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Welcome to Your Brain: Why You Lose Your Car Keys but Never Forget How to Drive and Other Puzzles of Everyday Life
Von Sandra Aamodt und Sam Wang
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Bloomsbury USA
Does drinking really kill brain cells? Does listening to Mozart make your baby smarter? For all the mileage we've gotten from our own brains, most of us have essentially no idea how they work. We're easily susceptible to myths (like the "fact" that we use only 10% of our brains) and misconceptions (like the ones perpetrated by most Hollywood movies), probably because we've never known where to turn for the truth.
But neurologists Sandra Aamodt and Sam Wang are glad to help. In this funny, accessible book, we get a guided tour of our own minds, what they're made of, how they work, and how they can go wrong. Along the way, we get a host of diagrams, quizzes, and "cocktail party tips" that shed light on the questions we nag each other about. (Can a head injury make you forget your own name? Are dolphins smarter than chimpanzees?)
Fun and surprisingly engrossing, Welcome to Your Brain shows you how your brain works, and how you can make it work better.
Sandra Aamodt
Sandra Aamodt is the former Editor-in-Chief of Nature Neuroscience, the top journal in the field of brain research. Her writing has appeared in The Times, among others. With Sam Wang, she is co-author of the award-winning Welcome to Your Brain.
Zugehörige Autoren
Frances E. Jensen
Jamie Wheal
Hiyoko Imai
Scott G. Halford
Steve Brusatte
BJ Fogg
Adrienne Brodeur
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Buchvorschau
Welcome to Your Brain - Sandra Aamodt
Welcome to Your Brain
Why You Lose Your Car Keys but Never Forget How to Drive and Other Puzzles of Everyday Life
Sandra Aamodt, ph.D. and Sam Wang, ph.D.
www.bloomsburyusa.com
From Sandra, to Ken and Aquila
From Sam, to Dad, Becca, and Vita
Quiz How Well Do You Know Your Brain?
Introduction Your Brain: A User's Guide
Part 1—Your Brain and the World
Chapter 1 Can You Trust Your Brain?
Chapter 2 Gray Matter and the Silver Screen: Popular Metaphors of How the Brain Works
Chapter 3 Thinking Meat: Neurons and Synapses
Chapter 4 Fascinating Rhythms: Biological Clocks and Jet Lag
Chapter 5 Bring Your Swimsuit: Weight Regulation
Part 2—Coming to Your Senses
Chapter 6 Looking Out for Yourself: Vision
Chapter 7 How to Survive a Cocktail Party: Hearing
Chapter 8 Accounting for Taste (and Smell)
Chapter 9 Touching All the Bases: Your Skin's Senses
Part 3—How Your Brain Changes Throughout Life
Chapter 10 Growing Great Brains: Early Childhood
Chapter 11 Growing Up: Sensitive Periods and Language
Chapter 12 Rebels and Their Causes: Childhood and Adolescence
Chapter 13 An Educational Tour: Learning
Chapter 14 Reaching the Top of the Mountain: Aging
Chapter 15 Is the Brain Still Evolving?
Part 4—Your Emotional Brain
Chapter 16 The Weather in Your Brain: Emotions
Chapter 17 Did I Pack Everything? Anxiety
Chapter 18 Happiness and How We Find It
Chapter 19 What's It Like in There? Personality
Chapter 20 Sex, Love, and Pair-Bonding
Part 5—Your Rational Brain
Chapter 21 One Lump or Two: How You Make Decisions
Chapter 22 Intelligence (and the Lack of It)
Chapter 23 Vacation Snapshots: Memory
Chapter 24 Rationality Without Reason: Autism
Chapter 25 A Brief Detour to Mars and Venus: Cognitive Gender Differences
Part 6 — Your Brain in Altered States
Chapter 26 Do You Mind? Studying Consciousness
Chapter 27 In Your Dreams: The Neuroscience of Sleep
Chapter 28 A Pilgrimage: Spirituality
Chapter 29 Forgetting Birthdays: Stroke
Chapter 30 A Long, Strange Trip: Drugs and Alcohol
Chapter 31 How Deep Is Your Brain? Therapies that Stimulate the Brain's Core
A Note on the Authors
In our careers so far, we have written over half a million words about the brain, but that experience only partially prepared us for writing this book. We have wondered why acknowledgments run so long. Now we know.
When Jack Horne learned that both of us were planning to write the same book, he suggested we combine our efforts. Sandy Blakeslee and Jeff Hawkins recommended their agency, Levine Greenberg, to us, and vice versa. Our agent, Jim Levine, and his assistant, Lindsay Edgecombe, helped us shape the book's tone and content. All authors should have such expert guides for their first book. Beth Fisher connected us with publishers around the world. At Bloomsbury USA we have been lucky to work with our editor, Gillian Blake, who has been enthusiastic from the beginning and has provided an experienced hand. She, Ben Adams, and the Bloomsbury crew have improved our words and thoughts and kept us moving forward. Thanks are also due to Lisa Haney and Patrick Lane for beautiful illustrations and to Ken Catania, Pete Thompson, Ted Adelson, and Michael MacAskill for permission to use technical images.
We wrote a substantial part of the book at the Villa Serbelloni on the shores of Lake Como in Bellagio, Italy, an experience made possible by the Rockefeller Foundation and words of support from Jane Flint, Bob Horvitz, Charles Jennings, Olga Pellicer, Robert Sapolsky, and Shirley Tilghman. Pilar Palacia, Elena Ongania, and the rest of the Villa Serbelloni staff created an elegant but relaxed atmosphere for thinking, talking, and writing. Our fellow residents provided a great forum and we thank them all: Anne Waldman, Ed Bowes, Seemin Qayum, Sinclair Thomson, Raka Ray, Ashok Bardhan, Richard Cooper, Joan Kennelly, Jane Burbank, Fred Cooper, Russell Gordon, Jennifer Pierce, Dedre Gentner, Ken Forbus, David and Kathy Ringrose, Len and Gerry Pearlin, Bishakha Datta, Gautam Ojha, Sushil Sharma, Helen Roberts, Rodney Barker, Cyrus Cassells, Andrée Durieux-Smith, and Roger Smith.
Friends, colleagues, and students helped and encouraged us tremendously and were the source of invaluable suggestions, discussions, and corrections. We are especially grateful to Ralph Adolphs, Daphne Bavelier, Alim-Louis Benabid, Karen Bennett, Michael Berry, Ken Britten, Carlos Brody, Tom Carmichael, Gene Civillico, Mike DeWeese, David Eagleman, Neir Eshel, Michale Fee, Asif Ghazanfar, Mark Goldberg, Astrid Golomb, Liz Gould, David Grodberg, Patrick Hof, Hans Hofmann, Petr Janata, Danny Kahneman, Yevgenia Kozorovitskiy, Ivan Kreilkamp, Eric London, Zach Mainen, Eve Marder, David Matthews, Becca Moss, Eric Nestler, Elissa Newport, Bill Newsome, Bob Newsome, Yael Niv, Liz Phelps, Robert Provine, Kerry Ressler, Rebecca Saxe, Clarence Schutt, Steven Schultz, Mike Schwartz, Mike Shadlen, Debra Speert, David Stern, Chess Stetson, Russ Swerdlow, Ed Tenner, Leslie Vosshall, Larry Young, and Gayle Wittenberg. Sam thanks his entire laboratory for accommodating his preoccupation, especially Rebecca Khaitman for excellent assistance. The Princeton University library was an essential resource. Finally, we thank Ivan Kaminow for telling us about the cell phone trick. Any remaining problems with the science, of course, are our responsibility and not theirs.
Our spouses went far beyond the call of duty in supporting us and this project, keeping us as sane as possible. Sandra thanks Ken Britten for his tolerant amusement at the prospect of entertaining himself for yet another weekend while she worked on the book and for his enthusiastic contributions to many shared adventures. She also thanks her parents, Roger and Jan Aamodt, for teaching her that girls too can take risks in pursuit of their dreams. Sam thanks Becca Moss for her partnership, her aplomb in the face of yet another crazy idea that got out of hand, and for providing a light when things got dark. Finally, Sam thanks his parents, Chia-lin and Mary Wang, for planting the seeds of a lifelong love of science and learning.
Before you start reading this book, find out what you already know about your brain.
1) When are your last brain cells born?
(a) Before birth
(b) At age six
(c) Between the ages of eighteen and twenty-three
(d) In old age
2) Men and women have inborn differences in
(a) spatial reasoning
(b) strategies for navigation
(c) ability to leave the toilet seat down
(d) Both a and b
(e) Both b and c
3) Which of the following is not likely to improve brain function in old age?
(a) Eating fish with omega-3 fatty acids
(b) Getting regular exercise
(c) Drinking one or two glasses of red wine per day
(d) Drinking a whole bottle of red wine per day
4) Which of the following strategies is the best one for overcoming jet lag?
(a) Taking melatonin the night after you arrive at your destination
(b) Avoiding daylight for several days
(c) Getting sunlight in the afternoon at your destination
(d) Sleeping with the lights on
5) Your brain uses about as much energy as
(a) a refrigerator light
(b) a laptop computer
(c) an idling car
(d) a car moving down a freeway
6) Your friend is trying to tickle your belly. You can reduce the tickling sensation by
(a) putting your hand on his to follow the movement
(b) biting your knuckles
(c) tickling him back
(d) drinking a glass of water
7) Which of the following activities is likely to improve performance in school?
(a) Listening to classical music while you sleep
(b) Listening to classical music while you study
(c) Learning to play a musical instrument as a child
(d) Taking breaks from studying to play video games
(e) Both c and d
8) Which of the following things is a blow to the head least likely to cause?
(a) Loss of consciousness
(b) Memory loss
(c) Restoration of memory after suffering amnesia
(d) Personality change
9) Which of the following activities before a test might help you to perform better? (You may choose more than one.)
(a) Having a drink
(b) Having a cigarette
(c) Eating a candy bar
(d) Telling yourself with great conviction that you are good at this kind of test
10) You are in a noisy room, attempting to talk to your friend on your cell phone. To have a clearer conversation, you should
(a) talk more loudly
(b) cover one ear and listen through the other
(c) cover your ear when you talk
(d) cover the mouthpiece when you listen
11) Which of the following is an effective way to reduce anxiety?
(a) Antidepressant drugs
(b) Exercise
(c) Behavioral therapy
(d) All of the above
12) Which of the following is the hardest thing your brain does?
(a) Doing long division
(b) Looking at a photograph
(c) Playing chess
(d) Sleeping
13) Blind people are better than sighted people at which of the following?
(a) Understanding words
(b) Hearing sounds
(c) Remembering stories
(d) Training dogs
14) Your mother was improving your brain capacity when she told you which of the following things?
(a) Turn that music down
(b) Go out and play
(c) Practice your instrument
15) Memory starts to get worse in which decade of life?
(a) Thirties
(b) Forties
(c) Fifties
(d) Sixties
16) Which activities kill brain cells?
(a) Drinking three bottles of beer in an evening
(b) Smoking a joint
(c) Dropping acid
(e) None of the above
17) Which depiction of neurological damage is least realistic?
(a) Guy Pearce's character Leonard in Memento
(b) Drew Barrymore in 50 First Dates
(c) Dory in Finding Nemo
(d) John Nash in A Beautiful Mind
18) What percentage of mammalian species are monogamous?
(a) 5%
(c) 50%
(d) 90%
19) What percentage of your brain do you use?
(b) 5% when you are sleeping, 20% when you are awake
(c) 100%
(d) Varies according to intelligence
20) When Einstein's brain was compared with the average person's, it
(a) was larger
(b) was indistinguishable in size
(c) had more folds on the surface
(d) had an extra part
Answers: 1) d, 2) d, 3) d, 4) c, 5) a, 6) a, 7) e, 8) c, 9) b and d, 10) d, 11) d, 12) b, 13) c, 14) d, 15) a, 16) e, 17) b, 18) a, 19) c, 20) b
Your Brain: A User's Guide
I used to think my brain was my most important organ. But then I thought: wait a minute, who's telling me that?
—Emo Phillips
In our decades of studying and writing about neuroscience, we have often found ourselves discussing the brain in strange places: at the salon, in taxicabs, and even in the occasional elevator. Believe it or not, people don't run away (usually). Instead, they ask us all sorts of interesting questions: When I drink, am I killing my brain cells? Does cramming for an exam work? Will playing music during pregnancy make my baby smarter? What is wrong with my teenager [or parent]? Why can't you tickle yourself? Do men and women think differently? Can you really get amnesia from being hit on the head?
All these questions lead to your brain, the amazing three pounds in your skull that make you yourself. Your brain lets you watch a sunset, learn a language, tell a joke, recognize a friend, run from danger, and read this sentence.
In the last twenty years, neuroscientists have learned a lot about how your brain does all these things. It's a complicated subject, but we think it doesn't have to be intimidating. This book will give you the inside scoop on how your brain really works—and how you can help it work better.
Your brain has many ways of doing its job, including tricks and shortcuts that help it work efficiently—but may lead you to make predictable mistakes. By reading this book, you'll find out how you accomplish the things you do every day. Along the way we'll explode some of the myths that you might believe because everybody knows they're true. For instance, you don't really use only 10 percent of your brain. (Come on.)
Knowing your brain better can be both fun and useful. We will show you simple changes that will allow you to do more with your brain and help you lead a happier and more productive life. We'll also show you how disease can damage your brain—and suggest ways to prevent or repair this damage.
This book is like a guided tour: we'll see all the best sights and most important spots. But you don't have to start at the beginning. You can dip in anywhere and read this book in small pieces because each chapter stands on its own. In each one, you'll find fun facts, cocktail party-ready stories to amuse your friends, and practical tips to help you use your brain better.
• In part 1, we introduce the star of the show, your brain. We pull aside the curtain to show what is happening behind the scenes and explain how your brain helps you survive in the world.
• In part 2, we take a tour of your senses, explaining how you see, hear, touch, smell, and taste.
• In part 3, we show how your brain changes through life, from birth to old age.
• In part 4, we examine your brain's emotional systems, focusing on how they help you navigate life effectively.
• In part 5, we discuss your reasoning abilities, including decision making, intelligence, and gender differences in cognition.
• In part 6, we examine altered states of your brain—consciousness, sleep, drugs and alcohol, and disease.
Leave this book by your bedside or on your coffee table, and dip in anywhere, anytime. We hope you'll be enlightened and entertained, and that after reading a few pages you will want to read the whole book. Now pull up a chair and get ready to find out about your brain—and about yourself!
Your Brain and the World
Can You Trust Your Brain?
Gray Matter and the Silver Screen: Popular Metaphors of How the Brain Works
Thinking Meat: Neurons and Synapses
Fascinating Rhythms: Biological Clocks and Jet Lag
Bring Your Swimsuit: Weight Regulation
Your brain lies to you a lot. We're sorry to have to break the news to you, but it's true. Even when your brain is doing essential and difficult stuff, you're not aware of most of what's going on.
Your brain doesn't intend to lie to you, of course. For the most part, it's doing a great job, working hard to help you survive and accomplish your goals in a complicated world. Because you often have to react quickly to emergencies and opportunities alike, your brain usually aims to get a half-assed answer in a hurry rather than a perfect answer that takes a while to figure out. Combined with the world's complexity, this means that your brain has to take shortcuts and make a lot of assumptions. Your brain's lies are in your best interest—most of the time—but they also lead to predictable mistakes.
One of our goals is to help you understand the types of shortcuts and hidden assumptions that your brain uses to get you through life. We hope this knowledge will make it easier for you to predict when your brain is a source of reliable information and when it's likely to mislead you.
The problems start right up front, when the brain takes in information from the world through the senses. Even if you are sitting quietly in a room, your brain receives far more information than it can hold on to, or than you need to decide how to act. You may be aware of the detailed pattern of colors in the rug, the photographs on the wall, and the sounds of birds outside. Your brain perceives many other aspects of the scene initially but quickly forgets them. Usually these things really aren't important, so we don't often notice how much information we lose. The brain commits many lies of omission, as it discards most of the information in the world as soon as it is deemed to be unremarkable.
Lawyers know this principle. Eyewitnesses are notoriously unreliable, in part because they imagine—as most of us do—that they see and remember more details than they really can. Lawyers can use this knowledge to discredit witnesses by tempting them to say they saw something that the lawyer can disprove, casting doubt on the rest of the witness's testimony.
Did you know? Looking at a photograph is harder than playing chess
You may think that you know what your brain does, but you actually notice only a small fraction of its activity—and what your brain accomplishes behind your back is some of its hardest work. When computer scientists first began trying to write programs to mimic human abilities, they found that it was relatively easy to get computers to follow logic rules and do complex mathematics, but very hard to get them to figure out what they were seeing in a visual image or to move smoothly through the world. Today's best computer chess programs can beat a grand master, at least some of the time, but any normal toddler can kick the butt of the top programs when it comes to making sense of the visual world.
One difficult step, as it turns out, is identifying individual objects in a visual scene. When we look at, say, a dinner table, it seems obvious that the water glass is one object that is in front of another object, like a vase of flowers, but this turns out to be a sophisticated calculation with many possible answers. You only notice this ambiguity occasionally, when you see something briefly enough to misidentify it, like when that rock in the middle of the dark road suddenly turns into the neighbor's cat. The brain sorts out these possibilities based on its previous experience with objects, including having seen the two objects separately and in other combinations. Have you ever taken a picture in which a tree seemed to be growing out of someone's head? When you snapped the photo, you didn't notice the problem because your brain had efficiently separated the objects based on their different distances from your eyes. Later on, the two-dimensional photo didn't contain the same information about distances, so it looked like the two objects were on top of each other.
In addition to throwing away information, the brain also has to decide whether to take shortcuts, depending on how it values speed against accuracy in a particular situation. Most of the time, your brain favors speed, interpreting events based on rules of thumb that are easy to apply but not always logical. The rest of the time, it uses the slow, careful approach that's appropriate for doing math or solving logic puzzles. Psychologist Daniel Kahneman won the Nobel Prize in Economics for studying these rules of thumb and how they influence real-life behavior. (His longtime collaborator, Amos Tversky, passed away before he could share the honor.)
Did you know? Are we in our right minds?
When people talk about the right brain and the left brain, they're referring to the two sides of the cortex. While there are some real differences in function between them, the distinctions are often misunderstood.
Most people's speech is controlled by the left side of the brain, which is also responsible for mathematics and other forms of logical problem solving. Curiously, it is also the source of many misremembered or confabulated details, and it is the home of the interpreter discussed on the next page. All in all, the left side of the brain seems to have an intense need for logic and order—so intense that if something doesn't make sense, it usually responds by inventing some plausible explanation.
The right side is much more literal and truthful when it reports what happened. It controls spatial perception and the analysis of objects by touch, and excels at visual-motor tasks. Rather than being artistic or emotional, the right brain is simply more grounded.
It's a Joe Friday type, and if it could talk, it would probably say, Just the facts, ma'am.
The take-home message from their research is that logical thinking requires a lot of effort. For example, try to solve the following problem quickly: A bat and a ball together cost $1.10. The bat costs $1 more than the ball. How much does the ball cost? Most people say 10¢, which is intuitive but wrong. (The bat costs $1.05, and the ball costs 5¢.) Mental shortcuts like this are very common: in fact, people are likely to use them in almost all situations unless they're strongly cued that they should be using logic instead. Most of the time, the intuitive answer is good enough to get by, even when it is wrong.
In everyday life, we're not typically asked to solve logic problems, but we are often asked to make judgments about people we don't know very well. Kahneman and Tversky used another approach to show that these judgments aren't logical either. For example, they would start an experiment by telling people about Linda: Linda is thirty-one years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice and also participated in antinuclear demonstrations. Then they asked people to pick the phrase that seemed most likely to describe Linda from a carefully contrived list of traits.
Most people thought it was more probable that (a) Linda is a bank teller who is active in the feminist movement than (b) Linda is a bank teller. Choice (a) makes intuitive sense because many of Linda's other characteristics—concern about social justice and so on—suggest that she might be active in the feminist movement. Yet that is not the right answer, because everyone who is (a) a bank teller who is active in the feminist movement is also (b) a bank teller. And of course the group in (b) includes other bank tellers who are reactionary or apathetic.
In such a case, even sophisticated participants like graduate students in statistics make the error of reaching a conclusion that directly contradicts logic. This strong tendency to attribute groups of related characteristics to people without much evidence is a quick way of estimating likely outcomes, but it may also be a root cause of many of the stereotypes and prejudices that are common in society.
To make matters worse, many of the stories we tell ourselves don't even reflect what's actually happening in our own heads. A famous study of brain-damaged patients demonstrates this idea. The patients had been treated for severe epilepsy by a surgical operation that disconnected the right and left halves of their brain's cortex, to prevent seizures from spreading from one side to the other. This meant that the left half literally didn't know what the right half was doing, and vice versa.
In one experiment, the scientists showed a picture of a chicken claw to the left side of a patient's brain, where the language areas are located, and a picture of a snow scene to the right side of the brain, which cannot produce speech. Asked to pick a related image from another set of pictures, he correctly chose a shovel with his left hand (controlled by the right side of the brain) and a chicken with his right hand (controlled by the left side of the brain). When asked to explain his choices, he responded: Oh, that's simple. The chicken claw goes with the chicken, and you need a shovel to clean out the chicken shed. The scientists concluded that the left side of the brain contains an interpreter whose job is to make sense of the world, even when it doesn't understand what's really happening.
These problems of throwing away information, taking mental shortcuts, and inventing plausible stories come together in what psychologists call
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startwithgivens
I think this book will soon be a classic! It was an incredibly written book, the plot was captivating and Gruen is definitely an artist with a pen. She uses exquisite literary techniques that only the most keen readers will pick up.
heatherlinc
This is a poignant, touching book which delves into the seediness, magic and grandeur of the circus during the Great Depression. I love how the story is narrated by 90-something year-old, Jacob Jankowski, who provides wonderful depth to the story. As he lies rotting in a nursing home Jacob drifts in and out of his memories as a young vet with the Benzini Brothers Most Spectacular Show on Earth, where he meets a wide variety of performers, workers and animals. Rosie, the elephant, is not only the star of the circus, but also the book.
My only criticism (and the reason I can't give this book 5 stars) is the strong sexual content that occurs in parts of the book. I don't think they were necessary and felt they degraded the story. With the movie coming out in April starring Robert Pattinson (Twilight's Edward Cullen), the girls will be flocking to read this book and I will be reluctant to let younger teens borrow it, despite it being such a wonderful story overall.
borrows0n0wants
This book was fantastic. It is told from the point of view of an old man in a nursing home looking back on his life as part of a travelling circus. The chapters switch back and forth between the past and the present, and together, they present a moving, unforgettable story. The circus story is bizarre, but doesn't go too far and is still believable and extremely interesting. The story from the nursing home is moving and deals a lot with the emotional aspects of growing older and coming to terms with it. Overall, a great book, and I can not wait to read more from Gruen!
bravenewbks
Wow. Definitely one of my favorite books I've read in a long time. An excellent counterpoint to the rule of thumb that if you see tons of people reading something on the subway, it's probably crap.
I loved every single one of the main characters-- I could see them in my head, and in some ways this read almost more like nonfiction than fiction, in the sense that I never once questioned the author's choices, never had any meta-questions about why the story was unfolding in a particular way. I was just swept up in the story, turning pages as fast as I could soak it all in, and then a lovely feeling of deep satisfaction when I reached the end.
begivens
carol420
Sara Gruen's real success is introducing 21st century readers to circus life in the 1930s. Then it was a scandal, today it is a fascinating backdrop to a story.
Cruelty born of greed and sadism play a significant part as both humans and animals suffer beatings and neglect. The show must go on, profits must be made and base human desires must be satisfied. Strange to read a book where I'd much rather read about the relationship between a young man and an extraordinary elephant than about the human love of his life.
dorie.craig
A story about an old man in a nursing home remembering his life with the circus during the depression. It really made me wonder how realistic some of the actions of the circus owner were -- did they really use to do things like this? The descriptions of the animals were interesting, and I wish there had been a bit more with them. Most of the characters were well developed, with the exception of Marlena. I really didn't get why everyone seemed so wild about her. She was written more pathetically than sympathetically. But the ending of the book made up for everything, because it was great. I couldn't have ended it better if I'd written it myself. I really felt myself sympathizing with and liking old man Jacob.
laurochka-1
I really enjoyed this book. I was engrossed right form the start and loved the descriptions of the behind the scenes circus intrigues.
I loved Rosie and also thought it ended well.
All in all very enjoyable - made me want to go and see a circus!
booksfortheliving
I found this story to be slightly anti-climatic. I put expectations on it to be a great, fabulous book - but in the end it let me down - which may have been my own fault.
nicolesch-1
This book symbolizes the reason why I am still reading YA books. I have recently become disillusioned with YA books because the majority of what I read is a recycled plot, recycled characters, with a recycled, often instalove romance. But then, I read this book. The story is unique, I don't loath the main character or his love interests, and the romance, while fairly fast, was not instalove. You'd think I'd love it, so why didn't I?
Well, there was a lot of cussing. I'm generally tolerant of cussing in books because I can skip over it or change it to "bleep" when I read it. I was reading this via audiobook, so I couldn't do either of the things I usually do, but even so, I probably wouldn't have allowed mere cussing to make this book, which could have been a four or five star read, down to two stars. The problem, for me, was the sex. Or the vulgarity in reference to sex. When a character was having sex or naked, the detail the author gave was far, far too explicit, making me want to cover my ears. What's worse is that the book didn't need these details. It didn't even need most of those scenes, but the ones that were necessary for the plot did not need to be that explicit. Even though, overall, I liked the narrator, the fact that he kept giving so much detail for these things made me like him a lot less.
Probably another reason why I didn't like the book as well is that I watched the movie (which was very good) first. For some reason I've found that most of the (admittedly few) times when I have enjoyed a movie more than a book it's because I watched the movie first. The movie cut most of the vulgarity and nudity in order to be PG-13, but it still kept the characters and story line. The movie also moved me more emotionally. It was very upsetting to see the abuse of Rosie, and I truly felt for Marlena's difficult position. In the book, the abuse of Rosie had a problem of being told rather than shown, and so it wasn't as moving, though I still did feel for Marlena in her difficult situation.
arseny_1
It is written as a popular introductory book, but organized as a textbook, with many small chapters covering important topics one by one, in a logical sequence. And this unique organization is both good and bad: it makes the book really useful and thorough, but also a bit boring.
There are some factual mistakes in the book as well: e.g. at one point they mixed up the pineal gland with the pituitary gland, which is rather characteristic. But overall it may serve as a good and structured introductory reading on neuroscience.
donwelty
I agree with many of the reviewers that had high expectations for this novel and feel the story started off well and definitely fell flat in the second half of the book.
The relationship between Jacob and Marlena never really caught me up and I never felt young Jacob and old Jacob were the same person. Both seemed like period caricatures and the story didn't convince me of a connection between the two. Young Jacob seemed like a waspy sort of windbag and old Jacob seemed like a crusty old jewish man.
Lastly there seemed to be a real lack of continuity between the early and late days of Jacob esp. in how the story finished - I was expecting there to be a stronger connection between the periods of time.
4everfanatical
This book focuses on Jacob, a 90 or 93 year old man in a nursing home. Jacob is a trained veterinarian and worked within circuses from 1930 for a period of his life. The story is revealed in flashbacks - the travelling circus in 1930 is a cruel and harsh place where animals and indeed worker welfare is not really top priority. There is a love story at the heart of this book and to be honest I found it depressing. Where Jacob ended up was so sad especially as his life was full of wonder. A great book full of rich description, if not a little depressing.
reallifereading
Thoroughly enjoyed this one.
laugal-2
This book pulled me in from page 1 and never let go.It is riveting.This book was recommended to me becasue my grandparents traveled the Carni and Vaudeville circuit during the depression.I would recommend this book to everyone.I would have plowed right thru if not for work and sleep.Great character development and fast paced.Worthwhile read! Well written!
I loved Rosie!
rascalstar
I read this book shortly before I became a member of GoodReads. It was better than going to the circus! The reader will learn what goes on behind the scenes in a circus, or what did in times past. Good cast of characters, lots of action to keep you turning pages. It took considerable research to write this book and is well worth the time.
micahmom2002
One of those books that you want to read straight through neglecting all other responsibilities. Story based on the circus of 1930's in the Depression Era. The main character looks back on his life in the traveling circus as a vet, and all the loves, joys and difficulties he faced.
altheaann
I saw the preview for the movie, and while it didn't particularly make me want to watch the movie, it did make me want to read the book. I'm glad I did.
While the story can at times be overly dramatic and sentimental, it's also the sort of book that makes me stay up way too late at night, ignoring everything around me so that I can finish it. That's never a bad thing!
A veterinary student, struck by personal tragedy, ends up in a traveling circus, where he finds a rougher life than he had dreamed existed, full of violence, insanity - and, surprisingly, true friendship and love.
Gruen really did her research on the traveling shows of the 1930's, and it shows. I found it wholly convincing - although sometimes it does seem like she shoved every exciting thing that ever happened or might have happened at a circus into her book like clowns into a clown car... but overall, it works.
I even liked the sections of the framing device, where Our Protagonist is an old man in a nursing home, struggling to maintain his dignity and remembering the years of his youth. Surprisingly, they're nearly as gripping as the more action-packed scenes set in the past. And the ending, while a bit of a fantasy, is truly heartwarming.
jenn88-1
Water For Elephants is a good, quick read about Jacob Jankowski, who, at 90 (or 93) reflects back on the time he jumped a train and inadvertently joined a travelling circus.
lamotamant
When I was about six years old we went to the circus. It was my first (and only time) at a circus with a menagerie. One that happened to include an elephant (or two, I'm not entirely sure). At the end of the circus the kids were allowed to wait for elephant rides and my cousin and I were ecstatic. We eagerly waited and had our turns and the whole experience seemed completely magical. To be that close to a gigantic and amazing animal that I'd only read about in stories up until then- it's an experience that sticks with you.
As I've grown up I've become more aware about the b-side to this awe-inspiring experience. How horrible animals are treated in circus life more often than not, how stressful those rides with all of the cotton-candy junkie kids clamoring all 'round must have been for the poor girl, how that cane used by the handler had an awful gleam to it that looked so innocent to six year old me and must have looked so sinister to the great Her. As mentioned before, that was my only circus experience minus a few aerialist-heavy shows that didn't include animals of any kind. And that glorious elephant and what I've learned over the years about so many circuses will be the reason I refuse to go to any more animal-centric shows.
That all being said, the memory is still precious and who knows, had I not experienced it I might not have the respect for animals, elephants, etc. that I do now. So I'm grateful for it. But I'm also grateful for books like Water because they don't skimp on the reality of the circus animal, performer, or working man.
Yes, things have drastically improved and regulations have been put in place to make that happen. But that doesn't change the history and the fact that the best intentioned regulations aren't all-seeing and all knowing. So I suggest animal sanctuaries for the curious and nature-minded rather than a performance that might be tainted by cruelty and abuse.
So many things in this book were absolutely heartbreaking, and so many things had you end up looking at them from a completely different perspective than you might have originally. At least that was how it seemed to me. Whether it's the abuse Marlena deals with, the fact that August is abusive because he's mentally ill, Jacob's grief that leads to him ditching his exams, Jacob's old age/life in a nursing home, the class system of the circus, the fact that working men and performers may or not get paid, life during the Depression, horribly wicked things such as abuse and redlighting, etc... all of it had so many facets. Add that to the myriad of facets of the characters and it was intensely intriguing. I'd just assumed that this was a period romance centered under the big top but there's really a lot more to it than that.
rosa.mill
This book goes back and forth between the past and the current time period. Jacob lives in a nursing home, but when the circus comes to town he remembers his life back in the thirties, when his parents passed and he dropped out of vet school and ran away and joined the circus. Once he arrives at the circus he falls in love with a married woman and an elephant named Rosie. At the nursing home, he can feel himself starting to slip as he reminisces, his favorite nurse is also leaving and his family forgets to visit.
You only get the briefest idea of who Marlena is, even though she is the major love interest. I really feel like this is more about August then Marlena and circus life in general. I loved the historical detail and that the author used actual stories from the thirties. I loved Camel and Walter and was so sad about what happened to them. It was good to see other characters get their comupance as well.
I absolutely loved the ending, even though on some levels I felt a little bit nervous for Jacob, I felt like it was the best possible ending for him and didn't feel overly sappy or sad.
composingcomposer
Interesting read. Felt my mind wandering off in a few places (I read beginning to end). Inlaid text boxes make it a bit hard to follow on a smaller screen but all in all a worthwhile read.
apatt_3
"A Whole Lotta Rosie!"
AC/DC do not appear in this book, nor do they get any kind of shoutout, more is the pity. The massive presence of Rosie in this book just reminds me of this headbanging classic.
I really shouldn't read Goodreads reviews before reading a book because some of them just give me a false expectations. One reviewer called it "Dumbo for adults" fercrissake! What was he smoking? Beside having an elephant that is more capable than she initially seems this book has nothing in common with Dumbo in the details or themes.
The focus of the book is almost entirely on the protagonist Jacob Jankowski. The first person narrative is from his point of view but switches back and forth between two timelines, that of the 20 something Jacob and the "90 or 93" version of the same character.
Young Jacob jumps on a circus train and soon finds himself joining them in the capacity of a veterinarian, meet some colorful characters, falling in love with a married performer and much wackiness ensues from there. In the alternate (not alternative) timeline old Jacob is a cantankerous old man in a nursing home who thinks he is either 90 or 93. For most of the book he just mopes around being a pain.
Personally I prefer the Young Jacob timeline, the old Jacob is a little too miserable for my liking. There is a lovely passage about ageing at the beginning of the old man's first chapter though.
"When you're five, you know your age down to the month. Even in your twenties you know how old you are. I'm twenty-three, you say, or maybe twenty-seven. But then in your thirties something strange starts to happen. It's a mere hiccup at first, an instant of hesitation. How old are you? Oh, I'm— you start confidently, but then you stop. You were going to say thirty-three, but you're not. You're thirty-five. And then you're bothered, because you wonder if this is the beginning of the end. It is, of course, but it's decades before you admit it."
Young Jacob has the recklessness of youth on his side, he never seems to pause for thought very much before doing something drastic. Consequently his life in the circus moves at a breakneck speed and is very entertaining to read. The supporting characters in this timeline are very well developed, the story does become a little too melodramatic for my taste at times, but the pacing never drags.
This is a very pleasant, breezy read. If there is a subtext to this story I must have missed it entirely, I don't think there is an earth shattering insight to be found here. This is not a life changing book, but then what is wrong with your life that you would want a 350 pages novel to change it?
I would recommend it to anyone on Goodreads looking for a good read.
oliviainnj
A layperson's guide to the neuroscience of the brain. This is an easy to digest overview of how the workings of the brain affects perception, emotion, and the senses; and in turn how physical changes to your brain (because of drugs, injury, or illness) can affect perception and ability. The topic is fascinating and the authors hit a good balance between being overly complicated, and giving readers a "--for dummies" version. The authors address numerous facts that everyone "knows" about how the mind works that are just plain wrong, which may be disappointing or reassuring, depending on your point of view.That said, the book didn't resonate with me as I'd hoped. Other reviews have called the writing style dry, and it is, a bit. Additionally, I listened to the audio version, which suffered both by missing the drawings and charts that are included int he text, but also because the narrator has an annoying, superior tone that made me feel like a schoolchild being lectured. I think it's worth a read, but go for the text in this case.
cmcgough_4
Dewey - 612.82This is a good book for those interested in the brain and how biology can affect psychology and vice versa. The authors give several great practical tips based on our understanding of the brain at this time. My only complaint about the book is the lack of diagrams, illustrations, and images to explain what they are talking about. The give a diagram of the brain areas early in the book, but it would have been helpful to see additional diagrams as new areas were mentioned and areas previously discussed were mentioned again. Of course, that criticism does comes from a visual learner who needs that visual to help in learning, so others may not feel that way.
sjmccreary
This is an appealing book - looking at first glance much like the "You!" books by Drs Oz and Roizen. The topics are, naturally, all related to the health, development, and functioning of the human brain. The book is divided into sections of similar topics, each with 4 or 5 chapters. The chapters are short - only 4 or 5 pages each - but there are more than 30 of them. Topics include the 5 senses, personality and behavior, memory and memory loss, and age-related development and learning. The chapters are designed to be stand-alone , and may be read in any order.I thought the topics were interesting, and the sidebar comments - especially the myth-buster discussions - were fun to read. The chapters, being so short, were fast and easy to read. But, I had trouble reading more than 2 chapters at a time. This book is more fun to browse than actually read cover-to-cover. The discussions weren't as engaging as those in the "You" books. There is only so much superficial information that can be presented in an intelligent and interesting manner. Technical information wasn't well explained, in an effort not to be too technical, I suppose. I came away with the feeling that I hadn't learned as much as I could have, since the authors choose to be breezy and entertaining instead of treating me like an intelligent lay person who can understand scientific subjects once they are explained to me.I don't think this is a bad book, but not great, either. I don't recommend avoiding it, but wouldn't suggest seeking it out, unless you have an interest in human health/development/behavior. This is a better choice for the library than the book store - worth some time spent reading, but not the money to purchase.
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What a week!! it was so fun! tracie and her family (tracie, darren, porter, mason, lindsay, spencer, tanner) came late last friday night. we had such great times! on monday we went to this train park in scottsdale and rode the little train there. on st. patricks day i spent most of the day riding quads and later we went to fountain hills to see the green fountain. on wednesday, we went to a resort in scottsdale and went swimming. then, that night, porter and I went to my cousins, tyler and kaylee's, house. we played 007 and ate pizza and just talked. it was so fun!! on thursday, our whole family went to mesquite wash to ride quads. i got soo sun burnt! i have a huge farmers tan on my arms! yesterday, me, porter, cameron, lindsay, and spencer made a video. it was a talk show that porter and i were the hosts. we had interviews and commercials. it turned out really funny! last night me, natalie, and porter stayed up until 3am to make the most of the time left to be with them. they left at around 10:30 this morning. this house is so empty and sad. i miss them already. today i went shopping and got a new church outfit. well i better go! im so not excited for school!
things that have been happening.
yes it has been awhile since i have posted so i kinda have a lot to say. well first is a pic of me and lacey. she's only like 5 days old in this pic so she loooks different, but still so cute and small.
next......I GOT A PHONE!!!! yep its my sister's old phone...its kinda a long story how i got it and the conditions and stuff but yea.
on tuesday it was my chorus concert! it was so fun!!!! i got my friend heidi to take pictures for me so here are some of them!
these are my girls!! we are the advanced girls choir at my school. im not in this pic but a lot of my friends are!
this is the advanced mixed choir that im going to be in next year! its going to be so fun!
and finally my side of the stage! im an alto! its so fun! thats us sitting down while someone was doing a solo. i was just sitting there lauging at heidi taking the pics!
so yea, my life is fun! this weekend is going to be soo fun! its lehi days!!! lehi days is this rodeo and dance my stake does every year at my church building! its a blast! then after the rodeo on saturday im going to a family party and i get to see my cousins that i miss so much!!! yep im really excited! talk to ya later!!


PORTSMOUTH have been caught up in another bizarre financial problem, but this time it appears to be their own fault.
Pompey, still in administration, have been told by the Premier League they must pay back £1million they owe to Tottenham on a transfer that never went ahead.
Tottenham's former Pompey manager Harry Redknapp agreed a deal last January to take defender Younes Kaboul and keeper Asmir Begovic from Fratton Park to White Hart Lane.
Although the signing of Kaboul was quickly agreed, there was a delay in the Begovic deal.
But because of their desperate financial plight it is thought Pompey asked Spurs of they could have £1million of the Begovic fee 'up front' and tagged on to the cash they were receiving for Kaboul.
Having agreed to help out Pompey, Spurs signed Kaboul on transfer deadline day in January for £5million, but actually handed over £6million.
However, they had a clause in the contract that they would get back £1million if Begovic went elsewhere.
The following day Begovic rejected a move to Spurs, in favour of joining Stoke for £3.25million.
The two clubs have been haggling over the £1million for some time, but yesterday the Premier League stepped in and ordered the Championship outfit to hand it back to Spurs.
Even so Pompey administrator Andrew Andronikou insisted last night he was ready to appeal the decision.


text:
#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#  include <config.h>
#endif /* HAVE_CONFIG_H */

#include <assert.h>
#include <string.h>

#include <ngtcp2/ngtcp2_crypto.h>
#include <ngtcp2/ngtcp2_crypto_picotls.h>

#include <picotls.h>
#include <picotls/openssl.h>

#include "shared.h"

ngtcp2_crypto_aead *ngtcp2_crypto_aead_aes_128_gcm(ngtcp2_crypto_aead *aead) {
  return ngtcp2_crypto_aead_init(aead, (void *)&ptls_openssl_aes128gcm);
}

ngtcp2_crypto_md *ngtcp2_crypto_md_sha256(ngtcp2_crypto_md *md) {
  md->native_handle = (void *)&ptls_openssl_sha256;
  return md;
}

ngtcp2_crypto_ctx *ngtcp2_crypto_ctx_initial(ngtcp2_crypto_ctx *ctx) {
  ngtcp2_crypto_aead_init(&ctx->aead, (void *)&ptls_openssl_aes128gcm);
  ctx->md.native_handle = (void *)&ptls_openssl_sha256;
  ctx->hp.native_handle = (void *)&ptls_openssl_aes128ctr;
  ctx->max_encryption = 0;
  ctx->max_decryption_failure = 0;
  return ctx;
}

ngtcp2_crypto_aead *ngtcp2_crypto_aead_init(ngtcp2_crypto_aead *aead,
                                            void *aead_native_handle) {
  ptls_aead_algorithm_t *alg = aead_native_handle;

  aead->native_handle = aead_native_handle;
  aead->max_overhead = alg->tag_size;
  return aead;
}

ngtcp2_crypto_aead *ngtcp2_crypto_aead_retry(ngtcp2_crypto_aead *aead) {
  return ngtcp2_crypto_aead_init(aead, (void *)&ptls_openssl_aes128gcm);
}

static const ptls_aead_algorithm_t *crypto_ptls_get_aead(ptls_t *ptls) {
  ptls_cipher_suite_t *cs = ptls_get_cipher(ptls);

  return cs->aead;
}

static uint64_t crypto_ptls_get_aead_max_encryption(ptls_t *ptls) {
  ptls_cipher_suite_t *cs = ptls_get_cipher(ptls);

  if (cs->aead == &ptls_openssl_aes128gcm ||
      cs->aead == &ptls_openssl_aes256gcm) {
    return NGTCP2_CRYPTO_MAX_ENCRYPTION_AES_GCM;
  }

  if (cs->aead == &ptls_openssl_chacha20poly1305) {
    return NGTCP2_CRYPTO_MAX_ENCRYPTION_CHACHA20_POLY1305;
  }

  return 0;
}

static uint64_t crypto_ptls_get_aead_max_decryption_failure(ptls_t *ptls) {
  ptls_cipher_suite_t *cs = ptls_get_cipher(ptls);

  if (cs->aead == &ptls_openssl_aes128gcm ||
      cs->aead == &ptls_openssl_aes256gcm) {
    return NGTCP2_CRYPTO_MAX_DECRYPTION_FAILURE_AES_GCM;
  }

  if (cs->aead == &ptls_openssl_chacha20poly1305) {
    return NGTCP2_CRYPTO_MAX_DECRYPTION_FAILURE_CHACHA20_POLY1305;
  }

  return 0;
}

static const ptls_cipher_algorithm_t *crypto_ptls_get_hp(ptls_t *ptls) {
  ptls_cipher_suite_t *cs = ptls_get_cipher(ptls);

  if (cs->aead == &ptls_openssl_aes128gcm) {
    return &ptls_openssl_aes128ctr;
  }

  if (cs->aead == &ptls_openssl_aes256gcm) {
    return &ptls_openssl_aes256ctr;
  }

  if (cs->aead == &ptls_openssl_chacha20poly1305) {
    return &ptls_openssl_chacha20;
  }

  return NULL;
}

static const ptls_hash_algorithm_t *crypto_ptls_get_md(ptls_t *ptls) {
  ptls_cipher_suite_t *cs = ptls_get_cipher(ptls);

  return cs->hash;
}

ngtcp2_crypto_ctx *ngtcp2_crypto_ctx_tls(ngtcp2_crypto_ctx *ctx,
                                         void *tls_native_handle) {
  ngtcp2_crypto_picotls_ctx *cptls = tls_native_handle;
  ngtcp2_crypto_aead_init(&ctx->aead,
                          (void *)crypto_ptls_get_aead(cptls->ptls));
  ctx->md.native_handle = (void *)crypto_ptls_get_md(cptls->ptls);
  ctx->hp.native_handle = (void *)crypto_ptls_get_hp(cptls->ptls);
  ctx->max_encryption = crypto_ptls_get_aead_max_encryption(cptls->ptls);
  ctx->max_decryption_failure =
      crypto_ptls_get_aead_max_decryption_failure(cptls->ptls);
  return ctx;
}

ngtcp2_crypto_ctx *ngtcp2_crypto_ctx_tls_early(ngtcp2_crypto_ctx *ctx,
                                               void *tls_native_handle) {
  return ngtcp2_crypto_ctx_tls(ctx, tls_native_handle);
}

static size_t crypto_md_hashlen(const ptls_hash_algorithm_t *md) {
  return md->digest_size;
}

size_t ngtcp2_crypto_md_hashlen(const ngtcp2_crypto_md *md) {
  return crypto_md_hashlen(md->native_handle);
}

static size_t crypto_aead_keylen(const ptls_aead_algorithm_t *aead) {
  return aead->key_size;
}

size_t ngtcp2_crypto_aead_keylen(const ngtcp2_crypto_aead *aead) {
  return crypto_aead_keylen(aead->native_handle);
}

static size_t crypto_aead_noncelen(const ptls_aead_algorithm_t *aead) {
  return aead->iv_size;
}

size_t ngtcp2_crypto_aead_noncelen(const ngtcp2_crypto_aead *aead) {
  return crypto_aead_noncelen(aead->native_handle);
}

int ngtcp2_crypto_aead_ctx_encrypt_init(ngtcp2_crypto_aead_ctx *aead_ctx,
                                        const ngtcp2_crypto_aead *aead,
                                        const uint8_t *key, size_t noncelen) {
  const ptls_aead_algorithm_t *cipher = aead->native_handle;
  size_t keylen = crypto_aead_keylen(cipher);
  ptls_aead_context_t *actx;
  static const uint8_t iv[PTLS_MAX_IV_SIZE] = {0};

  (void)noncelen;
  (void)keylen;

  actx = ptls_aead_new_direct(cipher, /* is_enc = */ 1, key, iv);
  if (actx == NULL) {
    return -1;
  }

  aead_ctx->native_handle = actx;

  return 0;
}

int ngtcp2_crypto_aead_ctx_decrypt_init(ngtcp2_crypto_aead_ctx *aead_ctx,
                                        const ngtcp2_crypto_aead *aead,
                                        const uint8_t *key, size_t noncelen) {
  const ptls_aead_algorithm_t *cipher = aead->native_handle;
  size_t keylen = crypto_aead_keylen(cipher);
  ptls_aead_context_t *actx;
  const uint8_t iv[PTLS_MAX_IV_SIZE] = {0};

  (void)noncelen;
  (void)keylen;

  actx = ptls_aead_new_direct(cipher, /* is_enc = */ 0, key, iv);
  if (actx == NULL) {
    return -1;
  }

  aead_ctx->native_handle = actx;

  return 0;
}

void ngtcp2_crypto_aead_ctx_free(ngtcp2_crypto_aead_ctx *aead_ctx) {
  if (aead_ctx->native_handle) {
    ptls_aead_free(aead_ctx->native_handle);
  }
}

int ngtcp2_crypto_cipher_ctx_encrypt_init(ngtcp2_crypto_cipher_ctx *cipher_ctx,
                                          const ngtcp2_crypto_cipher *cipher,
                                          const uint8_t *key) {
  ptls_cipher_context_t *actx;

  actx = ptls_cipher_new(cipher->native_handle, /* is_enc = */ 1, key);
  if (actx == NULL) {
    return -1;
  }

  cipher_ctx->native_handle = actx;

  return 0;
}

void ngtcp2_crypto_cipher_ctx_free(ngtcp2_crypto_cipher_ctx *cipher_ctx) {
  if (cipher_ctx->native_handle) {
    ptls_cipher_free(cipher_ctx->native_handle);
  }
}

int ngtcp2_crypto_hkdf_extract(uint8_t *dest, const ngtcp2_crypto_md *md,
                               const uint8_t *secret, size_t secretlen,
                               const uint8_t *salt, size_t saltlen) {
  ptls_iovec_t saltv, ikm;

  saltv = ptls_iovec_init(salt, saltlen);
  ikm = ptls_iovec_init(secret, secretlen);

  if (ptls_hkdf_extract(md->native_handle, dest, saltv, ikm) != 0) {
    return -1;
  }

  return 0;
}

int ngtcp2_crypto_hkdf_expand(uint8_t *dest, size_t destlen,
                              const ngtcp2_crypto_md *md, const uint8_t *secret,
                              size_t secretlen, const uint8_t *info,
                              size_t infolen) {
  ptls_iovec_t prk, infov;

  prk = ptls_iovec_init(secret, secretlen);
  infov = ptls_iovec_init(info, infolen);

  if (ptls_hkdf_expand(md->native_handle, dest, destlen, prk, infov) != 0) {
    return -1;
  }

  return 0;
}

int ngtcp2_crypto_hkdf(uint8_t *dest, size_t destlen,
                       const ngtcp2_crypto_md *md, const uint8_t *secret,
                       size_t secretlen, const uint8_t *salt, size_t saltlen,
                       const uint8_t *info, size_t infolen) {
  ptls_iovec_t saltv, ikm, prk, infov;
  uint8_t prkbuf[PTLS_MAX_DIGEST_SIZE];
  ptls_hash_algorithm_t *algo = md->native_handle;

  saltv = ptls_iovec_init(salt, saltlen);
  ikm = ptls_iovec_init(secret, secretlen);

  if (ptls_hkdf_extract(algo, prkbuf, saltv, ikm) != 0) {
    return -1;
  }

  prk = ptls_iovec_init(prkbuf, algo->digest_size);
  infov = ptls_iovec_init(info, infolen);

  if (ptls_hkdf_expand(algo, dest, destlen, prk, infov) != 0) {
    return -1;
  }

  return 0;
}

int ngtcp2_crypto_encrypt(uint8_t *dest, const ngtcp2_crypto_aead *aead,
                          const ngtcp2_crypto_aead_ctx *aead_ctx,
                          const uint8_t *plaintext, size_t plaintextlen,
                          const uint8_t *nonce, size_t noncelen,
                          const uint8_t *aad, size_t aadlen) {
  ptls_aead_context_t *actx = aead_ctx->native_handle;

  (void)aead;

  ptls_aead_xor_iv(actx, nonce, noncelen);

  ptls_aead_encrypt(actx, dest, plaintext, plaintextlen, 0, aad, aadlen);

  /* zero-out static iv once again */
  ptls_aead_xor_iv(actx, nonce, noncelen);

  return 0;
}

int ngtcp2_crypto_decrypt(uint8_t *dest, const ngtcp2_crypto_aead *aead,
                          const ngtcp2_crypto_aead_ctx *aead_ctx,
                          const uint8_t *ciphertext, size_t ciphertextlen,
                          const uint8_t *nonce, size_t noncelen,
                          const uint8_t *aad, size_t aadlen) {
  ptls_aead_context_t *actx = aead_ctx->native_handle;

  (void)aead;

  ptls_aead_xor_iv(actx, nonce, noncelen);

  if (ptls_aead_decrypt(actx, dest, ciphertext, ciphertextlen, 0, aad,
                        aadlen) == SIZE_MAX) {
    return -1;
  }

  /* zero-out static iv once again */
  ptls_aead_xor_iv(actx, nonce, noncelen);

  return 0;
}

int ngtcp2_crypto_hp_mask(uint8_t *dest, const ngtcp2_crypto_cipher *hp,
                          const ngtcp2_crypto_cipher_ctx *hp_ctx,
                          const uint8_t *sample) {
  ptls_cipher_context_t *actx = hp_ctx->native_handle;
  static const uint8_t PLAINTEXT[] = "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00";

  (void)hp;

  ptls_cipher_init(actx, sample);
  ptls_cipher_encrypt(actx, dest, PLAINTEXT, sizeof(PLAINTEXT) - 1);

  return 0;
}

int ngtcp2_crypto_read_write_crypto_data(ngtcp2_conn *conn,
                                         ngtcp2_crypto_level crypto_level,
                                         const uint8_t *data, size_t datalen) {
  ngtcp2_crypto_picotls_ctx *cptls = ngtcp2_conn_get_tls_native_handle(conn);
  ptls_buffer_t sendbuf;
  size_t epoch_offsets[5] = {0};
  size_t epoch = ngtcp2_crypto_picotls_from_ngtcp2_crypto_level(crypto_level);
  size_t epoch_datalen;
  size_t i;
  int rv;

  ptls_buffer_init(&sendbuf, (void *)"", 0);

  assert(epoch == ptls_get_read_epoch(cptls->ptls));

  rv = ptls_handle_message(cptls->ptls, &sendbuf, epoch_offsets, epoch, data,
                           datalen, &cptls->handshake_properties);
  if (rv != 0 && rv != PTLS_ERROR_IN_PROGRESS) {
    if (PTLS_ERROR_GET_CLASS(rv) == PTLS_ERROR_CLASS_SELF_ALERT) {
      ngtcp2_conn_set_tls_alert(conn, (uint8_t)PTLS_ERROR_TO_ALERT(rv));
    }

    rv = -1;
    goto fin;
  }

  if (!ngtcp2_conn_is_server(conn) &&
      cptls->handshake_properties.client.early_data_acceptance ==
          PTLS_EARLY_DATA_REJECTED) {
    rv = ngtcp2_conn_early_data_rejected(conn);
    if (rv != 0) {
      rv = -1;
      goto fin;
    }
  }

  for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
    epoch_datalen = epoch_offsets[i + 1] - epoch_offsets[i];
    if (epoch_datalen == 0) {
      continue;
    }

    assert(i != 1);

    if (ngtcp2_conn_submit_crypto_data(
            conn, ngtcp2_crypto_picotls_from_epoch(i),
            sendbuf.base + epoch_offsets[i], epoch_datalen) != 0) {
      rv = -1;
      goto fin;
    }
  }

  if (rv == 0) {
    ngtcp2_conn_handshake_completed(conn);
  }

  rv = 0;

fin:
  ptls_buffer_dispose(&sendbuf);

  return rv;
}

int ngtcp2_crypto_set_remote_transport_params(ngtcp2_conn *conn, void *tls) {
  (void)conn;
  (void)tls;

  /* The remote transport parameters will be set via picotls
     collected_extensions callback */

  return 0;
}

int ngtcp2_crypto_set_local_transport_params(void *tls, const uint8_t *buf,
                                             size_t len) {
  (void)tls;
  (void)buf;
  (void)len;

  /* The local transport parameters will be set in an external
     call. */

  return 0;
}

ngtcp2_crypto_level ngtcp2_crypto_picotls_from_epoch(size_t epoch) {
  switch (epoch) {
  case 0:
    return NGTCP2_CRYPTO_LEVEL_INITIAL;
  case 1:
    return NGTCP2_CRYPTO_LEVEL_EARLY;
  case 2:
    return NGTCP2_CRYPTO_LEVEL_HANDSHAKE;
  case 3:
    return NGTCP2_CRYPTO_LEVEL_APPLICATION;
  default:
    assert(0);
    abort();
  }
}

size_t ngtcp2_crypto_picotls_from_ngtcp2_crypto_level(
    ngtcp2_crypto_level crypto_level) {
  switch (crypto_level) {
  case NGTCP2_CRYPTO_LEVEL_INITIAL:
    return 0;
  case NGTCP2_CRYPTO_LEVEL_EARLY:
    return 1;
  case NGTCP2_CRYPTO_LEVEL_HANDSHAKE:
    return 2;
  case NGTCP2_CRYPTO_LEVEL_APPLICATION:
    return 3;
  default:
    assert(0);
    abort();
  }
}

int ngtcp2_crypto_get_path_challenge_data_cb(ngtcp2_conn *conn, uint8_t *data,
                                             void *user_data) {
  (void)conn;
  (void)user_data;

  ptls_openssl_random_bytes(data, NGTCP2_PATH_CHALLENGE_DATALEN);

  return 0;
}

int ngtcp2_crypto_random(uint8_t *data, size_t datalen) {
  ptls_openssl_random_bytes(data, datalen);

  return 0;
}

void ngtcp2_crypto_picotls_ctx_init(ngtcp2_crypto_picotls_ctx *cptls) {
  cptls->ptls = NULL;
  memset(&cptls->handshake_properties, 0, sizeof(cptls->handshake_properties));
}

static int set_additional_extensions(ptls_handshake_properties_t *hsprops,
                                     ngtcp2_conn *conn) {
  const size_t buflen = 256;
  uint8_t *buf;
  ngtcp2_ssize nwrite;
  ptls_raw_extension_t *exts = hsprops->additional_extensions;

  assert(exts);

  buf = malloc(buflen);
  if (buf == NULL) {
    return -1;
  }

  nwrite = ngtcp2_conn_encode_local_transport_params(conn, buf, buflen);
  if (nwrite < 0) {
    goto fail;
  }

  exts[0].type = NGTCP2_TLSEXT_QUIC_TRANSPORT_PARAMETERS_V1;
  exts[0].data.base = buf;
  exts[0].data.len = (size_t)nwrite;

  return 0;

fail:
  free(buf);

  return -1;
}

int ngtcp2_crypto_picotls_collect_extension(
    ptls_t *ptls, struct st_ptls_handshake_properties_t *properties,
    uint16_t type) {
  (void)ptls;
  (void)properties;

  return type == NGTCP2_TLSEXT_QUIC_TRANSPORT_PARAMETERS_V1;
}

int ngtcp2_crypto_picotls_collected_extensions(
    ptls_t *ptls, struct st_ptls_handshake_properties_t *properties,
    ptls_raw_extension_t *extensions) {
  ngtcp2_crypto_conn_ref *conn_ref;
  ngtcp2_conn *conn;
  int rv;

  (void)properties;

  for (; extensions->type != UINT16_MAX; ++extensions) {
    if (extensions->type != NGTCP2_TLSEXT_QUIC_TRANSPORT_PARAMETERS_V1) {
      continue;
    }

    conn_ref = *ptls_get_data_ptr(ptls);
    conn = conn_ref->get_conn(conn_ref);

    rv = ngtcp2_conn_decode_remote_transport_params(conn, extensions->data.base,
                                                    extensions->data.len);
    if (rv != 0) {
      ngtcp2_conn_set_tls_error(conn, rv);
      return -1;
    }

    return 0;
  }

  return 0;
}

static int update_traffic_key_server_cb(ptls_update_traffic_key_t *self,
                                        ptls_t *ptls, int is_enc, size_t epoch,
                                        const void *secret) {
  ngtcp2_crypto_conn_ref *conn_ref = *ptls_get_data_ptr(ptls);
  ngtcp2_conn *conn = conn_ref->get_conn(conn_ref);
  ngtcp2_crypto_level level = ngtcp2_crypto_picotls_from_epoch(epoch);
  ptls_cipher_suite_t *cipher = ptls_get_cipher(ptls);
  size_t secretlen = cipher->hash->digest_size;
  ngtcp2_crypto_picotls_ctx *cptls;

  (void)self;

  if (is_enc) {
    if (ngtcp2_crypto_derive_and_install_tx_key(conn, NULL, NULL, NULL, level,
                                                secret, secretlen) != 0) {
      return -1;
    }

    if (level == NGTCP2_CRYPTO_LEVEL_HANDSHAKE) {
      /* libngtcp2 allows an application to change QUIC transport
       * parameters before installing Handshake tx key.  We need to
       * wait for the key to get the correct local transport
       * parameters from ngtcp2_conn.
       */
      cptls = ngtcp2_conn_get_tls_native_handle(conn);

      if (set_additional_extensions(&cptls->handshake_properties, conn) != 0) {
        return -1;
      }
    }

    return 0;
  }

  if (ngtcp2_crypto_derive_and_install_rx_key(conn, NULL, NULL, NULL, level,
                                              secret, secretlen) != 0) {
    return -1;
  }

  return 0;
}

static ptls_update_traffic_key_t update_traffic_key_server = {
    update_traffic_key_server_cb,
};

static int update_traffic_key_cb(ptls_update_traffic_key_t *self, ptls_t *ptls,
                                 int is_enc, size_t epoch, const void *secret) {
  ngtcp2_crypto_conn_ref *conn_ref = *ptls_get_data_ptr(ptls);
  ngtcp2_conn *conn = conn_ref->get_conn(conn_ref);
  ngtcp2_crypto_level level = ngtcp2_crypto_picotls_from_epoch(epoch);
  ptls_cipher_suite_t *cipher = ptls_get_cipher(ptls);
  size_t secretlen = cipher->hash->digest_size;

  (void)self;

  if (is_enc) {
    if (ngtcp2_crypto_derive_and_install_tx_key(conn, NULL, NULL, NULL, level,
                                                secret, secretlen) != 0) {
      return -1;
    }

    return 0;
  }

  if (ngtcp2_crypto_derive_and_install_rx_key(conn, NULL, NULL, NULL, level,
                                              secret, secretlen) != 0) {
    return -1;
  }

  return 0;
}

static ptls_update_traffic_key_t update_traffic_key = {update_traffic_key_cb};

int ngtcp2_crypto_picotls_configure_server_context(ptls_context_t *ctx) {
  ctx->max_early_data_size = UINT32_MAX;
  ctx->omit_end_of_early_data = 1;
  ctx->update_traffic_key = &update_traffic_key_server;

  return 0;
}

int ngtcp2_crypto_picotls_configure_client_context(ptls_context_t *ctx) {
  ctx->omit_end_of_early_data = 1;
  ctx->update_traffic_key = &update_traffic_key;

  return 0;
}

int ngtcp2_crypto_picotls_configure_server_session(
    ngtcp2_crypto_picotls_ctx *cptls) {
  ptls_handshake_properties_t *hsprops = &cptls->handshake_properties;

  hsprops->collect_extension = ngtcp2_crypto_picotls_collect_extension;
  hsprops->collected_extensions = ngtcp2_crypto_picotls_collected_extensions;

  return 0;
}

int ngtcp2_crypto_picotls_configure_client_session(
    ngtcp2_crypto_picotls_ctx *cptls, ngtcp2_conn *conn) {
  ptls_handshake_properties_t *hsprops = &cptls->handshake_properties;

  hsprops->client.max_early_data_size = calloc(1, sizeof(uint32_t));
  if (hsprops->client.max_early_data_size == NULL) {
    return -1;
  }

  if (set_additional_extensions(hsprops, conn) != 0) {
    free(hsprops->client.max_early_data_size);
    hsprops->client.max_early_data_size = NULL;
    return -1;
  }

  hsprops->collect_extension = ngtcp2_crypto_picotls_collect_extension;
  hsprops->collected_extensions = ngtcp2_crypto_picotls_collected_extensions;

  return 0;
}

void ngtcp2_crypto_picotls_deconfigure_session(
    ngtcp2_crypto_picotls_ctx *cptls) {
  ptls_handshake_properties_t *hsprops;
  ptls_raw_extension_t *exts;

  if (cptls == NULL) {
    return;
  }

  hsprops = &cptls->handshake_properties;

  free(hsprops->client.max_early_data_size);

  exts = hsprops->additional_extensions;
  if (exts) {
    free(hsprops->additional_extensions[0].data.base);
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


GAINESVILLE, Ga.- While stories about professional and college athletes struggling with mental and physical issues caused by concussions make headlines across the nation, Northeast Georgia Health System (NGHS) is offering area athletes advanced treatment of concussions. One component of NGHS' Comprehensive Concussion Management Program is state-of-the art software called Immediate Post Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing, or ImPACT. ImPACT testing provides physicians with data to help determine when an athlete has recovered and is ready to return to play.
Lexi Doyle, a sophomore at Mountain View High School and current NGHS Concussion Program patient, no longer plays soccer due to three concussions she suffered during play. ImPACT testing was not available when Lexi suffered her first concussion, but she believes it has been instrumental in her recovery.
ImPACT is a 25-minute computerized test that measures a patient's attention span, working memory, reaction time and problem solving skills. An ImPACT test can be taken before or after a concussion. If an athlete takes an ImPACT test before suffering a concussion, the results are used as a baseline – which essentially gives a physician an idea of the patient's "normal" functioning. The baseline will later be compared to the results of subsequent ImPACT tests, taken after future concussions, to determine the severity and treatment protocol. If an athlete's first ImPACT test is taken after a concussion, there's no baseline test, so physicians compare the results to a national database to determine a baseline.
Lexi suffered her first concussion at soccer practice in 2009. ImPACT testing was not offered in the area, so, after visiting a local emergency room, Lexi was told to rest for two days and play again when she felt better. A few days later, her travel team made it to the championship game of a prestigious tournament. Lexi played during that final game, even though she knew she was still having trouble with her balance and coordination.
Lexi suffered a second concussion soon after she entered the game.
Once it was confirmed that she had suffered a second concussion, Lexi's mom decided they needed to seek help. They visited John Alsobrook, MD, a sports medicine physician and medical director of Northeast Georgia Physicians Group Sports Medicine. Dr. Alsobrook quickly placed her on brain rest for the next three months and worked with Dr. Mullin to determine Lexi's treatment regimen.
Once Lexi returned to school, she had a modified schedule and was under the close supervision of Dr. Mullin and Dr. Alsobrook. She was also going to The Rehabilitation Institute of NGMC for physical therapy, including vestibular rehab for her balance.
Although Lexi was showing some signs of improvement, headaches, dizziness, nausea and depression persisted. Lexi, her mom, Dr. Alsobrook and Dr. Mullin traveled to Pittsburg, Pa., where ImPACT was developed, for Lexi to take the test. Once ImPACT testing was available at NGHS, Lexi continued to take the test in order to track her recovery. She was cleared to play sports again in November, but unfortunately suffered her final concussion during the last game. She has not played soccer since.
Some student athletes at Jackson County High School and West Hall High School have already undergone baseline ImPACT testing with Northeast Georgia Health System as part of their sports physicals this year.
For more information about the ImPACT Concussion Program call 770-219-3840.


text:
Humane Society of Missouri and Purina Providing Critical Support to Local Pet Owners Impacted by COVID-19 After Receiving PetSmart Charities Grant
The Preserving Families COVID Relief Grant is helping HSMO place Purina pet food and other necessities in St. Louis food pantries as the pandemic continues to disrupt the community
ST. LOUIS, Feb. 24, 2021 – The Humane Society of Missouri (HSMO) received $21,500 from PetSmart Charities through its Preserving Families COVID Relief Grant to support St. Louis pet owners during a time when thousands are struggling to support their loved ones. With the help of pet food donations from shelter partner Purina, HSMO is using the grant to place pet food and pet supplies in local foodbanks for pet owners in need.
"We're absolutely thrilled to be a PetSmart Charities Preserving Families COVID Relief Grant recipient to provide additional assistance to pet-owning families in our community during this immediate and uncertain time of need," said Kathy Warnick, president of the Humane Society of Missouri. "This funding allows us to extend our reach and help as many animals as we can by stocking local food pantries with pet food and supplies thanks to an incredibly generous donation from Purina."
PetSmart Charities has distributed over $400 million to organizations that help strengthen communities through pets. Grants are given to animal welfare organizations, government entities or human social service agencies that help those struggling financially, with a focus on aiding families to keep and stay with their pets during the pandemic.
With the additional support from Purina, HSMO has been able to utilize funds from PetSmart Charities to organize and distribute more than 123,215 pounds of pet food and kitty litter over the last nine months.
"The Humane Society of Missouri is a longstanding partner that shares in our belief that people and pets are better together," said Jessica Arnold, Purina Pet Welfare. "We're proud to continue supporting the incredible work being done by the Humane Society of Missouri, both for the shelter animals and for pets in our community, and we hope our donation will help keep pets with their families through the pandemic."
Those interested in helping to support local pet owners who've been impacted from COVID-19 can call HSMO at 314-951-1542 or visit the HSMO website at hsmo.org/donate.
About Humane Society of Missouri
Since 1870, the Humane Society of Missouri has been dedicated to second chances. We provide a safe and caring haven to all animals in need – large and small – that have been abused, neglected or abandoned. Our mission is to end the cycle of abuse and pet overpopulation through our rescue and investigation efforts, spay/neuter programs and educational classes. We are committed to creating lasting relationships between people and animals through our adoption programs. We further support that bond by making available world-class veterinary care, and outstanding pet obedience and behavior programs.
Nestlé Purina PetCare creates richer lives for pets and the people who love them. Founded in 1894, Purina has helped dogs and cats live longer, healthier lives by offering scientifically based nutritional innovations. Purina manufactures some of the world's most trusted and popular pet care products, including Purina ONE, Pro Plan, Fancy Feast and Tidy Cats. Our more than 8,000 U.S. associates take pride in our trusted pet food, treat and litter brands that feed 49 million dogs and 66 million cats every year. More than 500 Purina scientists, veterinarians, and pet care experts ensure our commitment to unsurpassed quality and nutrition.
Purina promotes responsible pet care through our scientific research, our products and our support for pet-related organizations. Over the past five years, Purina has contributed more than $150 million towards organizations that bring, and keep, people and pets together, as well as those that help our communities and environment thrive.
Purina is part of Nestlé, a global leader in Nutrition, Health and Wellness. For more information, visit purina.com or subscribe here to get the latest Purina news.
About PetSmart®
PetSmart, Inc. is the largest specialty pet retailer of services and solutions for the lifetime needs of pets. At PetSmart, we love pets, and we believe pets make us better people. Every day with every connection, PetSmart's passionate associates help bring pet parents closer to their pets so they, together, can live more fulfilled lives. This vision impacts everything we do for our customers, the way we support our associates and how we give back to our communities. PetSmart operates approximately 1,650 pet stores in the United States, Canada and Puerto Rico, as well as more than 200 in-store PetSmart PetsHotel® dog and cat boarding facilities. The retailer provides a broad range of competitively priced pet food and products, as well as services such as dog training, pet grooming, pet boarding, PetSmart Doggie Day Camp™ and pet adoption. PetSmart, PetSmart Charities® and PetSmart Charities® of Canada work with more than 4,000 animal welfare organizations to bring adoptable pets into stores so they have the best chance possible of finding a forever home. Through this in-store adoption program and other signature events, PetSmart has facilitated more than 9 million adoptions, more than any other brick-and-mortar organization. In May 2017, PetSmart acquired Chewy, Inc., which through its ownership and operation of Chewy.com, is a leading online retailer of pet food and products in the U.S. PetSmart currently retains a controlling interest in Chewy, but Chewy operates as an independent, publicly traded (CHWY) subsidiary.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Administrative Supervisor shares in coordination, responsibility and accountability of all Hospital/Departmental operations providing administrative oversight in the absence of Administration.
As one of our employees, you are the most important asset in our service commitment to our clients. We have prided ourselves on thoughtful, professional, and impeccable customer service since 1964.
You will be receiving job alerts for Customer Service Supervisor Jobs in Hightstown, NJ 08520.


It's a Snickers-lover's dream! Get all of your favorite candy bars in one giant bag. These miniature bars are perfect for snacking and sharing.
Bag contains 35 ounces of Snickers Fun Size Candy Bars... that's about 48 pieces.