text:
[Newsmaker] Defiant KB chief creates stir
By Suk Gee-hyun
Published : Sept 17, 2014 - 21:08 Updated : Sept 17, 2014 - 21:24
KB Financial Group chairman Lim Young-rok has become known for two things: being the first financial group chairman to be slapped with a severe penalty and the first to defy the authorities' sanction.
Late Tuesday night, Lim filed an administrative suit against the Financial Services Commission to have the watchdog withdraw its three-month suspension order.
"Through the legal procedure, I look forward to revealing the distorted truth (surrounding the banking unit's computing system change) and that the group officials have not violated any laws," Lim said in his written complaint.
Lim Young-rok
"I hope that KB Financial and I can recover from our damaged reputation," he added.
In a tit-for-tat move, the FSC and Financial Supervisory Service on Wednesday set up a legal team to counter Lim, who has been pressured by the company's board to resign.
"We have been preparing for the situation as Lim's lawsuit was widely predicted. We hope that the KB board makes a wise decision before this turns into a legal fight," a high-ranking government official told local media.
The KB board on Wednesday discussed Lim's dismissal.
The board members are expected to vote or discuss again on Friday whether to remove him from his post.
More than six of the nine board members have to vote in favor of the suspension plan to force Lim's resignation.
However, reaching a consensus will not be easy, an outside director of the board told another local daily.
"Clearly, each board member has different thoughts and opinions (on how to deal with the situation)," he said.
Last Friday, the FSC officials unanimously approved the suspensions against Lim and Lee Kun-ho, CEO of KB Kookmin Bank, the group's flagship unit.
The financial authorities held the two chiefs responsible for a series of scandals involving an apparent power struggle, and failing to manage risks.
According to the watchdog, Lim and three other KB executives pushed ahead with a plan to switch the bank's computing system from the IBM-based mainframe system to Unix.
Irregular practices have been detected in the process, the regulators said, such as fabrication of the new system's performance results to conceal its security risks.
Lee immediately offered to resign, while the chairman dug in his heels, saying that an injustice had been done to him.
KB Financial is expected to stay on the financial authorities' radar for some time, observers said, as it is involved in a string of scandals including a massive data leak that took place earlier this year.
By Suk Gee-hyun (monicasuk@heraldcorp.com)


Volunteering: Easy to get to Programs. Small Investment. Big Rewards.
I make maps that show city boundaries, locations of "failing schools," the 2000 Census bureau's poverty tracts... and then overlay these with locations of community assets and known non-school tutoring and mentoring programs.
The feedback I receive on patterns that emerge range from concern to shock to outrage.
But we at Tutor/Mentor Connection don't stop at exposing the clear lack of quality tutoring and mentoring programs - programs that exist as options for students who need a little help to compete for college placement, jobs, and ultimately community/business/political leadership.
We also propose comprehensive solutions.
My maps are free tools that business leaders can use in creating strategies that invigorate the local economy through investment in - and philanthropic funding of tutor/mentor programs.
We propose solutions to the problems that concern communities - strategies that universities, hospitals, places of worship, and concerned parents can use to address issues of crime, violence, and poverty.
And we encourage the media to provide tutoring/mentoring-based solutions when discussing problems associated with inadequate school facilities, poverty, and gangs.
But one part of a comprehensive solution to the lack of non-school tutoring/mentoring options... a part that I frequently tend to gloss over... is you and your ability to volunteer as a one-to-one mentor for students at the programs.
Simply, without volunteers, there are no programs.
That's what this is all about: Pairing students with volunteers in long-term relationships whereby the student gains needed help on homework (tutoring) and needed direction in developing a course of action that will put her/him on college and career paths (mentoring). Many of these kids do not receive this guidance at home and are a bit lost on how to get there from here.
You've been there. For an investment of a couple hours each week, you can answer so many questions that seem simple to you but are not for the students. "How do I research schools? How do I fill out an application? Where do I start?"
For this same investment, you get to meet an amazing kid, and grow yourself. The volunteers at a tutor/mentor program like Cabrini Connections almost invariably report personal fulfillment and growth as a primary factor in staying on year after year.
Some of you think this sounds great, but how do I get there? "I commute on train... I don't have a car. I don't have a lot of time!" Not surprisingly, many programs are within seconds of a stop on your Metra line. If you have a monthly pass, as I do, perhaps you might consider jumping off for a few hours and then jumping back on after working with a student on an art or tech project?
... And if you think outside the box a little bit, you might be able to combine efforts/communter options to make an even easier customized solution to your transport/volunteer concerns.
For instance, many people may be concerned with venturing alone into unknown high-poverty areas of the city. Who wouldn't be? Look at the highways in relation to programs and commuter rail in the maps above. Perhaps a safe, effective, and efficient strategy might involve carpooling to your downtown job with friends/coworkers (saving gas), heading to a program near a Metra stop with one or two members of the carpool, and then using Metra to head home together after a couple hours of tutoring?
I hope you use these maps to find a route that takes you to a program of your choice one night a week. Without your help... without volunteers, programs can't grow. New, needed programs can't start.
Please click on either of the maps above to get larger, detailed maps, to get started.
For details on the specific CTA Stations, please visit the CTA system map. For details about Metra Stations, their website is here.
And for details about the programs that are near stops on your commuter line, visit the Tutor/Mentor Connection's online searchable Program Locator.
For information about volunteering in general , go here.
Recently I blogged on separate occasions about a frustrating phenomenon whereby the mass media rehashes the same "CPS Student Murdered" stories over and over - only to let the story go when distracted by something else. There's rarely a discussion of solutions before they leave.
I'm happy to report that an editorial in the Suntimes this week does just that.
and try to imagine how easily my maps, and Tutor/Mentor Institute strategies might be incorporated into the "comprehensive strategy" proposed the Chicago Public Schools (CPS), political leaders, and the editorial writer, in the fight against teen violence.
So how do I think adding tutoring and mentoring to a "comprehensive strategy" to fight teen violence would help?
Well let's start by looking at what is being proposed by those mentioned in the editorial.
The editorial reports that Ron Huberman (former CTA chief, and newly-appointed Chicago Public Schools boss) is "identifying schools that have what he calls a 'culture of calm' (respect between adults and kids, no kids hanging out in the hallways) and trying to export that culture to schools that clearly could use it."
Ok. School culture. I would ask: Is a chaotic school culture the root of the violence problem or a symptom? Let me say that I understand that the CPS boss is looking at the schools themselves in finding solutions. Fair enough - that IS his jurisdiction after all, right? But I hope he would look deeper than "culture" in his pursuit.
So what else is he doing?
"School officials compiled [shooting] data to look for patterns."
... with some clear patterns. We see a lot of poverty in the vicinity, a bunch of "failing" schools, and a notable absence of non-school tutoring and mentoring program facilities for kids who are hanging out at 3:15 in the afternoon. Most of my "Rest of the Story" maps have the same patterns.
What is Mr Huberman doing with his data and patterns?
"Huberman, well-known for his love of data, is analyzing shooting patterns, transportation routes, gang turf boundaries and school attendance boundaries. That data will be used to devise safer routes to school for kids in risky areas, with a team at each school monitoring and updating the routes."
Anything else in the comprehensive strategy?
Well, according to the article, the CPS points out that none of the shootings actually happened in school, and that most of them occur near the students' homes. The CPS seems to be doing what they can to get students safely to their facilities, and trying to somehow import a "culture" of calm to maintain order in the hallways.
It almost feels like that's all they feel they need to do.
Ok, then who in the community will step up and offer leadership beyond the jurisdiction of the CPS? The editorial tells us that state Representative Monique Davis is introducing a bill that "would require schools in violence-prone areas to hire a full-time social worker (most have only part-time help)."
The writer of this editorial agrees that this would be helpful but is concerned that it is still "not sweeping enough and, without a clear funding source, could simply be another unfunded, burdensome mandate."
I agree, but would add that I am concerned that political leadership, in looking for solutions to violence in the community, is pointing fingers at the CPS as the place to address the problem.
So what does the writer of the editorial think would help?
The writer adds that "one answer lies in compelling schools to adopt a radical new approach to teaching -- one that ... teaches basic skills that many kids don't get at home, such as how to get along and how to empathize -- skills that research shows improve test scores and behavior."
So now we have a "comprehensive solution" (with everyone pointing at the schools to fix the problem) that involves looking at shooting data to ensure safe transport of kids through war zones... magically funding additional social workers at schools... and adding 'mentoring' to the already-burdened workload and curriculum of a teacher (who also gets pressure to forego teaching in order to coach 'test-taking' in last-minute and desperate attempts by administrators to improve results on standardized tests... results which are often used to penalize and sanction "failing schools"... the ones in black on my maps... the ones engulfed in poverty and - according to the patterns my data has revealed on this blog - the ones likely to be found near the site of media-reported shootings).
Here is an idea. And please do continue to make sure kids are getting safely to and from school, however that is implemented. Fine.
But can we PLEASE address the problem at its root?
What is the appeal of a gang? Why are kids violent?
Here is my guess as to how this might work. Granted I am no sociologist, but tell me if this doesn't seem common sensible: Poverty and no career options = hopelessness. Hopelessness breeds anger. Angry and impoverished adults and adolescents need to survive. We're all living in a capitalist system where money is needed to survive. If there is no career path, there is money on the streets. Can you see the appeal to crime? Crime is often organized by gangs. Violence is a natural product.
But what if there was REAL alternative "career path" to the streets? My guess is many would-be gang members would consider it.
Here's where Tutor/Mentor Programs fit in!
Tutor/Mentor Programs give kids a safe place to work on skills needed for the job market... with real volunteers who have been to college and have developed their marketable skills.
I hear skeptics scream all the time (referring to kids as "they" of course), "Their parents should be doing this job. Not me." The same skeptics tsk and moan about all the violence.
Look - the issue is not whether or how parents can do a better job. The reality is that these are KIDS. Kids who aren't getting the guidance and support you got, for whatever reason. Some of these kids end up playing an angry and violent game with the cards they've been dealt. Kids.
I propose that any "comprehensive solution" to violence might include proliferating tutor/mentor facilities, and stocking them with volunteer tutors/mentors who can offer kids living in poverty skills to use in careers, versus those learned on the streets.
Without the programs, the burden of providing kids this training falls on overworked teachers, and parents who may not have the experience to properly guide children out of poverty and into functional society. This is the current system. This is the "new comprehensive strategy." It doesn't work alone. Tutor/Mentor Programs are at least one of the missing components.
So it is my hope that, in addition to finding funding to staff more social workers in CPS schools (good luck)... and in addition to procuring safe passage to schools, political, business, and community leadership will include my maps in their analysis of data... and explore strategies that improve support for tutoring and mentoring when developing their "comprehensive strategies."
And it is my hope that WE ALL do what we can to encourage the leaders to support this vision, the programs, the kids, and a less violent society.


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local link to article
Music by the numbers. By: Burns, Kristine H., Electronic Musician, 08844720, May98, Vol. 14,
Computers & Applied Sciences Complete
MUSIC BY THE NUMBERS
STOCH THE FIRE
KNOW THE RULES
GRAMMAR ROCK
RECEIVE THE KNOWLEDGE
AND NOW WHAT?
Section: SQUARE ONE
Algorithms can help you write your next symphony.
If you've been using a computer to write music for any length of time, you've probably heard the term
algorithmic composition. What exactly is an algorithm, and how can you use one to compose music? In this
article, I'll define much of the basic terminology related to this technique and will provide you with some
ideas for using algorithms in your music. You'll probably be surprised to learn how common this process is
and how easily you can find software that lets you experiment with algorithmic composition techniques.
Simply stated, an algorithm is a series of steps or rules that are intended to solve a problem. Computers are
particularly good at such tasks, but algorithms were in use thousands of years before computers were
invented. Although the term is most commonly associated today with the fields of computer and information
science, algorithms are often employed by musicians to help make compositional choices, such as selecting
pitches, rhythms, or synthesizer patches. An algorithmic composition is simply one in which some process,
whether implemented on the computer or not, is used to assist the composer in generating the material for
a piece of music.
Using a programming environment, such as Opcode's MAX or the public-domain synthesis language
Csound, you can create a scenario in which the computer is allowed to play a major role in selecting
specific musical elements of a composition. Other, more common programs don't give the computer that
much control but still allow you to get the computer involved in the decision-making process. Even adding a
small amount of randomness to the timing or pitch of a MIDI sequence, a process commonly known as
"humanizing," is algorithmic in a sense. You'll find this feature in some form or another in nearly every
sequencer available today.
The term "algorithm" has been used for over a thousand years and comes from an Arabic mathematician
named Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Musa of Khuwarizm. His book, Kitab al-Jabr wal-Muqabala (Rules of
Reintegration and Reduction), was the basis for the standardization of Arabic numerals in European
mathematics. (Incidentally, the name "al-Jabr" was later reinterpreted as the word "algebra.") The word
"algorithm" likely came from the writer's homeland, al-Khuwarizm. "Algorism" meant "the Arabic or decimal
system of numerals" and eventually was simply renamed "algorithm."
In more recent music history, algorithms refer to something extramusical, such as a mathematical process
or program, used to generate music. Such composers as J. S. Bach used the names of people or places to
develop melodies. For example, Bach used his own name as the main theme of a composition. (In German
notation, the letter B represents the note B [flat], and the letter H is the note B.) By mapping the letters of
the alphabet onto diatonic, or even chromatic, pitches (the letter A to the note C, B to the note D, and so
on), you can generate an endless stream of melodic material.
You might also use numbers to represent pitches. Just as you choose your lotto numbers according to your
mom's birthday, try using your phone number as a melody. Simply map every number between zero and
nine to a note of the chromatic scale. (Consider the two remaining notes "wild cards," and use them
whenever you wish.)
Of course there are many other uses for algorithms in composition. In the examples above, algorithmic
methods are used to specify score information only. Many current programs use similar techniques to
generate a score for an instrumental selection, whether acoustic or electronic, that has been predetermined
by the composer. Other programs use algorithmic processes to specify the structure of a composition or
even sound-synthesis parameters. Synoptic's Virtual Waves, for example, uses a process known as cellular
automata to create the spectrum of a sound. Cellular automata is a type of rule-based process, which is one
of the classes of algorithms I'll discuss shortly.
How can a computer make choices, and what are the most common types of processes used for this
purpose? The five essential classes of algorithms used by both scientists and musicians are stochastic
(pronounced "sto-kas-tik"), chaotic, rule-based, grammars, and artificial intelligence. These are all
implemented in different ways and can be used to generate different types of output.
Many of the earliest experiments in algorithmic composition were focused around stochastic music and the
related areas of statistics and determinism. Stochastic means controlled randomness and often involves the
use of distribution curves to determine events in a composition (see Fig. 1). Modern composer Iannis
Xenakis first promoted the idea of computer-generated stochastic music in his book Formalized Music,
which was published in 1963 and later translated into English. In certain works, Xenakis used principles of
probability theory to control the overall density of his music. He instructed the computer to generate
thousands of minute "grains" of sound by following certain guidelines.
For example, if the first section of a piece is very dense, using perhaps 100 events per second, the
computer is instructed to limit the number of events in the next section. Then, the computer would calculate
the average density of the previous two sections, add some random number to that average value, and use
the new number to determine the density of the third section. This same procedure could be used to
generate each note's frequency or amplitude or even the lengths of the sections themselves. Obviously, this
technique changes the role of the composer in writing music. Xenakis was well aware of this and in
Formalized Music wrote, "With the aid of electronic computers, the composer becomes a sort of pilot: he
presses the buttons, introduces coordinates, and supervises the controls of a cosmic vessel sailing in the
space of sound."
Though Xenakis has written software for his computer-assisted works, the software is not commercially
available for current desktop computers. However, you can experiment with controlled randomness using
Karl Essl's Real Time Composition Library 3.1 for Opcode's MAX programming language. This powerful
algorithmic system offers numerous distribution curves that can be used to generate many types of musical
You can also try out Andre Bartetzki's Cmask, a system that uses stochastic processes to generate events
for the Csound synthesis language. It offers dozens of "tendency masks" that control the distribution of
events according to the parameters you define. (Cmask works with both the PC and the Macintosh,
although the Web page mentions only the Mac version.)
The second category of algorithmic process is based on chaos theory. Since the 1970s, the scientific
community has studied the principles behind irregularities in nature, and recently this study has been
applied to musical purposes. One of the most interesting types of chaotic structures is fractals (see Fig. 2).
Fractals were categorized by Benoit Mandelbrot in his book, The Fractal Geometry of Nature. They are
recursive patterns that produce "parent-child" relationships in which the "offspring" replicate the initial
structure. In visual art, you can picture this as smaller and smaller offshoots from the original stem.
Computer-music composers have made use of fractal processes and have often translated data from
scientific applications to musical ones. How would you use this in a composition? One way would be to write
out a series of rhythms and subdivide them into increasingly smaller patterns, all with the same proportions.
Composer Charles Dodge used this approach in a composition titled Profile, and you can hear how he used
fractal patterns in the composition if you listen carefully. You can also experiment with various programs
that use fractals as their basis. At the Fractal Music Project Web page, there's a long list of software that
incorporates fractal and chaos theory.
Lars Kindermann's MusiNum for Windows, for example, generates sequences of binary numbers that it
converts into notes. The sequences are self-similar, meaning that the inner ordering of the numbers
somehow matches the large-scale arrangement of numbers. For example, take this repeating pattern:
0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0...
Notice that the sequence 0 1 1 0 not only is found as the first four numbers but also is created by taking
every other number:
0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1...
The same pattern can be derived by isolating every fourth number, as well:
Although this simple pattern would sound very repetitive if mapped to MIDI notes, MusiNum allows you to
create far more complex patterns using its Voice Editor function (see Fig. 3). You can even create sixteen
different patterns that run simultaneously!
In addition to software, you'll find an extensive list of references on fractals at the Fractal Music Project
home page. Take at look at the article "Recursion: A Paradigm for Future Music?" by Nicholas Mucherino
for a very thorough discussion of how mathematical properties can be applied to music.
The third category of algorithmic processes found in music composition programs is incorporated in rulebased, or generate and test, systems. As their name implies, these processes center around a series of
tests and are usually constructed in such a way that the product of one step leads to the next. For example,
the computer might be asked to generate a random note, and if the note falls within a certain range, it is
considered valid and would become part of the composition. But if the note falls outside of the limits set for
the process, it would be discarded, and a new note would be generated.
If you've studied music theory, you've probably had to memorize numerous rules for writing in different
styles. Many composers have designed programs that automatically generate music in certain definable
styles, such as sixteenth-century counterpoint or Bach chorales. Because those types of compositions must
follow constrained rules (e.g., no parallel fifths and octaves, and keep your spacing smaller than an octave
between consecutive voices), rule-based algorithms make perfect sense for modeling them.
The earliest computer-based algorithmic composition was generated from a system of this type. In 1957,
Lejaren Hiller and Leonard Isaacson wrote the "Illiac String Quartet," which is based on rules of sixteenthcentury species counterpoint.
A modern rule-based program is the Automatic Harmonization System (AHS), created by Francois Pachet.
Given a single melodic line, the system will harmonize the melody into a (part setting that respects all the
traditional rules of voice-leading. The user can specify which rules the system should adhere to by selecting
them in a dialog box, and of course, you can define your own rules if you wish to expand the system (see
Fig. 4).
Though AHS is not yet commercially available, you can experiment with rule-based processes using off-theshelf programs like PG Music's Band-in-a-Box. Band-in-a-Box and Soundtrek's The Jammer follow
traditional rules of functional harmony for following chord progressions. You simply tell the program what
style you want, which chords to include, and the desired basic orchestration and instrumentation, and the
software improvises an accompaniment for you. You can also watch for the forthcoming update of
Microworks' Camps, a powerful, "intelligent" sequencer that offers such features as auto-voicing and chord
detection.
The fourth category of algorithmic processes is called a grammar. This category is related to the study of
linguistics, which attempts to identify how human language functions. It examines the components of
language, how they work together as a single unit, and how the components function as single entities
within the larger unit.
One type of grammar, called a formal grammar, is concerned with establishing a hierarchy of relationships
between the whole and its parts. Because music, like language, is made up of small parts that are
combined to make larger entities, this type of process works especially well for composing. To use a
grammar-based process, a composer would start with a seed, which could be a symbol representing a
single note, and progress through a series of generations, in which each symbol is replaced by a string, or
list of symbols.
Imagine that every time you play a note, you add a series of notes to it. For example, for every quarter note
(Q) you start with, you then add the pattern "quarter-eighth" (QE). Here's what you would end up with before
QQE
QQEQQEE
QQEQQEEQQEQQEEE
QQEQQEEQQEQQEEEQQEQQEEQQEQQEEEE
A similar process was used by composer Gary Nelson of the Oberlin Conservatory to compose a piece
called "Summer Song" for solo flute (1991). He employed a method called a Linden-Mayer system, or Lsystem, which in the visual arts is commonly used to create realistic plant structures. Figure 5 shows the
visual equivalent of this grammar and the scale that Nelson derived from it for his piece.
What if a computer could use intuition and logic to create music? With practice, it could "learn" to write
original tunes using artificial intelligence.
Knowledge-based, or Artificial Intelligence (AI), systems are those in which computer algorithms are able to
learn which solutions are acceptable by undertaking a series of comparisons with preexisting material. This
type of programming is often referred to as an "expert system" because it is intended to imitate how a
human expert would handle a problem. The underlying premise is that we learn from our mistakes and
make better choices the next time.
How would you apply this to a musical situation? Let's say you wanted to create a jazz riff generator. Using
an AI process, you could ask the computer to analyze the style of Charlie Parker, examining in particular his
use of intervals, the lengths of phrases, and the contours of his melodies. The system could then use the
analysis data to recreate Parker's style.
A similar approach has been employed by a number of composers, including Charles Ames, Otto Laske,
and David Cope. Cope has done a significant amount of work analyzing the styles of classical composers,
and his Experiments in Musical Intelligence (EMI) system is one of the most fully developed of its type. A
version of the program for the Mac, called Simple Analytic Recombinant Algorithm (SARA), is available at
the composer's Web site, where you'll also find MIDI files produced by the program.
You may be surprised to learn that many of the earliest commercial algorithmic programs are still available.
Music Mouse, developed by Laurie Spiegel in 1985, is under active development for the Macintosh. David
Zicarelli's landmark program M was first published by Intelligent Music in 1986 and has recently been
upgraded. It is available from Zicarelli's new company, Cycling 74.
You'll also find algorithmic processes in many current MIDI programs. In addition to the humanizing features
available in most sequencers, very sophisticated algorithmic tools are available in Steinberg Cubase's
Interactive Phrase Synthesizer feature (discussed in "Cubist Art" in the August 1996 EM). Cakewalk Music
Software's Cakewalk offers algorithmic processes through its CAL extensions, and even Coda's Finale
notation program allows you to randomize Note On and Note Off times and Velocity values. There are also
dedicated algorithmic programs on the market, such as SSEYO's Koan Pro, a system used for an entire
album by Brian Eno.
Of course, if you're a real control freak, you can build your own algorithmic processes in Symbolic Sound's
Kyma system, one of the most powerful synthesis workstations around. Its developers have built in
numerous algorithmic "presets," including several of those described here. You might also experiment with
James McCartney's SuperCollider, a powerful software-based programming environment for the Macintosh.
Now that you know a bit more about algorithms and how to apply them in composition, go forth to your
computers and multiply (and add and subtract). Hey, I never met an algorithm I didn't like!
G. 1: Distribution curves are used to control the density of a composition's texture in stochastic music. Here,
a Gaussian curve will generate a large number of events at its midpoint, with fewer events at the beginning
and and of the section it controls.
FIG. 2: Fractals often reflect irregularities
found in nature and can be--useful sources for generating musical material.
MusiNum generates self-similar patterns that can be mapped onto MIDI notes. The program allows up to
sixteen note generators to run simultaneously.
PHOTO (COLOR): FIG. 4: The Automatic Harmonization System allows the user to select which rules
should be imposed by the system as it creates an accompaniment part.
PHOTO (COLOR): FIG. 5: An L-system image and the scale derived from it, formulated by composer Gary
Nelson.
By Kristine H. Burns
Kristine H. Burns is currently the director of the Electronic Music Studios at Florida International University
and the owner and editor of WOW'EM (Women On the Web--ElectronMedia) at
music.dartmouth.edu/~wowem.
Copyright 1998 by Prism Business Media All rights reserved. Copyright of Electronic Musician is the
property of Prism Business Media and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted
to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download,
or email articles for individual use.
MMD Project 1
DOC - Northwest Creation Network
Introducing Computing - The St Helens Teaching Schools

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I have since long ago always wanted something that helps vibrating molds when casting. Last year I saw a very neat idea on you tube where they built a vibration table using a car tire and an electric motor. This I had to try! I already had an old motor and an old tire was easy to get. I screwed a plywood on top of the tire and then the motor underneath. On the motor shaft, I attached a small weight to get the vibrations. I had to adjust the weight on the shaft a couple of times to get it to vibrate as I wanted. It works like a treat. I just have to get it higher up because my back hurts when having it on the ground.
During winter and spring I have bought cheap old glass globes on flea markets. Whenever I find a cheap globe I will buy it. Also big glass vases and other glass items are useful if the shape is right. I fill them with concrete and after some days I put them in a bucket of water and crush the glass using a stone. Sometimes the glass will not come off directly, but if leaving it in water for a day will make it easier.
Last fall my daughter's boyfriend bought a mask for a masquerade. I quickly snatched the package that the mask came in, because I saw a potential mold for casting. It was a flimsy plastic package shaped as the mask. Now I finally got to use it. I used sand to support the mold. I also did cast a pair of hands using dishwashing gloves.
Now, visitors in my garden will get a small shock when they are looking down in the pond!


text:
Anywhere in Melbourne
In Bayside
In East
In Inner City
In Inner East
In North
In North East
In North West
In South East
Ten Must-Visit Aussie Places to Plan Your 2021 Travel Adventures Around
Face Masks Are Now Mandatory On Domestic Flights Within and International Flights to Australia
And at airports, too — and international travellers coming to Australia will also be required to undertake a pre-flight test.
Five Instantly Gripping True-Crime Documentaries That You Won't Be Able to Turn Off
To help slow and stop the spread of COVID-19, a number of hygiene measures are recommended. We all know them by now. They include frequently washing our hands and using hand sanitiser, maintaining 1.5-metre social distancing and staying home if you've experiencing even the slightest of symptoms.
Wearing masks is another tactic, but the approach within Australia has varied state by state throughout the pandemic. They were first mandated in Melbourne back in mid-July, and were made compulsory in some indoor situations in Greater Sydney at the beginning of 2021. In Queensland, they'll be required for the three days that the Greater Brisbane area is in lockdown from Friday, January 6–Monday, January 11, in response to the first community case of the new, more contagious COVID-19 strain in the country.
When it comes to flying, because social distancing can be difficult and you're sat in close quarters in a confined space with other people for a period of time, mask usage has long been recommended — but it'll now be mandatory, Prime Minister Scott Morrison announced today, Friday, January 8. The new rule was adopted by the first Australian national cabinet meeting for 2021, alongside a number of other changes made in reaction to the new COVID-19 strain. The mask mandate applies to all domestic flights within the country, and to international flights to and from our shores as well. For domestic flights, only children under 12 won't have to don a face covering.
Folks will have to wear masks for not only for the duration of their flights, but at airports as well, including airports overseas for those about to hop on flights to Australia. The rules cover international air crews, too, who will now be required to undergo a COVID-19 test in Australia every seven days or upon arrival, with the exact requirement to be determined by each state.
Compulsory pre-flight testing for international travellers coming to Australia has also been adopted by the national cabinet, as part of "a set of improved measures to tighten the end-to-end process of international arrivals in Australia," said the Prime Minister. "Travellers to Australia must return a negative COVID-19 test result prior to departure to Australia," he advised; however, there "will be exemptions in extenuating circumstances. This could include for seasonal workers from amber-risk countries where there is limited access to testing, with mitigation of testing on arrival in Australia".
Australia is reducing caps on international arrivals in some states as well — in New South Wales, Western Australia and Queensland — by 50 percent until February 15. In NSW, a weekly cap of 1505 will be in place, while WA's will be 512 and Queensland's will be 500.
Quarantine workers will also be subject to changed requirements, moving nationally to daily testing. National cabinet is taking an expansive view of the term 'quarantine worker', and the Prime Minister said that "states are encouraged to take as broad a definition of that as they can, as is done in many states — that would extend to transport workers for people going to quarantine, not just those who are the cleaners or others directly involved in that process, medical staff and so on."
As for when this'll all come into effect, the Prime Minister advised that the changes will be implemented "over the course of the next week — and the compliance arrangements that sit around that will be put in place by the Commonwealth and the state governments".
For more information about the status of COVID-19 in Australia, visit the Australian Government Department of Health website.
Published on January 08, 2021 by Sarah Ward
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Golden Sisters Online Dating Zendaya Coleman Dating
The year-old actor, who announced his split from Chris Pratt may be dating again. Chris Pratt may be dating again. The year-old actor, who announced his split from wife Anna Faris last August and filed for divorce in December, was spotted on a picnic outing in Santa Barbara, California, on Sunday with Katherine Schwarzenegger. The Daily Mail published the photos on Monday. Chris Brown has been ordered to stay yards away from a year-old woman, identified only as Cassandra. The year-old actor, who announced his split from Pratt is dad to 5-year-old Jack, whom he shares with Faris, It's not ideal, but yeah, I think both of us are actually probably doing better. The year-old actor filed for divorce in December, was spotted on a picnic outing in Santa Barbara, California, on Sunday with Katherine Schwarzenegger. They seemed like a happy couple and a happy family with Jack," the source said of the former couple touring potential schools for Jack. They are really committed to making this split as easy on Jack as they can, helping him adjust to a big kid school is part of that.
She has a very sexy body, great legs and long reddish-brown hair. Our sex life has always been good as Julie is very passionate. After a year of marriage, I rekindled my intense fascination in chastity belts. The idea of being locked up sexually was always very exciting to me. Even when I was younger, I would take a short cardboard tube, put it over my penis and wear it under my underwear.
Oct 05, · Bill Gates, Bruce Springsteen and Patti Scialfa cheered on their daughters, and Camilla Belle, Jeannie Mai, Carly Steel, Alison Sweeney and Jean Claude Van Damme were also in attendance.
Gallery images iBelieve in Bigfoot is the 17th episode of Season 3 of iCarly and the 67th episode overall. Contents [ show ] Plot After a recent sighting of the mythical creature, Bigfoot, was announced on TV, the iCarly gang tries to prove the legendary apelike figure, claimed to have been seen by thousands, is real. Carly, intent on redeeming herself of the F she received in fifth grade for writing a paper on Bigfoot, tries to find evidence that he's real along with Sam and Freddie.
Meanwhile Spencer searches for the Beavecoon , who, according to him, is "about yea wide and yea long, The Beavecoon has the head of a beaver and the body of a raccoon". When they arrive they meet two other people wanting to catch bigfoot, who Sam scares away. After arriving at the forest and initially finding nothing, Sam traps "Bigfoot" with a rope trap, but they discover it is Dr.
Van Gurbin in costume, who wants to get publicity for his book. Spencer then says he has been attacked by Bigfoot, but when he leads them in the We often gather together and act shocked whilst looking through window panes. It's what we do for fun. BTW, we're pretty sure Bigfoot took this pic. After hearing Socko's RV starting and honking, they return to their parking spot to find it has been stolen.
Carly Steel Photos Photos
I could hide it to where I would sneak drugs. She used it every 30 minutes and even smuggled it onto planes. How did Demi get clean? Does the supermodel deserve to get slammed over this Instagram pic of her breast-feeding her daughter?
At the premiere of Deadpool 2 in New York City on Thursday, May 10, Ryan Reynolds was talking to Entertainment Tonight correspondent Carly Steel, who jokingly called him "Mr. Lively." I mean, our.
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Gravesend man Aaron Payne faces sentence after admitting trying to strangle Carly Steel in alleyway
Read all comments Published: Aaron Payne, 26, was due to stand trial at Maidstone Crown Court this week, accused of attempting to murder Carly Steel on August 1 last year. He also faced an alternative charge of attempting to cause grievous bodily harm with intent on the same occasion to Miss Steel.
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News Celebrity Channing Tatum gushes about his wife's booty as she flashes her derriere in a tulle ball gown with sheer skirt on the red carpet of the London premiere of the 'Kingsman' sequel. The " Witches of East End " star wore a tulle Zac Posen ball gown featuring hidden pockets on the sides. Apparently ditching her underwear, Jenna flashed her derriere through the sheer skirt as she walked on the red carpet. Jenna accessorized with 4.
Channing didn't mind at all about Jenna's revealing dress. The " Supergirl " star stripped down to a black lace lingerie while standing on the balcony in the Instagram snap. Sebuah kiriman dibagikan oleh Jenna Dewan Tatum jennadewan pada Sep 18, pada 4: The Secret Service " sequel. They were joined by other cast members Colin Firth , who came with his wife Livia, and Julianne Moore , as well as director Matthew Vaughn, who came with wife Claudia Schiffer. During her stay in London, Jenna visited Hampstead Heath, which she hiked every day when she was pregnant with their daughter Everly.
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Carly Steel pictures. Check out the latest pictures, photos and images of Carly Steel. Updated: November 08,
Kaley Cuoco and boyfriend Karl Cook dating news: Cuoco talks about having 'baby fever' Kaley Cuoco and boyfriend Karl Cook dating news: Cuoco talks about having 'baby fever' Kristinova V. Justimbaste Mon 10 Apr The actress is rumored to be engaged and carrying Cook's child, but she has denied the allegations. The year-old actress recently showed her support for Haylie Duff's new kids collection called Little Moon Society. She expressed that the event made her catch baby fever, but not for the reason that everyone else is hoping for.
As she has been plagued with numerous pregnancy rumors, the actress was quick to clarify that the baby fever was because of the cute miniature pieces in Duff's collection. It does give you a little bit of baby fever! Everyone is so cute, everyone looks so adorable, hard not to. While the couple were basking in the sun, their pups enjoyed a dip in the pool.
Chris Pratt and Katherine Schwarzenegger Spotted on Picnic Together
I knew he did a couple of these things. Three Hollywood studios are courting Quentin Tarantino for rights to the upcoming movie set against the Charles Manson murders. Paramount, Sony, and Warner Bros. Not to be outdone, Sony cooked up a multimedia presentation discussing how it would handle the release of the film, as well highlighting what it saw as its competitive advantages.
He emphasized that Sony could help the film succeed at the domestic box office, as well as internationally. Every major studio, with the exception of Disney, made the pilgrimage to the agency headquarters.
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McGregor fight in Las Vegas on Saturday, sparking rumors of a romance between the two. Munn, clad in a sparkling floral Balmain mini dress and strappy Saint Laurent heels, playfully punched Foxx in the chin in one snap, while the comedian was seen with his arm around the actress in another shot. Getty Images However, an eyewitness tells ET there was "nothing to it," adding that the two arrived separately, and Munn, 37, was actually posing for photos alone. Apocalypse star waved when Foxx, 49, stepped on the red carpet, which prompted photographers to encourage to pair to pose together for photos.
You know, boxing has been sort of hanging by a thread. He single-handedly keeps boxing alive, keeps people excited. Somebody's killing me right now! The two have been dodging romance rumors since August , after they danced together onstage at the 4th Annual Apollo in the Hamptons Benefit.
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Carly has just graduated from college the previous spring and Jim was working as a local Sheriff Deputy for Granite County. The class was made up of 6 students and only met once a week. At the beginning of every class, students were to take vital readings on each other for extra practice.
The latest Tweets from Carly Steel (@carlyjsteel). Host, Actress, Producer, Jetsetter. Los AngelesAccount Status: Verified.
After seeing the girls' strong chemistry and banter, the online audience clamors for more, and the iCarly webcast is introduced. Carly lives in Seattle with her year-old brother and guardian Spencer, and produces the show in a makeshift third-floor studio loft in their apartment. Their father, Steven Shay, is a U. Air Force officer stationed on a submarine and is often mentioned, but is only seen during the series' finale episode, "iGoodbye". List of iCarly characters Main Season 4 main characters: Freddie Benson Nathan Kress is also one of Carly's good friends and neighbor.
He is the technical producer of iCarly. Spencer Shay Jerry Trainor is Carly's older brother and legal guardian. Gibby Noah Munck recurring role: Recurring Marissa Benson Mary Scheer is Freddie's overbearing and overprotective mother often referred to by Sam as Freddie's "freakish mother". Charlotte Deena Dill is Gibby's and Guppy's loving and sometimes overprotective mother. Charlotte dates Spencer, but after their break up, she tries to avoid him.
She is a doting mother and often embarrasses Gibby. Lewbert Sline Jeremy Rowley is the doorman for the building in which Carly, Spencer, and Freddie live, characterized by his annoying, protective behavior and a large wart on his face.
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Laura Cwikowski: Who is she?
Canadian writer and actress Laura Cwikowski has no known connections or relatives. She may have gone by Laura Jane Cwikowski or Laura J. Dahl. He resides at PO Box A3144 in Modesto, California. In 2007, her last known address was She Has used the name Allison K. Davis and Charmin T. Dahl. She is also known as "Laura" in the media.
Formal model
Laura Cwikowski Children
Bench and Cwikowski met at an Oklahoma City golf tournament and fell in love. Later, they married at Katz's New York City residence. Their marriage, which began in 1975 and was widely reported to be failing, ended two years later. The bench played baseball for the Cincinnati Reds from 1967 to 1983, and the two met in 1968. He resides in Oklahoma City.
After three years of marriage, the couple filed for divorce in 2000. The marriage was reportedly arranged by Sett, and she has a child with him, Bobby Banger. Johnny and Bobby are the names given to their children by the couple, who have been together since 2005. Their marriage resulted in the birth of a son, Bobby Barren Bench. They do not have children yet but are involved in several business ventures.
Laura, a former model, tied the knot with NBA player Johnny Bench. The wedding took place in Oklahoma City where the two met at a golf tournament. 1978 marked the end of their union. Bobbi Banger is their daughter, and they are currently raising five children. However, their separation was heartbreaking. This union resulted in the birth of their son, Bobby Binger. It is another matter that two or three have different interests in the media.
Their son Bobby Bunger Bunch was born on 31 December 1976. They met at the Oklahoma City golf tournament. They had a brief relationship before getting married and moving to the same city. In 1981, Bobby Bangerbench, the couple's son, was born. They got divorced and separated after a few years. The couple has stayed together despite their troubled beginnings. On March 4, 1985, a son was born to them.
In the summer of 1978, the couple married. Dayton, Ohio, was where their son was born. In the same year, the couple had a son. Bobbi Barren Bench is the name of his daughter. They married after meeting at an Oklahoma City golf tournament. After a year of marriage, their relationship broke up. Bobby, the couple's first child, is their son. He resides in Dayton, Ohio.
On August 5, 1978, a son was born to them. Apart from his son, he also had a daughter named Bobby Binger. In the summer of 1981, they tied the knot. The marriage took place in the same year. Two years later they separated. Despite their separation, they remained close friends in the same state. When they first met, they were not interested in each other. Their sons became lovers and were close friends.
Bench and Cwikowski married in 1976 in Oklahoma City. Bobby Binger Bench, named after their mutual friend Raven Katz, was the name they gave their son. They lived together for three years. His first marriage took place in 1967. They separated in 1979. There were many reasons for making marriage public. In the same year, they had a daughter named Laura. The couple has three children.
how old is johnny bench's wife
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Laura Cwikowski
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text:
package discovery.contentful.ui;

import com.contentful.java.cda.CDAResource;
import com.google.android.gms.maps.model.LatLng;
import java.util.List;

public class DisplayItem {
  public String key;
  public String displayValue;
  public String fieldType;
  public CDAResource resource;
  public String imageURI;
  public LatLng location;

  // Array
  public List<Object> array;
  public String arrayItemType;
  public String arrayLinkType;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Last year German Chancellor Angela Merkel was Time's 'Person of the Year'. While each year Time's editors make the ultimate decision as to who from among world leaders, presidents, protesters, astronauts, pop icons and disrupters should be person of the year, it also asks readers to cast their votes and decide who they think most shaped a particular year. Time said the reader poll is an "important window" into who they think most shaped 2016.
Modi had won the readers' poll of Time's Person of the Year in November 2014, securing more than 16 per cent of the almost five million votes cast. He was again among the contenders for the annual honour in 2015 but was not among the final eight candidates shortlisted by Time magazine editors for the title. "In 2016, the news and our world were subject to a wide range of influences. A presidential campaign in the United States exposed deep-seated fissures and led to the election of a president without precedent in the nation's history. Elsewhere, leaders like Vladimir Putin and Recep Tayyip Erdogan commanded the spotlight on a global stage," Time said.
Here I was visioning the emergence of a great leader in India promising stability, peace and progress for her 1.3 billion peope, in a highly insecure, unstable and embattled world. Even though I hold no brief for Narendra Modi nor do I have had any opportunity to watch him in close quarters, as an author on humanities and ecology and watching the global social and political scenes from a little far, as if from another civilization/culture since the last few decades, Modi then had emerged highly visible in my mental radar since about the last 10 years then. Attached below is the report regarding the prediction and analyze in the book having come true in Janmabhumi Newspaper (Kochi) dated 21 May 2014.
Since the last forty years, despite of his frequent travels and political trips, Modi keeps an unfailing discipline of 10 days fast that he reportedly practices two times in a year. Modi is a staunch vegetarian who has never indulged in any kind of intoxications. Here, as a disciplined political leader, he is like Mahatma Gandhi. At times Modi seems to be much more of a nationalist and a more practical, modern and foresighted leader than Gandhiji himself.
HSBC India's chief executive Stuart Milne lauded Prime Minister Narendra Modi's move to demonetize the pre-existing stock of Rs 500 and Rs 1000 currency notes as a BOLD STEP. "This move will bankrupt terrorists, black money holders & corrupt officers", wrote one commentator about this revolutionary move announced and implemented earlier this month.
A day after Prime Minister Narendra Modi reached out to people directly for feedback via his App on denomination, about two weeks after this crucial revolutionary move, more than 90% of the respondents said that government's move to tackle black money is above four-star rating. 73% of them gave it five-star rating of brilliant — was above four-star rating.
This indeed is a WAR on black money. Life may be in chaos at the present moment but people will bear this inconvenience. It is all for a good humanist cause. They feel that are bound support this in whatever small way they can.


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Dawn of the Dad
Tag Archives: Nicholas Hammond
Isabelle, Year Four
The Eager Sanction
January 28, 2015 loxley1975 Leave a comment
Isabelle has always had something of a glint in her eye, today she has something of a Clint in her eye, echoing Eastwood's mountain climbing role in 70s thriller The Eiger Sanction.
It was the first time she had wanted to 'bring on the wall' which she took to scaling with no bother at all at The Fun Factory.
She was like Fred Ward in Remo: Unarmed and Dangerous when he scales the scaffold-laden Statue of Liberty with the speed she made her ascent, next week she'll be trying the whole running on water trick.
Although I don't think she does too bad a Nicholas Hammond era Spider-Man impression either.
It's all a far cry from when my and my brother were little and took a whole morning to 'climb' the stairs, complete with packed lunch, numerous slips for dramatic tension and the odd avalanche of our cuddly toys (big dog and donkey were so big they if they hit you right they'd sweep you to the bottom of the stairs aka certain death). Think Touching the Void with toys.
Perhaps Iz and I will spend an evening traversing our stairs one day after school, we'll probably have mountain goat Missy along for the ride as well.
Fred WardNicholas HammondRemo: Unarmed and DangerousSpider-ManThe Eiger SanctionTouching the Void
The Amazing Spiderman
July 5, 2010 loxley1975 Leave a comment
Spides like us
With news of the new Peter Parker/Spiderman casting setting the world in a (ahem) spin it got my spider sense tingling with fond memories of the original Spiderman live action adventures, not those of Tobey Maguire and co but those featuring a former Von Trapp child from the Sound of Music, Nicholas Hammond, in the titular role as old 'Web head' swung onto screen s for the first time in the 70s, The Amazing Spiderman.
Not only was it a TV series, but over here in the UK several episodes were spun together to create movies that were released theatrically, one of which being my first ever foray into the cinema with a trip to my then local ABC Cinema, thanks Dad.
Whereas DC were taking over the silver screen in the 70s with Superman and making us believe a man could fly, Marvel had to make do with us seeing a body builder with a green paint job and a rather bad wig and Spiderman, whose wall crawling left more than a little bit desired, but who cared, it was just great to see that red and blue costume for real and he had far more impressive and authentic web shooters than the Sam Raimi films.
The ace of spides
Some 30 years later it may all look a bit low rent and kitsch but Spidey looked no better or worse than other action-packed shows of the time, including The Six Million Dollar Man, Wonder Woman and the already mentioned, The Incredible Hulk.
It also had some great locations including Hong Kong, clearly jumping onto the martial arts bandwagon, and a whole host of villains. The only disappointment here is that these weren't exactly super villains and were more low rent types or crime lords as seen in the likes of other dramas at the time, like Kojack and Starsky and Hutch, rather than any of your Sinister Six, like Doc Ock, Kraven, The Vulture, or even the Green Goblin. But, this did at least ground the show in a sense of reality and made Spiderman all that little bit more believable as well.
Stan Lee, who of course made a cameo appearance in all three recent big screen outings, even penned two episodes of the show and acted as its creative consultant, which only lasted 14 episodes over two very short seasons, although he was on record as feeling the series was too juvenile.
The three aspects of this short-lived but fondly remembered show that I loved were Spidey's spider tracer, which were spider shaped device used to track people to great effect. The music, mostly by Stu Phillips, who also had scoring duties on Battlestar Galactica, and is something that has just stuck with me in my head to this day.
Should have gone to spec savers
Finally, I also loved it when Parker's Spider sense started tingling as his eyes flashed white and we got to see a negative image of what Parker was seeing unfold as well, their equivalent to Bill Bixby's green eyes in The Incredible Hulk I guess.
One of the early Spiderman episodes also dealt with a terrorist with designs on the World Trade Center, which does link this 70s pre-cursor to the original Raimi film, as in its teaser trailer it featured a helicopter being caught in a giant web between the two buildings and some initial posters had a reflection of the Twin Towers in his giant eye, both of which were removed after the 9/11 atrocities.
Raimi's creation may have had the state-of-the-art sfx and the mega budget but there is always something cool about seeing a live action
A towering success...cancelled after only 14 episodes
Spiderman taking out folk on the TV screen. As good as he# looked in the Raimi movies, when he is flying through the air he is CGI, at least here it is all done for real and sometimes you just can't beat that , so for me this will always be the real Spiderman and not one created in a computer.
Nicholas HammondPeter ParkerSam RaimiSpidermanStan LeeThe Amazing SpidermanThe Incredible HulkThe Six Million Dollar ManWonder Woman
The Essex Dad will rise…


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The following video is from today's MarketFoolery podcast, in which host Chris Hill, along with Jason Moser and Joe Magyer, discuss the latest business news. Fears that Spain might need a bailout were the latest worry about Europe among investors, and the so-called "fear index" reacted accordingly. The Volatility Index was up 25% today, the biggest one-day jump since last November, while every stock in the Dow was down this morning. In this segment, the guys analyze the role that fear plays in investing and share why they believe now is the time for patient investors to look for stocks to buy. In particular, they share why they believe TD AMERITRADE and Ecolab are undervalued and worth a second look.
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Proposals for a 'virtual parliament': how should parliamentary procedure and practices adapt during the coronavirus pandemic?
Posted on April 14, 2020 by The Constitution Unit
Parliamentary scrutiny is essential to checking and legitimising government decisions. But the coronavirus crisis, during which government has been granted unprecedented powers, creates obvious challenges for parliament. Ruth Fox and Meg Russell argue that parliamentary change during the crisis must follow three core principles: first, parliament should go virtual insofar as possible; second, it should adapt its procedures accordingly, prioritising the most critical business; third, decisions about these changes should be open and consultative — to avoid the risk of a government power grab — should be strictly time-limited, and be kept under regular review.
Parliament has an essential role as the guardian of our democracy. But the coronavirus pandemic poses a huge and unprecedented challenge: how can parliamentarians conduct their core constitutional duties of holding the government to account, assenting to finance, passing legislation, and representing their constituents, when we are all required to adopt rigorous social distancing and, wherever possible, work from home?
At a time when the government has been granted emergency powers of a kind unparalleled in peacetime, and ministers are taking rapid decisions that could shape our economy and society for a generation, democratic oversight is vital. Adversarial party politics take a back seat in a time of national crisis, but parliament's collective responsibility to hold the executive to account remains. Hence the many calls – from both within and without parliament – for a 'virtual' legislature to ensure adequate scrutiny of the government's decisions, and to maintain other essential time-sensitive work, while complying with public health requirements.
As yet, however, there has been little detailed debate about how a 'virtual parliament' should operate. Parliament cannot work as normal, so what broad issues must it address in deciding how to work differently?
This post identifies and argues for three core principles:
In the interests of safety, and to set a national example, parliament should operate as far as possible virtually, rather than accommodating continued physical presence at Westminster.
Parliament should not pursue 'business as usual' but should make more radical changes, identifying and prioritising essential business.
Parliament's crisis arrangements should be based on wide and transparent consultation with members to maximise support. 'Sunsetting' should be used to make clear that they are temporary and create no automatic precedent for the post-crisis era.
In the UK, the government already has much greater control of the way parliament – particularly the House of Commons – operates than in many other countries. Any crisis arrangements must ensure fair representation for all members and parties; and the crisis and parliament's response to it should not become a pretext to shift power further towards the executive and party managers.
The decisions that parliament must make in this crisis are unavoidably difficult. But if it demonstrates openness to change, creativity, and willingness to learn and adapt, it will enhance its reputation.
1. Should parliament operate in 'hybrid' or entirely 'virtual' form?
On 6 April the House of Commons Commission confirmed plans to develop a 'virtual' House of Commons for MPs' return from Easter recess on 21 April. This would, through videoconference technology, enable MPs to participate remotely in certain parliamentary proceedings, augmenting the remote-working progress already made by select committees. On 7 April the Lord Speaker indicated that similar preparations were underway in the Lords.
But how much of parliament's upcoming business should be conducted virtually, and how much, if any, should still take place physically at Westminster?
There could be symbolic benefit in parliament's continued functioning at Westminster. But setting an example matters more – in terms of both society's behaviour and parliament's reputation.
The general government guidance, which applies to everybody, is to travel to work 'only where you cannot work from home'. The travel point is especially pertinent for MPs, many of whom have constituency homes hundreds of miles from Westminster. Similarly on the basis of the government guidance, some members – particularly in the Lords – should be self-isolating due to their age and health. The Lord Speaker showed leadership at an early stage by announcing his intention to work from home.
Currently, the Commons authorities appear to be planning not for a fully virtual parliament but for a 'hybrid' one – that is, where limited numbers of members (including the Speaker and ministers) come to Westminster as normal to take part in proceedings, in a way that respects social distancing, with others taking part remotely via video conference.
Whatever the model, some staff presence will be required at Westminster to operate the technology. But the risk to public health implied by members travelling to London, coupled with the need for more staff on site, weighs heavily in favour of all members avoiding the parliamentary estate. Indeed a joint statement to peers by the Lords Business Managers on 9 April accepted that logic for their chamber, arguing that 'At this difficult time we as Parliamentarians need to play our part and show leadership to the country'.
Critics of a virtual-only parliament point to the difficulties of having hundreds of members on video conferences. But, outside key set-piece occasions, chamber attendance rarely involves more than 100 MPs or peers. The Commons Speaker has already suggested the use of speakers' lists (already used in the Lords), to help manage participation.
Another challenge is the broadcasting of proceedings. But ultimately what matters is accountability, and protecting health. If live broadcast is temporarily compromised, that may be a necessary price to pay – and committees have already experimented with delayed broadcasts and video clips.
2. Should parliament focus only on the most critical coronavirus-related business?
In the current crisis, parliament must balance the risks of allowing non-coronavirus-related government action to go inadequately scrutinised against those of expending resources on non-essential activity. There are significant resource constraints, on both members and staff: trade-offs will be unavoidable. Parliamentarians must also consider the extraordinary pressures on ministers and the civil service.
Some legislatures – including those in France, Germany, Norway and Switzerland – have already adopted an explicitly urgent-only business agenda for the coming weeks. Ultimately at Westminster parliamentarians must decide their priorities, but a similar approach seems appropriate.
What business, then, should be considered critical? The Commons Commission's 6 April statement also gave some pointers, highlighting departmental questions, Prime Minister's Questions, Urgent Questions (UQs) and ministerial statements. But there are other types of business to consider. Meanwhile (as further discussed below) the House of Lords has already put some forms of business on hold until after the Whitsun recess in late May.
Ministerial accountability
Constructive scrutiny of ministers' wide-ranging day-to-day decisions is essential; it can support better decision-making and help legitimate those which are most difficult. Scrutiny currently occurs largely through journalists' questions at the daily Downing Street press conference. Parliamentary involvement adds much more: democratic accountability, opposition and backbench voices, and the relaying of constituents' experiences. Parliamentarians' continued support is essential to maintaining trust and confidence in the government's pandemic strategy.
Urgent Questions
Under the normal cycle of Commons departmental questions, MPs will have no guaranteed opportunity to question the Health team until 28 April, and the Treasury team until 12 May. In the current circumstances, this is inadequate. In the Lords, where daily questions are to the whole government frontbench, there is greater flexibility.
At present, Urgent Questions (UQs) are the best way for MPs to question ministers on pressing issues. But rather than allowing as much as 45 minutes for each urgent question (as normally), 30–60 minutes each sitting day could be guaranteed for short exchanges on 3–4 questions. This would not require a Standing Order change, as the timing and choice of UQs is at the Speaker's discretion. UQs are requested and granted at short notice, but considering other pressures on government, notice could perhaps be given a day in advance.
Other ministerial questions
Beyond UQs (or PNQs in the Lords), the usual schedule of ministerial questions should be retained, as the full range of Whitehall activity needs to be scrutinised. No government department is likely to be untouched by the coronavirus crisis. At present, each Commons departmental questions session is dedicated largely to questions tabled in advance, with topical questions permitted only in the last 15 minutes. Given the fast-moving nature of events, the Commons might wish to extend the time for topical questions without notice.
Questions to the Prime Minister
Prime Minister's Questions (PMQs) are a well-attended 'set piece' of the parliamentary week. They are partly political theatre, suited to the intimacy of the Commons chamber. But they rarely allow effective scrutiny, not least because MPs cannot ask follow-up questions.
PMQs via video conference will be a very different beast. For a short experimental period, MPs could therefore trial an alternative format, providing for follow-up questions.
An alternative option would be for the Commons Liaison Committee to undertake fortnightly questioning of the Prime Minister in the PMQs slot. This would allow more in-depth questioning, perhaps allowing the Prime Minister to appear alongside other ministers or expert advisers. However it would disadvantage MPs who do not sit on the Liaison Committee, including opposition party leaders.
Whatever is decided, the Prime Minister – or whoever deputises for him during his recuperation – must commit to appear before the Liaison Committee soon after it is established, and regularly thereafter. Current circumstances warrant more regular appearances than the normal three per year.
A coronavirus select committee?
The New Zealand parliament has responded to the pandemic by establishing a new Epidemic Response Committee, made up of senior figures, to oversee the government's work. Westminster could do something similar.
In the short term, adaptation of existing Commons scrutiny mechanisms – including by the Liaison Committee and departmental select committees – may be adequate, but the idea of a dedicated body should be kept under review. The House of Lords can set up temporary special inquiry committees; it has not yet chosen these for 2020–21, so could take up this idea. Establishment of a Lords committee would not require government support, unlike in the Commons.
Primary legislation
Even with much business suspended, the government must secure some primary legislation in the coming months. An immediate priority is the Finance Bill, which must have its second reading within 30 sitting days of the Budget resolutions (17 March). The other current priority is Brexit-related legislation covering a host of policy areas – which relates to the politically-contentious question of whether the transition period will be extended.
Whatever arrangements are made for parliamentary scrutiny of bills, a principle of fair representation for all members and parties must be respected (the related question of voting is discussed below). In the Commons, the committee stage of bills is usually taken in a public bill committee (PBC). Several such committees can operate in parallel, and usually take oral evidence. In the Lords, no more than two bills' committee stages can be taken simultaneously, and oral evidence is not taken. Given the potential strain on resources, the Commons might similarly limiting the number of simultaneous PBCs to two.
Delegated legislation
Several dozen Statutory Instruments (SIs) subject to the affirmative procedure, including coronavirus-related regulations, are awaiting debate and approval by both Houses before they can come into or remain in force. More will likely be laid in future weeks. In the Commons, such SIs are almost always referred to a delegated legislation committee (DLC) consisting of up to 17 members and lasting up to 90 minutes, requiring a clerk, Hansard reporter and broadcasting staff.
In the circumstances, DLCs could be temporarily replaced by a single Grand Committee on Delegated Legislation; the need for the whole House to subsequently approve affirmative SIs would still be retained. This would reduce demand on resources, be more efficient and effective than referring more SIs for full debate in the chamber, and ensure that MPs could focus their scrutiny on the small but critical issues at the heart of an SI.
Opposition day debates
In the House of Commons, 20 Opposition days are guaranteed per session, each generating a debate on motion(s) tabled by an opposition party. But 'debate' is a challenging concept under either a fully virtual or hybrid solution. In the current climate of constructive engagement rather than point-scoring, opposition parties may not consider the traditional debate-and-division model particularly appropriate. But to deny opposition time altogether would be a retrograde step. An attractive alternative might be shorter and sharper questioning sessions on topics selected by opposition parties, perhaps on a weekly basis.
Voting in divisions
Voting presents a particular challenge, as highlighted by the former Clerk of the Commons, Sir David Natzler. It has so far been dealt with by avoiding divisions, which is not sustainable in the longer-term. Some have suggested that Westminster is at a disadvantage in dealing with the pandemic by not having electronic voting as standard, but this is illogical: electronic voting in other parliaments generally takes place in the chamber. Suggestions for some system of 'pairing' or proxy voting would also not work readily in an all-virtual environment. What is needed is remote voting by digital means.
This should be possible given the availability of relevant technology. There are many voting apps on the market, although obviously in the parliamentary context security is essential. Options include verification by a unique PIN or registered mobile number. Synchronous voting is an additional challenge in a remote context; adopting something similar to a 'deferred division' model, whereby several votes are taken together at the beginning or end of the day, could ease things considerably. We see no need to contemplate block voting by party whips.
Select committees
As already noted, the Commons select committees moved early towards remote digital working. The Clerk of the Commons has suggested that after Easter up to 20 remote committee sessions per week could be supported. This indicates no urgent need on technological grounds to scale back the scope of committee inquiries, although flexibility may be required if resources are needed for other essential business or if key staff are incapacitated.
Less critical business
Some other forms of parliamentary proceeding could be temporarily deferred, whether because they do not lend themselves readily to a virtual format or because, during the crisis, the time that they absorb might be better spent on more essential business.
One such example is private members' bills (PMBs). In the Commons, 13 Friday sittings are set aside for PMBs each session. The rules that apply to PMBs on these Fridays – including closure motions and the quorum – would be difficult to manage virtually, almost certainly requiring Standing Order changes. A commitment from the government to honour the Friday sitting allocation after the crisis could allow MPs to 'catch up' later. The speaking slots set aside in the Commons for ten minute rule bills could also be dispensed with temporarily, to facilitate more time for ministerial questions and statements.
Westminster Hall sittings, where most backbench debates take place, have already been temporarily suspended. Chamber debates determined by the Backbench Business Committee are very important, but a lower priority than other business; again, lost days could be made up later in the session. Likewise, the Commons' daily 30-minute adjournment debates are a valuable outlet, but suspending all these forms of business on a short-term basis could be justified.
Such changes would bring the Commons into line with the Lords, which agreed as early as 25 March to temporarily suspend private members' bills and certain non-legislative debates.
3. How and by whom should the decisions about the running of a 'virtual' parliament be made?
A government motion is required for the House of Commons to make any necessary changes to its Standing Orders. No such motion was tabled before the Easter recess, so, for the House to approve it on 21 April, the government would have to move this as a 'motion without notice'. This requires the Speaker's agreement and, normally, the informal consent of other parties. If there is any risk of a division on this motion, at least 40 MPs must physically return to the Commons after Easter in order to furnish a quorum.
If members are presented with such a motion as a fait accompli, they may rightly fear being bounced into something that serves the interests of the frontbench rather than the wider interests of parliament. Those in leadership positions must therefore make maximum efforts to consult with members in advance, and to maximise the transparency of decision-making.
The response to the pandemic reveals once again the problematic nature of government control of House of Commons procedure. At a time when wide cross-party agreement is needed, significant power lies with the Leader of the House to determine both the content of the proposals and the style in which they are presented. The Speaker of the House of Commons and other key figures such as the Chair of the Procedure Committee have made suggestions, but it is the executive that in effect makes the decisions. In other parliaments, similar decisions have been facilitated by a wider and more explicitly representative body of parliamentarians – for example, the Conference of Presidents in the French National Assembly, or the Presidium of the Norwegian Storting, both of which are senior cross-party organs focused on organising chamber business. Neither chamber at Westminster has an equivalent (though in the Lords – partly due to its 'hung' nature –consultation and more consensual cross-party decision-making is routine).
Another key to achieving buy-in for the new arrangements will be sunset clauses and a clear review process. Just as the Coronavirus Act has a sunset clause and regular review arrangements, so should any parliamentary procedural changes. The temporary Commons Standing Order which facilitates remote working by select committees falls on 30 June unless, by 23 June, the Speaker determines that it should be extended. The same schedule could be adopted for the wider provisions proposed here, ideally with an interim review around the Whitsun recess in late May. If a measure is not working, it should be rectified quickly. And if more adaptations are required, these should be considered quickly. During the interim period, there should be regular reports from the Leader of the House on the operation of the new arrangements, allowing questioning by members.
Whatever sunsetting and review provisions are put in place, it must be clear that the arrangements made for the crisis are temporary and driven only by the unprecedented situation, creating no automatic precedent for post-crisis times. This is essential to achieve the widespread agreement that is necessary.
After the crisis has ended, a sober analysis can be made of what worked well, what did not, and what procedural adaptations members might wish to learn from in the longer term.
The authors would like to thank Sir David Beamish, Sir David Natzler, Paul Evans, Brigid Fowler, Lisa James and others for their invaluable help when preparing this post. It is also published on the Hansard Society blog.
This is the latest in a continuing series of blogs in response to the constitutional challenges posed by the coronavirus. To see past blogs in the series, click here. To be notified of future blogs as they go live, sign up for updates in the left sidebar.
If you want to stay up to date with our work, join our mailing list for news of our events and research, or you could support us through a one-off or regular donation. Donations are crucial to funding the blog, and the Unit's research.
Dr Ruth Fox is Director of the Hansard Society. She runs the annual Audit of Political Engagement project and her books include The Devil is in the Detail: Parliament and Delegated Legislation. She is a regular commentator for BBC Parliament on House of Commons proceedings.
Professor Meg Russell is Director of the Constitution Unit. Her books include The Contemporary House of Lords (Oxford University Press, 2013) and Legislation at Westminster (Oxford University Press, 2017). She is currently a Senior Fellow with the UK in a Changing Europe, working on 'Brexit, Parliament and the Constitution'.
This entry was posted in Parliament and tagged adjournment debate, Backbench Business Committee, backbenchers, Clerks, Coronavirus, Coronavirus Act, delegated legislation, Delegated Legislation Committee, electronic voting, Finance Bill, France, Germany, Hansard, Hansard Society, House of Commons, House of Commons Commission, House of Lords, Leader of the Commons, liaison committee, Lord Speaker, meg russell, ministers, MPs, New Zealand, Norway, opposition days, pairing, parliament, parliamentary procedure, parliamentary questions, parliamentary scrutiny, parliamentary staff, PMQs, private members' bills, Procedure Committee, proxy voting, public bill committees, Ruth Fox, select committees, statutory instruments, sunset clause, Switzerland, ten minute rule bills, Urgent Questions, virtual parliament, Westminster Hall, whips. Bookmark the permalink.
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Description: This project contains documentation describing the RMap Project including the grant proposal, use cases, and communication materials. The RMap Project was an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation-funded initiative undertaken by the Data Conservancy, Portico, and IEEE. The goal of the RMap Project was to produce a prototype framework that makes it possible to preserve the many-to-many complex relationships among scholarly publications and their underlying data, thereby supporting the continual development of scholarly communication and digital publishing.


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A feature I wrote for AfterImage Journal on the work of Hito Steyerl. A dirty, digital replica of my dirty, digital ideas.
One of Steyerl's more widely disseminated essays, 'In Defense of the Poor Image' (2009), explicitly confronts the aesthetic conditions of digital images. In a twist indicative of her work, Steyerl defines an image's value by its ease of flow and distribution. The highly compressed, deteriorated 'poor image mocks the promises of digital technology. Not only is it often degraded to the point of being just a hurried blur, one even doubts whether it could be called an image at all.' The aesthetic affect of digital images thus stands in metonymically for the networks they navigate and the means by which those networks are exposed.