text:
import random

class RandomizedSet:
    def __init__(self):
        """
        Initialize your data structure here.
        """
        self.map = dict()
        self.lst = list()

    def insert(self, val: int) -> bool:
        """
        Inserts a value to the set. Returns true if the set did not already contain the specified element.
        """
        if val in self.map:
            return False
        else:
            self.lst.append(val)
            self.map[val] = len(self.lst) - 1
            return True

    def remove(self, val: int) -> bool:
        """
        Removes a value from the set. Returns true if the set contained the specified element.
        """
        if val in self.map:
            i = self.map[val]
            # swap to-be-deleted with the last one
            self.lst[i] = self.lst[-1]
            self.map[self.lst[-1]] = i
            del self.map[val]
            self.lst.pop()
            return True
        else:
            return False

    def getRandom(self) -> int:
        """
        Get a random element from the set.
        """
        i = random.randint(0, len(self.lst) - 1)
        return self.lst[i]

randomSet = RandomizedSet()
# Inserts 1 to the set. Returns true as 1 was inserted successfully.
assert randomSet.insert(1) == True
# Returns false as 2 does not exist in the set.
assert randomSet.remove(2) == False
# Inserts 2 to the set, returns true. Set now contains [1,2].
assert randomSet.insert(2) == True
# getRandom should return either 1 or 2 randomly.
r1 = randomSet.getRandom()
assert r1 == 1 or r1 == 2
# Removes 1 from the set, returns true. Set now contains [2].
assert randomSet.remove(1) == True
# 2 was already in the set, so return false.
assert randomSet.insert(2) == False
# Since 2 is the only number in the set, getRandom always return 2.
assert randomSet.getRandom() == 2

randomSet = RandomizedSet()
assert randomSet.remove(0) == False
assert randomSet.remove(0) == False
assert randomSet.insert(0) == True
assert randomSet.getRandom() == 0
assert randomSet.remove(0) == True
assert randomSet.insert(0) == True


That's funny, OC told me Governor Laxalt was inevitable.
Likely D, but I remember being ridiculed for saying this was more likely to flip than Wisconsin lol.
Plenty of people probably still will ridicule you, lol, but even if Evers is ahead in the MU Law Poll, Walker still has a better chance than Laxalt, even if he's more likely than not to lose.


text:
New YorkIngressos da Broadway
Step into the magical land of William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream. Witness dense forests that are plagued by utopian love-triangles, and fairy realms that are in a constant state of conflict.
Why You Should Watch A Midsummer Night's Dream
One of the most beloved comedies by Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream is called so because it is full of fantastical events and characters. It depicts forest chases that end up in utter confusion, pointless quarrels, and star-crossed lovers. It is also famous for the iconic character, Puck.
The play has always been linked to enchantment and love. It was believed, in European folklore, to be the night when magical creatures would come to the real world and mingle with people. This night also fell on a day that was close to the summer solstice, which was a time that was associated with love and fertility.
Shakespeare's play has been the birthplace for numerous movies, an opera, and also a ballet by Frederick Ashton in 1964, which was called The Dream. George Balanchine created his own version of the ballet, which first ran in 1962, in America. It was the first, completely original ballet, which was also evening-length. The ballet eventually opened at the New York State Theatre, today known as the David H. Koch Theatre, a couple of years later and began the New York City Ballet's first repertory season.
Having been enthralled by this play from a tender age, Balanchine had played the role of an elf in a production of the play at St. Petersburg. He was known to recite entire sections of the play from memory, in Russian. Mendelssohn's overture and the wonderful music for A Midsummer NIght's Dream, with the overture (Opus 21), have always won Balanchine's heart. The choreography for this mesmerising ballet was heavily inspired by this score. The original version of the music lasted only about an hour, which is barely enough for this ballet. So, other pieces of music, such as Overture to The Fair Melusine, Opus 32, Overture to Athalie, Opus 74, and parts of The First Walpurgis Night, Opus 60, among others were all interweaved to create a magical masterpiece that fits the tale.
The ballet depicts the happenings surrounding the wedding of Theseus, the Duke of Athens, to the erstwhile queen of the Amazons, Hippolyta. It goes over the exploits of a quartet of young Athenian lovers, and the 'mechanicals', who are a set of six enthusiast actors. These 'mechanicals' are dominated and operated by the magical fairies, who reside in the forest that acts as the setting for a majority of the story. Watch one of the most famous Shakespearean plays unfold before you in the form of beautifully choreographed dance in this ballet show.
Fans of Shakespeare | Lovers of Romantic Comedies
Show Timings
26th, 27th, and 28th May 2020 7:30 PM
29th and 30th May 2020 8:00 PM
30th May 2020 2:00 PM
31st May 2020 3:00 PM
1 hour and 55 minutes
New York City Ballet
Photo and video recording are not allowed during the show.
Suitable for all ages. No entry for children below age 4.
In-house Bar
The David H. Koch Theatre has a seating capacity of 2586.
Outside Food
Strictly prohibited. If you'd like to grab a meal before or after the show, check out our guide to the 30 Best Restaurants in the Theater District.
Smart and casual wear is recommended. Keep in mind, the theater is air conditioned throughout the year and can get a bit chilly.
Strict Cancellation Policy
This experience cannot be cancelled, amended or rescheduled.
You will receive your tickets along with your email confirmation shortly. You need to print the same and display it at the ticket counter.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


What would you do if you found out that there was a poison hiding somewhere in your pastures? What would you do if you found out that it was lowering your weaning weights by 60-90 lbs/head or reducing gains on your stockers by 40%? What if I told you that this poison caused you to have a 60-70% calf crop instead of a 90%+ calf crop? What would you do if you found out this toxin was causing your cows to spend about 20% less time grazing, drink 25% more water, lose up to 2 points of body condition, and produce about 25% less milk for their calves? You know what you'd do. You would get rid of that poison.
Unfortunately, some pastures have plants in them that are toxic, even though many producers do not realize these toxins are present. The toxic compounds are called ergot alkaloids, and these compounds interfere with normal hormone endocrine function and cause the animal's blood flow to be constricted. These ergot alkaloids are produced by a fungus that lives inside of certain varieties of tall fescue. Scientists refer to such a fungus as an endophyte. The parts of that word, "Endo" (which means within) and "phyte" (meaning a plant), explain that we are dealing with an organism living inside of the plant. In this case, we are dealing with a species known as Epicloë coenophialia, which is a fungi that grows in between the cells within tall fescue.
The toxic ergot alkaloids produced by this fungal endophyte cause a whole suite of maladies in the cattle that consume the plants that are infected. These problems are broadly referred to as "fescue toxicosis." The complete list of symptoms is too long to include, but the most problematic are high body temperature, failure to shed the winter hair coat, reduced feed intake, poor weight gain, difficulties in giving birth, and low pregnancy rates (Figure 1). Combined, the effects of these toxins are estimated to cost U.S. beef producers nearly $2 Billion annually.
Of course, the biggest economic consequence is that animal performance suffers substantially. For example, cow-calf herds grazing toxic tall fescue often produce 30% fewer calves, and those calves may be 60 to 90 lbs lighter than cattle grazing the non-toxic, novel endophyte tall fescues (Table 1).
These cattle seem to lag behind even after they make it to the feedlot. In a Georgia study, calves that had been backgrounded on toxic tall fescue ended up approximately 100 lbs lighter than similar calves on non-toxic tall fescue when they were finally shipped to a feedlot in Oklahoma, and they stayed approximately 100 lbs lighter until they were harvested nearly 120 days later (Figure 2).
Despite all the problems associated with toxic tall fescue, the plant has a lot of agronomic attributes. The high yields, resilience under grazing, high quality, and late fall productivity of tall fescue that made it so popular originally is still needed. Researchers first tried killing out the endophyte. The resulting endophyte-free tall fescue solved the animal performance problems, but the stands tended to die out within a couple years. It turns out that the endophyte creates other compounds that increase the drought and pest tolerance of the tall fescue, traits that are crucial for persistence.
In the mid-1990s, Dr. Joe Bouton took a sabbatical leave from his post as a professor and forage breeder at the University of Georgia, and he spent several months working with Dr. Gary Latch in New Zealand's federal agricultural research agency, AgResearch Limited. Together, they took some non-toxic endophytes that Latch had identified and, using tweezers and a scalpel, infected some high-performing endophyte-free varieties of tall fescue that Bouton had developed. The result was the first commercialized non-toxic, novel endophyte tall fescue varieties on the market: 'Jesup MaxQ™' and 'GA 5 MaxQ™.' Pennington Seed, Inc. (Madison, GA) obtained the rights to sell these novel endophyte varieties in North America. Though both were sold when first released in 2000, Pennington Seed eventually simplified the production and marketing of the novel endophyte varieties and sold only 'Jesup MaxQ™.' Since then, several other non-toxic "novel" and "friendly" endophyte tall fescue varieties have been brought to the market.


If you are in the process of buying Led lights for your home, it can be really challenging when it is your first time. Before you are going to invest some money it would be better to get some knowledge about the lights. One of the best places to get and gather information about this led light is online. This article also helps you to find the perfect and suitable light for your use.
The first thing which you have to consider is what type of bulb you wish to buy. Try to select the one which produce enough light to illuminate the room. If increase the watts the brightness also increase. So consider the watts before buying one.
The next thing which you have to consider is the color of the light. You can find many different types of colors and select the one which is perfect for your room. For every room you can select different types of colors. When it comes to bed room you can select the color which produces dim color and when it comes to living room and kitchen you can select brighter colors.
The next thing which is important while buying LED lights are its price, before selecting the light try to check the price of the bulb and make sure that the price is affordable. In order to get electrical appliances at low price you can buy them from online wholesalers. They will sell the products at low rate than other sellers. There are many online electrical appliances wholesalers are available. Among them you have to find the one who is genuine and reputes. If you are not aware of them, you can get more info here. This is one of the popular online wholesalers who will provide you electrical appliances for low rate.


Today I am super excited to share with you a Fall ombre project involving lots of spray paint! I still haven't revealed my Fall front porch, but this is one of the DIY projects I did for it. I love how colorful this door mat turned out, ombre doesn't always need to be subtle. I also love the new Fall fonts I used in this photo that I downloaded from Pinterest, check out these Fall fonts and more here.
Before I get into the how you can recreate one of these door mats yourself, here is a sneak peak of my front porch with the door mat. Doesn't it shout SCREAM Fall?
This door mat only took me 15 minutes TOPS to make… spray painting doesn't involve a lot of work. The supplies: brown, red, orange and yellow spray paint (my ombre colors, you could do other colors as well), a door mat, a letter stencil and a paint brush or sponge brush.
I scored this door mat at Target on clearance for under $14! I knew right away it would be perfect for my ombre door mat creation.
The first step was to paint the letters on (do not try to spray the paint, it'll bleed under the letter template!)… I sprayed a little spray paint on a plate and brushed it on over the letter template. I had just enough room to write out F A L L. I was going to do the letters in the brown I was using in the ombre, but the F did not show up well enough. So, I did the letters in black and they really popped.
See how well the black spray paint worked on the letters?
Sorry, this is kind of a bad picture, I am not sure why it turned out so dark. I didn't need to use frog tape on this mat, I just used sheets of paper to block off the sections I didn't want paint to get on. This was super easy since no block off taping was involved!
Give it 15 minutes to dry and you have yourself a fun Fall Ombre Door Mat!
While the mat was drying, I was tempted to take photos of it… so I laid it over by my limelight hydrangea, I love how the ombre colors really pop out against nature in this photo.
And, if this isn't enough FALL excitement for ya… TOMORROW I have a Pumpkin CHILI recipe for you. Stay tuned!


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text:
https://www.park.edu/academics/explore-majors-programs/peace-studies-minor/
Home > Academics > Explore Majors & Programs > Peace Studies Minor
Peace Studies Minor
Play a role in making positive changes to the world around you through the pursuit of peace studies.
Peace Studies students at Park University will benefit from an interdisciplinary education that features multi-layered perspectives on global issues, conflict, non-violence, positive peace, and peacebuilding. Students will enhance their research, writing, storytelling, and analytical skills in their classes and through work in the field. The Peace Studies Minor will provide students with the tools to become active world citizens working towards positive social change in their communities and the world. Students will be challenged to think outside of their academic majors, and to create pragmatic, empathetic strategies and solutions to address sources of conflict and violence.
As a student in our Minor in Peace Studies program, you'll be required to take face-to-face classes at our Parkville, Missouri campus. This minor requires a total of 21 completed credit hours, and students must maintain a minimum grade point average of 2.0 on a 4.0 scale. Refer to your catalog for a complete listing of coursework for this degree.
Minor – 21 Hours
Dr. Mark Noe
Chair, Communication, Journalism, and Public Relations
Professor of Communication
jmark.noe@park.edu
Steven Youngblood
Associate Professor of Communication
steve.youngblood@park.edu
Make the world a better place while enhancing your skills as a peace journalist.
Whether you are planning to attend graduate school in communications, or if you are interested in a career in communications, non-profits, international relations, international development, or social work, the study of peace journalism will put you on an accomplished career path. Students who pursue the Peace Studies Minor take courses in topics such as the fundamentals of writing for media, multicultural communication, introduction to peace studies, as well as a special topics seminar and learning capstone.
Our programs will prepare you for a career as a:
International News Correspondent
Nonprofit Communications Specialist
International Relations Specialist
Nonprofit Sector Manager
The Minor in Peace Studies at Park University, offered within the School of Humanities, is ideal for students studying humanities, social work, psychology, sociology, international relations, international development, or political science and are interested in pursuing communications. Students in this program learn through hands-on experience in a peace journalism apprenticeship seminar and attain in-depth knowledge of the field through an integrative and interdisciplinary learning capstone in peace journalism.
Journalism Minor
Multimedia Journalism and Public Relations Degree
Global Communications Certificate


AT HOME IN LENT takes an everyday household object each day — mobile phone, wardrobe, spectacles — as the starting-point for wider thoughts and a prompt for prayer, and supplies in many cases curious information about the object's origins. In each case, Gordon Giles makes an ingenious link to a biblical passage — family photos and Jesus's question, "Who is my mother?"; toothbrushes and compensation for knocking people's teeth out in Exodus.
His style is easy-going, with a tendency rather to spell out connections than suggest possibilities, and on occasion the author slips from finding God in the commonplace to sounding commonplace — "Perhaps there are short circuits in your faith" (in the item on electricity).
But, overall, Giles has come up with an imaginative framework for a popular Lent book, "an invitation to discover how [the Lord] is already in our homes". There are questions for discussion, though the book is probably best used by individuals, and its daily sections would fit neatly into a short bus or train ride as an amiable, slightly talkative Lent companion.
The author does a convincing job of transposing late-medieval and Counter-Reformation piety into terms that belong to the modern world, and emphasises the humane, realistic, and world-facing aspect of Ignatius's spirituality: "For Ignatius it was about finding one's inner monastery, as it were, and taking that into whatever sector of the world one normally inhabits," including its "complex social, political and financial networks".
The book is non-specialist, but it does presume a serious commitment to the way of prayer, and might not be the obvious choice for a miscellaneous parish group, though it would work well for members of a prayer group or for personal use.
DAVID ADAM has for many years been known as a writer of prayers in the Celtic tradition. In Love the World, he tells us how, when he was a theological student, his regular meditation drifted from scripture to the Canticle of St Francis, and from there to a collection of natural objects within a series roughly corresponding to Genesis 1. This is the sequence that underlies the 28 short chapters of this book, whose purpose is to evoke our sense of wonder at the natural world and its evolution.
To this end, Adam shares with us a good deal of popular science, from cosmology to palaeontology, that is certainly informative ("The volume of our oceans is around 332.5 million cubic miles and, as a single cubic mile equals more than 1.1 trillion gallons, that is an awful lot of water!") and occasionally self-evident: "Rain is precious to the earth, for without it the plants would die and the land would become a desert." Chapters finish with an exercise, a prayer, and sometimes a verse meditation.
Adam states early on that "The universe is the Word made flesh," after which Love the World makes almost no other biblical or Christian reference, and essentially offers a Romantic and largely ruralist response to the sublime. It does not engage with the cruelty of the natural world or the tragedy of much human life.
MUTHURAJ SWAMY's Reconciliation is the Archbishop of Canterbury's Lent Book this year. Its theme is one of the Archbishop's stated priorities, and Swamy is one of those involved in devising preparatory material for Lambeth 2020. We are offered 40 Bible studies, in which the author draws out from a wide range of passages lessons about reconciliation — its foundation, its impediments, its risks, and its heart as represented in the recurring phrase "radical openness to others", which, the author holds, summarises "the whole essence of Christianity".
The author's approach is to spell out the lessons to be learned from the text, then to invite readers, in the questions that follow, to make connections of their own. He does this in a style that is clear, meticulous — "Both of these passages express at least three essential facts" — and rather teacherly.
The introduction quotes St Paul's words about "making peace through the blood of the cross", but thereafter there is strangely little reference in this book about reconciliation to the cross of Christ; nor is any use made in a book of Bible studies for Lent of the Passion narratives.
GRAHAM GREENE wrote of "the appalling strangeness of the mercy of God". We seem to hear an echo of this when Jane Williams speaks of "the mad logic of the merciful humility of God", and throughout The Merciful Humility of God she alerts us to "the continuing strangeness of God's action", and the implications of this for who we are: "our lives will pass into nothingness unless they are held in the eternal meaning of God," a meaning that she constantly derives from his loving acceptance.
Williams writes with a subtle simplicity, great insight, and an enviable ability to help us see the familiar in a new light. Each chapter is usefully followed by suggestions for personal or group response and for further reading.
In various ways, the other Lent books sit loosely to Lent itself and to the Passion of Christ. The Merciful Humility of God takes us straight towards it, and for many people will be their obvious choice for the season.
The Revd Philip Welsh is a retired priest in the diocese of London.


This is a must read paper for anyone who is interested about printed electronics – a wonderfully resourceful and unbiasedly informative paper!
Abstract— Affordable and versatile printed electronics can play a critical role for large area applications, such as for displays, sensors, energy harvesting, and storage. Significant advances including commercialization in the general area of printed electronics have been based on organic molecular electronics. Still some fundamental challenges remain: thermal instability, modest charge transport characteristics, and limited lithographic resolution. In the last decade, one-dimensional nanotubes and nanowires, like carbon nanotubes and silicon nanowires, followed by two-dimensional materials, like graphene and transitional dichalcogenide materials, have shown interesting promise as next-generation printed electronic materials. Challenges, such as non-uniformity in growth, limited scalability, and integration issues, need to be resolved for the viable application of these materials to technology. Recently, the concept of printed high-performance complementary metal-oxide semiconductor electronics has also emerged and been proven successful for application to electronics. Here, we review progress in CMOS technology and applications, including challenges faced and opportunities revealed.


While glitz and glamour are commonplace in a city like Shanghai, Glam has taken things in a decidedly new direction with a stylish mix of lounge, cocktail bar, and restaurant that is playful and fun yet seriously chic at the same time.
While glitz and glamour are commonplace in a city like Shanghai, Glam has taken things in a decidedly new direction with a stylish mix of lounge, cocktail bar, and restaurant that is playful and fun yet seriously chic at the same time. A sequel-of-sorts to recently-shuttered local nightlife legend Glamour, Glam (which is owned by the same restaurateur as Glamour) sparkles with an eclectic decor, gourmet bites, and cocktail menu that dazzles the senses. Upon entry, you will be struck at the kaleidoscope of art on the walls – most from the owner's private collection – and the other bold colors splashed on the walls, not to mention the bright blue peacock peering at you. The space is designed like nothing else in Shanghai and when you peruse the cocktail menu you will find delicious surprises there as well. Cocktails like the Evening Thyme – thyme-infused dark spiced rum, vanilla, lime, and zesty ginger – Saffron and Spice – saffron-infused brandy, apricot bitters, lemon, and star anise syrup – and Glam's My Thai – coconut rum, coconut milk, cilantro, lime, honey & black pepper syrup – show a flair for creativity and ingenuity tinged with free-spirited fun. The rest of the card is heavy on traditional tipples like whisky cocktails, martinis, and, as they describe them, "fancy pantsy gin and tonics" in addition to the finest world wines, all helping make Glam that rare sequel that may just be better than the original.


One of my workout friends, Angie, told me about some roasted okra she had recently. I love roasting vegetables, and I love okra so why not? This is so simple, fast and delicious. Even my kids (who I admit are used to fried okra) were fighting over them. Just simply trim the edges of the okra slightly and season with salt, pepper and olive oil. They come out phenomenal!


text:
Anja Harteros (nascida em 23 de julho de 1972) é uma soprano de ópera alemã. Em 1999 tornou-se a primeira alemã a ganhar o concurso Cardiff Cantora do Mundo.

Biografia
Harteros nasceu em Bergneustadt, Renânia do Norte-Vestfália, de pai grego e mãe alemã e tem dois irmãos, Alexia e Georgios. Em criança foi encorajada pelos pais a estudar música clássica e canto. Eventualmente o seu professor de música da Wüllenweber-Gymnasium em Bergneustadt, August Wilhelm Welp, reparou que tinha talento considerável e recomendou que fosse educada como cantora profissional. Aos 14 anos (em 1986) a sua educação vocal com Astrid Huber-Aulmann em Gummersbach, em simultâneo com a sua escolaridade.

As suas primeiras apresentações foram em música do instituto de concertos e em 1990 numa escola de produção de As bodas de Fígaro, como a Condessa. Em 1992 ela deu o seu primeiro concerto a Suíça no Kantonsschule Schwyz.

A partir de 1990 a sua educação musical foi confiada, ao condutor e repetiteur tecnicamente experiente Wolfgang Kastorp na Ópera de Colónia, que a acompanhou em uma série de concertos.

Depois de concluir o ensino médio em 1991, Harteros continuou os seus estudos de voz em Liselotte Hammes na Universidade de Música da Colónia. O professor de canto, Huber-Aulmann, continuou a ensiná-la até o início de 1996, e em 1993 e 1994 Harteros acompanhou Huber-Aulmann em espetáculos à Rússia e aos Estados Unidos, que atraiu muita atenção para a cantora.

Pouco antes dos exames finais, ela foi admitida como membro permanente do ensemble no Schillertheater em Gelsenkirchen e Wuppertal. Depois os seus exames em 1995, ela foi dada uma posição permanente com o conjunto da opera em Bona.

No verão de 1999, ela ganhou o concurso BBC Cardiff Cantora do Mundo, o que levou a muitos convites para concertos e performances como convidada. Este foi o grande avanço para a sua carreira: desde então, ela apareceu como convidada em todas as principais casas de ópera do mundo, incluindo Frankfurt, Lyon, Amesterdão, Dresden, Paris, Hamburgo, Viena, Nova Iorque (Metropolitan Opera), Munique, Colônia e Berlim (Deutsche Oper), bem como o Salzburger Festspiele. Ela também tem dado concertos e Lieder recitais por toda a Alemanha, assim como em Boston, Florença, Londres, Edimburgo, Vicenza e Tel Aviv. Em 2005 ela cantou o papel-título numa nova produção de Händel do Alcina no festival de ópera em Munique.

Seu repertório inclui os papéis de Mimì (La bohème), Desdemona (Otello), Micaëla (Carmen), Eva (Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg), Elisabeth (Tannhäuser), Fiordiligi (Così fan tutte), Contessa (Le nozze di Figaro), Arabella (Arabella), Alice Ford (Falstaff), e Alcina.

Em 2004, ela cantou o seu primeiro Violetta em La traviata , e em 2005 o seu primeiro Amelia em Simon Boccanegra  com a San Diego Opera.

Em 2015, Harteros com Jonas Kaufmann e Antonio Pappano colaborou num estúdio de gravação de Verdi Aida.

Nascidos em 1972
Pessoas vivas
Cantores de ópera da Alemanha

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Here is how I made some bike taxidermy wall hooks from dead bike parts and wood.
I am now aware that Picasso made it first thanks to it being pointed out to me several times, I am sure he wouldn't mind people making their own versions and recycling dead bikes!
Step 1: Get Some Old Handle Bars and Saddles.
Use your own dead bike, or ask your nearest community d.i.y. bike workshop, or nicest bike shop for their dead bits on the way to the scrappie's.
Step 2: Match Up the Handlebars and Saddles to Make Cool Horned Skull Shapes.
I am making three sets in one go.
Play around with making different pairs of handle bars and saddles until you get some good looking bull-like horned skull shapes.
Step 3: Fasten the Horns to the Saddles.
Turn each pair of handlebars and saddles over, and secure them together with cable ties. Snip the cable tie tails off.
This makes them pretty secure, strong enough to hang coats or helmets off of, for example. I have seen some bike taxidermy wall hooks used to hang bikes from, but I am assuming that the handle bars are welded together.
Step 4: Reinforce Cableties by Wrapping the Joins in Inner Tubes.
I can't express how much I love dead inner tubes.
I think hiding the cable ties is good, as it looks like it's all completely made out of dead bike bits, and it does give the fastenings a bit more strength. There will still be some movement in the handlebars though, that's why I'm not going to try and hang anything too heavy off the finished pieces.
Step 5: Make the Trophy Mount From Hardboard.
I wasn't too precious about the accuracy of the trophy shape, keeping the rusty d.i.y. wonkey vibe, I think it adds to the dead bike feel.
I made a rough template and drew it on the hardboard and cut it out with a jigsaw. I'm sure there's lots of Instructables about how to use jigsaws if you need that info.
Step 6: Fasten Your Horned Bike Skulls to Your Hardboard Trophy Shapes.
Again, don't be too precious, a bit of wonkeyness never killed nobody. I think.
I lined all the pieces up on the backings so they were more or less straight, marked a few dots either side, then drilled holes through the dots big enough to poke more cable ties through.
Step 7: Paint the Trophy Shape, and Mount Your Bike Taxidermy.
I painted my three hardboard bits silver, and fastened the skull shapes to the boards with more cable ties.
Then I hung them on the wall, with more lovely cable ties, and there they are!
Thanks again. A super. addition to my collection.
And the bull ring totally makes it.
Bad artists copy, great artists steal.
How about acquiring a bull's head and making a bike saddle out of it ? - Use the horns to make a pair of handlebars.
Yes cool idea, I'm going to try that!
No polishing involved, I like the rusty look better though.
Yeah I came up with it in my head, had a few comments about it being Picasso's idea originally as if I'm ripping it off. I hadn't seen it until I'd made mine and it was pointed out. Collecting taxidermy and working in a bike shop, and being big into recycling, pretty easy to see how the horns and saddle look like a mounted skull. Also, Picasso made his as art, mine are just wall hooks.
You didn't rip him off, you came up with something different-- the longhorn model. Besides, you came up with the idea on your own. Tell your friends that it's a case of great minds thinking alike.
Eliot, T.S., "Philip Massinger," The Sacred Wood, New York: Bartleby.com, 2000.
ha that's pretty funny that even the quote is borrowed too.
I would probably just try to push him into the firing line first lol.
It was a pretty big "Oh yeah, those two things look like this thing" moment when I saw Picasso's version, so I didn't mean to claim you ripped it off, but you could get into trouble if you tried selling them.
And whether you think so or not, you made something that makes people think about things differently, so it's art. Too bad yours won't be as valuable as Picasso's version.
There would only be a problem selling them if you claimed they were Picasso's. Nobody holds a copyright on taxidermied bike parts. I love this project!
Glad you like it Sleepy2, thanks.


text:
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A Rare Nissan GT-R50 Has Come Up For Sale
The coach-built collaboration with Italdesign is the most extreme R35 around.
By Lucas Bell
Legendary Motorcar Company
The R35 Nissan GT-R reshaped the supercar world when it arrived on the scene back in 2009. Twin-turbocharged, all-wheel drive and packing a quick-shifting dual-clutch, the GT-R would become a blueprint that almost every supercar manufacturer would copy moving into the current decade. Thankfully for the die-hard Godzilla fans, you now have a chance to own a pristine example of the rarest variant produced during that run: a 2021 Nissan GT-R50.
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The GT-R50 first arrived as a concept vehicle back in 2018, marking the dual 50th anniversaries of the GT-R nameplate, as well as the design house Italdesign before 2019. The concept merged the R35's technical ability with some design influences from the days gone by of the auto industry, borrowing heavily from Italy in the process. The concept was met with such excitement that Nissan actually committed to building a limited run of the cars, with production volume officially capped at 50 units. Production was slowed as a result of COVID, but the automaker closed the order books back in July of this year.
This particular example is number 11 in the run, though the listing sellers at Legendary Motor Car claim that only 19 examples were ever produced. Considering it took the automaker so long to close the order books, it is possible that demand never reached that 50-unit goal. Regardless of the true production figures, the car's $1,165,000 base price certainly ensured only the most fanatical of R35 customers would have a chance to own one. That's a ton of cash, but the work done by both Nissan and Italdesign is extensive and impressive.
Starting under the hood, the GT-R50 packs a modified variant of the familiar 3.8-liter VR38DETT V-6. Upgraded turbos are pulled right off the GT3 racer and combined with higher-flow injectors, larger intercoolers, and a reworked intake to provide more power. An updated crankshaft, pistons, and connecting rods bolster high-horsepower engine health. The end result is 710 hp and 585 lb-ft of torque, significantly more than the range-topping NISMO's 600 hp and 481 lb-ft rating. Power is sent to the wheels via a reworked six-speed dual-clutch transmission, while adaptive Bilstein dampers handle the suspension duties.
This particular example has also been outfitted with the optional hydraulic rear wing, which provides some active aero elements for maximum performance on track. Not that this car has ever seen the track, as it has arrived for sale with delivery mileage on the clock. The Italdesign bodywork certainly won't be for everyone, but the shape is far more unique than you'd typically find from a Nissan product. The paint is also a unique hue, which cost the first owner nearly $30,000 to spec from the factory. It looks great with the red NISMO accents, though we hope that initial investment doesn't require a significant price bump for any prospective buyers.
Legendary Motorcar hasn't published any pricing information about this particular GT-R, following the age-old adage about anything of great expense. Either way, here's hoping that the next owner of this modern coach-built sports car actually decides to use the thing for its intended purpose.
Lucas Bell Born and raised in Metro Detroit, associate editor Lucas Bell has spent his entire life surrounded by the automotive industry.
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A Part of Hearst Digital Media Road & Track participates in various affiliate marketing programs, which means we may get paid commissions on editorially chosen products purchased through our links to retailer sites.


The GP4-MS GP calipers from years of MotoGP stopping power is now available for road bike use. Brembo have machined solid monobloc calipers with four 30mm pistons. Machined monobloc calipers will flex less, so it will transmit more of the braking force into the pads, and also cope better with high heat.
Prices have yet to be released and the fitting kit comes with sintered road/track pads, as well as the pins and clips needed for fitting. They are also compatible with the firm's legendary Z04 track pads.


WARBIRD RADIO – Here's one from the archive. We originally broadcast this episode in 2010 but the story is well worth playing again. During WWII Grover Sassaman was one of Pappy Boyington's mechanics. At one point in the war he even advised General Douglas MacArthur (on directions to the head). He's a great guy with a warm smile and personality to match. Today he continues to run his Harley Davidson dealership in middle Georgia. On the day we recorded the interview he passed us in the parking lot on his way to the open road on the Harley in the above photo! The Grover Sassaman Story is one you'll surely enjoy. Thanks for listening!


text:
US20080005449A1 - Generalized flash memory and method thereof - Google Patents
Generalized flash memory and method thereof Download PDF
physical memory
logical controller
Jen-Chieh Lou
Chih-Jen Hsu
Phison Electronics Corp
2006-07-03 Application filed by Phison Electronics Corp filed Critical Phison Electronics Corp
2006-07-03 Assigned to PHISON ELECTRONICS CORP. reassignment PHISON ELECTRONICS CORP. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HSU, CHIH-JEN, LOU, JEN-CHIEH
G06F12/00—Accessing, addressing or allocating within memory systems or architectures
G06F12/02—Addressing or allocation; Relocation
G06F12/0223—User address space allocation, e.g. contiguous or non contiguous base addressing
G06F12/0292—User address space allocation, e.g. contiguous or non contiguous base addressing using tables or multilevel address translation means
G06F12/06—Addressing a physical block of locations, e.g. base addressing, module addressing, memory dedication
G06F12/0638—Combination of memories, e.g. ROM and RAM such as to permit replacement or supplementing of words in one module by words in another module
G06F2212/00—Indexing scheme relating to accessing, addressing or allocation within memory systems or architectures
G06F2212/20—Employing a main memory using a specific memory technology
G06F2212/202—Non-volatile memory
G06F2212/2022—Flash memory
The invention presents a flash memory with a generalized interface for facilitating to develop multi-type flash memories and a method thereof. Meanwhile the generalized flash memory includes a physical memory for storing data; a logical controller connected with the physical memory for providing an identify function of the physical memory and communicating with an external system in an unified format; and a buffer register connected with the logical controller, wherein the logical controller and the buffer register map the physical memory to an entire continuous memory space, thereby facilitating to develop multi-type flash memories.
The present invention relates to a generalized flash memory, and more particularly, to a flash memory with a generalized interface for facilitating to develop multi-type flash memories and a method thereof.
Flash memory devices have many advantages for a large number of applications. These advantages include their non-volatility, speed, ease of erasure and reprogramming, small physical size and related factors. There are no mechanical moving parts and as a result such systems are not subject to failures of the type most often encountered with hard disk storage systems. As a result many portable computer devices, such as laptops, portable digital assistants, portable communication devices, and many other related devices are using flash memory as the primary medium for storage of information.
In practice, there are several kinds of flash memory with different specifications. Usually, new data can be written over previous old data. However, in flash memories, a block needs to be erased before it is rewritten with new data; that is, memory cells are returned to an original state in which data can be written. This operation is called "erase". An erase operation typically requires much more time than a write operation. Furthermore, since the erase operation is performed in blocks whose size is much larger than what the write operation requires, even a portion requested not to be written to may be erased. In this case, the unnecessarily erased portion needs to be reclaimed through a write operation. In the worst scenario, a request to write (overwrite) data requires one erase operation and write operations to recover the portion erased by the erase operation.
Please refer to FIG. 1. It illustrates a flash memory based system including a flash memory 1, a read-only memory (ROM) 2, a random access memory (RAM) 3, and a processor 4. In combination with program codes typically recorded in the ROM 2, the processor 4 issues a series of read or write commands to read data from and write data to the flash memory 1 or the RAM 3. Write and read operations are performed on the flash memory 1 in accordance with a flash memory management method according to the present invention. The ROM 2 and the RAM 3 store application program codes executed by the processor 4 or related data structures.
Please further refer to FIG. 2. As shown in FIG. 2, the flash memory 1 includes a plurality of data blocks and log blocks corresponding to at least some of the plurality of data blocks. A data block is a block for storing any ordinary data, and a log block is a block provided for recording modified data if a predetermined part of a data block is to be modified. Thus, a plurality of log blocks corresponding to the plurality of data blocks contain modified pages of the corresponding data blocks. Pages stored in the log blocks have priority over the counterparts stored in the corresponding data blocks to be referred to.
When a request of a user to read a predetermined page at a predetermined logical address is issued, the processor 4 refers to a log pointer table recorded in the RAM 3 to check whether a log block corresponding to the predetermined page exists. If a corresponding log block exists, a check is made as to whether the requested page is validly stored in the log block. If the requested page is validly stored in the log block, the page stored in the log block is read. If not, a corresponding page stored in the data block corresponding to the log block is read. The log pointer table refers to a data structure for managing log blocks. The log pointer table contains a logical address of a data block, a physical address of a corresponding log block, and offset values (a logical address of a requested page) of updated pages in the corresponding data block arranged in the same order in which pages in the log block are physically arranged. According to the present invention, the processor 4 scans a log block region to construct the log pointer table in the RAM 3. Referring to FIG. 3, the log pointer table contains entries corresponding to each of the log blocks. Upon receiving a request to read data from or write data to a specific location in the flash memory 1 along with a logical address of a predetermined page, the processor 4 refers to the log pointer table to access a log block or a data block depending on the presence of a corresponding entry.
However, there are many kinds of flash memories provided for a large number of applications, and large memory space and multi functions are introduced into flash memories. When a designer of flash memory would like to design the software or hardware for flash memory, he has to consider the specification supplied in response to different flash memories. According to the prior art, the processor always refers to the log pointer table of RAM 3 to access a log block or a data block of the flash memory 1. When the system of FIG. 1 is initialized, the processor 4 must construct the log pointer table of RAM 3 and the lists of all blocks of the flash memory 1. The log pointer table is constructed by scanning all pages of each block designated to read a logical address stored in a logical block address portion for each page. For multi-type flash memories manufactured by different process, with different types of memory cells and inner managing system, the processor and the RAM should be able to identify different specifications of multi-type flash memories. Thus, the manufacturers of flash memories have to consider the specification and managing system supplied in response to the processor and the RAM.
Therefore, in practice, the prior art should waste more time and source and cost a lot for developing the flash memory. On the other hand, it is difficult to implement. Hence, it needs to provide a generalized flash memory, which provides a generalized interface for managing the flash memory, simplifies the entire structure and the managing process thereof, is capable of achieving the purpose of facilitating to develop multi-type flash memories easily, and can rectify those drawbacks of the prior art and solve the above problems.
This paragraph extracts and compiles some features of the present invention; other features will be disclosed in the follow-up paragraph. It is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims, and this paragraph also is considered to refer.
Accordingly, the prior art is limited by the above problems. It is an object of the present invention to provide a generalized flash memory, which provides a generalized interface for managing the flash memory, simplifies the entire structure and the managing process thereof, is capable of achieving the purpose of facilitating to develop multi-type flash memories easily, and can rectify those drawbacks of the prior art and solve the above problems.
In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, the generalized flash memory includes a physical memory for storing data; a logical controller connected with the physical memory for providing an identify function of the physical memory and communicating with an external system in an unified format; and a buffer register connected with the logical controller, wherein the logical controller and the buffer register map the physical memory to an entire continuous memory space.
Preferably, the physical memory is a Random Access Memory (RAM).
Preferably, the logical controller further includes an access interface for connecting with the external system.
Preferably, the access interface is one selected from a group consisting of a flash memory access interface, a USB port, a COM port and a print port.
Preferably, the logical controller further includes a programmable circuit device for storing specifications of the physical memory.
Preferably, the logical controller further includes a wear leveling module for programming the physical memory evenly.
Preferably, the logical controller further includes an anti-disturbance module for preventing write disturbance and keeping the validity of data in the physical memory.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the generalized flash memory includes a physical memory for storing data; and a logical controller connected with the physical memory and mapping the physical memory to an entire continuous memory space for providing an identify function of the physical memory and communicating with an external system in an unified format.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method of a generalized flash memory, which provides a generalized interface for managing the flash memory, simplifies the entire structure and the managing process thereof, is capable of achieving the purpose of facilitating to develop multi-type flash memories easily, and can rectify those drawbacks of the prior art and solve the above problems.
In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, the method of generalized flash memory includes the steps of: a) providing a physical memory for storing data; b) mapping the physical memory to an entire continuous memory space via a logical controller connected with the physical memory for providing an identify function of the physical memory and communicating with an external system in an unified format; c) issuing a request from the external system; and d) executing the request via the logical controller to access the entire continuous memory space of the physical memory.
Preferably, the request is a single operation for the physical memory and free of managing a block-mapping of physical memory.
Preferably, the step d) further comprises step d1) of programming the physical memory evenly by a wear leveling module of the logical controller for keeping the physical memory as an entire continuous memory space.
Preferably, wherein the step d) further includes step d2) of keeping the validity of data in the physical memory via an anti-disturbance module of the logical controller for preventing write disturbance of the physical memory.
Preferably, the step b) further includes step b1) of providing specifications of the physical memory for storage in a programmable circuit device of the logical controller.
The above objects and advantages of the present invention will become more readily apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art after reviewing the following detailed description and accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates block diagram of a flash memory based system according to the prior art;
FIG. 2 illustrates a reference diagram for explaining blocks for storing ordinary data provided in the flash memory of FIG. 1 according to the prior art;
FIG. 3 illustrates a reference diagram for explaining a log pointer table according to the prior art;
FIG. 4 illustrates a preferred embodiment of a generalized flash memory according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 illustrates a case of issuing a request from an external system to the generalized flash memory of to the present invention;
FIG. 6 illustrates another case of issuing a request from an external system to the generalized flash memory of to the present invention;
FIG. 7 illustrates another preferred embodiment of a generalized flash memory according to the present invention;
FIG. 8 illustrates a preferred method of a generalized flash memory according to the present invention.
The present invention discloses a flash memory with a generalized interface for facilitating to develop multi-type flash memories and a method thereof, and the objects and advantages of the present invention will become more readily apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art after reviewing the following detailed description. The present invention needs not be limited to the following embodiment.
Please refer to FIG. 4. It illustrates a preferred embodiment of a generalized flash memory according to the present invention. As shown in FIG. 4, the generalized flash memory includes a physical memory 41 for storing data; and a logical controller 42 connected with the physical memory 41 and mapping the physical memory 41 to an entire continuous memory space for providing an identify function of the physical memory 41 and communicating with an external system 50 in an unified format.
In practice, the logical controller 42 further includes an access interface 421 for connecting with the external system 50, wherein the access interface 421 is one selected from a group consisting of a flash memory access interface, a USB port, a COM port and a print port. In this embodiment, the logical controller 42 could further include a programmable circuit device (not shown) for storing specifications of the physical memory 41 to achieve the purpose of simulating the interface and functions of different flash memories easily. Furthermore, the logical controller further includes a wear leveling module for programming the physical memory evenly or an anti-disturbance module for preventing write disturbance and keeping the validity of data in the physical memory. According to the present invention, the physical memory 41 is mapped to an entire continuous memory space and the user from the external system 50 need not manage any block of the physical memory 41. For example, referring to FIG. 5, the logical controller 42 will manage all blocks of the physical memory 41. When a request of read/write data to a bad block 411 of the physical memory 41 is issued from the external system 50, the logical controller 42 will re-map the bad block 411 to a replace block 412 and then the request of read/write data is executed to the replace block 412, as shown in FIG. 5. In other case, when a request of write data to a programmed block 413 of the physical memory 41 is issued from the external system 50, the logical controller 42 will re-map the programmed block 413 to an available block 414 and then the request of write data is executed to the available block 414, as shown in FIG. 6. In the present invention, the mapping, from the logical blocks to the physical blocks of the physical memory, is managed by the logical controller. The user of the external system 50 won't manage one erase operation and write operations to recover the portion erased by the erase operation for executing a request to write (overwrite) data. For the user of the external system 50, the physical memory is an entire continuous and available memory space
Please refer to FIG. 7. It illustrates a preferred embodiment of a generalized flash memory according to the present invention. As shown in FIG. 7, the generalized flash memory includes a physical memory 41 for storing data; a logical controller 42 connected with the physical memory 41 for providing an identify function of the physical memory 41 and communicating with an external system 50 in an unified format; and a buffer register 43 connected with the logical controller 42, wherein the logical controller 42 and the buffer register 43 map the physical memory to an entire continuous memory space.
Similarly, the logical controller 42 further includes an access interface 421 for connecting with the external system 50, wherein the access interface 421 is one selected from a group consisting of a flash memory access interface, a USB port, a COM port and a print port. In this embodiment, the logical controller 42 could further include a programmable circuit device (not shown) for storing specifications of the physical memory 41 to achieve the purpose of simulating the interface and functions of different flash memories easily. Furthermore, the logical controller further includes a wear leveling module for programming the physical memory evenly or an anti-disturbance module for preventing write disturbance and keeping the validity of data in the physical memory. According to the above embodiment, the present invention also discloses a method of the generalized flash memory for managing the flash memory and achieving the purpose of facilitating to develop multi-type flash memories easily. Please refer to FIG. 8. It illustrates a preferred method of a generalized flash memory according to the present invention. As shown in FIG. 8, the method of generalized flash memory includes the steps of: a) providing a physical memory for storing data, as in the procedure S81; b) mapping the physical memory to an entire continuous memory space via a logical controller connected with the physical memory for providing an identify function of the physical memory and communicating with an external system in an unified format, as in the procedure S82; c) issuing a request from the external system, as in the procedure S83; and d) executing the request via the logical controller to access the entire continuous memory space of the physical memory, as in the procedure S84.
In practice, the request is a single operation for the physical memory and free of managing a block-mapping of physical memory. Preferably, the step d) further comprises step d1) of programming the physical memory evenly by a wear leveling module of the logical controller for keeping the physical memory as an entire continuous memory space, as in the procedure S841; and step d2) of keeping the validity of data in the physical memory via an anti-disturbance module of the logical controller for preventing write disturbance of the physical memory, as in the procedure S842. The present invention further discloses a logical controller with a programmable circuit device to store specifications of the physical memory for providing an identify function of the physical memory and communicating with the external system in a unified format, thereby facilitating to develop multi-type flash memories. Certainly, the physical memory can be a Random Access Memory (RAM). Moreover, the logical controller further includes an access interface for connecting with the external system; and the access interface can be one selected from a group consisting of a flash memory access interface, a USB port, a COM port and a print port.
In conclusion, the present invention provides a generalized flash memory, which provides a generalized interface for managing the flash memory, simplifies the entire structure and the managing process thereof, is capable of achieving the purpose of mapping the physical memory to an entire continuous memory space, and can rectify those drawbacks of the prior art and solve the above problems. The present invention further discloses a logical controller with a programmable circuit device to store specifications of the physical memory for providing an identify function of the physical memory and communicating with the external system in a unified format, thereby facilitating to develop multi-type flash memories. Meanwhile the prior art fail to disclose that. Accordingly, the present invention possesses many outstanding characteristics, effectively improves upon the drawbacks associated with the prior art in practice and application, produces practical and reliable products, bears novelty, and adds to economical utility value. Therefore, the present invention exhibits a great industrial value.
While the invention has been described in terms of what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention needs not be limited to the disclosed embodiment. On the contrary, it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims, which are to be accorded with the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar structures.
1. A generalized flash memory comprising:
a physical memory for storing data;
a logical controller connected with said physical memory for providing an identify function of said physical memory and communicating with an external system in an unified format; and
a buffer register connected with said logical controller, wherein said logical controller and said buffer register map said physical memory to an entire continuous memory space.
2. The generalized flash memory according to claim 1, wherein said physical memory is a Random Access Memory (RAM).
3. The generalized flash memory according to claim 1, wherein said logical controller further comprises an access interface for connecting with said external system.
4. The generalized flash memory according to claim 3, wherein said access interface is one selected from a group consisting of a flash memory access interface, a USB port, a COM port and a print port.
5. The generalized flash memory according to claim 1, wherein said logical controller further comprises a programmable circuit device for storing specifications of said physical memory.
6. The generalized flash memory according to claim 1, wherein said logical controller further comprises a wear leveling module for programming said physical memory evenly.
7. The generalized flash memory according to claim 1, wherein said logical controller further comprises an anti-disturbance module for preventing write disturbance and keeping the validity of data in said physical memory.
a physical memory for storing data; and
a logical controller connected with said physical memory and mapping said physical memory to an entire continuous memory space for providing an identify function of said physical memory and communicating with an external system in an unified format.
10. The generalized flash memory according to claim 9, wherein said access interface is one selected from a group consisting of a flash memory access interface, a USB port, a COM port and a print port.
11. The generalized flash memory according to claim 8, wherein said logical controller further comprises a programmable circuit device for storing specifications of said physical memory.
12. The generalized flash memory according to claim 8, wherein said logical controller further comprises a wear leveling module for programming said physical memory evenly.
13. The generalized flash memory according to claim 8, wherein said logical controller further comprises an anti-disturbance module for preventing write disturbance and keeping the validity of data in said physical memory.
14. A method of generalized flash memory comprising the steps of:
a) providing a physical memory for storing data;
b) mapping said physical memory to an entire continuous memory space via a logical controller connected with said physical memory for providing an identify function of said physical memory and communicating with an external system in an unified format;
c) issuing a request from said external system; and
d) executing said request via said logical controller to access said entire continuous memory space of said physical memory.
15. The method according to claim 14, wherein said request is a single operation for said physical memory and free of managing a block-mapping of physical memory.
16. The method according to claim 14, wherein said step d) further comprises step d1) of programming said physical memory evenly by a wear leveling module of said logical controller for keeping said physical memory as an entire continuous memory space.
17. The method according to claim 14, wherein said step d) further comprises step d2) of keeping the validity of data in said physical memory via an anti-disturbance module of said logical controller for preventing write disturbance of said physical memory.
18. The method according to claim 14, wherein said step b) further comprises step b1) of providing specifications of said physical memory for storage in a programmable circuit device of said logical controller.
19. The method according to claim 14, wherein said physical memory is a Random Access Memory (RAM).
20. The method according to claim 14, wherein said logical controller further comprises an access interface for connecting with said external system.
21. The method according to claim 20, wherein said access interface is one selected from a group consisting of a flash memory access interface, a USB port, a COM port and a print port.
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Owner name: PHISON ELECTRONICS CORP., TAIWAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:LOU, JEN-CHIEH;HSU, CHIH-JEN;REEL/FRAME:018070/0469


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Q: Will the Combat Shotgun do More Critical Damage at my Level? I'm playing through fallout 4 on survival, and just got access to combat shotguns; they do more damage than the double-barreled shotgun, but they lack the sawn-off upgrade to increase critical damage. My Gun Nut perk is currently capped at 2 for several levels, so I only have access to the Calibrated receiver, not the Calibrated Powerful Receiver.
I use the shotgun to critically hit powerful enemies who get close. Will I deal more critical damage with the combat shotgun, sacrificing the critical bonus for more base damage?
I read in another thread that Calibrated Receivers double critical damage, but I don't know if the Sawed-off mod is a further doubling, or works differently.

A: I can't find a definitive reference showing that the sawed-off barrel doubles critical damage, but that's what the receivers with that description do, so for the rest of this post we're operating under the assumption that it does so.
In that case, all you need to do is compare the base damage of the two guns, once you have the mods attached. The sawed-off will do four times its listed base damage (assuming you have no other modifiers, such as the better criticals perk), whereas the combat shotgun will do only double the base damage.
Therefore, the combat shotgun will do less critical damage, unless its listed base damage is at least twice as much as the sawed-off.
Looking at the stats on Nukapedia, it looks like the sawed-off with a calibrated powerful receiver would do 79 base (plus various modifiers your character has that would also apply to the combat shotgun). It looks like the combat shotgun with calibrated reciever would do 50.
So, if you're just using the shotgun for an occasional critical, stick with the sawed-off.
Lucky Effect
That being said, I think you have other options.
Any gun with the Lucky legendary modifier, such as the easily obtainable Righteous Authority, also doubles critical damage. Put a calibrated receiver on it, and it's doing 4x critical damage, just like your sawed-off shotgun.
Lucky also increases the rate at which criticals are generated, and essentially every gun has a bigger clip than the sawed-off. This means you can use this as your main rifle, and also as your critical trump card. It's also more friendly to your carrying capacity.
I highly recommend you at least try this out, as an alternative to the shotgun. Unless of course you've found a Lucky Double-Barrel Shotgun. That would be pretty lucky.
Notes on Attachments
I no longer waste perks on crafting perks like Gun Nut. You can easily find attachments on found guns or in stores, and remove them and put them on your gun. It's not uncommon to find attachments better than you'd be able to craft anyway.
Instead, invest those perks in combat, so that your gun works even better, with the same attachments as if you'd spent the perks on crafting.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


We're just days away from the start of Celebrity Big Brother 2019 (full schedule here) and after our first look at the CBB2 cast along with Branden's in-depth review of the latest Houseguests we're ready to start doing our preseason early predictions.
Unlike most seasons of Big Brother, at this stage, we actually do know something about most of these HGs thanks to their public facing history. Are they a hot head, a likely fan favorite, and who is the Big Brother fan lying in wait to jump up and win? Talking a big game is easy, but winning when thrown into the house is a lot harder so we're set to soon see who really has what it takes. Doesn't mean we have to wait to start guessing at that though!
Which Celebrity Big Brother 2019 Houseguest is your early favorite? You can pick them on any aspect you like but share your reasons below in the comments section.
Celebrity Big Brother 2019: Who Is Your Preseason Favorite?
Next up, who do you think will win CBB2? Remember the upset we saw last season (and most recent summer seasons!) so this one is tough. Same as before, tell us about your pick in the comments below.
Ready for Big Brother? Not without your Live Feeds you aren't! Get the Free Trial now, support our work, and be ready to watch all season of CBB2. Download our Big Brother App for more!


text:
Q: mongodb document grouping i have my test collection as given below..
> db.test.find()
{ "_id" : "111-21212121", "Mawb" : "111-1111111", "Hawb" : "111111", "Hawb_date" : "date1" }
{ "_id" : "111-21212122", "Mawb" : "111-1111111", "Hawb" : "222222", "Hawb_date" : "date1" }
{ "_id" : "111-21212123", "Mawb" : "222-2222222", "Hawb" : "333333", "Hawb_date" : "date1" }
{ "_id" : "111-21212124", "Mawb" : "222-2222222", "Hawb" : "444444", "Hawb_date" : "date1" }
{ "_id" : "111-21212125", "Mawb" : "333-3333333", "Hawb" : "555555", "Hawb_date" : "date1" }
{ "_id" : "111-21212126", "Mawb" : "333-3333333", "Hawb" : "666666", "Hawb_date" : "date1" }

and i want to group(map/combine) it by "Mawb" key...
so that i can have output of grouped document like,
[
{ "_id" : "111-21212121", "Mawb" : "111-1111111", "Hawb" : "111111", "Hawb_date" : "date1" }
{ "_id" : "111-21212122", "Mawb" : "111-1111111", "Hawb" : "222222", "Hawb_date" : "date1" }],
[{ "_id" : "111-21212123", "Mawb" : "222-2222222", "Hawb" : "333333", "Hawb_date" : "date1" }
{ "_id" : "111-21212124", "Mawb" : "222-2222222", "Hawb" : "444444", "Hawb_date" : "date1" }],
[{ "_id" : "111-21212125", "Mawb" : "333-3333333", "Hawb" : "555555", "Hawb_date" : "date1" }
{ "_id" : "111-21212126", "Mawb" : "333-3333333", "Hawb" : "666666", "Hawb_date" : "date1" }]

I have tried for a map reduce but cant get it through. how can i do it?

A: If you are using MongoDB 2.1 or later (2.1.x is the development series leading up to the 2.2.0 stable release expected soon), you can use the Aggregation Framework to do all of this on the server side.
http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/Aggregation+Framework


text:
Physotrichia longiradiatum är en flockblommig växtart som beskrevs av H.Wolff. Physotrichia longiradiatum ingår i släktet Physotrichia och familjen flockblommiga växter. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Flockblommiga växter
longiradiatum


Really? How would you know this? How can you prove ANYTHING of the accusations you are leveling?
WHAT PROOF DO YOU HAVE??
Under this so-called "law", there is no proof; there is no due process; there is no presumption of innocence. Therefore, it is merely a violation of the 5th, 6th, and 14th Amendments; and a massive shakedown by the **AAs to supplement their bottom lines, because they're just a bunch of thieves who have abused every tax loophole possible, bribed every dirty public official they could find, and bought as many "laws" as they could to extort money from ordinary people with the threat of a "letter", or "jail", or "no Internet".
And by being their fluffers, bob and OOTB, you perpetuate the same CRIMES they are perpetuating, and their leashed sycophants the CRIMES they are committing perverting our laws into the joke they've become.


text:
/*
 * The text above constitutes the entire PortAudio license; however,
 * the PortAudio community also makes the following non-binding requests:
 *
 * Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
 * requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that
 * they can be incorporated into the canonical version. It is also
 * requested that these non-binding requests be included along with the
 * license above.
 */

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <poll.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sndio.h>

#include "pa_util.h"
#include "pa_hostapi.h"
#include "pa_stream.h"
#include "pa_process.h"
#include "pa_allocation.h"
#include "pa_debugprint.h"

/*
 * per-stream data
 */
typedef struct PaSndioStream
{
    PaUtilStreamRepresentation base;
    PaUtilBufferProcessor bufferProcessor;    /* format conversion */
    struct sio_hdl *hdl;                      /* handle for device i/o */
    struct sio_par par;                       /* device parameters */
    unsigned mode;                            /* SIO_PLAY, SIO_REC or both */
    int stopped;                              /* stop requested */
    int active;                               /* call-back thread is running */
    unsigned long long framesProcessed;       /* frames h/w has processed */
    char *readBuffer;
    char *writeBuffer;
    unsigned long long bytesRead;
    unsigned long long bytesWritten;
    pthread_t thread;                         /* for the callback interface */
    struct pollfd *pfds;
    int nfds;
} PaSndioStream;

/*
 * api "class" data, common to all streams
 */
typedef struct PaSndioHostApiRepresentation
{
    PaUtilHostApiRepresentation base;
    PaUtilStreamInterface callback;
    PaUtilStreamInterface blocking;
    /*
     * sndio has no device discovery mechanism, so expose only
     * the default device, the user will have a chance to change it
     * using the environment variable
     */
    PaDeviceInfo *infos[1], default_info;
} PaSndioHostApiRepresentation;

/*
 * callback invoked when blocks are processed by the hardware
 */
static void sndioOnMove(void *addr, int delta)
{
    PaSndioStream *s = (PaSndioStream *)addr;

    s->framesProcessed += delta;
}

/*
 * convert PA encoding to sndio encoding, return true on success
 */
static int SampleFormatToSndioParameters(struct sio_par *sio, PaSampleFormat fmt)
{
    switch (fmt & ~paNonInterleaved) {
    case paInt32:
    case paFloat32:
        sio->sig = 1;
        sio->bits = 32;
        break;
    case paInt24:
        sio->sig = 1;
        sio->bits = 24;
        sio->bps = 3;    /* paInt24 is packed format */
        break;
    case paInt16:
        sio->sig = 1;
        sio->bits = 16;
        break;
    case paInt8:
        sio->sig = 1;
        sio->bits = 8;
        break;
    case paUInt8:
        sio->sig = 0;
        sio->bits = 8;
        break;
    default:
        PA_DEBUG(("SampleFormatToSndioParameters: %x: unsupported\n", fmt));
        return 0;
    }
    sio->le = SIO_LE_NATIVE;
    return 1;
}

/*
 * convert sndio encoding to PA encoding, return true on success
 */
static int SndioParametersToSampleFormat(struct sio_par *sio, PaSampleFormat *fmt)
{
    if ((sio->bps * 8 != sio->bits && !sio->msb) ||
        (sio->bps > 1 && sio->le != SIO_LE_NATIVE)) {
	PA_DEBUG(("SndioParametersToSampleFormat: bits = %u, le = %u, msb = %u, bps = %u\n",
	    sio->bits, sio->le, sio->msb, sio->bps));
        return 0;
    }

    switch (sio->bits) {
    case 32:
        if (!sio->sig)
            return 0;
        *fmt = paInt32;
        break;
    case 24:
        if (!sio->sig)
            return 0;
        *fmt = (sio->bps == 3) ? paInt24 : paInt32;
        break;
    case 16:
        if (!sio->sig)
            return 0;
        *fmt = paInt16;
        break;
    case 8:
        *fmt = sio->sig ? paInt8 : paUInt8;
        break;
    default:
        PA_DEBUG(("SndioParametersToSampleFormat: %u: unsupported\n", sio->bits));
        return 0;
    }
    return 1;
}

/*
 * I/O loop for callback interface
 */
static void *sndioThread(void *arg)
{
    PaSndioStream *s = (PaSndioStream *)arg;
    PaStreamCallbackTimeInfo ti;
    unsigned char *data;
    unsigned todo, rblksz, wblksz;
    int n, result;

    rblksz = s->par.round * s->par.rchan * s->par.bps;
    wblksz = s->par.round * s->par.pchan * s->par.bps;

    PA_DEBUG(("sndioThread: mode = %x, round = %u, rblksz = %u, wblksz = %u\n",
	s->mode, s->par.round, rblksz, wblksz));

    while (!s->stopped) {
        if (s->mode & SIO_REC) {
            todo = rblksz;
            data = s->readBuffer;
            while (todo > 0) {
                n = sio_read(s->hdl, data, todo);
                if (n == 0) {
                    PA_DEBUG(("sndioThread: sio_read failed\n"));
                    goto failed;
                }
                todo -= n;
                data += n;
            }
            s->bytesRead += s->par.round;
            ti.inputBufferAdcTime =
                (double)s->framesProcessed / s->par.rate;
        }
        if (s->mode & SIO_PLAY) {
            ti.outputBufferDacTime =
                (double)(s->framesProcessed + s->par.bufsz) / s->par.rate;
        }
        ti.currentTime = s->framesProcessed / (double)s->par.rate;
        PaUtil_BeginBufferProcessing(&s->bufferProcessor, &ti, 0);
        if (s->mode & SIO_PLAY) {
            PaUtil_SetOutputFrameCount(&s->bufferProcessor, s->par.round);
            PaUtil_SetInterleavedOutputChannels(&s->bufferProcessor,
                0, s->writeBuffer, s->par.pchan);
        }
        if (s->mode & SIO_REC) {
            PaUtil_SetInputFrameCount(&s->bufferProcessor, s->par.round);
            PaUtil_SetInterleavedInputChannels(&s->bufferProcessor,
                0, s->readBuffer, s->par.rchan);
        }
        result = paContinue;
        n = PaUtil_EndBufferProcessing(&s->bufferProcessor, &result);
        if (n != s->par.round) {
            PA_DEBUG(("sndioThread: %d < %u frames, result = %d\n",
		      n, s->par.round, result));
        }
        if (result != paContinue) {
            break;
        }
        if (s->mode & SIO_PLAY) {
            n = sio_write(s->hdl, s->writeBuffer, wblksz);
            if (n < wblksz) {
                PA_DEBUG(("sndioThread: sio_write failed\n"));
                goto failed;
            }
            s->bytesWritten += s->par.round;
        }
    }
 failed:
    s->active = 0;
    PA_DEBUG(("sndioThread: done\n"));
}

static PaError OpenStream(struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
    PaStream **stream,
    const PaStreamParameters *inputPar,
    const PaStreamParameters *outputPar,
    double sampleRate,
    unsigned long framesPerBuffer,
    PaStreamFlags streamFlags,
    PaStreamCallback *streamCallback,
    void *userData)
{
    PaSndioHostApiRepresentation *sndioHostApi = (PaSndioHostApiRepresentation *)hostApi;
    PaSndioStream *s;
    PaError err;
    struct sio_hdl *hdl;
    struct sio_par par;
    unsigned mode;
    int readChannels, writeChannels;
    PaSampleFormat readFormat, writeFormat, deviceFormat;

    PA_DEBUG(("OpenStream:\n"));

    mode = 0;
    readChannels = writeChannels = 0;
    readFormat = writeFormat = 0;
    sio_initpar(&par);

    if (outputPar && outputPar->channelCount > 0) {
        if (outputPar->device != 0) {
            PA_DEBUG(("OpenStream: %d: bad output device\n", outputPar->device));
            return paInvalidDevice;
        }
        if (outputPar->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo) {
            PA_DEBUG(("OpenStream: output specific info\n"));
            return paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo;
        }
        if (!SampleFormatToSndioParameters(&par, outputPar->sampleFormat)) {
            return paSampleFormatNotSupported;
        }
        writeFormat = outputPar->sampleFormat;
        writeChannels = par.pchan = outputPar->channelCount;
        mode |= SIO_PLAY;
    }
    if (inputPar && inputPar->channelCount > 0) {
        if (inputPar->device != 0) {
            PA_DEBUG(("OpenStream: %d: bad input device\n", inputPar->device));
            return paInvalidDevice;
        }
        if (inputPar->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo) {
            PA_DEBUG(("OpenStream: input specific info\n"));
            return paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo;
        }
        if (!SampleFormatToSndioParameters(&par, inputPar->sampleFormat)) {
            return paSampleFormatNotSupported;
        }
        readFormat = inputPar->sampleFormat;
        readChannels = par.rchan = inputPar->channelCount;
        mode |= SIO_REC;
    }
    par.rate = sampleRate;
    if (framesPerBuffer != paFramesPerBufferUnspecified)
        par.round = framesPerBuffer;

    PA_DEBUG(("OpenStream: mode = %x, trying rate = %u\n", mode, par.rate));

    hdl = sio_open(SIO_DEVANY, mode, 0);
    if (hdl == NULL)
        return paUnanticipatedHostError;
    if (!sio_setpar(hdl, &par)) {
        sio_close(hdl);
        return paUnanticipatedHostError;
    }
    if (!sio_getpar(hdl, &par)) {
        sio_close(hdl);
        return paUnanticipatedHostError;
    }
    if (!SndioParametersToSampleFormat(&par, &deviceFormat)) {
        sio_close(hdl);
        return paSampleFormatNotSupported;
    }
    if ((mode & SIO_REC) && par.rchan != inputPar->channelCount) {
        PA_DEBUG(("OpenStream: rchan(%u) != %d\n", par.rchan, inputPar->channelCount));
        sio_close(hdl);
        return paInvalidChannelCount;
    }
    if ((mode & SIO_PLAY) && par.pchan != outputPar->channelCount) {
        PA_DEBUG(("OpenStream: pchan(%u) != %d\n", par.pchan, outputPar->channelCount));
        sio_close(hdl);
        return paInvalidChannelCount;
    }
    if ((double)par.rate < sampleRate * 0.995 ||
        (double)par.rate > sampleRate * 1.005) {
        PA_DEBUG(("OpenStream: rate(%u) != %g\n", par.rate, sampleRate));
        sio_close(hdl);
        return paInvalidSampleRate;
    }

    s = (PaSndioStream *)PaUtil_AllocateMemory(sizeof(PaSndioStream));
    if (s == NULL) {
        sio_close(hdl);
        return paInsufficientMemory;
    }
    PaUtil_InitializeStreamRepresentation(&s->base,
        streamCallback ? &sndioHostApi->callback : &sndioHostApi->blocking,
        streamCallback, userData);
    PA_DEBUG(("readChannels = %d, writeChannels = %d, readFormat = %x, writeFormat = %x\n",
        readChannels, writeChannels, readFormat, writeFormat));
    err = PaUtil_InitializeBufferProcessor(&s->bufferProcessor,
        readChannels, readFormat, deviceFormat,
        writeChannels, writeFormat, deviceFormat,
        sampleRate,
        streamFlags,
        framesPerBuffer,
        par.round,
        paUtilFixedHostBufferSize,
        streamCallback, userData);
    if (err) {
        PA_DEBUG(("OpenStream: PaUtil_InitializeBufferProcessor failed\n"));
        PaUtil_FreeMemory(s);
        sio_close(hdl);
        return err;
    }
    if (mode & SIO_REC) {
        s->readBuffer = malloc(par.round * par.rchan * par.bps);
        if (s->readBuffer == NULL) {
            PA_DEBUG(("OpenStream: failed to allocate readBuffer\n"));
            PaUtil_FreeMemory(s);
            sio_close(hdl);
            return paInsufficientMemory;
        }
    }
    if (mode & SIO_PLAY) {
        s->writeBuffer = malloc(par.round * par.pchan * par.bps);
        if (s->writeBuffer == NULL) {
            PA_DEBUG(("OpenStream: failed to allocate writeBuffer\n"));
            free(s->readBuffer);
            PaUtil_FreeMemory(s);
            sio_close(hdl);
            return paInsufficientMemory;
        }
    }
    s->nfds = sio_nfds(hdl);
    s->pfds = malloc(sizeof(struct pollfd) * s->nfds);
    s->base.streamInfo.inputLatency = 0;
    s->base.streamInfo.outputLatency = (mode & SIO_PLAY) ?
        (double)(par.bufsz + PaUtil_GetBufferProcessorOutputLatencyFrames(&s->bufferProcessor)) / (double)par.rate : 0;
    s->base.streamInfo.sampleRate = par.rate;
    s->active = 0;
    s->stopped = 1;
    s->mode = mode;
    s->hdl = hdl;
    s->par = par;
    *stream = s;
    PA_DEBUG(("OpenStream: done\n"));
    return paNoError;
}

static PaError BlockingReadStream(PaStream *stream, void *data, unsigned long numFrames)
{
    PaSndioStream *s = (PaSndioStream *)stream;
    unsigned n, res, todo;
    void *buf;

    while (numFrames > 0) {
        n = s->par.round;
        if (n > numFrames)
            n = numFrames;
        buf = s->readBuffer;
        todo = n * s->par.rchan * s->par.bps;
        while (todo > 0) {
            res = sio_read(s->hdl, buf, todo);
            if (res == 0)
                return paUnanticipatedHostError;
            buf = (char *)buf + res;
            todo -= res;
        }
        s->bytesRead += n;
        PaUtil_SetInputFrameCount(&s->bufferProcessor, n);
        PaUtil_SetInterleavedInputChannels(&s->bufferProcessor, 0, s->readBuffer, s->par.rchan);
        res = PaUtil_CopyInput(&s->bufferProcessor, &data, n);
        if (res != n) {
            PA_DEBUG(("BlockingReadStream: copyInput: %u != %u\n"));
            return paUnanticipatedHostError;
        }
        numFrames -= n;
    }
    return paNoError;
}

static PaError BlockingWriteStream(PaStream* stream, const void *data, unsigned long numFrames)
{
    PaSndioStream *s = (PaSndioStream *)stream;
    unsigned n, res;

    while (numFrames > 0) {
        n = s->par.round;
        if (n > numFrames)
            n = numFrames;
        PaUtil_SetOutputFrameCount(&s->bufferProcessor, n);
        PaUtil_SetInterleavedOutputChannels(&s->bufferProcessor, 0, s->writeBuffer, s->par.pchan);
        res = PaUtil_CopyOutput(&s->bufferProcessor, &data, n);
        if (res != n) {
            PA_DEBUG(("BlockingWriteStream: copyOutput: %u != %u\n"));
            return paUnanticipatedHostError;
        }
        res = sio_write(s->hdl, s->writeBuffer, n * s->par.pchan * s->par.bps);
        if (res == 0)
            return paUnanticipatedHostError;
        s->bytesWritten += n;
        numFrames -= n;
    }
    return paNoError;
}

static signed long BlockingGetStreamReadAvailable(PaStream *stream)
{
    PaSndioStream *s = (PaSndioStream *)stream;
    int n, events;

    n = sio_pollfd(s->hdl, s->pfds, POLLIN);
    while (poll(s->pfds, n, 0) < 0) {
        if (errno == EINTR)
            continue;
        perror("poll");
        abort();
    }
    events = sio_revents(s->hdl, s->pfds);
    if (!(events & POLLIN))
        return 0;

    return s->framesProcessed - s->bytesRead;
}

static signed long BlockingGetStreamWriteAvailable(PaStream *stream)
{
    PaSndioStream *s = (PaSndioStream *)stream;
    int n, events;

    n = sio_pollfd(s->hdl, s->pfds, POLLOUT);
    while (poll(s->pfds, n, 0) < 0) {
        if (errno == EINTR)
            continue;
        perror("poll");
        abort();
    }
    events = sio_revents(s->hdl, s->pfds);
    if (!(events & POLLOUT))
        return 0;

    return s->par.bufsz - (s->bytesWritten - s->framesProcessed);
}

static PaError BlockingWaitEmpty( PaStream *stream )
{
    PaSndioStream *s = (PaSndioStream *)stream;

    /*
     * drain playback buffers; sndio always does it in background
     * and there is no way to wait for completion
     */
    PA_DEBUG(("BlockingWaitEmpty: s=%d, a=%d\n", s->stopped, s->active));

    return paNoError;
}

static PaError StartStream(PaStream *stream)
{
    PaSndioStream *s = (PaSndioStream *)stream;
    unsigned primes, wblksz;
    int err;

    PA_DEBUG(("StartStream: s=%d, a=%d\n", s->stopped, s->active));

    if (!s->stopped) {
        PA_DEBUG(("StartStream: already started\n"));
        return paNoError;
    }
    s->stopped = 0;
    s->active = 1;
    s->framesProcessed = 0;
    s->bytesWritten = 0;
    s->bytesRead = 0;
    PaUtil_ResetBufferProcessor(&s->bufferProcessor);
    if (!sio_start(s->hdl))
        return paUnanticipatedHostError;

    /*
     * send a complete buffer of silence
     */
    if (s->mode & SIO_PLAY) {
        wblksz = s->par.round * s->par.pchan * s->par.bps;
        memset(s->writeBuffer, 0, wblksz);
        for (primes = s->par.bufsz / s->par.round; primes > 0; primes--)
            s->bytesWritten += sio_write(s->hdl, s->writeBuffer, wblksz);
    }
    if (s->base.streamCallback) {
        err = pthread_create(&s->thread, NULL, sndioThread, s);
        if (err) {
            PA_DEBUG(("SndioStartStream: couldn't create thread\n"));
            return paUnanticipatedHostError;
        }
        PA_DEBUG(("StartStream: started...\n"));
    }
    return paNoError;
}

static PaError StopStream(PaStream *stream)
{
    PaSndioStream *s = (PaSndioStream *)stream;
    void *ret;
    int err;

    PA_DEBUG(("StopStream: s=%d, a=%d\n", s->stopped, s->active));

    if (s->stopped) {
        PA_DEBUG(("StartStream: already started\n"));
        return paNoError;
    }
    s->stopped = 1;
    if (s->base.streamCallback) {
        err = pthread_join(s->thread, &ret);
        if (err) {
            PA_DEBUG(("SndioStop: couldn't join thread\n"));
            return paUnanticipatedHostError;
        }
    }
    if (!sio_stop(s->hdl))
        return paUnanticipatedHostError;
    return paNoError;
}

static PaError CloseStream(PaStream *stream)
{
    PaSndioStream *s = (PaSndioStream *)stream;

    PA_DEBUG(("CloseStream:\n"));

    if (!s->stopped)
        StopStream(stream);

    if (s->mode & SIO_REC)
        free(s->readBuffer);
    if (s->mode & SIO_PLAY)
        free(s->writeBuffer);
    sio_close(s->hdl);
        PaUtil_TerminateStreamRepresentation(&s->base);
    free(s->pfds);
    PaUtil_TerminateBufferProcessor(&s->bufferProcessor);
    PaUtil_FreeMemory(s);
    return paNoError;
}

static PaError AbortStream(PaStream *stream)
{
    PA_DEBUG(("AbortStream:\n"));

    return StopStream(stream);
}

static PaError IsStreamStopped(PaStream *stream)
{
    PaSndioStream *s = (PaSndioStream *)stream;

    //PA_DEBUG(("IsStreamStopped: s=%d, a=%d\n", s->stopped, s->active));

    return s->stopped;
}

static PaError IsStreamActive(PaStream *stream)
{
    PaSndioStream *s = (PaSndioStream *)stream;

    //PA_DEBUG(("IsStreamActive: s=%d, a=%d\n", s->stopped, s->active));

    return s->active;
}

static PaTime GetStreamTime(PaStream *stream)
{
    PaSndioStream *s = (PaSndioStream *)stream;

    return (double)s->framesProcessed / s->base.streamInfo.sampleRate;
}

static PaError IsFormatSupported(struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
    const PaStreamParameters *inputPar,
    const PaStreamParameters *outputPar,
    double sampleRate)
{
    return paFormatIsSupported;
}

static void Terminate(struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi)
{
    PaUtil_FreeMemory(hostApi);
}

PaError PaSndio_Initialize(PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApi, PaHostApiIndex hostApiIndex)
{
    PaSndioHostApiRepresentation *sndioHostApi;
    PaDeviceInfo *info;
    struct sio_hdl *hdl;

    PA_DEBUG(("PaSndio_Initialize: initializing...\n"));

    /* unusable APIs should return paNoError and a NULL hostApi */
    *hostApi = NULL;

    sndioHostApi = PaUtil_AllocateMemory(sizeof(PaSndioHostApiRepresentation));
    if (sndioHostApi == NULL)
        return paNoError;

    info = &sndioHostApi->default_info;
    info->structVersion = 2;
    info->name = "default";
    info->hostApi = hostApiIndex;
    info->maxInputChannels = 128;
    info->maxOutputChannels = 128;
    info->defaultLowInputLatency = 0.01;
    info->defaultLowOutputLatency = 0.01;
    info->defaultHighInputLatency = 0.5;
    info->defaultHighOutputLatency = 0.5;
    info->defaultSampleRate = 48000;
    sndioHostApi->infos[0] = info;

    *hostApi = &sndioHostApi->base;
    (*hostApi)->info.structVersion = 1;
    (*hostApi)->info.type = paSndio;
    (*hostApi)->info.name = "sndio";
    (*hostApi)->info.deviceCount = 1;
    (*hostApi)->info.defaultInputDevice = 0;
    (*hostApi)->info.defaultOutputDevice = 0;
    (*hostApi)->deviceInfos = sndioHostApi->infos;
    (*hostApi)->Terminate = Terminate;
    (*hostApi)->OpenStream = OpenStream;
    (*hostApi)->IsFormatSupported = IsFormatSupported;

    PaUtil_InitializeStreamInterface(&sndioHostApi->blocking,
        CloseStream,
        StartStream,
        StopStream,
        AbortStream,
        IsStreamStopped,
        IsStreamActive,
        GetStreamTime,
        PaUtil_DummyGetCpuLoad,
        BlockingReadStream,
        BlockingWriteStream,
        BlockingGetStreamReadAvailable,
        BlockingGetStreamWriteAvailable);

    PaUtil_InitializeStreamInterface(&sndioHostApi->callback,
        CloseStream,
        StartStream,
        StopStream,
        AbortStream,
        IsStreamStopped,
        IsStreamActive,
        GetStreamTime,
        PaUtil_DummyGetCpuLoad,
        PaUtil_DummyRead,
        PaUtil_DummyWrite,
        PaUtil_DummyGetReadAvailable,
        PaUtil_DummyGetWriteAvailable);

    PA_DEBUG(("PaSndio_Initialize: done\n"));
    return paNoError;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub