text:
JamesSheldon.Com
Special Education and Mathematics Teacher and Scholar
GLBT Teachers Unions
The CTA GLBT Caucus: Transforming A Heteronormative Institution
Mathematical Problem Solving
Complex Instruction Resource List
Complex Instruction Tasks
Erasing queer subjects, constructing disabled subjects
From Individual Deficits to Complex Instruction: A Workshop for Math Teachers (Master's Creative Work)
Transforming From the Bottom Up: Book Review of Mathematics for Equity
Queer Mathematics
PME-NA 2013 Working Group
(Re)Searching Queer Subjects: Approaching a Queer Methodology
Problematizing Reflexivity, Validity, and Disclosure: Research by People with Disabilities about Disability
Against Pedagogy: Why We Need to Force the Teaching Genie Back Into The Bottle (LLC 2017)
Faculty Teaching Strategies Workshop (Groupworthy Tasks)
Leveraging Learning Theory to Improve Instruction (LLC 2018)
Universal Design for Learning (CPM Conference)
PME-NA Working Group
Queering, trans-forming, and en-gendering mathematics and mathematics education
Kat Rands, Elon University
James Sheldon, San Francisco State University
To be offered at PME-NA 2013, November 14-17, in Chicago – contact James Sheldon or leave a message at the bottom of this post if you are interested in participating in the working group either virtually or in person at the conference in Chicago.
The purpose of this working group session is to launch a new working group focused on using lenses from queer, trans, and gender studies in mathematics education. As such, this working group actively and directly connects to the conference theme of "broadening perspectives on mathematics teaching and learning."
Keywords: Curriculum, Equity and Diversity, Gender, Standards
Western mathematics was traditionally thought of as a subdiscipline of philosophy or the humanities with the goal of uncovering philosophico-mathematical truths. Over the centuries, however, it has come to be viewed more as a natural science, akin to something like physics. Both the philosophical perspective and the natural science perspective view mathematics as being outside the social realm; mathematics, so this view goes, is neutral, universal, uninfluenced by society or culture, and ahistorical. As D'Ambrosio (1999) notes, "During the first half of [the 20th century] . . . mathematics and mathematics teaching were considered to be independent of the sociocultural context" (p. 48). In fact, Skovsmose (2009) points out that "[i]t is precisely mathematics that is assumed to strip away all those elements that can be associated with subjectivity" (p. 68). These days, mathematicians rarely study philosophy of mathematics anymore. This view of mathematics as separate from the social realm has shaped mathematics education. Culture and the societal context of mathematics have not been a part of the standard mathematics curriculum – outside the scope of the discipline, so to speak..
This asocial view of mathematics is so prevalent that queer studies as a discipline has virtually ignored mathematics. The fields of mathematics and mathematics education have similarly overlooked queer perspectives. As mathematics educators have begun to recognize that mathematics and mathematics education are sociocultural practices, new critical and social constructivist perspectives have shifted the way educators think about teaching math. Insights from queer and trans* studies have the potential to further these trends and provide new insights for the fields of mathematics and mathematics education.
We are a group of education researchers, graduate students, pre-service teachers, and practicing classroom educators who believe that the time has come to queer mathematics and mathematics education. To "queer" is the verb form of the noun "queer" which in its original meaning "unusual, strange, or odd." When homosexuality went from being a practice to being an identity (due to the increasing administrative and medical apparatus that was put into place along with the changing imperatives of capitalism) a new set of slurs emerged to denigrate that identity and keep homosexuals in their place. So queer became one of the key epithets used against homosexuals. In the 1980s, however, two related movements, queer activism and queer studies began a long process of reclaiming that word as a term of empowerment and as a descriptor for a methodological approach, respectively. Concurrent with that was the shift from the noun ("a queer") and adjective (e.g., "a queer idea") to the verb, "to queer" implying the act or process of making something queer. What does it mean to queer something? Charlie Glickman year, in his piece, "Queer is a Verb," elaborated:
To queer something, whether it's a text, a story, or an identity, is to take a look at its foundations and question them. We can explore its limits, its biases, and its boundaries. We can look for places where there's elasticity or discover ways we can transform it into something new. To queer is to examine our assumptions and decide which of them we want to keep, change, discard, or play with. This becomes a practice in transcending the habit of settling for pre-defined categories and creating new ones. And even when we leave something unchanged, we have changed our relationship to it.
Queer is a way of questioning foundations, unearthing alternate or double-meanings, and reshaping things in a new way. It doesn't have a fixed meaning; queer studies prefers to keep "queer" as fluid and ever-changing, and adaptable to new situations and new scenarios. It is what linguistists and semioticians refer to as a floating signifier; a term and an idea that isn't fixed in content, but changes as it is used to queer different things in different contexts. "Queer" as a verb and queering isn't something that is restricted to the humanities; more and more, researchers in the social sciences and natural sciences are using queer as a way of approaching their work and their research citation as examples. We, as a working group, are taking this momentum in the field of education and in natural science to transform the way we think about mathematics and mathematics education.
Focal Issues
Since our working group is in the initial stages of formation, clarifying our purpose and beginning to delineate the focal issues of the working group are high priorities. An important launching question addresses how we view the aim of our group: What does it mean to queer/ en-gender/ trans-form mathematics and mathematics education? (En-gender being the verb of gender, trans-form being the verb of trans)
Another issue of high priority include building a sustainable support network: What kinds of connections can we find among the work that our members are doing? What kind of support can we provide and do we need from one another? What kind of support do we need from organizations and how can we bring about this support? How can we find others interested in our purpose and provide and connect them with this growing support network? More specifically, what actions can we take within the next year to begin building this network in a sustainable way?
In addition to these two broad issues, our working group has consulted our members– consisting of practicing teachers, preservice teachers, MA and PhD students in education,, teacher credential instructors, and professors of education– to see what kind of topics they are interested in exploring under this umbrella of queer. These specific focal issues are organized below into categories.
Each of the issues in this category consider gender beyond a normative, binary view.
See, for example, Esmonde (2011), who discusses how research into gender in mathematics education either insists on boys as being stereotypically masculine and proposes having more problems about sports and cars and "boy" things or insist on girls as being stereotypically feminine and wanting more of a soft mathematics and social interaction and group work in the study. Esmonde (2011) proposes more of a complex way of looking at gender in mathematics that doesn't rely on stereotyped categories and takes into account the fluidity of gender.
Queering gender in mathematics-Trans inclusion in gender pipeline projects – Are trans people being considered when we say we want "women" in education? There was recently a project started in San Francisco to train and educate trans people in software engineering and computer programming – how can we study these projects and compile the best practices and find ways to include trans issues, people, theory, and perspectives in the agenda of the gender pipeline movement?
Gender Complex Math Education–What does it mean to teach math in a way that takes a complex view of gender rather than a dichotomous view of gender? One working group member presented a paper at the Teaching Math and Social Justice conference in 2012 related to gender complex math education.
Trans studies perspectives in mathematics education–Trans studies provide insights about gender that can benefit mathematics education. For example, what might it mean to consider gender beyond a dichotomous view when conducting research about gender and mathematics learning, attitudes, beliefs, identities, or affiliations?
Each of the issues in the research category relate to queering or en-gendering research about mathematics education in some way.
Queering research methodology – There's a whole set of issues about being out as queer in a classroom setting – and people who do not conform to standard gender and sexuality norms are not normally given access to school settings and classrooms to do research. Our perspective and presentation influences the kind of data we collect, and it's important to be self-reflexive about how that affects our work as queer researchers. One of the authors of this proposal presented at this topic at AERA 2010 in a session on innovations in qualitative methodology.
Queering citation formats – Traditional APA style removes the first names of all authors – degendering and de-racing and de-culturing their identities through this erasure of authorial subjectivity in favor of a more neutral, genderless, cultureless presentation. Also, in what way does the use of "he" and "she" when citing works reinforce binary systems of gender?
Gender complex research – Not simply reducing our research to the categories of "boys" and "girls", "men" and "women" but really looking at the complexity of gender – traditional gender roles, queer gender forms such as "butch" and "femme", the study of female masculinity as it plays out in mathematics education, and really seeing how people "do" gender – engendering as a verb instead of gender as a noun. One working group member presented a paper at PME in 2012 suggesting lines of research in mathematics education from a more gender complex perspective.
Curriculum, Resources, Representations
The issues in this category address queering mathematics curricula and resources. Educators or researchers might use a queer analytical lens to critique what is normative in each of these, and how inquiry/ inqueery might move beyond what is normative.
Queering the common core / Queering curriculum – At AERA this year, one curriculum studies scholar was presenting a queer approach to the Common Core Standards in English and expressed a desire to collaborate with anyone who would like to extend his approach and methodology to exploring the Standards in Mathematics. Another member of our working group has looked at the foundations of STEM education in the common core and looked at the ways that the agendas and requirements of capitalism are reflected in the rationale and justification for the mathematics standards and for reform mathematics.
Queering materials and resources available, images, texts – why is it always heterosexuals that get pictured in texts and materials? how do you know this, can you tell someone is queer just by looking at them? if so, how… Why are there no queer sidebars? what does this mean? Why is homosexuality or gender nonconformity not discussed in discussions of historical mathematicians?
Queering representations: for example, who makes it into textbooks – pictures, exercises, problems, etc; popular culture representations of mathematicians and math teachers/students. Do gays and lesbians make it into textbook problems? Transgender people? When problems discuss a family setting – What about two mothers or two father families? Families that have multiple generations at home? Gay men coparenting with lesbians? Who gets portrayed as mathematicians in media, and how is their gender and sexuality portrayed? An important issue here is the assumption of heterosexuality – when someone's homosexuality is unremarked upon in film, television, or books, they are assumed by readers to be heterosexual. But when they are portrayed as gay, what are the implications of that for readers' understanding of the text?) this is its own field of study
Pedagogy and Teacher Education
The topics in this category focus on pedagogical processes and perspec for example, is Alan Turing or Hardy portrayed as gay, what does it mean to portray them in that way in a particular context?
Queering math pedagogy/ Mathematical Inqueery–How might a queer theoretical lens shape math pedagogy? One working group member has written articles and book chapters about what they term "mathematical inqueery".
Queering "Math Methods" (teacher education)–How can teacher educators teach queer their math methods courses? What do queer and trans perspectives have to offer math teacher preparation courses? Are math teachers prepared to work with queer and trans students? One working group member has explored some of these issues when working with teaching candidates.
"Teaching math for social justice" and sexuality/ gender diversity–A body of scholarship focuses on teaching math for social justice. How can educators teach math in ways that work toward social justice for LGBT folks? One working group member recently wrote an article suggesting a middle school project in which students analyze and collect survey data related to how often peers stand up for one another when they hear a negative comment about someone's gender expression.
Queering mathematical assessment–One working group member recently presented a paper about queering assessment. A next step is to consider queering mathematical assessment.
Queering mathematics disability – One working group member presented at the DC Queer Studies Symposium this year about what it would mean to queer mathematics disability and to rethink how we view difference when it comes to students who perceive numbers and mathematics different from the norm.
Mathematical Concepts and Content Areas
The topics in this category consist of specific mathematical concepts topics. The topics listed serve as a beginning place for considering what a queer perspective might offer mathematical content. For example, Elizabeth Freeman (2010) has explored the concept of time through using a queer lens and suggested the concept of chrononormativity. Working group members have considered in their research how this concept might be incorporated into mathematics education by getting students to rethink who makes it into historical timelines (and in what ways) and how time is used to structure their classroom experiences. In related fields, a physicist and feminist studies scholar named Karen Barad (2012) has considered what it might mean to queer physics and biology– starting with queer animals and the hidden history of homosexuality in nature and eventually even contending that the atom itself is queer. Similar consideration might be given to the other mathematics concepts on the list, as well as other concepts not yet added to the list.
Queering:
alternate number bases
composition and decomposition
differentiation, integration
irrational numbers
polyhedra
spheres, tori, double tori
imaginary numbers
complex numbers, the complex plane, complex analysis
Plan for Working Group How long are each of the sessions?
Session 1: What does it mean to queer/en-gender/trans-form mathematics?
Our first session will provide the opportunity for group members to collaboratively explore perspectives on the purposes of the working group. The working group has been actively working on coming up with these definitions during the preparation of this proposal; we hope to draw a lot of new participants into this conversation and re-work our shared definitions. Participants will have the opportunity to explore the session focus questions through discussion, and to review the list of focal areas and revise them based on their current understandings of their own research. From this, the participants will also brainstorm projects related to the specific focal issues. The working group will continue to develop our extensive list of participants' topical interests to further build our research network.
Session 2: How can we begin to build a sustainable network to support our work?
In the second session, the group will further develop our ideas for building and maintaining a sustainable network to support the ongoing work of group members. In addition to informal connections among participants and making accessible to one another potential research interests, the group will consider the types of support needed from various organizations and how to go about putting that support into place. For example, the group will consider questions such as the following: What kinds of changes would we like to see in organizations such as PME, PME-NA, NCTM, and AERA in order to enable our network to become sustainable? Might we want to consider forming affiliate groups or special interest groups within these organizations? What other strategies can we develop to foster sustainability?
Session 3: What does our activist agenda look like for next year?
In the third session, the group will develop more specific plans for the next year. What collaborative projects do we want to begin? What kind of product could we create collectively (for example, a queer math methods text or an anthology on queer mathematics)? What specific actions will we take to put our plan for sustainability in place?
Anticipated Follow-Up Activities
Follow up activities will entail enacting the plans developed in Session 3. These will involve engaging in a collaborative project or projects developed in Session 3. We will also take action to put our plan for sustainability in place to allow our supportive network to continue to grow. Finally, we anticipate proposing another working group session for PME-NA 2014 to allow for additional exploration of the focal issues.
Barad, K. (2012). Nature's Queer Performativity. Women, Gender & Research. 2012(1,2). Accessed online at
D'Ambrosio, U. (1999). Ethnomathematics: The art or technique of explaining and
knowing & History of mathematics in the periphery: The basin metaphor. Preprint
116. Berlin, Germany: Max-Planck-Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte.
Esmonde, I. (2011). Snips and Snails and Puppy Dogs' Tails: Genderism and Mathematics Education. For the Learning of Mathematics 31(2), 27-31.
Freeman, E. (2010). Time Binds. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Glickman, C. (2012). Queer is a Verb. Originally presented at the Momentum Conference in 2012.
Skovsmose, O. (2009). In doubt: About language, mathematics, knowledge and life-
worlds. Rotterdam, the Netherlands: Sense.
Math for Social Justice: Racial Equality
Draw a math teacher task
Are you learning or grade oriented?
AMS Grad Student Blog
Susan on Welcome
Garry Forger on creative writing
Claire Swartzlander on Are you Learning Oriented or Grade Oriented?
nicolas on Are you Learning Oriented or Grade Oriented?
Gianna Susa on Are you Learning Oriented or Grade Oriented?


This blog has been a bit void of personality lately, and in truth I've not felt like opening up. Brexit has thrown so very much up into the air, and with the decision to leave the free market, the residence of all non-UK EU/EEA nationals is in question. This very much affects me because Seeg is Dutch. He's been living in the UK for 6 and a half years now, helping me to look after my mum, and has just applied for proof of right of residence. It's been said officially that people already living here won't be affected, but no one can be sure. Leaving the EU is going to be a long process, and once it's all finally done, all kinds of things could change. As such, the idea of deportation is dogging us, and while I would happily follow him and live in The Netherlands, my mum's disability makes the matter complicated. Just getting a job, moving out and making a start on my own life is complicated, and that's also why I'm relying so heavily on my Etsy shop.
And that's the second issue: my shop is failing astoundingly. Since about October my sales have been dropping, and I'm now matching the stats from three years ago. It's seriously getting me down because I haven't the faintest idea what to do about it. I've given my shop an overhaul, rewritten every single listing's title, tags and description, made new pieces, tried different forms of advertising, but it's now gotten so bad that I can't even afford to advertise anymore, making the whole matter worse. It feels like a downward spiral and it's making me feel even more hopeless.
Seeg has also had some kind of problem with his legs and lower back for at least 6 months, which has now gotten so bad that he needs physiotherapy, and while I'm glad something is finally being done about it, it adds another worry and appointments are affected by caring for my mum.
In short, right now, nothing is as simple as it should be, and though I'm trying to look on the bright side, I've gotten to a point of feeling so hopeless that even though I've received a few custom orders, I can't find the energy or motivation to do them. I have, of course, and I've given them my best efforts, but I haven't enjoyed it. I've been trying to meditate, but if I'm honest, the thought to do it doesn't occur to me anymore and I just want to sit and wallow in my own self pity.
Eesh. I'm glad I wrote this. I know it's whiney, but at the same time, I've not actually taken the time to try to get these thoughts in order, and now things at least seem plainer. I know why I'm stressed, and while none of them are matters I have any real control over - I can't slap any clarity out of the government, I can't force people to buy my stuff, and I can't fix his back - they're also matters I might as well put out of my mind. I have a strong belief in this Buddhist proverb, and I need to remind myself of it from time to time: if you have a problem that can be fixed, then there is no use in worrying. If you have a problem that cannot be fixed, then there is no use in worrying.
This is a time for finding something new to do - trying a new craft, watching a new TV show, trying a new game.
And when it comes around to it, my current book, at least, is going well. I'm starting to doubt my abilities, but I know I have all the time in the world to tweak and polish my book before submitting it, and the first draft is absolutely never printable. And it's a two-parter, which Archguardians should have been in hindsight, so while the first book is nearly done, I'm not submitting it anywhere until the second is finished. So there's still plenty of time and no need to worry about it.
But yes. That's me. Perhaps, if this keeps on, I'll annoy you all and start writing short, weekly, positive posts. Remind myself every day of something I'm happy with, grateful for, enjoying and so on, gather them up and stick them up here for all and myself to see. It's the simple, daily things that are all too easy to miss, after all. You don't obsess or over-think the things you enjoy them, you just enjoy them...right?


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Division of Translational Medicine, Tongji University, China
Division of Translational Medicine, Tongji University
同济大学 转化医学高等研究院
No articles found. Division of Translational Medicine, Tongji University did not contribute to any primary research papers from Nature Index journals in the current 12 month window.
↳ Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University
↳ Division of Translational Medicine, Tongji University
Advanced Institute of Translational Medicine, Tongji University
MOE Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Tongji University
Advanced Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Tongji University
Biomedical Multidisciplinary Innovation Research Institute, Tongji University
College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University
College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University
Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Tongji University
MOE Key Laboratory of Performance Evolution and Control for Engineering Structures, Tongji University
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University
Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation (IWTR), Tongji University
MOHURD Centre for the Technology Research and Training on Household Waste in Small Towns Rural Area, Tongji University
International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University
Jiaxing‐Tongji Environmental Research Institute, Tongji University
MOE Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University
National Centre for International Research of Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University
Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University
State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University
College of Stomatology, Tongji University
The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Tongji University
Department of Conservative Dentistry at the Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Tongji University
Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration at the Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Tongji University
Shanghai Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine at the Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Tongji University
College of Surveying and Geo-informatics, Tongji University
Center for Spatial Information Science and Sustainable Development Applications, Tongji University
Department of Chemistry, Tongji University
Department of Physics, Tongji University
Institute of Acoustics, Tongji University
Institute of Dongguan - Tongji University (IDTU), Tongji University
Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University
Institute of New Energy for Vehicles Tongji University
Institute of New Rural Development, Tongji University
National Engineering Research Center of Protected Agriculture, Tongji University
Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji University
MOE Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji University
MOE Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering, Tongji University
MOE Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering, Tongji University
National Engineering Research Center for Urban Pollution Control, Tongji University
School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University
School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University
Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University
School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University
School of Economics and Management, Tongji University
School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University
Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tongji University
School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University
Department of Bioinformatics, Tongji University
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Tongji University
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University
Department of Polymeric Materials, Tongji University
Functional Materials Research Laboratory, Tongji University
MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials, Tongji University
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Development and Application, Tongji University
School of Mathematical Sciences, Tongji University
School of Mechanical Engineering, Tongji University
School of Medicine, Tongji University
Basic Medical College, Tongji University
Brain and Spinal Cord Clinical Research Center, Tongji University
Department of Immunology, Tongji University
Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji University
Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University
Institute for Advanced Materials and Nano Biomedicine (iNANO), Tongji University
Institute of Translational Research, Tongji University
Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University
Breast Cancer Center at East Hospital, Tongji University
Department of Medical Ultrasound at East Hospital, Tongji University
Institute for Regenerative Medicine at East Hospital, Tongji University
Institute for Translational Nanomedicine at East Hospital, Tongji University
Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, Tongji University
Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy at East Hospital, Tongji University
Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital Corporation
Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital
Department of Pathology of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital
Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University
Department of Neurology at Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University
Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence at Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University
Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital
Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital
Clinical Translational Research Center at Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University
Department of Tuberculosis at Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital
Shanghai Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University
Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University
Cancer Center at Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University
Central Laboratory for Medical Research at Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University
Department of Central Laboratory at Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University
Department of Hematology at Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University
Department of Ultrasound in Medicine at Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University
Institute of Intervention Vessel at Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University
Institute of Photomedicine at Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University
Shanghai Center of Thyroid Diseases at Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University
Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultrasound Diagnosis and Treatment at Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University
Tongji Hospital, Tongji University
Department of Hematology at Tongji Hospital, Tongji University
MOE Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration at Tongji Hospital, Tongji University
Reproductive Medicine Center at Tongji Hospital, Tongji University
Stem Cell Translational Research Center at Tongji Hospital, Tongji University
Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Tongji University
Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University
School of Ocean and Earth Science, Tongji University
School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University
Center for Phononics and Thermal Energy Science, Tongji University
China-EU Joint Center for Nanophononics, Tongji University
Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, Tongji University
MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Tongji University
Pohl Institute of Solid State, Tongji University
Shanghai Research Institute for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Tongji University
State Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention in Civil Engineering, Tongji University
State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University
State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University
Sustainable Development and New-Type Urbanization Think Tank, Tongji University
Tongji Zhejiang College
Department of Civil Engineering, Tongji Zhejiang College
Tsingtao Advanced Research Institute, Tongji University
Oldest fish hook found in Okinawa
Predicting the risk of tsunami from seafloor geology
Factors affecting protein folding in neurodegenerative diseases
Kanazawa University (KU)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Discriminatory Pricing and the Robinson-Patman Act: Brief Overview, Including Some Exceptions
CRS Report for Congress
Discriminatory Pricing and the Robinson-
Patman Act: Brief Overview, Including Some
Janice E. Rubin
Legislative Attorney
American Law Division
The Robinson-Patman Act (hereinafter, R-P), 15 U.S.C. § § 13, 13a, 13b, 21a,
makes it unlawful, with certain exceptions, to knowingly sell goods "in commerce," for
use or sale within the United States, at differing prices to contemporaneous buyers of
those goods. Enacted during the Depression at the behest of small grocers who feared
the buying power of large and growing chain grocers, it is the exception to the notion
that the antitrust laws protect competition, not competitors in that it generally prohibits
precisely the kind of price differentiation which would normally be thought to result
from vigorous competition . Allegations of R-P violations may be defended by asserting
and proving either that the differing prices reflect only the cost of the seller's
manufacture or delivery (the "cost justification" defense); or, that the seller is attempting
either (1) to meet the competition of another seller, or (2) enable his buyer to meet the
competition of a competitor of the buyer ("meeting competition" defense). In addition,
there is also a broad exception to the prohibition against price discrimination when one
of the sales is made to any of certain entities listed in the Nonprofit Institutions Act, 15
U.S.C. § 13c, and the goods are purchased for the institution's "own use"; nonprofits
may not, however, take advantage of their privileged Robinson-Patman status to
purchase commodities at favorable prices in order to compete commercially with entities
not so entitled. Further, lower courts have found that health maintenance organizations
(HMOs) qualify as organizations entitled to take advantage of the Nonprofit Institutions
Act, on the theory that they perform services that traditionally have been considered as
"charitable," although the Supreme Court has not had occasion to rule on the status of
HMOs.
The "in commerce" language of Robinson-Patman has been held to mean that the
interstate commerce requirement is satisfied only when at least one of the two (or more)
sales is made "in the stream of commerce" -- i.e., across state lines.
This report will be updated as warranted.
The Robinson-Patman Act (15 U.S.C. §§13, 13a, 13b, 21a) was enacted in 1936 with
the specific purpose of creating and maintaining a market atmosphere in which small
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress
business could compete effectively, at least in the purchase of commodities, with its larger
rivals. The immediate impetus for that Depression-era legislation was the concern for
smaller grocery store operators who complained that their businesses were suffering as
the direct result of the activities of the chain grocery stores generally and the Great
Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company (A&P) particularly. In pertinent part, the statute states
it shall be unlawful for any person engaged in commerce, in the course of
such commerce, either directly or indirectly, to discriminate in price
between different purchasers of commodities of like grade and quality,
where either or any of the purchases involved in such discrimination are
in commerce, where such commodities are sold for use, consumption, or
sale within the United States ..., and where the effect of such
discrimination may be substantially to lessen competition or tend to create
a monopoly in any line of commerce, or to injure, destroy, or prevent
competition with any person who either grants or knowingly receives the1
benefit of such discrimination, or with the customers of either of them.
Very simply, the Act prohibits sellers in interstate commerce2 from charging different
purchasers different prices for goods of "like grade and quality."3 The Act applies only
to the sale of goods (i.e., it does not apply to the sale of services) and only where each
sale is of goods purchased for resale within the United States (i.e., it does not prohibit
price differentials between goods sold for resale within the United States and those sold
for export.)4
Among the affirmative defenses permitted to refute the Robinson-Patman illegality
of differential pricing is the so-called "meeting competition" defense, which has at least
two levels: a defendant may assert (and must prove) that the lower price charged to a
favored buyer was selected in order to permit the seller to meet that of a competing seller
(primary line competition); or he may assert (and must prove) that the challenged price
was necessary in order to enable his buyer to meet the competition of one of the buyer's
1 15 U.S.C. §13(a).
2 Gulf Oil Corp. v. Copp Paving Co., 419 U.S. 186, 200 (1974), quoting from Hiram Walker, Inc.
v. A&S Tropical, Inc. 407 F.2d 4, 9 (5th Cir. 1969), cert. denied, 396 U.S. 901 (1969): "the 'in
commerce' language of Robinson-Patman mandates that "at least one of the two transactions
[involved in the alleged discrimination] cross a state line."
3 There has been a great deal of litigation concerning the definition of "like grade and quality,"
with the conclusion that, at the least, the phrase does not necessarily dictate that brand-name and
private-label goods are not comparable. In F.T.C. v. Borden Co., 383 U.S. 637 (1966), for
example, the Court indicated that the proper test for determining whether commodities are of
"like grade and quality" is a "physical comparison" of the goods as opposed to consumer or
marketplace acceptance of them. 383 U.S. at 639-41. See also, Morning Pioneer, Inc. v.th
Bismarck Tribune Co., 493 F.2d 383 (8 Cir. 1974), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 836 (1974).
4 Fimex Corp. v. Barmatic Products Co., 429 F.Supp. 978 (E.D.N.Y. 1977), aff'd without
published opinion, 573 F.2d 1289 (2d Cir. 1977).
competitors (secondary line competition).5 A seller may not, however, knowingly "beat"
the prices of a competitor.6 A Robinson-Patman defendant may also successfully defend
his challenged pricing activity if he can show that his price differentials were "cost
justified" -- i.e., that the price differential made only due allowance for the costs incurred
in producing or delivering the goods.7
In addition, the 1938 Nonprofit Institutions Act (15 U.S.C. §13c), which expressly
permitted price breaks on "purchases of their supplies for their own use by schools,
colleges, universities, public libraries, churches, hospitals, and charitable institutions not
operated for profit" (emphasis added), created a broad exemption from the general price-
discrimination prohibition:
5 The Supreme Court has rejected the assertion that an exchange of price information carried out
allegedly in order to comply with the R-P mandate that price breaks generally may be granted to
favored buyers only as necessary to meet the competition of another seller could not be
considered as a price-fixing violation of the Sherman Act (15 U.S.C. § 1 prohibits agreements
"in restraint of trade," which phrase has been consistently interpreted to encompass price-fixing --
i.e., agreements or conspiracies having an effect on price or output): "A good-faith belief, rather
than absolute certainty, that a price concession is being offered to meet an equally low price
offered by a competitor is sufficient to satisfy the ["meeting competition"] defense. While casual
reliance on uncorroborated reports of buyers or sales representatives without further investigation
may not ... be sufficient to make the requisite showing of good faith, nothing in the language of
[the statute] ... indicates that direct discussions of price between competitors is required." United
States v. United States Gypsum Company, 438 U.S. 422, 453 (1978) (emphasis added).
6 The Supreme Court has held that although it is permissible to meet competition, it is a
Robinson-Patman violation to knowingly lower prices sufficiently to beat those of a competitor.
Conversely, the Court held that, if a seller is not guilty of a Robinson-Patman violation (because,
e.g., his lower price is cost-justified, or he actually believed that he was doing no more than
meeting competition), the buyer receiving the lower, but not unlawful price is not guilty of
violating 15 U.S.C. §13(f), which prohibits the knowing inducement or "a discrimination in price
which is prohibited [in 15 U.S.C. §13]." Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. F.T.C., 440 U.S.
69 (1979), the so-called "lying buyer" case.
7 15 U.S.C. §13(a): "... Provided, That nothing herein contained shall prevent differentials which
make only due allowances for differences in the cost of manufacture, sale, or delivery resulting
from the differing methods or quantities in which such commodities are to such purchasers sold
or delivered: ...." See, e.g., Texaco v. Hasbrouck, 496 U.S. 543 (1990): The Hasbrouck Court
cites several commentators who rather unanimously note that the "exactitude" of the proof
required by the cost-justification defense -- the need to show that the price reduction(s) did not
exceed the seller's actual cost savings -- is generally not possible in actual market situations. A
proxy for that defense, however, may be the "functional discount": "A supplier need not satisfy
the rigorous requirements of the cost justification defense in order to prove that a particular
functional discount [discount for services rendered by, e.g., a wholesaler] did not cause any
substantial lessening of competition between a wholesaler's customers and the supplier's direct
customers. [But no one] would ... countenance a functional discount completely untethered to
either the supplier's savings or the wholesaler's costs." At 561, 562 (fn 18 and surrounding text).
Previously, the Court, having ruled that the phrase "like grade and quality"refers to physical
versus perceived identity, noted obliquely that advertising expenses incurred to convince
consumers of the superior nature of a branded product, might actually be counted in the cost-
justification calculation: "Borden's extra expenses in connection with its own milk are more
relevant to the cost justification issue than to the question we have before us." F.T.C. v. Borden
Co., supra, note 3, at 644 (n. 5).
The underlying intent in granting such an exemption was indisputably to permit
institutions which are not in business for a profit to operate as inexpensively as8
Robinson-Patman in the Courts: The Non-Profit Exemption
Two Supreme Court opinions, announced in the mid-1970s and early 1980s,
provided significant interpretations of the scope of the nonprofit exemption from the
Robinson-Patman prohibition. Both involved challenges to the practice of a
pharmaceutical supplier who was selling its products to certain hospitals at prices lower
than those charged to retail pharmacists in the areas surrounding the hospitals in question.
Abbott Laboratories v. Portland Retail Druggists Association, Inc., 425 U.S. 1
(1976), discussed the "for their own use" phrase in the Nonprofit Institutions Act; the
provision was interpreted strictly. The Court relied largely on the "for their own use"
language to hold that purchases made by a nonprofit hospital are not all necessarily
exempt from price discrimination prohibitions, only those made in order to able to meet
the needs of the hospital (e.g., dispensing to inpatients, outpatients treated in the hospital,
emergency room use) and those of staff physicians, medical and nursing students, and
their dependents: "The Congress surely did not intend to give the hospital a blank
check"9 Although the Court included within permissible uses by the hospital, "genuine
take home prescription[s], intended, for a limited and reasonable time, as a continuation
of, or supplement to, the treatment that was administered at the hospital to the patient
who needed, and now continues to need, that treatment," it specifically excluded from the
Robinson-Patman exemption embodied in the Nonprofit Institutions Act "the refill for
the hospital's former patient."10 Further, the Court refused to sanction purchases by the
hospital-based physician for use in "that portion of his private practice unconnected with
the hospital."11
While the primary concern addressed by the Court in Portland was the sale of
pharmaceuticals to nonprofit hospitals for all uses, including patient care and resale, four
years later, in Jefferson County Pharmaceutical Ass'n., Inc. v. Abbott Laboratories, 460
U.S. 150 (1983), the Court set out the limits of the exception to Robinson-Patman for
government purchases; Jefferson County presented an issue "limited to state [read
"nonprofit hospital"] purchases for the purposes of competing against private enterprise --
with the advantage of discriminatory prices -- in the retail market."12 Jefferson County
stressed that Robinson-Patman's prohibitions against unjustified discriminatory price
8 Logan Lanes, Inc. v. Brunswick Corp., 378 F. 2d 212, 216 (9th Cir. 1967), cert. denied, 389 U.S.
898 (1967). Cited with approval by the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
in Champaign-Urbana News Agency, Inc. v. J.L. Cummins News Co., Inc., 632 F.2d 680, 692-93th
(7 Cir. 1980), aff'g., 479 F.Supp. 281 (E.D. Ill. 1979). The Seventh Circuit also noted in its
discussion at that point that "if a particular purchase is exempt from liability ... both the seller and
the purchaser in the transaction are exempt."
9 425 U.S. at 13.
10 Id. at 15.
12 460 U.S. at 154.
differentials in the sale of commodities of "like grade and quality" dictated that
government [nonprofit hospital] purchases for use in retail competition with private
enterprise, as opposed to those for "traditional governmental [hospital] functions," are
fully subject to the strictures of the Act. The Court held that purchases of
pharmaceuticals by the University of Alabama Hospital for uses other than in the
treatment of its patients, as, for example, in retail sales, may not be made at prices which
would give the University Hospital an unfair price advantage over its competitors in the
retail sale of pharmaceuticals.
Health maintenance organizations were found to be "eligible institutions" under the
Nonprofit Institutions Act in De Modena v. Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc., 743
F.2d 1388 (9th Cir. 1984), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1229 (1985). After acknowledging that
the Act "does not explicitly list HPs [health plans]," and that no case law at that time
specifically included HPs as "charitable" institutions, the appeals court relied on
"precedent defining the term charitable for purposes of the tax code and the law of
charitable trusts" to reach its conclusion: "[T]he emergence of social welfare, insurance,
and municipal hospitals [has] drastically reduced the number of poor requiring free or
below cost medical services . . . .
This reduction eliminated the rationale upon which the traditional, limited
definition of charitable was predicated, resulting in a move towards a less
restrictive interpretation of the term in recent years. Now all non-profit
organizations which promote health are considered charitable under the law of
charitable trusts. Further, a number of courts have specifically held that health
maintenance organizations, such as HPs, are charitable institutions for tax
purposes. . . . Given this increasingly liberal interpretation of the term, we
conclude that the [defendant] HPs are charitable institutions within the13
meaning of the Nonprofit Institutions Act.
Further, the court relied on the expression of the "for their own use" criterion propounded
by the Supreme Court in Abbott Laboratories v. Portland Retail Druggists14 to decide
that the "basic institutional function" of a health plan -- providing a "complete panoply"
of health-care services, including continuing and preventative services, to its members --
requires that "drugs purchased by an HMO . . . for resale to its members [be considered
as] purchased for the HMO's `own use' within the meaning of the Nonprofit Institutions
Act."15
13 743 F.2d at 1392 (notes omitted).
14 "`[T]heir own use' is what reasonably may be regarded as use by the hospital in the sense that
such use promotes the hospital's intended institutional operation in the care of persons who are
its patients." 425 U.S. at 14 (emphasis in original).
15 743 F.2d at 1393. In a note, the court explained the difference between the Nonprofit
Institution Act's treatment of prescription refills by hospitals (prohibited) and drug sales to
members by HMOs (permitted): refilling prescriptions goes beyond "the basic institutional
function of a fee-for-service hospital [which] is to provide temporary medical care for its patients
. . . ." Id., n. 7 (emphasis added). The United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
expanded on that reasoning when, in U.S. v. Stewart, 872 F.2d 957 (1989), it refused to let a
criminal defendant in a mail-fraud case argue that he had not defrauded or legally injured certain
Since its enactment, the Robinson-Patman Act has been less than enthusiastically viewed
by the Department of Justice, which has believed since 1936 that the Act is not beneficial
to consumers. Accordingly, government enforcement of the Act has always been
entrusted to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC).16 In its 1977 REPORT ON THE
ROBINSON-PATMAN ACT, the Antitrust Division noted that
It should not be surprising ... that Robinson-Patman can be shown to have many
adverse effects on the economy. To be sure, there are some who do not recognize
these effects or who argue that they are outweighed by benefits to specific sectors of
the economy, notably small business; to competition by preventing increased
concentration in a line of commerce; and to public values in general by establishing
as a legal norm the concept of `fair dealing' in pricing. But any discussion of the
benefits of Robinson-Patman can be made only with a clear understanding of the17
burdens that the statute places on American economic activity.
In the mid 1970s, the 94th Congress, through an Ad Hoc Subcommittee of the House
Small Business Committee, held hearings on and considered proposals to amend or repeal
the Robinson-Patman Act.18 Although the Subcommittee received several draft bills from
the Department of Justice to either substantially amend, or to repeal the Act, no
legislation was introduced at that time; nor are we aware of any introduced at any time
thereafter.
manufacturers because one of his problem sales was made to a hospital buying group that
included a member entitled to receive discounted prices: "... it is clear that the large-scale sale
of pharmaceuticals at a profit to wholesalers in the private market is not for the "own use" of a
hospital buying group." At 961.
16 According to the Department, "Under existing liaison agreements between the Department of
Justice and the Federal Trade Commission, the FTC has taken primary responsibility for civil
enforcement of the Act [despite the fact that, theoretically at least, it is equally enforceable by
both agencies], leaving the Department of Justice with responsibility for criminal prosecutions
under Section 3 [which provides for a $5,000 fine and/or imprisonment for not more than one
year]. That section, never intended as a substantive addition to the Act [and not codified], has
rarely been invoked." United States Department of Justice, Report on the Robinson-Patman Act,
1977 (hereinafter referred to as Report) at 3. In fact, most price-discrimination activity involves
only private litigants.
17 Report at 8 (emphasis in original).
18 Recent Efforts to Amend or Repeal the Robinson-Patman Act, Hearings Before the Ad Hoc
Subcommittee on Antitrust, the Robinson-Patman Act, and Related Matters of the Housethst
Committee on Small Business, 94 Cong., 1 and 2d sess. (1975, 1976). The hearings resultedth
in H.R. Rep. 94-1738, 94 Cong., 2d Sess. (1976).


We welcome letters. Please include your full name, address and telephone number. We edit all letters. Send them to editor@illinoistimes.com.
As a professional historian who spent 20 years at the Papers, the last seven as assistant director, I can tell you that Mr. Lowe's comment is not merely false, but outrageous. It is a lie and a slander against the work that my colleagues and I conducted at the project during those 17 years. It is shocking that Mr. Lowe has the audacity to suggest that the editors of the Papers of Abraham Lincoln spent 17 years twiddling their thumbs, that 17 project editors with Ph.Ds in history and 16 with MAs in history did "nothing" since 2000. Mr. Lowe is either engaged in some revisionist history that better suits his own agenda for the Papers or he is grossly misinformed about the success and achievements of the Papers over the past 17 years.
Mr. Lowe's statement that the Papers produced "nothing" and his assertion that the project failed to protect and promote the legacy of Abraham Lincoln is insulting to all of the professional historians and editors at the Papers from 2000 to today. It is insulting to all of the federal and private funders who supported the Papers during that time. It is insulting to the truth. While Mr. Lowe may see himself as arriving in Springfield on a white horse to save the Papers of Abraham Lincoln, the Papers did not need saving by him or by anyone else. On the contrary, from 2000 up until Mr. Lowe's unjustified removal of the project director and myself in November 2016, the Papers was a productive and successful scholarly editing project. It published an impressive amount of scholarly work, rivaling, and in many instances surpassing, the pace of other editing projects. It built long-running support of federal and private funders, Civil War historians, Lincoln scholars, the Archivist of the United States, and the general public. During those 17 years, the Papers was a "path-breaking," preeminent editing project. And no one, not even Alan Lowe and his hostile revision of the history of the Papers of Abraham Lincoln can change the truth.
Please consider this a formal request to the Illinois Times for a published retraction of Mr. Lowe's demonstrably false and defamatory comments about the exceptional contributions that I and many other dedicated historians have made to the Papers of Abraham Lincoln since 2000. If only the damage he and his ilk are doing to Lincoln's legacy could be so easily retracted.


Learn How to make beautiful floral arrangements using best seasonal blooms. We will share the secret to creating gorgeous floral designs. Master the art of flower arranging that you can adapt to home styling , weddings or a gift. Be creative, get new skills and take your creations home. It is the best way to spend weekend morning with like-minded fellow work-shoppers in fun and friendly atmosphere. No experience needed. You will leave blooming with inspirations. Click here for the flower workshop image gallery.
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In this enamel pin tutorial screencast, we dive into the technical side design. Learn how to set up your designs properly and "see" pins. We layers, silkscreens and the soft enamel process to produce a design for a Canadian band. See the steps required to bring a design to life. This 4 minute video will introduce some advanced techniques to the mix.
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Join veteran pin designer and former factory owner Craig Davidiuk for another awesome screencast!
Craig points out the most common error that designers make is not scaling down the pin design to actual size prior to submitting. When you scale a pin down, the areas for holding enamel can shrink below minimum. The minimum area for holding enamel is 2mm. So the lesson here is to apply a small 2mm dot to the smaller ares in your design to test. Fast forward to 2:50 in the video if you are in a hurry.
Another issue we often face is coloured lines or text. It's rare that you can design a pin big enough to hold coloured lines. This is why raised metal is the "best practice" for detail lines, shapes, outlines. And when the need arises to add colour to those lines, you can sometimes use silkscreening. This video outlines the steps required to apply a screen to enamel. Fast forward to 2:12 for this topic.
Welcome enamel pin designers. My name is Craig Daviduk and I'm the owner of Ultimate Promotions dot biz. I've been in the enamel pin industry my entire life.
I actually grew up in my parents pin factory helping them to make pins. That was around for about 30 years before we changed our business model and started importing about 15 years ago.
The biggest struggle we come across with our artist clients is helping them to "see" the finished product. So hopefully this video will bridge that gap.I'm going to try a new way of doing this today [see our channel for 15 other videos like this] and it's a before and after video. So I hope you like it. We're going to show you the before art and after picture of the pins so you can see the designs properly.
This design is from a band called Terrance Jack . The reason I pick it is that the number one thing that designers struggle with is text and pin scaling. This pin has two great examples of ways to deal with it.
Graphic designers often submit a design to us at a scale of 6 to 1 or 8 to 1 or even 10 to 1.
So when you are viewing the image on your screen and zooming in and out, you are not getting an accurate picture of what issues might occur in manufacturing. It's when you scale it down to actual size (not zoom in to your screen) that you reveal these issues.
The other thing I want to point out is that with text on designs we usually try to make that raised metal. This is the other thing designers struggle with is using that raised metal in your designs. The reason we used raised metal for text is that if we surround the raised metal with an enamel colour, it pops. I'd also like to point out that raised black dyed electroplate metal is the designers best friend...because its black! And you can achieve all kinds of artistic effects with black raised metal. The other thing to mention is that this design would NOT work as a gold electroplated pin.
So with the text we've used raised metal. But the issue we have to deal with now is the coloured squiggly lines. They are too small to hold colour. So what's the workaround? You can't always change your designs so that raised metal is used. So we use this technique called silks screening.
Silkscreening requires you to think in layers. After you design your pin, fill it with colour, and screen over top of larger enamel areas. The nice thing is you are not limited by any colours or scaling issues as long as you have enough area to add the silkscreen to.
The other thing I want to talk about is with this design you have to look at the moon. Look how small that area is. So if I zoom into this, the way I'd determine if this area is big enough to hold colour and in this case, it works. The top and bottom of moon do not meet minimum area requirement but because there is an area to drop the liquid epoxy into, it should flow nicely.
One final note that I've been working on a new blog for 10 months. www.enamelpin.info There are dozens of articles and resources for enamel pin design.
If you ever have questions, you can submit designs for feedback and I'll create your own private screencast. Be sure to subscribe to my channel. Thanks and have a great day.


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R.I.O. - Like I Love You (Dance video)
R.I.O. - Like I Love You (Dance video) Video Edit By Km Music
Rihanna, Shakira, Akon, Daft.Punk, Tatu, Hilary Duff, Shania Twain, abba, Kylie Minogue, Avril Lavigne, Christina Aguilera, The Corrs, After School, Madonna, Timbaland, Ace Of Base, Will Smith, Taio Cruz, Alizee, Moby, Whigfield, Carrie Underwood, Katherine Jenkins, Miranda Lambert, Sara Bareilles, 2 Unlimited, Bryan Adams, Boyzone, Bon Jovi, Corona, Dr Alban, Eiffel 65, Genesis, Haddaway, Janet Jackson, Kaoma, M.A.R.S., Paula Abdul, Peter Gabriel, Phil Collins, Pixie Lott, Savage garden, Ronan Keating, Sheryl Crow, Savage Garden, Snap, Technotronic, Vanessa Williams, B-Witched, Gwen Stefani, Michelle Branch, Nelly Furtado, Westlife, Justin Bieber, Miley Cyrus, Taylor Swift, Carrie Underwood, Airplanes, Dara Bubamara, Akcent, Avril Lavigne, Girls' Generation, Kylie Minogue, Katy Perry, miss A, t.A.T.u., Nicki Minaj, Abba, Beyonce, andreea banica, Elton John, Britney Spears, Evanescence, Inna, Lady Gaga, Sarah Brightman, Spice Girls, Train, Backstreet Boys, Eric Prydz, Keri Hilson, Laura Bell Bundy, Maroon 5, Super Junior, Michael Jackson, Pet Shop Boys, Sophie Ellis Bextor, Natalie Imbruglia, A Teens, Agnes, Akon, Alesha Dixon, Angel City, Aqua, Armin Van Buuren, Sharon Den Adel, Ashlee Simpson, Axel F, Black, Cascada, Chris Brown, Delta Goodrem, Disturbed, Duffy, Enrique Iglesias, Jeanette, Jay Sean, Justin Timberlake, Kate Ryan, Kim Wilde, Lene Marlin, Leona Lewis, Nickelback , Paradiso Girls, Rick Astley, Sabrina, Sandra, Sarah Connor, Seal, Sugababes, Toto, West End Girls, Queen, Celine Dion, CHER, Depeche Mode, oasis, Owl City, M.C. Hammer, Anastacia, Jennifer Lopez, Ashlee Simpson, Geri Halliwell
KARLIE KLOSS, candice swanepoel video slide Victoria's Secret Fashion Show Miami Official Beautiful Victoria's Secrets Angels Victoria's Secret Angel Victoria's Secret angels Photoshoot Victoria's Secret Official Channel Victoria's Secret Model
candice swanepoel Official Channel chris brown
998K views5,1K likes66 comments
R.I.O. Feat. U-Jean - Summer Jam
Video Edit By Km Music
Videos from Lad Idorf channel
R.I.O. Feat. U-Jean - Summer Jam (Dance Videos) (DJ RN SR)
Michael Jackson - Slave To The Rhythm
Video Editing - Km Music
Michael Jackson - Dirty Diana
Michael Jackson - In The Closet
Michael Jackson - You Rock My World
Michael Jackson - Speed Demon
And More 22 videos
107K views619 likes9 comments
Indila feat. Youssoupha - Dreamin' (Remix)
Indila feat. Youssoupha - Dreamin' (Iulian Florea Remix)
1,9M views8,6K likes306 comments
Michael Jackson - Billie Jean (Dance Video)
967K views5,7K likes115 comments
Edward Maya - Coturo ft. Lika (Dance Video)
I made this dance video in 2013 - Km Music
Edward Maya & Vika Jigulina - Stereo Love
EDWARD MAYA feat. VIKA JIGULINA - This is my life
Edward Maya feat. Vika Jigulina - Desert Rain
Edward Maya feat Yohanna A - FEELING
Edward Maya - Historia de Amor
Edward Maya - Friends Forever
Edward Maya - Happy For You
Edward Maya Feat. Andrea & Costi - Universal Love
Edward Maya - Close Your Eyes
Jennifer Lopez vs Edward Maya ft Pitbull & Vika - Love On The Stereo Floor
Madcon - Don't Worry ft. Ray Dalton (Cheerleaders)
Madcon - Don't Worry ft. Ray Dalton (Cheerleaders) Video Editing - Km Music
54,9K views421 likes13 comments
Michael Jackson - Smooth Criminal (The Moscow Symphony Orchestra)
Michael Jackson - Smooth Criminal (The Moscow Symphony Orchestra) Video Edit By Km Music
Michael Jackson - Beat It
Michael Jackson - They Don't Care About Us
Michael Jackson - Billie Jean
Michael Jackson - Thriller
Michael Jackson - Remember The Time
Michael Jackson - Bad
Michael Jackson - The Way You Make Me Feel
Michael Jackson - Earth Song
Michael Jackson - Black Or White
Michael Jackson - Give In To Me
Michael Jackson - Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough
Michael Jackson - You Are Not Alone
Michael Jackson & Britney Spears - Smooth Criminal (Mashup)
Max Graham Ft Yes - Owner of a Lonely Heart
Max Graham Ft Yes - Owner of a Lonely Heart (Video Edit By Km Music)
Peter Gabriel - Sledgehammer (Dance Video)
"Sledgehammer"
you could have a steam train
if you'd just lay down your tracks
you could have an aeroplane flying
if you bring your blue sky back
all you do is call me
I'll be anything you need
you could have a big dipper
going up and down, all around the bends
you could have a bumper car, bumping
this amusement never ends
why don't you call my name
oh let me be your sledgehammer
this will be my testimony
show me round your fruitcage
'cos I will be your honey bee
open up your fruitcage
where the fruit is as sweet as can be
you'd better call the sledgehammer
put your mind at rest
I'm going to be-the sledgehammer
this can be my testimony
I'm your sledgehammer
let there be no doubt about it
sledge sledge sledgehammer
I've kicked the habit
shed my skin
this is the new stuff
I go dancing in, we go dancing in
oh won't you show for me
and I will show for you
show for me, I will show for you
yea, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, I do mean you
you've been coming through
going to build that powerr
build, build up that power, hey
I've been feeding the rhythm
going to feel that power, build in you
come on, come on, help me do
yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, you
it's what we're doing, doing
all day and night
Austin Powers - Quincy Jones & His Orchestra - Soul Bossa Nova
Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery (1997)
Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me (1999)
69,8M views326K likes6,6K comments
Sia - Cheap Thrills Ft. Sean Paul (Remix)
1) Argentina Tango in Caminito. Best street dancers
2) Dance cosplay video Harley Quinn by DHQ Olia Leta
3) Dancing Strawhatz - A Concept
4) OLIA LETA TWERK DANCE
5) Robin Thicke - "Blurred Lines" Parody by Rockets Power Dancers - BlurRED Lines (REDrated Version)
6) [걸그룹스칼렛엉덩이뮤비Scarlet]
7) Movie - Singin' in the Rain (1952) Dance Scene
Sia - The Greatest
Big Girls Cry
Angel by the Wings
Bird Set Free
14,5M views58,9K likes1,4K comments
La Bouche - Sweet Dreams Remix
Apache Indian - Boom Shack-a-Lak
Safety Dance - Glee Cast Version (23 Dance Scenes Mashup)
1) Action Replay (2010) India Movie Aishwarya Rai Bachchan
2) Adriana Lima Dances - VOGUE Hotel Swerve
3) American Pie (1999) Jason Biggs, Eugene Levy
4) Bajirao Mastani (2015) India Movie
5) Begin Again (2013) Keira Knightley, Mark Ruffalo
7) The Gold Rush (1925) Charles Chaplin
8) Clerks II (2006) Rosario Dawson
9) Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953) Jane Russell, Marilyn Monroe
10) Guardians of the Galaxy (2014) Chris Pratt
11) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984)
12) Jennifer Lopez - Papi
13) Magic City (TV Series 2012–2013) Olga Kurylenko
14) My Sassy Girl (2008) Elisha Cuthbert, Jesse Bradford
15) Old West Dance Battle - Cowboy vs Outlaw
16) Passengers (2016) Jennifer Lawrence, Chris Pratt
17) PK (2014) India Movie Aamir Khan, Anushka Sharma
18) Rihanna - Where Have You Been
19) Save the Last Dance (2001) Julia Stiles
20) Take the Lead (2006) Antonio Banderas, Katya Virshilas
21) There's No Business Like Show Business (1954)
22) Vanessa Hudgens Booty Poppin' On Jay Leno
23) Charlie's Angels (2000) Cameron Diaz
Safety Dance - Glee Cast Version
Dance in Movies - C+C Music Factory - Gonna Make You Sweat
66 Movies - Video Edit By Km Music
1) 13 Going on 30 (2004)
2) A Cinderella Story: If the Shoe Fits (2016)
3) A Night at the Roxbury (1998)
4) Airplane! (1980)
5) American Beauty (1999)
6) Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me (1999)
7) Bachelor Party (1984)
8) Beetlejuice (1988)
9) Begin Again (2013)
10) Big Stan (2007)
11) Blue Valentine (2010)
12) Borat (2006)
13) Bring It On (2000)
14) Bruce Almighty (2003)
15) Center Stage (2000)
16) Chaplin (1992)
17) Charlie's Angels (2000)
18) Clerks II (2006)
19) Clueless (1995)
20) Cocktail (1988)
21) Don Jon (2013)
22) Elektra Luxx (2010)
23) Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004)
24) Ex Machina (2014)
25) Flashdance (1983)
26) Forrest Gump (1994)
27) God Help the Girl (2014)
28) Goodbye Lover (1998)
29) Guardians of the Galaxy (2014)
30) High Strung (2016)
31) Honey (2003)
32) Kickboxer (1989)
33) King of New York (1990)
34) La La Land (2016)
35) Love Actually (2003)
36) Mean Girls (2004)
37) Passengers (2016)
38) Rear Window (1954)
39) Rush Hour (1998)
40) Saturday Night Fever (1977)
41) Save the Last Dance (2001)
42) Shall We Dance (2004)
43) She's Out of My League (2010)
44) Singin' in the Rain (1952)
45) Something Borrowed (2011)
46) Somewhere (2010)
47) Spider-Man 3 (2007)
48) Spy Hard (1996)
49) Step Up 3D (2010)
50) Striptease (1996)
51) Sweet Charity (1969)
52) Tangled (2010)
53) The Astronaut's Wife (1999)
54) The Big Lebowski (1998)
55) The Bling Ring (2013)
56) The Incredible Burt Wonderstone (2013)
57) The Mask (1994)
58) The Party (1968)
59) The Sweetest Thing (2002)
61) Three Amigos! (1986)
62) Tickle Me (1965)
63) To Die For (1995)
64) Trainwreck (2015)
65) Tropic Thunder (2008)
66) While We're Young (2014)
C+C Music Factory - Gonna Make You Sweat
Awesome Dance Mix
Guardians of the Galaxy (2014) Chris Pratt
Clerks 2 (2006) Rosario Dawson
Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953) Marilyn Monroe - Jane Russell
Begin Again (2013) Keira Knightley - Mark Ruffalo
Save the Last Dance (2001) Julia Stiles
PK (2014) Hindi Movie Aamir Khan - Anushka Sharma
Take The Lead (2006) Antonio Banderas - Katya Virshilas
Need for Speed (2014) Jail Scene
National Lampoon's European Vacation (1985)
Magic City TV Series (2012–2013) Olga Kurylenko
Singin' in the Rain (1952)
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984) opening scene
Something Borrowed (2011)
Guzaarish (2010) Hindi Movie - Aishwarya Rai Bachchan
Happy Endings TV Series (2011–2013) S02E05 Elisha Cuthbert
Shall We Dance (2004) Richard Gere and Jennifer Lopez Tango scene
Calamity Jane (1953)
SONYA DANCE /HIGH HEELS/ RIHANNA&NICOLE SCHERZINGER / WINNING WOMEN
Vanessa Hudgens Booty Poppin' On Jay Leno
Miranda Kerr Behind the Scenes - Summer Living 2012
Richard Gere and Jennifer Lopez Tango scene in Shall We Dance
Elisha Cuthbert Shoes and Barefoot Dancing
Keri Hilson - Lose Control ft. Nelly
Rihanna - Where Have You Been
Britney Spears - Me Against The Music ft. Madonna
Elsa Hosk & Marloes Horst VS PINK - Heartbreaker!
Taylor Swift - We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together (At 2012 MTV Video Music Awards) (Live) (2012)
Victorias Secret Angels Lip Sync Moves Like Jagger
Fatboy Slim - Praise You - Christopher Walken
A Business Affair (1994)
America's Sweethearts (2001)
Around the Bend (2004)
Balls of Fury (2007)
Blast from the Past (1999)
Click (2006)
$5 a Day (2008)
Undertaking Betty (2002)
Puss in Boots (1988)
Romance & Cigarettes (2005)
The Deer Hunter (1978)
The Stepford Wives (2004)
Wayne's World 2 (1993)
Fatboy Slim - Praise You
Born: March 31, 1943 in Astoria, Queens, New York City, New York, USA
Nervous-looking lead and supporting actor of the American stage and films, with sandy colored hair, pale complexion and a somewhat nervous disposition. He won an Oscar as Best Supporting Actor for his performance in The Deer Hunter (1978), and has been seen in mostly supporting roles, often portraying psychologically unstable characters, though that generalization would not do justice to Walken's depth and breadth of performances.
Walken was born in Astoria, Queens, to Rosalie (Russell), a Scottish immigrant, and Paul Walken, a German immigrant who ran Walken's Bakery. He learnt his stage craft, including dancing, at Hofstra University & ANTA, and picked up a Theatre World award for his performance in the revival of the Tennessee Williams play "The Rose Tattoo". Walken then first broke through into cinema in 1969 appearing in Me and My Brother (1969), before appearing alongside Sean Connery in the sleeper heist movie The Anderson Tapes (1971). His eclectic work really came to the attention of critics in 1977 with his intense portrayal of Diane Keaton suicidal younger brother in Annie Hall (1977), and then he scooped the Best Supporting Actor Academy Award in 1977 for his role as Nick in the electrifying The Deer Hunter (1978). Walken was lured back by The Deer Hunter (1978) director Michael Cimino for a role in the financially disastrous western Heaven's Gate (1980), before moving onto surprise audiences with his wonderful dance skills in Pennies from Heaven (1981), taking the lead as a school teacher with telepathic abilities in the Stephen King inspired The Dead Zone (1983) and then as billionaire industrialist Max Zorin trying to blow up Silicon Valley in the 007 adventure A View to a Kill (1985). Looking at many of Walken's other captivating screen roles, it is easy to see the diversity of his range and even his droll comedic talents with humorous appearances in Biloxi Blues (1988), Wayne's World 2 (1993), Joe Dirt (2001), Mousehunt (1997) and America's Sweethearts (2001). Most recently, he continued to surprise audiences again with his work as a heart broken and apologetic father to Leonardo DiCaprio in Catch Me If You Can (2002).
Captain Jack - Iko Iko
1) Kiss of the beach šokėjos!
2) Batman song parody! Feat. Suicide Squad - Harley Quinn Vs Joker
3) Collab Shuffle Video, Hayleyquinnxox & Kittyxmeows
4) Guardians of the Galaxy 2 Song for kids Baby Groot & After Credits
5) Shuffle/Cutting Shapes | Not Going Home - DVBBS
6) Ultron Funk - Avengers Age of Ultron Song Parody
7) Yardie-"Ropopom" OFFICIAL VIDEO by Polina Dubkova
8) Zumba Loca - Shakira
PSY – GANGNAM STYLE(강남스타일) M/V
Mark Ronson – Uptown Funk ft. Bruno Mars
Justin Bieber – Sorry (PURPOSE : The Movement)
Maroon 5 – Sugar
Taylor Swift – Shake It Off
Katy Perry – Roar (Official)
Enrique Iglesias – Bailando (Español) ft. Descemer Bueno, Gente De Zona
Ed Sheeran – Thinking Out Loud [Official Video]
Katy Perry – Dark Horse (Official) ft. Juicy J
© 2016 HaoPOPs.


Carpet is a popular choice for the home, there are many colours, patterns and piles to choose from giving a huge range of possible looks for each room of the house.
Some people choose the same carpet for the flooring throughout their home to give a sense of space and a seamless feel from room to room. Other people prefer a more hardwearing carpet for the higher traffic areas of the home such as the hall, landing and stairs, then choose more luxurious carpets for the living room and bedrooms.
Whichever look you choose, Signature Me can advise you on the best type of carpet for the area you are covering. Whether you are looking for an everyday easy clean stain resistant carpet or a beautiful British wool carpet, we can supply and fit it for you. You can choose from twist or loop pile carpets or velvets. We can also supply and install carpet tiles if these are being used for a room in your home.


text:
Little Mermaid birthday cake for my niece
There is something special when you make your own party cake, last week was my niece's third birthday and she is a big fan of Ariel from Disney's Little Mermaid, so I spent the night making lots of cup cakes and a centerpiece cake with sugar model of her as Ariel!. Posing with friends and cousins Yummy! Does she look like me?
ITV Meridian Interview
Interview of Michelle Wibowo of Michelle Sugar Art by Charlotte Wilkins from ITV Meridian 9th January 2012
FaceCake
Celebrating James 30th birthday from London, his partner came up with crazy idea, cake in a shape of his face! I think we should call this genuine "FaceCake". Letter from An... "I just wanted to say thank you again for your efforts and THE amazing cake! From the start, when we were discussing the cake options, through to designing the cake and delivery of it, you were always so friendly, thoughtful and helpful. I can't tell you how delighted and shocked I was at how incredible the cake was. I know you are talented but the cake far exceeded my expectations. Even before I saw the cake, almost every staff member at the venue (and there were many) were talking about the cake and stopped me to tell me how fabulous it was and that it was the best cake they had ever seen. I agree with them completely. When the cake was presented at the party, it was a complete surprise to everyone. James and all the guests were doubled up in laughter and delight because the de
Location: Whiteleys (M), City of Westminster, London W2, UK


text:
Win $25,000
What Every Healthcare Worker Should Know About the COVID-19 Vaccines
by Bree Becker, MSN, FNP-C, RNC-MNN
Hope has arrived in the form of three vaccines for COVID-19. The world was told vaccine development could take years, yet human innovation and global collaboration allowed us to access one in under a year. For the first time in my life, the public watched the development of a vaccine from start to finish. More and more people are getting access to vaccination, and herd immunity is right around the corner. Historically, vaccine distribution is driven by nursing. Since we are the most trusted profession, we need to ensure we can dispel the myths while also answering community members' questions. To date, over 120 million single doses have been administered in the US. While that is a sizable number, we still have many doses to go. To help nurses and other healthcare workers respond to questions, we went to the CDC to identify the top five things you need to know as a healthcare worker about the COVID-19 vaccines.
Know the Choices
Currently, there are three vaccines available to the public: Moderna, Pfizer, and Johnson & Johnson (also known as Janssen). Moderna and Pfizer are both mRNA vaccines, and Johnson & Johnson's vaccine is a viral vector. All three vaccines are effective, and people should know they don't need to wait for the availability of one specific type of vaccine. When it is your turn to be vaccinated, get the vaccine; there's no need to concern yourself with the brand offered. We will discuss in more detail the differences in the vaccines when we discuss reasons for vaccine hesitancy. Here is the breakdown of the three vaccines.
Moderna:
Type: mRNA vaccine
Number of shots: 2 separated by 28 days
Does not contain preservatives, thimerosal (a safe form of mercury sometimes used in vaccines to prevent bacteria and fungi from growing), antibiotics, or adjuvants (ingredients used in some vaccines to create a stronger immune response).
Efficacy: 94.5%
Does not contain preservatives, eggs, or latex.
Efficacy: 95%
Type: viral vector
Number of shots: 1
Common Reasons for Vaccine Hesitancy
Despite the obvious perks of getting the COVID-19 vaccine (staying well, stopping a pandemic, saving lives), many are still hesitant to get vaccinated. We've listed a few common reasons some people are reluctant to receive any of the COVID-19 vaccines and the facts you can share with patients, friends, and family members to help them make an educated decision.
I don't want to get sick.
It's important to remind patients that vaccines do not make them sick. Vaccines trigger an immune response which creates antibodies. Antibodies, known as "searchers and destroyers," are the proteins that fight off trespassers by binding to the invading pathogen and marking it for destruction. Often, you will feel body aches, malaise and may even have a fever while your body creates antibodies. This does not mean you are sick. It only means the body is doing what it is supposed to: gaining protection from disease. Your body is developing an immune response like it would if you were sick but without the actual condition's associated risks.
I've heard COVID-19 vaccines can alter my DNA.
First, let's review how messenger RNA (mRNA) and viral vector vaccines work. Unlike many vaccines that place a weakened or inactive pathogen into our bodies, messenger RNA and viral vector vaccines work by teaching our cells how to make a protein that will trigger an immune response. An mRNA vaccine sends a message to your cells in a capsule that instructs the body to make a spike protein specific to SARS-CoV-2. This spike protein triggers an immune response, thereby creating antibodies to fight future exposure. A viral vector vaccine uses a modified and harmless version of another virus to deliver the same message. The Johnson & Johnson vaccine uses the adenovirus as a vector. Once the virus enters a cell, it uses that cell's machinery to create the spike protein. Both mRNA and viral vector vaccines teach your cells to generate a spike protein specific to the novel coronavirus; they just use two different delivery modes. It's important to note that neither a messenger RNA nor a viral vector ever enters a cell's nucleus, which is where genetic material is housed. So neither vaccine alters a person's DNA.
COVID-19 vaccines were made way too fast.
While mRNA and viral vector vaccines are new, they are not unfamiliar. Scientists and researchers have studied both vaccine delivery systems for over 30 years, during which they have overcome many obstacles to make these vaccination methods safe. Messenger RNA and viral vector methods are currently being tested for other pathogens like Ebola, Zika, and influenza. Both processes are easily replicable and faster than traditional vaccine development. And most importantly, both are safe.
Ongoing Monitoring
Vaccine safety is the top priority, while broad vaccine distribution is essential. There are two safety reporting systems of which healthcare workers and patients should be aware.
First is the V-safe After Vaccination Health Checker. This is a secure, online tool that helps the CDC with ongoing vaccination-safety monitoring. After your patients receive their first vaccine, they can access V-safe through any smartphone. Registration takes minutes, and they only need to enter their name, date of birth, sex, race, cell number, and zip code. Once registered, participants will select the type of vaccine they received and the date they received it. They will then answer a few quick questions regarding how they currently feel and any specific symptoms. The CDC uses this data to monitor participants' real-time health statuses, and they can investigate medical problems further if warranted. This is an excellent way for all community members to contribute to vaccine safety and efficacy and a great way to pass the time during the observation period after your vaccine.
Second is the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System or VAERS. VAERS is a national reporting system overseen by the CDC and FDA. It allows both entities to identify safety problems with all vaccines. Anyone can submit a report to VAERS, and healthcare providers are required to disclose specific adverse events. They are encouraged to register any reaction they deem as clinically significant whether they can confirm it's related to a vaccine or not. After submitting a report, you will receive confirmation of receipt, and someone will contact you if follow-up information is warranted. Regarding the COVID-19 vaccine, the following items should be reported:
Vaccine administration errors.
Serious adverse events regardless of cause (for example, death, life-threatening event, hospitalization).
Cases of multi-system inflammatory disease.
Cases of COVID-19 resulting in death.
For more information on reporting requirements, click here.
I'm Vaccinated, Now What?
Many people wonder what freedoms complete vaccination affords them. The CDC recently released guidelines that will help those vaccinated know what we can and can't do. So what's changed?
You are fully vaccinated two weeks after your second dose of the Moderna or Pfizer vaccine and two weeks after one dose of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine. Once you've reached that milestone, feel free to doff your mask in the following situations:
When you are indoors with other fully vaccinated people.
When you are indoors with unvaccinated people in a single household, unless one of the members has an increased risk for severe illness or death from COVID-19.
Do you remember the days of self-quarantine and testing if you were exposed to an individual with COVID-19? If you are fully vaccinated, there is no need to self-quarantine or get tested (unless you live in a group home or correctional facility).
Now that we know what's changed, here is a list of things that have not changed.
Continue to wear masks in public.
Continue to wear masks when you are around unvaccinated people.
Continue to wear a mask when you are around someone with an increased risk of severe illness or death from COVID or who lives with someone with an increased risk of severe illness or death from COVID.
Avoid medium and large-sized gatherings.
Delay domestic and international travel. If you can't delay travel, make sure you are following CDC guidelines.
Watch for symptoms.
Follow your workplace guidelines.
While day-to-day life isn't 100% back to normal, getting vaccinated allows you to enjoy some of the pleasures we've avoided for this last year.
What We Still Don't Know
While we know that being vaccinated prevents disease, specifically severe illness and hospitalization, it is essential to consider what the healthcare and science communities are still learning. We don't know how effective vaccines are against variants that are continuing to pop up worldwide. We also don't know how well vaccines prevent someone from spreading COVID-19, even if they are fully vaccinated. Make an effort to check in with the CDC weekly for updates. And when you aren't sure, always rely on known infection-prevention measures. Wear a mask, wash your hands, and socially distance yourself.
It's hard to believe we've been living with COVID-19 for over a year. And what is even harder to believe is there are three vaccines available to help us move past the pandemic. We aren't out of the proverbial woods yet, but we are close. But it doesn't matter if a vaccine is created if people aren't willing to take it. Nurses and other healthcare workers play an integral role in educating the public about the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines and guidelines they should follow after they are fully vaccinated. Your job isn't to convince someone to take the vaccine or judge those who are hesitant. Your job is to provide the most updated information so that patients and the community make the most informed decisions possible.
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