text:
List of weather records
This is a list of weather records, a list of the most extreme occurrences of weather phenomena for various categories. Many weather records are measured under specific conditions—such as surface temperature and wind speed—to keep consistency among measurements around the Earth. Each of these records is understood to be the record value officially observed, as these records may have been exceeded before modern weather instrumentation was invented, or in remote areas without an official weather station. This list does not include remotely sensed observations such as satellite measurements, since those values are not considered official records.[1]
1.1 Measuring conditions
1.2 Hottest
1.2.1 Highest temperatures ever recorded
1.2.1.1 By continent
1.2.1.1.1 Africa
1.2.1.1.2 Antarctica
1.2.1.1.3 Asia
1.2.1.1.4 Europe
1.2.1.1.5 North America
1.2.1.1.6 Oceania
1.2.1.1.7 South America
1.2.2 Other high-temperature records
1.3 Humidity
1.4 Coldest
1.4.1 Lowest temperatures recorded
1.4.2 Other low-temperature records
1.5 Record extreme temperature differences
2 Precipitation
2.1 Rain
2.2 Snow
3 Wind speeds
4 Tornadoes
4.1 Deadliest in history
4.2 Outbreaks
5 Tropical cyclones
5.1 Most intense (by minimum surface air pressure)
5.2 Most precipitation
6 Other severe weather
6.1 Hail
6.2 Lightning
6.3 Ultraviolet index
7 Other categories
TemperatureEdit
Measuring conditionsEdit
The standard measuring conditions for temperature are in the air, 1.5 metres (5 ft) above the ground, and shielded from direct sunlight intensity (hence the term, x degrees "in the shade").[2] The following lists include all officially confirmed claims measured by those methods.
Temperatures measured directly on the ground may exceed air temperatures by 30 to 50 °C (54 to 90 °F).[2] The highest natural ground surface temperature ever recorded was 56.7 °C (134.1 °F) at Furnace Creek, Death Valley, California, United States on 15 July 1972.[3] In recent years a ground temperature of 84 °C (183.2 °F) has been recorded in Port Sudan, Sudan.[4] The theoretical maximum possible ground surface temperature has been estimated to be between 90 and 100 °C (194 and 212 °F) for dry, darkish soils of low thermal conductivity.[5]
Satellite measurements of ground temperature taken between 2003 and 2009, taken with the MODIS infrared spectroradiometer on the Aqua satellite, found a maximum temperature of 70.7 °C (159.3 °F), which was recorded in 2005 in the Lut Desert, Iran. The Lut Desert was also found to have the highest maximum temperature in 5 of the 7 years measured (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009). These measurements reflect averages over a large region and so are lower than the maximum point surface temperature.[2]
Satellite measurements of the surface temperature of Antarctica, taken between 1982 and 2013, found a coldest temperature of −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) on 10 August 2010, at 81°48′S 59°18′E / 81.8°S 59.3°E / -81.8; 59.3. Although this is not comparable to an air temperature, it is believed that the air temperature at this location would have been lower than the official record lowest air temperature of −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F).[6][7]
HottestEdit
Highest temperatures ever recordedEdit
Main articles: Highest temperature recorded on Earth and Heat wave
A world map showing areas with Köppen B (dry climates). The temperatures in these regions have the potential to exceed 50 °C (122 °F) during the hottest seasons.
According to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the highest temperature ever recorded was 56.7 °C (134.1 °F) on 10 July 1913 in Furnace Creek (Greenland Ranch), California, United States,[8] but the validity of this record is challenged as possible problems with the reading have since been discovered. Christopher C. Burt, a weather historian writing for Weather Underground, believes that the 1913 Death Valley reading is "a myth", and is at least 2.2 or 2.8 °C (4 or 5 °F) too high.[9] Burt proposes that the highest reliably recorded temperature on Earth could be at Death Valley, but is instead 54.0 °C (129.2 °F) recorded on 30 June 2013.[10] This is lower than a 1931 record of 55 °C (131 °F) recorded in Kebili, Tunisia[11] and is matched by a 1942 record of 54 °C (129 °F) from Tirat Zvi, Israel.[12] 2016 and 2017 readings in Kuwait and Iran have also matched the 2013 Death Valley record. The WMO has stated they stand by the 1913 record pending any future investigations.
The former highest official temperature on Earth (held for 90 years by 'Aziziya, Libya) was reassessed in July 2012 by the WMO which published a report that invalidated the record.[11] There have been other unconfirmed reports of high temperatures, with readings as high as 66.8 °C (152.2 °F) in the Flaming Mountains of China in 2008.[13] However, these temperatures have never been confirmed, and are currently considered to have been recorder's errors,[14] thus not being recognised as world records.[15]
By continentEdit
AfricaEdit
Town/Location
Algeria 51.3 °C (124.3 °F) El Bayadh, El Bayadh Province
Ouargla, Ouargla Province 2 September 1979[16]
5 July 2018[17]
Botswana 44.0 °C (111.2 °F) Maun 7 January 2016[18][19]
Burkina Faso 47.2 °C (117.0 °F) Dori 1984[20]
Chad 47.6 °C (117.7 °F) Faya-Largeau 22 June 2010[21]
Comoros 36.0 °C (96.8 °F) Hahaya International Airport 15 November 2017[22]
Eswatini (Swaziland) 47.4 °C (117.3 °F) Lavumisa ?[23]
Ghana 43.8 °C (110.8 °F) Navrongo 26 March 2017[22]
Guinea 45.0 °C (113.0 °F) Koundara, Boké Region 29 March 2017[22]
Morocco (then the French protectorate in Morocco) 51.7 °C (125.1 °F) Agadir 19 August 1940[24]
Niger 49.5 °C (121.1 °F) Diffa 7 September 1978[25]
Nigeria 46.4 °C (115.5 °F) Yola 3 April 2010[21]
Réunion 36.9 °C (98.4 °F) Le Port 6 March 2004[26]
South Africa (then the
Union of South Africa) 50.0 °C (122.0 °F) Dunbrody, Eastern Cape 3 November 1918[27][note 1]
Sudan 49.7 °C (121.5 °F) Dongola 25 June 2010[21]
Tunisia (then the French protectorate of Tunisia) 55 °C (131 °F) Kebili 7 July 1931[29][note 2]
Western Sahara (then the
Spanish Sahara) 50.7 °C (123.3 °F) Semara 13 July 1961[30]
Zambia 42.4 °C (108.3 °F) Mfuwe, Eastern Province 13 October 2010[21]
AntarcticaEdit
Antarctica (all land/ice south of 60°S) 20.7 °C (69.3 °F) Seymour Island, James Ross Island group[a] 9 February 2020[32]
Antarctica (mainland and adjoining islands) 18.3 °C (64.9 °F) Esperanza Base, Trinity Peninsula (pending confirmation)[31] 6 February 2020[33][34]
Antarctica (Antarctic Plateau > 2,500 metres (8,202 ft)) −7.0 °C (19.4 °F) Automated Weather Station D-80 (coordinates: 70°6'S, 134°53'W, elevation: 2,500 metres (8,202 ft)) 28 December 1989[35]
South Pole −12.3 °C (9.9 °F) Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station 25 December 2011[36]
AsiaEdit
Afghanistan 49.9 °C (121.8 °F) Farah August 2009[37]
Bangladesh 45.1 °C (113.2 °F) Rajshahi 30 May 1972[38]
Bhutan 40.0 °C (104.0 °F) Phuentsholing 27 August 1997[39]
Cambodia 42.6 °C (108.7 °F) Preah Vihear 15 April 2016[40]
China 50.5 °C (122.9 °F) Erbao Township, Turpan, Xinjiang 10 July 2017[41]
Hong Kong 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) Wetland Park 22 August 2017[22]
Macau 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) Coloane 22 August 2017[22]
India 51.0 °C (123.8 °F) Phalodi, Rajasthan 19 May 2016[42]
Indonesia 40.6 °C (105.1 °F) Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan 16 August 1997[43]
Iran 54 °C (129 °F) Ahvaz Airport (OIAW) 29 June 2017[30][44][45]
Iraq 53.8 °C (128.8 °F) Basra 22 July 2016[44][46]
Israel (then
Mandatory Palestine) 54 °C (129 °F) Tirat Zvi 21 June 1942[12][note 3]
Japan 41.1 °C (106.0 °F) Kumagaya, Saitama 23 July 2018[48]
Jordan 50 °C (122 °F) Jordan University Agriculture Research Center 6 September 2002[49]
Kazakhstan 49.1 °C (120.4 °F) Turkistan ?[50]
Kuwait 53.9 °C (129.0 °F) Mitribah 21 July 2016[51][note 4]
Kyrgyzstan 44.0 °C (111.2 °F) ? ?[52]
Laos 42.3 °C (108.1 °F) Seno 12 April 2016[40]
Malaysia 40.1 °C (104.2 °F) Chuping 9 April 1998[53]
Maldives 34.9 °C (94.8 °F) Hanimaadhoo 16 April 2016[40]
Mongolia 44.0 °C (111.2 °F) Khongor, Darkhan-Uul Province 24 July 1999[54]
Myanmar 47.2 °C (117.0 °F) Myinmu 14 May 2010[55][56]
Nepal 46.4 °C (115.5 °F) Ataria 16 June 1995[57]
Oman 50.8 °C (123.4 °F) Buraimi
Qurayyat July 1990
30 May 2017[58]
Pakistan 53.7 °C (128.7 °F) Mohenjo-Daro and Turbat 28 May 2017[59]
Philippines (first recorded under the
Insular Government) 42.2 °C (108.0 °F) Tuguegarao, Cagayan Valley 12 April 1912
Qatar 50.4 °C (122.7 °F) Doha 14 July 2010[21]
Russia (Siberia) (first in the
Russian Empire, then in the
Russian SFSR,
Soviet Union) 43.2 °C (109.8 °F) Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai 5 June 1898[61][62]
Saudi Arabia 52.0 °C (125.6 °F) Jeddah 23 June 2010[63]
Singapore 37.0 °C (98.6 °F) Tengah 17 April 1983[64]
South Korea 41.0 °C (105.8 °F) Hongcheon, Gangwon Province 1 August 2018[65]
Syria 49.4 °C (120.9 °F) ? ?[66]
Taiwan 40.3 °C (104.5 °F) Tianxiang, Hualien County 9 July 2018[17][67]
Tajikistan 48.0 °C (118.4 °F) Panji Poyon ?[68]
Thailand 44.6 °C (112.3 °F) Mae Hong Son 28 April 2016[40]
Turkey 49.0 °C (120.2 °F) Cizre, Şırnak Province 27 August 1961[69]
Turkmenistan (then the
Turkmen SSR,
Soviet Union) 50.1 °C (122.2 °F) Repetek Biosphere State Reserve, Karakum Desert 28 July 1983[70][71]
United Arab Emirates 52.1 °C (125.8 °F) Al Jazeera Border Gate July 2002[72][73]
Vietnam 43.4 °C (110.1 °F) Huong Khe District 20 April 2019[74]
EuropeEdit
Armenia 43.7 °C (110.7 °F) Meghri 1 August 2011[75][76]
Azerbaijan 46.0 °C (114.8 °F) Julfa and Ordubad ?[77]
Austria 40.5 °C (104.9 °F) Bad Deutsch-Altenburg 8 August 2013[78]
Belarus 38.9 °C (102.0 °F) Gomel 7 August 2010[21]
Belgium 41.8 °C (107.2 °F) Begijnendijk, Flemish Brabant[note 5] 25 July 2019[79]
Bosnia and Herzegovina (then
Austria–Hungary-occupied
Bosnia Vilayet,
Ottoman Empire) 46.2 °C (115.2 °F) Mostar 31 July 1901[80][81]
Bulgaria 45.2 °C (113.4 °F) Sadovo, Plovdiv Province 5 August 1916[82]
Croatia (then the
SR Croatia,
SFR Yugoslavia) 42.8 °C (109.0 °F) Ploče 5 August 1981[83]
Cyprus 46.2 °C (115.2 °F) Nicosia, Visitor Center Athalassa 4 September 2020[21]
Czech Republic 40.4 °C (104.7 °F) Dobřichovice, Prague-West District 20 August 2012[84]
Denmark 36.4 °C (97.5 °F) Holstebro, Midtjylland 10 August 1975[85]
Estonia 35.6 °C (96.1 °F) Võru 11 August 1992[86]
Finland 37.2 °C (99.0 °F) Joensuu Airport, Liperi 29 July 2010[87]
France 46.0 °C (114.8 °F) Vérargues, Hérault 28 June 2019[81]
Germany 41.2 °C (106.2 °F) Duisburg-Baerl, North Rhine-Westphalia and Tönisvorst, North Rhine-Westphalia[note 5] 25 July 2019[88]
Greece 48.0 °C (118.4 °F) Athens[note 6] 10 July 1977[90]
Hungary 41.9 °C (107.4 °F) Kiskunhalas 20 July 2007[91]
Iceland (then the
Kingdom of Iceland) 30.5 °C (86.9 °F) Teigarhorn, Djúpivogur 22 June 1939[92][93]
Ireland (then part of the
United Kingdom) 33.3 °C (91.9 °F) Kilkenny Castle, County Kilkenny 26 June 1887[94]
Italy 47.0 °C (116.6 °F) Foggia, Apulia 25 June 2007[95][96]
Latvia 37.8 °C (100.0 °F) Ventspils 4 August 2014[97]
Lithuania 37.5 °C (99.5 °F) Zarasai, Utena County 30 July 1994[98]
Luxembourg 40.8 °C (105.4 °F) Steinsel, Luxembourg[note 5] 25 July 2019[99]
Malta 43.8 °C (110.8 °F) Malta International Airport 9 August 1999[100][101]
Moldova 42.4 °C (108.3 °F) Fălești 7 August 2012[102]
Montenegro 44.8 °C (112.6 °F) Podgorica
Danilovgrad 16 August 2007
8 August 2012[103]
Netherlands 40.7 °C (105.3 °F) Gilze en Rijen[note 5][note 7] 25 July 2019[105]
North Macedonia 45.7 °C (114.3 °F) Demir Kapija, Demir Kapija 24 July 2007[106]
Norway 35.6 °C (96.1 °F) Nesbyen, Buskerud 20 June 1970[107]
Poland 40.2 °C (104.4 °F) Prószków[note 8] 29 July 1921[109]
Portugal 47.4 °C (117.3 °F) Amareleja, Beja 1 August 2003[110]
Romania 44.5 °C (112.1 °F) Ion Sion, Brăila County 10 August 1951[111]
Russia (in Europe) 45.4 °C (113.7 °F) Utta, Kalmykia 12 July 2010[112]
San Marino 40.3 °C (104.5 °F) Serravalle 3 August 2017
9 August 2017[22]
Serbia 44.9 °C (112.8 °F) Smederevska Palanka, Podunavlje 24 July 2007[113]
Slovakia 40.3 °C (104.5 °F) Hurbanovo 20 July 2007[114]
Slovenia 40.8 °C (105.4 °F) Cerklje ob Krki 8 August 2013[115]
Spain 47.3 °C (117.1 °F) Montoro, Cordoba (as Montoro Vega Armijo) 13 July 2017[81][116]
Sweden 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) Ultuna, Uppsala County
Målilla, Kalmar County 9 July 1933
29 June 1947[117]
Switzerland 41.5 °C (106.7 °F) Grono, Moesa District 11 August 2003[118]
Ukraine 42.0 °C (107.6 °F) Luhansk 12 August 2010[119]
United Kingdom 38.7 °C (101.7 °F) Cambridge, Cambridgeshire[note 5] 25 July 2019[120][121]
Vatican City 40.7 °C (105.3 °F) Vatican City 2 August 2017[22]
North AmericaEdit
Anguilla 34.2 °C (93.6 °F) The Valley 12 September 2015[122]
Antigua and Barbuda 34.9 °C (94.8 °F) V. C. Bird International Airport, St. John's 12 August 1995[123][124]
British Virgin Islands 35.0 °C (95.0 °F) Terrance B. Lettsome International Airport 22 July 2016[125]
Canada 45.0 °C (113.0 °F) Yellow Grass, Saskatchewan
Midale, Saskatchewan 5 July 1937[126]
Cayman Islands 34.9 °C (94.8 °F) Owen Roberts International Airport, Grand Cayman 21 August 2016[125]
Cuba 39.7 °C (103.5 °F) Veguitas (Granma Province) 12 April 2020[127]
Dominica 35.5 °C (95.9 °F) Canefield Airport 3 October 2015[122]
Dominican Republic 43.0 °C (109.4 °F) Mao 31 August 1954[128]
Greenland 30.1 °C (86.2 °F) Ivittuut 23 June 1915[129][130][131]
Guatemala 45.0 °C (113.0 °F) Estanzuela, Zacapa ?[132]
Martinique 36.5 °C (97.7 °F) Saint-Pierre 6 October 2010[133]
Mexico 52.0 °C (125.6 °F) Mexicali area 28 July 1995[134][135]
Panama 40.0 °C (104.0 °F) San Francisco 20 March 1998[136]
Puerto Rico 40.0 °C (104.0 °F) Mona Island 2 July 1996[137]
United States 56.7 °C (134 °F) Furnace Creek, Death Valley, California 10 July 1913[9][138][10]
United States Virgin Islands 37.2 °C (99 °F) Saint Thomas
Cruz Bay 4 August 1994 and 23 June 1996[137]
31 July 1988[137]
OceaniaEdit
Australia 50.7 °C (123.3 °F) Oodnadatta, South Australia[note 9] 2 January 1960[139][140][141]
Marshall Islands 35.6 °C (96.1 °F) Utirik Atoll 24 August 2016[125]
New Zealand 42.4 °C (108.3 °F) Rangiora, Canterbury /
Jordan, Marlborough (tied) 7 February 1973[142]
Palau 35.0 °C (95.0 °F) Koror 22 March 2018[143]
Samoa 35.3 °C (95.5 °F) Asau 24 December 1968[144]
Solomon Islands 36.1 °C (97.0 °F) Honiara, Guadalcanal Province 1 February 2010[21]
Tonga 35.5 °C (95.9 °F) Niuafoou 1 February 2016[125]
Vanuatu 36.2 °C (97.2 °F) Lamap Malekula 8 February 2016[125]
Wallis and Futuna 35.8 °C (96.4 °F) Futuna Airport 10 January 2016[125]
South AmericaEdit
Argentina 48.9 °C (120.0 °F) Rivadavia, Salta Province[note 10] 11 December 1905[139][145][146]
Bolivia 46.7 °C (116.1 °F) Villamontes, Tarija Department 29 October 2010[21][note 11]
Brazil 44.8 °C (112.6 °F) Nova Maringá, Mato Grosso 4 November 2020 and 5 November 2020[147]
Chile 44.9 °C (112.8 °F) Quillón, Biobio Region[note 12] 26 January 2017[148][149]
Colombia 45.0 °C (113.0 °F) Puerto Salgar, Cundinamarca 29 December 2015[150]
French Guiana 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni 27 September 2016[125]
Paraguay 45.0 °C (113.0 °F) Pratts Gill, Boquerón Department 14 November 2009[151]
Uruguay 44.0 °C (111.2 °F) Paysandú, Paysandú Department 20 January 1943[152][153]
Venezuela 43.6 °C (110.5 °F) Santa Ana de Coro, Falcón 29 April 2015[122]
Other high-temperature recordsEdit
Most consecutive days above 37.8 °C (100 °F): 160 days; Marble Bar, Western Australia from 31 October 1923 to 7 April 1924.[154]
Most consecutive days above 48.9 °C (120 °F): 43 days; Death Valley, California from 6 July through 17 August 1917.[155]
Highest natural ground surface temperature: 93.9 °C (201.0 °F), in Death Valley, California, 15 July 1972.[3] (Not verified)
Highest temperature during rain: 48.3 °C (119.0 °F) in Imperial, California, 24 July 2018[156] (Not verified)
Highest overnight low temperature: 44.2 °C (111.6 °F) at the Khasab weather station (WMO Index = 41241) in Oman on 17 June 2017.[157][note 13]
Highest minimum temperature for a 24-hour period and for a calendar day: 42.6 °C (108.7 °F) at Qurayyat, Oman on 25 June 2018.[159]
Highest average monthly temperature: 42.3 °C (108.1 °F), in Death Valley, California, for the month of July 2018.[160][161]
Highest temperature north of the Arctic Circle: Under investigation (possibly 38 °C (100 °F) in Verkhoyansk, Russia on 20 June 2020).[162]
HumidityEdit
Highest dew point temperature: A dew point of 35 °C (95 °F) — while the temperature was 42 °C (108 °F) — was observed at Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, at 3:00 p.m. on 8 July 2003.[163]
Highest temperature with 100% of relative humidity: A temperature of 34 °C (93 °F) with 100% of relative humidity in Jask, Iran, on July 21, 2012.[164]
ColdestEdit
Lowest temperatures recordedEdit
Algeria −13.8 °C (7.2 °F) Mécheria 28 January 2005[16]
Burkina Faso 5.0 °C (41.0 °F) Markoye January 1975[20]
Botswana −15.0 °C (5.0 °F) Tsabong ?[165]
Eswatini (Swaziland) −6.7 °C (19.9 °F) Big Bend ?[23]
Ghana 11.0 °C (51.8 °F) Kumasi, Tafo ?[166]
Guinea 2.5 °C (36.5 °F) Bareing 2 January 1982[167]
Lesotho −21.0 °C (−5.8 °F) ?[168]
Morocco (then the French protectorate in Morocco) −23.9 °C (−11.0 °F) Ifrane 11 February 1935[169]
Niger −2.4 °C (27.7 °F) Bilma 13 January 1995[25]
Réunion −5.0 °C (23.0 °F) Gite de Bellecome 10 September 1975[26]
South Africa −20.1 °C (−4.2 °F) Buffelsfontein, near Molteno, Eastern Cape 23 August 2013[170]
Sudan −1.0 °C (30.2 °F) Zalingei December 1961
January 1962[171]
Antarctica −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) Vostok Station 21 July 1983[139][172][173][note 14]
Dome A −82.7 °C (−116.9 °F) Dome A 16 June 2019[174][non-primary source needed]
South Pole −82.8 °C (−117.0 °F) Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station 23 June 1982[175]
Afghanistan −52.2 °C (−62.0 °F) Shahrak January 1964[37]
Armenia (then the
Armenian SSR,
Soviet Union) −42.0 °C (−43.6 °F) Paghakn and Ashocq 1961[75]
Azerbaijan −33.0 °C (−27.4 °F) Julfa and Ordubad ?[77]
Bangladesh 1.1 °C (34.0 °F) Dinajpur 3 February 1905[176]
China −58.0 °C (−72.4 °F) Genhe, Inner Mongolia 31 December 2009[177]
Cambodia 7.0 °C (44.6 °F) Mondolkiri, Ratanakkiri and Preah Vihear 29 January 2007[178]
Hong Kong −6.0 °C (21.2 °F) Tai Mo Shan 24 January 2016[179]
India −60.0 °C (−76.0 °F) Dras, Jammu and Kashmir 9 January 1995[180][181]
Indonesia −9.0 °C (15.8 °F) Dieng Plateau 24 June 2019[182]
Iran −36.0 °C (−32.8 °F) Saqqez 1972[183]
Israel −14.2 °C (6.4 °F) Merom Golan 10 January 2015[184]
Japan −41.0 °C (−41.8 °F) Asahikawa, Hokkaidō 25 January 1902[48]
Jordan −16.0 °C (3.2 °F) Shoubak 15 December 2013[49]
Kazakhstan −57.0 °C (−70.6 °F) Atbasar ?[50]
Kuwait −4.8 °C (23.4 °F) Salmy 3 January 2009[185][186]
Kyrgyzstan −53.6 °C (−64.5 °F) Fergana Valley ?[52]
Malaysia 7.8 °C (46.0 °F) Cameron Highlands 1 February 1978[53]
Maldives 17.2 °C (63.0 °F) Hulhulé Island, located at Ibrahim Nasir International Airport 11 April 1978[187]
Mongolia −55.3 °C (−67.5 °F) Züüngovi, Uvs Province 31 December 1976[54][188]
Myanmar −6.0 °C (21.2 °F) Hakha 30 December 1990[189]
Nepal −45 °C (−49 °F) Sagarmantha ?[57]
North Korea (then Japanese Korea) −43.6 °C (−46.5 °F) Chunggangjin 12 January 1933[190]
Pakistan −24 °C (−11 °F) Skardu 7 January 1995[191]
Philippines 6.3 °C (43.3 °F) Baguio 18 January 1961[60][192] [note 15]
Qatar 1.5 °C (34.7 °F) Abu Samra 5 February 2017[22]
Soviet Union) −67.8 °C (−90.0 °F) Verkhoyansk and
Oymyakon, both in Sakha Republic 7 February 1892
6 February 1933[194]
Saudi Arabia −12.0 °C (10.4 °F) Turaif ?[195]
Singapore 19.0 °C (66.2 °F) Paya Lebar 14 February 1989[64]
South Korea −32.6 °C (−26.7 °F) Yangpyeong 5 January 1981[196]
Syria −23.0 °C (−9.4 °F) Idlib January 1951[197]
Taiwan −18.4 °C (−1.1 °F) Yushan 31 January 1970[198]
Thailand −1.4 °C (29.5 °F) Sakon Nakhon 2 January 1974[199]
Turkey −46.4 °C (−51.5 °F) Çaldıran, Van Province 9 January 1990[69]
Turkmenistan −36.0 °C (−32.8 °F) Daşoguz Region ?[70]
United Arab Emirates −5.4 °C (22.3 °F) Jebel Jais 3 February 2017[22]
Vietnam (then DR Vietnam) −6.1 °C (21.0 °F) Sa Pa 4 January 1974[200]
Albania −25.8 °C (−14.4 °F) ? ?[201]
Austria −52.6 °C (−62.7 °F) Grünloch doline 19 February 1932[202]
Belarus (then the
Byelorussian SSR,
Soviet Union) −42.2 °C (−44.0 °F) Slavnom, Vitsebsk Voblast 17 January 1940[203]
Belgium −30.1 °C (−22.2 °F) Valley of the Lesse in Rochefort 20 January 1940[204]
Bosnia and Herzegovina (then the
SR Bosnia and Herzegovina,
SFR Yugoslavia) −42.5 °C (−44.5 °F) Igman in Sarajevo Canton 24 January 1963[205]
Bulgaria −38.3 °C (−36.9 °F) Tran 25 January 1947[82]
Croatia −34.6 °C (−30.3 °F) Gračac 13 January 2003[206][note 16]
Cyprus −12.8 °C (9.0 °F) Trikoukia, Prodromos January 1964[207]
Czech Republic (then part of
Czechoslovakia) −42.2 °C (−44.0 °F) Litvínovice 11 February 1929[84]
Denmark −31.2 °C (−24.2 °F) Thisted Municipality, North Denmark Region 8 January 1982[85]
Estonia −43.5 °C (−46.3 °F) Jõgeva, Jõgeva County 17 January 1940[86]
Finland −51.5 °C (−60.7 °F) Pokka, Kittilä, Lapland 28 January 1999[87][208]
France −41.0 °C (−41.8 °F) Mouthe, Doubs 17 January 1985[209]
Germany −45.9 °C (−50.6 °F) Funtensee, Berchtesgadener Land, Bavaria 24 December 2001[210]
Greece −27.8 °C (−18.0 °F) Ptolemaida 27 January 1963 [211]
Hungary −35.0 °C (−31.0 °F) Görömbölytapolca 16 February 1940[91]
Iceland (then
Danish Iceland) −37.9 °C (−36.2 °F) Grímsstaðir 21 January 1918[92]
United Kingdom) −19.1 °C (−2.4 °F) Markree Castle, County Sligo 16 January 1881[94]
Italy −49.6 °C (−57.3 °F) Busa Fradusta, Pale di San Martino 10 February 2013[212]
Latvia −43.2 °C (−45.8 °F) Daugavpils 8 February 1956[97]
Lithuania −42.9 °C (−45.2 °F) Utena, Utena County 1 February 1956[98]
Malta 1.4 °C (34.5 °F) Malta International Airport 29 January 1981[100][101]
Moldova −35.5 °C (−31.9 °F) Brătușeni, Edineț District 20 January 1963[102]
Netherlands (then Nazi-occupied Netherlands) −27.4 °C (−17.3 °F) Winterswijk 27 January 1942[213]
North Macedonia (then the
SR Macedonia,
SFR Yugoslavia) −31.5 °C (−24.7 °F) Berovo, Berovo Municipality 27 January 1954[214]
Norway (then part of
Sweden–Norway) −51.4 °C (−60.5 °F) Karasjok, Finnmark 1 January 1886[107]
Poland (then
Soviet-occupied Poland) −41.0 °C (−41.8 °F) Siedlce, Masovian Voivodeship 11 January 1940[109]
Portugal −16.0 °C (3.2 °F) Penhas da Saúde, Covilhã Municipality
Miranda do Douro 16 January 1945 and 5 February 1954[215]
Romania −38.5 °C (−37.3 °F) Bod, Braşov County 25 January 1942[216]
European Russia (then the
Soviet Union) −58.1 °C (−72.6 °F) Ust' Shchugor, Komi Republic 31 December 1978[90]
Serbia −39.8 °C (−39.6 °F) Karajukica Bunari, Zlatibor District 26 January 2006[217]
Slovakia (then
Czechoslovakia) −41.0 °C (−41.8 °F) Vígľaš-Pstruša 11 February 1929[114]
Slovenia (then
SR Slovenia,
SFR Yugoslavia) −34.5 °C (−30.1 °F) Babno Polje 15 February 1956
13 January 1968[note 17][218]
Spain −35.8 °C (−32.4 °F) Vega de Liordes (Province of León) 7 January 2021[219][220]
Sweden −52.6 °C (−62.7 °F) Vuoggatjålme, Lappland 2 February 1966[117]
Switzerland −41.8 °C (−43.2 °F) La Brévine 12 January 1987[118]
Ukraine (then the
Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic,
Soviet Union) −41.9 °C (−43.4 °F) Luhansk 8 January 1935[119][221]
United Kingdom −27.2 °C (−17.0 °F) Braemar, Aberdeenshire
Altnaharra, Sutherland 11 February 1895
30 December 1995[121]
Antigua and Barbuda 16.1 °C (61.0 °F) V. C. Bird International Airport, Antigua 31 December 1974 and 28 January 1976[123][124]
Canada −63.0 °C (−81.4 °F) Snag, Yukon 3 February 1947[172][222]
Cayman Islands 11.1 °C (52.0 °F) Owen Roberts International Airport, Grand Cayman ?[223]
Cuba 0.6 °C (33.1 °F) Bainoa, Mayabeque Province 18 February 1996<[224]
Dominican Republic −7.0 °C (19.4 °F) Valle Nuevo, La Vega Province 17 January 1983[225]
Greenland −69.6 °C (−93.3 °F) Klinck Automated Weather Station, Greenland Ice Sheet 22 December 1991[162]
Guatemala −11.5 °C (11.3 °F) Olintepeque, Quetzaltenango Department ?[132]
Martinique 14.1 °C (57.4 °F) Le Lamentin 25 December 1964[133]
Panama 2.0 °C (35.6 °F) Bajo Grande, Chiriquí Province 20 February 1995[136]
Puerto Rico 4.4 °C (40 °F) Aibonito
San Sebastian 9 March 1911
24 January 1966[137]
US Virgin Islands 10.6 °C (51 °F) Anna's Hope, Saint Croix 31 January 1954[137]
Alaska) −62.2 °C (−80 °F) Prospect Creek, Alaska 23 January 1971[226]
(contiguous) −56.7 °C (−70 °F) Rogers Pass, Montana 20 January 1954[227]
Argentina −32.8 °C (−27.0 °F) Sarmiento, Chubut Province 1 June 1907[228][note 18]
Brazil −14.0 °C (6.8 °F) Caçador, Santa Catarina 11 June 1952[229][230]
Colombia −11.0 °C (12.2 °F) Páramo de Berlín, Tona, Santander 11 December 1974[231]
Curacao 18.9 °C (66.0 °F) Willemstad 12 December 2017[232]
French Guiana 16.9 °C (62.4 °F) Maripasoula 23 January 1964[233]
Paraguay −7.5 °C (18.5 °F) Pratts Gill, Boquerón Department 13 July 2000[234]
Peru −25.2 °C (−13.4 °F) Mazo Cruz, Puno Region 30 June 1966[235]
Uruguay −11.0 °C (12.2 °F) Melo, Cerro Largo Department 14 June 1967[152][153]
Australia −23.0 °C (−9.4 °F) Charlotte Pass, New South Wales 29 June 1994[140]
Hawaii) −11.1 °C (12.0 °F) Mauna Kea, Hawaii 17 May 1979[236]
New Zealand −25.6 °C (−14.1 °F) Ranfurly, Central Otago 18 July 1903[237]
Samoa 11.1 °C (52.0 °F) Afiamalu 29 September 1971[144]
Solomon Islands 17.0 °C (62.6 °F) Rennell
Tingoa Early June 2016
Other low-temperature recordsEdit
Coldest summer (month of July in the Northern Hemisphere): −33 °C (−27.4 °F); Summit Camp, Greenland on 4 July 2017.[239]
Lowest temperature in the Northern Hemisphere: −69.6 °C (−93.3 °F); Greenland Ice Sheet, Greenland on 22 December 1991.[162]
Record extreme temperature differencesEdit
Greatest 2-minute temperature increase: 27 °C (49 °F), from −20 °C (−4 °F) to 7 °C (45 °F); Spearfish, South Dakota, on 22 January 1943.[172]
Greatest 24-hour temperature increase: +57 °C (+102.6 °F), from −48 °C (−54 °F) to 9 °C (48 °F); Loma, Montana, on 15 January 1972.[240]
Fastest temperature drop: 27.2 °C (49 °F) in 5 minutes; Rapid City, South Dakota, 10 January 1911.[172]
Largest temperature range ever in 1 area: 105.8 °C (190.4 °F), from −67.8 °C (−90.0 °F) on 15 January 1885, 5,7 February 1892 to 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) on 20 June 2020; Verhoyansk, Sakha Republic, Russia[241][242][243][244]
PrecipitationEdit
Least per year (locale): 0.2 millimetres (0.008 in) per year or less, Quillagua, Antofagasta Region, Chile.[245]
RainEdit
Most in one minute: 31.2 mm (1.23 in). 4 July 1956. Unionville, Frederick County, Maryland.[90]
Most in one hour: 305 mm (12.0 in) in 60 minutes. Holt, Missouri, United States, 22 June 1947.[90]
Most in 12 hours (1/2-day): 1,144 mm (45.0 in); Cilaos, Réunion, 8 January 1966, during Tropical Cyclone Denise.[90]
Most in 24 hours (1 day): 1,825 mm (71.9 in); Cilaos, Réunion, 7–8 January 1966, during Tropical Cyclone Denise.[90]
Most in 48 hours (2 days): 2,493 mm (98.1 in); Cherrapunji, Meghalaya, India, 15–16 June 1995.[90]
Most in 72 hours (3 days): 3,929 mm (154.7 in); Commerson, Réunion, 24–26 February 2007, during Cyclone Gamede.[90]
Most in one year: 26,470 mm (1,042 in); Cherrapunji, Meghalaya, India, 1860–1861.[90]
Most from a single tropical storm: 6,433 mm (253.3 in); Commerson, Réunion, during Cyclone Hyacinthe in January 1980.
Highest average annual total (observed over 10 years): 11,872 mm (467.4 in) (over 38 years) and 12,701 mm (500.0 in) (1998–2010); Mawsynram, Meghalaya, India or 13,466 mm (530.2 in) (1980–2011); López de Micay, Cauca, Colombia.[90][246]
Most consecutive days with measurable rain a day with at least 0.01 inches (0.25 mm) of rainfall: 331 days in Oahu, Hawaii[247]
SnowEdit
Most in a 24-hour period: 230 centimetres (90.6 in) of snow on Mount Ibuki, Japan on 14 February 1927.[248]
Most in one calendar month: 9.91 meters (390 inches) of snow fell in Tamarack, California in January 1911, leading to a snow depth in March of 11.46 meters (451 inches) (greatest measured in North America).[249][250]
Most in one season (1 July – 30 June): 29.0 meters, (95 ft); Mount Baker, Washington, United States, 1998 through 1999.[249]
Most in one-year period: 31.5 meters (102 ft); Mount Rainier, Washington, United States, 19 February 1971 to 18 February 1972.[172]
Deepest snowfall recorded: 11.82 meters (38.8 ft) on Mt. Ibuki, Japan on 14 February 1927.[251]
Wind speedsEdit
Fastest ever recorded: 484±32 km/h (301±20 mph) 3-second gust; Observed by a DOW (Doppler On Wheels) radar unit in a tornado between Oklahoma City and Moore, Oklahoma on 3 May 1999.[252]
Fastest recorded with an anemometer: 113.2 m/s or 407 km/h (253 mph) 3-second gust; one of five extreme gusts during a series of 5-min time periods; Barrow Island (Western Australia), 10 April 1996, during Cyclone Olivia.[253][254]
Fastest recorded with an anemometer outside a tropical cyclone: 372 km/h (231 mph) sustained 1-minute average; Mount Washington, New Hampshire, 12 April 1934.[253][254]
Fastest daily average: 174 km/h (108 mph); Port Martin (Adélie Land), Antarctica, 24-hour period from 21 March 1951 to 22 March 1951.[172]
TornadoesEdit
Main article: Tornado records
The Tri-State Tornado holds many records, including the longest known tornado track, fastest speed for a significant tornado, and the deadliest tornado outside of Bangladesh.
Deadliest in historyEdit
On Earth: Approximately 1,300 deaths (Daulatpur–Saturia tornado); Manikganj District, Bangladesh on 26 April 1989.[255]
In North America: 695 deaths (Tri-State Tornado); Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, United States, 18 March 1925.[172]
In Europe: 600 or more (Grand Harbour Tornado); Valletta, Malta, 23 September 1551 or 1556 (sources conflict).[256]
In South America: 63 deaths, San Justo, Santa Fe, Argentina, 10 January 1973.[257]
In Australia: Three deaths, Kin Kin, Queensland tornado, 14 August 1971.[258]
OutbreaksEdit
Largest and most severe: The 2011 Super Outbreak: 207 confirmed tornadoes occurred in a span of 24 hours, with a total of 337 occurring throughout the duration of the outbreak. They affected six US states, and included 11 rated EF4 and 4 rated EF5.[259]
Tropical cyclonesEdit
Main article: List of tropical cyclone records
Most intense (by minimum surface air pressure)Edit
Most intense ever recorded: 870 hPa (25.69 inHg); eye of Super Typhoon Tip over the northwest Pacific Ocean, 12 October 1979.[172]
Most intense in the Western Hemisphere: 872 hPa (25.75 inHg); eye of Hurricane Patricia over the eastern Pacific Ocean, 23 October 2015.[260]
Most intense ever recorded on land: 892 hPa (26.35 inHg); Craig Key, Florida, United States, eye of the Labor Day Hurricane, 2 September 1935. While other landfalling tropical cyclones potentially had lower pressures, data is vague from areas other than the Atlantic basin, especially before the invention of weather satellites.[261]
Most intense landfall (estimated): 884 hPa (26.10 inHg); Rakiraki District, Viti Levu, Fiji, during Cyclone Winston, 20 February 2016. Although no official land pressure readings were recorded at the landfall site, it is estimated the Winston made landfall with the aforementioned pressure.[262]
Most precipitationEdit
Main article: List of wettest tropical cyclones
Most precipitation from a single tropical storm: 6,433 mm (253.3 in); Commerson, Réunion, during Cyclone Hyacinthe in January 1980.
Other severe weatherEdit
A picture of the Aurora, Nebraska hailstone, measured at 47.6 cm (18.75 in) in circumference
HailEdit
Main article: List of costly or deadly hailstorms
Heaviest officially recorded: 1.02 kg (2.25 lb); Gopalganj District, Bangladesh, 14 April 1986.[263]
Largest diameter officially measured: 20 cm (8.0 in) diameter, 47.3 cm (18.625 in) circumference; Vivian, South Dakota, 23 July 2010.[264]
Largest circumference officially measured: 47.6 cm (18.75 in) circumference, 17.8 cm (7.0 in) diameter; Aurora, Nebraska, 22 June 2003.[263][265]
LightningEdit
Longest lightning bolt: 709 km (441 mi) on 31 October 2018 in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil.[266]
Longest duration for a single lightning flash: 16.7 seconds on 4 March 2019 in Argentina.[266]
Ultraviolet indexEdit
Highest ultraviolet index measured: On 29 December 2003, a UV index of 43.3 was detected at Chile/Bolivia's Licancabur volcano, at 19,423 feet (5,920 m) altitude. A light-skinned individual in such conditions may experience moderate sunburn in as little as 4 minutes.[267]
Other categoriesEdit
See also: List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe
Highest air pressure ever recorded [above 750 meters (2,461 feet)]: 1,084.8 hPa (32.03 inHg); Tosontsengel, Khövsgöl Province, Mongolia, 19 December 2001.[268] This is the equivalent sea-level pressure; Tosontsengel is located at 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) above sea level. The highest adjusted-to-sea-level barometric pressure ever recorded (below 750 meters) was at Agata, Evenhiyskiy, Russia (66°53'N, 93°28'E, elevation: 261 m (856.3 ft)) on 31 December 1968 of 1,083.3 hectopascals (hPa) (31.99 inHg).[269] The discrimination is due to the problematic assumptions (assuming a standard lapse rate) associated with reduction of sea level from high elevations.[268][269]
2013 extreme weather events
Extremes on Earth
List of countries by extreme temperatures
List of extreme temperatures in Canada
List of snowiest places in the United States by state
U.S. state and territory temperature extremes
United Kingdom weather records
Weather extremes in Canada
^ A reading of 50.1 °C (122.2 °F) in Vioolsdrif on 28 November 2019 was declared invalid by the South African Weather Service.[28]
^ According to Christopher Burt, Africa's hottest reliably measured temperature is 50.7 °C (123.3 °F) at Semara, Western Sahara on 13 July 1961.[30] This value was surpassed on 5 July 2018 when 51.3 °C (124.3 °F) was recorded at Ouargla, Algeria.[17]
^ The temperature has been reported as 54 °C (129 °F), however weather historian Christopher Burt argues that the thermograph trace was misread.[47]
^ According to the World Meteorological Organization, the reported temperature is the highest recorded in Asia.[51]
^ a b c d e Part of the July 2019 European heat wave
^ Considered controversial by many climatologists, blaming local bushfires as the primary reason.[89]
^ A disputed record temperature of 42.9 °C (109.2 °F) was measured on 24 July 2019 in Deelen, Gelderland.[104]
^ Record measured on German territory at that time: Proskau, Landkreis Oppeln, Oberschlesien (now Prószków, Opole Voivodeship). The record in Poland proper at that time was attained on the same day by the village of Zbiersk at 40.0 °C.[108]
^ On 16 January 1889, a temperature of 53 °C (128 °F) was recorded at Cloncurry, Queensland. It was measured with a non-standard thermometer, so it is unknown if this reading was valid or not.[139] The reading is not recognised by Australia's Bureau of Meteorology.[140]
^ According to Christopher Burt, South America's hottest reliably measured temperature is 47.3 °C (117.1 °F) at Campo Gallo, Argentina on 16 October 1936.[30]
^ Temperature reached on multiple occasions; this is the most recent.
^ This record is disputed because of the forest fires that occurred around the town of Quillón. It is highly probable those fires have influenced this record.
^ The former world record was 43.3 °C (110 °F) set on 5 July 1918, in Death Valley, California.[158]
^ This temperature is considered the lowest ever officially recorded in Antarctica and in the World, as it was perceived by ground-positioned thermometers in 1983. Satellite analyses made on 10 August 2010 pointed to a temperature of −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) near Dome F in Queen Maud Land, but this record is not officially listed because it was measured by remote sensing methods that are not totally consistent, unlike the 1983 temperature. See Lowest temperature recorded on Earth for details.
^ It is reported by local news outlet that temperatures Mount Pulag which is 2,926 meters above sea level plunges to as low as −2.0 °C (28.4 °F) although it was not verifiable.[193]
^ A reading of −35.5 °C (−31.9 °F) in Čakovec on 3 February 1929 and −36.0 °C (−32.8 °F) in Gospić were not measured under standard conditions and are not considered to be official record lows in Croatia.[206]
^ The lowest unofficially measured temperature in Slovenia was recorded at Komna on 9 January 2009 and reached −49 °C (−56 °F).
^ the Servicio Meteorologico Nacional, Argentina's national meteorological organization, reports a record low of −39 °C (−38 °F) in a high mountain valley of Río de los Patos, but this is not recognized by the World Meteorological Organization.[30]
^ NOAA lists the highest temperature ever recorded (pending confirmation) as 18.3 °C (64.9 °F) at Esperanza Base. This Seymour Island temperature is not regarded as such, with no mention.[31]
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^ "Погода в Верхоянске. Температура воздуха и осадки. Февраль 1892 г." pogodaiklimat.ru. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
^ "Погода в Верхоянске. Температура воздуха и осадки. Июль 1988 г." pogodaiklimat.ru. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
^ "Greatest temperature range on Earth". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
^ Christopher C. Burt. "Time to Update World's Driest and Wettest Locations?". Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 29 March 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
^ Christopher Burt, New Wettest Place on Earth Discovered?, 18 March 2013
^ "Where It Rained for 331 Days in a Row in the U.S." The Weather Channel.
^ Fritz, Angela (11 March 2015). "World record? 100 inches of snow may have clobbered Italy in 18 hours, review pending". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 31 December 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
^ a b Burt, Christopher (2004), Extreme Weather: A Guide and Record Book, W.W. Norton & Co., p. 77, ISBN 978-0-393-32658-1
^ Frank H. Forrester, 1001 Questions Answered about the Weather (ISBN 0486242188), page 235: "The greatest amount of snowfall for a calendar month occurred at Tamarack, California, in January, 1911–390 inches."
^ "News". The Weather Channel. 10 February 2015. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
^ Center for Severe Weather Research (2006). "Doppler On Wheels". Archived from the original on 5 February 2007. Retrieved 18 February 2007.
^ a b "World: Maximum Surface Wind Gust (3-Second)". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
^ a b "Info note No.58 – World Record Wind Gust: 408 km/h". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
^ "Tornadoes in Bangladesh". Tornadoproject.com. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
^ "Research: Tornado Extremes". TORRO. Archived from the original on 14 August 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
^ " "A 39 años del tornado en San Justo, el único F5 en toda Sudamérica y Latinoamérica". Uno Santa Fe. Retrieved 18 March 2014. [permanent dead link]
^ National Climate Centre. "Australian Climate Extremes-Storm". BOM. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
^ World: Largest tornado Outbreak Archived 26 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine at the World Meteorological Organization website
^ "Catastrophic Landfall Expected in Mexico Friday; Patricia Becomes Strongest Hurricane Ever Recorded". weather.com. Archived from the original on 23 October 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
^ American Meteorological Society, Journal of Climate, 15 August 2014, A Reanalysis of the 1931–43 Atlantic Hurricane Database Archived 4 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Landsea et al., pg. 6114
^ Diamond, Howard (5 July 2017). "Southwest Pacific Enhanced Archive for Tropical Cyclones (SPEArTC)". Archived from the original on 18 June 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
^ a b "Appendix I – Weather Extremes" (PDF). San Diego, California: National Weather Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
^ NWS (30 July 2010). "Record Setting Hail Event in Vivian, South Dakota on July 23, 2010". Aberdeen, South Dakota: National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 3 August 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
^ "Largest Hailstone in U.S. History Found". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 20 April 2010. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
^ a b https://twitter.com/WMO/status/1276421687081340928
^ "Blazing World Record: Strongest UV Rays Measured in South America". LiveScience.com. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
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National Climate Extremes Committee
Global Weather & Climate Extremes (Arizona State University)
Weather and Climate Extremes from US Army Corps of Engineers
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_weather_records&oldid=1000805997"


Elizabeth Stark is CEO and Co-founder of Lightning Labs, a decentralized second layer for scaling blockchain transactions. She's also a fellow at Coin Center and she previously taught courses at Stanford and Yale on the future of the internet.
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text:
[Main README](../README.md)

# DEPLOYMENT
#### THIS DEPLOYMENT IS SUBJECT TO BE CHANGED

Once we merge into `develop`, it will be sent to **tavis-ci** to run test and if it pass, it will be then is automatically build and deployed to [signsfive-web-staging](https://signsfive-web-staging.herokuapp.com).

Then we need to version the app, we can do that by run `npm version patch|minor|major`

Depending on scope of updates - but we follow [Semantic Versioning](https://docs.npmjs.com/getting-started/semantic-versioning).

- `patch` - minor code changes, documenation updates, or bugfixes
- `minor` - new feature that does not break existing features
- `major` - huge codebase changes, features that breaks backward compaitablity.

Next, once we finish bump version and make **pull request**, and once that approves - merge it. We also will need to request manual build and deploy into production.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
«Манче́го» ( — «ламанчский») — испанский твёрдый сыр из пастеризованного овечьего молока. Производится из молока овец породы манчега исключительно в Кастилии — Ла-Манче (строго в провинциях Толедо, Сьюдад-Реаль, Куэнка и Альбасете). В промышленном производстве сыра манчего используется пастеризованное молоко. Фермерский сыр, изготавливаемый частными зарегистрированными хозяйствами, производится из сырого молока. Минимальное время созревания составляет 60 дней. Цилиндрическая головка сыра с узнаваемой ребристой корочкой тёмного цвета с зигзагообразным узором весит 1-2 килограмма. Сыр имеет плотную структуру, обычно белого или светло-желтоватого цвета. В зависимости от времени созревания сыр имеет нежный, свежий кисловатый или насыщенный вкус. Различают свежий манчего (3-4 месяца созревания) и зрелый, старый (до 1 года). Сыр манчего имеет давние традиции и упоминается Сервантесом в «Дон Кихоте Ламанчском».

Литература

Ссылки
 Официальный сайт
 Манчего на сайте Cheese from Spain
 Сыр манчего на Официальном туристическом портале Испании
 Испанский сыр манчего признан лучшим в мире
 Манчего на сайте Quesos.com

Испанские сыры
Твёрдые сыры
Сыры из овечьего молока

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


gbtimes visits the construction site of the Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center and takes a glimpse into Athens' future.
With the crisis still biting hard, new construction in Athens has virtually ground to a halt. However, if you head south from the city center, upon reaching the seafront, you will see a forest of busy cranes hovering over what used to be a defunct horse race track.
What is being built here is not another mall or office complex but a new National Library and Opera house, enveloped in an artificial hill and surrounded by a 17-hectar park. The whole complex which is conceived of as a modern era sanctuary for culture and the arts bears the signature of Italian starchitect Renzo Piano.
Greece's public finances may be in a dire state, but this megaproject has been masterminded by a private organization, the Stavros Niarchos Foundation, which pays the full 566 million euro price tag. Once complete, ownership of the new Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center (SNFCC) will be transferred to the Greek state.
Since December 2011, when construction began, works are proceeding smoothly and the completion date is set for late 2015.
Renzo Piano, famous for buildings like the Centre George Pompidou in Paris and The Shard in London, has envisioned an artificial hill which will offer breathtaking views over the sea on one side, and the city on the other side, with the Acropolis looming in the horizon. By covering the new buildings with a green roof, the architect creates an extensive park that is badly needed in a densely-built city as Athens.
The Stavros Niarchos Park will be a destination in its own right. A "Great Lawn" located in its very center, will serve as an open space for large gatherings, concerts and film projections.
The lawn will be surrounded by a maze of alleyways lined with pine and olive trees and intersecting with smaller paths. Landscapist Deborah Nevis has chosen a wide array of Mediterranean plants, that are best suited to the area's climatic conditions and are reminiscent of Attica's historical landscape. School groups will be invited to learn about native species like boxwood, cistus and lentisc and herbs like salvia, oregano, thyme, lavender, and rosemary.
The new park will be connected to the seafront by an esplanade and will be flanked by a wide canal that will serve as an anti-flooding precaution and will offer a beautiful promenade, right next to the new opera and library buildings.
Ever since the mid-nineteenth century, the National Library of Greece has been housed in an imposing building in the center of the city. However, its acute lack of space means that this important cultural institution cannot provide the services expected from it. Currently, only researchers have access to its rich collections and the library is off-limits to the wider public.
This is bound to change. The 22,000 m² building that is being constructed will open up the National Library to everyone. An imposing tower of books, three stories tall and visible from afar, will symbolize the new Library's all-inclusive nature. Media labs, a video-gaming zone, radio production and recording studios, and a business center will cater to different needs. At the same time, the library's precious collections, consisting of around 4.500 manuscripts and important historical archives will be safely kept in optimal conditions.
Next to the library, a new opera house is gradually rising from the ground. Despite being the home city of Maria Callas, Athens lacked a proper opera house until now. Ever since 1958, the Greek National Opera has been housed in a rented theater with limited capacities.
The new venue will feature two halls with a capacity of 1,400 and 400 seats. The main auditorium will be capable of staging everything from ballet, musicals and concerts to theater performances and the most demanding opera productions. The smaller "black box" theater featuring a modular scene will be used for experimental productions.
Thanks to the use of modern technologies, selected spectacles will be live-streamed to the park's outdoor theater and to other Greek cities. The opera's premises will be complete with a dance school.
Environmentally sound practices are implemented in every aspect of construction work and the future operation of the SNFCC. Project advisor Panos Papoulias says to gbtimes that the ultimate goal is to earn the Platinum Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification, a distinction that has been achieved by just a handful of megaprojects around the world.
This effort is best illustrated by a giant (100m x 100m) photovoltaic energy canopy that will hover fourteen meters over the hill's summit and will cover most of the SNFCC's energy needs. Supported by 40colossal pillars and crowned by a huge mast, once complete, the canopy will resemble a giant ship ready to sail off into the Aegean.
The Acropolis and Lycabettus hill as seen from the construction site.
The artificial hill will offer a breathtaking view over Faliro bay.
Construction works are proceeding smoothly and the project will be delivered as scheduled.
The new cultural centre is buing built in a plot of land formerly occupied by a horse racing track.
A canal flanking the eastern side of the park will act as a natural anti-flooding measure.
The new park hopes to become a favourite leisure option for Athenians.
A photovoltaic canopy dominating the new building will fully cover its energy needs.
The library will offer great views over the city and the sea.


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Directions: This endorsement is required for driving a vehicle with air brakes. To receive this endorsement, applicants must pass a written test. The test consists of 25 multiple choice questions. Each question has four answer choices. To pass, the applicant must answer at least 20 questions correctly. Test questions come from the West Virginia Commercial Driver's License Manual. Questions come from the chapter covering: Air Brakes. The Air Brakes endorsement may be used with the Class A, B or C CDL.
How many air storage tanks are used in an air brake system?
Air storage tanks are used to hold compressed air. The number and size of air tanks in an air brake system varies among vehicles.


text:
is an institution of higher learning in Nonoichi City, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. It is often called KIT, or  for short.

It is known for its unique educational policy that attaches importance to initiative of students. One of the examples is , coined from yume (dream), kō (thought, to think) and kōbō (workshop), where students take parts in their projects and research on solar cars, universal design, etc.

Programs

Undergraduate programs
College of Engineering (6 Departments)
College of Environmental Engineering and Architecture (5 Departments)
College of Informatics and Human Communication (4 Departments)

Graduate programs
Mechanical Engineering
Civil and Environmental Engineering
Information and Computer Engineering
Electrical Engineering and Electronics
System Design Engineering
Material Design Engineering
Architecture
Material Engineering
System for Intellectual Creation
Clinical Psychology

Educational institutions established in 1965
Research institutes in Japan
Technical universities and colleges in Japan
Engineering universities and colleges in Japan
Universities and colleges in Ishikawa Prefecture
American football in Japan
1965 establishments in Japan
Nonoichi, Ishikawa