an up-to-date multisectoral enterprise aimed at production of quality goods in conformity with international standards and consumers' requirements.
We produce over 10 kinds of sugar! You are able to choose the sugar to your taste and liking. We offer an excellent choice of handy prepacking.
For production of sugar under the trade name "Gorodeya Sugar" , only high-quality natural raw material is used. The brand is highly reputed on the Belarusian market and in neighbouring and distant foreign countries.
Fruit produce under the trade name "Fruit coffer" is a natural product manufactured at the most advanced equipment with application of progressive technology. We preserve taste, colour, vitamins and mineral composition of fresh berries and fruit. It is a distinctive feature of our fruit produce.
1. Sugar white granulated in conformity with State Standard 33222-2015, TC2 and EXTRA categories.
3. Produce in single shot containers – honey, marmalade, 25 g.
Our website you can get familiarized with helpful information and make a bid or offer for any product.
Stable partnership and tuned delivery system permits to ensure, on a regular basis, over the annual time, dispatching of our produce to all the constant customers and new purchasers.
The well-co-ordinated professional team will always help to find an optimal solution in any particular situation.
We guarantee a high-quality produce and uncompromising fulfillment of commitments.


text:
Lulu, Rick Astley and McFly to perform at Llangollen festival
Lulu, Rick Astley, Kiki Dee and McFly... perhaps not the sort of artists you'd expect to find at the Llangollen International Festival.
But organisers hope the eclectic mix of performers will help attract more than 40,000 people to the annual week-long event which begins today.
While 4,000 performers from 50 different countries and a range of musical genres will be competing at Llangollen this year, the event is now trying to entice new audiences, with contemporary chart-toppers McFly due to headline the festival's closing concert.
Mervyn Cousins, chief executive for the event, said: "This year we have taken an evolutionary rather than revolutionary approach.
"We still have 4,000 competitors coming from all over the world providing a great variety, as has always been the case.
"And the week will build to our showpiece event, the choir of the world competition on Saturday which has grown and grown over the years.
"We've got our usual classical concerts throughout the week, but then we're also looking forward tremendously to welcoming Lulu, Rick Astley, Kiki Dee and McFly. It's hugely exciting.
"We've tried to do two things this year, that is, to keep our core audience – and we have the same competitions as we had last year. But secondly we are trying to open up and diversifying our audience throughout the week.
"We were looking for a young contemporary act to do that and, from the four or five artists we approached, McFly were the first to get back to us, and we were delighted with that.
"It's not the easiest of times, but give us some good weather and I think we'll be talking about a very successful week again this year."
Lulu will perform at the opening gala concert today with her special guests including Rick Astley and Kiki Dee.
Tenor Russell Watson will headline tomorrow evening's concert, supported by teenage mezzo soprano Faryl Smith, who rose to fame on Britain's Got Talent.
Friday will see West End and Broadway star Ruthie Henshall perform The Best Of The West End featuring soloists from the London stage, accompanied by the orchestra of the Welsh National Opera.
Mr Cousins said: "Our Russell Watson concert is already sold out, others haven't yet, including McFly, but we hope they will. And we are staying positive about the weather.
"In the last couple of years we have seen footfall of around 40,000 and, with 4,000 primary school pupils here for our Children's Day on Tuesday, we are hoping for similar numbers on the site.
"We're also expecting politicians, folk artists and people representing the Olympics here as guests throughout the festival."
For Mr Cousins it will be an especially emotional event, his last in the role of chief executive which he has held for eight years.
"This is a chance for me to thank the artists, staff, volunteers and performers who make this event so successful every year," he said.
"I always enjoy the festival, even if my role means that the week can be quite frenetic, and I don't think I will enjoy it any less or more when I return as a member of the public in years to come.
"Having said that, I expect there will be a lump in my throat on Saturday when I hand out the prizes at the choir of the year competition because this is such a special event."
Welsh National Opera
TVWhen is the Love Island final 2019?Make a note of the date, time and channel because this will be the last Love Island episode of the year
Love IslandLove Island 2019 final will be screened for free in cinemas across the UK including CardiffThe final takes place on July 29 from 9pm
Amazing HomesThe Miami-style property that's actually in a Welsh townA stunning Art Deco mansion that's more Miami Golden Beach than Torfaen
ITVWhy Countryfile star Julia Bradbury walks around naked in front of her kidsJulia Bradbury has three children aged seven and four
TVThis is why Anton wasn't in tonight's Love IslandHe's love sick


text:
<?php

$languageStrings = array(
	'SINGLE_Settings:Webforms'     => 'Webform'                     , // TODO: Review
	'WebForm Name'                 => 'Webform Name'                , // TODO: Review
	'Public Id'                    => 'Public Id'                   , // TODO: Review
	'Enabled'                      => 'Status'                      , // TODO: Review
	'Module'                       => 'Module'                      , // TODO: Review
	'Return Url'                   => 'Return Url'                  , // TODO: Review
	'Post Url'                     => 'Post Url'                    , // TODO: Review
    'Captcha Enabled'              => 'captcha Activat'             ,
	'SINGLE_Webforms'              => 'Webform'                     , // TODO: Review
	'LBL_SHOW_FORM'                => 'Show Form'                   , // TODO: Review
	'LBL_DUPLICATES_EXIST'         => 'Webform Name already exists' , // TODO: Review
	'LBL_WEBFORM_INFORMATION'      => 'Webform Information'         , // TODO: Review
	'LBL_FIELD_INFORMATION'        => 'Field Information'           , // TODO: Review
	'LBL_FIELD_NAME'               => 'Field Name'                  , // TODO: Review
	'LBL_OVERRIDE_VALUE'           => 'Override Value'              , // TODO: Review
	'LBL_MANDATORY'                => 'Mandatory'                   , // TODO: Review
	'LBL_WEBFORM_REFERENCE_FIELD'  => 'Webforms reference Field'    , // TODO: Review
	'LBL_SELECT_FIELDS_OF_TARGET_MODULE' => 'Select Fields for Target Module...', // TODO: Review
	'LBL_ALLOWS_YOU_TO_MANAGE_WEBFORMS' => 'Allows you to manage webforms', // TODO: Review
	'LBL_ADD_FIELDS'               => 'Add Fields'                  , // TODO: Review
	'LBL_EMBED_THE_FOLLOWING_FORM_IN_YOUR_WEBSITE' => 'Embed the following form in your website', // TODO: Review
	'LBL_SELECT_VALUE'             => 'Select Value'                , // TODO: Review
	'LBL_LABEL'                    => 'label'                       , // TODO: Review
	'LBL_SAVE_FIELDS_ORDER' => 'Salveaza domenii comanda',
	'LBL_HIDDEN' => 'Ascuns',
	'LBL_ENABLE_TARGET_MODULES_FOR_WEBFORM' => 'Permite module țintă pentru Webform',
	'LBL_ASSIGN_USERS' => 'Cesiunea de utilizator',
    'LBL_ASSIGN_ROUND_ROBIN' => 'Atribui Utilizatorii In Round Robin',
    'LBL_ROUNDROBIN_USERS_LIST' => 'Runda Lista de Utilizatori Robin',
);
$jsLanguageStrings = array(
	'JS_WEBFORM_DELETED_SUCCESSFULLY' => 'Webform deleted successfully', // TODO: Review
	'JS_LOADING_TARGET_MODULE_FIELDS' => 'Loadding Target Module Fields', // TODO: Review
	'JS_SELECT_VALUE'              => 'Select Vlaue'                , // TODO: Review
	'JS_MANDATORY_FIELDS_WITHOUT_OVERRIDE_VALUE_CANT_BE_HIDDEN' => 'Câmpurile obligatorii fără valori suprascrie cant fi ascuns',
	'JS_REFERENCE_FIELDS_CANT_BE_MANDATORY_WITHOUT_OVERRIDE_VALUE' => 'Domenii de referință cant fi obligatorie, fără valoare de anulare',
	'JS_TYPE_TO_SEARCH' => 'Tastați pentru a căuta',
	"JS_WEBFORM_WITH_THIS_NAME_ALREADY_EXISTS" => 'Webform cu acest nume există deja',
);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Cloning repository via visual studio shows error: cannot spawn askpass: No such file or directory I have a repository on git hub, and I'm trying to clone this repository to a different computer.
I'm going to the repository -> open in visual studio -> after the computer filled the repository address and the folder to save it, I'm pressing clone, but the following error happens:

Git failed with a fatal error.
fatal: AggregateException encountered.
    One or more errors occurred.
error: cannot spawn askpass: No such file or directory
fatal: could not read Username for 'https://github.com': terminal prompts disabled`

I have tried the following  :
change repository address to git@github.com/User_Name/project_name.git
also tried https://{username}:{password}@github.com/{username}/project.git
what else should I do?
Thanks!

A: Your Visual studio 2017 installation has an older version of the Git credential manager for Windows. Upgrade to the latest version and configure this specific installation in your global git config to ensure Visual Studio is aware of the latest GCM that's available to it.
See also (different issue, same problem):

*

*Cloning repository from MSA backed Azure DevOps using Visual Studio 2017 or 2019 and AAD account

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


It's remarkable to pay a visit this web page and reading the views of all mates regarding this paragraph, while I am also eager of getting experience.
I read this piece of writing completely regarding the comparison of most up-to-date and earlier technologies, it's amazing article.
Hi there, always i used to check webpage posts here early in the break of day, since i like to gain knowledge of more and more.


text:
3D View: Structure | Electron Density
Biological assembly 2&nbspgenerated by PISA (software)
3URO
Poliovirus receptor CD155 D1D2
DOI: 10.2210/pdb3URO/pdb
Entry 3URO supersedes 3EOW
Classification: VIRAL PROTEIN
Deposition Author(s): Zhang, P., Mueller, S., Morais, M.C., Bator, C.M., Bowman, V.D., Hafenstein, S., Wimmer, E., Rossmann, M.G.
Resolution: 3.5005 Å
Crystal structure of CD155 and electron microscopic studies of its complexes with polioviruses.
Zhang, P., Mueller, S., Morais, M.C., Bator, C.M., Bowman, V.D., Hafenstein, S., Wimmer, E., Rossmann, M.G.
(2008) Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 105: 18284-18289
3EPF, 3EPD, 3EPC, 3EOW
When poliovirus (PV) recognizes its receptor, CD155, the virus changes from a 160S to a 135S particle before releasing its genome into the cytoplasm. CD155 is a transmembrane protein with 3 Ig-like extracellular domains, D1-D3, where D1 is recognized ...
When poliovirus (PV) recognizes its receptor, CD155, the virus changes from a 160S to a 135S particle before releasing its genome into the cytoplasm. CD155 is a transmembrane protein with 3 Ig-like extracellular domains, D1-D3, where D1 is recognized by the virus. The crystal structure of D1D2 has been determined to 3.5-A resolution and fitted into approximately 8.5-A resolution cryoelectron microscopy reconstructions of the virus-receptor complexes for the 3 PV serotypes. These structures show that, compared with human rhinoviruses, the virus-receptor interactions for PVs have a greater dependence on hydrophobic interactions, as might be required for a virus that can inhabit environments of different pH. The pocket factor was shown to remain in the virus during the first recognition stage. The present structures, when combined with earlier mutational investigations, show that in the subsequent entry stage the receptor moves further into the canyon when at a physiological temperature, thereby expelling the pocket factor and separating the viral subunits to form 135S particles. These results provide a detailed analysis of how a nonenveloped virus can enter its host cell.
Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA.
Poliovirus receptor
Gene Names: PVR (PVS)
Go to Gene View: PVR
Space Group: P 41 21 2
HKL-2000 data collection
SHARP phasing
This entry supersedes: 3EOW


text:
// Copyright 2016 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.

package org.chromium.chrome.browser.download.ui;

import android.content.Context;
import android.util.AttributeSet;

import org.chromium.chrome.browser.widget.selection.SelectableItemView;

/**
 * The view for a downloaded item displayed in the Downloads list.
 */
public class DownloadItemView extends SelectableItemView<DownloadHistoryItemWrapper> {
    DownloadHistoryItemWrapper mItem;

    /**
     * Constructor for inflating from XML.
     */
    public DownloadItemView(Context context, AttributeSet attrs) {
        super(context, attrs);
    }

    /**
     * Initialize the DownloadItemView. Must be called before the item can respond to click events.
     *
     * @param item The item represented by this DownloadItemView.
     */
    public void initialize(DownloadHistoryItemWrapper item) {
        mItem = item;
        setItem(item);
    }

    @Override
    public void onClick() {
        if (mItem != null) mItem.open();
    }
}


text:
Q: Using an "on integer changed" listener, GLSurfaceView - cannot use thread error Situation:
I have implemented the code suggested in Android execute code on variable change
brief summary of above answer:
A class (IntStoreValue) that stores an int and a listener, and proposes an interface for listening to changes in this int
&& A custom UI item (in this case a TextView) that implements the above interface and applies setText() when this int is changed.
I implemented this solution by setting this custom textview to listen to a public IntStoreValue constantly modified in my GLSurfaceView renderer class.
This causes a view.ViewRootImpl$CalledFromWrongThreadException. (trying to access UI from outside UI thread)...
This I can live with / understand...
What I don't understand, is why I am able to make this solution work with a custom SeekBar / ProgressBar using setProgress(int newValue) in the onIntChanged interface method...?
I used this "loophole" to make a normal TextView setText() onProgressChanged of my custom seekBar...
Why does this work with these widget.Bar items and not with TextViews?
I don't mind using this "SeekBar pass-through" loophole, but I would like to know why I cannot directly use the TV solution...
Thanks!

A: GLSurfaceView creates a separate rendering thread. You try to change the value of a variable you created on main thread from GLSurfaceView rendering thread.


text:
Q: How to monitor FTP incoming folder for newly uploaded files? In other words, how can I kick off some custom processing of newly uploaded files to FTP server on my machine with IIS-backed FTP server and .NET?
Clarification
This is to run on the machine that hosts FTP server.  Permissions are not an issue in my case.
It seems I'd need to ask the uploading entities to add a listing file that is sent after the actual data file is completely uploaded.  Imagine that there is an actual xxx.data file uploaded, followed by xxx.listing file that signifies completion of xxx.data file upload.
Originally this question was talking about Reactive Extensions.  I was hoping that someone has a bridge from IIS 7.5's FTP server to Reactive Extensions, so I can focus on the higher-level implementation details.

A: Rx isn't a good fit, per se.
Rx is a good fit when you want to query events (or collections in time) and you want to compose complex filtering, joining and projection.
Rx does absolutely nothing with regard to watching FTP uploads or file system changes. Or any event source really. It does not provide any mechanism to generate those types of events.
Instead it does allow a way to bring together all sorts of different event sources - events, async operations, WMI events, generated observables, etc - into a common framework.
You need to look at something like FileSystemWatcher and then turn this into an observable.
Then you can do some awesome things with Rx. Truly awesome.

A: I've slimmed down the MSDN sample to focus in on file creation, as it's the only event of interest when files are uploaded to FTP server.
One would have to install the Reactive Extensions for this code sample to work in Visual Studio 2012.
 class Program
 {
     static void Main()
     {
         // Create a FileSystemWatcher to watch the FTP incoming directory for creation of listing file

         using (var watcher = new FileSystemWatcher(@"C:\FTP-Data\Incoming", "*.lst"))
         {
             // Use the FromEvent operator to setup a subscription to the Created event.
             //
             // The first lambda expression performs the conversion of Action<FileSystemEventArgs>
             // to FileSystemEventHandler. The FileSystemEventHandler just calls the handler
             // passing the FileSystemEventArgs.
             //
             // The other lambda expressions add and remove the FileSystemEventHandler to and from
             // the event.

             var fileCreationObservable = Observable.FromEvent<FileSystemEventHandler, FileSystemEventArgs>(
                                         UseOnlyTheSecondArgument,
                                         fsHandler => watcher.Created += fsHandler,
                                         fsHandler => watcher.Created -= fsHandler);

             fileCreationObservable.Subscribe(ActionWhenFileIsUploaded);

             watcher.EnableRaisingEvents = true;

             Console.WriteLine("Press ENTER to quit the program...\n");
             Console.ReadLine();
         }
     }

     private static void ActionWhenFileIsUploaded(FileSystemEventArgs args)
     {
         Console.WriteLine("{0} was created.", args.FullPath);

         // TODO
         // 1. Deduce original file name from the listing file info
         // 2. Consume the data file
         // 3. Remove listing file
     }

     private static FileSystemEventHandler UseOnlyTheSecondArgument(Action<FileSystemEventArgs> handler)
     {
         return (object sender, FileSystemEventArgs e) => handler(e);
     }
 }

I am still working out the details of transforming observable of listing files to observable of actual data files.  Stay tuned.

A: To know that a new file is complete, a frequent pattern is that the client uploads the file in a TEMP directory, then it does an FTP move command. The move (or a rename) is atomic IF the source and target directories are on the same partition.

A: You will need to extend the capabilities of FileWatcher i.e. to check if your file was completely uploaded (or not) and then use the Rx samples listed in the comments.
Or..
Not directly watch the files in FTP folder.. instead run a windows service  or some app to copy the fully uploaded file to a processing folder, then you are sure that only there are no partial files. (will need to figure out how. Wonder if a file is locked for the period it is uploading the server ) . This separates watching and processing logic in separate apps.(but makes it trickier.) . Also after processing you can move the file out the processing folder so that you don't process the same file again(or you can use some other logic.)


text:
Sepsis Therapy Endorsed as National Benchmark
Visitor Restrictions Imposed at 6 Henry Ford Hospitals
To control the spread of flu illness, visitors limited to those 12 years and older.
New Protocol Dramatically Increases Heart Attack Survival Rates
Hospitals can dramatically increase heart attack survival rates in patients suffering cardiogenic shock by providing rapid hemodynamic support...
Unprecedented Collaboration by Metro Detroit Cardiologists Increases Heart Attack Survival Rate
DETROIT – Upholding a long-established tradition of breakthrough medicine in southeast Michigan, Metro Detroit cardiologists from five health...
Henry Ford Health System Names New Chair of Neurology Department
Henry Ford Health System has appointed its new Chair of the Department of Neurology. Stephan Mayer, M.D., F.C.C.M., joined the health system...
Henry Ford Health System Celebrating Record Generosity in 2016
Donors Deliver Greatest Amount of Gift Revenue in the Health System's History DETROIT – Thanks to the overwhelming generosity of the...
Henry Ford Health System Welcomes New President and CEO
Experienced, Compassionate and Community-Oriented, Wright Lassiter, III, will Lead Henry Ford into Its Second Century DETROIT Jan. 4, 2017 –...
Physician's Near-Death Experience Inspires Campaign to Boost More Effective Patient Communication
A Henry Ford Hospital critical care medicine physician describes in candid detail about how her own near-death experience inspired an...
DETROIT – An aggressive therapy for severe infection pioneered at Henry Ford Hospital has been endorsed as a national practice benchmark by the National Quality Forum (NQF) to effectively treat patients with the serious medical condition.
NQF-endorsed measures are considered the gold standard for health care measurement by health care providers, federal government and many private sector entities in the United States. The mission of these measures is that patients will not only get quality care, but also cost-effective care.
Unlike national practice guidelines for stroke, heart attacks and trauma, none existed for severe infection, otherwise known as sepsis, which causes the body's immune system to self-destruct. More people die of severe sepsis every year than those who die from prostate cancer, breast cancer and AIDS combined.
Early Goal Directed Therapy for sepsis was pioneered by Emanuel Rivers, M.D., MPH, vice chairman and research director of Henry Ford's Department of Emergency Medicine, as part of a three-year research study that culminated with the results being published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2001.
EGDT involves early detection of sepsis, antibiotics and aggressive treatment in the first six hours, entailing a series of steps to restore the supply of oxygen to vital organs as soon as possible. Critical decreases in oxygen supply to vital organs lead to organ failure, amputation and death. The billions of dollars associated with the cost of sepsis complications is significantly decreased with EGDT.
EGDT dramatically reduces the death rate from 40-50 percent to less than 25 percent. In the last decade, the results have been duplicated in more than 50 studies worldwide, saving thousands of patients.
As a result of Dr. Rivers' findings, Henry Ford implemented EGDT as the standard protocol for treating severe infection in its Emergency Department and Intensive Care Units. Henry Ford is a Level 1 trauma center that specializes in trauma, heart attacks and stroke.
Dr. Rivers is nationally recognized for his research in severe infection, critical care and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. In 2005 he was elected to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies of Science – the most prestigious honor in medicine – for his work with severe sepsis.
Dr. Rivers completed a residency in Emergency and Internal Medicine and a Fellowship in Critical Care Medicine. He has been a senior staff physician in the Emergency Department and Surgical Intensive Care Unit since 1988. He is board certified in Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine.


text:
Grab invests $100M into India's OYO to expand hotel service
By Prosyscom Tech Last updated Dec 8, 2018
Southeast Asian ride-hailing firm Grab has made its most ambitious investment to date after it backed India-headquartered budget hotel network OYO to the tune of $100 million. The investment was part of a $1 billion Series E round led by SoftBank's Vision Fund that closed back in September.
The deal was first made public via a regulatory filing in India, as Economic Times reported.
"We can confirm the investment into OYO," a Grab spokesperson told TechCrunch.
Grab has done a handful of strategic deals thus far, including investments in bike-sharing startup oBike and grocery delivery service HappyFresh, but those have been far smaller and local to Southeast Asia. Its highest acquisition to date is around $100 million for Indonesia-based offline payment network Kudo some 18 months ago.
The deal with OYO is not only far higher but also outside of its immediate home turf, which spans eight countries in Southeast Asia. OYO's business is heavily focused on India and China, but the company is also active in Nepal, Malaysia and, most recently, the UK. That Series E deal was aimed at funding international growth and it looks like Grab will work closely with the company to help expand its presence in Southeast Asia, a region with over 650 million consumers and a fast growing digital economy.
A source with knowledge of discussions told TechCrunch that Grab was primarily motivated to partner with OYO for its potential to boost its GrabPay service. The core idea here is that GrabPay could become the preferred payment method for OYO in Southeast Asia, thereby boosting Grab's ambition of dominating the region's mobile payment space.
OYO claims to have over 10,000 franchised or leased hotels in its network which it says spans 350 cities across five countries, although most of that is concentrated on India and China. In the latter country, OYO says it offers 87,000 rooms in 171 cities after launching in the country in June 2018.
Also Read: Alibaba bolsters home improvement push with $635 million investment in RSM
Southeast Asia, where OYO is already present via Malaysia, is an obvious next step and Grab could also give it a helpful boost to reaching customers by including its service on its in-app platform. Months after a deal to buy Uber's local business in exchange for a 27.5 percent equity stake, Grab unveiled a 'platform' designed to aggregate services in the region to give its audience of over 110 million registered users visibility of services that they may like. That, in turn, can help companies tap into the Grab userbase, although some users have complained that Grab's app is increasingly 'cluttered' with additional services and information beyond basic transportation.
Grab has already partnered with travel giant Booking — which recently invested $200 million in its business — to offer deals to its users, and it is quite conceivable that it could do the same with OYO to help the Indian firm's efforts in Southeast Asia.
The $11 billion-valued ride-hailing firm isn't short of cash — having raised over $3 billion this year — so it can afford to make the occasional splashy investment. However, it might need a budget reallocation. That's because Indonesian rival Go-Jek's continued Southeast Asia expansion is threatening to reignite a subsidiary war that Grab probably thought it had won for good after Uber's exit. It'll be interesting to watch how that competition weighs in Grab's overall effort to go from ride-hailing into the 'super app' space, covering payments, local services and more.
100MasiabudgetExpandgrabhotelIndiasInvests
AI Augmented Reality Avatar Companions from Artie
What's the Best Program to Make a Flyer?
Grab launches green e-scooter GrabWheels in Indonesia's top university
An Australian perspective on tech and talent in Southeast Asia
Visa invests in Go-Jek for digital payments in SE Asia
theAsianparent.com raises fresh funding to expand in Asia, Africa
Grab warns of longer wait times as Malaysia nears rollout of new regulation
Singapore's AI startup Taiger seals US$25M to expand to Korea, Japan, LatAm


b) Which countries have the most Facebook users?
c) How long an average user spends on Facebook?
d) How important is Facebook marketing to local business?
e) What would people do without Facebook?
Interesting facts what if our world without Facebook? I can't imagine what will be the result? Face book has a big contribution in communication..


text:
Q: PC Shut Down & Blue Screening? I have recently upgraded my motherboard in my computer before that I had a standard small board but now I have a big gaming one (forgot the exact size names think its atx or something)
Anyway,
Sometimes after a while of using the system the hard drive makes a sound like when the reader goes back in place (the sound when you shut the down the system)
after that sound the pc will freeze it also does it sometimes when installing updates which is bad.
I already had to re-install windows 3 times since when the disk is doing something it is corrupting data.
I have a few times had vertices lines go across the screen then I had to restart the system this happened this morning but after that windows loaded with no graphics driver then a few seconds after windows logged in it then went to a blue screen which is odd on it self.
The most common issue is the hard drive sounding like it is losing power and the it freezing also sometimes it will make that sound and the pc won't freeze so I think it may be the PSU as it is 500W or the psu could be on it's way out.
It is a fairly new system but the psu is 6 months old.
What do you all think and what can I do to prevent this from happening because I fix the issue till i get paid next which is in a few weeks.
the system is fine for now as I am writing this post on the PC it just randomly happens when it fells like it lol..
PS: I have tried my gaming card and I got the vertical lines a few days ago and also on the on board graphics. to me sounds like components are losing power need your thoughts on this as will


text:
Kaliber 44 war eine populäre polnische Hip-Hop-Band.

Hintergrund
Sie wurde 1994 in Kattowitz von Piotr Łuszcz ("Magik"), Marcin Marten ("Dab") und Michał Marten ("Joka") gegründet. Der Bandname spielte nicht direkt auf das Schusswaffenkaliber an, sondern auf die Größe der Probleme, die die Band hatte. Der Name ist außerdem eine Anspielung auf den Text des Dramas Dziady von Adam Mickiewicz.

Ihr Debütalbum Księga Tajemnicza. Prolog war 1996 ein großer Erfolg und ist inzwischen ein Klassiker moderner polnischer Musik.

Diskografie

Alben
 1996: Księga Tajemnicza. Prolog
 1998: 63 minuty dookoła świata
 2000: 3:44
 2016: Ułamek Tarcia

Einzelnachweise

Hip-Hop-Gruppe
Polnische Band

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A number of corporate sponsors recently presented cheques valued at $216,000 to the National Youth in Agriculture Committee for the staging of the 2005 National Youth in Agriculture Day.
The event will be held at the Denbigh Showground in May Pen on July 30 as part of this year's Denbigh Agricultural and Industrial Show.
At the presentation ceremony held recently at the Hope Gardens headquarters of the Rural Agricultural Development Authority (RADA), Bridgette Williams, Coordinator of the National Youth in Agriculture Programme, explained that the day would feature the achievements of young people involved in agriculture, as well as competitions in public speaking, essay, poster and food technology contests; agricultural quiz, a teacher's incentive award and school farm competition.
The National Youth in Agriculture Day is a joint undertaking of the National Youth in Agriculture Committee and RADA's School's Agricultural Programme, and is one of several competitive events, which is designed to encourage increased youth participation in the sector.
According to Miss Williams, the efforts of the two organizations have seen the provision of a revolving school garden loan, from which more than 60 schools have benefited to produce 80 litres of honey, 10,000 dozen eggs and 60,000 kilograms of meat. More than $5 million in revenue have been generated from these efforts.
Meanwhile, 32 students have been assisted to pursue training in agriculture, with three students pursuing degrees at the College of Arts, Science and Education (CASE) in Portland.
In his remarks, Albert Shand Executive Director of RADA, expressed gratitude to the companies for their support.
"We have to view it as a contribution towards a greater good because by doing this, it is a significant contribution towards preparing our nation for production in a successful efficient way in the future," he said.
He noted that it was important to ensure that young people were exposed to the intricacies of agriculture as a profession. "We are in an age where computerization is more or less taking over and the farmer is no longer the person who we see with a fork and a machete . we have to prepare the other generation so that generation is adept at utilizing the technology available for meaningful and productive agricultural pursuits," he stated.
The corporate sponsors for the National Youth in Agriculture Day are: RBTT Bank, Bank of Nova Scotia, Capital and Credit Merchant Bank, National Housing Trust, Coconut Industry Board, Jamaica Agricultural Development Foundation, EcoJamaica, Development Bank of Jamaica, National Commercial Bank, Newport Fersan Jamaica Limited, United General Insurance Company and AgroGrace.


text:
function [pm,delay_offset] = circexp_imp_ps(xs,Nce,xq,fhp,conf)
%CIRCEXP_IMP_PS circular basis expansion of a point source in temporal domain
%
%   Usage: [pm,delay_offset] = circexp_imp_ps(xs,Nce,xq,[fhp],conf)
%
%   Input parameters:
%       xs      - position of point source / m [1 x 3]
%       Nce     - maximum order of circular basis expansion
%       xq      - optional expansion center / m [1 x 3]
%       fhp     - cut-off frequency of highpass for regularisation
%       conf    - configuration struct (see SFS_config)
%
%   Output parameters:
%       pm            - regular circular expansion coefficients in time domain
%                       for m = 0:Nce, [conf.N x Nce+1]
%       delay_offset  - additional added delay, so you can correct it
%
%   See also: circexp_imp_pw

%*****************************************************************************
% The MIT License (MIT)                                                      *
%                                                                            *
% Copyright (c) 2010-2019 SFS Toolbox Developers                             *
%                                                                            *
% Permission is hereby granted,  free of charge,  to any person  obtaining a *
% copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), *
% to deal in the Software without  restriction, including without limitation *
% the rights  to use, copy, modify, merge,  publish, distribute, sublicense, *
% and/or  sell copies of  the Software,  and to permit  persons to whom  the *
% Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:       *
%                                                                            *
% The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in *
% all copies or substantial portions of the Software.                        *
%                                                                            *
% THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR *
% IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT  NOT LIMITED TO THE  WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, *
% FITNESS  FOR A PARTICULAR  PURPOSE AND  NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL *
% THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER *
% LIABILITY, WHETHER  IN AN  ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT  OR OTHERWISE, ARISING *
% FROM,  OUT OF  OR IN  CONNECTION  WITH THE  SOFTWARE OR  THE USE  OR OTHER *
% DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.                                                  *
%                                                                            *
% The SFS Toolbox  allows to simulate and  investigate sound field synthesis *
% methods like wave field synthesis or higher order ambisonics.              *
%                                                                            *
% https://sfs.readthedocs.io                            sfstoolbox@gmail.com *
%*****************************************************************************

%% ===== Checking of input  parameters ==================================
nargmin = 4;
nargmax = 5;
narginchk(nargmin,nargmax);
isargcoord(xq,xs);
isargpositivescalar(Nce);
if nargin == nargmin
  conf = fhp;
else
  isargpositivescalar(fhp);
end

%% ===== Configuration ==================================================
N = conf.N;
c = conf.c;
fs = conf.fs;

%% ===== Computation =====================================================

xs = xs - xq; % shift coordinates
[phis, rs] = cart2pol(xs(1),xs(2));

%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Implementation of
%
%          i^(|m|-m)
% p_m(t) = --------- IFT[ -ik h_|m|(k rs) ] e^(-im phis) e^(im phi0)
%             4pi
%
% with IFT being the inverse Fourier transform of the spherical Hankel function.
% The IFT is realised by an IIR-implementation using the Laplace domain (s)
% respresentation of the spherical Hankel function:
%                                   _____
%                      exp(-s tau)   | |  (s - z_n/tau)
% h_|m|(s tau) = i^|m| -----------   | |  -------------
%                       -i s tau      n   (s - p_n/tau)
%
% z_n and p_n are the zeros and poles of the Hankel function. tau = r_s/c.
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

% === Linkwitz-Riley (LR) filter for stabilisation ===
zlr = [];
plr = [];
klr = 1;
if Nce > 0
  if nargin == nargmin
    warning('without highpass filtering the implementation is not stable');
  else
    [zlr, plr, klr] = linkwitz_riley(ceil(Nce/2)*2, fhp/fs*2, 'high');
  end
end

% Compute impulse responses for each mode m
pulse = dirac_imp();
pm = [repmat(pulse,[1 Nce+1]); zeros(N-length(pulse),Nce+1)];
% Negative m can be inferred from symmetry relations
for m=0:Nce
    % === IIR-Implementation of Spherical Hankel function ===
    if m==0  % not supported by octave
        zh = []; ph = []; kh=1;
    else
        [zh, ph] = sphbesselh_zeros(m);
        % Bilinear transform to z-domain
        if isoctave
            [zh, ph, kh] = bilinear(zh*c/rs, ph*c/rs, 1, 1/fs);
        else
            [zh, ph, kh] = bilinear(zh*c/rs, ph*c/rs, 1, fs);
        end
    end
    % === Apply Hankel + LR Filter to current mode ===
    % Zeros remaining after compensating the poles of Hankel function (ph)
    zlr_comp = ones(length(zlr)-length(ph),1);
    % Generate second-order-sections
    [sos, g] = zp2sos([zlr_comp; zh], plr, klr*kh, 'down', 'none');
    % Filtering
    pm(:,m+1) = sosfilt(sos, pm(:,m+1)).*g.*(1i).^m.*exp(-1i*m*phis);
end
pm = pm./(4*pi*rs);

delay_offset = -rs/c;


text:
Nir Maoz: I cannot measure the emotional anguish
Trial in double murder of Nurit and Noah Maoz enters third day.
By MELANIE LIDMAN
Nir Maoz black and white 390
(photo credit: Marc Israel Sellem)
The trial of the double murder of Nurit and Noah Maoz continued on Tuesday, as the couple's son, Nir Maoz, took to the witness stand for the second time to defend against accusations from his twin brother that he stabbed their parents to death.
Nir's twin, Daniel, who has a known gambling addiction and was seen on the night of the murder in a disheveled state with spots of blood on his clothes, was indicted in September for the murders and has been incarcerated since then. DNA evidence also implicated him in the murders. But in a surprise twist last Wednesday, the first day of the trial, Daniel's lawyers accused Nir of the murder because the two identical twins have the same DNA.
"How dare you? I'm the victim of a crime. I'm not just a witness – they murdered my parents!" Nir Maoz told the court on Tuesday after Daniel's lawyer, David Barhoom, accused him again of stabbing his parents to death.
"My brother's lawyers are being interviewed by the media, they're sitting in news studios, they're going on live feeds, and saying that I murdered and there's evidence to prove it. This is not true. Even if they have evidence, which they don't, and even if they have witnesses, which they don't, I cannot measure in words the emotional anguish this has caused me," he said in his testimony.
In addition to Nir's testimony on Tuesday, the police investigator testified that he immediately suspected that the couple was murdered by someone they knew well, because the apartment was not broken into and the couple had answered the door in their pajamas, including Nurit, who was recovering from cancer and was not wearing her wig.
Additionally, the Shin Bet (Israel Security Service) quickly ruled out the possibility that the murder was a terror attack.
Police investigated Nir Maoz for the third time on Sunday after the defense accused him of the murder. Nir served in the police's investigations unit but did not work with any of the current investigators, police said on Tuesday.
The trial will continue next Wednesday in the Jerusalem District Court.