text:
\section{Introduction}

In electrostatics, metal electrodes are represented as having equipotential surfaces, which is a valid idealization for most applications.  In some cases, however, nonideal surfaces can influence surface-sensitive sensors and measurements.   In these cases, sensitivity to spatial distributions of regions of different work functions (or surface-potential patches) affects a measurement outcome.   These patches can originate from nonuniform composition or a variable coverage of adsorbates on the surface or even from different crystallographic orientations in an otherwise clean polycrystalline electrode.  For example, in Casimir force experiments \cite{Xu2018}, atomic force sensing measurements \cite{Stipe2001}, and space-based gravitational wave detection tests \cite{Pollack2008}, a residual background potential becomes a precision measurement problem when it varies spatially.  In ion-trap systems, surface patch potentials can fluctuate temporally causing electric-field noise at the location and motional frequency of the trapped ions \cite{Wineland1998}.  This broad-band electric-field noise couples to the net charge of the trapped ions causing the motional modes of the ions in the trap to acquire energy.  This motional heating is an obstacle to scalability in trapped-ion quantum information processing (QIP) because absorption of one phonon during a quantum gate operation ruins the fidelity of the computation.

Exactly which microscopic mechanisms play roles in electric-field noise from surfaces remains unknown and their determination is an active area of experimental and theoretical research.  Various models for the origin of this noise have been put forth over nearly two decades, but none have been able to fully describe all of the experimental observations \cite{Brownnutt2015}.  However, the manner in which the noise spectral density $S(f)$ scales with ion-electrode separation $d$ \cite{Turchette2000, Deslauriers2006, Hite2017, Boldin2018, Sedlacek2018}, electrode temperature $T$ \cite{Deslauriers2006, Labaziewicz2008, Chiaverini2014, Bruzewicz2015, Sedlacek2018, Noel2019, Berlin-Udi2021}, frequency $f$ \cite{Turchette2000, Deslauriers2006, Labaziewicz2008, Allcock2011, Hite2012, Daniilidis2014, Bruzewicz2015, Sedlacek2018}, superconducting-electrode phase transition \cite{Wang2010, Chiaverini2014}, degree of adsorbate coverage and surface condition \cite{Allcock2011, Hite2012, Daniilidis2014, McKay2014, Kim2017, McConnell2015, Sedlacek2018a}, and electrode material composition \cite{Hite2013, Chiaverini2014}, all point to processes at the surface as the origin of the noise.  More than one process may contribute to the noise at any one time, but not many surface processes would give rise to this type of electric-field noise.  For example, local work functions of electrode surfaces vary with adsorbate coverage \cite{Jooya2018}. If the coverage was driven to fluctuate temporally, electric-field noise would be present at the location of the ion.  Another proposed mechanism is that of vibrationally fluctuating stationary adsorbate dipoles \cite{Safavi-Naini2011, Safavi-Naini2013, Ray2019}.  Moreover, when surface diffusion of adsorbate dipoles is considered, there is a greater range of electric-field noise due to the atomic site dependence on the electric dipole moment \cite{Kim2017}.  Another model to be considered derives electric-field noise from dielectric loss in overlayers of contamination on the electrode surface \cite{Kumph2016}. Recent experiments have shown that the bulk effects of a dielectric material positioned near a trapped ion cause motional heating that fits well to a dielectric model with no free parameters \cite{Teller2021}.  Teller et al. extrapolate to a thin film and estimate significant
electric-field noise spectral densities that can potentially hinder scalable quantum computation with trapped ions.

The electric-field noise spectral density tends to have a $1⁄f^{\alpha}$-type spectrum; however, experimentally, a wide range of exponents $\alpha$ has been reported in the approximate range 0.5 $<$ $\alpha$ $<$ 2 \cite{Brownnutt2015}.  By measuring the heating rate $\dot{\bar{n}}$ of a ground-state cooled trapped ion as a function of the motional-mode frequency \textit{f}, one can determine the electric-field noise spectral density $S_E(f)$, making use of the relation \cite{Turchette2000}:

\begin{equation}
    S_E(f) = \frac{4mhf}{q^2}\dot{\bar{n}},
\end{equation}

where \textit{m} and \textit{q} are the mass and charge of the ion, and \textit{h} is the Planck constant.
Since $S_E \sim 1/f^{\alpha}$ , then from (1), the frequency scaling of the measured heating rate goes as $\dot{\bar{n}} \sim 1/f^{\alpha +1}$.  Ideally, the frequency scaling of the noise would indicate the type of responsible mechanism.  The noise has been attributed to fluctuations in adsorbate contamination; however, how the adsorbates respond to different driving forces remains unknown.  Typically, when motional heating rates are measured as a function of some independent variable, e.g., \textit{d}, \textit{T}, or \textit{f}, the behavior is monotonic.  That is, as \textit{d} or \textit{f} are decreased, the heating rate increases; as \textit{T} is decreased, the heating rate decreases.  Even in some ion traps that have undergone in-situ surface treatments, such as ion bombardment or laser cleaning, heating rates tend to be reduced by orders of magnitude with a large enough dose.  To understand how motional heating rates depend on the degree of adsorbate coverage, a study was recently reported where an as-fabricated ion-trap electrode surface was treated incrementally by ion bombardment to step-wise reduce the coverage, followed by heating-rate measurements for each residual coverage \cite{Kim2017}.  In that work, a nonmonotonic behavior was observed as the coverage was decreased.  These data provide an important clue to understanding the driving mechanism and response of surface processes giving rise to this anomalous electric-field noise.

In this article, variations in the frequency scaling as a function of adsorbate coverage are presented, as the adsorbate contamination layer is incrementally removed by Ar$^+$ ion bombardment in situ.  These data add to the single-frequency data presented in \cite{Kim2017}, where the electric-field-noise behavior is nonmonotonic dependent on the ion-bombardment dose.  The frequency dependence of the heating rates for a given coverage follows a power-law relation over the range of accessible frequencies for this trap.  The variation in the power-law exponent $\alpha$ indicates that there may be a single \cite{Ray2019} or even multiple mechanisms \cite{Foulon2021} arising from surface treatments or a change in coverage.  Heating rates also are shown to have anisotropic values for the two orthogonal motional modes parallel to the surface of the trap electrodes.  Surface analysis conducted on a sample electrode (not used for the heating-rate measurements) is then presented and compared to the model system C/Au(110) \cite{Jooya2018} because carbon is a ubiquitous contaminant on Au, commonly used for ion-trap electrodes.  Work-function and core-level measurements show that the initial contamination layer on the as-fabricated surface-analysis sample electrode is fundamentally different from atomic carbon deposited on Au, however after the first ion-bombardment treatment, the average work function and core-level binding energies of the residual overlayer resemble that of C/Au(110).  Finally, histograms of Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) images are presented to elucidate the surface-potential "roughness" of the incrementally sputtered electroplated gold electrodes, in contrast to the smooth surface-potential landscapes of deposited carbon on Au(110), quantifying work-function patch sizes with wide distributions of work functions on the electrode surface.  These resulting work-function distributions are not fully explained by the different crystalline orientations within the polycrystalline electrode \cite{Jooya2019} but may also be the result of morphological effects of a sputtered and unannealed surface.  Finally, a simple model is presented to qualitatively explain a hypothesized correlation between the nonmonotonic heating rates and the roughness of the surface-potential maps.

\section{Experimental Details}

The experiments were carried out in two separate ultra-high vacuum chambers ($\sim$ 2 $\times$ $10^{-8}$ Pa base pressure).  The ion-trap chamber was equipped with a cylindrical mirror electron energy analyzer for Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) of the trap-electrode surfaces and Ar$^+$ ion bombardment facilities including gas handling, valves, a turbomolecular pump, and a 500 V to 2 kV ion source for treatments to the trap electrodes.  The surface-analysis chamber was equipped with a hemispherical electron energy analyzer for x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and an atomic force microscope (AFM) for KPFM with similar ion bombardment facilities.  All measurements were conducted at room temperature.

The surfaces of three different samples were studied in this work:  1) the stylus ion-trap electrodes used for heating-rate measurements, 2) an electroplated sample ion-trap electrode used in the KPFM/XPS studies, and 3) a Au(110) single crystal with deposited carbon used as a model system.  The as-fabricated stylus electrodes and sample ion-trap electrode were sputter-treated incrementally to study the removal of the carbonaceous overlayer.  For the C/Au(110) sample, atomic carbon was deposited by sublimation onto a cleaned Au(110) surface as detailed in \cite{Jooya2018}.

\subsection{Heating Rate Measurements}

The electroplated-Au ion-trap electrodes for the heating-rate measurements were designed at NIST and microfabricated by Sandia National Laboratories using synchrotron-based x-ray lithography techniques, commonly used to form high-aspect ratio microstructures \cite{Malek2004}.  These electrodes have a stylus-type geometry with $\sim$ 60 $\mu$m diameter pillars, extending 180 $\mu$m above a 5 mm $\times$ 5 mm substrate with interconnect traces and a large ground plane (figure 1).  The original macroscopic stylus-type radio-frequency (RF) Paul trap was described by Maiwald et al. \cite{Maiwald2009}, and previous design iterations of the microfabricated version have been described by Arrington et al. \cite{Arrington2013} and McKay et al. \cite{McKay2014}.

The trap used in this work is the same as that used by Kim et al. \cite{Kim2017}, wherein individual $^{25}$Mg$^+$ ions are confined approximately 63 $\mu$m above the center electrode (figure 1).  Heating-rate data are collected for both ground-state cooled radial modes (two orthogonal motional modes oriented in a plane nearly parallel to the electrode surfaces, see figure 1) for a range of motional frequencies at each step of incremental treatments by Ar$^+$ ion bombardment for step-wise removal of the contamination layer.  A simplified description of the heating-rate measurement technique can be found in \cite{Hite2013} adapted from the in-depth description in \cite{Wineland1998}.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.9 \textwidth, keepaspectratio]{Figure1.jpg}
\caption{(a) Top-view layout schematic of a stylus ion trap chip showing the motional mode axes, Ar$^+$ ion beam direction (red arrow), and Auger beam spot size and location (green circle), $\sim$ 1 mm from the trapping center.  Other features are described in \cite{Arrington2013}.  (b) Top-view optical image of the trapping center.  The light-colored arcs comprise the RF electrode and the 5 circular electrodes ($\sim$ 60 $\mu$m diameter) are DC control electrodes at RF ground.  The electrodes are extruded $\sim$ 180 $\mu$m above a 5 mm $\times$ 5 mm ground plane (gold color).  $^{25}$Mg$^+$ is trapped 63 $\mu$m above the center electrode.  The radial motional modes are in a plane nearly parallel to the top electrode surfaces and the Ar$^+$ beam is oriented at a 30$\degree$ angle with respect to the surface normal.}
\label{fig:Trap}
\end{figure}

The motional-mode frequency is varied by changing the RF potential applied to the trap electrodes.  Five static-potential electrodes are used for adjusting the position of the ion in the null of the RF field and are not used to change the motional frequencies of the ion.  Therefore, changes in the applied RF power are made to vary the motional-mode frequencies.  To confirm a flat response of the heating rate due to various magnitudes of applied RF power, three different RF-drive resonators (50, 65, 93 MHz resonance frequencies) were employed to acquire heating-rate measurements with different RF power, but with the same range of motional secular frequencies.  Since the \textit{x} and \textit{y} motional modes display different frequency scalings, measured to be $\alpha_x$ = 1.6 and $\alpha_y$ = 1.1, a frequency-normalized electric-field noise spectral density, $f^{\alpha}S_E$, was used to correct for the different mode frequencies ranging from approximately 2 MHz to 7 MHz.  The noise amplitude varied by less than a factor of two over an RF power range of approximately 8 dB.  This confirms the flat response of heating rates to applied RF power over the operational range in this ion trap.

The surface contamination level, or the degree of carbon coverage, was measured in situ by AES directly at the trap center (electron beam diameter was $\sim$ 800 $\mu$m) before the first and after the last cleaning treatments to minimize the possibility of adding contamination from the AES electron gun to the trap electrodes nearest the ion.  All other coverage measurements after each of the incremental treatments were made at a location about 1 mm away from the trap electrodes nearest the ion.  Therefore, coverages for the heating rate measurements are reported to be estimated for the surfaces that most affect the ion's motion.  The estimates are based on depth profiling studies of contamination removal in a different chamber from similar air-exposed electroplated Au sample ion-trap electrodes, using the Ar$^+$ ion-beam dose as the referenced quantity.  Therefore, there is considerable uncertainty in the reported estimated coverage for the intermediate data points on the order of 50\% ($\pm$ 0.2 ML minimum).

The Ar$^+$ ion beam was positioned at a 30$\degree$ angle with respect to the normal to the trap surface and directed along the \textit{x} axis of the trap (see figure 1).  Due to the three-dimensional structure of the stylus trap electrodes, some regions of the electrodes' sidewalls are shadowed from the Ar$^+$ ion beam, which could leave regions near the Mg$^+$ ion untreated ($\gtrsim$ 70 $\mu$m distance to the ion), adding to the uncertainty in the estimated coverage.  Typical parameters for the incremental sputter treatments were 2 kV beam voltage, 0.5 $\mu$A/cm$^2$ sample-current density at 6 $\times$ 10$^{-3}$ Pa Ar for 5 min to 10 min each.  To study the removal of the native contamination on the electrodes, a pre-assembly treatment, prescribed in \cite{McKay2014}, was not conducted in this work.

\subsection{Surface Analysis Measurements}
The sample electrode for surface analysis was made of 8 $\mu$m thick electroplated Au, microfabricated on a sapphire substrate, depicted in \cite{Burd2020, Srinivas2020} and acquired from the same wafer as the linear surface-electrode trap used for quantum gate experiments described in \cite{Srinivas2019, Burd2019}. These electrodes and those used for the heating-rate measurements are nominally the same as they are both air-exposed, initially untreated after fabrication, and composed of polycrystalline electroplated Au.  Differences in fabrication features between the samples, like film thickness and interelectrode gap widths, have no consequence for the surface analysis measurements, except perhaps for the two AES measurements at the trap center, however no evidence of the substrate was observed due to the narrow gaps.  In addition, scanning tunneling microscopy data collected from a nearly duplicate stylus trap showed similar morphologies to the sample electrode discussed in this work before and after ion-bombardment treatments.  Nevertheless, there are limitations to comparing two different surfaces that are initially prepared in an uncontrolled manner, i.e., final steps of cleaning with solvents and air exposure.  As in the heating-rate experiment, the surface-analysis sample is incrementally treated with Ar$^+$ ion bombardment.  The dose for each treatment was approximately 0.3 J/cm$^2$.  Between each treatment, spatially resolved local work functions and residual coverages were measured with KPFM and XPS, respectively.  This allows for the observation of work-function magnitudes, patch sizes, and spatial distributions as a function of the residual coverage.

For the work function measurements, a Cr/Pt-coated Si cantilever was employed in frequency-modulated KPFM to measure the contact potential difference (CPD) between the tip of the cantilever and the sample, typically over a 300 nm $\times$ 300 nm area.  After each CPD measurement, the work function of the tip was recalibrated using a cleaved highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) reference sample.  The work function of the HOPG is taken to be 4.6 eV \cite{Takahashi1985}.  This accounts for tip changes that may occur and allows for the relative determination of the sample work function with a spatial resolution of $\sim$ 5 nm to 10 nm.  Values for the sample work function for a given imaged area are reported as the work function for which the image histogram has a peak(s), fitted with a Gaussian distribution(s) with typical widths of approximately 30 meV full-width at half-maximum.

The coverage and core-level binding energies were determined by XPS.  For these measurements, x-rays from a Mg anode were used, producing photons at 1253.6 eV.  To calibrate the binding energy, the work function of the electron energy analyzer was determined using a clean Pd sample providing a large density of states at the Fermi edge.  The energy calibration was performed for two photon energies, 1253.6 and 1486.7 eV.  The coverage is estimated from a simple overlayer model that takes into account the ratios of the peak intensities (for C and Au, in this case) and the exponential attenuation of electrons from depths within the sample using the inelastic mean free path for the particular electron kinetic energies \cite{Seah1979}.  Due to the limitations of this simple overlayer model and the averaged signal over a 200 $\mu$m diameter XPS-analysis area, the uncertainty in the coverage measurement is estimated to be approximately $\pm$  0.2 monolayers (ML) to account for inhomogeneities on the sample surfaces.

\section{Results}

\subsection{Heating Rate Measurements: Frequency Scalings}

Heating rates for several motional mode frequencies in this stylus trap were measured. Figure 2(a) shows the heating rate at 4.7 MHz as a function of the estimated coverage for the electrode surfaces closest to the trapped ion.  The electric-field noise is dominated by the closest electrode surfaces due to the $\sim$ 1/$d^3$ distance dependence \cite{Hite2017}.  These data are the same as those reported in \cite{Kim2017}. The nonmonotonic behavior shows an order of magnitude increase in the submonolayer regime ($\sim$ 0.5 ML), followed by a nearly two orders of magnitude decrease as the coverage $\theta$ is reduced (by incremental sputter treatments) from 3 ML toward a nominal coverage of 0 ML.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.6 \textwidth, keepaspectratio]{Figure2.jpg}
\caption{(a) Heating rates at a 4.7 MHz motional frequency and (b) frequency-scaling exponents $\alpha$ for an incrementally cleaned ion trap as a function of the estimated residual carbon coverage fit for both directional modes.  The data were collected from high to low coverage after each incremental treatment.  The nonmonotonic dependence on the heating rate was previously reported in \cite{Kim2017}.  Approximately 50\% uncertainty (0.2 ML minimum uncertainty) in the degree of carbon coverage is due to the indirect measurement with AES at a position 1 mm from the trap electrode nearest the ion.}
\label{fig:HeatingRate}
\end{figure}

For various motional-mode frequencies, the heating-rate scaling, characterized by the 1/$f^{\alpha}$ exponent ${\alpha}$, also exhibits a correlated dependence, shown in figure 2(b).  The exponent ${\alpha}$ from fitting to both modes is changed from 1.5 toward smaller values ($\sim$ 0.4) as the coverage is reduced from 0.5 ML toward 0 ML (cleaned surface).  Theoretical models of independently fluctuating adsorbate dipoles have predicted electric-field noise spectra that exhibit the characteristic 1/$f^{\alpha}$ behavior and also show changes from $\alpha$ $\sim$ 1 to $\alpha$ $\sim$ 0 \cite{Safavi-Naini2013, Ray2019}.  Interestingly, in \cite{Ray2019}, it is shown that, for a given frequency, if the adsorbate species is changed, for example, by way of hydrocarbon decomposition, then the spectrum can change from 1/$f^{\alpha}$ at a higher noise level to white noise at a lower noise level.  However, there are discrepancies in magnitude and frequency ranges compared with experimental data that led Ray et al. to suggest that additional processes need to be considered to explain observed heating rates \cite{Ray2019}.  Recently, a study of the collective motion of adsorbates with various mechanisms in different coverage regimes found 1/\textit{f}-type noise extending down into the MHz range with behaviors similar to that report here.  While not as pronounced as the changes seen in figure 2(b),  other work on in-situ surface-treated ion traps also reported decreased scaling exponents \cite{Daniilidis2014, Allcock2011}, however another work did not show a significant change in ${\alpha}$ after achieving low noise levels \cite{Hite2012}.  In a study of \textit{ex situ} sputter-treated electrodes, i.e., exposed to air after treatment, ${\alpha}$ also was not seen to change from before and then after the treatments \cite{Sedlacek2018a}.

In \cite{Schindler2015}, the polarization of electric-field noise from surfaces was investigated to discern between surface noise and technical noise.  In that work, Schindler et al. describe a model to determine the asymmetry between two orthogonal motional modes rotated through an angle $\gamma$ with respect to the surface normal.  At $\gamma$ = 0, one mode was perpendicular to the trap surface (\textit{z}-direction).  Their model predicts a heating-rate ratio \textit{R} =$\dot{\bar{n}}_z$/$\dot{\bar{n}}_x$ for the two modes to be $R = 2$.  Heating rates were measured as a function of the rotation angle and the ratio followed the trend of the model, but with a maximum $R = 4.2$ \cite{Schindler2015}.

In this work, a distinct asymmetry in heating rates was measured for the two orthogonal modes in a plane nearly parallel to the electrode surface after the fourth treatment (dosages of the 5 total treatments are reported in \cite{Kim2017}).  For the second to last treatment, at a motional mode frequency of $\sim$ 3 MHz, the heating-rate ratio (\textit{R}  = $\dot{\bar{n}}_x$/$\dot{\bar{n}}_y$) was measured to be $R = 3.5$, shown in figure 3.  An anisotropy in the scaling is observed between the two radial modes before treatments (at $\sim$ 3 MHz, $\alpha_x$ = 1.6 and $\alpha_y$ = 1.1, \textit{R} = 1.04), but the directionality in heating rates becomes more pronounced after the incremental sputter treatments and in the low-coverage regime ($\theta$ $\leq$ 0.5 ML).

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.6 \textwidth, keepaspectratio]{Fig3.jpg}
\caption{Heating rates vs. motional frequency for the \textit{x}- (squares) and \textit{y}-direction (circles) radial modes before and after sputter treatments (5 total treatments).  Anisotropic heating rates become more pronounced in the low-coverage regime ($<$ 0.5 ML).  The mode parallel to the sputter beam projection (\textit{x}) experiences higher heating rates.  For the second to last treatment, at 3 MHz, the asymmetry heating-rate ratio \textit{R} (= $\dot{\bar{n}}_x$/$\dot{\bar{n}}_y$) = 3.5.  Error bars are smaller than the data point symbols.}
\label{fig:frequency}
\end{figure}

Dipolar noise sources in ion traps were also investigated theoretically in the stylus-trap geometry by Galve et al. \cite{Galve2017}.  There, it is pointed out that various dipole orientations can cause different noise levels and in different directions.  The authors suggested that due to the directionality of a sputter beam, nanochannels generated on the Au electrode may play a role in the preferential orientation of surface noise sources.  A rippled surface morphology is common to sputtered and unannealed metal surfaces \cite{Bradley1988}, where the ridges and troughs are oriented perpendicular to the angled (30$\degree$ in this case) sputter-beam direction.  While the spatial resolution of KPFM in this work was not high enough to observe nanochannels in the sample ion-trap electrode, linescans from the corresponding topography from the higher resolution AFM signal revealed a 4 nm periodicity in the \textit{x}-direction over a 50 nm diameter grain.  No periodicity was observed in the \textit{y}-direction.  Considering the relative orientation between the motional mode directions and that of the sputter beam (figure 1), higher heating rates were measured in the direction parallel to the planar projection of the sputter beam.  Additional experimental work is needed to further elucidate this effect.

Noise from technical sources, i.e., other than surface related noise, is a concern especially when heating from the surface has been reduced by an order of magnitude by ion bombardment, for example.  Tests for technical noise sources, such as Johnson noise from circuitry, voltage sources, environmental pickup, and stray resonant light, were routinely conducted in this work.  Details of these tests can be found in Appendix A of \cite{McKay2021}.  Calculations of Johnson noise are orders of magnitude lower than the noise inferred from the lowest measured heating rates in this trap.  Therefore, technical noise is ruled out as the cause for the changed exponent $\alpha$ and the asymmetry in heating in the two motional modes.

\subsection{Surface Analysis of a Sample Ion-trap Electrode: Sputter-treated Electroplated Au}

The fluctuation of work-function patches on electrode surfaces is a mechanism thought to play a role in motional heating of trapped ions \cite{Turchette2000}.  Also, it has been shown that the work function of a Au(110) crystal is strongly dependent on the coverage of deposited atomic carbon \cite{Jooya2018}.  In the submonolayer regime, the measured work function varies by approximately 0.8 eV.  If a dynamic driving mechanism causes the coverage of various work function patches to fluctuate spatially and temporally, then electric-field noise is generated above the surface of an electrode.  To investigate this effect in relation to the nonmonotonic heating-rate dependence shown in figure 2(a), incrementally sputtered ion-trap sample electrodes were studied with static KPFM.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.6 \textwidth, keepaspectratio]{Figure4.jpg}
\caption{(a) Work functions and (b) C 1s binding energies vs. carbon coverage for a sample ion-trap electrode and the model system C/Au(110) for comparison \cite{Jooya2018}.  For the sample ion-trap electrode (red circles), the data were collected from high to low coverage after each incremental treatment.  These data indicate that the as-fabricated sample-electrode surface is composed of a 2.3 ML hydrocarbon film on Au that becomes modified after the first sputter treatment to resemble the surface properties of atomic carbon on Au(110).  The solid line in (a) is a spline fit to DFT-calculated data for C/Au(110) \cite{Jooya2018}.}
\label{fig:WFcorelevels}
\end{figure}

Work functions for an ion-trap electrode are shown in figure 4(a), along with the results of C/Au(110) from \cite{Jooya2018} for comparison.  Initially, the as-fabricated trap electrode is covered with approximately 2.3 ML of an adventitious carbonaceous layer.  This is presumed to be a hydrocarbon layer, since the work function ($\sim$ 4.3 eV) and the C 1s core-level binding energy ($\sim$ 284.9 eV), shown in figure 4(b), are consistent with hydrocarbon values in the literature \cite{Tarlov1992, NIST2000} and are significantly different from that of atomic carbon on Au \cite{Jooya2018}.  After the first sputter treatment to the trap electrode, the work function and C 1s binding energy approach the values of the model system, C/Au(110).  Measurements after subsequent treatments that stepwise decrease the coverage, continue to resemble the model system. These data are consistent with the initial hydrocarbon layer being decomposed by the first sputter treatment that leaves a carbon residue on the electroplated Au surface \cite{Contarini1987,Marletta1992,Toth1994,Iijima1994,Lesiak1995,Koizumi2001}.  More work is needed to further verify this, however it provides a clue about how the electric-field noise above an electrode surface can depend on the composition and coverage of a contamination layer.

To study this idea in more detail, spatial distributions from KPFM images were examined and likewise compared to the model system, shown in figure 5.  This provides additional information, since the work functions discussed previously are average values of CPD measurements over a given area (300 nm $\times$ 300 nm).  Due to the patchy nature of the electroplated Au, the red circle data points in figure 4(a) should actually be smeared out areas or regions of distributed work functions.  The coverage measurement is an average over a 200 $\mu$m diameter analysis area with no spatial resolution.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.8 \textwidth, keepaspectratio]{Fig5.jpg}
\caption{Histograms of KPFM images for various coverages for (a) C/Au(110) and (b) the sample ion-trap electrode.  C/Au(110) exhibits narrow work-function distributions. The sample ion-trap electrode shows broad, multi-peak distributions, which indicate much greater surface-potential ``roughness" and more work-function states for fluctuations.  Representative KPFM CPD images at 0.9 ML for (c) C/Au(110) and (d) the sample electrode show the patchy nature of the surface potentials.  Images are of 300 nm $\times$ 300 nm areas and are plotted on the same (relative) color scale.}
\label{fig:histograms}
\end{figure}

\section{Discussion}

In many analyses of electric-field noise from surfaces, models of work-function patches or adsorbate dipoles are considered to be on atomically flat electrodes.  In actuality, metal electrodes tend to be rough, particularly electroplated electrodes with a typical RMS roughness on the order of 10s of nanometers. In \cite{Lin2016}, the effects of surface roughness on electric-field noise was investigated theoretically.  It was found that, at low temperatures, heating rates are enhanced or suppressed depending on the adatom coverage in morphological regions of negative or positive curvature, respectively \cite{Lin2016}.

Here, the roughness of the surface potential is considered, rather than the topographical roughness, to describe a landscape for mobile dipoles to cause the fluctuation of work-function patches giving rise to electric-field noise.  In this work, patch dimensions on the sample ion-trap electrode were 50 nm to 100 nm, shown in figure 5(d).  Since the work function of a given patch depends on the adsorbate coverage, particularly in the submonolayer regime (see figure 4), temporal changes in the local coverage give rise to work-function fluctuations.

The mechanism to drive such adsorbate motion and cause coverage fluctuations remains unclear.  Moreover, the physical fluctuations need to be fast to correspond to the high-frequency noise measured in ion traps.  It was suggested in \cite{Hite2017} that fields or currents from the trap RF drive may play a role in adsorbate fluctuation.  In those experiments, heating from samples positioned near a trapped ion (varied between 45 $\mu$m and 300 $\mu$m) was reasoned to be negligible compared to the low heating rates from the sputter-treated trap electrodes.  It was suggested that, due to the large impedance of the sample to RF ground, currents and fields may have been too low at the samples' surface.  In a similar, more recent experiment with modified sample wiring to lower the impedance at the RF-drive frequency, heating from nearby samples was observed, however tests with additional RF pulses applied to the samples showed no increase to the measured heating rates \cite{McKay2021}.  A significant challenge to theory and experiment alike would be to develop and test a model that relates adatom fluctuations driven at the trap-drive frequency resulting in motion and electric-field noise at the lower trapped-ion motional frequencies. This may involve considerations of complex adatom-adatom, adatom-substrate and/or cluster interactions at the surface.  This is not well understood and warrants further theoretical and experimental investigation.

To illustrate the surface-potential roughness, histograms of KPFM images as a function of coverage are shown in figure 5 for (a) the model system C/Au(110) and (b) the sample ion-trap electrode.  The width of these histograms represents this roughness and the variation of work functions over a given area.  On the one hand, as shown in figure 5(a), C/Au(110), prepared by carbon deposition, exhibits narrow distributions at or below the resolution of the measurement for all coverages shown.  These are histograms of KPFM images collected for the work-function experiments described in \cite{Jooya2018}.  On the other hand, the electroplated Au electrode, prepared by sputter etching, exhibits broad and multipeak distributions, indicating a patchy surface whose widths change nonmonotonically with decreasing coverage (figure 5(b)).   Figs. 5(c, d) show representative KPFM CPD images for 0.9 ML of C/Au(110) and the treated sample ion-trap electrode, respectively (same relative color scale).

An electrode with more patches will have a greater work-function noise spectral density, proportional to the surface-potential roughness, for a given degree of coverage fluctuations.  To relate this to the nonmonotonic heating-rate measurements shown in figure 2(a), a simple empirical model, dependent on the adsorbate coverage and the surface-potential roughness, was used to arrive at a heating-rate trend for the sample ion-trap electrode.  The model assumes a dependence on the coverage $\theta$ such that the heating rate will tend to zero with decreasing coverage and at higher coverages will asymptotically approach a maximum value with a characteristic decay constant $\lambda$, such as [1-exp(-$\theta/\lambda$)]. Ideally, as the coverage is reduced through the low coverage regime ($\theta \leq$ 0.5 ML), the global work function will approach that of the clean electrode and coverage fluctuations and hence work function fluctuation will become more dilute with an approximately linear behavior.  As the coverage increases through the high coverage regime ($\theta >$ 0.5 ML), the work function will approach and reach that of the adsorbate overlayer, like a bulk material, and eventually the noise will cease to increase with additional adsorbate layers.

The RMS surface-potential roughness $\sigma_{\phi}$, corresponding to the standard deviation of a CPD image with N pixels per row and M pixels per column, is given by
\begin{equation}
    \sigma_{\phi}= \left(\frac{1}{A}\sum_{m=1}^{M}\sum_{n=1}^{N}(\phi_{m,n}-\bar{\phi})^2\right)^{1/2},
\end{equation}
where ${\phi}$ $(= eV_{CPD})$ is the work function and \textit{A} ($=M{N}\cdot$[area/pixel]) is the area of interest.  If one assumes a first order dependence on $\sigma_{\phi}$, the empirical heating-rate trend is given by
\begin{equation}
    \dot{\bar{n}} = C\cdot(1-e^{-\theta/\lambda})\cdot\sigma_{\phi}+bkg,
\end{equation}
where a prefactor \textit{C}, $\lambda$ and an additional background offset (\textit{bkg}) are found from a pointwise least-squares fit to the heating-rate data.  A Gaussian function, which fits well to $\sigma_{\phi}(\theta)$ for the sample electrode, was used to approximate the unknown  $\sigma_{\phi}(\theta)$ for the stylus-trap electrodes.  A modelled $\dot{\bar{n}}$ can be determined for qualitative purposes by determining $\sigma_{\phi}$ from the KPFM images for each coverage $\theta$. The data from (3) for the sample electrode, shown in figure 6, have a \textit{C} = 4 (quanta per second)/meV, \textit{bkg} = 4 quanta per second, and $\lambda$ = 0.2 ML, showing the relevance of the submonolayer regime to ion heating, previously pointed out in \cite{Daniilidis2014}. For example, from the sample ion-trap electrode shown in figure 5(d) with $\theta$ = 0.9 ML and $\sigma_{\phi}$ = 42 meV, equation (3) gives 170 quanta per second, while the C/Au(110) sample, with $\theta$ = 0.9 ML and $\sigma_{\phi}$ = 11 meV in figure 5(c), has a value of 48 quanta per second.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.6 \textwidth, keepaspectratio]{Figure6.jpg}
\caption{Plot of the modelled heating rate from (3) using the measured values for the coverage $\theta$ and the surface-potential roughness $\sigma_{\phi}$, where $\phi$ is the work function, $C$ is a scaling constant, and \textit{bkg} is an additional background offset.  The trend qualitatively agrees with the heating rate data from figure 2(a).}
\label{fig:model}
\end{figure}

 Additional experimental work is required to corroborate this model with variations in trapped-ion heating rates, but it gives a qualitative explanation for the nonmonotonic heating observed in ion traps with electrodes of various adsorbate coverages.  Due to variability in ion-trap electrode preparation, the metric of surface-potential roughness could help to understand the spread in heating rates reported throughout the literature over the past few decades \cite{Brownnutt2015}.  A future study of KPFM and ion heating rates measured with the same sample surface will allow for a quantitative analysis of this and other models.  In addition, this simple model suggests that clean electrode surfaces or even an adsorbate covered surface with a uniform surface-potential landscape may enable ion-trap systems with low heating rates aiding QIP scalability through miniaturization.

\section{Summary}

In this article, the frequency scaling of the electric-field noise in an incrementally sputter-treated ion trap was shown to change from a power-law exponent $\alpha$ of $\sim$ 1.5 to $\sim$ 0.4. This variation is correlated with the nonmonotonic behavior in the heating rate as a function of carbon coverage on the electroplated Au trap electrodes.  These values of $\alpha$ are consistent with some aspects of adsorbate-dipole models due to the effects of surface treatments or changes in coverage.  In addition, an anisotropy in the heating rates of the two orthogonal motional modes (parallel to the electrode surfaces) was shown to become more pronounced in the low-coverage regime.  At a motional frequency of 3 MHz, the mode direction in line with the sputter-beam direction experienced $\sim$ 3.5 times higher electric-field noise than the mode perpendicular to the sputter beam after four sputter treatments, possibly pointing to a morphological role in the heating from the surface.

To elucidate these results, a KPFM/XPS study was conducted on a sample ion-trap electrode, comparing the coverage dependent work function to that of a model system, atomic carbon on Au(110).  The as-fabricated sample electrode was covered with a hydrocarbon film with very different properties from C/Au(110). Even though, after incremental sputter treatments, the sample electrode resembled the average work functions and C 1s binding energies of the model system, in contrast to deposited carbon on Au(110), KPFM revealed fundamentally different surface-potential maps with work-function patch dimensions $\sim$ 50 nm to 100 nm.  Finally, measured coverage and surface-potential roughness were employed in a simple empirical model to qualitatively connect the morphology of local work functions to the nonmonotonic heating rates observed from incrementally treated ion-trap electrodes.

\ack

The authors acknowledge the following for many fruitful discussions surrounding this work: D. Leibfried, S. Kotler, H. R. Sadeghpour, A. C. Wilson, D. J. Wineland, and especially D. H. Slichter for also fabricating and providing the sample ion-trap electrodes.  The authors also thank A. P. McFadden, T. M. Wallis, and R. B. Goldfarb for helpful comments on the manuscript.
K.S.M. acknowledges support  as an associate in the Professional Research Experience Program (PREP) operated jointly by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Colorado Boulder under Award No. 70NANB18H006 from the U.S. Department of Commerce, NIST.

\section*{References}

\bibliographystyle{unsrt}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


In 2017, the median age of the population of the United States was 38 years. While this may seem quite young, the median age in 1960 was even younger, at 29.5 years.
The year 2035 is expected to be a turning point for the population of the United States. This is the year that demographers expect there to be more adults over the age of 65 than children. Additionally, in the year 2060, there are expected to be about 604,000 people aged 100 and over in the U.S. This figure was around 72,000 in 2015.
The aging population in the United States means that society is going to have to find a way to adapt to the larger numbers of older people. Everything from Social Security to employment to the age of retirement will have to change if the population is expected to age more while having fewer children.
It's not only the United States that is facing this particular demographic dilemma. In 1950, the global median age was 23.6 years. This number is projected to increase to 41.6 years by the year 2100. This means that not only the U.S., but the rest of the world will also have to find ways to adapt to the aging population.
Data for previous years can be found in this publication.


Although we usually save the meat and potatoes of this blog for beginners, we're sure there are a few of you advanced acquarists out there – or perhaps even aspiring acquarists out there who are ready to take on a project that is a little bit more difficult.
While not too complicated, bulkhead installation can be a little intimidating for folks the first time around and as such, we've put a few tips together for you first timers to go by. Some things about installing bulkheads and bulkhead fittings can be a little confusing or even counter-intuitive, so we figured we'd help you navigate through the obvious. Let's jump right in.
Always be sure to try and install bulkheads clean and dry. That means it's probably a good idea to stay away from things like silicone, Teflon or thread lubricants. These substances often prevent bulkhead fittings from not sealing properly. The rubber vulcanization will work just fine. Over time it'll act as a perfect seal, just like it would on a car or automobile.
Before you install your fitting, it's a good idea to take the time to take a file or pocket knife and try to clean off any excess flashing in both the male and female threads on the flange and nut. This is an area of a bulkhead that is often a source of leaks, so making sure the two sides are sealed properly is important.
Even though it might look inviting, it's almost always a bad idea to screw anything into the external threads on a bulkhead. These are NOT standard tapered pipe threads and they WILL leak. They are simply there to screw the nut on. That's it.
Always try to install a gasket on the flange side of your bulkhead. Never, ever install it on the nut side. Doing so leads to leaks largely due to the fact that the water in the tank will travel along the threads of the bulkhead and around the gasket. Make sure you tighten it up, then give it a quarter to half turn in addition and no more.
Hopefully, these tips help and we hope that this goes well for you the first time through. If you make a mistake – don't fret! Just call a professional. In most cases, they'll be thrilled to come over and not only help you work out of a jam, but also someone who appreciates what they're doing. So don't be afraid! Good luck!
Keeping and maintaining marine life can be a challenge for people who are new to the hobby. It can especially difficult when you have difficult to maintain species. After all, there are so many fish out there and so many choices – and if things weren't confusing enough – many of the species that are commonly found in pet stores and other places aren't easy to maintain.
Today's blog is going to be about the species of fish that beginners should avoid putting into their tank until they're ready. If you see a fish that you are interested in on this list, then maybe it's something you'll want to reconsider. Let's jump right in!
Filefish comes from the same order as pufferfish. They're not the worst choice on this list, but they're certainly not a good one. The issue is that they're a little destructive. They'll frequently go after your corals when on an empty stomach – and have also been known to chase invertebrates like urchins around when in search of food.
You need to keep up a steady flow of food as they tend to like to graze – AND it needs to be both of the vegetable type and the meat type. They're a great choice for experienced owners, but we recommend staying away if you're a beginner.
In many cases, there are just some species that aren't just best left to experienced tank owners – but better off left in the wild, period. That's our take on eels – and more specifically – ribbon eels. The fact is – most end up dead in a few weeks of purchase and they don't handle captivity well at all.
The biggest issue is their diet. They refuse feeders often and get easily stressed. They'll often put themselves on stress patterns and well, they just waste away. They're absolutely beautiful animals to have and trust us when we say we get the temptation, but you're best off leaving them be. Especially if you're a beginner.
Seahorses definitely fall into that 'great in theory' category, but almost never work out as expected. Again – the issue is a rather complicated pattern of care. They need to feed three times a day, be in a very friendly-to-seahorsies tank and the water needs to be kept meticulously. Sound like a lot? Well, because it is. Most beginners don't want to put up with the maintenance and if you don't, you'll lose your seahorses. So we recommend that you just pass.
There's a lot of lionfish out there – but we're talking about your classic, definitive 'lionfish,' here. They are one of the most beautiful species you can own, but you're going to need an awful lot of dedication to keep them going.
They have three qualities about them that will be a challenge: their size, their aggression levels and their spikes. They get big quick and like to eat anything that can fit into their mouth. They can even sting you. So – if you're new to this whole fish tank thing – there are literally hundreds of other species who'd be a better choice.
Owning a fish tank is a wonderful experience. Just make sure that if you decide to get into it that you take things a step at a time. Good luck with your new aquarium! You're going to love it!
Fish are wonderful pets to have and aquariums are the perfect accent to almost any indoor living space. Maintaining both however, is important not just for the health of your fish, but also for maintaining the aesthetic appeal of your tank as well.
Here are some tips that will help make the maintenance of your aquarium easy and worry-free. Let's jump right in!
Humans have air. Fish have water. Having quality air is critical to our health. Having quality water is critical to theirs. While tap water is well and good for us, it comes with a whole swath of properties that need to be balanced in order to support aquatic life properly. De-chlorinators and biological aquarium supplements should be available at your local pet store.
pH measures the acidity and alkalinity of your tank's water. Keeping a proper balance of the two will help your fish resist illness and help keep your aquarium clean. In addition, certain bacteria will also live in the tank – some good and some bad. Some of the good bacteria like to make their homes in things like filtration media and bio balls. Other, bad bacteria can grow along the walls of the tank. Make sure you have a balance of both. Keeping your pH in check will help keep the good stuff and kill off the bad stuff.
Nothing is worse for a fish tank than constant changes in temperature. They need to be kept away from windows that get a lot of sun or near air conditioning or heating vents. Temperature should be a consistent 72-82 degrees Fahrenheit depending on the species. If you can't maintain this temperature, then you'll have to buy a heater for your tank.
This includes things like changing out the water and scrubbing the sides of the tank. Not everything that's green is gold and algae certainly falls into that category. It can cloud the glass, make the water murky, depletes oxygen and in general can create an environment that's harmful to aquatic life. There are a variety of tools out there that can help – but the insides of your tank should be scrubbed on a semi-regular basis.
With a well-managed tank, you will get many happy hours of enjoyment out of watching your fish. Good luck!
Regardless of anything you do that's worth your time, you're bound to come across some problems from time to time and while we wish things were different – aquariums aren't all that much different. Today, we're going to talk about some of the most common problem tank owners come into contact with and how some of it can be overcome.
Most of the major problems are caused by clarity, color and smell – and all of them can be solved. With the right mix of filtration media and bioballs, you can get your tank back to being crystal clear in no time!
Here are some of the most common issues you'll encounter. Let's jump right in!
If you have fish in any setting, you're bound to deal with at least a little green water now and then. Water turns green when there is too much algae suspended in the water. This usually happens because there's either an excess of sunlight – or more commonly – a surplus of necessary nutrient at their disposal.
Your run of the mill clarifier should take care of the problem – but when used in consort with the right filtering media, you shouldn't have to worry about dealing with green water on an ongoing basis. If this doesn't work, then you might have a bigger problem on your hands and you'll have to do some leg work in order to find out where the source of the algae is.
Anytime you have a tank with a lot of fish in it, it's bound to get a little smelly from time to time. If you come across this issue on an ongoing basis, then it likely stems from one of two issues: You either have too many fish or your tank is too small. The quick, albeit expensive choice is to simply buy a bigger tank. But in practical terms, you probably don't need to.
The likely source of the issues comes from active carbon – and making sure both your chemical balance and filtering media are in good, working order. The other issue often comes from simply giving your fish too much food – and that odor is just coming from all the decomposing food resting at the bottom of the tank.
Ammonia is toxic to fish, therefore it's imperative that you keep it at sustainable levels. Ammonia levels usually spike with a fish dies or when there's an excess of decomposing food at the bottom of the tank. This can be fixed with a water change that's equal to the same pH as the aquarium. You should also change the ammonia eliminator as well. Make sure that you're testing the chemical composition regularly as sometimes swings can happen out of nowhere.
At the end of the day, most to all of these problems can be avoided by simply keeping up on your tank's regular maintenance. That means partial changes of water, cleaning your gravel and crystals as well as providing your weekly dose of beneficial bacteria and insuring that you're using the right filtering media. Do that and you should be in pretty great shape. Good luck!
The old adage of 'an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure' comes to mind when it comes to maintaining your aquarium. Aquariums are closed environments and because of that, you need to constantly be making sure that things are running as they should.
The winter months in particular carry with them a little added importance as even in warmer climates like ours here in Florida, the air dries out and bacteria in general finds the conditions for growing and reproducing to be much more appealing.
Here are some winter aquarium maintenance tips that can help keep your tank running as it should through the colder, drier season and give it a great shot to have an even stronger spring.
One of the most important things a tank owner can do is change the water in the winter every two weeks or so. A good standard to go by is about 10-15% of your tank's volume should work just fine. You'll want to vacuum the gravel, eliminate uneaten food and other residue that makes its way into the bottom of your tank that causes grime and harmful bacteria.
Testing tank water is sometimes one of the most challenging maintenance tasks for a new tank owner to undertake. Water chemistry isn't visible, so it's something you simply need to be vigilant about on a more ongoing basis.
A great time to test your water is during the water change we discussed previously. You'll want to make sure everything is balanced and checks out – from the tank's pH, nitrates, nitrites and carbonate hardness. All of these chemicals can be purchased at most local pet stores so if you have questions on how to use them, simply ask someone at the store to walk you through it.
The filter is both the lungs and heart of your tank. Not only does it help keep bad bacteria out, but it helps grow and maintain good bacteria that's essential to the overall health of your tank. Filter media should be changed at least every four weeks and if you have a lot of fish, perhaps even more frequently than that.
Keeping on your tank in the winter is vital in the winter when the weather is a little colder, a little dryer and there's more room for bacteria and other bad stuff to thrive. Like we said before, ask people at your local pet shop if you're unclear on some of the maintenance you need to do or what kind of equipment you might need. Good luck!


text:
City Dec 12, 2019 at 12:16 pm
We Need Higher Tolls on the Tunnel
Lester Black
This tunnel destroys the environment. Jess Stein
It's time to raise toll rates on the Highway 99 tunnel.
The state's artificially-reduced tolls went into place on Nov. 9 and since then, more people are taking the tunnel than the state expected, which means one thing and one thing only: We need to raise toll rates on this terrible tunnel.
State lawmakers originally required that tolling contribute $400 million to the cost of the $3-billion car-only tunnel, but state officials later reduced that target and lowered toll prices because they thought high tolls would discourage use of the tunnel. So the state ended up charging tolls as low as $1, which is practically paying people to take this climate-destroying piece of infrastructure.
But that feared drop in drivers isn't as bad as the state thought. The first two weeks of post-toll traffic data shows drivers have only decreased by 26 percent, not the 35 to 50 percent drop WSDOT had expected after tolling began. There are still roughly 57,000 vehicles using the tunnel on an average weekday (down from 77,000 pre-tolling). And during rush hour, "peak travel volumes in the tunnel remain high," according to WSDOT.
So let's raise the tolling rates. I propose $20/15 per trip (peak/non-peak). But I regret to inform Slog's environmentalist readers that a toll increase doesn't appear to be happening anytime soon, according to Heather Hernandez, a spokesperson for WSDOT's tolling division.
"If a rate adjustment needs to occur, the [Washington State Transportation Commission] will begin the public review and input process, with the target of having the new rates in effect about six months later. This provides plenty of time for public review and input to be gathered, before final decisions are made," Hernandez said in an e-mail.
Hernandez added that "it's still very early" in the new tolling regime and the existing toll rates were put in place "after years of careful consideration."
"The rates were designed to strike a balance between meeting the financial obligations required by state law and trying to limit diversion as much as possible," Hernandez said.
One thing the state hasn't considered when tolling this tunnel (and something that wasn't considered by the elected officials like former Gov. Christine Gregoire who slammed this tunnel down Seattle's throat) is the environment. Transportation makes up 62.5 percent of Seattle's greenhouse gas emissions, yet we are subsidizing people to drive their cars (the least efficient and most harmful way to travel in our city) through this ridiculous tunnel. It costs only $1 to take this shitty tunnel during off-peak hours but it costs me $2.75 every hour of the day to take a King County Metro Bus. These tunnel tolls will raise only $9 million in 2020 to pay for a project that will cost well over $3 billion and provides zero access to mass transit. For reference, Sound Transit will collect over $7 billion$100 million in fares in 2019 to pay for their mass transit operations. We're subsidizing driving climate-causing cars underneath our city while taxing the hell out of train and bus riders.
Seattle can't be considered serious about fighting climate change when our shitty tunnel costs only $1 for a driver to take.
Tags: City
Lester Black is a former staff writer for The Stranger, where he wrote about Seattle news, cannabis, and beer. He is sometimes sober.
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text:
Rebuild a tomorrow
Is a blog about environmental sustainability at a global level, with the main focus will be on Portugal and Madeira
Nature0 in Portuguese
Amazing video on #Madeiraisland #Portugalcádentro
THE ISLAND from Duarte Cardoso Lemos on Vimeo.
Publicada por Cláudio Jardim à(s) 07:27 No comments:
Natura 2000 Day
Participate in the link above
History of Earth Day - Green Cities Campaign | Green Cities Campaign
Each year, Earth Day — April 22 — marks the anniversary of what many consider the birth of the modern environmental movement in 1970.
The height of hippie and flower-child culture in the United States, 1970 brought the death of Jimi Hendrix, the last Beatles album, and Simon & Garfunkel's "Bridge Over Troubled Water". Protest was the order of the day, but saving the planet was not the cause. War raged in Vietnam, and students nationwide increasingly opposed it.
At the time, Americans were slurping leaded gas through massive V8 sedans. Industry belched out smoke and sludge with little fear of legal consequences or bad press. Air pollution was commonly accepted as the smell of prosperity. "Environment" was a word that appeared more often in spelling bees than on the evening news. Although mainstream America remained oblivious to environmental concerns, the stage had been set for change by the publication of Rachel Carson's New York Times bestseller Silent Spring in 1962. The book represented a watershed moment for the modern environmental movement, selling more than 500,000 copies in 24 countries and, up until that moment, more than any other person, Ms. Carson raised public awareness and concern for living organisms, the environment and public health.
Earth Day 1970 capitalized on the emerging consciousness, channeling the energy of the anti-war protest movement and putting environmental concerns front and center.
The idea came to Earth Day founder Gaylord Nelson, then a U.S. Senator from Wisconsin, after witnessing the ravages of the 1969 massive oil spill in Santa Barbara, California. Inspired by the student anti-war movement, he realized that if he could infuse that energy with an emerging public consciousness about air and water pollution, it would force environmental protection onto the national political agenda. Senator Nelson announced the idea for a "national teach-in on the environment" to the national media; persuaded Pete McCloskey, a conservation-minded Republican Congressman, to serve as his co-chair; and recruited Denis Hayes as national coordinator. Hayes built a national staff of 85 to promote events across the land.
As a result, on the 22nd of April, 20 million Americans took to the streets, parks, and auditoriums to demonstrate for a healthy, sustainable environment in massive coast-to-coast rallies. Thousands of colleges and universities organized protests against the deterioration of the environment. Groups that had been fighting against oil spills, polluting factories and power plants, raw sewage, toxic dumps, pesticides, freeways, the loss of wilderness, and the extinction of wildlife suddenly realized they shared common values.
Earth Day 1970 achieved a rare political alignment, enlisting support from Republicans and Democrats, rich and poor, city slickers and farmers, tycoons and labor leaders. The first Earth Day led to the creation of the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the passage of the Clean Air, Clean Water, and Endangered Species Acts. "It was a gamble," Gaylord recalled, "but it worked."
As 1990 approached, a group of environmental leaders asked Denis Hayes to organize another big campaign. This time, Earth Day went global, mobilizing 200 million people in 141 countries and lifting environmental issues onto the world stage. Earth Day 1990 gave a huge boost to recycling efforts worldwide and helped pave the way for the 1992 United Nations Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. It also prompted President Bill Clinton to award Senator Nelson the Presidential Medal of Freedom (1995) — the highest honor given to civilians in the United States — for his role as Earth Day founder.
As the millennium approached, Hayes agreed to spearhead another campaign, this time focused on global warming and a push for clean energy. With 5,000 environmental groups in a record 184 countries reaching out to hundreds of millions of people, Earth Day 2000 combined the big-picture feistiness of the first Earth Day with the international grassroots activism of Earth Day 1990. It used the Internet to organize activists, but also featured a talking drum chain that traveled from village to village in Gabon, Africa, and hundreds of thousands of people gathered on the National Mall in Washington, DC. Earth Day 2000 sent world leaders the loud and clear message that citizens around the world wanted quick and decisive action on clean energy.
Much like 1970, Earth Day 2010 came at a time of great challenge for the environmental community. Climate change deniers, well-funded oil lobbyists, reticent politicians, a disinterested public, and a divided environmental community all contributed to a strong narrative that overshadowed the cause of progress and change. In spite of the challenge, for its 40th anniversary, Earth Day Network reestablished Earth Day as a powerful focal point around which people could demonstrate their commitment. Earth Day Network brought 225,000 people to the National Mall for a Climate Rally, amassed 40 million environmental service actions toward its 2012 goal of A Billion Acts of Green®, launched an international, 1-million tree planting initiative with Avatar director James Cameron and tripled its online base to over 900,000 community members.
The fight for a clean environment continues in a climate of increasing urgency, as the ravages of climate change become more manifest every day. We invite you to be a part of Earth Day and help write many more victories and successes into our history. Discover energy you didn't even know you had. Feel it rumble through the grassroots under your feet and the technology at your fingertips. Channel it into building a clean, healthy, diverse world for generations to come.
From: History of Earth Day - Green Cities Campaign | Green Cities Campaign
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One-third of Beijing pollution comes from outside the city, figures show | Environment | theguardian.com
Deforestation of Central America rises as Mexico's war on drugs moves south | Environment | Guardian Weekly
Excellent video about Madeira Island Gardens
MADEIRA GARDENS FINAL 30 minutos 7 FEVEREIRO ENGLISH from IFT Films on Vimeo.
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text:
Groups Criticize NAFTA Secrecy, Compare to TPP
NAFTA negotiations have opened, with critics pouncing on the transparency—or lack thereof—with which talks have thus far been conducted.
The Electronic Frontier Foundation, a digital rights group, for one, has noted:
[F]ollowing the failed model of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), the USTR will be keeping the negotiating texts secret, and in an actual regression from the TPP will be holding no public stakeholder events alongside the first round. This may or may not set a precedent for future rounds, that will rotate between the three countries every few weeks thereafter, with a scheduled end date of mid-2018.
I'm generally sympathetic to the notion that to negotiate some international agreements, governments occasionally may need the space to press their international economic policy through tough confidential negotiations. But there are some suggestions that the playing field is not even when it comes to opportunities to offer input on the drafts, and that many groups have been "shut out of the negotiations, without any opportunity to see the texts that are being negotiated on our behalf."
Similar arguments were levied the environmental group Friends of the Earth:
By holding this week's NAFTA talks behind closed doors, keeping the negotiating text secret, and shutting out environmentalists and other advocates to brief the negotiators on our policy positions, he is silencing the voices of Americans who want clean air and clean water. The obsessive secrecy of this week's NAFTA negotiations can be explained by the Dracula principle; if daylight were allowed to shine on the secret text and the secret talks, then Trump's proposed NAFTA deal, like a vampire, would wither and die.
I'm not entirely familiar with the details behind each group's grievances (and it's notable that the USTR has posted what appears to be a good deal of positive feedback about its engagement), but regardless of the ultimate merits, the fact that there seem to be growing complaints should be taken seriously. Interest in international trade among Americans stands, surprisingly enough, near historic highs, as people seem to acknowledge it as means of securing economic growth. But the demand for both procedural legitimacy and stakeholder input is arguably higher than its been in decades as well, and there is a growing consensus that provisions of the text should be shared with Congress, and the public.
Memories can be short in Washington, but one need only look back a year to see how extensive criticisms of the TPP for the secrecy of the negotiations metastasized during the US election and corroded public trust in the substance and spirit of the accord. Negotiators on all sides would be well advised to secure an incontrovertibly transparent process now, early on in the talks, to stave off jittery nerves.


I was a PhD student at University of Washington co-advised by Luke Zettlemoyer and Ali Farhadi and have since moved to AI2 in the Young Investigator Program. Prior to UW, I worked with Lillian Lee at Cornell on language simplification. My interests are in the intersection of natural language processing and computer vision as well as fairness in computing. I use the structure of language to help design computer vision systems, for example, Situation Recognition (demo), for modeling how objects are interacting in events using semantic roles. Sometimes, I like to work on pure NLP and I have recently released a new dataset for multi-turn information seeking dialogs from documents, QuAC. With AI systems getting better and being more broadly applied, its important to think about how the models might treat people, in similar circumstances, differently. Unfortunately, I've found some systems I built behave differently for men and women Machines Taught By Photos Learn a Sexist View of Women (and systems many others have built) but I've been actively researching how to do better without sacrificing accuracy.
6/18/18 - Giving a talk at CVPR in the Language and Vision Workshop.
6/5/18 - Yonatan Bisk, Omer Levy and I are organizing a NAACL workshop Generalization in the Age of Deep Learning.
4/20/18 - At ISI and UCLA giving talk about imSitu and Neural Motifs.
9/17/17 - "Men Also Like Shopping" got the Best Long Paper Award at EMNLP.
7/7/17 - I am graduating this summer amd I will be joining AI2 Young Investigator program as a post-doc.
5/11/17 - Recieved a Young Investigator award from Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence.


Published 04/24/2019 12:41:35 pm at 04/24/2019 12:41:35 pm in Best Way To Clean Oven Grates.
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text:
Project Runway Goes A Little Crazy With Marketing Efforts
By Jessica Grabert published 16 July 12
If you've been to an AMC movie theater lately, you've probably caught one of the Season 10 Project Runway commercials. That is, if you are not the type to show up late to a screenings. Those marketing efforts alone seem above and beyond that of an average season of the show, but as it turns out movie theaters are only the tip of the iceberg when it comes to marketing Season 10.
This year, Project Runway's marketing budget is bigger, faster, stronger, and better. The veteran fashion competition show wants to remain competitive and it is using some unique efforts to prove it is a mainstay on the network. According to THR, central to the new campaign will be a 20-foot-long art piece located on the High Line in Manhattan in New York between West 15th and 16th streets this week. The interactive piece will let fans walk down a red carpet runway, earning responses from virtual Project Runway mentors and judges, including Tim Gunn, Heidi Klum, Michael Kors, and the always-frowning Nina Garcia.
A second marketing endeavor will be a set of super trendy Project Runway photo booths dropped off in bigger cities including Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, and Boston. These are only the most bedazzling and interesting of the marketing promotions, which also include a partnership with Lord & Taylor and other random initiatives. Why all the fuss over a show that's been around season after season? Senior vp of marketing Tim Nolan has the answer.
"For a cable TV launch of a show, it's a significant commitment. It's one of our three tentpoles, and it's a show we're still wildly crazy about investing in. To compete in the competition show you have to be competitive with your budget. It's also important to recognize that it's season 10 and that we've had the same talent for 10 seasons and recognize their commitment to the show."
Project Runway took a few critical potshots after barely-able-to-sew Anya won last season of the hit show, but the competition series has really hit its stride as far as Gunn's advice and the judging process goes, so a few criticisms is hardly something to worry over. Instead, with ratings going Lifetime's way a bit more in recent months, this seems to be a big effort for the network to simply stand behind its show.
Season 10 of Project Runway will air on Lifetime this Thursday at 9 p.m. ET, but don't worry too much about the time—unlike the runway, I'm sure there will be an encore performance.
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text:
Judge Denies Access to Jeffrey Epstein Grand Jury Records: 'It Sounds Like a Fishing Expedition'
Jerry LambeJan 8th, 2020, 4:28 pm
A Florida judge on Tuesday blocked investigators from gaining access to sealed grand jury records pertaining to since-deceased pedophile Jeffrey Epstein.
Palm Beach County Chief Judge Krista Marx, a former Palm Beach County prosecutor, rejected the request made by special prosecutors from the State Attorney's Office, who Governor Ron DeSantis (R) appointed to examine the initial investigation into Epstein and eventual sweetheart plea deal that included a very generous work-release program.
According to a report from the South Florida Sun-Sentinel, the special prosecutors wanted to know whether the 2006 Epstein grand jury heard any testimony as to whether police had evidence that several female minors were sexually assaulted by Epstein at his Palm Beach estate.
Former Palm Beach County State Attorney Barry Krischer's office convened a grand jury that indicted Epstein only for soliciting prostitution, much to the dismay of former Palm Beach police chief Michael Reiter.
Reiter was, in fact, so unnerved by "extremely unusual and disappointing" treatment of the case that he asked Krischer by letter to remove himself from the case, and forwarded the evidence police gathered to the FBI. What happened after that is widely known.
Former U.S. Attorney Alexander Acosta's office cut a deal with Epstein that immunized Epstein and co-conspirators from federal prosecution in Florida. Victims were not notified. Epstein went on to plead guilty to two state charges for soliciting prostitution of minors, had to register as a sex offender for life, and enjoyed extraordinary work-release privileges that a lawyer says Epstein abused.
Notably, Krischer blamed Acosta in July for letting Epstein off the hook.
Judge Marx worked as a Palm Beach County assistant state attorney from 1985-1999. This overlapped with Krischer's tenure as state attorney. The judge ultimately wrote off the request to unseal grand jury documents as a "fishing expedition."
"Marx pointed to well-established Florida law that the closed-door grand jury proceedings can be unsealed only as a 'last resort,' and when it is clear that doing so will lead to a discovery of wrongdoing," the Sun-Sentinel report said.
The judge told special prosecutors that they were required to make more than a "bare-bones" claim that the records should be unsealed in the "furtherance of justice." Instead, she instructed them to first try and obtain the information they sought through other means, such as questioning Epstein's victims as to whether they were asked to testify before the grand jury.
Marx told the prosecutors the had failed to provide even a "scintilla of evidence" to indicate corruption, saying "it sounds like a fishing expedition to me."
"I'm not understanding how it will be helpful and to what end," she added.
Noted Epstein attorney Jack Goldberger attended the hearing and afterward said Judge Marx's ruling was correct.
"They have not met their burden for releasing the grand jury testimony," he said, according to CBS12 News. "Not that there's ever going to be anything unusual found in there."
Goldberger categorically denied that there was evidence that Epstein's defense improperly influenced decision-making of state and federal prosecutors.
As previously reported by Law&Crime, federal authorities are currently investigating Epstein's associate and alleged madam Ghislane Maxwell, who's been accused of luring young women for Epstein to prey upon and of participating in alleged sexual assaults.
Epstein controversially died in August while in federal custody in Manhattan. It was officially ruled a suicide. Epstein was jailed ahead of trial on child sex-trafficking charges.
[image via Stephanie Keith/Getty Images]
grand juryJeffrey EpsteinRon Desantis
Jerry Lambe - Journalist
Jerry Lambe is a journalist at Law&Crime. He is a graduate of Georgetown University and New York Law School and previously worked in financial securities compliance and Civil Rights employment law.
More Stories by Jerry Lambe


[Solved]How can I change the mouse cursor to busy state ?
But that didn't work. Has anyone got an idea how to achieve this, maybe an event I can post or a static call?
But the cursor isn't spinning. Does anyone know how to achieve this?
QApplication::setOverrideCursor is the API to choose here.
Is there simpler(standard) way to animate cursor?


text:
Use of State Emblems
The State emblems of the Harp and Shamrock, and a number of variations of that theme, were notified by the Irish State to the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) some years ago as protected emblems of the State and thereby avail of International protection under the terms of Article 6ter of the Paris Convention for the protection of Industrial Property. State emblems are also protected by Irish Law by section 97 of the Trade Marks Act 1996. Section 97 of that Act provides, inter alia, for the Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment to undertake certain actions in respect of the unauthorised use of the State emblems in connection with any business.
The notification to WIPO and the provision in the Trade Marks Act 1996 excludes these State emblems from registration or use as trade marks or as elements of trade marks. The reason for this exclusion is that registration or use of such emblems would encroach upon the right of the State to control the use of the symbols of its identity and sovereignty. Moreover, use of a State emblem as a trade mark by an unrelated or unauthorised organisation, entity or person is likely to mislead the public as to the origin, sponsorship or endorsement of the goods to which the emblem is attached; or to lead a member of the public to believe that the activities of the organisation or commercial entity are in some way linked to those of the Government, or that the activities of same could be seen to be exploiting the Government emblem for commercial gain.
Whilst there is a very restrictive policy of granting consent for the use of the State emblem of the Harp and, generally speaking, such use is reserved for use for the organs of State only, authorisation to use the Shamrock can extend to use in a commercial sense where it can clearly be established that there exists a real and substantive link between the goods in question and Ireland. However, any person who wishes to use the State emblem of the Shamrock must first gain the consent of the Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment to do so.
There is no formal application form. However, an application for the consent of the Minister may be made in writing or by email to:
The Intellectual Property Unit of the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment
Intellectual Property Office of Ireland
Hebron Road
Telephone number: 056 7720150
Email: ipu@enterprise.gov.ie
Trade Marks explained
What is Registrable?
Benefits of Trade Mark Registration
Types of Trade Marks
Classifying your Goods or Services
Protection Abroad


text:
// ======================================
// Author: Ebenezer Monney
// Email:  info@ebenmonney.com
// Copyright (c) 2017 www.ebenmonney.com
// ======================================

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using DAL.Repositories;
using DAL.Repositories.Interfaces;

namespace DAL
{
    public class UnitOfWork : IUnitOfWork
    {
        readonly ApplicationDbContext _context;

        IPatientRepository _patients;
        IAppointementRepository _appointements;
        IProviderRepository _providers;
        IConsultationRepository _Consultations;
        ILaborantinRepository _Laborantins;

        public UnitOfWork(ApplicationDbContext context)
        {
            _context = context;
        }

        public IConsultationRepository Consultations
        {
            get
            {
                if (_Consultations == null)
                    _Consultations = new ConsultationRepository(_context);

                return _Consultations;
            }
        }
        public ILaborantinRepository Laborantins
        {
            get
            {
                if (_Laborantins == null)
                    _Laborantins = new LaborantinRepository(_context);

                return _Laborantins;
            }
        }

        public IPatientRepository Patients
        {
            get
            {
                if (_patients == null)
                    _patients = new PatientRepository(_context);

                return _patients;
            }
        }

        public IAppointementRepository Appointements
        {
            get
            {
                if (_appointements == null)
                    _appointements = new AppointementRepository(_context);

                return _appointements;
            }
        }

        public IProviderRepository Providers
        {
            get
            {
                if (_providers == null)
                    _providers = new ProviderRepository(_context);

                return _providers;
            }
        }

        public int SaveChanges()
        {
            return _context.SaveChanges();
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Calcein AM is a cell-permeant dye that can be used to determine cell viability in most eukaryotic cells. In live cells the nonfluorescent calcein AM is converted to green-fluorescent calcein, after acetoxymethyl ester hydrolysis by intracellular esterases.
DAPI is a nuclear and chromosome counterstain, it emits blue fluorescence upon binding to AT regions of DNA. Although the dye is cell impermeant, higher concentrations will enter a live cell.
Fluorescent dye derived from trimethine cyanine with with an intrinsic single negative charge. Water soluble and forms a stable amide bond with primary amines via carbodiimide activation.
Fluorescent dye derived from aisulfonated trimethine cyanine with an amino functional group. Water soluble, reacts with activated carboxylic acid at pH 7-9 and inserts a negative charge in the labeled molecule.
Fluorescent dye derived from trimethine cyanine with negative charge. Water soluble and forms a stable covalent bond with thiols at pH >7.5.
Fluorescent dye derived from disulfonated trimethine cyanine with an amino functional group. Water soluble, reacts with activated carboxylic acid at pH 7-9 and inserts a negative charge in the labeled molecule.
Fluorescent dye derived from trimethine cyanine with intrinsic single positive charge. Water insoluble and forms stable covalent bond with thiols at pH >7.5.
Fluorescent dye derived from trimethine cyanine with an intrinsic single positive charge. Water insoluble and forms reversible disulfide bond with sulfhydryl groups at pH up to 6.5.
Fluorescent dye derived from trimethine cyanine. Zwitterion, slightly soluble in water and forms stable amide bond with primary amines via carbodiimide activation.
Fluorescent dye derived from trimethine cyanine with an amino group protected as hydrochloride. Zwitterion, and reacts with activated carboxylic acid at pH 7-9.
Fluorescent dye derived from trimethine cyanine with an azido group. Zwitterion, and forms a 1,2,3-triazole type connection(Click Reaction) with terminal alkynes in the presence of Cu(I).
Fluorescent dye derived from trimethine cyanine. Zwitterion, and forms a stable covalent bond with thiols at pH >7.5.
Fluorescent dye derived from trimethine cyanine with an intrinsic neutral charge. Forms a reversible disulfide bond with sulfhydryl groups at pH up to 6.5.
Fluorescent dye derived from dipyrrometheneboron difluoride. Water insoluble and forms stable amide bond with primary amines via carbodiimide activation.
Fluorescent dye derived from dipyrrometheneboron difluoride. Water insoluble and forms a 1,2,3-triazole type connection with terminal alkynes in the presence of Cu(I).
Fluorescent dye derived from dipyrrometheneboron difluoride. Water insoluble and forms stable amide bond with primary amines at pH 7-9.
Fluorescent dye derived from dipyrrometheneboron difluoride. Water insoluble and forms disulfides with thiol bonds.


I found this quite entertaining video in this blog by some other students at SLU. It refers to the way the natural gas is obtain from the ground. Apperently, they pump water with a high pressure into the rockbed so it brakes. Unfortunately, they also pump a lot of chemicals in with the water that evetually end up in the groundwater that we use for drininking.


text:
/**
 * Created by endof on 4/14/2016.
 */
$(function() {

    var city_search_submit = $('.city_search_submit');
    // This is where the magic happens
    // API call, user input validate and string manipulation
    city_search_submit.on('click', function() {
        var city_input = $('#city_input').val();
        var state_input = $('#state_input').val();
        var computed_city_input = city_input.split(' ').join('_');

        $.get('http://api.wunderground.com/api/3094ad0f0d065740/conditions/q/' + state_input + '/' + computed_city_input + '.json', function(data) {
            // DOM pieces
            var humidity = $('.humidity');
            var wind_speed = $('.wind_speed');
            var precip_today_string =  $('.precip_today_string');
            var dewpoint = $('.dewpoint');
            var visibility = $('.visibility');
            var last_update = $('.last_update');
            var feelslike_c = $('.feelslike_c');

            //Left column
            var city_info = $('.city_info');
            var weather = $('.weather');
            var degrees_f = $('.degrees');
            var weather_icon = $('.weather_icon');

            // error messages
            var error_message = "I didn't understand that...Please try again...";
            var error_div = $('.error');

            if(data.response.results) {
                error_div.text(error_message);
            } else {
                error_div.text('');
                console.log(data);

                // left column
                city_info.text(data.current_observation.observation_location.city);
                weather.text(data.current_observation.weather);
                degrees_f.html(data.current_observation.temp_f + "°");
                weather_icon.attr('src', 'images/clientView/' + data.current_observation.icon + '.png');

                // Right column
                humidity.text('Humidity: ' + data.current_observation.relative_humidity);
                wind_speed.text('Wind Speed: ' + data.current_observation.wind_mph + ' mph');
                precip_today_string.text('Precipitation Today: ' + data.current_observation.precip_today_string);
                feelslike_c.html('Feels Like this in Celsius: ' + data.current_observation.feelslike_c + "°");
                dewpoint.html('Dewpoint: ' + data.current_observation.dewpoint_f + ' ° F');
                visibility.text('Visibility: ' + data.current_observation.visibility_mi + ' Miles');
                last_update.text('Last Updated: ' + data.current_observation.observation_time);
            }
        }); // end GET
    }); // end city_search_submit
}); // end jQuery


French doors interior frosted glass is an ideal material for use in any wardrobe door style, including sliding, sidestep, bifold and even French.
The advanced outline of off-white glass storeroom doors make them great swaps for your closet and in addition cloth wardrobes and other small zones in your home, including the wash room and pantry.
If you are available for a smooth and smart substitution door, look at offerings from different online retailers. You will be astounded by the many styles, plans, hues and completes accessible.
You have plan decisions, for example, two-glass board in wooden edges and segmented glass boards which is more intricate.


text:
Q: How to access the name canvas to MainPage from another class I'm C# newbie. I want to access my Canvas in MainPage.xaml from class CS_Line, but i can't do it. How to call the name's canvas in class CS_Line.cs.
MainPage.xaml:
<Grid Background="{ThemeResource ApplicationPageBackgroundThemeBrush}">
        <Canvas x:Name="MyCanvas" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Height="573" Margin="154,76,0,0" VerticalAlignment="Top" Width="913" Background="White"/>
    </Grid>
in CS_Line.cs:
class CS_Line
{
    //attribute
    InkManager _inkKhaled = new Windows.UI.Input.Inking.InkManager();

    private uint _penID;
    private uint _touchID;
    private Point _previousContactPt;
    private Point currentContacPt;
    private double x1;
    private double y1;
    private double x2;
    private double y2;

    //method
    private void MyCanvas_PointerPressed(object sender, PointerRoutedEventArgs e)
    {
        PointerPoint pt = e.GetCurrentPoint(MyCanvas);  *//====>>>>> can't access the MyCanvas*
        _previousContactPt = pt.Position;

        PointerDeviceType pointerDevType = e.Pointer.PointerDeviceType;
        if (pointerDevType == PointerDeviceType.Pen ||
            pointerDevType == PointerDeviceType.Mouse &&
            pt.Properties.IsLeftButtonPressed)
        {
            _inkKhaled.ProcessPointerDown(pt);
            _penID = pt.PointerId;

            e.Handled = true;
        }

        else if (pointerDevType == PointerDeviceType.Touch)
        {

        }
    }

A: You can get MyCanvas from sender.
private void MyCanvas_PointerPressed(object sender, PointerRoutedEventArgs e)
{
    Canvas myCanvas = sender as Canvas; // Here's your MyCanvas object
    PointerPoint pt = e.GetCurrentPoint(myCanvas);
    _previousContactPt = pt.Position;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


It delivers an exhilarating ride without compromising safety and comfort! A turbocharger further enhances performance, while also preserving fuel economy. Top features include remote keyless entry, front fog lights, telescoping steering wheel, and air conditioning. It features all-wheel drive versatility, an automatic transmission, and a 2 liter 4 cylinder engine.
1 It is the customer's sole responsibility to verify the existence and condition of any equipment listed. The dealership is not responsible for misprints on prices or equipment. Final Price includes dealer discount and all manufacturers incentives including college grad/military rebate. Please contact dealer for final pricing. It is the customer's sole responsibility to verify the accuracy of the prices with the dealer. Pricing subject to change without notice.
In some cases must finance with NMAC to receive some rebates.
All prices and offers include all rebates and incentives, including conditional offers not all customers will be eligible for, which the dealer retains unless otherwise specifically provided. Dealer not responsible for errors and omissions; all offers subject to change without notice, please confirm listings with dealer.


Ep:121 Emotional First Aid | Guy Winch, Ph.D.
Katie Bain is a writer in Los Angeles. Her works appear in publications including VICE, Billboard, Noisey, RBMA and LA Weekly and focuses primarily on music and culture.
Adam and Vanessa sit down to chat with the amazing Conner Moore.
Laura helps overstressed, overtrained, and undernourished women get back to better physical, mental, and emotional health.
By combining evidence-based functional nutrition training with spirituality and self-compassion, she'll help you reach your highest level of real health and wellness.