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How much does car shipping cost to or from Monroe, NC ?
Direct Express Auto Transport originated the first instant car shipping cost calculator in 2004. No personal information is required to use our quote calculator. Find out why we are the highest-rated and most reliable car shipping company for Monroe, NC!
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Hassle-free Car Shipping Service to or from Monroe, NC
Selecting a trustworthy car shipping company can take the stress out of moving your vehicle to or Monroe, NC. With an A+ rating from the Better Business Bureau and thousands of 5-star reviews on Google, Trustpilot, FaceBook and more, our staff at Direct Express Auto Transport is among the best car shipping companies in the country. Safe, fast, straightforward, and affordable, we've helped thousands nationwide successfully ship their vehicles.
Make car shipping a breeze with our simple and easy-to-use Quote Calculator to see how truly fast shipping your vehicle can be. We combine reliability, professionalism, and expert service with an affordable price on shipping. Direct Express Auto Transport has a long record since 2004 of shipping cars, pick-up trucks, SUV's, Cargo Vans and Mini-vans safely and efficiently to or Monroe, NC.
No matter what type of car you're shipping, our passionate and professional drivers are here to help deliver your vehicle quickly and painlessly. Compared with competing car shipping companies, our customer service is simply unrivaled, and we have one of the most intuitive, user-friendly interfaces out there. We uniquely offer three tiers of pricing depending on how much of a hurry you are in. You've come to the right place for car shipping. Let's get your vehicle moving to or Monroe, NC today.
Car Shipping Long Distance To or From Monroe, NC
Whether shipping your car to or Monroe, NC, there are important factors to keep in mind. Only you know which of the following is likely to affect your car shipping shipment.
1. The proximity to a major metropolitan area at either end of the car shipping route helps a great deal. Why? Because it is easier for a car transporter to amalgamate a full truckload, which for long distances usually means about ten vehicles. Shipping from a major city to a major city is the best scenario for obvious reasons. But it is still generally okay to ship to or from a major city paired with a smaller town. It might take a little longer to ship a car from a small town to a small town. Adding an incentive helps with that. Only you know how well Monroe, NC fits in those scenarios. Or call our customer service desk and we will tell you.
2. Seasonality may affect Monroe, NC when shipping your vehicle. There are more vehicles shipping in the warm weather months, and that helps with amalgamating full loads. It is expensive operating a large car shipping truck, and the carrier needs to fill nearly every spot. The cold winter months make it harder for the carrier on small town routes. We can tell you what is most likely to speed things up.
3. The size and weight of your vehicle shipping to or Monroe, NC matters. The smaller the car, the better. Every carrier load is a puzzle piece that the driver carefully considers. He has to get through the weight scales on the highway. A lighter, smaller car means he can fit a heavier or longer one. If your vehicle is either very heavy or longer, expect to pay more to transport it, and still hope it fits on a carrier's truck. Usually mid-size vehicles are no problem.
How Much Does It Cost to Ship a Car From Monroe, NC
More About Monroe, NC
In 2019, Monroe, NC had a population of 35.1k people with a median age of 35. 2 and a median household income of $51,754. Between 2018 and 2019 the population of Monroe, NC grew from 34,679 to 35,105, a 1.23% increase and its median household income grew from $47,303 to $51,754, a 9.41% increase. The 5 largest ethnic groups in Monroe, NC are White (Non-Hispanic) (42.4%), Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (25.2%), White (Hispanic) (24.3%), Other (Hispanic) (4.2%), and Two+ (Non-Hispanic) (1.84%) 0% of the households in Monroe, NC speak a non-English language at home as their primary language.87. 5% of the residents in Monroe, NC are U.S. citizens In 2019, the median property value in Monroe, NC was $164,000, and the homeownership rate was 59.6%. Most people in Monroe, NC drove alone to work, and the average commute time was 25.2 minutes. The average car ownership in Monroe, NC was 2 cars per household.
The most common employment industries in (Monroe , NC) also affect car shipping services. From 2018 to 2019, employment in Monroe, NC grew at a rate of 3.3%, from 15.9k employees to 16.4k employees.The most common employment sectors for those who live in Monroe, NC, are Manufacturing (3,006 people), Health Care & Social Assistance (2,109 people), and Retail Trade (2,082 people). The most common interstate trade partners have a direct correlation to auto transport carrier routes from and to (Monroe , NC). In 2020, the top outbound North Carolina domestic partner for goods and services (by dollars) was South Carolina with $35.1B, followed by Virginia with $27B and Georgia and $18.5B.The following map shows the amount of trade that North Carolina shares with each state (excluding itself).
The median housing property value and household income in (Monroe , NC) is also noteworthy to car transportation companies. In 2019, the median property value in Monroe, NC grew to to $164,000 from the previous year's value of $152,200. In Monroe, NC the largest share of households have a property value in the $150k - $175k range. In 2019, the median household income of the 11.5k households in Monroe, NC grew to $51,754 from the previous year's value of $47,303. The largest share of households have an income in the $75k - $100k range.
The average commute time in (Monroe , NC) may affect how many miles they drive per year, and how often they may buy a new or used car, which in turn affects car shipping services. It is also interesting to note the percentage of people who work from home in (Monroe , NC)Using averages, employees in Monroe, NC have a shorter commute time (25.2 minutes) than the normal US worker (25.5 minutes). Additionally, 1.42% of the workforce in Monroe, NC have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes. In 2019, 80% of workers in Monroe, NC drove alone to work, followed by those who carpooled to work (15.6%) and those who worked at home (1.93%).The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting. Here we see how (Monroe , NC) compares to the rest of the country 2 cars Average Number in car ownership. More cars means more auto transport carriers to and from (Monroe , NC).
Frequently Asked Questions About Monroe, NC Auto Transport
Most Popular Shipping Routes From Monroe, NC
Monroe, NC to New York City, NY
Monroe, NC to Los Angeles, CA
Monroe, NC to Chicago, IL
Monroe, NC to Houston, TX
Monroe, NC to Phoenix, AZ
Monroe, NC to Philadelphia, PA
Monroe, NC to San Antonio, TX
Monroe, NC to San Diego, CA
Monroe, NC to Dallas, TX
Monroe, NC to San Jose, CA
Monroe, NC to Austin, TX
Monroe, NC to Jacksonville, FL
Monroe, NC to Fort Worth, TX
Monroe, NC to Columbus, OH
Monroe, NC to Indianapolis, IN
Monroe, NC to Charlotte, NC
Monroe, NC to San Francisco, CA
Monroe, NC to Seattle, WA
Monroe, NC to Denver, CO
Monroe, NC to Washington, D.C.
Monroe, NC to Nashville, TN
Monroe, NC to Oklahoma City, OK
Monroe, NC to El Paso, TX
Monroe, NC to Boston, MA
Monroe, NC to Portland, OR
Monroe, NC to Las Vegas, NV
Monroe, NC to Memphis, TN
Monroe, NC to Louisville, KY
Monroe, NC to Baltimore, MD
Monroe, NC to Milwaukee, WI
Monroe, NC to Albuquerque, NM
Monroe, NC to Tucson, AZ
Monroe, NC to Fresno, CA
Monroe, NC to Sacramento, CA
Monroe, NC to Kansas City, MO
Monroe, NC to Mesa, AZ
Monroe, NC to Omaha, NE
Monroe, NC to Colorado Springs, CO
Monroe, NC to Raleigh, NC
Monroe, NC to Long Beach, CA
Monroe, NC to Virginia Beach, VA
Monroe, NC to Miami, FL
Monroe, NC to Escondido, CA
Monroe, NC to Oakland, CA
Monroe, NC to Minneapolis, MN
Monroe, NC to Tulsa, CA
Monroe, NC to Bakersfield, CA
Monroe, NC to Gilbert, AZ
Monroe, NC to Arlington, TX
Monroe, NC to Aurora, CO
Monroe, NC to Tampa, FL
Monroe, NC to New Orleans, LA
Monroe, NC to Cleveland, OH
Monroe, NC to Anaheim, CA
Monroe, NC to Lexington, KY
Monroe, NC to Stockton, CA
Monroe, NC to Corpus Christi, TX
Monroe, NC to Henderson, NV
Monroe, NC to Riverside, CA
Monroe, NC to Newark, NJ
Monroe, NC to St. Paul, MN
Monroe, NC to Santa Ana, CA
Monroe, NC to Cincinnati, OH
Monroe, NC to Irvine, CA
Monroe, NC to Orlando, FL
Monroe, NC to Pittsburgh, PA
Monroe, NC to St. Louis, MO
Monroe, NC to Greensboro, NC
Monroe, NC to Jersey City, NJ
Monroe, NC to Lincoln, NE
Monroe, NC to Plano, TX
Monroe, NC to Durham, NC
Monroe, NC to Buffalo, NY
Monroe, NC to Chandler, AZ
Monroe, NC to Toledo, OH
Monroe, NC to Madison, WI
Monroe, NC to Reno, NV
Monroe, NC to Fort Wayne, IN
Monroe, NC to St. Petersburg, FL
Monroe, NC to Laredo, TX
Monroe, NC to Winston-Salem
Monroe, NC to Chesapeake, VA
Monroe, NC to Glendale, AZ
Monroe, NC to Garland, TX
Monroe, NC to Scottsdale, AZ
Monroe, NC to Sunnyvale, CA
Monroe, NC to Pomona, CA
Monroe, NC to Norfolk, VA
Monroe, NC to Boise, ID
Monroe, NC to Fremont, CA
Monroe, NC to Spokane, WA
Monroe, NC to Santa Clarita, CA
Monroe, NC to Richmond, VA
Monroe, NC to Tacoma, WA
Monroe, NC to McKinney, TX
Monroe, NC to Cape Coral, FL
Monroe, NC to Des Moines, IA
Monroe, NC to Tempe, AZ
Monroe, NC to Huntsville, AL
Monroe, NC to Grand Rapids, MI
Monroe, NC to Salt Lake City, UT
Monroe, NC to Birmingham, AL
Monroe, NC to Overland Park, KS
Monroe, NC to Ontario, CA
Monroe, NC to Little Rock, AR
Monroe, NC to Huntington Beach, CA
Monroe, NC to Grand Prairie, TX
Monroe, NC to Glendale, CA
Monroe, NC to Knoxville, TN
Monroe, NC to Worchester, MA
Monroe, NC to Fort Lauderdale, FL
Monroe, NC to Newport News, VA
Monroe, NC to Hialeah, FL
Monroe, NC to Port St. Lucie, FL
Monroe, NC to Yonkers, NY
Monroe, NC to Providence, RI
Monroe, NC to Long Island, NY
Monroe, NC to Santa Rosa, CA
Monroe, NC to Oceanside, CA
Monroe, NC to Fort Collins, CO
Monroe, NC to Alexandria, VA
Monroe, NC to Hayward, CA
Monroe, NC to Hollywood, FL
Monroe, NC to Surprise, AZ
Monroe, NC to Metairie, LA
Monroe, NC to Pasadena, TX
Monroe, NC to Bridgeport, CT
Monroe, NC to Miramar, FL
Monroe, NC to Round Rock, TX
The Pacific Northwest includes Washington, Oregon and Idaho. According to the 2020 US Census, the combined Pacific northwest population is roughly 14 million people, or about 4% of the total U.S.. It is a huge chunk of territory with only three reliable cities for car shippers, Seattle, Portland and Boise. The latter works fairly well if shipping a car in the western region, but otherwise it is not big enough to attract fast service from the eastern half of the country, or for that matter, from or to Monroe, NC.


Senator says oil pipeline should be shut down pending visual inspection of line through Straits of Mackinac.
"Based on the limited information currently available, two segments of the pipeline will require repairs in the short-term, but a visual inspection is still needed to assess the full extent of the damage," Peters said.
"Upcoming blizzard conditions and high winds pose a threat to the already-damaged pipeline and, even worse, would render on-site cleanup equipment ineffective in the event of an oil spill. We simply cannot afford that kind of risk to Michigan's most precious natural resource."
The Free Press reported this week that "vessel activity" believed to have damaged submerged electric cables running through the straits where lakes Michigan and Huron meet last week may also have caused three dents in Line 5.
Enbridge, a Canadian oil transport company that owns and operates the twin oil pipelines through the Straits of Mackinac, let the state know about the dents early this week and characterized them as "very small" and posing "no threat to the pipeline," according to Gov. Rick Snyder's office.
Peters sent his request to the federal Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration and the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality. U.S. Sen. Debbie Stabenow, D-Mich., said after Peters' remarks that she agreed that Line 5 should be taken out of service "until we know it's safe."
Officials with PHMSA did not immediately respond to a request for comment from the Free Press. An official with Michigan DEQ, Scott Schaefer, said his agency was focused on the leaking fluid from the power lines that were damaged and referred calls regarding the condition of Line 5 to the governor's office.
Anna Heaton, a spokeswoman for the governor, noted that Lt. Gov. Brian Calley has visited the site this week and was briefed by Coast Guard officials who "reported no immediate threat from Line 5."
"The Coast Guard is in charge of the investigation and in command of the scene at this time. If we receive any information that indicates an immediate health or safety threat from this source of heat for the Upper Peninsula during the approaching winter storm, we will act accordingly," Heaton said.
In a statement, Enbridge said it is aware of "the sensitive environment in which Line 5 operates." The company said it is "closely monitoring weather conditions and forecasts in and around the Straits" and will temporarily shut down the pipeline "should the weather deteriorate to a point where we are concerned about the ability for our personnel to respond to an incident."


ROWLETT — On the shores of Lake Ray Hubbard, the once shared vision of city officials and their development partner are increasingly adrift.
In a special meeting Thursday, the Rowlett City Council was updated on plans for the billion-dollar Bayside project — and were upset those plans no longer contained parts of a grand vision, including an eight-acre crystal lagoon and other features that gained national attention when first announced in 2016.
Mayor Tammy Dana-Bashian lamented that the "the whole destination has changed into something much safer." And she wanted bold, not safe. So did the council, which has long desired the grand vision for the peninsula it wanted developed for the past two decades.
The developer, Tom D'Alesandro, told the council that lagoons work for resorts and as neighborhood amenities, such as one planned in Prosper. But to make Bayside and Rowlett a draw as an office destination and fill 1.7 million square feet with business tenants, he said, creating an artificial lagoon wasn't the best idea.
D'Alesandro hinted at a different approach to a lagoon in an interview with The Dallas Morning News two months ago. But Thursday was the first time the council officially heard it would be a smaller landscape feature and not a giant vinyl-lined pool-like amenity that he said didn't make sense in that context.
"(Crystal) lagoons are very attractive and they have a use," D'Alesandro said. "We were putting them to a completely new use that had never been demonstrated."
D'Alesandro, who took over the ambitious project in February, said he's still planning a billion-dollar development, but has to make the changes to meet the realities of the market.
The revised plans also include a proposed build-out of 15 years, a revelation that caused an audible gasp from residents in attendance. The previous developer had a four-year goal — and the lagoon's construction was supposed to begin this year.
Construction continues on the Bayside development on the former Robertson Park in Rowlett.
The developers still plan a resort hotel and convention center at the southernmost point of the development, where the crystal lagoon was to be included. While not naming the potential operator, D'Alesandro said after the meeting that the resort partner Bayside is working with did not see the crystal lagoon as a necessity.
He also scrapped plans for a one-acre fountain, which he said would merely soak the area because of year-round winds. A beach, meadow and cafe are now planned between the resort and the lake instead of the fountain.
A public park space between the retail boulevard and the lake would host up to 5,000 people for concerts and other events. The park would include a smaller, more natural lagoon and other water features in a natural setting that developers said would augment — but not block — the lake.
"We believe in creating authentic places," landscape architect Christie Ten Eyck told the council. "Places that speak to the region. That make you unique to everywhere else in the world."
D'Alesandro hopes first to build amenities that will stimulate the later addition of high-end townhomes on the lake and business space closest to Interstate 30.
"We have to create a market there," D'Alesandro said. "How do we take a place that is not on the map for office and make it a place that has office demand?"
A development that features Texas landscapes, trees and walking trails is the answer, he said. The developer's team believes a natural lagoon fits that picture, but a crystal lagoon does not. Its a formula that D'Alesandro and other team members said has worked for them, long-term, in developing The Woodlands Town Center and other sites.
But the three-hour meeting was a shock to the city leaders.
The city had spent about 15 years eyeing the 257-acre property before finally working out a deal in 2015 with the city of Dallas to buy the land with $31.8 million of the original developer's money. They have annexed the land, extended utilities and created a tax reinvestment zone to help spur development.
The crystal lagoon, one-acre fountain and trolleys were among eight specific amenities the city promoted in a March press release announcing a series of development agreements with Bayside Land Partners.
And while council members liked some parts of the new plan — including the new idea of a boulevard feature with retail at the center — they didn't care for the proposal for a third less overall retail.
"It's a self-fulfilling prophecy," Dana-Bashian said. "We're not going to put the crystal lagoon in. We're not going to put the show fountain in. We're not going to put the trolleys in. Therefore we can't attract the retail. And now we're not going to have that destination retail because it's not going to be successful. Because we don't have the amenities that were originally planned for Bayside to make it that regional draw."
The mayor added Friday in a news release that any changes to the vision will require city approval — and that the revised plan doesn't match the parameters of the public-private partnership.
Mayor Pro Tem Martha Brown said the land has been cleared and it will take years to establish the natural amenities featured in the revised plan. She said Bayside was "perhaps our only opportunity to put Rowlett on the map and distinguish it as a destination."
Matt Grubisich, another council member, told D'Alesandro that he knew the vision would change, but didn't believe the developer had effectively communicated with the city.
"We want to have a partnership with you, but we don't feel like that has been reciprocated," he said.


All the Smartedge rolls bought from our website come with fixing pins included. However, if you require more fixing pins to make sure your Smartedge is thoroughly secure, then this is the product for you.
The fixing pins secure each A-frame into the ground allowing the grass to grow through and hold the Smartedge in place.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Ben Kweller's 'Changing Horses'
Ben Kweller
Ben Kweller's in the midst of Changing Horses.
The musician recently gave up his New York City life and returned to his Texas roots. The move inspired Kweller to write an album of countrified tunes, and now he's touring behind that new CD, Changing Horses.
On Sunday night, Kweller gets to play his new music for environmentally friendly radio show "etown" at the Boulder Theater.
"So much has happened since the last time I played Boulder," Kweller said. "I played Club 156 and I was touring with my last album.
"Since then, I've had a little boy and I moved from Brooklyn to Austin, Texas. I originally went down there to make the album and really fell in love with the city."
Kweller also fell back in love with his Texas roots.
The musician grew up in rural east Texas, and the memories of small-town life inspired his new songs.
"I grew up in Greenville, Texas. It was a small hick town," Kweller said. "You could only listen to country radio stations, go out to the mall or go to the skating rink.
"I used to listen to Garth Brooks and Sawyer Brown. This kind of music was really big to me.
"Those songs just kept it real."
For fans who have reveled in Kweller's rock and punk sounds, the musician says this CD is just the next stop on his musical journey.
"For years I'd written these country songs, but I just held onto them," Kweller said. "They were so catchy and fun that I felt they deserved to have an album dedicated to them. This album's been in me the whole time.
"Usually my albums are random, but this is my most consistent album and these stories are really different."
The music on Changing Horses is country-tinged, but the CD's songs go beyond the perimeter of rural, down-home stories.
The CD opener "Gypsy Rose" tells the story of a prostitute, "The Ballad of Wendy Baker" is about a friend who died in a car crash and "Homeward Bound" reveals the tale of a Colorado junkie.
"I definitely wanted to emphasize these people that were going through all these problems," Kweller said. "I wanted to write about people from all walks of life. I wanted to write about the people in the shadows, instead of always writing about happy people."
To balance the starkness of his lyrics, Kweller rounded out the new tunes with upbeat melodies.
"I could never make an album of sad songs," Kweller said. "It was important to me to have that yin and yang, so there's a light at the end of the tunnel â even if it is depressing."
Kweller took a lot of care in creating Changing Horses.
That's because the musician took on the complicated job of producing his own record.
"I knew what I wanted to achieve and I really knew what I wanted in terms of arranging the songs," Kweller said. "I really had a grip on these songs and I didn't want another cook in the kitchen.
"This is a very personal album and I didn't want it to be a pop Nashville record."
The musician says some fans miss his electric guitar sounds, but confirms that many fans have been pleasantly surprised with his new album.
"I'm already writing songs for the next record," Kweller said. "I try to do something different with each album. A few new songs would be useful on an Americana format, but these songs will embrace everybody and pick up all the chips."
Now Kweller is heading out on a spring tour â and his first stop is "etown."
The musician said he has an avid interest in the environment, but this marks his first appearance on the eco-friendly radio show.
"I'm really excited about being on 'etown.' Yes, I am an environmental guy," Kweller said. "I work with the Greenroots group and we work to spread the word about climate change.
"I also do a lot of recycling and my merchandise is all made from organic cotton. We even started composting at my house. Now I never want to go back."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


What is the sense that a narration of the view of a city leaves us with, the recognition of our position within the man-made world? What is the image that the city imprints in us of its past, its presence, even its future? What are the relationships that we create with its every-day spaces?
In "Location – Allocation" artist Fatma Ergkiounger attempts a multi-layered dialogue between the artist, the specificity of location, and the viewer. Maps, sculptures of paper networks, found objects and collage work compose an installation that attempts to represent snap-shots, sequential moments of the every-day movement within the urban fabric, and the ebbs and flows of the city. Starting from the reference point of the map of the city as key to the reading of the space, Ergkounger approaches the idea of location not only as landmark, but also as a point of transit for flows and currents, that is constantly being reconstituted through our thoughts and emotions. Ergkiounger begins constructing the composition with grand-scale prints of aerial photography and city maps from which she expands the notion of the urban "web" and "route" into collage work and sculptures made from envelopes, paper-bags, newspapers, bus tickets and package material, transmitting the experience of the city and depositing conceptually processed imprints of daily life. The variations of viewpoints are achieved by describing the distance by using real-time tools such as Google Earth, and by the scale of the work enclosing the viewer. In the context of the Transmission festival in Athens, a talk by the artist accompanied by documentational and research material from Ergkounker is presented at the Bagkeion, focusing on the development of the project and site – specific research.


This newly constructed 6200 sqft office space in the heart of CB1 Cambridge benefits through views into the ground floor office accommodation from two busy pedestrian routes to the station.
Providing an opportunity for Carter Jonas to showcase their presence, this modern and fun office space benefits from 3.5m height ceilings and a range of working areas to enable the variety of teams to each work independently or collaboratively. Three large meeting rooms open up to provide a presentation suite for over 100 persons and the centralised breakout space creates a meeting point for staff promoting easy cross flow of information in an informal environment. Quiet rooms and acoustic media booths provide discrete space for quiet discussion whilst the full height windows allow the main office area to flood with light and ensures that all working positions have a direct line of sight to the outside, introducing opportunities for interaction with the passing public.
The office is a Regional Hub for Carter Jonas and the inclusion of agile working practices, with the recognition of the differing working methods of the teams employed, was key to the development of the brief and the solutions identified during the design development of the project. Modern materials and careful furniture selection ensured a successful result and the regular consultation with the buildings occupants during scheme design ensured a favourable transition from the previously occupied premises.


When I travel, I use my money belt Especially when I'm alone and have to keep tabs on all my stuff. "Stuff" is one thing But my passport & credit cards, That's a whole different story. With my money belt I always have my passport & spare credit card & cash on me at all times!
I've used my money belt when traveling to Europe and I always make sure, in areas that are notorious for pickpockets, like crowded areas and other select spots, I always wear my money belt.
The benefits of using a Money Belt include: Money, passports, credit cards, & other essential travel papers are with you AT ALL TIMES! Even when you're sleeping on a train or plane, the money belt will stay fastened securely under your clothing, making loss from theft much less likely.
Pickpockets and opportune thieves have a harder time stealing from them! It's one thing for thieves to grab a wallet out of your pocket or open up a backpack but to go underneath your clothes and into a zippered pouch? Now THAT takes skill. So for your next trip, be prepared & get your BUZZLOCK RFID Money Belt now!


text:
Dr. Santosh Kumar
Associate Professor at Liaocheng Univ
SPIE Involvement:
Area of Expertise:
Photonics Devices , Mach-Zehnder Interferometer , Plasmonic Sensor , Fiber Bragg Grating , Photonics Crystals
Dr. Santosh Kumar, Associate Professor, Liaocheng University, China
(IEEE Senior Member, OSA Senior Member, SPIE Senior Member)
Santosh Kumar is working as an Associate Professor in the Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Science and Technology of School of Physics Science and Information Technology at Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China. He has received his Ph.D. from Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India. His areas of interests are Optical Fiber Sensors, Nano & Bio-Photonics, Terahertz Sensing and Spectroscopy, Waveguide & Interferometer. He has published more than 125 research papers in National and International SCI Journals and Conferences. He has presented many papers at conferences held in Belgium and USA. He has received an international travel grant from SERB-DST, Govt. of India, and attended SPIE Photonics Europe Conference at Brussels, Belgium in Yr. 2016. He has published two books entitled "Fibre Optic Communication - Optical Waveguides, Devices and Applications" under University Press, India in June 2017 and another book entitled "Optical Switching Device" under LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, Germany in September 2019. He has reviewed more than 220 SCI Journals of IEEE, Elsevier, Springer, OSA, SPIE, and Nature. He has also delivered many invited talks and serves as a session chair in IEEE conferences. He is a Senior Member of IEEE and IEEE Photonics Society, OSA (Optical Society of America, USA), and SPIE (Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers, USA). He is a Life Fellow member of the Optical Society of India (OSI). Till now, he has guided seven M.Tech dissertations and six Ph.D. candidates. He is working as an Associate Editor of IEEE Sensors Journal Since 2020.
SPIE Journal Paper | 12 May 2020
Performance analysis of all-optical NAND, NOR, and XNOR logic gates using photonic crystal waveguide for optical computing applications
Dalai Sankar Rao,	Sandip Swarnakar,	Santosh Kumar
OE Vol. 59 Issue 05
KEYWORDS: Logic devices, Silicon, Chromium, Logic, Waveguides, Photonic crystals, Optical engineering, Optical computing, Optical communications, Finite-difference time-domain method
All-optical photonic integrated devices have gained great attention in the field of optical computing and large-scale integration. All-optical logic gates are useful for optical signal processing and optical communication network. The flexible devices presented here satisfy the functionality of NAND (NOT-AND), NOR (NOT-OR), and XNOR (exclusive NOR) logic gates using only one structure with proper changes in the phase of an applied light signal. The design of all-optical logic gates is implemented with photonic crystal waveguides using square lattice silicon rods. The performance of the structure is simulated, verified, and analyzed by the finite-difference time-domain method, with the principle of interference effect at a wavelength of 1550 nm. The contrast ratio (CR) of NAND, NOR, and XNOR logic gates is 17.59, 14.3, and 10.52 dB, respectively, with an optimized size of 7.2 μm × 5.4 μm.
Proceedings Article | 23 October 2018
Monitoring of blood protein using double slot hybrid plasmonic waveguide
Lokendra Singh,	Santosh Kumar,	Nan-Kuang Chen
Proc. SPIE. 10820, Optics in Health Care and Biomedical Optics VIII
KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Blood, Proteins, Plasmonics, Wave propagation, Plasmonic waveguides, Silicon, Dielectrics, Silver, Plasma
The deterioration of environmental conditions decreases the quality of people lives permanently. The prime reason in mortality of people lives in industrial developing countries is disease related to blood circulation system. In this work, monitoring of blood protein i.e. fibrinogen is done by double slot hybrid plasmonic waveguide. The concentration of fibrinogen increases rapidly during various inflammatory processes. The fibrinogen is a type of protein which is found in blood coagulation system, which is the main factors of many cardiovascular diseases in human.
Detection of poisonous gases using single-slot microring resonator based sensor
Amna Bedi,	Santosh Kumar,	Sonika Singh,	Nan-Kuang Chen
Proc. SPIE. 10821, Advanced Sensor Systems and Applications VIII
KEYWORDS: Gases, Resonators, Sensors, Gas sensors, Microrings, Toxic gases, Carbon monoxide, Nitrogen dioxide, Waveguides, Environmental sensing
A microring resonator based sensor is proposed to detect different poisonous gases, such as carbon monoxide, phosphine, and nitrogen dioxide. These gases are very dangerous in environment if the leakage concentration is high. The single slot microring resonator sensor is used for detection of hazardous gases. The sensor has been analyzed through finite-difference-time-domain method by varying the radii of microring resonator from 1.4 μm to 2.2 μm and refractive index of the analytes. Transmission of microring resonator is observed and detected the different poisonous gases.
Proceedings Article | 23 February 2018
Error detecting code for long haul network
Vivek Kumar Srivastava,	Amrindra Pal,	Santosh Kumar,	Sandeep Sharma
Proc. SPIE. 10526, Physics and Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices XXVI
KEYWORDS: Error control coding, Beam propagation method, Switches, MATLAB, Electrodes, Mach-Zehnder interferometers, Optical switching, Switching, Optical communications, Logic devices
A code is said to be an error-correcting, if the correct code word can always be deducted from an erroneous word. Hamming code is most suitable for error detection and correction for digital data. It facilitate error detection and correction in code information. Here 7 bit Hamming code convertor is proposed. In this code, to each group of m information bits, n parity checking bits are located at positions 2(n-1) from left are added to form an (m+n)-bit code word. Code convertor device is designed using Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). MZI is an optical switch, able to transfer signal from one port to other.
SPR based hybrid plasmonic waveguide sensor for detection of causes of anemia in Homosapiens
Lokendra Singh,	Amna Bedi,	Santosh Kumar
Proc. SPIE. 10509, Plasmonics in Biology and Medicine XV
KEYWORDS: Sensors, Plasmonic waveguides, Blood, Waveguides, Refractive index, Liquids, Surface plasmons, Silicon, Silver, Wave propagation
This work is based on surface plasmon (SP's) confinement in nano-slots of double slot ring resonator structure, which can employ for diverse liquid sensors and cause of anemia in homosapiens. The structure is depicted using hybrid plasmonic waveguides (HPW) due to its absolute attribute of longer propagation length of SP's. The structure of waveguide is delineated in such a way that optical energy is extreme mainly in narrow slots of two metallic layers. The HPW based sensor is used to detect the causes of anemia which is very common and severe almost among every step of age. The compatibility and capability of sensor will be analyzed by calculating its sensitivity, quality factor and figure of merit.
Design and analysis of FBG based sensor for detection of damage in oil and gas pipelines for safety of marine life
Amna Bedi,	Vaishali Kothari,	Santosh Kumar
Proc. SPIE. 10488, Optical Fibers and Sensors for Medical Diagnostics and Treatment Applications XVIII
KEYWORDS: Fiber Bragg gratings, Sensors, Refractive index, Ultrasonics, Reflectivity, Safety, Oceanography, Water, Ocean optics, Optical fibers
The under laid gas and oil pipelines on the seafloor are prone to various disturbances like seismic movements of the sea bed, oceanic currents, tsunamis. These factors tend to damage such pipelines connecting different locations of the world dependent on these pipelines for their day-to-day use of oil and natural gas. If damaged, the oil spills in the water bodies cause grave loss to marine life along with serious economic issues. It is not feasible to monitor the undersea pipelines manually because of the huge seafloor depth. For timely detection of such damage, a new technique using optical Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors and its installation has been given in this work. The idea of an FBG sensor for detecting damage in pipeline structure based on the acoustic emission has been worked out. The numerical calculation has been done based on the fundamental of strain measurement and the output has been simulated using MATLAB.
Investigation of hydrogen sulfide gas using Pd/Pt material based fiber Bragg grating sensor
Amna Bedi,	Dusari Nageswara Rao,	Santosh Kumar
KEYWORDS: Reflectivity, Environmental sensing, Sensors, Fiber Bragg gratings, Refractive index, Hydrogen, Fiber optics sensors, Bragg gratings, Resonators, Palladium
In this work, Pd/Pt material based fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors has been proposed for detection of hydrogen sulfide gas. Here, characteristics of FBG parameters were numerically calculated and simulated. The variation in reflectivity based on refractive index has been shown. The reflectivity of FBG can be varied when refractive index is changed. The proposed sensor works on very low concentration i.e., 0% to 1%, which has the capability to detect in the early stage.
All-optical bit magnitude comparator device using metal–insulator–metal plasmonic waveguide
Santosh Kumar,	Lokendra Singh,	Nan-Kuang Chen
KEYWORDS: Metals, Plasmonic waveguides, Waveguides, Plasmonics, Finite-difference time-domain method, Surface plasmons, Kerr effect, Device simulation, MATLAB
A plasmonic metal–insulator–metal (MIM) waveguide has great success in confining the surface plasmon up to a deep subwavelength scale. The structure of a nonlinear Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) using a plasmonic MIM waveguide has been analyzed. A one-bit magnitude comparator has been designed using an MZI and two linear control waveguides. The device works on the Kerr effect inside the plasmonics waveguide. The mathematical description of the device is explained. The simulation of the device is done using MATLAB® and the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method.
Design of pseudorandom binary sequence generator using lithium-niobate-based Mach–Zehnder interferometers
Kuldeep Choudhary,	Santosh Kumar
KEYWORDS: Binary data, Electro optics, Optical design, Optoelectronic devices, Optoelectronics, Optical networks, Optical simulations, Beam propagation method
The application of electro-optic effect in lithium-niobate-based Mach–Zehnder interferometer to design a 3-bit optical pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS) generator has been proposed, which is characterized by its simplicity of generation and stability. The proposed device is optoelectronic in nature. The PBRS generator is immensely applicable for pattern generation, encryption, and coding applications in optical networks. The study is carried out by simulating the proposed device with beam propagation method.
Ultrafast optical reversible double Feynman logic gate using electro-optic effect in lithium-niobate based Mach Zehnder interferometers
Chanderkanta Chauhan,	Amna Bedi,	Santosh Kumar
Proc. SPIE. 10105, Oxide-based Materials and Devices VIII
KEYWORDS: Ultrafast phenomena, Logic devices, Mach-Zehnder interferometers, Beam propagation method, Electro optics, Logic, MATLAB, Optical simulations, Picosecond phenomena
In this ultra fast computing era power optimization is a major technological challenge that requires new computing paradigms. Conservative and reversible logic opens up the possibility of ultralow power computing. In this paper, basic reversible logic gate (double Feynman gate) using the lithium-niobate based Mach-Zehnder interferometer is proposed. The results are verified using beam propagation method and MATLAB simulations.
Optical J-K flip-flop using switching property of Mach-Zehnder interferometers
Proc. SPIE. 10098, Physics and Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices XXV
KEYWORDS: Mach-Zehnder interferometers, Lithium niobate, Electro optics, Beam propagation method, Data storage, Binary data, Switches, MATLAB, Clocks, Switching
In this study, J-K flip-flop is proposed utilizing electro-optic effect of lithium niobate based Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs). J-K Flip flop is most versatile flip-flop amid basic flip-flops. It has vast applications in data storage, data transfer, frequency division, binary counters etc. Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) based MZIs provide both the required bandwidth and the equally important means for minimizing the effects of dispersion. The work is carried out by simulating proposed device with Beam propagation method. The paper also constitutes the mathematical description of device and thereafter simulation using MATLAB.
Design of signal router employing optical switching in MIM plasmonic waveguides
Proc. SPIE. 10109, Optical Interconnects XVII
KEYWORDS: Finite-difference time-domain method, Nonlinear optics, Optical switching, Switching, Waveguides, Photonics, MATLAB, Directional couplers, Refractive index, Scanning probe microscopy
The all optical routing is novel approach for establishment of transparent information flow in optical networks. The diffraction limit of light is major factor which backseats the photonic components and mitigated by integrated all optical components. In this paper, an all-optical signal router with two optical inputs using nonlinear plasmonic Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) is proposed. The nonlinearity in MZI structure is achieved by using nonlinear Kerr-material, which is also responsible for switching of optical signal across two output ports. The study of proposed device is carried out using finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) method and verified using MATLAB.
Modeling of all-optical 3x8 line decoder using optical Kerr effect in plasmonic metal-insulator-metal waveguides
KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Plasmonics, Surface plasmons, Finite-difference time-domain method, Kerr effect, Scanning probe microscopy, MATLAB, Mach-Zehnder interferometers, Plasmonic waveguides, Diffraction
MIM plasmonic waveguides are considered in proposed work, due to their ability of confining the surface plasmons to deep subwavelength scale or beyond diffraction limit. By cascading various MIM waveguides Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) is designed which has been used to design all-optical 3 × 8 line decoder. To attain the nonlinearity Kerr material has been used. The proposed device is studied and analyzed using finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) method and MATLAB simulations.
Implementation of 3-bit binary to Excess-3 code converter using Mach-Zehnder interferometer
Proc. SPIE. 10106, Integrated Optics: Devices, Materials, and Technologies XXI
KEYWORDS: Mach-Zehnder interferometers, Binary data, Electro optics, Beam propagation method, Picosecond phenomena, Light, MATLAB, Information security, Electrodes, Geographic information systems
An optical 3-bit Excess-3 code converter is demonstrated by using Mach-Zehnder Interferometers based on electro-optic effect. It is a way to represent values with a balanced number of positive and negative numbers using a prespecified number N as a biasing value.
Proceedings Article | 28 January 2017
Design of XOR/AND gate using 2D photonic crystal principle
Sandip Swarnakar,	Santosh Kumar,	Sandeep Sharma,	Lokendra Singh
Proc. SPIE. 10130, Next-Generation Optical Communication: Components, Sub-Systems, and Systems VI
KEYWORDS: Photonic crystals, Waveguides, Dielectrics, Logic devices, Silica, Logic, Optical design, Finite-difference time-domain method, Refractive index, Destructive interference
In this paper, an effective design of all-optical logic gates like XOR gate and AND gate is presented. The structure of these two logic gates is based on T-shape waveguide with optimized silica dielectric rod. Along with the two input ports which are essential for the required logical operation, an extra reference input port is used. These two logic gates can be used to construct for various combinational logic circuits, data bit comparison circuits, pattern matching, data encoding/decoding and different switching functions etc.
SPIE Journal Paper | 6 January 2017
Design of optical seven-segment decoder using Pockel's effect inside lithium niobate-based waveguide
Amrindra Pal,	Santosh Kumar,	Sandeep Sharma
KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Lithium, Beam propagation method, Optical design, Electro optics, Electrodes, Switches, Switching, Light emitting diodes, Optical engineering
Seven-segment decoder is a device that allows placing digital information from many inputs to many outputs optically, having 11 Mach–Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) for their implementation. The layout of the circuit is implemented to fit the electrical method on an optical logic circuit based on the beam propagation method (BPM). Seven-segment decoder is proposed using electro-optic effect inside lithium niobate-based MZIs. MZI structures are able to switch an optical signal to a desired output port. It consists of a mathematical explanation about the proposed device. The BPM is also used to analyze the study.
SPIE Journal Paper | 21 December 2016
Design of reversible sequential circuits using electro-optic effect of lithium-niobate-based Mach–Zehnder interferometers
Santosh Kumar,	Chanderkanta Chauhan,	Amna Bedi
KEYWORDS: Switches, Beam propagation method, Electro optics, Optical engineering, Logic, Logic devices, MATLAB, Clocks, Optical design
In recent years, it has been shown that reversible logic can play an important role in power optimization for computer design. The various reversible logic gates such as Feynman, Fredkin, Peres, and Toffoli gates have been discussed by researchers, but very little work has been done on reversible sequential circuits. Design of reversible sequential circuits using lithium-niobate-based Mach–Zehnder interferometers is proposed. Here, flip-flops are designed with the help of basic reversible logic gates such as Feynman, Fredkin, and Peres gates. Theoretical descriptions along with mathematical formulation of the devices are provided. The devices are also analyzed through finite difference-beam propagation method and MATLAB® simulation.
Optical 1's and 2's complement devices using lithium-niobate-based waveguide
KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Beam propagation method, Binary data, MATLAB, Optical engineering, Optical switching, Computing systems, Signal processing, Wave propagation
Optical 1's and 2's complement devices are proposed with the help of lithium-niobate-based Mach–Zehnder interferometers. It has a powerful capability of switching an optical signal from one port to the other port with the help of an electrical control signal. The paper includes the optical conversion scheme using sets of optical switches. 2's complement is common in computer systems and is used in binary subtraction and logical manipulation. The operation of the circuits is studied theoretically and analyzed through numerical simulations. The truth table of these complement methods is verified with the beam propagation method and MATLAB® simulation results.
SPIE Journal Paper | 9 November 2016
Design of reversible multiplexer using electro-optic effect inside lithium niobate-based Mach–Zehnder interferometers
Santosh Kumar,	Chanderkanta Chauhan
KEYWORDS: Multiplexers, Switches, Electro optics, Beam propagation method, MATLAB, Lithium niobate, Lithium, Electrodes, Refractive index
With the demand of ultrahigh-speed logic, there has been an emphasis on low-power design techniques. Reversible computing has been proposed as a possible alternative to address the energy dissipation problem. Thus, the reversible circuit implementation in optical domain gives a new dimension in ultrahigh-speed, low-power consumption of quantum computing. In this study, a design of reversible multiplexer using electro-optic effect of lithium niobate-based Mach–Zehnder interferometer is proposed. It is verified using a beam propagation method along with MATLAB simulation.
Proceedings Article | 29 April 2016
Design of liquid temperature sensor based on bending loss phenomenon of plastic optic fiber and electro-optic effect of Mach-Zehnder interferometer
Santosh Kumar,	S. Swaminathan
Proc. SPIE. 9899, Optical Sensing and Detection IV
KEYWORDS: Photoresistors, Bridges, Molecular bridges, Fiber optics sensors, Liquids, Temperature sensors, Electro optics, Mach-Zehnder interferometers, Sensors, Temperature metrology, Optoelectronics, Multimode fibers, Optical fibers, Resistance, Phase only filters, Optical amplifiers
The efficient application of electro-optic effect in lithium niobate based Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) to construct the temperature sensor is used. An experimental set up for liquid temperature sensor is proposed. Temperature dependence of the bending loss light energy in multimode micro-plastic optical fiber (m-POF) and electro-optic effect of MZI are used. The performance of sensor at different temperatures is measured. It is seen that the light output of MZI switches from one port to the other port as temperature of liquid changes from 0°C to 100°C.
Design and analysis of an optical FIR filter
Anuj Kumar Sharma,	Sandeep Sharma,	Santosh Kumar
Proc. SPIE. 9889, Optical Modelling and Design IV
KEYWORDS: Finite impulse response filters, Signal processing, Optical filters, Digital filtering, Telecommunications, Optical signal processing, Filtering (signal processing), Resonators, Waveguides, Electronic filtering, Infinite impulse response filters
In this paper, an optical finite impulse response (FIR) filter is proposed. An optical FIR filter can produce arbitrary spectrum output based on transfer function. The corresponding relationship between an optical filter and FIR filter is analyzed and analysis is presented in detail.
Design of Excess 3 to BCD code converter using electro-optic effect of Mach-Zehnder Interferometers for efficient data transmission
Santosh Kumar,	Chanderkanta ,	Angela Amphawan
KEYWORDS: Electro optics, Beam propagation method, Switching, Mach-Zehnder interferometer, Data transmission, Optical computing, Data storage, Device simulation, MATLAB, Mach-Zehnder interferometers, Multiplexing, Signal processing, Data communications, Integrated optics
Excess 3 code is one of the most important codes used for efficient data storage and transmission. It is a non-weighted code and also known as self complimenting code. In this paper, a four bit optical Excess 3 to BCD code converter is proposed using electro-optic effect inside lithium-niobate based Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs). The MZI structures have powerful capability to switching an optical input signal to a desired output port. The paper constitutes a mathematical description of the proposed device and thereafter simulation using MATLAB. The study is verified using beam propagation method (BPM).
Design of 4 to 2 line encoder using lithium niobate based Mach Zehnder Interferometers for high speed communication
Amrindra Pal,	Santosh Kumar,	Sandeep Sharma,	Sanjeev Raghuwanshi
KEYWORDS: Computer programming, Electro optics, Mach-Zehnder interferometers, Switching, Electrodes, MATLAB, Switches
Encoder is a device that allows placing digital information from many inputs to many outputs. Any application of combinational logic circuit can be implemented by using encoder and external gates. In this paper, 4 to 2 line encoder is proposed using electro-optic effect inside lithium-niobate based Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs). The MZI structures have powerful capability to switching an optical input signal to a desired output port. The paper constitutes a mathematical description of the proposed device and thereafter simulation using MATLAB. The study is verified using beam propagation method (BPM).
Proposed new approach to design all optical AND gate using plasmonic based Mach-Zehnder interferometer for high speed communication
Santosh Kumar,	Lokendra Singh
Proc. SPIE. 9884, Nanophotonics VI
KEYWORDS: Photonics, Plasmonics, Waveguides, Optical design, Logic devices, Finite-difference time-domain method, Silicon, Diffraction, Nanostructures, Mach-Zehnder interferometers, Waveguides, Optical communications, Switching, Integrated optics, Directional couplers
The limitation of conventional electronics is mitigated by all optical integrated circuits which have potential of high speed computing and information processing. In this work, an all optical AND gate using optical Kerr effect and optical bistability of a plasmonic based Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) is proposed. An MZI is capable for switching of light according to the intensities of optical input signal. The paper constitutes with mathematical formulation of device and its study is verified using finite difference time domain (FDTD) method.
Proceedings Article | 22 June 2015
Design of photonics crystal fiber sensors for bio-medical applications
Santosh Kumar,	Akanksha Bisht,	Ashish Bisht,	Gurdeep Singh,	Angela Amphawan
Proc. SPIE. 9525, Optical Measurement Systems for Industrial Inspection IX
KEYWORDS: Sensors, Resistance, Photonic crystal fibers, Amplifiers, Bridges, Biomedical optics, Lithium niobate, Electrodes, Dispersion, Electro optics
Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCFs) have special structures and offer a number of novel design options, such as very large or very small mode areas, high numerical aperture, guidance of light in air, and novel dispersion properties. PCFs have become an attractive field for the researchers and they are trying to work on these to get their properties applied in dispersion related applications, sensing applications and much more. PCFs sensors are widely used in bio-medical applications. The sensitivity and performance of sensors are enhanced due to novel applications of PCFs. This paper outlines a novel design for a generalized biomedical sensor by collaborating PCF and electro-optic effect of Lithium Niobate (LiNbO3) based Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) structure.
Study of optical waveguide sensor using metamaterial as buffer layer with non-linear cladding and substrate
Santosh Kumar,	Anamika Kumari,	Sanjeev Raghuwanshi
Proc. SPIE. 9529, Optical Methods for Inspection, Characterization, and Imaging of Biomaterials II
KEYWORDS: Metamaterials, Sensors, Waveguides, Cladding, Refractive index, Dispersion, Nonlinear optics, Magnetism, Mining, MATLAB
In this paper, dispersion equation of optical waveguide using metamaterial as buffer layer with non-linear cladding and substrate is pointed. The sensitivity of TE in metamaterial optical waveguide sensor is computed mathematically. The impacts of buffer layer with non-linear cladding and substrate on metamaterial optical waveguide sensor are also tried out. The effects of various parameters on sensitivity of sensor are obtained through MATLAB. It is expected that metamaterial as buffer layer with non-linear cladding and substrate profile has a huge application in leaky fibre sensor, gas sensor and chemical sensor for oil and under grounds mining industries.
Proceedings Article | 2 May 2014
Analysis of effect of single and multiple micro-ring resonators as an optical filter using the Mason's gain formula
Santosh Kumar,	Ajay Kumar,	Sanjeev Kumar Raghuwanhsi
Proc. SPIE. 9130, Micro-Optics 2014
KEYWORDS: Resonators, Optical filters, Microrings, Waveguides, MATLAB, Silicon, Signal attenuation, Transmittance, Directional couplers, Refractive index
Micro-ring resonators are important devices applicable for optical filtering phenomena. The paper provides the detailed description of general characteristics of serially coupled multiple ring resonator (SMRR). The identical perimeters and coupling coefficients provides the pass band characteristics with flatter top. The paper includes the concept of Masons gain formula and its application in order to analyze the transfer characteristics of single and multiple ring resonator structures. The graphical approach provides the fast derivation of transfer function of SMRR. The results are properly verified with the MATLAB.
Implementation of an optical AND gate using Mach-Zehnder interferometers
Santosh Kumar,	Ajay Kumar,	Sanjeev Kumar Raghuwanshi
Proc. SPIE. 9131, Optical Modelling and Design III
KEYWORDS: Switching, Waveguides, Electrodes, Mach-Zehnder interferometers, Beam propagation method, Switches, Interferometers, Electro optics, Logic, MATLAB
The optical switching phenomena have been contemplated and the Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) structure is used for the implementation of the optical AND gate. The cogitation of various factors such as crosstalk, extinction ratio, power imbalance and transition loss has been presented. The contemplation is carried out by simulating the proposed device with Beam propagation method and using the observed results to study the characteristics of influencing parameters in consideration with the device parameters.
SPIE Journal Paper | 20 September 2013
Implementation of optical switches using Mach–Zehnder interferometer
Santosh Kumar,	Sanjeev Raghuwanshi,	Ajay Kumar
KEYWORDS: Electrodes, Optical switching, Waveguides, Switching, Beam propagation method, Switches, Logic devices, Optical engineering, Electro optics
The efficient application of the Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) structure for the construction of the well-known logic gates is described. It deals with the effect of the varying voltages of each electrode on the performance of MZI. It has been found that power transmission gets switched with the variation of voltage in the electrodes. The results are of prime importance for optical gate implementation as well as being useful in the signal router. There is a commercial demand of optical gates and signal routers in dense wavelength division multiplexing. The result is also verified by proper analysis using OptiBPM and matlab softwares.
SPIE Journal Paper | 24 April 2013
Performance analysis of dynamic erbium-doped fiber amplifier simulator
Sharbani Roy,	Vishnu Priye,	Santosh Kumar
KEYWORDS: Optical amplifiers, L band, Multiplexing, Absorption, MATLAB, Interference (communication), Erbium, Fiber amplifiers, Computer simulations, Optical simulations
A real time multichannel dynamic erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) Simulink model with flat gain and gain clamping facility has been developed on a MATLAB platform. We model the EDFA simulator with one-dimensional nonlinear differential equation that describes the time dependent population density. For the model to show gain flattening multiplexed channels at different wavelengths, the MATLAB function block is used. Next, to simulate the noise performance of EDFA. New forward amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise blocks are designed that add noise dynamically at signal wavelength. The model has been implemented in the study of performance characteristics of an EDFA in both C - and L -band signal amplification by simulation. Based on the designed ASE generator, noise figure for different signal wavelengths are calculated. For 980 nm pump power, the noise figure almost reaches the practical limit of 3 dB whereas for 1480 nm pump power, a variation of about 1.5 dB and 0.8 dB is observed from the practical limit for the C - and L -bands, respectively. The present model can be implemented successfully as a test bed in the study of EDFA gain dynamics over the entire third optical communication bandwidth (1525 to 1690 nm) in signal amplification.
SPIE Journal Paper | 4 March 2013
1×4 signal router using three Mach-Zehnder interferometers
Sanjeev Raghuwanshi,	Ajay Kumar,	Santosh Kumar
KEYWORDS: Electrodes, Waveguides, Refractive index, Mach-Zehnder interferometers, Integrated optics, Beam propagation method, Electro optics, Lithium niobate, Optical engineering, Switches
This paper presents an overview of integrated optical signal routing based on the principle of electro-optic effects. There are some specific types of materials whose refractive index changes due to the application of the electric field. Lithium-niobate (LiNbO 3 ) and gallium arsenide are some important electro-optic materials. Due to the application of the voltage across electrode present in one of the arms of Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI), the electric field changes, hence, phase change in the signal present in one of the arms. Depending upon the phase change introduced, signal shifts from one waveguide to the other waveguide. Hence, this paper provides the detailed description of 1×4 signal router, using three MZI, and its construction using beam propagation method. Finally, the results are verified by the MATLAB-based results.
Showing 5 of 31 publications
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Paul Adam has written twelve critically-acclaimed thrillers: Unholy Trinity, Shadow Chasers, Genesis II, Oracle Lake (original U.K. title, Flash Point), Enemy Within, Knife Edge and Dixieland; The Rainaldi Quartet (original U.K. title, Sleeper) and Paganini's Ghost, featuring Italian violin maker Gianni Castiglione and detective Antonio Guastafeste; An Exceptional Corpse, A Nasty Dose of Death and Toxin, featuring investigative journalist Mike McLean. He is also the author of the award-winning Max Cassidy trilogy of thrillers for younger readers – Escape from Shadow Island, Jaws of Death and Attack at Dead Man's Bay. Paul lives in Sheffield with his wife and two sons.


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united airlines flight 811 dead AIRCRAFT
AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT REPORT
Ten years ago when United Airlines Flight 811 took off from Honolulu for Sydney, two thin wires rubbed together and an electrical short circuit powered open the latches on the cargo door in the belly of the Boeing 747. When the aircraft reached 23,000 feet the
United Airlines Flight 811 Archives
United Airlines' Boeing 747-122 s/n 19875, N4713U, photographed at Los Angeles International Airport, 14 April 1982. (Ted Quackenbush via Wikipedia) 24 February 1989: At 01:52:49 HST, United Airlines Flight 811 was cleared for takeoff from Honolulu International Airport (HNL), enroute to Auckland International Airport (AKL) and onward to Sydney, Australia (SYD).
'It was so loud and dark': Georgia recalls horror of …
Georgia was on United Airlines flight 811 from Honolulu to Sydney on February 24, 1989, with her parents Paul and Susan. As the plane climbed to cruising altitude, the locks on its cargo door
We Honor United Flight 811 Crew
We Honor United Flight 811 Crew February 24, 2017 — This year, United Airlines will retire the 747 fleet, which closes out a monumental period of aviation history, including the harrowing events of flight 811 on February 24, 1989. That day, the "Queen of the Skies
United: CDC looks into death of man on flight from …
· United: CDC looks into death of man on flight from Florida United Airlines says it has given information about other passengers to federal health officials after a …
United Airlines warns passengers of exposure after …
The flight diverted to New Orleans when a man became ill on the plane. Paramedics transported the male passenger to a local hospital where he was pronounced dead, according to United Airlines.
United Airlines-vlucht 811
United Airlines-vlucht 811 was een vlucht van Honolulu naar Sydney op 24 februari 1989. Tijdens de vlucht werd vlak na het opstijgen vanaf Honolulu International Airport een gat in de romp geslagen. Door het ongeval kwamen 9 mensen om het leven. Het vliegtuig landde uiteindelijk zonder verdere problemen.
Unlocking Disaster
Please support this channel by following me on Patreon https://www.patreon.com/allecibay United Airlines Flight 811 was a regularly scheduled airline flight
United Airlines – Airline Tickets, Travel Deals and Flights If you're seeing this message, that means JavaScript has been disabled on your browser, please enable JS
Man dead after having medical emergency on United …
按一下以檢視 · A United flight was diverted after a passenger suffered a medical emergency and died. United Flight 591 was diverted to New Orleans on Monday after a male passenger became
Airline Secrets Exposed – United Airlines Flight 811
29 years ago today – United Airlines Flight 811 was a regularly scheduled airline flight from Los Angeles to Sydney, with intermediate stops at Honolulu, United Airlines Flight 811
United Flight 591 was diverted to New Orleans on Monday after a male passenger became ill. Paramedics transported the individual to a local hospital where …
United 811 CVR Transcript
United Airlines Flight 811 experienced a cargo door failure in flight on Friday, February 24, 1989, after its last stopover at Honolulu International Airport, Hawaii. The resulting decompression blew out several rows of seats, killing 9 passengers.
Aboard Flight 811: Passengers' Routine Dissolves Into …
· Laura Falci of Chicago was already asleep in seat 24A when United Airlines Flight 811 took off for New Zealand early Friday, her hair falling over her black double-breasted jacket. Like most
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Buses Replace Trains Between Port Washington & Great Neck the Weekend of June 20-21 for Demolition of Colonial Road Bridge
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By Long Island News & PR Published: June 19 2015
LongIsland.com
Some 18,000 MTA Long Island Rail Road customers who travel on the Port Washington Branch during the weekend of June 20-21 will face service reductions while contractors demolish the 115 year-old Colonial Road Bridge in ...
Long Island, NY - June 18, 2015 - Some 18,000 MTA Long Island Rail Road customers who travel on the Port Washington Branch during the weekend of June 20-21 will face service reductions while contractors demolish the 115 year-old Colonial Road Bridge in the Village of Thomaston near Great Neck Station.
Bus service will replace trains between Port Washington Station and Great Neck Station from 12:04 a.m. on Saturday, June 20 continuing through Sunday, June 21 until train service is restored at 3:15 a.m. on Monday, June 22. At the same time, service on the entire Port Washington Branch will be reduced from half-hourly to hourly during that time period.
The weekend work is part of the LIRR's $45 million Colonial Road Improvement Project which kicked off in March when the bridge, which spans the tracks in the Village of Thomaston near Great Neck Station, was closed to vehicular traffic. Colonial Road will be closed for one year while the LIRR builds a new bridge, makes significant improvements to drainage problems at track level by building a new retaining wall, and extends an existing pocket track to improve operational flexibility.
LIRR President Patrick A. Nowakowski said: "Approximately 18,000 customers travel the Port Washington Branch every weekend, so we wanted to get the word out early about the shuttle buses between Port Washington and Great Neck as well as the reduced service branch-wide. We urge customers to allow extra time for travel on the Port Washington Branch the weekend of June 20-21 or use the LIRR's Oyster Bay Branch or the Main Line as an alternative. The LIRR is making a major infrastructure investment in the Port Washington Branch, one that customers will greatly appreciate in the form of more reliable rush hour service."
Eastbound to Port Washington
Port Washington Branch service is reduced from half-hourly to hourly. Passengers traveling to stations Manhasset, Plandome and Port Washington will get off the train at Great Neck and board buses or vans to their final destinations. Passengers will arrive up to 25 minutes later usual depending upon destination.
Westbound to New York
Port Washington Branch service is reduced from half-hourly to hourly. Passengers boarding at Port Washington, Plandome or Manhasset will board buses or vans up to 25 minutes earlier than normal for Great Neck where normal train service will resume.
Many Port Washington Branch trains will operate on alternate tracks and platforms – so customer should also play close attention to platform signage when departing.
The entire project is scheduled for completion by the end of 2018. The LIRR's construction plan was developed in close consultation with Village of Thomaston and local residents as well as neighboring villages in the Great Neck area, the Town of North Hempstead, Nassau County, as well as the New York State Department of Transportation. While most of the Colonial Road Improvement Project is being carried on weekdays during off-peak hours, the demolition work will run continuously, day and night, from the start early Saturday morning until train service is restored after 3:15 a.m. on Monday, June 22 in time for normal Monday morning rush hour service.
Customers can pick up a copy of the special Port Washington Branch timetable for the weekend of June 20-21 at terminals and branch stations. The special timetable can also be found on the MTA LIRR website. Full details about the Colonial Road Improvement Project can also be found on the MTA website and at the Village of Thomaston website.
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Subject: LongIsland.com - Your Name sent you Article details of "Buses Replace Trains Between Port Washington & Great Neck the Weekend of June 20-21 for Demolition of Colonial Road Bridge"


Who are we as a church? And where exactly are we going? We all have an origin story, a story that anchors us in our lives. This is our origin story, the story that anchors us in this community and in our faith.
Our collective credibility as the Church has been eroding since the 1800s, however it is being exacerbated today. What is the root of our credibility problem and is there any way to fix it?
We often times confronted with feelings of inadequacy and wrestle with our own insecurities and questions of validation, wondering whether or not we're enough. However, this is not the message that Jesus leaves with us.
To be rooted is perhaps the most important and least recognized need of the human soul," wrote Simone Weil in the 1940s. We need roots, we need community, we need each other. You are not alone.


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← Transformers (Robot Enhanced Design Series): Coronation Starscream by Hasbro
Ultimate Voltron by Super7 →
Marvel Legends (Super Skrull Wave): Super Skrull Build-A-Figure by Hasbro
Yes, last week I flubbed my Friday content again. I promise you, it's coming back, but it may be sporadic for a while. But at least Marvel Mondays have been pretty consistent and now that I've had a look at all the packaged figures in the Super Skrull Wave, it's time to pop together me some Super Skrull!
Most BAF's have six pieces: Four limbs, a torso and a head. Super Skrull has all those, plus an additional head, an effect part, and two additional arms! Otherwise, everything is pretty standard here. The extra head and arms sort of make up for the fact that this guy is not big, and there's really nothing about him that prevented Hasbro from releasing him as a regular boxed figure. Heck, even with those extra pieces, he should have worked out.
that's not to say Kl'rt isn't a beefy figure, because he is, but we've had bigger boxed releases. He is a pretty simple figure, with most of his costume achieved through a rather attractive combination of black and metallic purple coloring. He also has a bit of blue wash over the black bits. He does have some new sculpting for his V-shaped tunic, which flares out at the shoulders and was mostly likely purchased at the same store that Yellowjacket shops at. Of course, the reserved amount of new sculpting here only takes into account his regular arms, and not the ones powered up with The Fantastic Four's powers.
As mentioned, you get two portraits, one offering a sinister, toothy grimace, and the other a bit more serious. The former offers a lot more personality, but I rather like the grim visage of the later one as well. Both sport some excellent sculpting for the facial detail, including those horizontal ridges in his prominent chin, and his long elf-like ears. He also sports a form-fitting skull cap as part of the head sculpt. The piercing yellow pupil-less eyes are well-done, and there's a wash over his green skin to bring out some of those lovely details.
Super Skrull's articulation is standard stuff, and that remains the same no matter which arms you decide to display him with. That includes rotating hinges in the shoulders and wrists, swivels in the biceps, and double-hinges in the elbows. The legs have rotating hinges at the hips, swivels in the biceps and the tops of the boots, double-hinges in the knees, and both hinges and lateral rockers in the ankles. There's a swivel in his waist, an ab-crunch hinge, and the neck is both hinged and ball jointed.
The extra right arm exhibits the powers of both Sue Storm and Reed Richards. It gradually becomes translucent from the elbow on and the forearm is stretched and the fist is oversized. It makes for a pretty cool combination of effects.
The extra left arm transitions into orange stone just above the elbow and ends in a giant fist, thus exhibiting Ben Grimm's powers.
And finally, you get a large flame effect part to attach to either regular arm to show off Johnny Storm's powers. All of these power-stealing effects are pretty well executed on the figure and makes him a lot of fun to play around with. And unlike the recent Dr. Moira figure, Super Skrull's arms are easy to pop off and pop back on again, which is one of the benefits of making him a Build-A-Figure.
This is one of the rare cases where I was probably more excited for the Build-A-Figure in a wave than I was any of the particular figures. Don't get me wrong, I'm all for getting as many versions of The Fantastic Four as I can, but having added the Walgreens figures to my collection not all that long ago, these black-and-blue costumed figures weren't terribly high on my list. Doom turned out to be a surprise as to how big an improvement he is over the last one, and while She-Hulk is an excellent figure, I was mainly waiting for the green one to show up. On the other hand Super Skrull was a figure I was very happy to see getting added to the modern Legends line up. And while I would still argue that he could have been done as a boxed release, I'm just happy to have him!
By figurefanzero • Tagged fantastic four, hasbro, marvel legends
One comment on "Marvel Legends (Super Skrull Wave): Super Skrull Build-A-Figure by Hasbro"
marvelpg
Love this BAF….got this set mainly for the Super Skrull but the rest of the FF are not bad too.


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Q: Handling LDAP server is unavailable private void BindSearchedUser(string Domain, string UserName)
    {
    PrincipalContext principalContext = new PrincipalContext(ContextType.Domain, Domain);
    .
    .
    .

If I provide some invalid Domain name, after executing the first line it throws an exception PrincipalServerDownException was unhandled by usercode.
Error Details: The LDAP server is unavailable.
How can I check the Domain is valid or not before executing that line So that I can Show a error msg instead of throwing the exception.

A: You can wrap your line in a try block to catch PrincipalServerDownException, which is the exception thrown when the server cannot be reached:
private void BindSearchedUser(string Domain, string UserName)
{
    try
    {
        PrincipalContext principalContext = new PrincipalContext(ContextType.Domain, Domain);
    }
    catch (PrincipalServerDownException ex)
    {
        // show your error message
        return;
    }
    ...
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Grand Junction police shot and killed a man Monday afternoon after responding to a call.
A police spokeswoman said two officers responded to a call, asking that someone be removed from outside of a home on the 1700 block of Grand Avenue. The spokeswoman said the officers approached a person sitting inside a vehicle. A short time later gunfire ensued and the person was killed.
No names were released by authorities. Officers have been placed on administrative leave while the incident is investigated.


Procced to Pyay approximately 5 1/2 hours drive from Yangon. Several photo stops en route. Arrive Pyay, afternoon sightseeing to China town and the market to look arround the region. Shwesandaw Pagoda is on a hill, where you can get the beautiful view of the river. Stay overnight at Pyay.
After breakfast, take a boat to Akauktaung trip along mighty Ayeyarwaddy river. Enjoy scenery taking 2 hours boat trip. Akauktaung is former custom gate for the merchants sailing boats. Akauktaung is noted for its buddha statues curved out of a rock wall by patiently done since two centuries ago. Continue to Pyay via Pantaung. En route stop at Padaung to observe pottery cottages. Return to Pyay. Drop in Mingyi Taung related with the Sri Ksetra era. Leisure and overnight at Pyay.
After breakfast, Visit Srikshetra the old Pyu city that attained its height of prosperity between 500 AD to 900 AD. The old city is 8 km south of Pyay. The archaeological department maintained the valuable antiques in the museum. One may take a bullock cart riding two and half hours to look around old city. Return to hotel. Drive back to Yangon.
Early morning flight to Bagan. Full day sightseeing tour of Bagan with a diverse selection of the most important pagodas and temples, such as Shwezigon Pagoda, built by King Anawrahta in the early 11th century as a religious shrine; the Gubyaukgyi Temple, a temple with exquisite murals of Jataka scenes; the Ananda Temple, with four huge standing Buddha images and numerous seated figures in niches around the galleried interior and the Shwegugyi Temple, noted for its fine stucco carvings and panoramic views of the area's many monuments. In the afternoon visit Myinkaba, two km south of Bagan. This village is well known for its lacquerware workshops and has also a number of interesting temples, as Nanpaya Temple, said to have once been the residence of King Manuha and Gubyaukgyi Temple, which has very nice frescoes inside. Overnight in Bagan.