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Heppner, the county seat for Morrow County, is the gateway to the western portion of the Blue Mountains and provides easy access to nearby mountain recreation areas. The community is nestled in a small valley surrounded by rolling hills, which match the green Irish spirit of the town in spring and ripen to a gold glow throughout the summer months. Agriculture and forestry provide the base for the economy of this community of over 1,500 residents.
The Morrow County Courthouse was constructed in 1902-1903 to replace the original Courthouse which was a two-story wood framed structure that had been a gift from the citizens of Heppner. The building is one of the oldest continuously used courthouses in the State of Oregon.
In addition to an annual St. Patrick's festival which attracts hundreds of followers, one of Heppner's claim to fame is the 1903 flash flood that almost destroyed the city. The June 14 event was caused by a sudden cloudburst and accompanying hail that created a debris dam collapse and flash flooding, primarily on Willow Creek. Considered the deadliest natural disaster in Oregon's history a wall of water and debris swept down the creeks and canyons and through the city. It has been estimated that 238 people or a quarter of the city's population was drowned. Property damage was reported at nearly $1,000,000. Lexington and Ione, located downstream from Heppner also sustained significant damage.
Short grass prairie covers the surrounding hills disguising the thick layer of coarse Grande Ronde basalt rock that flowed over this country 15 million years ago. More fertile soils are deposited in riparian areas near Willow and Hinton Creeks. Northern harriers are commonly seen cruising the hills for ground squirrels, and deer are often spotted in the yards or parking lots throughout town along with the occasional sighting of a coyote or badger on the outskirts of town. Your ride can be interrupted by the shrill call of nesting upland sandpipers and if you rise early enough you may catch the great blue heron and kingfisher's daily commute up Willow Creek to the reservoir for hunting time.
The visitor amenities within Heppner are many. The city boasts several restaurants and one motel and RV park and several coffee shops featuring espressos and lattes. A full service grocery store also offers sandwiches and other "quick" meals. A public restroom is available in the city park.


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Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography
< Wikipedia:Manual of Style (Redirected from Wikipedia:MOSBIO)
"WP:NAMES" redirects here. For names of articles, see Wikipedia:Article titles. For usernames, see Wikipedia:Username policy.
This guideline is a part of the English Wikipedia's Manual of Style.
It is a generally accepted standard that editors should attempt to follow, though it is best treated with common sense, and occasional exceptions may apply. Any substantive edit to this page should reflect consensus. When in doubt, discuss first on the talk page.
WP:MOSBIO
MOS:BIO
MOS:BLP
Manual of Style (MoS)
Disambiguation pages
Hidden text
Infoboxes
Self-references
Words to watch
Dates and numbers
Lead section
Trivia sections
Lists of works
Road junctions
Stand-alone lists
By topic area
Lyrics and Poetry
Writing about fiction
Record charts
Specific naming conventions
China and Chinese-related
Related guidelines
Article size
Article titles
Categories, lists, and navigation templates
Hatnotes
Talk page guidelines
Template namespace
Understandability
Wikimedia sister projects
WikiProjects
This page sets out guidelines for achieving visual and textual consistency in biographical articles and in biographical information in other articles; such consistency allows Wikipedia to be used more easily. While this guideline focuses on biographies, its advice pertains, where applicable, to all articles that mention people.
For a short version, see Wikipedia:Biography dos and don'ts.
1 Lead section
1.1 Opening paragraph
1.2 Birth date and place
1.4 Positions and roles
2.1 First mention
2.2 Changed names
2.3 Initials
2.4 Generational and regnal suffixes
2.5 Pseudonyms, stage names, nicknames, hypocorisms, and common names
2.6 Families
2.6.1 Royal surnames
2.7 Subsequent use
2.8 Country-specific usage
2.9 People with the same surname
2.10 Names confused with common words and well-known single names
3 Titles of people
3.1 Positions, offices, and occupational titles
3.1.1 Academic titles and degrees
3.2 Post-nominal letters
3.2.1 Formatting post-nominals
3.3 Honorifics
3.3.1 Honorific prefixes
3.3.2 Knighthoods, lordships, and similar honorific titles
4 Tense
5 Out-of-date material
6 Order of events
8 Authority control
Lead section[edit]
MOS:LEADBIO
MOS:BLPLEAD
Further information: WP:Manual of Style/Lead section and WP:Biographies of living persons
The lead section must summarise the life and works of the person with due weight. When writing about controversies in the lead section of a biography, relevant material should neither be suppressed nor allowed to overwhelm: always pay scrupulous attention to reliable sources, and make sure the lead correctly reflects the entirety of the article. Write clinically, and let the facts speak for themselves. These concerns are especially pressing at biographies of living persons.
Well-publicized recent events affecting a subject, whether controversial or not, should be kept in historical perspective. What is most recent is not necessarily what is most noteworthy: new information should be carefully balanced against old, with due weight accorded to each.
When a subject dies, the lead need not be radically reworked; Wikipedia is not a memorial site. Unless the cause of death is itself a reason for notability, a single sentence describing the death is usually sufficient, and often none is included in the lead at all, just a death date.
Opening paragraph[edit]
MOS:OPENPARABIO
MoS guidelines for lead paragraphs should generally be followed; the opening paragraph should establish notability, neutrally describe the person, and provide context. The opening paragraph should usually state:
Name(s) and title(s), if any (see also Wikipedia:Naming conventions (royalty and nobility)). Handling of the subject's name is covered below in § First mention.
Dates of birth and death, if found in secondary sources (do not use primary sources for birth dates of living persons or other private details about them).
Context (location or nationality);
The noteworthy position(s) the person held, activities they took part in, or roles they played;
Why the person is notable.
Birth date and place[edit]
Further information: WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Dates of birth and death
The opening paragraph should usually have dates of birth and (when applicable) death. These dates (specific day–month–year) are important information about the subject, but if they are also mentioned in the body, the vital year range (in brackets after the person's full name) may be sufficient to provide context. For living persons, privacy should be considered (see WP:BLPPRIVACY, which takes precedence). Birth and death places, if known, should be mentioned in the body of the article, and can appear in the lead if relevant to notability, but not in the opening brackets alongside the birth and death dates.
Birth and death labels are included only when needed for clarity. When given, use full words, whether immediately preceding a date or not:
William Alexander Spinks Jr. (1865–1933) was an American professional player of carom billiards in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. – no need for labels, and specific dates are in the article body
Gro Harlem Brundtland (... born Gro Harlem; 20 April 1939) is a Norwegian politician ... – "born" label used to introduce birth name
For an approximate date or range of dates, use c. (abbreviation for circa); at first occurrence this should be done with the template {{circa}} a.k.a. {{c.}}, which explains the abbreviation: c. 1457. When the only date known for a historical subject is a date (or range) when they were alive, fl. for floruit (Latin for "he/she flourished") is used; at first occurrence the {{floruit}} a.k.a. {{fl.}} template produces similar output: fl. 1432.
For full details on how to format simple and complex dates and ranges, see WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Chronological items.
Outside of the lead section, birth and death details are not included after a name except in a case of special contextual relevance. Abbreviations like b. and d. can be used, if needed, when space is limited (e.g., in a table) and when used repetitively (e.g., in a list of people).
Context[edit]
MOS:ETHNICITY
"WP:ETHNICITY" redirects here. You may be looking for WP:WikiProject Anthropology, WP:WikiProject Sociology, or WP:Race and ethnicity.
The opening paragraph should usually provide context for the activities that made the person notable. In most modern-day cases this will be the country of which the person is a citizen, national or permanent resident, or if the person is notable mainly for past events, the country where the person was a citizen, national or permanent resident when the person became notable. Ethnicity, religion, or sexuality should generally not be in the lead unless it is relevant to the subject's notability. Similarly, previous nationalities or the place of birth should not be mentioned in the lead unless they are relevant to the subject's notability.
Positions and roles[edit]
The lead sentence should describe the person as they are commonly described in reliable sources. The noteworthy position(s) or role(s) the person held should usually be stated in the opening paragraph. However, avoid overloading the lead paragraph with various and sundry roles; instead, emphasize what made the person notable. Incidental and non-noteworthy roles (i.e. activities that are not integral to the person's notability) should usually not be mentioned in the lead paragraph.[a]
For particulars on different types of titles, see § Positions, offices, and occupational titles, below.
Cleopatra VII Philopator (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ; 69 – August 12, 30 BC), known to history simply as Cleopatra, was the last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt ...
Francesco Petrarca (Italian: [franˈtʃesko peˈtrarka]; July 20, 1304 – July 19, 1374), commonly anglicized as Petrarch (/ˈpiːtrɑːrk, ˈpɛ-/), was a scholar and poet of Renaissance Italy, who was one of the earliest humanists.
Cesar Estrada Chavez (March 31, 1927 – April 23, 1993) was an American labor leader and civil rights activist who, with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association, which later became the United Farm Workers (UFW) ...
François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand (26 October 1916 – 8 January 1996) was a French statesman who was President of France from 1981 to 1995, ...
Names[edit]
MOS:NAME
MOS:NAMES
See also: Wikipedia:Naming conventions (people)
Most of the examples throughout this section illustrate usage in the title sentence, but are generally applicable to personal names in any encyclopedic text unless the advice provided is explicitly about the lead section at the subject's own biographical article.
First mention[edit]
MOS:BIRTHNAME
MOS:FULLNAME
While the article title should generally be the name by which the subject is most commonly known, the subject's full name, if known, should be given in the lead sentence (including middle names, if known, or middle initials). Many cultures have a tradition of not using the full name of a person in everyday reference, but the article should start with the complete version. For example:
(from Fidel Castro) Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (August 13, 1926 – November 25, 2016) ...
(from Muammar Gaddafi) Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (Arabic: معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي; /ˈmoʊ.əmɑːr ɡəˈdɑːfi/; c. 1942 – 20 October 2011) ...
(from Tina Fey) Elizabeth Stamatina "Tina" Fey (/feɪ/; born May 18, 1970) ...
Changed names[edit]
MOS:MULTIPLENAMES
MOS:MULTINAMES
MOS:CHANGEDNAME
In some cases, subjects have had their full names changed at some point after birth. In these cases the birth name should be given in the lead as well:
(from Jack Benny) Jack Benny (born Benjamin Kubelsky; February 14, 1894 – December 26, 1974) ...
(from Bill de Blasio) Bill de Blasio (/dɪˈblɑːzioʊ/; born Warren Wilhelm Jr.; May 8, 1961) ...
In other cases, subjects have changed their full name multiple times in accordance to customs, corrective measure, or personal preference. One may bold or otherwise list multiple name changes if they were notably known by them as "sign posts" in the lead. It is not necessary to list all previous names of subjects when they are not notably known by them:
Bill de Blasio (born Warren Wilhelm Jr.; May 8, 1961) is a politician ... he was briefly known as Warren de Blasio-Wilhelm ...
Instead the names should be distributed throughout the lead to mark major transitions in the subject's life:
Augustus (63 BC – 14 AD) was a Roman emperor ... He was born Gaius Octavius Thurinus into a wealthy family ... he assumed the name Octavian after his adoption ...
In the case of transgender and non-binary people, birth names should be included in the lead sentence only when the person was notable under that name. One can introduce the name with either "born" or "formerly":
(from Chelsea Manning, notable under prior name) Chelsea Elizabeth Manning (born Bradley Edward Manning; December 17, 1987) ...
(from Laverne Cox, not notable under prior name) Laverne Cox (born May 29) ...
MOS:NE
MOS:NEE
If the subject has had their surnames (last name) at birth changed for whatever reason (e.g. marriage, adoption, personal preference) then their surnames at birth should also be given in the lead. Editors may denote this with "born" followed by the subject's full name; they may also use née (feminine) and né (masculine) followed by the surname, provided the term is linked at first occurrence. The template {{nee}} may prove useful if the é character is difficult to type.
Some practical examples:
(from Courtney Love) Courtney Michelle Love (née Harrison; born July 9, 1964) is an American singer, songwriter, actress ...
(from Jack White) John Anthony White (né Gillis; born July 9, 1975) is an American musician, singer, songwriter ...
(from Barbara Flynn) Barbara Flynn (born Barbara Joy McMurray; 5 August 1948) is an English actress ...
(form Marion Worth) Marion Worth (born Mary Ann Ward; July 4, 1930 – December 19, 1999) was an American country music singer ...
If a person is named in an article in which they are not the subject, they should be referred to by the name they were using at the time of the mention rather than a name they may have used before or after the mention. However, see MOS:IDENTITY. For example, Pope John Paul I was known as Albino Luciani before he was elevated to the papacy. Any reference to him before he became pope should use the name Albino Luciani.
Initials[edit]
See also: Wikipedia:Naming conventions (people) § Middle names and initials
MOS:INITIALS
MOS:SPACEINITS
Use initials in a personal name[b] only if the name is commonly written that way.
An initial is capitalized and is followed by a full point (period) and a space (e.g. J. R. R. Tolkien), unless:
the person demonstrably has a different, consistently preferred style for his or her own name; and
an overwhelming majority of reliable sources use that variant style for that person.
In such a case, treat it as a self-published name change. Examples include k.d. lang, CC Sabathia, and CCH Pounder.
See also: Wikipedia:Naming conventions (people) and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks
In article text, a space after an initial (or an initial and a full point) and before another initial should be a non-breaking space: J. R. R. Tolkien (or use the {{nbsp}} template). This also works inside links: [[J. R. R. Tolkien]], though only with   markup, not the template.
Initials in other languages are sometimes treated differently from usual English practice. For example, a name beginning with two letters representing a single sound is treated as a single two-character initial in some European languages (e.g., Th. for Theophilus), and hyphenated given names are sometimes abbreviated with the hyphen (J.-P. for Jean-Pierre). If reliable sources consistently use such a form for a particular person, use it on Wikipedia as well.
Avoid formerly common multi-letter abbreviations used in English as a shorthand in letter-writing, genealogies, etc. (examples: Geo. = George; Jno. = John; Jna. = Jonathan; Thos. = Thomas; Jas. = James, Chas. = Charles), except in quotations and as they survive in trademarks (Geo. Hall & Sons). E.g., refer to the author as George W. Proctor, though some of his books have Geo. W. Proctor on the cover (the alternative form should redirect to his article).
With initials, it is not necessary to spell out why the article title and lead paragraph give a different name. For example, H. P. Lovecraft has that title, H. P. Lovecraft appears in his infobox, and his lead sentence just gives Howard Phillips Lovecraft ... was an American writer ..., without "explaining" to the reader what "H. P." stands for. Initials are not nicknames; do not put them in quotation marks or insert them in mid-name, as in John Thomas Smith better known as "J. T." Smith or John Thomas (J. T.) Smith.
Generational and regnal suffixes[edit]
MOS:JUNIOR
MOS:JR
MOS:REGNAL
"MOS:SR" redirects here. For style guidelines regarding self-references in articles, see MOS:SELFREF.
See also: Wikipedia:Naming conventions (people) § Junior/Senior – the Younger/the Elder – Ordinals
Using Jr., Sr., or other such distinctions as a disambiguation technique is advised only for cases in which the name with the suffix is well-attested in reliable sources. Otherwise, explain in longer form which party is meant, e.g. The younger Jackson was elected mayor of Wolverham in 1998.
Omission of the comma before Jr. or Sr. (or variations such as Jnr) is preferred.
In running text, in the unusual case that a comma is used before the suffix, then a comma (or equivalent[c]) is also placed after it (Neil Brown, Jr., is an American actor; but prefer Neil Brown Jr. is an American actor).
When the surname is shown first, the suffix follows the given name, as Kennedy, John F. Jr. When the given name is omitted, omit the suffix—Kennedy, not Kennedy Jr.—except where the context requires disambiguation.
Do not place a comma before a Roman numeral name suffix, whether it is patronymic or regnal: use Otis D. Wright II, not Otis D. Wright, II.
The French fils ('son') and père ('father') can be used for subjects for whom this usage is typical in English-language works: Alexandre Dumas fils.
See § People with the same surname for an additional usage note.
Pseudonyms, stage names, nicknames, hypocorisms, and common names[edit]
MOS:HYPOCORISM
MOS:LEGALNAME
MOS:NICKNAME
MOS:QUOTENAME
For people who are best known by a pseudonym, the legal name should usually appear first in the article, followed closely by the pseudonym. Follow this practice even if the article itself is titled with the pseudonym:
Louis Bert Lindley Jr. (June 29, 1919 – December 8, 1983), better known by the stage name Slim Pickens
Investigation in reliable sources may be needed to determine whether a subject known usually by a pseudonym has actually changed their legal name to match (e.g., Reginald Kenneth Dwight formally changed his name to Elton Hercules John early in his musical career). Where this is not the case, and where the subject uses a popular form of their name in everyday life, then care must be taken to avoid implying that a person who does not generally use all their forenames or who uses a familiar form has actually changed their name. Do not write, for example:
John Edwards (born Johnny Reid Edwards, June 10, 1953).
It is not always necessary to spell out why the article title and lead paragraph give a different name. If a person has a common English-language hypocorism (diminutive or abbreviation) used in lieu of a given name,[d] it is not presented between quotation marks or parentheses into or after their name. Example:
Tom Hopper's lead has simply: Thomas Edward Hopper.
Use formulations like the following (as applicable) for any kind of alternative name:
Timothy Alan Dick (born June 13, 1953), known professionally as Tim Allen
Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi (c. 1445 – May 17, 1510), better known as Sandro Botticelli
Ariadna Thalía Sodi Miranda (born 26 August 1971), known mononymously as Thalía
If a person is known by a nickname used in lieu of or in addition to a given name, and it is not a common hypocorism[d] of one of their names, or a professional alias, it is usually presented between double quotation marks following the last given name or initial; the quotation marks are not put in lead-section boldface. Example:
Bunny Berigan has: Roland Bernard "Bunny" Berigan.
A nickname can eventually become a professional alias, even the most common name for a person. Such a case loses the quotation marks, other than in the subject's lead section if introducing the nickname in mid-name. If the monicker is dominant (in general or in a particular context) it can often be used in other articles without further elaboration. Example:
Earvin "Magic" Johnson Jr. (born August 14, 1959) is ...
In the article (and in other articles) use: Magic Johnson left Michigan State after his sophomore season to enter the NBA draft. See also the Dr. Ruth and Dr. Drew examples in § Academic titles, below; these trademarks, once informal nicknames, do not require quotation marks.
If a nickname is used in place of the subject's entire name, it is usually given separately:
Alphonse Gabriel Capone ... sometimes known by the nickname "Scarface".
A leading "the" is not capitalized in a nickname, pseudonym, or other alias (except when the alias begins a sentence[e]):
Use: Jack "the Assassin" Tatum; or: Jack Tatum, nicknamed "the Assassin"
Avoid: Jack "The Assassin" Tatum; and: Jack Tatum, nicknamed "The Assassin"
Nicknames should not be re-presented with additional name parts unless necessary for usage clarity.
Use: Earl "the Pearl" Strickland; or: Earl Strickland, nicknamed "Earl the Pearl"
Avoid: Earl Strickland, nicknamed "Earl the Pearl" Strickland
MOS:NICKCRUFT
Common nicknames, aliases, and variants are usually given in boldface in the lead, especially if they redirect to the article, or are found on a disambiguation page or hatnote and link from those other names to the article. Boldface is not needed for obscure ones or a long list, and those that are not well known to our readers may not need to be in the lead at all.[f]
Use: Genghis Khan or Chinggis Khaan (born Temüjin; c. 1162 – August 18, 1227) was the founder of the Mongol Empire.
Avoid: Genghis Khan or Chinggis Khaan (Mongolian: Чингис хаан, romanized: Çingis hán; Chinese: 成吉思汗; pinyin: Chéngjísī Hán; Wade–Giles: Ch'eng2-chi2-szu1 Han4; c. 1162 – August 18, 1227), born Temüjin (Тэмүжин Temüjin; traditional Chinese: 鐵木真; simplified Chinese: 铁木真; pinyin: Tiěmùzhēn; Wade–Giles: T'ieh3-mu4-chen1), was the founder of the Mongol Empire.
Foreign language details can make the lead sentence difficult to understand.
Use: Joseph John Aiuppa (December 1, 1907 – February 22, 1997), also known as "Joey O'Brien" and later as "Joey Doves", was a Chicago mobster.
Avoid: Joseph John Aiuppa (December 1, 1907 – February 22, 1997), also known as "Joey O'Brien", "Joey O.", "O'Brien", "Joey Doves'", "Joey the Doves", and "Mourning Doves", was a Chicago mobster.
The various nicknames are mostly how other mobsters – not so much the reliable sources – referred to Joey Aiuppa, and only two of them were widely reported, the rest being minor variants.
Nicknames and other aliases included must be frequently used by reliable sources in reference to the subject.[g] For example, a sports journalist's one-off reference to a player as "the Atlanta panther" in purple prose does not constitute a nickname, and treating it as one is original research. Highlighting uncommon or disputed appellations in the lead section gives them undue weight, and may also be a more general neutrality problem if the phrase is laudatory or critical. Example: "Tricky Dick" does not appear in the lead of Richard Nixon, despite being a redirect to that article; this label by his political opponents is covered, with context, in the article body.
Do not cram multiple hypocorisms and nicknames into the name in the lead sentence; complicated naming should be explained separately.
Poor, confusing example: William Emery "Emory, Spunk" Sparrow (September 15, 1897 – February 2, 1965) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward....
Clear rewrite: William Emery Sparrow (September 15, 1897 – February 2, 1965) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward.... As a professional player, he spelled his name Emory, and was commonly known by the nickname Spunk Sparrow. (The article title is Emory Sparrow, already establishing that as the common, primary name.)
Families[edit]
Main page: Wikipedia:Naming conventions (families)
Royal surnames[edit]
See also: Wikipedia:Naming conventions (royalty and nobility)
Only incorporate surnames in the opening line of royal biographies if they are known and if they are in normal use. But do not automatically presume that the name of a royal house is the personal surname of its members. In many cases it is not. For visual clarity, articles on monarchs should generally begin with the form "{name} {ordinal if appropriate} (full name – but without surname; birth and death dates, if applicable)", and articles on other royals should generally begin with the form "{royal title} {name} {ordinal if appropriate} (full name – including surname if known; birth and death dates, if applicable)"; in both cases with the full name and dates information unformatted, but the title, name and ordinal that are outside the parenthesis, in bold. Using this format displays the most important information clearly without an unattractive excess of formatting. Other information on royal titles should be listed where appropriate in chronological order.
Subsequent use[edit]
"Wikipedia:Surname" redirects here. For surname-article issues, see Wikipedia:WikiProject Anthroponymy.
MOS:SURNAME
MOS:FAMILYNAME
MOS:MRS
MOS:MR
MOS:MS
MOS:MISS
After the initial mention, a person should generally be referred to by surname only, without an honorific prefix such as "Mr.", "Mrs.", "Ms.", "Miss", "Mx" (this includes academic or professional prefixes like "Dr.", "Prof.", "Rev.", etc.), or may be referred to by a pronoun. For example:
Fred Smith was a Cubist painter in the early 20th century. He moved to Genoa, where he met singer Gianna Doe. Smith and Doe later married.
However, where a person does not have a surname but a patronymic (like many Icelanders, some Mongols, and those historical persons who are known by names-and-patronymics instead of surnames), then the proper form of reference is usually the given name. (See also Country-specific usage below.) For example:
Iceland's prime minister was Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir. Jóhanna was elected to the Althing in 1978.
Generally speaking, subjects should not otherwise be referred to by their given name. The use of the given name gives the impression that the writer knows the subject personally, which is not relevant—even if true. Exceptions include royalty, e.g. "Prince Charles" or "Charles". Any subject who has had their surname changed should be referred to by their most commonly used name. If their most commonly used name does include their prior surname, and you're discussing a period of their life before the surname change, refer to them by their prior surname. In other words, when discussing the early lives of Hillary and Bill Clinton, avoid sentences like "Clinton met Clinton while they were students at Yale."
A member of the nobility may be referred to by title if that form of address would have been the customary way to refer to him or her; for example Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, may become "the Earl of Leicester", "the Earl", or just "Leicester" in subsequent mentions. Be careful not to give someone a title too soon; for example, one should use "Robert Dudley" or "Dudley" when describing events before his elevation to the peerage in 1564.
People who are best known by a pseudonym should be subsequently referred to by their pseudonymous surnames, unless they do not include a recognizable surname in the pseudonym (e.g. Sting, Snoop Dogg, the Edge), in which case the whole pseudonym is used. For people well known by one-word names, nicknames, or pseudonyms, but who often also use their legal names professionally—e.g., musician/actors André Benjamin ("André 3000"), Jennifer Lopez ("J.Lo"); doctor/broadcaster Drew Pinsky ("Dr. Drew") – use the legal surname. If they use their mononym or pseudonym exclusively, then use that name (e.g. Aaliyah, Selena, Usher, and Madonna).
For people with academic or professional titles, subsequent mentions should omit them. For example, use "Asimov", "Hawking", and "Westheimer"; not "Dr. Asimov", "Professor Hawking", or "Dr. Ruth".
For fictional entities, use common names. For example, "Jason", "Luigi" and "Wesker".
Country-specific usage[edit]
See also: Category:Hatnote templates for names
MOS:GIVENNAME
MOS:PATRONYMIC
Burmese names are personal names that consist of one or more words, with no patronymic or surname. Always use the full form of the person's name. See Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Burmese).
Eritrean and Ethiopian people are almost always referred to by their given name as they do not have a family name. There are some rare exceptions to this: where the person—usually a member of the later generations of the Eritrean diaspora or Ethiopian diaspora—has adopted the patronymic as a formal family name. Consider using the template {{Patronymic name}}.
Icelandic people with patronymics (which is most of them) may be referred to by their given name or their given name and patronymic, but not by their patronymic alone. Consider using {{Icelandic name}}.
In Southeast Asia, many people use only a personal name, which may be followed by a patronymic; they should be referred to by their personal name.
Mongolian people are referred to by their given name, with their patronymic placed in front of it, usually in genitive case. There are no family names. For more details, see Mongolian name and Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Mongolian); consider placing {{Mongolian name}}.
Thai people are almost always known and addressed by their first name (i.e. given name). Hence, on second and subsequent mentions, they should be referred to by first name alone.
In Vietnam, given names also take priority over family names. The given name, not the surname, should be used to refer to the person. The given name is nevertheless placed after the family name, following the East Asian naming scheme, even when translated to European languages.
Also see Wikipedia:Categorization of people#Sort by surname on the proper sorting of these names.
People with the same surname[edit]
MOS:SAMESURNAME
To distinguish between people with the same surname in the same article or page, use given names or complete names to refer to each of the people upon first mention. For subsequent uses, refer to them by their given names for clarity and brevity. When referring to the person who is the subject of the article, use just the surname unless the reference is part of a list of family members or if use of the surname alone will be confusing. This applies to minors as well as adults.[h] While citations and bibliographies should use full names even in subsequent mentions (if full names are the style for citations and bibliographies in the article), the body of an article should not unless confusion could result.
For example, in the text of an article on Ronald Reagan:
Correct: Ronald and Nancy Reagan arrived separately, Ronald by helicopter and Nancy by car.
Correct: The Reagans arrived separately, Ronald by helicopter and Nancy by car.
Redundant: Ronald and Nancy Reagan arrived separately; Ronald Reagan by helicopter and Nancy Reagan by car.
In the text of an article about the Brothers Grimm:
Correct: Jacob Grimm was 14 months older than his brother Wilhelm.
Redundant: Jacob Grimm was 14 months older than his brother Wilhelm Grimm.
Individuals distinguished with a generational suffix can be written about in Forename Suffix style to disambiguate from other family members in the same article: William Sr., John Jnr, James III. No comma is used in these short constructions.
If an article about a person mentions another person with the same surname who is not related by family or marriage, subsequent mentions of the other person should use the full name:
Correct: Andrea Dworkin was the subject of biographical writing by Ronald Dworkin
In an article that is not about either unrelated person with the same surname, continue to refer to them both by their full names. Source citations, bibliographies, and in-text attributions usually include names of authors and others. Consider them when checking for people with the same surname.
Names confused with common words and well-known single names[edit]
Some names look like common words that are usually capitalized, or like well-known historical figures. Subsequent mentions of these individuals should use their given names or full names. Examples include: I, Lord, Christ, Moses, Islam, and Mohammed (the last with various spellings).
Titles of people[edit]
Overview: Titles should be capitalized when attached to an individual's name, or where the position/office is a globally unique title that is the subject itself, and the term is the actual title or conventional translation thereof (not a description or rewording). Titles should not be capitalized when being used generically. Use titles where they are necessary for clarity or identification in the context, except in the lead sentence of a biographical subject's own article. Exact specifics may vary, as described in more detail below.
Non-English titles are most often translated into English, but this is left to editorial discretion and may be conventionalized across a category, based primarily on usage in English-language reliable sources (e.g. recipients of German knighthoods like Robert Ritter von Greim are not translated into "Sir Robert Greim", and are usually rendered in Robert von Greim form in running text; the Tibetan title Dalai Lama is far more familiar to English speakers than any literal or figurative translation.)
Hyphenation and compounds: When hyphenated and capitalized, e.g. Vice-president (as it is usually spelled in contexts other than US politics), the element after the hyphen is not capitalized. When an unhyphenated compound title is capitalized (unless this is simply because it begins a sentence),[e] each word begins with a capital letter: In 1973, Vice President Agnew resigned. This does not apply to unimportant words, such as the of in White House Chief of Staff John Doe. Do not use a hyphen, dash, or slash to fuse two titles someone holds; give them separately: XYZCo Regional Director and Staff Counsel Janet Goldstein.
Positions, offices, and occupational titles[edit]
MOS:JOBTITLES
Main page: Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Titles of people
Offices, titles, and positions such as president, king, emperor, grand duke, lord mayor, pope, bishop, abbot, chief financial officer, and executive director are common nouns and therefore should be in lower case when used generically: Mitterrand was the French president or There were many presidents at the meeting. They are capitalized only in the following cases:
When followed by a person's name to form a title, i.e., when they can be considered to have become part of the name: President Nixon, not president Nixon
When a title is used to refer to a specific and obvious person as a substitute for their name, e.g., the Queen, not the queen, referring to Elizabeth II
When a formal title for a specific entity (or conventional translation thereof) is addressed as a title or position in and of itself, is not plural, is not preceded by a modifier (including a definite or indefinite article), and is not a reworded description:
Unmodified, denoting a title
Modified or reworded, denoting an office
Richard Nixon was President of the United States.
The resignation of President Nixon was followed by his pardon from President Ford. Richard Nixon was the president of the United States.
Richard Nixon was a president of the United States.
Nixon was the 37th president of the United States.
Nixon was one of the more controversial American presidents.
Mao met with American president Richard Nixon in 1972.
A controversial US president, Richard Nixon, resigned.
Camp David is a mountain retreat for presidents of the United States.
Louis XVI became King of France and Navarre in 1774,
later styled King of the French (1791–1792). Louis XVI was a king of France.
Louis XVI was the king of France when the French Revolution began.
The French king, Louis XVI, was later beheaded.
Even when used with a name, capitalization is not required for commercial and informal titles: OtagoSoft vice-president Chris Henare; team co-captain Chan.
The formality (officialness), specificity, or unusualness of a title is not a reason to capitalize it.
Academic titles and degrees[edit]
"WP:CREDENTIALS" redirects here. For the use of credentials by Wikipedia editors, see Wikipedia:There is no credential policy.
MOS:CREDENTIAL
MOS:DOCTOR
Academic and professional titles (such as "Dr." or "Professor"), including honorary ones, should be used in a Wikipedia article only when the subject is widely known by a pseudonym or stage name containing such a title (whether earned or not). In this case, it may be included in the pseudonym as described above (e.g. Ruth Westheimer, better known as Dr. Ruth ...). However, verifiable facts about how a person attained his or her title should be included in the article.
Post-nominal letters for academic degrees following the subject's name (such as Steve Jones, PhD; Margaret Doe, JD) may occasionally be used within an article where the person with the degree is not the subject, to clarify that person's qualifications with regard to some part of the article, though this is usually better explained in descriptive wording. Avoid this practice otherwise. When they are used, follow WP:Manual of Style/Abbreviations as to their rendering.
Post-nominal letters[edit]
See also: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations § Initials, and Wikipedia:Naming conventions (people) § Middle names and initials
MOS:POSTNOM
When the subject of an article has received honours or appointments issued either by the subject's state of citizenship or residence, or by a widely recognized organization that reliable sources regularly associate with the subject, post-nominal letters may be included in the lead section.
Stephen William Hawking CH CBE FRS FRSA (8 January 1942 – 14 March 2018) was an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author, who was director of research at ...
The lead sentence should be concise: Academic (including honorary) degrees and professional qualifications may be mentioned in the article, along with the above, but should be omitted from the lead, as should superseded honors (e.g., the lesser of two grades in an order), and those issued by other entities (e.g., sub-national organizations).
Post-nominal letters should either be separated from the name by a comma and each set divided by a comma, or no commas should be used at all. If a baronetcy or peerage is held, then commas should always be used for consistency's sake, as the former are separated from the name by a comma.
When an individual holds a large number of post-nominal letters or seldom uses them (common among heads of state and members of royal families), they should be omitted from the lead, and the titles only described in the main body of the article.
Post-nominals for honours awarded by the United Kingdom (e.g. KCB, CBE) may be used as soon as they are gazetted; investiture is not necessary.
Formatting post-nominals[edit]
Editors should remember that the meaning of the most obvious (to them) post-nominal initials will not be obvious to some readers. When post-nominal initials are used, the meaning should be readily available to the reader. This may be via a wikilink to an article, or with the {{abbr}} template (or its underlying <abbr>...</abbr> markup) which provides a mouse-over tooltip expanding the abbreviation.
This is all most easily done using the {{post-nominals}} template:
With commas: '''Joe Bloggs''', {{post-nominals|size=100%|sep=,|country=GBR|VC|OBE}} gives: Joe Bloggs, VC, OBE
Without commas: '''Joe Bloggs''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|VC|OBE}} gives: Joe Bloggs VC OBE
This template needs the |size=100% parameter when it is used in an infobox, or its output will be too small.
At the least, use a piped link to an article with the appropriate title, e.g.:
'''Joe Bloggs''' {{sc2|[[Victoria Cross|VC]]}} {{sc2|[[Officer of the Order of the British Empire|OBE]]}} gives: Joe Bloggs VC OBE
This ensures that readers who hover over the initials see the target article's URL as a hint and in the status bar at the bottom of the window. This manual formatting is only needed for cases where {{post-nominals}} does not handle the abbreviation in question. If there is nothing to link to, and a redlink is unlikely to result in eventual creation of an article, use the {{abbr}} template to explain the acronym. Because there is an accessibility issue with relying exclusively on such tooltip cues (touch-sensitive devices and assistive technologies generally do not utilize mouse-cursor hovering), a link is preferred when available.
Post-nominals should not be added except to a biography subject's own lead sentence, in an infobox parameter for post-nominals, when the post-nominals themselves are under discussion in the material, and in other special circumstances such as a list of recipients of an award or other honor. For example, "Brian Lara TC OCC AM" should not appear in an article like Warwickshire County Cricket Club.
Honorifics[edit]
MOS:HON
MOS:HONOR
MOS:HONOUR
MOS:HONORIFIC
See also: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Islam-related articles § Islamic honorifics
Honorifics and styles of nobility should normally be capitalized, e.g., Her Majesty, His Holiness. They are not usually used in running text, though some may be appropriate in the lead sentence of a biographical article, as detailed below, or in a section about the person's titles and styles.
Honorific prefixes[edit]
In general, honorific prefixes—styles and honorifics in front of a name—in Wikipedia's own voice should not be included, but may be discussed in the article. In particular, this applies to:
styles and honorifics derived from a title, position or activity, including The Most Noble, The Most Honourable, The Right Honourable, and The Honourable;
styles and honorifics related to royalty, clergy, and sainthood, such as Her Majesty, His Holiness, The Reverend, and The Venerable. Clergy should be named as described in Wikipedia:Naming conventions (clergy).
There are some exceptions:
Where an honorific is so commonly attached to a name that the name is rarely found in English reliable sources without it, it should be included. For example, the honorific may be included for Mother Teresa.
Where a female historical figure is consistently referred to using the name of her husband and her birth name is unknown. For example, an honorific may be used for "Mrs. Alfred Jones".
The prenominals Sir, Dame, Lord and Lady are discussed in § Knighthoods, lordships, and similar honorific titles.
In Burmese names, honorifics may be preserved if they are part of the normal form of address, even for ordinary people. See U Thant for an example.
The Turkish honorific suffix Pasha is normally included in a notable person's name.
The inclusion of some honorific prefixes and styles is controversial. See Wikipedia:Naming conventions (royalty and nobility) for use in article titles.
Knighthoods, lordships, and similar honorific titles[edit]
The honorific titles Sir, Dame, Lord and Lady are included in the initial reference and infobox heading for the subject of a biographical article, but are optional after that. The infobox heading includes pre-nominals, name and post-nominals as separate elements. The title is placed in bold in the first use of the name. Except for the initial reference and infobox, do not add honorific titles to existing instances of a person's name where they are absent, because doing so implies that the existing version is incorrect (similar in spirit to the guideline on British vs. US English spelling). Similarly, honorific titles should not be deleted when they are used throughout an article unless there is consensus. Where the use of an honorific title is widely misunderstood, this can be mentioned in the article; see, for example, Bob Geldof. Honorific titles used with forenames only (such as "Sir Elton", "Sir David", "Dame Judi") should be avoided unless this form is so heavily preferred in popular usage that the use of the surname alone would render the entire name unrecognizable.
Honorary knights and dames are not entitled to "Sir" or "Dame", only the post-nominal letters. Not all non-honorary inductees into an order of chivalry are entitled to use the pre-nominal titles, either, and may receive distinct post-nominals. For example, the Order of the British Empire has five classes, each with different post-nominals; only the senior two are entitled to Sir/Dame.
Titles signifying honours awarded by the United Kingdom (i.e. Sir, Dame) may be used as soon as they are gazetted. Investiture is not necessary.
Tense[edit]
MOS:BLPTENSE
Biographies of living persons should generally be written in the present tense, and biographies of deceased persons in the past tense. When making the change upon the death of a subject, the entire article should be reviewed for consistency. If a person is living but has retired, use "is a former" or "is a retired" rather than the past tense "was".
Correct – John Smith (1946–2003) was a baseball pitcher ...
Correct – John Smith (born 1946) is a former baseball pitcher ...
Incorrect – John Smith (born 1946) was a baseball pitcher ...
Historical events should be written in the past tense in all biographies:
Smith played for the Baltimore Orioles between 1968 and 1972 ...
The present tense may be used when discussing the work of a writer or philosopher, even if they are dead: "In his Institutes, Calvin teaches ...". The general rule is to describe statements made in literature, philosophy, and art in the eternal present. Past tense should be used for news and marketing materials, public statements, and any other quoted or paraphrased material which is not itself a subject of consideration as a lasting work: Trump controversially referred to North Korean leader Kim Jong-un as "Little Rocket Man" in a September 23, 2017 tweet. (not ... refers ...).
Out-of-date material[edit]
See also: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Chronological items
It is best to avoid time-dependent statements, which can often be creatively rewritten anyway. When making any statements about current events, use the "As of" template; for example, "as of April 2011" or "in April 2011". If you're giving a precise date range from the past to the present, as with a living person's age or career, you may use the "Age" template. The article subject's age can also be calculated in the infobox.
There is no need to add "deceased" to a person's article, or those in which they are mentioned. If they have their own article, this should already be sourced. Otherwise, it is unnecessary. "Survived by" and "survivors", phrasings commonly found in obituaries, should not be used.
Order of events[edit]
In general, present a biography in chronological order, from birth to death, except where there is good reason to do otherwise. Within a single section, events should almost always be in chronological order.
Sexuality[edit]
Main page: Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Identity
See also: Wikipedia:WikiProject LGBT studies/Guidelines
Care should be taken to avoid placing undue weight on sexuality. A person's sexual orientation or activities should usually not be mentioned in the article lead unless related to the person's notability.
Authority control[edit]
Main page: Wikipedia:Authority control
See also: Wikipedia:ORCID
Place {{Authority control}} at the foot of biographies (immediately above {{DEFAULTSORT}}, if present). Add authority control identifiers (VIAF, ISNI, ORCID, etc) in the subject's Wikidata entry, from where they will be automatically transcluded into the template.
Wikipedia:Biography dos and don'ts (information page summarizing the key points of this guideline)
Wikipedia:Autobiography
Wikipedia:WikiProject Biography
Wikipedia:Categorization of people
Wikipedia:Naming conventions (people)
Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons
^ In general, a position, activity, or role should not be included the lead paragraph if: a) the role is not otherwise discussed in the lead (per MOS:LEAD, don't tease the reader), b) the role is not significantly covered in the body of the article, or, c) the role is auxiliary to a main profession of the person (e.g. do not add "textbook writer", if the person is an academic).
^ WP:Requested moves has consistently interpreted the "Initials" section as also applying to names of fictional characters. Its application to human names used as trademarks (e.g. J. C. Penney) is also typical, and consistent with WP:Manual of Style/Trademarks.
^ When Jr. or the like is preceded by a comma, it must be followed by a comma, or by a grammatical replacement including semicolon, colon, period/stop, exclamation point, question mark, dash or ellipsis, as dictated by the sentence structure. Do not "double up" punctuation ungrammatically. The second comma is used before a quotation following the name. Omission of the comma with possessives and parentheses (brackets)—Neil Brown, Jr.'s early life, or Neil Brown, Jr. (an American actor)—is disputed in style and usage guides, so such constructions should be avoided. If the first comma is used, include the second before a parenthetical if that comma would be present had the parenthetical not been inserted: Cornelius C. Brown, Jr., (born June 19, 1980) is an American actor.
^ a b As a guide to what is a "common" hypocorism, consider consulting the Hypocorism § English subsections "Shortening, often to the first syllable" and "Addition of a diminutive suffix ..."; consider treating names listed in the "A short form that differs significantly from the name" subsection as non-hypocoristic nicknames, depending on the particular case. A few short forms that differ significantly from the name are well known common hypocorisms, such as "Bob" for "Robert", but most are not. Assume that most non-English hypocorisms (e.g. Lupita for Guadalupe and Mischa for Mikhail) are not familiar to readers of this English Wikipedia, even if well-known in their native culture.
^ a b Wikipedia uses sentence case for sentences, article titles, section titles, table headers, image captions, list entries (in most cases), and entries in infoboxes and similar templates, among other things. Any instructions in MoS about the start of a sentence apply to items using sentence case.
^ Criminals often use multiple aliases; ones unfamiliar to the public should generally not be in the lead section. Various rulers and other nobility have often had numerous variant names in different languages. Avoid clogging the lead with a boldfaced litany of these; reserve them for an appropriate place in the body of the article, in an infobox or language sidebar, or in footnotes.
^ Nicknames that are sourceable but not generally known to the public (e.g. a childhood nickname, a hypocorism only used in private life, or a term of spousal endearment revealed in an in-depth biographical book) should not be included in a Wikipedia article, because such trivia is not encyclopedic.
^ There have been repeated proposals to treat small children, or all minors, differently and to always refer to them by given name. These proposals have not gained consensus. Especially do not refer to notable minors by given name (in their own article or elsewhere) except as necessary to disambiguate from other family members.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biography&oldid=906452767"
WikiProject Biography
Wikipedia Manual of Style (content)
Pages using template Zh with sup tags
Pages using Template:Post-nominals with missing parameters

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Own It Stormzy feat. Ed Sheeran & Burna Boy Download 'Own It' on iTunes
Police make arrests over deaths in Alloa and Alyth
Two men have been arrested following the death of a man in Clackmannanshire.
Police were alerted to a disturbance in Pine Grove, Alloa, at around 7.35pm on Saturday.
The 29-year-old man was found to have sustained a number of injuries and he was pronounced dead at the scene.
Police Scotland said two men, aged 35 and 44, have been arrested following the death.
A force spokeswoman said: "Inquiries are continuing into this incident and anyone with information that can assist detectives with their investigation is asked to contact police immediately."
Meanwhile, police investigating a death in Perth and Kinross have made an arrest.
Officers were called to an address at Hazel Court, Alyth, at around 10pm on Saturday and found the body of 26-year-old John Donnachy.
A 35-year-old man has been arrested in connection with the death, police confirmed on Monday.
Detective Chief Inspector Andrew Patrick said: "Officers will be continuing enquiries in Alyth over the coming days, which will include undertaking searches of the local area, along with house to house and a review of CCTV. I would again like to thank the local community for their patience whilst we carry out this work."


The SN74CB3T1G125 is a high-speed TTL-compatible FET bus switch with low ON-state resistance (ron), allowing for minimal propagation delay. The device fully supports mixed-mode signal operation on all data I/O ports by providing voltage translation that tracks VCC. The SN74CB3T1G125 supports systems using 5-V TTL, 3.3-V LVTTL, and 2.5-V CMOS switching standards, as well as user-defined switching levels.
The SN74CB3T1G125 is a 1-bit bus switch with a single ouput-enable (OE) input. When OE is low, the bus switch is ON, and the A port is connected to the B port, allowing bidirectional data flow between ports. When OE is high, the bus switch is OFF, and a high-impedance state exists between the A and B ports.
This device is fully specified for partial-power-down applications using Ioff. The Ioff feature ensures that damaging current will not backflow through the device when it is powered down. The device has isolation during power off.
To ensure the high-impedance state during power up or power down, OE should be tied to VCC through a pullup resistor; the minimum value of the resistor is determined by the current-sinking capability of the driver.


text:
Local News,
Peninsula,
PlanetYuca,
Sponsored Content,
State News,
Valladolid News,
Yucatan will have the First Tapir Sanctuary in all of Mexico
By Yucatan Times on December 8, 2021
Tapir at Animaya Zoo
The objective is to preserve the species, since the number of tapirs is decreasing. An agreement was signed with a sanctuary in Guatemala.
MÉRIDA, Yucatán, (December 08, 2021).- Yucatán will shortly be the headquarters of the First Sanctuary of Tapirs in all of Mexico , which aims to breed this unique mammal, develop its population in a controlled environment, and then return them to the wild.
This is achieved thanks to the agreement that the Mexican environmentalist Arturo Islas Allende signed with the most important tapir sanctuary in the world in Guatemala, which he made known through his social networks.
This was through a video published on his social networks on December 3, in which he explains that "today we signed the agreement with a sanctuary in Guatemala to begin choosing the pairs (of tapirs) that will travel to Mexico. We are very happy, congratulations to the Biologist Epigmenio Cruz for such an enormous work, I am happy to have been invited to this project to give him a voice ".
Through the video titled "Yucatecans will save this mysterious creature", and observe the environmentalist with a baby tapir that will soon be part of this First Sanctuary of tapirs in all of Mexico.
"Auto Safari Chapín de Guatemala" is the name of the Sanctuary of the neighboring country, from where Islas Allende explains the laudable and difficult work they do to preserve the species, since it is the only times that you can see a human being so up close to a baby tapir.
This work in Mexico takes on importance when taking into account that the number of tapirs is decreasing, and with the sanctuary in Yucatan we seek to breed more and more specimens that, as already mentioned, may later return to the wild.
Tapir researchers explain that a female tapir can begin to reproduce up to three years of age, and thereafter she could have a single young every two years.
Source: Sipse
First Sanctuary of tapirsGuatemala sanctuaryMexican environmentalist Arturo Islas AllendeMexicoprotection of wildlifeTapir Sanctuarywildlifewildlife YucatanYucatan
The return to classrooms and other.
Chilaquiles: the "Mexican Breakfast of Champions"
Chilaquiles is a typical Mexican dish.


YEAH!!!!!! I play my racing games and it says 1FPS only can imagine that I'm moving so fast in the game due to my amazing skill that It's just like the game engine can't handle my amazing skill!
+1 I run this card. Sold my 2080ti for it. ❤ The lower the FPS the better right?
I know, By the way.
Not the place to have an argument By the way.
RR Frags 3 | jack.


DOA X - The 10 Year Anniversary - Sunday Sept 23rd Someone will Retire!
At DOA School is in Session, No Lives Matter's Dr Kliever and Drexl declared No Careers Matter as they spike chokeslammed Dom Hess thru 2 chairs after their loss to High 5.
Also in Rumble - The Voros Twins, The Cook Bros, & more to be announced!
plus much more announced in the upcoming weeks!
DOA X - The 10 Year Anniversary - Sunday Sept 23rd Co-Main Event Announcement!
DOA X - The 10 Year Anniversary - Sunday Sept 23rd Main Event Announcement!
After the bout Quiz apologized to Ethan and said that DOA had given him the ok he would defend the Grand Championship against Ethan one on one right then and there.
DOA X - 10th Anniversary Sept 23rd! Tickets on sale NOW!
It's The DOA Stars clashing with the young up and comers of the PNW in a night of first time match ups!
DOA X - The 10 Year Anniversary - Sunday Sept 23rd - Featuring The Debut of Impact's Su Yung!


text:
PRINT May 2022
PORTFOLIO: PIERRE MOLINIER, PAINTINGS
David Rimanelli introduces a portfolio of paintings by Pierre Molinier
Pierre Molinier, La belle inachevée (The Unfinished Beauty), 1977, ink, oil, and gold-leaf on board, 33 1⁄2 × 29 1⁄2".
In painting I was able to satisfy my leg and nipple fetishism.
—P. Molinier
I WAS SHOWING A FRIEND some pictures by cross-dressing painter-photographer Pierre Molinier, and we were arrested by one of the artist en travesti, posing beside one of his paintings, wearing a maniacal grin of the sort one comes to expect in his photographs—a grin that is rich, beautiful, luxurious, desirable, insane, "Joan Crawford stars in Possessed!" The interior is drab, dreary, "comfortable," in that asphyxiating way we're familiar with from Zola's Thérèse Raquin. Molinier is a character mostly of the postwar period, and his work from the 1960s and '70s percolates with sick genius, with energized wit. Yet, trawling for references, I want to compare his deportment to the Paris of the Second Empire in the poetry of Baudelaire. The Walter Benjamin quotes feel like they are just there. "Something different is disclosed in the drunkenness of passion: the landscape of the body," writes Benjamin in his Passagenwerk. "These landscapes are traversed by paths which lead sexuality into the world of the inorganic. Fashion itself is only another medium enticing it still more deeply into the universe of matter."
In most photographs, Molinier wears what is pretty much a uniform: Black stockings encase legs I can't help feeling are too thin for a man; there are corsets, gauntlets, spike-heeled pumps, garters, maybe a nice lace brassiere. Fetish wear. It's vaguely humorous, as sexual costumes so often are (c.f. Peter Berlin, Lady Gaga). As ever, Molinier's truly sinister frozen smile beams sans cesse. It could be a plastic attachment it's so steady, permanent.
Born in Agen, France, in 1900 and a lifelong resident of Bordeaux, Molinier in 1931 married Andrea Lafaye. Already, however, he had acquired some notoriety as a sexual nonconformist. He was an infamous transvestite, but was he substantially or primarily homosexual? It's hard to say. André Breton liked him. "Be assured, dear Pierre Molinier, that the Surrealists are very much your friends," he wrote. Breton organized the single exhibition of Molinier's paintings in the artist's lifetime, held at the Paris gallery À l'Étoile Scellée in 1955; he also invited the artist to contribute to the magazine Le surréalisme, même. But Breton was a prude, really, and the core Surrealist group quite stridently homophobic. By 1959, the Pope of Surrealism had had it with Molinier's dildo bisexual transvestite filth, and in particular recoiled, it is said, from the artist's various lewd advances. Surrealism was such a bourgeois affair.
Molinier was a housepainter by trade, but early on he became possessed by the spirit of the avant-garde and the School of Paris, passing through Impressionist, Symbolist, and Cubist modes in a manner glancingly similar to the young Picabia. The Symbolist phase stuck, and the paintings that were shown at L'Étoile Scellée, as well as those that appear in the following pages—most of them disappeared into private collections; a few were reproduced in a 1979 French exhibition catalogue—suspire the perfumed and humid air familiar from the paintings of Gustave Moreau and Jean Delville. Certain other off-the-most-beaten-track Surrealist painters also come to mind—Remedios Varo and Léonor Fini—and obviously Hans Bellmer's drawings and photographs. One of the works here, unfinished, portrays a gilt seraphim whose bee-stung lips evoke the artist's rictus. It has never before been shown; this portfolio is its debutante ball.
In 1950, Molinier, in the spirit of Surrealist effrontery and I'm-going-to-kill-myself-I-swear teasing, created a mock tombstone with this epitaph:
Here lies
born on 13 April 1900 died around 1950
he was a man without morals
he was proud of it and gloried in it
No need to pray for him.
Twenty-six years later, he shot himself with a Colt handgun, killing himself in the dark apartment he'd lived in for fifty-odd years. Isn't parody eo ipso cruel? Even so, Molinier's works are loving. When guys (especially homosexuals) dress up in women's clothes, they love it but it's a mockery. Or so I've been told.
David Rimanelli is a contributing editor of Artforum.
Pierre Molinier, Jeune fille voilée (Veiled Girl), 1940–73, oil on canvas, 15 3⁄4 × 12 5⁄8".
Pierre Molinier, Le messager, 1952, oil on board, 20 1⁄8 × 28 3⁄4".
Pierre Molinier, Le duel, ca. 1950, oil on board, 28 3⁄8 × 39 3⁄8".
Pierre Molinier, Le temps de la mort n°1 (The Time of Death No. 1), 1962, oil on board, 38 1⁄4 × 51 1⁄8".
Pierre Molinier, La commune d'amour (The Communion of Love), 1967–68, oil on canvas, 21 1⁄4 × 17 3⁄4".
Pierre Molinier, Suzinella, 1960, oil on canvas, 24 × 18 1⁄8".


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Study Challenges Linking Dropouts, Early Problems
By Ellen Flax
Students who have a tough time making the transition from elementary school to middle school, or from middle school to high school, may be at greater risk of dropping out than students who perform poorly in elementary school, the results of a new study suggest.
"The results of this study challenge the conventional belief that dropouts are youth who can be distinguished early on in their school careers by their poor grades and lack of attendance,'' writes Melissa Roderick, an assistant professor of social-service administration at the University of Chicago, in a paper that has been submitted for publication to the American Journal of Education.
The report is based on a study of 757 students who composed the 7th-grade class of 1980-81 in Fall River, Mass. About 35 percent of this group eventually dropped out, 38 percent graduated, and 22 percent transferred out of the system. Conclusive data could not be collected on about 5 percent of the cohort.
Unlike most studies of dropouts, the author followed the individual academic performance of these students from the 4th grade through the 12th grade. For most dropouts, she found, academic performance in the 4th grade was not a good indicator of whether they were going to drop out.
Students who dropped out before they even reached senior high school, or about 35 percent of all the dropouts in the study, did have poorer academic records in elementary school than did students who were graduation bound.
But students who dropped out after the end of 9th grade, she found, had academic records that were virtually identical to those of students who eventually graduated in the lower third of their class.
For all dropouts, attendance began to decline in the 6th grade, she found.
For the older dropouts, Ms. Roderick writes, the transitions between elementary school and middle school, and then between middle school and high school, were especially difficult.
On average, she found, students of all academic abilities had slightly lower grades the year following each transition. But students who eventually became high-school dropouts saw their grades, as well as attendance records, plummet even more significantly during these transition years, the study found.
"Late-grade dropouts, on average, did not recover from losses incurred during the first year of middle school and high school,'' Ms. Roderick writes. "Thus, the academic difficulty experienced by dropouts during normative school transitions translated into permanent shifts in their academic status.''
Vol. 11, Issue 27, Page 18
Published in Print: March 25, 1992, as Study Challenges Linking Dropouts, Early Problems


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AAA Invades WrestleCon was a professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by the Mexican promotion Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA). The event was held on March 31, 2022, and took place at the Fairmont Hotel in Dallas, Texas as part of the WrestleCon convention.

In the main event, Psycho Clown defeated Taurus. After the match, Psycho Clown was attacked by the returning Jeff Jarrett, who revealed that he was the leader of La Empresa. In other prominent matches, Laredo Kid defeated Bandido and Flamita in a three-way match to retain the AAA World Cruiserweight Championship, La Rebelión (Bestia 666 and Mecha Wolf 450) defeated Aero Star and Drago to retain the National Wrestling Alliance World Tag Team Championship, and Taya, Niño Hamburguesa, and Micro Man defeated Los Mercenarios (Rey Escorpión and La Hiedra) and Mini Abismo Negro in a Lumberjacks with Straps trios match.

Storylines
AAA Invades WrestleCon featured seven professional wrestling matches, with different wrestlers involved in pre-existing scripted feuds, plots and storylines. Wrestlers portrayed either heels (referred to as rudos in Mexico, those that portray the "bad guys") or faces (técnicos in Mexico, the "good guy" characters) as they engaged in a series of tension-building events, which culminated in a wrestling match.

Results

See also
2022 in professional wrestling

References

2022 in Texas
Events in Texas
Professional wrestling in Texas
April 2022 events in the United States

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What Do The Alignments Mean?
One of the fastest ways to get in an argument on the internet is to talk about alignment. A lot of people have very strong opinions on the subject, and if you're playing in a game with those people - especially if they're the GM - it can be good to ask for their guidelines for how each of the alignments work. Just remember that guidelines are exactly that, they are guidelines. In fact, with that in mind, let's get into it.
As a disclaimer, for ease and breadth of use the alignment system I am going to talk about most here is the classic D&D Lawful Good -> Chaotic Evil alignment matrix. This is not only the system used by two of the largest games (D&D and Pathfinder) but also the one most found in memes. It also gives us a system to talk about alignment as a whole and what it means.
What Alignment Is
Alignment is a system to give a general role playing clue as to how the character will general act. Dungeons and Dragons is a game about Good vs. Evil, and so alignment gives us a way to flag where a character falls in that fight. The thing is, it is not a clearly absolute system. It is also poorly explained in several editions with a lot of wiggling around "ask your GM." Which while great advice, doesn't work if you're the new GM trying to run your first game.
In short though, alignment is one of several pieces that tells us how a character can be expected to play. If you tell a group you want all the characters to be 'Lawful Good' that describes a type of action sets you would like characters to fall in. When you tell someone you are playing a 'Chaotic Good' rogue it sets expectations.
Ultimately though, Alignment is a guideline. Though some old school variants of games do have certain classes or abilities key off of alignment. So that guideline is more important to some characters than others.
What Alignment Is NOT
The big thing here is that Alignment is not a set of railings, box, bumpers, chains, or other type of binding and confining box that tells you how you have to play or act in a situation. Alignment reflects how a character acts, it does not confine them to that type of action. As a character grows and acts their alignment may change. That change may have consequences (especially for characters with items/abilities bound off of it.) But beyond those, a change of alignment isn't a punishment so much as it is book keeping to make sure the stats on the sheet reflect the current version of the character. Just like if you somehow gained a proficiency that would be added to the sheet too.
Put another way, there is no rule that says a Lawful Good character can't murder you in cold blood. However, it would be very surprising and unlikely for a lawful good character to do that. And if said Lawful Good character did not feel guilt, atone, or otherwise reconcile the action they could very quickly find themselves no longer being a Lawful Good character. But even if the act itself changes the alignment that does not mean the character can't do it. It just means that acting in that way is, in some way, a big change for the character.
How Does Alignment Work?
While specific systems have their specific ways, the classic D&D style alignment system works on a matrix. One axis is a spectrum from Lawful through Neutral over to Chaotic. The second axis is a spectrum from Good through Neutral over to Evil.
This is where the arguments start by the way. After all what is "Good"? What is "Evil"? These are concepts that exist. In fact, in your average D&D world not only do they exist as concepts but as factions. Much of High Fantasy is about actual Good (capital G) versus actual Evil (capital E.) However, that gets harder to work when you pin it down onto characters.
I can't give you definitive answers, but I can give you my take.
Lawful vs. Chaotic - a.k.a. Who Are The Rules For?
A lawful character believes and lives by a set of rules. These could be the laws of the land, or they could be a personal code of honor. Some of the best villains out there are Lawful villains, and the reason they work is because their structure, their code, adds a gravitas not there in the person embracing chaos at every turn and just doing as they please.
However, this does not mean that a Chaotic person is against rules. It just means that a Chaotic person doesn't believe the rules apply to them. Red Dragons are both Chaotic Evil and described as "Tyrannical Dictators." Tyrants are known for having strict rules and laws, but the tyrant themselves are above those laws.
With this in mind, you can generally tell if a character is Lawful or Chaotic based on who they think the rules apply to. A Lawful character will work within the rules (even if just the rules of their personal code.) A Lawful Good character is more likely to go by the spirit of the rules, while a Lawful Evil character may go by the letter of the law, but that is not necessarily the case. A Chaotic character on the other hand lives outside the laws. Either they justify or excuse their rule breaking (which is done frequently) or they truly believe they are above the rules, and the rules do not - or should not, apply to them.
Good vs. Evil - a.k.a. Do You Care About Other People?
Good and Evil are big forces, but the simplest way I've found to explain the difference between Good and Evil on the D&D alignment chart is Altruism vs. Selfishness, or just flat out 'how much do you care about other people?'
The word people here is specific. An Evil Character can care about people around them, but those people aren't just "people" they are specific individuals. Even then, an Evil character is primarily concerned about themselves and their goals. They could be deluding themselves with justifications - it is in the best interest of all if I do XYZ - but ultimately it still comes down to be all about them.
A good character thinks of the other people. They consider the consequences of their actions on others. They act to try and help others out. That doesn't mean they don't also look out for themselves - you have to make a living - but they are also trying to help someone. This is someone becoming a Doctor looking to cure a disease and save countless lives, as opposed to someone looking to become a Doctor in order to be wealthy, respected, and hopefully famous with the power of people's lives or deaths in their hands.
An Evil character, as I said, does not care about other people, or at least is very willing to sacrifice those people towards what they deem the greater good. They do not consider the consequences or ramifications of their actions. They are looking out for number 1, and only for number 1.
What About Neutral?
Both Lawful/Chaotic and Good/Evil are axis in the matrix. They are a spectrum and a character can fall anywhere on that spectrum. Neutral is the defining term for the middle area of both axis. They do not hold strongly to a code, or to them being above codes. They are neither defined by their consideration for the people around them, or all about themselves. This does no mean they don't have those proclivities, but where those proclivities lie can change from topic to topic as opposed to a more general standpoint.
The Key: Remember It Is A Spectrum
Most arguments about alignments happen because people think that alignment is a narrowly defined band of things, when in actuality it is a spectrum. Draw a graph and overlay 9 boxes on top of it. Those are the alignments. It is possible for a "Lawful Good" character to be on the extreme furthest corner from both the Chaotic and Evil sides of the graph, or they could be almost in Neutral on Law/Chaos and at an extreme on the Good/Evil. Alternatively, they could be just about to slide into Neutral on box fronts.
There are countless ways to play each alignment while holding to the broad strokes meaning of those alignments. Which is why I hold to broader definitions regarding 'who do you think the rules apply to?' and 'do you care about other people?'
Labels: Character Types, GM


The bigger they come, the harder they charge.
As someone with two film degrees, I want to tell you something that may come as a surprise; I hardly ever go to the cinema. It's nothing to do with downloading, only partly to do with not having as much disposable income, but mainly due to the state that cinemas and their latest releases have found themselves in these days.
Like many things it pretty much comes down to money. More than than just how much is in my own pocket though, budget day seems as good a day as any to talk about big companies trying to make as much as they can get away with. Yes, big companies have big expenditures, but they also have more seats to put bums on. Surely they could be more helpful at meeting us in the middle somewhere?
'Argo' is available on DVD from WHSmith for only 14p more than a single Odeon ticket.
I currently live in Devon, and a trip to my local Scott Cinema, any time of the week, is £6. If I want a VIP seat, or have to watch anything in 3D it's an extra £1.50 (£3 for both). If we compare this to the Odeon I begrudgingly visited in Colchester while at university, we find that even an off peak ticket (mon-thurs, before 5pm) including a further discount for seniors or students would still be more expensive. I saw The Hobbit in 3D with VIP seats here for less than I'd have to pay for a standard ticket at the Odeon. Needless to say, trips often occurred on Orange Wednesdays.
Back in my ex-local cinema, the Commodore in Aberystwyth, I would now only have to pay £5 (£4.50 on mondays). More than just charging only an extra £1 for 3D, they also have a bar and a car park that is free after 6pm.
Considering all three cinemas I've been to are either situated slap bang in the middle, or within walking distance, of the town centre, the only real difference is the size. The Commodore is an independent cinema with one screen, my local which has four is part of a small chain, and I have to admit I lost count at Colchester Odeon.
Forgive me if I'm wrong, but I thought that the bigger a company, the cheaper the deals it could offer? Supermarkets and horsemeat aside, if we use J.D. Wetherspoon as an example we can see that it offers exactly the same pints as any other pub, but does so at a cheaper price. Even with a bigger infrastructure, they can still do this because they get what is essentially bulk discount on a national scale. I don't doubt that pint and print distribution work in different ways, but surely the principle is the same?
I'm not for a minute telling you to walk straight past your local, overall they're often the better places (both pubs and cinemas), I'm just wondering if maybe the situation has now got to the point that for so many cities and larger towns, the huge chain cinemas have already squeezed out any smaller competition. This in turn has given them a monopoly that has left the majority of audiences with no choice but to pay whatever they demand.
Even with my less than frequent visits I've seen the cinema advert/plea of a cobweb laden auditorium, and unless anyone can offer me a legitimate reason as to why big chains ask for so much when an independent cinema on the edge of Wales can charge less than a fiver for the same thing, I'm sure ticket prices are a major factor that's drawing in the cobwebs.
Yes, internet piracy is also a factor. Some time ago I wrote an article for The Rabbit, Essex SU's student newspaper (links will be added when they become available [EDIT: this particular article can now be found here]), which puts forward the argument that piracy hurts the diversity of films, and encourages brand recognition (something else that keeps me away), but allow me here to consider this in terms of cinema audience figures.
The more people download films, the less they go to the cinema, and so the more cinemas charge? In head office propaganda & justification theory, yes that's how it works, but surely the more cinemas charge, the more people will download?
Another largely overlooked factor, is not just box office takings, but the records they produce. The list of top ten worldwide box office takings contains only three films that were released before 2009. These are some of the most important figures that matter to Hollywood (one day I'll do a post about why they shouldn't be), and in today's environment of appealing to the lowest common denominator by churning out sequels aplenty (there are also only two original films in the top ten), it is often the studios and distributors who are just as guilty. By parting people with as much cash as they can afford to, the higher up these charts they can climb, and the more they can boast about being 'successful'.
Despite being #1 on that list, James Cameron's Avatar still only managed second place to 1939's Gone With The Wind when adjusted for inflation. The film was an innovative use of 3D, but much like Gone With The Wind and colour photography, it was made at a time when it was a spectacle the likes of which nothing could come close to rivalling. Today however, the technology is now taken for granted and abused.
With cinemas worldwide having invested in it, what Cameron helped to engineer as the next step in immersive storytelling is now being flaunted as a cheap gimmick the bigger businesses are using to increase ticket prices without so much as a second thought. Rather than offering anything extra however, these prices now seem only to serve an investment that had so much not already been spent on it, probably would have gone the way of the Betamax. It only works if the effort is put into it, and regardless of the fact many people physically can't watch it, many more are becoming disillusioned by the fact that such visually stunning films like Life of Pi (which itself is emptying the pockets of visual effects companies now in administration) are too few and far between, and the standard conversion process often achieves only sloppy results.
Some moving action shots are often made worse by 3D.
It is also because of this that 3D seems to be going hand in hand with downloading, but rather than giving audiences a better experience they can't download, it could actually be making things worse. By processing the action heavy summer blockbusters (those often topping the download rankings) into 3D, the only thing studios and distributors are doing is to make those same action sequences blurry and confusing. I was disappointed to find that the best 3D effects in The Avengers were the pre-opening credit company logos, and I have to say that the classic 'camera circling the surrounded heroes' shot looked far better in the small screen trailer than a 3D cinema.
The fact that there is a growing trend in 3D films that are not being given a 2D release in the UK only makes thinks worse.
So what does the future hold for my own cinema going? Just because I can now afford to go more often than I did this time last year, only by virtue of living the country, that is not to say I am any less picky. For a start, I am pleased there are groups such as Where's My 2D? which are campaigning for studios and cinemas to go easier 3D distribution, and even lobbying equality ministers in parliament on behalf of those who physically are caused actual pain by 3D, and it is a fight I wholeheartedly endorse.
But while I'm still looking forward to watching several films on the big screen, a list that includes the likes of Robot & Frank and Welcome to the Punch more than Iron Man 3, I have to that as much as I prefer the event of going to the cinema, watching a DVD on my comfy sofa is still my viewing method of choice. Whilst you should never underestimate the discovery of an overlooked classic in a charity shop, I can only look forward to the time when the cinema is back in it's number one spot.
The 'Lie To Me' effect?
Promo image for 'Lie To Me' season two.
Having been curious ever since I first heard of it, in the January sales I finally bought myself the complete Lie To Me boxset, which I have just finished. Not that I often buy boxsets merely on a whim, my curiosity had initially led me to watch several disparate episodes on TV, at which point it most certainly had my attention.
The detective style series focuses on the character of Dr. Cal Lightman (Tim Roth), a published psychologist who spent years studying the universality of human facial expressions in remote populations, before founding the Lightman Group, a private company of psychologists and deception experts. Like similar series in recent years, the science behind Lie To Me is purported to be genuine, but unlike those such as C.S.I., it has a unique element which helps support this claim.
Where C.S.I. creator Anthony E. Zuiker has stated that "all of the science is accurate and we have real C.S.I.'s on staff that help us write the scripts and make sure everything is executed perfectly", Lie To Me credits Dr. Paul Ekman as its scientific consultant on microexpressions, the Facial Action Coding system, and the whole pallet of tools used by Lightman and co. More than just one of a crowd however, Ekman has studied human psychology, emotion and body language in places such as Papua New Guinea, co-authored a book on Emotional Awareness with the Dalai Lama, pioneered the science of "deception detection", and is also the C.E.O. of The Paul Ekman Group.
As I'm sure you've spotted, the unique inclusion of Dr. Paul Ekman is somewhat of a double-edged sword. Although C.S.I., along with its host of generic but original characters, contains rather liberal doses of "fudging for dramatic purposes" , it is clear to see that even if only in terms of the scientific psychology and it's application in Lie To Me, Lightman is Ekman.
Without wishing to pick on C.S.I., I have used it here as a comparison for several reasons, firstly, the fact that of all the recent scientifically inspired detective procedurals, it is easily the most popular, and most recognisable. Mainly however, it is because of what is commonly referred to as the "C.S.I Effect", the idea that people's watching of on-screen fictional (and often inaccurate) forensic science will affect their perceptions of real life forensic science. Something reported to have been seen particularly among jury members presiding over actual cases, and even criminals attempting to cover their own forensic tracks. So if C.S.I. and it's skewed (for lack of a better word) science can influence members of the public, what about the more closely guarded science of Lie To Me?
Throughout it's three seasons, the show not only depicts portrayals of microexpressions, facial expressions that are so-called because they are so quick and hard to spot, but those performed by the actors are often punctuated with still frames of those same expressions seen on the faces of politicians and other public figures under similar, often high pressure, situations (think Clinton and O.J.). Whilst these still frames are ostensibly another means to 'show, not tell' the emotion of characters, they also underpin the universality of microexpressions, and the science behind reading them. If, as the C.S.I. Effect claims, people take in and believe what they see on-screen, how much is Lie To Me teaching them about body language and deception detection? More importantly however, how much do people believe it is teaching them?
The disclaimer which accompanies every episode.
Although an interesting question, the consequences of any "Lie To Me Effect" are not likely to be talked about. More than those who disbelieve the C.S.I. Effect, Lie To Me was cancelled after only three seasons, and did not achieve the popularity heights enjoyed by C.S.I. With a smaller, audience, there is less of a chance that audience will contain members who have be described as "gullible", and even "incredibly stupid". Something which also seems to fit the trend that the longevity of a show often (but not always) seems to be inversely proportional to it's quality, but that's a discussion for another post.
Each episode begins with a disclaimer, and through the DVD special features (admittedly not available to a TV audience), Ekman and his team personally explain how, unlike their own, the science seen in the show is not immune to artistic license in order to tell entertaining stories. Despite this however, those same features also show footage of the Ekman group scrutinising the cast and crew interviews in the same way the Lightman Group scrutinise their own.
But if we were to consider an answer, what would become of people who believed themselves to be lie detectors, purely from watching a fictional TV show?
Whether their deductions were articulated or not, regardless of their accuracy, the effect would have far wider reaching consequences than the courtroom, criminal or otherwise. If viewers of C.S.I. really do go to extreme lengths to cover the tracks of their illegal activities, what lengths would they go to in order to cover their incriminating microexpressions? Lie To Me shows us that through the subconscious nature of these quick as a flash facial expressions, they cannot be faked in the manner of general expressions, and the only ways to avoid making them are either through taking muscle relaxants such as valium, and the use of botox, or cosmetic surgery.
While there are some people deeply engrossed in the specifics of the HD-DVD/Blu Ray battle for supremacy, it is fair to say that most people are still blissfully unaware of said battle. And many of those who are aware just don't give monkey's simply because HD DVD and Blu Ray really aren't any better than DVDs in the first place.
When DVDs first came out, everyone was wowed with the better picture and sound quality, interactive menus, bonus features, and all you had to do was buy a new video player. Now, no-one's getting excited because you not only have to choose between the two in a VHS/Betamax style, but whichever one you go for, both will give you the pleasure of having to buy a brand new TV in order to handle the even better picture quality that you really don't need.
Not only this, but because of the superior data storage you only need to buy one highly priced disc at a time. Where a regular DVD would make you go to all the effort of having to actually go to the player, and change discs in order to watch the bonus features, everything now comes on one disc (meaning you are physically getting less for your bigger price tag), so you can now sit and watch everything without having to leave your seat. Toilet breaks are left to your own discretion.
But while most sensible people are ignoring this new pointless debate, they are also ignoring the old entirely relevant one at the same time. Is all this new fangled digital stuff any better than analog in the first place. What's the point in bonus features and web links if the disc can be irreparably damaged by being left on the side. Personally I think chapter selections are a great idea, especially when you need to find the point at which you have to take the disc out and clean off the three specs of dust that made it stop in the first place.
When trying to watch M*A*S*H earlier, and after performing the stop-eject-wipe-chapter selection routine too many times, I realised the brand new disc was actually scratched just from having being loose in the box. If I was watching it on VHS, it would have fit perfectly in the box, and the vulnerable tape would have been perfectly protected by the rest of the cassette. I could also feasibly leave it lying around, not having to worry myself about splodges of jam.
And it's not just the home video that has suffered either, as any Star Wars fan will be able to tell you that a puppet can create a better performance from an actor than a soon to be CGI'd over tennis ball on a stick. And what about TV transmissions? If it's raining outside, how can the picture freezing for ten seconds in a variety of big squares be any better than it going a bit crackly? Even when it went black and white you could still tell what was going on.
So am I going buy a Blu Ray player, or an HD DVD player? I think I'm more likely to go on eBay and buy another VHS player before my current one packs up!


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Q: How to create a single sign-on system for a number of external services I have a site where a user can register. After the registration is finished, he can connect some accounts: facebook, googlemail, vkontakte.ru, etc.
I want to store username and password of these site and when the user logs in the next time to my site, the user should be logged in to those services without typing the username and password in them separately. He should just log into my site and then have access to the other sites.
How can I write PHP code for this process?

A: You can't authenticate users to other sites with server side code.
Even with a client side script (ie. submitting the login form to other websites from yours) you can't. They won't allow you to do so because of CSRF protection.

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