text:
I've just come back from a conference, the theme of which was creativity – a conference for teachers of Arabic, as it happens. I'm not a speaker of Arabic, much less a teacher. But I have a long association with the Arab world – I calculate I've done work in 14 of the 22 states that belong to the Arab League. Moreover, irrespective of the language they are teaching, language teachers share many of the same challenges and experience many of the same successes. For me it is both salutary and enlightening to be able to exchange stories about these challenges and successes. It was appropriate, therefore, that the organization that hosted the conference – in conjunction with the University of Westminster – is an Arabic language school whose mission statement is "We believe language & culture are better shared than taught."
Sharek Centre Conference at the University of Westminster (photo courtesy Mahammed Bouabdallah)
What, then, of creativity? For me, a constant challenge has been trying to balance the twin poles of conformity and creativity. My initial training erred on the side of the former, where language learning was all about conforming to existing patterns and models and where creativity, if it was encouraged at all, seemed seriously constrained.
Such a view was enshrined in the first coursebook I ever used, Louis Alexander's aptly titled First Things First (1967), whose philosophy is laid out in no uncertain terms: 'The student should be trained to learn by making as few mistakes as possible. He should never be required to do anything which is beyond his capacity… If the student is to make the most of his abilities he must be trained to adopt correct learning habits right from the start' (Alexander 1967: xii).
This 'late-stage' behaviourist credo sat uncomfortably with the Chomskyan view that creativity is the essence of language use: 'Ordinary linguistic behaviour characteristically involves innovation, formation of new sentences and new patterns in accordance with rules of great abstractness and intricacy' (1966, quoted in Stern, 1983, p. 300). And he added, for good measure, that 'repetition of fixed phrases is a rarity….' (ibid.)
Corpus linguistics has, of course, shown him to be wildly wrong: a great deal of real language use does in fact consist of fixed phrases – more than 50%, according to some estimates. The Russian literary critic Mikhail Bakhtin had long since anticipated this: 'Our speech, that is, all our utterances (including our creative works), is filled with others' words, varying degrees of otherness or varying degrees of "our-own-ness"' (1986: 89).
Language use, it seems, involves an equal measure of conformity and creativity, a tension that finds expression in John Sinclair's distinction between the 'idiom principle' and the 'open choice principle'. With regard to the former, 'a language user has available to him or her a large number of semi-preconstructed phrases that constitute single choices, even though they might appear to be analysable into segments' (Sinclair 1991:110). This contrasts with the 'open choice principle', whereby 'words are treated as independent items of meaning. Each of them represents a separate choice' (op. cit.: 175).
For Bakhtin, this tension between conformity and creativity was construed as a tug-of-war between centripetal and centrifugal forces. As Braxley (2013: 15) describes it: 'On the one hand, centripetal forces play a normative role, ensuring that speakers of the language will be able to understand one another. On the other hand, centrifugal forces keep the language alive and allow for the creation of new genres'. In fact, Bakhtin theorized that these opposing forces could be reconciled, and that conformity, far from being antithetical to creativity, might indeed be a precondition for it. As he put it, 'The better our command of genres, the more freely we employ them… The more flexibly and precisely we reflect the unrepeatable situation of communication – in a word, the more perfectly we implement our free-speech plan' (1986:80).
'The unrepeatable situation of communication' reminds us that even imitation is a form of creativity, since a copy is never the same as the original. This is well exemplified by the hip-hop practice of sampling, i.e. the re-using of a segment of a recording in the creation of a new composition. Pennycook (2007: 149), writing about 'transcultural flows', quotes the musician DJ Spooky who describes sampling as '"a new way of doing something that's been with us for a long time: creating with found objects…". As he goes on to argue, "creativity rests in how you re-contextualise the previous expressions of others…"' Pennycook comments that 'this argument challenges notions of authorship, originality and creativity' (ibid.)
Indeed, 're-contextualising the previous expressions of others' might serve as a definition of language acquisition. As Eva Hoffman memorably put it, in her memoir of learning English: 'Since I lack a voice of my own, the voices of others invade me is if I were a silent ventriloquist. They ricochet within me, carrying on conversations, lending me their modulations, intonations, rhythms. I do not yet possess them; they possess me… Eventually, the voices enter me; by assuming them, I gradually make them mine. I am being remade, fragment by fragment, like a patchwork quilt' (Hoffman 1998: 220).
Sampling and patchwork: two images that neatly capture the intersection between conformity and creativity, and remind us that language learning is a process frequently involving – not just production – but RE-production. As Pennycook (2010) points out, 'language learning also profoundly involves mimicry, and once we are open to a view of mimicry as an act that changes the original, then the concern that language imitation is stultifying is no longer credible… Language repetitions, imitations and re-localisations as creative acts may be at least as significant for language learning as acts of creative construction or individual difference' (Pennycook 2010: 139).
All this makes me wonder if I had underestimated the creative potential of the tightly constrained methodology I was initially trained in. And it reminds me of Nora (see N is for Nora) and the way she created her own 'substitution tables' as she riffed on newly acquired phrases:
She said me that it wa' not too raining by she house. She said it wa' not too raining by she house. She said she not raining by she house.
This is not a million miles from the highly repetitive but undeniably creative word play of a writer like Gertrude Stein (1923):
No sense in no sense innocence of what of not and what of delight. In no sense innocence in no sense and what in delight and not, in no sense innocence in no sense no sense what, in no sense and delight, and in no sense and delight and not in no sense and delight and not, no sense in no sense innocence and delight.
In the end, as Rod Ellis (2016, p. 45) argues, 'we need to conceive of L2 learners as striving for a balance between creativity and conformity… The task facing the language teacher, then, is to facilitate this process by allowing room for the natural process of creative construction while also facilitating conformity to target-language norms.'
The question, as always, is: How?
Alexander, L. G. (1967) New Concept English: First Things First (Teacher's Book), Harlow: Longman.
Bakhtin, M. (1986) Speech Genres and Other Late Essays. Translated by Vern W. McGee. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
Braxley, K. (2013) 'Mastering academic English: international graduate students' use of dialogue and speech genres to meet the writing demands of graduate school' in J.K. Hall, G. Vitanova, and L. Marchenkova (eds) Dialogue with Bakhtin on Second and Foreign Language Learning: New Perspectives. New York: Routledge, 11-32.
Ellis, R. (2016) 'Creativity and language learning.' In Jones, R.H. & Richards, J.C. (eds) Creativity in language teaching: perspectives from research and practice. London: Routledge.
Pennycook, A. (2007) Global Englishes and transcultural flows. London: Routledge.
Pennycook, A. (2010) Language As a Local Practice. London: Routledge.
Sinclair, J. (1991) Corpus, Concordance, Collocation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Stein, G. (1923) 'Are there Arithmetics?' in Kostelanetz, R. (ed.) (2002) The Gertrude Stein Reader. New York: Cooper Square Press.
Stern, H.H. (1983) Fundamental concepts of language teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Consistent with the principles of sampling and patchwork, some of this post borrows from my preface to Creativity in English Language Teaching, edited by D. Xerri and O. Vassallo ( ElT Council, Malta, 2016).
« N is for Nora D is for Dictionary »
Date : November 26, 2017
Tags: conformity, creativity, idiom principle, imitation, language play, mimicry, open choice principle, repetition
geoffjordan (10:57:06) :
I saw a few more photos of you giving your talk at the conference and was horrified to see what they'd done to the room.
Chomsky obviously hadn't had the pleasure of talking to Hugh Dellar when he said that about repetition of fixed phrases being a rarity.
I suppose it's a compliment when I say that you sound more and more like Widdowson, who would of course insist on having the 2 terms you discuss in the title.
Scott Thornbury (11:03:09) :
Apropos Widdowson, this is one quote I cut from the post because of lack of space: "[Communicative competence] is much more a matter of knowing a stock of partially pre-assembled patterns, formulaic frameworks, and a kit of rules, so to speak, and being able to apply these rules to make whatever adjustments are necessary according to contextual demands."
Widdowson, H. (1989), Knowledge of language and ability for use, Applied Linguistics, 10, p. 135.
Not aware of what the rooom used to be like, but did take note of some stunning deco fittings in one of the lecture rooms.
nickbilbrough (11:56:15) :
Hi Scott, Thank you so much for coming to the Sharek conference and delivering a key note speech. Unfortunately I only caught a few snippets of your talk as I was panicking over a connection to Gaza that we were trying to establish. By all accounts it was a brilliant lead in to our conference though, and something that many speakers referred back to over the two days.
I don't know if you mentioned this area in your talk but I'm interested in the role that creativity plays in helping learners to remember the 'stock of partially pre-assembled patterns, formulaic frameworks' etc. The keyword technique is one obvious example but I'm also thinking of things like physicalisation, personalisation and the many creative ways in which learners link new language to existing knowledge.
I guess that native speakers of a language use these processes less, (or at least they are less aware of them) because they've generally had infinitely more opportunities for exposure and output in their own L1 development. I wonder whether this is another example of an advantage that a non-native speaker teacher may have over a native speaker teacher ie. that they have experienced and are aware of creative techniques involved in language storage that they have used themselves in achieving proficiency, and can therefore share them more easily with their students. What do you think?
Thanks, Nick. No, I didn't touch on memory techniques, but it is certainly an area where originality and personalization (hence creativity) would seem to be hugely important. One reason why in even the most 'conformist' methodologies learners were still encouraged to use the structure-of-the-day (to use Peter Skehan's expression) to create an original sentence and/or one that was true of them personally was that such a sentence might be more memorabe than, say, 'My tailor is rich'.
Justin Willoughby (12:19:32) :
Thanks Scott. I like to set up a speaking activity (eg, a discussion) and note down language gaps during with a view to focusing on them afterwards with a formal presentation and practice. Later the learners do the same discussion again and the teacher provides immediate feedback during on the language recently focused on. I also like to record learners and play their performance back together looking to identify language gaps. I get the learners to perform the same task again with the improvements. What do you think?
Thanks, Justin – the value of task repetition after receiving feedback (or even without explicit feedback) is well documented in the literature, especially on task-based learning. Thanks for pointing this out.
ddeubel (14:38:35) :
2 phrases struck me in this post. 1. "the unrepeatable situation of communication" and 2. "re-contextualizing the experience of others" Both made me think of the role of ambiguity tolerance and the role it might play in the ability and efficacy of learning new language. Are learners with high ambiguity tolerance more creative or does it just seems so? Can creativity ever be measured?
I do agree that creativity is crucial in fitting the square peg the world offers you, into your own specially created roundish hole.
eflnotes (14:41:58) :
an interesting post spoiled here by a mis-characterisation of Chomsky's writings on linguistic creativity and the wider notion of creativity;
creativity +arises+ from limits or "conformity" as Scott as labelled it; Chomsky calls this essential feature of the language system "the infinite use of finite means" or "discrete infinity" also known as digital infinity [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_infinity]
on this account there are no "twin poles of conformity and creativity", or "tension between conformity and creativity" or a need to "conceive of L2 learners as striving for a balance between creativity and conformity"
that "a great deal of real language use does in fact consist of fixed phrases" does not mean that any particular "fixed phrase" is not novel for a particular language user;
further what has been called the "Limits thesis" would say that someone who uses fixed phrases that are not novel to them is following the notion that creativity "takes place within – presupposes, in fact – a system of constraints and governing principles" [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00485363%5Dta
Thanks, Mura – I'll follow up on those links, but I'm not sure I follow the argument. The fact that a language user has the means to produce an infinitude of sentences doesn't explain why he or she doesn't do so – i.e. why, for example, as Pawley and Syder long ago pointed out, we say 'twenty past five' in English and not 'five and a third', which is grammatically and semantically acceptable – and, as it happens, a direct translation of what they say in Egyptian Arabic. Hence, from a teaching point of view, it is not enough to teach the rules by which this infinitude of sentences can be created: we also have to teach the way that language users conform to a much narrower range of wordings – those that have become conventionalized within a speech community. This, of course, doesn't deny that language users can be as original as they want to be – even to the extent that Gertrude Stein was – but that such productivity will be stylistically marked and will run the risk of being unintelligible, as James Joyce – in the end – was.
And surely Chomsky was simply wrong in claiming that very little language use consists of the repetition of fixed phrases. But I'll read those articles you linked to and see if I am indeed guilty of mis-characterization, as you say.
Chomsky is/was not interested in teaching issues : )
i felt the inclusion of Chomsky here was a throwaway rhetoric and not a serious representation of his actual writings on creativity (both linguistic and more general)
in fact i believe he has said that we may have made progress on the "finite means" question but as to the "infinite use" that is a deep mystery that science may never answer
regarding "Repetition of fixed phrases is a rarity" i believe the key word here is +repetition + rather than fixed phrases? since he was critiquing the stimulus-response concepts of behaviorism as applied to language?
Thanks, again, Mura. No, of course Chomsky was not concerned with teaching, but many who subscribe to his theoretical position are, and have suggested ways in which it might be applied. One application of his notion of 'rule-based creativity' was to encourage the teaching of the rules, with the assumption that creativity would follow, as the night the day.
As for the 'deep mystery' of infinite use, 'Mysteries, to Chomsky, are questions in the investigation of which no progress seems to be made. And he is of the opinion that the "creative aspect of language use" is just as much of a mystery today as it was in the heyday of the Cartesians some three centuries ago. In short, "How do people succeed in acting appropriately and creatively in linguistic behaviour or performance?" is a question which Chomsky expressly excludes from the set of fundamental questions… to be solved by his approach to linguistic enquiry… Chomsky's study of mind, in sum, is restricted in scope: it seeks to identify only a subset of the mechanisms of mind and, moreover, it does not attempt to answer the question of how those mechanisms are creatively used' (Botha 1989, Challenging Chomksy, p.51).
The creative use of these mechanisms is less mysterious to sociolinguists, pragmatists, discourse analysts, conversation analysts etc.
And as for Chomsky's statement about repetition, I don't have the original source, but in the context that Stern quotes it I am pretty sure he is talking about language use, not language learning.
But, as in all things, I may be wrong.
Here is the extended quote from which the statement about fixed phrases comes: "The most obvious and characteristic property of normal linguistic behaviour is that it is stimulus-free and innovative. Repetition of fixed phrases is a rarity; it is only under exceptional and quite uninteresting circumstances that one can seriously consider how "situational context" determines what is said, even in probabilistic terms.… This property of being innovative and stimulus-free is what I refer to by the term "creative aspect of language use". (Chomsky, N. 1971/1999. Selected readings on transformational theory p. 156.)
(apologies if this is taking discussion off track)
i think we need to be clear that Chomsky in this text was using "creative aspect of language use" as a contrast to the then psychological mindest which saw language as a "habit structure" hence the use of "Repetition of fixed phrases is a rarity" claim was used to support;
it is interesting to see another example of what i see as taking a quote out of context to claim something that Chomsky was not claiming;
if you read the full text where these quotes come from it is quite clear e.g. the text you missed out also points to this namely – "…even in probabilistic terms. The notion that linguistic behaviour consists of 'responses' to 'stimuli' is as much a myth as the idea that it is a matter of habit and generalization. To maintain such assumptions in the face of the actual facts, we must deprive the terms 'stimulus' and 'response' (similarly 'habit' and 'generalization') of any technical or precise meaning."
also i am in deep awe of those
" sociolinguists, pragmatists, discourse analysts, conversation analysts etc." for who the infinite use apsect linguistic creativity aspect less mysterious!
got any refs for this?
excuse my typos! thx
Thanks Mura – well, if this is off track, it's an interesting diversion. I agree that Chomsky was talking about stimulus-response learning, but for me the key word is still 'fixed phrases' – in contradistinction to 'the creative aspect of language use'. For Chomsky there seems to be only the 'open-choice principle', and no 'idiom principle' – because to admit to the latter would be to concede that 'situational context' does determine what is said – as Halliday, Hymes and all the other pragmatists, sociolinguists, usage-based theorists, corpus linguists and discourse analysts (for whom the question as to how people succeed in acting appropriately and creatively is not such a mystery) would claim.
Hi (taking liberties with your approval to continue this) say we grant your idea that key word is "fixed phrases" are we sure that what you mean by that term is that same as how Chomsky used it in talking about the creativity of (spoken) language?
for example in Cartesian Linguistics (which i think is the Chomsky publication where creative use of language is explored in depth) he writes – "His [Vaugelas] view of language structure, in this respect, seems not very different from that of Saussure, Jespersen, Bloomfield, and many others who regard innovation as possible only "by analogy," by substitution of lexical items for items of the same category within +fixed frames+.
i believe he used teh term "fixed frames" in his review of Skinner's Verbal Behavior?
Hi Mura, I have combed the Skinner critique but can't (as yet) find any reference to 'fixed frames' although he does characterize Skinner's idea of grammar as being based on 'the [traditional] idea that sentences consist of lexical items placed in a grammatical frame' to which (he says) Skinner adds 'the very implausible speculation that in the internal process of composition, the nouns, verbs, and adjectives are chosen first and then are arranged, qualified, etc…'
Interestingly, in the same paper, he argues that 'it is also not easy to find any basis… to the claim that reinforcing contingencies set up by the verbal community are the single factor responsible for maintaining the strength of verbal behaviour. The sources of the "strength" of this behaviour are almost a total mystery at present. Reinforcement undoubtedly plays a significant role, but so do a variety of motivational factors about which nothing serious is known in the case of human beings'.
As I said before, a usage-based perspective sees no 'mystery' here, since we know a good deal more about the motivational factors (including socialization, co-adaptation, identity formation and alignment) than was known in 1957. Indeed, 'reinforcing contingencies set up by the verbal community' might well be a definition of a usage-based model of language acquisition. As Kemmer & Barlow (2000, p. xii) put it, 'a usage-based model, which stresses the importance of instances of use and consequent cognitive entrenchment, places learning at the forefront of language acquisition. This type of model re-conceives the nature of the linguistic system, such that it is far easier to see how it could be learnable. If instances of use are the prime input driving the system's formation, then positing genetically-specified guiding linguistic structures is unnecessary. A well-conceived mechanism for learning, which is also applicable to the learning of other kinds of cognitive patterns besides language, is what is needed for a basic understanding of language acquisition and its relation to general cognition.' (Usage-based models of language , Stanford: CSLI Publications).
I just had to get that in!
hi again : ) yes i think in Skinner review Chomsky uses "frames" not "fixed frames"; he gives the following examples as frames
1. Struggling artists can be a nuisance.
2. Marking essays can be a nuisance.
where substituting "are" for "can be" is okay for 1 but not for 2 and vice versa for "is";
so i would say "fixed phrases" is referring to this?
re usage based or construction grammar (CxG) here's my quote : ) –
"This means that CxG proponents have to provide a theory of how learning takes place so as to give rise to a constructional hierarchy, but even book length studies on this, such as Tomasello (2003), provide no theory beyond pattern-matching combined with vague pragmatic principles of intention-reading and analogy. Tomasello's book, in particular, claims to provide a 'usage-based
theory of language acquistion' but no theory is ever given, just evidence for truisms such as that children can detect patterns and that they want to communicate."
Constructions and grammatical explanations, Adger 2012 [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mila.12027/full]
Ah yes, the intractable stand-off between the rationalists and the empiricists, which Chomsky himself (to his credit) recognized as being au fond an ideological one – the triumph of human reason over beastly grovelling in the primeval slime. Universal grammar as a precursor to universal human rights, and 'a new scientific civilization in which "animal nature" is transcended and human nature can truly flourish' (Chomsky, 1975, Reflections of language ). Me, I'm a slime man. 😉
patrick (03:43:35) :
"The fact that a language user has the means to produce an infinitude of sentences doesn't explain why he or she doesn't do so." You're right Scott, the formalist/UG model cannot answer that question.
However, Halliday's Systemic Functional Grammar does.
Actually that question is rendered redundant by SFL, based as it is upon the recognition that our discourse is shaped by the statistical patterns inherent in the lexicogrammar.
I believe Halliday's initial formulations of SFL pre-dated serious corpus work, but it has has been vindicated over and over again by developments in corpus linguistics.
Indeed, Patrick, and in fact Halliday does draw on corpus and computational studies to argue for a 'probablistic' grammar, rather than one constrained by generative rules. E.g. 'Frequency in text is the instantiation of probability in the system. A linguistic system is inherently probabilistic in nature' ('Towards probabilistic interpretations [1991] in Halliday, 2005. Computational and quantitative studies . London: Continuum p.45)
Hi Scott, in response to your "slime man" comment.
I'm all in favour of the rational scientific approach, but UG is profoundly unscientific, as attested to by numerous commentators. Moreover, its basic premise – PoS – is merely an assertion, and its logic is that of the creationists!
But the real cherry on the top is that it has little to do with language or linguistics – the original formulation was a kind of speculative biology, and more recent reformulations are taken from computer science.
Hi Patrick. Thanks for the comment.
At risk of being shot down, let me stick my head over the parapet again and quote Tomasello (1998): 'The most fundamental tenet of Generative Grammar is that there is a level of linguistic description, namely, syntax, that is independent of all other levels of linguistic description including semantics – and independent of all other aspects of cognition as well. This Autonomy of Syntax thesis is not an empirical discovery or even a hypothesis that is ever explicitly tested. It is a paradigm-defining definitional postulate that is a direct result of taking a mathematical approach to natural language… The goal of Generative Grammar is to provide the most mathematically elegant account of syntax possible, which is automatically assumed to be the one that underlies human linguistic competence.' Introduction to The New Psychology of Language: Cognitive and functional approaches to language structure', pp. ix-x).
shahram (19:19:50) :
Thanks for this great post.
Sampling and patchwork have been discussed in writing activities of MA students writing theses as well. It is interesting to note that patch writing is regarded as some sort of plagiarism where students copy parts of original sentences from an original source and include them in their own work. However, if viewed as a natural writing activity, patch writing is desirable and improves the writing skill. Therefore, writing is correlated with proficiency. As proficiency increases, patch wiring decreases and writers resort to more creativity. I wonder if this supports the view of Krashen that language develops through receptive skills, namely, reading and listening. That is, writers read, adopt structures and words from the reading materials. Some of these imitated elements show up in the students' works.
Thanks for raising the issue of plagiarism, which, as you say, is a form of sampling or patchwork. Pennycook makes the distinction between transgressive and non-transgressive intertextuality, plagiarism belonging to the former. The latter would include quoting other writers, but taking the trouble to cite them. In the end, the difference between transgressive and non-transgressive intertextuality is simply a matter of quotation marks!
J.Cidfuenteso. (20:52:07) :
For some time, the 'cognitive-receptive' has gone 'irrelevant', looking at the Council of Europe and at some new points in the CEFRL. Conversely, strategies, subskills, multi-tasking, project procedure…seemingly prime now. From this it logically follows that for Learners would just suffice
Frances Amrani (20:54:35) :
It was great to see your presentation on Friday and to see how the links from TEFL are equally important for TAFL. I really liked the point you made about how important formulaic phrases can be in language acquisition. Although your didn't mention him, it reminded me of Micheal Hoey and his work on patterns and chunks of language. It was great to see how it resonated with a slightly different audience. Thanks for sharing.
Thanks Frances – it was great to see you there, too.
With regard to formulaic language, Carter (2004, Language and creativity , Routledge) notes that, although a lot of naturally-occurring language use is highly original, playful, and creative, 'running in parallel with these creative extensions and reconfigurations is the existence of a range of non-creative, formulaic expressions which… operate primarily to stabilise and routinise the communicative event… There are distinctly routine and formulaic encounters which language is used transmissively and transactionally, and often necessarily so. Unmodified pre-formulated, formulaic chunks of language allow for this by providing scaffolding from which other language structures can be built, though… such forms can be made creatively active at any moment.'
J.Cidfuentes. (21:36:46) :
Sorry, I meant, SS' English Language Learning seems to just consist of multitasking and projects…; contradictory, then, as I have to, therefore, sample the Target Language patterns and 'fixed expressions', of course, and dedicate myself to, 'First', ( as Alexander's term ), logically implement what they really need to know to be able to create; for sure, adapting, ( there's no choice ) to this 'late-stage' dynamics, otherwise being left-behind. Far from easy, we usually argue about this in the English Department…, they support the 'unnecessary unsuitable grammar patterns…
Dave Crystal, as recalled, reminds us: 'Definiteness' is universal to all languages, (- Digital Finity?-). After 'sampling' and assimilation process, children learn the basic pattern of w.o., there we reinforce the correct language, ( as parents do), which shows that flexibility in those 'new genres', new grammar + new vocab. to later 're-produce', 'create'. So, I wouldn't say creativity is underestimated, they always create in the end, either ways.
Mind you, Nora, ( as my case ) used 'Substitution tables', vague inaccurate production …, though, 'riffing on acquired phrases', that is, within 'her own' 'Stephen Pinker's Language Learning phase. But, we'd better not do without what is paramount for linguists…, such as also Henry Widdowson's rule application, needed for them to know how English works to make those 'adjustments' little by little, though taking on their mistake integrating Language stage.
Similarly, Roumjana Slabakova's 'bottleneck' hypothesis (of University of Southampton) insists on the fact that all the Linguistic 'bits' must be included.
'No pain no gain' simplifies it all…
However, if it's a student nor even with Primary school studies, or so, (as I have cases in my classroom…), how to proceed in the best way?? May I have kind of tip, please??
Eventually, as for creativity, why do just then Benjamin Bloom's HOTS, standing for Higher Order Thinking Skills prevail??
As Gertrude Stein (wonderful ), I here recall Richar Dawkins's:'…if so open-minded, our brains drop out'. So, 'creation with moderation…'
So grateful for all these articles, a great help. (Me, myself back to study, to 'pain… and gain').
( Awaiting your answer ).
odonnelljack52 (12:58:09) :
enlightening read. I'd read Hoffman's book years ago, don't remember much, but I guess it's beauty and clarity remains true. Getrude Stein seems like hard work to me and reading shouldn't be work.
Forgive the autobiographical nature, but it does seem to be illustrative (for me at least).
I've been a jazz musician for most of my adult life. As I got deeper into the music I realised that even the greatest improvisers were recycling, reshaping and recombining motifs from other players, from their earlier work or from the general stock of phrases in the various jazz idioms. I'm sure this is how language development works too. I believe the dialogic nature of jazz makes for a particularly relevant comparison with linguistic development and discourse.
J.J. Almagro (03:05:53) :
If I may, I have a suggestion for you for a research piece: "Interjazzity in Foreign Language Learning."
There are so many interesting areas for research, but my first choice would be a longitudinal case study on child second language development, or very young bilingualism (both in an EFL context).
For a variety of reasons, 1st world university TEFL departments find it difficult or impossible to support this kind of research, despite the recognition of the importance of such studies.
Thanks, odonnell.
Thanks. patrick, for the informative comparison. So appealing!
Thank you J.J., for the 'revolutionary' unusual provided report, brilliant! May I have the exact resource to read it all?
Thus, in terms of music, it functions likewise… I'd never thought of it…
It seems to me that it could be led to be even transferred to 'Intertextuality field', seen as constantly 'content-engaging' creative paradigms…; i.e.,it all relates to emotions in SLL, though not taking in LL experience as a neglected element to decipher meanings, considering non-/transgressive; non-/plagiarism viewpoints…
Take also the fact of the stretch from 'stabilising sound proprioception' up to the extent of 'story-telling'; similar to a Learner engaged in a SL Literacy task reaching their 'Interpretive Communication' processed by their key 'creative reconfigurations' ,being, in the end, sheer creations as musicians'. 'There's more to the human temple than meets the eye…'
Thanks for all these reflections.
Thank you always, Scott, for your 'wisdom-sharing ready insights, extremely bright illuminations.
Nyr Indictor (06:45:44) :
Thanks for this post, Scott. It brought up two associations for me:
1. Once I taught a class of about 20 students and gave them a writing assessment, in which students were given a choice of three topics (write about the school system in your country, write a short story using a specific first sentence, write an e-mail to a friend inviting them to visit you). There were five Korean students, and each one chose the first topic, and wrote virtually the same essay, saying that the Korean educational system was too stressful, too demanding, and did not encourage creativity. The essays were original — no one had copied from any of the others, but the ideas, and even the organization, were basically the same; it was, indeed, a stunning indictment of the Korean educational system's emphasis on conformity. Almost all of the other students chose one of the other topics; the e-mails tended to have personal references to students actual friends and there was a fair amount of similarity between them, and the short stories were the most varied (=creative?).
But, were these students really being uncreative? They used their own words, they wrote in English, and they expressed themselves differently. Perhaps, in some way that is difficult for me to understand, they were being creative within the parameters of their experience.
2. When I was a college student, I was invited to perform, with a group of classmates, Kurt Schwitters' Ursonate, a "sound poem" written between 1922 and 1932. At the time I was struck by the similarity of his composition to the sentence-building exercises that I was doing in a Chinese language class (Audiolingual method in those days). Here is an excerpt:
fö
böwö
fümmsbö
böwörö
fümmsböwö
böwörötää
fümmsböwötää
böwörötääzää
fümmsböwötääzää
böwörötääzääUu
fümmsböwötääzääUu
böwörötääzääUu pö
fümmsböwötääzääUu pö
böwörötääzääUu pögö
fümmsböwötääzääUu pögö
böwörötääzääUu pögiff
fümmsböwötääzääUu pögiff
kwiiEe
I think one of the reasons I enjoy learning language is that I see (hear? perceive?) beauty in these repetitive sound patterns. Is finding beauty in repetition an act of creativity?
One version of the Schwitters' text may be seen at http://www.costis.org/x/schwitters/ursonate.htm, and an audioclip of Schwitters performing it is on Youtube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6X7E2i0KMqM).
In answer to your question ("How?"), I submit the following pedagogical advice:
1. Be open to unexpected forms of creativity.
2. Remember that the student's creativity is not always detectable by the teacher, or the student.
3. Bear in mind that creativity potentially lurks everywhere, even in the most controlled of controlled practices (and the lack of it does too, even in the freest of freer practice).
4. Ask yourself (from time to time): is the student making an error, or perhaps introducing a novel usage into the language?
5. Creativity is not always fun (though it can be); fun is not always creative (though it can be).
6. Numbered lists are not creative.
Creativity should be encouraged, respected, questioned, responded to, occasionally ignored, and definitely blogged about but I do not think it should be subject to formal assessment.
Thanks, Nyr – a very insightful comment – and your comment about the beauty of repetitive sound patterns made me think of the music of Steve Reich, among others. I've been listening to 'Different trains' a lot recently, with its repetitive rhythms, phrasings and snippets of recorded voices, as in this first section:
babbeljuliablogspot (17:13:42) :
Crack!! I advice my Ss to chant difficult fixed phrases, paradigms, patterns, lexical chunks…., sounding and wording….,I'd say: 'go chanting it before going to bed'.
Imagine my horror when I opened my email a couple of days ago and saw this:
"In the next PISA rankings, countries may be ranked on their ability to cultivate 'creative' students – but can we really measure creativity?" (TES – Times Educational Supplement).
The PISA has always been controversial, and according to many it's also methodologically flawed:
OECD and Pisa tests are damaging education … – The Guardian
The Pisa methodology: do its education claims stack up? – The Guardian
Questions posed by the Pisa international school tests … – The Guardian
From my own experience I know how damaging PISA has been for national education policy in a developing country context, and to add a test for creativity will surely lead to more pain and chaos!
Scott, it seems to me that the OECD PISA agenda is so relevant to your comment in your Dictionary post about the neoliberal turn.


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Five Thoughts on Babylon 5's "Points of Departure"
By Elias Rosner | June 6th, 2019
Posted in Television | % Comments
25 years ago, a science fiction show aired that changed the way TV operated. Building upon and strengthening the idea of Star Trek's five-year mission, this show proved that sci-fi TV could be something grander than an episodic adventure. Welcome my friends. This is the story of the last of the Babylon stations. The year is 2259. The name of the place is Babylon 5.
Last year, I covered all of season one of this seminal show just as it was coming to streaming for the "first" time on Amazon Prime (see here for what I mean.) The stream may not be the best quality, thanks to WB, now owned by AT&T, but it's still nice to have ease of access to a show that for years has been slipping farther and farther out of reach. Feel free, for those who are new or long time veterans, to follow along with me as we continue to delve deeper in the mysteries of this show with season two's inaugural episode, "Points of Departure."
Spoilers ahead.
1. Requiem for a Commander
As a title, "Points of Departure" is a curious one. On its surface, it seems to refer to the transportation term or the docking stations of Babylon 5. But it can also refer to ideological splinterings, the places where schools of thought differ and break off, where schisms happen and once unified ideas are torn asunder. This is what drives the A-plot this week and informs the revelations from Lennier. However, there is another meaning behind the title, and it is a bit more sad.
You may have noticed that our good friend and commander, Jeffrey Sinclair, is conspicuously absent from the episode, the opening, and the credits. He left the show after the end of season one for, as then unspecified but amicable reasons. In the years since his death in 2012, we've learned that he suffered from paranoid delusions and hallucinations that intensified as season one went on. It's a shame, as we were finally getting used to the character and his trajectory, but obviously, the mental health of an actor takes far more precedence over a role. Here's a link to an interview JMS did on the late Michael O'Hare.
As for the character, he returns, once or twice, to close off his arc but in his place as commander of the Babylon 5 is a new character, John Sheridan, one who's attitude, personality, and history are vastly different from Sinclair's, providing another point of departure. He is much more aggressive, more military oriented than Sinclair was, and is not well liked by the Minbari. He's a fighter, much more than Sinclair was. Yet, he is still kind and fair and his tactical mind makes him a good leader for knowing how best to defuse a situation.
This change adds a new wrinkle into the dynamics of the station and the show and it's going to be interesting to see how it will play out.
2. Once Again, We Return to This
Sheridan isn't the only change to manifest itself either. G'Kar and Londo are both absent from the episode, with G'Kar mysteriously off station, Garibaldi is still in a coma from being attacked, meaning no one knows about how deep the conspiracy to assassinate the president goes, Delenn is in a cocoon, and we have another new cast member.
This all makes for a really interesting season opener. The status quo is most certainly not maintained from the previous season, with major shifts for every character save Doctor Franklin, and there are newcomers added into the bunch to really mix things up. There are some moments when it's clear JMS and the writing team are trying to catch everyone up after the break, which, on the whole, are well integrated. It's clear this is for the benefit of everyone watching, not just newcomers, as there is a lot of groundwork that needs to be re-established, chief of which is that it's only been a week since the new years eve assassination of the president of Earth.
It's small details like that that help Babylon 5 stay grounded and the world feel whole.
As far as the new character, I'm not entirely sold on Keffer. His intro feels. . .off, somehow. Maybe it's the somewhat wooden acting, which feels out of place when compared to Boxleitner and the rest of the season one crew. Maybe it's because he's trying hard to fill that Garibaldi shaped hole in the snark but can't capture Doyle's pitch perfect delivery. Maybe I just really don't like the "flyboy" type character exemplified by Poe Dameron and Top Gun. Whatever it is, he doesn't do it for me and I'd much rather see more of Caitlin Brown's Na'toth.
Speaking of. . .
3. New Actress, Who Dis?
Na'toth has a new actress and Delenn's got a new look! Both of these facts are not established in the episodes themselves because Delenn is still in her strange cocoon and Na'toth doesn't appear at all. It's quite funny, actually, how credit sequences can undercut reveals in an episode. The mystery around why Delenn was in this cocoon remains but that bit of mystique, of "what is she going to look like now" is removed. It's a minor complaint but it struck me nonetheless.
4. Curtains Made of Chocolate, Villains With a Sweet Tooth
That villain of the week, oh, that villain of the week. He was something else. He ate that scenery like it was a rubbery steak, chewing and chewing and chewing. Over-the-top does not even come close to describing that performance and yet. . .it was so much fun to watch him. Sometimes characters like these annoy me but this time around, I was having too much fun laughing at his ridiculousness to care. There was nothing subtle about him or his mission, while perhaps worked to the episode's advantage as it kept the red herring up for a good while longer.
Thankfully the episode around him was much better, otherwise I think I'd have a less favorable reading on it, like some of those early season one episodes.
5. Introducing Batman Lite-Box, I mean Bruce Boxleitner
Supergirl wasted their Boxleitner (and Lynda Carter before that) and I want it on the record that THIS is why I was so bummed. He had the ability to bring out so much more. But here is not the place to discuss that. Instead, let's talk about season openers.
It's interesting to compare these two season openings and how they handle their introductions of the characters. "Midnight on the Firing Line" had to set up a lot more, meaning it couldn't give the same kind of character treatment we get here with Ivanova. However, all that heavy lifting was done gracefully and with style, priming us to want to know more and follow along. This means that, because season two starts on more solid footing, some of the things that flew in the series opener, such as the rockier dialog and acting, doesn't fly. Bruce Boxleitner benefits, then, from the more polished scripts and a cast that is very comfortable with their roles, which helps him sell his character's nervousness and his underlying charisma.
I took to Sheridan as a character much faster than I did Sinclair, which isn't to knock what O'Hare brought to the character or his introduction. I think the reason for it is that as I laid out above, combined with Boxleitner's acting chops and a character built to be seen as an outsider at first. Unlike in "Midnight on the Firing Line," Boxleitner is not the audience proxy, instead being a force of friction into the world we've spent 22 episodes getting to know.
The episode splits its time between deepening Ivanova's character and ingratiating us to Sheridan, all while highlighting the things that will be sources of tension throughout the rest of the season. It's great. My two highlights have to be him giving a speech to no one while holding an orange and Ivanova's first real moment of openness of the episode, where she vents about having to be "strong" when all she wants to do is be human.
5.5. Cheating Bonus Mystery
I reached this point and realized didn't even talk about the biggest reveal drop in the series thus far! We finally resolve what was hanging over Sinclair and Earth's head for the last decade: why the Minbari surrendered despite winning the war. Remember how there was that whole thing with the Soul Hunter and how the Minbari believe that the soul of the Minbari are a collective? To destroy one is to diminish the whole?
Well, it turns out that humans are somehow being born with pieces of or whole Minbari souls.
And apparently, that's not even the whole story but beyond Lennier's cryptic hints of a great war coming, it's more than enough to fuel the speculation. Why is this the case? What does it mean for the Minbari and their culture/religion? I don't know if these questions ever get answered but just having them gets me more invested in the show and is a sign of the deep thought JMS and the writers room put into the larger ramifications of their plot points on the universe of Babylon 5.
That about does it for now. Join me again in a week for Londo's return and, perhaps, something a bit more sinister on the station that wraps humans and aliens in two million, five hundred thousand tons of spinning metal . . . all alone in the night.
This is Elias. Signing out.
Best Line of the Night:
Ivanova: "And as far as I'm concerned, the transports can wait until the sun explodes! And if you're not happy with the seating arrangements, I will personally order your seats to be moved outside, down the hall, across the station, and into the fusion reactor!"
Five Thoughts on Babylon 5's "The Geometry of Shadows"
Five Thoughts on Babylon 5's "The War Prayer"
Five Thoughts on Babylon 5's "Babylon Squared"
Five Thoughts on Babylon 5's "Eyes"
//TAGS | 2019 Summer TV Binge | Babylon 5
Elias Rosner
Elias is a lover of stories who, when he isn't writing reviews for Mulitversity, is hiding in the stacks of his library. He can be found on twitter (for mostly comics stuff) here and has finally updated his photo to be a hair nicer than before.
Five Thoughts on Babylon 5's "Soul Mates"
By Elias Rosner | Jul 18, 2019 | Television
Meet a man infinitely creepier than Franklin was last week, the three wives of Londo Mollari, and Delenn learning more and more about the little (and big) things that make being human. . .well. . .interesting.
Five Thoughts on Avatar: The Last Airbender's "The Runaway"
By Nicholas Palmieri | Jul 17, 2019 | Television
Welcome back for another weekly review of Avatar! This week, the gang gets involved in some scams as we finally get a Toph spotlight.1. Toph spotlight!The joy of the first half of this season lies in the spotlights on every member of the cast. By now we've had a spotlight on Aang, Katara, Sokka, and […]
Five Thoughts on Archer's "Skytanic"
By Ramon Piña | Jul 17, 2019 | Television
Hi folks! Welcome the to our weekly recap of Archer on the Multiversity Summer TV Binge 2019. This week's episode is named "Skytanic" and it's a masterclass on how to make dialogue for animated television, with a tense scene and the totally unprofessional reactions from the characters, let's dive right in.1. HeliumWe begin this episode […]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: How to "AddHandler" trying to catch an event from an external library I want to call a function as soon as an event from an external library occurs.
I have an array of camera objects (different cameras) which create an event as soon as they grab an image (triggered externally). The cameras are defined by an external Library (Basler) and were defined in the code before so the event is defined as follows:
cameras(i).StreamGrabber.ImageGrabbed

I created a sub
Sub ImageGrabEvent(sender As Object, e As EventArgs)
    MsgBox("Aha")
End Sub</code>

and tried to register in the main part with
AddHandler cameras(i).StreamGrabber.ImageGrabbed, AddressOf (ImageGrabEvent)

and also tried
AddHandler cameras(i).StreamGrabber.ImageGrabbed, ImageGrabEvent()

and variations with "new" or whatever.
Extra Challenge: Any camera can raise the event, how can I identify in my sub which camera did it?

A: You should not have brackets (parentheses) around the handler method so this:
AddHandler cameras(i).StreamGrabber.ImageGrabbed, AddressOf (ImageGrabEvent)

should be:
AddHandler cameras(i).StreamGrabber.ImageGrabbed, AddressOf ImageGrabEvent

The sender object gives you the object that raised the event

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Nashville SC game preview 2019: New York Red Bulls II (redux)
By Tim Sullivan August 21, 2019
Leave a Comment on Nashville SC game preview 2019: New York Red Bulls II (redux)
Nashville SC has started two games against New York Red Bulls II this year. This is a replay (from the beginning!) of the second.
Opponent: New York Red Bulls II (14-5-5), 47 pts, 1st place East. 64.57 ProjPts 3rd in USL East power ratings and 6th in combined table Pure Power.
Time, Location: Wednesday, Aug. 21 7:00 p.m. CDT First Tennessee Park (tickets still available)
Weather: 90ºF, 15% chance of rain, 47% humidity, 7 MPH SSW winds
Follow: USL Gametracker
Watch • Listen: MyTV30 locally or ESPN+ • 96.7 El Jefe (Radio en Español).
The line: Nashville -114, draw +252, Red Bulls II +246
Projection: The computer says Nashville SC 2.01, New York Red Bulls II 1.19
Etc.: Coverage from the previous game against the Baby Bulls. Presser video and transcript with Gary Smith, Lebo Moloto, and Bolu Akinyode. Reschedule announcement.
The Red Bulls
This is typically one of the tougher MLS reserve sides to figure out roster-wise, because they're as fluid between the first team and NYRBII as the respective leagues' rules allow them to be. However, we do know that they can only make three changes to the 18 they rolled with when this game was originally started.
That means a maximum of three players who weren't in this group can see the gameday 18.
STARTING XI 🆚 @NashvilleSC #NSHvNY | #NYRBII pic.twitter.com/6Sh6KHnIoY
— New York Red Bulls II (@NYRBII) June 26, 2019
Marcus Epps is on loan with Memphis 901 FC, so he won't be available. Mathias Jørgensen hasn't made the last three gameday squads and his status is unknown, Kyle Zajec has been out for several weeks with injury, Rece Buckmaster has moved up to the senior team on a permanent deal, Chris Tiao left the academy for his season at Rutgers, and while I haven't seen any news about it, Amarildo de Souza hasn't featured in the NYRBII gameday 18 for several weeks, so I assume he's unavailable.
There are pieces there to cobble together a starting lineup, and obviously the three additions will help flesh out the complexion of the team, but it seems likely they arrive with a short bench this evening.
From the available players, here's a likely starting lineup:
Unfortunately, the two additions I project to the gameday squad put two of the better players back on the pitch: Barlow has spent a fair amount of time with the senior team this year with two MLS goals. Though he's played in barely more than half of NYRBII's games, he's the team's leading scorer with 11, and putting him back on the pitch drops Stroud to the attacking midfield position where he's (slightly) more comfortable. Though Barlow gets a lot of press for being big (6-2, 185), he has just one headed goal this year. He's more your poacher who gets chances from the structure of NYRBII's high press.
Said high press is the obvious big challenge when taking on this team.
"I think we might have to go maybe a bit direct, playing in behind them a bit to start," said NSC midfielder Bolu Akinyode. "Until the game settles down a little bit and there's a little less energy taken out of the game, we can kind of settle in and try and control the game hopefully."
"I think we have the right tools to do the work," position-mate Lebo Moloto said. "We've got our coaching staff helping us in terms of preparing us, the things we need to to going into tomorrow's game, because every game is different."
The flipside of that is that it does leave them exposed at the back.
"The energy of the group is the foundation of the way that they play, and they ask an awful lot of the players going forward," Nashville SC head coach Gary Smith said. "It can leave them vulnerable. We saw in the game that got called off, they started like a train, went in front, looked like it could be a very very tough night, but on the counter-attack they can be a bit vulnerable. when you commit as many players as they do to attacking situations, teams like ourselves can take advantage of that."
Scarlett, Lema, and Koffi (who didn't make the trip last time, but I expect to be one of the team's additions to the 18, given that he's been very important to the squad lately) lead the team in interceptions. Lema inches ahead of Scarlett in the tackles won statistic, while Koffi takes the mantle in duels won – which is also the only of these statistical categories without the same three on top in some order, with Lema dropping to No. 5 on the team.
Lema is the only one who turns that into immediate offense, second on the team in assists behind Stroud. He's more your box-to-box guy from those central midfield positions. The wingers get involved in the offense primarily through their work in the press and assisting the guys up front: these aren't really attack-to-score positions on the grand scale for NYRBII.
The Boys in Gold
Injury report is unchanged from last week:
Derrick Jones Ankle
Michael Reed – out for season Ankle
Nashville SC has to deal with a similar restriction when it comes to constructing a gameday 18, with its changes a little more obvious:
Here's our Starting XI for tonight's match against @NYRBII kicking off at 7 p.m. CT at @FirstTNPark #NSHvNY #BandTogetherNSC pic.twitter.com/mLgIGuD8Au
— Nashville SC (@NashvilleSC) June 26, 2019
From that group, Michael Reed is out for the year with injury, Liam Doyle is now with Memphis 901 FC, and Vinnie Vermeer will close out the year on loan with Las Vegas Lights FC. Centerbacks Forrest Lasso and Jimmy Ockford have played every minute since joining the team on loan from their respective MLS sides, while Ken Tribbett (who missed the previous game with injury) has started the past two games at CDM after Reed's injury.
Those are almost certainly your three changes.
With that said, he's my projected lineup, given that some of the personnel who started that game have been shuffled out of the First Choice XI in the time since (and some were also in there as a matter of rotation):
A couple explanations here: The front four basically goes without saying, but the central defensive midfielders are the duo that started in Charlotte over the weekend. Not having Bolu Akinyode in there was the choice I struggled with the most: he's familiar with the Red Bull system from his time as a player in it, he's reasonably ball-secure against hard pressing, and LaGrassa is obviously working his way back to 90-minute fitness still (also he was available yesterday which is usually a telltale sign). However, I think having the positive-passing creativity of LaGrassa to generate offense against the press is important early. I could see Akinyode in there for either player (LaGrassa more likely than Tribbet, though).
At right back, I think Smith goes with the veteran he feels like he can trust. Kimura's skillset – more ball-secure but less positive in the attacking third – is more what Nashville SC needs against a team whose system lends itself to counter-attacks (and thus diminishes NSC's need to get its fullbacks into the attack, which Darnell King would be better for.
Keeper seems like a tough choice: Matt Pickens has started six straight games. However, fixture congestion led to the veteran's late-season fatigue in 2018, and mixing in Sparrow for the middle game of a three-game set makes sense. Plus, he started in New Jersey the last time these teams played and performed well, and got the nod back in June, too.
Of course, Gary Smith also played it pretty coy about the need to rotate in the middle game.
"This game's not a problem, not at all," he said. "I think most players having had a week in between last week, and an away game with a bit of travel but not crazy, everyone's looking forward to this one at home, a big occasion. It'll be after this. You go towards the weekend, there'll be an assessment of where bodies are at, soreness, hopefully no injuries to worry about on top of what we've got, and then really what the right group is to get a job done against a very stout and difficult Charleston side."
The stakes for this one are pretty huge. With a win and a Tampa draw/loss to North Carolina an hour earlier, NSC would move top of the table. It's obviously not the team's top focus, but they have an eye on it.
"Every game is important at this point in time. If we win tomorrow, we just, as a team I think, we would like to win all the 10 games," Moloto said. "If we do that, who knows, we might even win the league. So I think we're just going to take one game at a time and see what happens.
"I think we all know. I think we all know what's at stake."
"It's in our hands at this point," added Akinyode. "I think with 10 games, if we grab maximum points or as many points as we can, we're putting ourselves in a good spot to hopefully win some silverware. We can't dwell on games: they're coming quick and fast. Take care of one job and on to the next, that's kind of our mentality right now."
Look for Nashville to counter-attack the Red Bulls, and probably play a less possession-oriented style than you might otherwise expect at home.
NSC official site preview, three things to know. Speedway preview.
Keys to the game
Weather the early storm. The players and Smith made no secret yesterday that keeping NYRBII off the board early is paramount. They didn't do it last time, but responded with two goals before the contest was scuttled.
Don't be afraid to boot it long. This applies not just to countering offensively, but also getting the ball out of the defensive third. Red Bulls thrive on forcing bad decisions in the back… getting the ball the heck out of there is one of the safer choices.
Take advantage of opportunities. They may be fewer but more high-quality with a countering gameplan in the cards. Finish the shots you should, and you're gonna score on NYRBII. You might need to outscore them overall.
This should be a fun one – and a good advertisement to the non-soccer-loving community, which wants to see goals and exciting moments.
Barlow starts scoring early by intercepting a pass from Nashville's backline and getting a solo run at Sparrow, which he finishes.
Ríos answers on an assist from one of the central defensive midfielders (we'll say Tribbett) playing long to bypass New York's pressing midfield.
Second-half sub Cameron Lancaster scores for the first time since one that didn't count in the rained-out contest.
Löbe scores a free kick (just the team's second of the year!) to provide the final margin, as the game is approaching stoppage time.
The contest ends in an exciting 2-2 draw.
Tags: 2019 game preview new york red bulls ii
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Appreciate up front all the help, don't know that much about working on SB's. Yamaha wants $92 for a service manual, anyone know of where I can download a copy?
Can change gears and direction if I clamp a set of vise grips on the outer arm, not sure which gear I'm really in when doing this.
Can Not change gears using the control levers.
It's not uncommon for service manuals to be rather expensive. Back in the day there were times when some dealers of motorcycles and small engine equipment like lawn mowers and snowblowers wouldn't even sell them to you! But now with the internet you can usually find them.
Did you ever get a free PDF manual for the YS 624T.
Welcome to SBF Kunee. This is not a PDF, but it is the complete manual for the 624 model. Compliments of Coby7, a prior member.


Dancing along with Sesame Street characters & 5 other Nutty Reasons to head for Suntec City to start your Christmas shopping!
Can you tell us how to get, how to get to Suntec City? Well, to the North Atrium to be exact.
Because from 16 November to 25 December 2018, A Nutty Sesame Street-themed Christmas will be taking over Suntec City! What's more, Elmo, Cookie Monster, Bert, Ernie, Count von Count and Abby Cadabby from Sesame Street will be making Suntec City their home from 7 December onwards, just in time for the Christmas festive season!
Expect plenty of kid-friendly activities during this festive period, like the Sesame Street Show, Marching Parade, Tea Party and many more! In fact, it will be a magical nutcracker-themed Christmas at Suntec City this year, with loads of partying fun with Sesame Street characters.
1. Groove to the beat at the Sesame Street Show!
2. Enjoy a cuppa with your favourite Sesame Street Characters at the exclusive Tea Party!
Exclusive and personal, the Tea Party is a fun-filled bonding session with your fave Sesame Street friends!
Expect loads of enjoyable activities, a private photo session accompanied by yummy light refreshments - yes, what's a tea party without food? - because let's face it, there is no better way to snuggle up with Elmo, Count von Count, Bert, Ernie, Cookie Monster and Abby Cadabby than this! And nobody will be going home empty-handed too as all tea party guests will receive a goodie bag worth over $20.
*Pre-registration is required via the Suntec City App at a fee of $10 (reimbursed via Suntec City voucher on actual event day).
3. Get the whole family marching with Elmo & friends!
Get your cameras ready when you are doing your Christmas shopping at Suntec City because you will never know when Elmo might sneak up on you! Okay, actually you will know because I am telling you now - every Tuesday to Thursday between 12.30pm and 1pm. 😁 Here's your chance to snuggle up close and personal with photo opportunities as Sesame Street characters make special appearances around the mall!
Want the lowdown on where the characters will be making their appearance? Tune in to Suntec City's Facebook page for hints!
5. Multiply the Sesame Street fun at the Funtastic Corner!
Parents can also look forward to more family fun time with awesome activities of their choice at the Funtastic Corner. Simply spend $30 in a single receipt to enjoy an activity with your kid!
6. Get free gifts in return for your Christmas shopping!
From 16 November to 25 December 2018*, shoppers who spend a minimum of $60 can redeem a limited edition Gift Wrapper and Gift Tag Set. Available in two designs, each set consists of two pieces of wrapping sheets and gift tags. In addition, shoppers can choose to either redeem a complimentary parking coupon (worth $2.80) or $2 ez-link card top-up.
Topping up, with a minimum of $150 spend ($140 for Citi Cardmembers), shoppers can redeem $10 Suntec City voucher (16 Nov – 2 Dec) or an exclusively-designed Sesame Street Tumbler (from 3 – 25 Dec). New designs will be released weekly from 3 to 25 December. Collect all three!
Afraid the Sesame Street Tumbler will be fully redeemed before you can get your hands on it? Fret not! 'Chope' your favourite tumbler at $10 (reimbursed via Suntec City voucher on redemption date) via the Suntec City App from 3 December.
Citi Cardmembers Exclusive: Citi Cardmembers who spend a minimum of $350 will be able to redeem $30 Suntec City voucher. Limited to the first 800 redemptions.
*All redemptions are exclusive to Suntec Rewards members and available while stocks last. T&C apply.
More Sesame Street Christmas shopping, you say? There will be a merchandise corner in the North Atrium where Sesame Street collectibles and other toys will be sold. The fun also extends beyond that, where Christmas fairs at the East Wing await you to complete your festive shopping list.
So yes, it is beginning to look a lot like Christmas... especially at Suntec City!
Thanks to Suntec City, I have a THREE PRIZES to give away!
Please email me at kelvin@cheekiemonkie.net for prize redemption details. Thanks!
1. LIKE Suntec City' Facebook page HERE.
2. Leave your comment either in the corresponding Facebook post HERE or in this blog post after you have done so.
Giveaway ends on 25 November 2018, 2359 hours.
Liked and shared! 🤩 Hope to win it!
Wonderful. I'm going to share this with my friend who just came from US. Thanks for sharing!
It will be a Wonderful Christmas for my boy Izaac cos he absolutely loves Elmo and Count von Count! *Excited!
What? Sesame is coming to town?!
Can I have a special high tea moment with them please??
This is awesome. Hope to win and attend with my kid.
Liked and Shared. My girl (3yrs old) is a fan of Ernie and Bert. She always bring Ernie and Bert along with her (inside school bag) whenever she goes to school. Her birthday is coming (28 dec). I hope i can win the prize as a birthday present for her.
It will be a wonderful Xmas for my son who can get to attend the tea party with his favorite Sesame Street characters!
Liked @Suntec City on Facebook, thanks for the awesome giveaway so that we can get to have a fun day with Sesame Street.
Liked & shared the blog post! Hope to win the tea party coz my daughter loves Abby Cadabby❤. Thank you Suntec city & Cheekiemonkies! 💕💋.
I would really love to attend the tea party with my daughter because we are huge fans of the Sesame Street characters.My childhood memories!! I love Elmo and Ernie and my little girl loves Abby and Cookie Monster. We would love to snap lots of Pictures and give our favourite character a big hug with them. Can you tell me how to get , how get to Sesame Street?
Liked and shared to public.
Hope to win for my girl as she is a super fans of Elmo!


The Adjustable Hole Cutter enables you to cut variable size holes quickly, efficiently and with very little clean up required. Normally cutting through drywall especially in ceilings, will send drywall dust all over the room. The LSDI hole cutter includes a cover that captures this dust to minimize the mess. Just attach it to your drill and go.
The cutter is ideal for cutting holes for recessed lighting or multiple speakers. Designed for ease of use, all you need to do is adjust the cutting blade to the correct hole size, mark the desired location of the hole and then start to cut.
The Hole Cutter is adjustable from 1 1/4" to 10 1/4". A fully adjustable cutting head assembly is included with four counter balance weights of varying size to limit vibration. The depth of cut is adjusted as required using a spring and securing nut (included). The tray is made from durable clear polycarbonate plastic for longevity.
The cutter is supplied with a storage case and replacement blades are also available.


text:
Netanyahu: Israel Stopped Airplane Terror Attacks in Europe
By Adam Eliyahu Berkowitz January 10, 2018 , 5:04 pm
"Why do nations assemble, and peoples plot vain things." Psalms 2:1 (The Israel Bible™)
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu (YouTube)
On Tuesday, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu told a group of ambassadors from several of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) countries that Israeli intelligence had prevented "several dozen major terrorist attacks" on European cities, including some 9-11 type plots that "involved civil aviation".
"When we talk about ISIS it's important to understand that Israel helps Europe in two fundamental ways," the prime minister said. "The first is that we have, through our intelligence services, provided information that has stopped several dozen major terrorist attacks, many of them in European countries. Some of these could have been mass attacks, of the worst kind that you have experienced on the soil of Europe and even worse, because they involve civil aviation. Israel has prevented that, and thereby helped save many European lives," the prime minister said, without providing details.
[wpipa id="94167″]
Netanyahu said the second manner Israel is a powerful force in the fight against global terror was closer to home; just across the southern border of Israel in the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula.
"ISIS is being destroyed in Iraq and Syria, but it is trying to establish an alternative territorial base in the Sinai. Israel is contributing to preventing that in myriad ways," Netanyahu said. "In general, I would say that Israel is the most powerful indigenous force in the Middle East that fights radical Islam."
Israel is not a NATO member but was designated in 1989 by the US government as a Major Non-NATO Ally, a status which confers a variety of military and financial advantages that otherwise are not obtainable by non-NATO countries. In 2014 the US Congress passed the US-Israel Major Strategic Partner Act which officially placed Israel one notch above the Major Non-NATO Ally classification, adding additional support for defense. This connection to NATO was further strengthened last year when Israel opened its first office at NATO headquarters in Brussels.
Netanyahu told the gathered ambassadors that Iran's goal of "conquest and colonization of Syria" includes plans to bring into the country as many as 100,000 Shiite fighters gathered from other Muslim countries, all operating under Iranian command. Iran is a close ally and supports the regime of Syrian President Bashar al Assad in the six-year civil war that has cost his country of 250,000 lives. Iran also supports Hezbollah in Lebanon and hope to meld these alliances into a landbridge to the Mediterranean. Iran has recently made several attempts at establishing military bases in Syria towards this end.
"You'll have the son of ISIS and the grandson of al-Qaida that will be fighting this new Shiite force," Netanyahu warned the NATO ambassadors. "Where will the spillover [of a Sunni-Shiite clash in Syria] happen? In Europe. Where will the human flow go? To Europe. Who's preventing that right now? Israel? Right now, Israel alone. But I maintain that it's a common interest that we have."
Adam Eliyahu Berkowitz is a features writer for Breaking Israel News. He made Aliyah to Israel in 1991 and served in the IDF as a combat medic. Berkowitz studied Jewish law and received rabbinical ordination in Israel. He has worked as a freelance writer and two works of fiction, The Hope Merchant and Dolphins on the Moon, are available on Amazon. He lives in the Golan Heights with his wife and their four children.
By Adam Eliyahu Berkowitz
Finnish Media Lies About Politician Arrested After Cutting Gaza Security Fence
God's Fury Unleashed as ICE, FBI, DOJ, and Dept. of Education Called in to Investigate Ilhan Omar
Palestinian "Prayer Rally" at Temple Mount Turns Into Violent Riot


Health insurance policyholders need to be informed and well aware of the legal ins and outs regarding their policies. However, there are many people out there who are not as aware of the proceedings as they should be, and a sudden illness or serious accident is not the best time to start discovering what your policy does and does not cover. Unfortunately, when such catastrophes occur, that is typically the only time that many policyholders have any concern regarding their coverage. It is vital that they learn just what their policies will cover before tragedy strikes.
Will Health Insurance Cover Emergency Services?
While most typical health insurance policies do take care of emergency medical services, it is important to be aware of what a policy's basic deductible is. That basic deductible usually starts at around $50, but it is important to double check with the policy to be certain. However, it is important to understand that a health insurance policy only pays for visits that are considered actual emergencies, so for a common cold or minor ache, it is best stay home and get some rest. Unless there is a real accident or medical emergency, such as a dangerously high fever, the emergency room is not necessary.
Will Health Insurance Cover Routine Services?
Most annual routine check-ups, such as a physical or a pap smear, are covered by health insurance, but only a certain amount of each service will be paid for, usually once or twice per year. The deductibles on some of these policies can be sky high – well into the thousands, in some cases. As a result, anyone who must visit a doctor several times per year needs to find a comprehensive insurance policy with low deductibles. Other services may also be covered, like vision, in which case one visit per year to an optometrist is covered by most health insurance policies.
Will Health Insurance Cover Diagnostics and Surgeries?
Minus the deductible, of course, surgeries and diagnostic services within reason are taken care of by most health policies. These may include X-rays, CAT scans, and similar diagnostic procedures. However, before taking a special test, it is a good idea to check with the insurance company to make sure you will be covered, since surgeries are typically paid for with pre-authorization from the insurance company. The answer may take anywhere from a day to a month to obtain, but once received, the patient can see a general break down of what the visit will cost them.
While most health insurance companies do provide most of the financial assistance needed for medical services, it should be noted that they rarely pay 100 percent of the bills. An average patient should expect to pay 10 to 50 percent of their bills out of pocket. In order to get the best possible coverage, it is a good idea to find out beforehand what you need out of a health insurance policy, and purchase coverage accordingly. By taking good care of yourself and having good coverage, the general need to rack up bills with doctor visits can be lessened.
No matter where in the world you are situated you can get good health insurance. If you are a person who travels extensively to foreign countries or within the US you do need adequate world health insurance.


Another year, another blog post! If you're not interested in reading backstory and just interested in getting MobiPocket DRM-protected books onto your Kindle, check out the Mobi2Kindle page at Google Code.
Not too long ago, I won an Amazon Kindle while attending the CS4HS workshop at CMU (Yay Google and other sponsors!). Perhaps not surprisingly, I fell in love with reading on it. I quickly looked for all the free e-books I could, discovering sites like MobileRead and FeedBooks, with their ultra-sweet Kindle-based book browsers (Click and download right on the Kindle? Awesome!). However, their selections of recent works are certainly… lacking. Only a few authors have really embraced free e-book distribution, and while I do love Cory Doctorow, my brain really craved more.
I investigated the local library, which has been a great source of mind-food ever since we moved to Cleveland a couple years ago. Alas, they had nothing expressly for the Kindle – though they did have an e-library with MobiPocket and Adobe EPub books. I had remembered reading somewhere that the Kindle could do MobiPocket, so I decided to investigate further.
I found out that Igor Skochinsky had done some investigations into the Kindle's handling of MobiPocket DRM, and had put together a set of Python scripts that were supposedly able to convert normal MobiPocket DRM'd files into a format readable by the Kindle. I tried them out on my own, and lo and behold, I was reading Barack Obama's book on my Kindle, straight from the library! Well, not quite straight from the library – it made some detours on my Mac, involving some Terminal usage and some copying-and-pasting. But it was still pretty sweet!
I decided that dealing with the command-line was not something my wife would be interested in doing, and so I decided to write a little AppleScript application that handled all the tedious stuff, like running the commands. This, in fact, only ended up taking me the lesser part of an afternoon, despite having never worked on a similar project before. However, the end result was a fancy little droplet, that I could simply drag and drop a PRC file onto and get an Amazon-compatible AZW file back.


text:
SCA Optimisation
Device Intelligence
Common Account Takeover Scenarios and How You Can Stop Digital Identity Fraud
Jeffrey Wixted
Account takeovers are on the rise. While the methods and approaches in which they are carried out can vary, a few common account takeover scenarios are emerging. Understanding the nuances of account takeover attempts–the preliminary steps fraudsters perform to make the attacks successful and the first indications that an account may be compromised – can be the best way to prepare and try to mitigate them.
A string of data breaches has compromised millions of username/password combinations, which fraudsters then use to gain unauthorized access to users' accounts.
What it is – Leveraging the dark web, fraudsters can purchase compromised usernames and passwords (credentials), which are typically available as the result of a data breach. Using free, automated software, they can churn through hundreds of credentials and determine which ones are valid and able to be monetized. From here, they can attempt to resell these "validated" credentials or exploit them by launching account takeover attempts to make unauthorized purchases, withdraw funds, steal loyalty points, or commit other malicious attacks against the account.
Why it works – Consumers often reuse the same credentials across multiple accounts. This means a breach at one organization can quickly cascade across a number of industries – financial services, retail, travel and entertainment, and more. This multiplies the problem for victims and, at same time, enables the fraudster to more easily monetize the data and use account takeover attempts to compromise more accounts.
Steps to mitigate – A key measure against these types of threats is for organizations to first observe baseline activity across all their digital channels. When armed with an understanding of normal user behavior, it can be easier to spot abnormal patterns. That unusual behavior can then be analyzed and detected. For example, in a typical account takeover scenario you would see unusual behavior could mean a series of successful logins where the user then immediately logs out of the account without any other activity. It could also mean a series of failed login attempts over a short period of time. Knowing what is "normal" can help you quickly identify account takeover attempts.
Malware is a malicious software program that an unsuspecting victim downloads and installs.
What it is – Malware can be spread in many different ways, the most common is through social engineering schemes, particularly phishing emails. The email will instruct the target to click a link or open an attachment, perhaps to verify their account information or confirm other personal details. Opening the attachment or clicking the link installs the malware where individuals unknowingly divulge passwords or other sensitive personal information that criminals can use to commit fraud.
Why it works – Despite many awareness campaigns, consumers continue to fall prey to these attacks. Equally, fraudsters have evolved and are adept at making phishing emails, attachments and fake websites look almost indistinguishable from the legitimate organization.
Steps to mitigate – Device intelligence software can be an effective countermeasure as it can detect malware on mobile devices. In addition, it can also discern if devices have been rooted or jailbroken, a telltale indicator that malware may be present. With insights to devices and understanding if malware is present, it can help prevent fraud attacks from originating.
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) Swap
The SIM card inside your phone is a small plastic chip that tells your mobile device which cellular network to connect to and which phone number to use.
What it is – The criminal calls the cellphone provider purporting to be the legitimate owner. The fraudster has personal information about that legitimate person – including, date of birth, email address, mother's maiden name, home address, etc. – that may have been deduced via social media platforms, phishing attacks, or other public data sources. Once the phone number is assigned to the new device (controlled by the fraudster), all of the legitimate owner's incoming calls and text messages (SMS) are routed to the fraudster's phone. At this point, the fraudster can intercept any one-time SMS passcodes or telephone calls made to the victim, thereby circumventing key security features of accounts (bank accounts, email accounts, social media accounts, etc.) that rely on SMS or calls as a second factor of authentication (2FA).
Why it works – The consumer does not know it is happening. Everything going on behind the SIM swaps are largely out of the consumer's control. The only outward signs are their mobile device no longer has a signal or a brief pop-up notification indicating the SIM card has been assigned to a new device.
Steps to mitigate – First, consumers can employ some good hygiene practices. Don't reply to calls, emails, or text messages that request personal information, limit the personal information you share online and set up a PIN or password as an extra measure of security on your cellular account. Second, organizations can employ a multi-layered defense strategy to detect unusual activity after a SIM swap occurs. These strategies help distinguish fraudulent or atypical activity from normal behaviors and legitimate customers. Another strategy gaining traction is to explore non-SMS communication methods for 2FA. Accertify has developed technology that binds to the physical device rather than the phone number, enabling secure, contextual 2FA messages delivered to that device.
Account takeover scenarios are complex and difficult to unravel. While many organizations may utilize a number of solutions to help prevent these attacks, juggling multiple vendors can present a fragmented risk picture and introduce unwelcome friction for your customers. Accertify can help you mitigate account takeover attempts with solutions across the entire customer journey from account creation, to account login, to transaction and even disputes. Our latest solution, Accertify Digital Identity, analyzes billions of data points using machine learning, advanced behavioral analytics and device intelligence technology empowering organizations to trust and verify who is on the other side of a digital event.
Contact us for a complimentary demonstration.
3 Most Important Questions for Account Takeover Fraud Prevention
How Merchants Can Turn SCA & PSD2 Challenges into a Business Boost
Latest Accertify
Accertify EMEA VP Weighs in on the Future of Strong Customer Authentication (SCA)
Ticketmaster Likes the Flexibility That Accertify Offers
© 2021 – Accertify, Inc. All Rights Reserved | Sitemap | Online Privacy | Client Privacy | Cookie Policy | Data Subject Access Request | Terms And Conditions


text:
Q: the javascript code stop working while ajax load
*

*The code 1: When I click on the "click here" it's supposed to hide the div with "id=adiv", and when I click again its show it again.

*The code 2 and 3: the ajax code (code 2) belongs to code 3. this codes just refresh php page every 1 second. i put the code 1 in php page that i open with ajax!
Why after the ajax code (code 2&3) loads in the page, the 'code 1' stops working? When I click on "click here", its doing nothing.
But before the ajax load, the code 1 works good.
the codes 2 and 3 works good, i have no problem with them. the only problem is with code 1.
when i debug this page its show me for the line: "hideshow(document.getElementById('adiv'))" (in code 1), this eror: "Uncaught ReferenceError: hideshow is not defined (anonymous function)".
but i dont really understand why i have this problem? and what i need to do to solve this?
edit: someone here said that becouse the code 1 is in page that i open with ajax, the code is erased from the client's dom. there is solution for this?
1) The script:
Click here

Now you see me

2) The ajax code:

3) The code that play the ajax code:


Patricia Leone practices as a psychiatric nurse practitioner and joined Dr. Hashim in January 2014. Ms. Leone treats both child & adolescents as well as adults in the outpatient setting as well as in the inpatient setting. She holds admitting privileges at Eastern Niagara Hospitals in Lockport New York and devotes her knowledge and experience to the acute inpatient child & adolescents in need of being hospitalized for their mental health. Patricia offers her patients treatments appropriate for the presenting mental health issues and utilizes either pharmacological interventions or therapeutic treatment options and often combines both into her patients treatment plan.
If you are in need of a psychiastrist contact us today.
We can accept most new cases within 2-3 weeks!


text:
[Read and abide by the Code of Conduct](CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)! Even if you don't read it,
it still applies to you. Ignorance is not an exemption.

Contents

<!-- START doctoc generated TOC please keep comment here to allow auto update -->
<!-- DON'T EDIT THIS SECTION, INSTEAD RE-RUN doctoc TO UPDATE -->

- [Submitting a Pull Request (PR)](#submitting-a-pull-request-pr)
  - [After your pull request is merged](#after-your-pull-request-is-merged)
- [Commit Message Guidelines](#commit-message-guidelines)
  - [Commit Message Format](#commit-message-format)
  - [Revert](#revert)
  - [Type](#type)
  - [Scope](#scope)
  - [Subject](#subject)
  - [Body](#body)
  - [Footer](#footer)

  <!-- END doctoc generated TOC please keep comment here to allow auto update -->

(This document is a work and progress and is subject to change)

## Building/Testing

The build and test structure is fairly primitive at the moment. There are various npm scripts that can be run:

- start: runs the dev server. Navigate to `http://localhost:4200/`. The app will automatically reload if you change any of the source files.
- test: runs tests with `jasmine`, must have built prior to running.
- build: build artifacts will be stored in the `dist/` directory
- build-prod: builds for production using the `--prod` flag
- commit: runs git commit wizard for passing rxjs-github-bot message validator

## Submitting a Pull Request (PR)
Before you submit your Pull Request (PR) consider the following guidelines:

* Search [GitHub](https://github.com/ReactiveX/rxjs-docs/pulls) for an open or closed PR
  that relates to your submission. You don't want to duplicate effort.
* Make your changes in a new git branch:

     ```shell
     git checkout -b my-fix-branch master
     ```

* Create your patch, following [code style guidelines](#coding-style-guidelines), and **including appropriate test cases**.
* Run the full test suite and ensure that all tests pass.
* Run the micro and macro performance tests against your feature branch and compare against master
  to ensure performance wasn't changed for the worse.
* Commit your changes using a descriptive commit message that follows our
  [commit message guidelines](#commit-message-guidelines). Adherence to these conventions
  is necessary because release notes are automatically generated from these messages.

     ```shell
     git add .
     npm run commit
     ```
  Note: the optional commit `-a` command line option will automatically "add" and "rm" edited files.

* Push your branch to GitHub:

    ```shell
    git push origin my-fix-branch
    ```

* In GitHub, send a pull request to `rxjs-docs:master`.
* If we suggest changes then:
  * Make the required updates.
  * Re-run the test suites to ensure tests are still passing.
  * Re-run performance tests to make sure your changes didn't hurt performance.
  * Rebase your branch and force push to your GitHub repository (this will update your Pull Request):

    ```shell
    git rebase master -i
    git push -f
    ```

That's it! Thank you for your contribution!

### After your pull request is merged

After your pull request is merged, you can safely delete your branch and pull the changes
from the main (upstream) repository:

* Delete the remote branch on GitHub either through the GitHub web UI or your local shell as follows:

    ```shell
    git push origin --delete my-fix-branch
    ```

* Check out the master branch:

    ```shell
    git checkout master -f
    ```

* Delete the local branch:

    ```shell
    git branch -D my-fix-branch
    ```

* Update your master with the latest upstream version:

    ```shell
    git pull --ff upstream master
    ```

- [Submitting a Pull Request (PR)](#submitting-a-pull-request-pr)
## Commit Message Guidelines

We have very precise rules over how our git commit messages can be formatted.  This leads to **more
readable messages** that are easy to follow when looking through the **project history**. But also,
we use the git commit messages to **generate the rxjs-docs change log**. Helper script `npm run commit`
provides command line based wizard to format commit message easily.

### Commit Message Format
Each commit message consists of a **header**, a **body** and a **footer**.  The header has a special
format that includes a **type**, a **scope** and a **subject**:

```
<type>(<scope>): <subject>
<BLANK LINE>
<body>
<BLANK LINE>
<footer>
```

The **header** is mandatory and the **scope** of the header is optional.

Any line of the commit message cannot be longer than 100 characters! This allows the message to be easier
to read on GitHub as well as in various git tools.

### Revert
If the commit reverts a previous commit, it should begin with `revert: `, followed by the header of the reverted commit. In the body it should say: `This reverts commit <hash>.`, where the hash is the SHA of the commit being reverted.

### Type
Must be one of the following:

* **feat**: A new feature
* **fix**: A bug fix
* **docs**: Documentation only changes
* **style**: Changes that do not affect the meaning of the code (white-space, formatting, missing
  semi-colons, etc)
* **refactor**: A code change that neither fixes a bug nor adds a feature
* **perf**: A code change that improves performance
* **test**: Adding missing tests
* **chore**: Changes to the build process or auxiliary tools and libraries such as documentation
  generation

### Scope
The scope could be anything specifying place of the commit change. For example
`Observable`, `Subject`, `switchMap`, etc.

### Subject
The subject contains succinct description of the change:

* use the imperative, present tense: "change" not "changed" nor "changes"
* don't capitalize first letter
* no dot (.) at the end

### Body
Just as in the **subject**, use the imperative, present tense: "change" not "changed" nor "changes".
The body should include the motivation for the change and contrast this with previous behavior.

### Footer
The footer should contain any information about **Breaking Changes** and is also the place to
reference GitHub issues that this commit **Closes**.

**Breaking Changes** should start with the word `BREAKING CHANGE:` with a space or two newlines. The rest of the commit message is then used for this.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
package log

import (
	"encoding/json"
	"io"
	"log"
	"net"
)

// ConnWriter implements LoggerInterface.
// it writes messages in keep-live tcp connection.
type ConnWriter struct {
	lg             *log.Logger
	innerWriter    io.WriteCloser
	ReconnectOnMsg bool   `json:"reconnectOnMsg"`
	Reconnect      bool   `json:"reconnect"`
	Net            string `json:"net"`
	Addr           string `json:"addr"`
	Level          int    `json:"level"`
}

// NewConn creates new ConnWrite returning as LoggerInterface.
func NewConn() LoggerInterface {
	conn := new(ConnWriter)
	conn.Level = TRACE
	return conn
}

// Init inits connection writer with json config.
// json config only need key "level".
func (cw *ConnWriter) Init(jsonconfig string) error {
	return json.Unmarshal([]byte(jsonconfig), cw)
}

// WriteMsg writes message in connection.
// if connection is down, try to re-connect.
func (cw *ConnWriter) WriteMsg(msg string, skip, level int) error {
	if cw.Level > level {
		return nil
	}
	if cw.neddedConnectOnMsg() {
		if err := cw.connect(); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	if cw.ReconnectOnMsg {
		defer cw.innerWriter.Close()
	}
	cw.lg.Println(msg)
	return nil
}

// Flush no things for this implementation
func (cw *ConnWriter) Flush() {
}

// Destroy destroy connection writer and close tcp listener.
func (cw *ConnWriter) Destroy() {
	if cw.innerWriter == nil {
		return
	}
	cw.innerWriter.Close()
}

func (cw *ConnWriter) connect() error {
	if cw.innerWriter != nil {
		cw.innerWriter.Close()
		cw.innerWriter = nil
	}

	conn, err := net.Dial(cw.Net, cw.Addr)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if tcpConn, ok := conn.(*net.TCPConn); ok {
		tcpConn.SetKeepAlive(true)
	}

	cw.innerWriter = conn
	cw.lg = log.New(conn, "", log.Ldate|log.Ltime)
	return nil
}

func (cw *ConnWriter) neddedConnectOnMsg() bool {
	if cw.Reconnect {
		cw.Reconnect = false
		return true
	}

	if cw.innerWriter == nil {
		return true
	}

	return cw.ReconnectOnMsg
}

func init() {
	Register("conn", NewConn)
}


text:
Lagos Court Jails 28-Year-Old Man For Repeatedly Raping 12-Year-Old Church Member
"She [the victim] told the court that the first time Inyang defiled her was on a Sunday evening after a fellowship service, following which he threatened to assault her if she told anyone.
by SaharaReporters, New York Jun 12, 2018
A Lagos High Court in Igbosere has sentenced a 28-year-old man, Kingsley Inyang, to life imprisonment for defiling a 12-year-old girl.
The judgement was confirmed by the Domestic and Sexual Violence Response Team (DSVRT) of the Lagos State government in a series of tweets on Monday.
"Justice Ogunsanya convicted and found him guilty of defiling the girl, contrary to Section 137 of the Criminal Law of Lagos State, 2015," DSVRT tweeted.
The team also said of the case: "He defiled the girl, his church member, in his home on July 26, 2015.
"Three days later, as she and her younger brother passed his house on their way home from bible study, he beckoned on her again."
It quoted the girl as saying in court: "He sent my brother outside and forced me to make love to him and said that I should not let anybody know, otherwise he was going to beat me."
CRIME Rapists To Be Castrated In New Law


"Fe Mossbauer and Magnetic Studies of DyFe12-xTax Compounds" by Jianli Wang, Stewart Campbell et al.
Wang, J., Campbell, S. J., Cadogan, J. M. & Edge, A. V J. (2006). Fe Mossbauer and Magnetic Studies of DyFe12-xTax Compounds. Hyperfine Interaction, 168 (1-3), 1097-1102.


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