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Ohio & Erie Canal Towpath Trail
The Ohio & Erie Canal Towpath Trail or simply the "towpath," as it is more commonly known, is one of Ohio's longest and most scenic bikeways. When finished, it will extend about 100-miles from Lake Erie at Cleveland, to New Philadelphia.
Along with the Little Miami Scenic Trail, the towpath is one of the most popular bikeways in Ohio. Both long-distance trails are part of the larger Ohio-to-Erie Trail, a cross-state bikeway. [Scroll past 'Latest Update' to continue reading.]
Towpath Bridge in Independence, OH
Latest Update: 7/5/19 - New Trailside Display in Tremont
Cleveland, OH - "...Check out a new unique interpretive space welcoming users of the Towpath Trail at a promontory above Literary Avenue in Tremont..." more
7/5/19 - Summit County Towpath Updates
Summit County, OH - "Thru November 2019: The Towpath Trail is closed for work associated with an Army Corps of Engineers invasive species project on weekdays from 7 a.m. to 5 p.m. between Manchester Rd. and Fairview Ave... The Towpath in this section will be open on weekends and weekdays after 5 p.m.
Thru November 2019: "The Towpath Trail will be closed between Manchester Rd. and State Route 224 for work associated with an Army Corps of Engineers invasive species project and a Cargill utility line replacement during the following timeframes:
7/9 to 7/12 - Full closure
7/15 to 7/26 - Full closure
7/26 to 11/30 - Weekday closure in effect from 7 a.m. to 5 p.m.
The closures above are subject to change due to weather.
June thru July 31: There will be periodic trail closures between June 17 and July 31 while First Energy replaces a power pole approximately 2,000 feet south of the Botzum Trailhead... The trail will be open on weekends, holidays.."
6/29/19 - Trail Reopens at Tinkers Creek
CVNP, OH - "The Towpath Trail is now open at Tinkers Creek following a closure due to a breach under the trail." more
Also, towpath flooding alerts have been removed for Summit County Metro Parks Trail Alerts page.
6/28/19 - Stark County Towpath Open
Stark County, OH - From starkparks.com, "...Water has receded and all trees have been cleared from the trail after severe flooding. The trail is open, but use caution as crews continue to work on unpredictable surface areas."
6/25/19 - Tinkers Creek Towpath Closure Update
CVNP, OH - From nps.gov, "Due to a breach under the Towpath Trail at Tinkers Creek (approximately 0.6 miles south of Canal Exploration Center and 1.25 miles north of Frazee House), the trail is closed at the footbridge over Tinkers Creek. Collapse hazard. No detour."
6/24/19 - Woman Hit, Robbed on Towpath Trail
Akron, OH - "...Around 10 p.m., a 32-year-old woman from Cuyahoga Falls reported she had been robbed on the towpath trail under West Market Street, police said." more
6/24/19 - Towpath Closed at Tinkers Creek
CVNP, OH - "Please note: There is a breach in the Towpath Trail near Tinkers Creek. The Towpath is closed at this point..." more
6/24/19 - Final Stage of Cleveland Towpath Construction to Begin
Cleveland, OH - "...The $8.95 million project, being completed by Independence Excavating, picks up where Stage 3 leaves off at Literary Avenue in Tremont..." more
6/21/19 - CVNP Flooding Updates
CVNP:, OH - "...Last night's flooding means the Towpath will be impassable South of Tinkers creek, South of Station road and at Lock 29 access until the water recedes..." more
6/17/19 - Flooding Updates
Stark County, OH - "Towpath Trail: The following areas are under water: Lake Lucerne, north of Canal Fulton, Lock 4 Trailhead, Butterbridge Rd. area, Crystal Springs Trailhead, Lake Ave. in Massillon, north of Warmington Rd. and under Rt. 30 in Massillon, south of Wooster St. and near Craig Pittman Trailhead in Navarre..."
CVNP, OH - "All sections of the Towpath Trail are open within the national park. Watch out for road closures..." more
Summit County Parks reports these towpath closure locations.
From the Big Bend Trailhead to Weathervane Lane
From Snyder Avenue and south to the Stark County line
6/16/19 - Flooding Along the Towpath
CVNP, OH - "...The mighty Cuyahoga is cresting at around 14 1/2 feet at the gauge in Independence. This means that you can expect water across the Towpath at Tinker's Creek, Chippewa Creek, and other locations. Lock 29 access is also under water..." more
5/31/19 - Periodic Closures in Akron
Akron, OH - From summitmetroparks.org, "There will be periodic trail closures between June 17 and July 31 while First Energy replaces a power pole approximately 2,000 feet south of the Botzum Trailhead. The Botzum Trailhead will be open and is not affected by the closures. The trail will be open on weekends, holidays and for any Special Use Permits already issued by Summit Metro Parks."
5/29/19 - June Trail Closures
OH - "6/3/2019: The Towpath Trail is closed for work associated with an Army Corps of Engineers invasive species project on weekdays from 7 a.m. to 4 p.m. between Manchester Rd. and Fairview Ave... The Towpath in this section will be open on weekends and weekdays after 4 p.m."
Early June 2019: The Towpath Trail will be closed weekdays from 7 a.m. to 4 p.m. between Manchester Rd. and State Route 224 for work associated with an Army Corps of Engineers invasive species project. Please respect the closure signage, as this is an active construction site. The closure is expected to continue through November 2019..." more
5/3/19 - Boston Mill Boarding Station Closed
CVNP, OH - "IMPORTANT: There will be no service to or from Boston Mill Station for the 2019 season due to the construction of the CVNP visitor center. This only affects Bike/hike Aboard passengers. Bikers can get on/off at Brecksville Station (North of Boston Mill) or at Peninsula (South of Boston Mill)..." more
4/30/19 - Funds Sought for Southern Towpath Section
New Philadelphia, OH - "Commissioners have authorized an application for federal Transportation Alternative Program (TAP) funds for construction of an additional 4 miles of the Ohio & Erie Towpath Traill from state Route 800 to state Route 416." more
4/19/19 - Final Stage of Cleveland Towpath Construction to Start
Cleveland, OH - "Construction on the fourth and final stage of the Towpath Trail in Cleveland is expected to begin in June and wrap up by the end of 2020." more...
4/17/19 - Towpath Now Connects with Merwin's Wharf>
Cleveland, OH - "The Ohio & Erie Canal Towpath Trail is gaining more ground. Saturday's Opening Day for Trails 2019 event allowed hundreds of cyclists the opportunity to enjoy the Towpath Trail's newly completed Stage 3 and preview the future Stage 4. The route also included the Cleveland Foundation Centennial Lake Link Trail from the Scranton Flats to the Columbus Road Bridge." more...
4/12/19 - $20K Grant for Towpath Construction
New Philadelphia, OH - "City officials have taken the first steps toward bringing the Ohio & Erie Canal Towpath Trail to New Philadelphia, which is slated to be the southern terminus of the 101-mile-long hiking and biking trail." more...
4/10/19 - Towpath Trail Surface Repairs
Stark County, OH - From starkparks.com, "... Trail crews are working to smooth out the trail surface (beginning north and working south) throughout April. We encourage use of the Olde Muskingum Trail [in Canal Fulton] parallel to the Towpath Trail from Cherry St. to 40 Corners..."
4/8/19 - Lights Along the Towpath Trail
Akron, OH - "Urban lights on the Ohio to Erie Trail in Akron. The City of Akron has been adding light shows to the Towpath Trail in Downtown Akron..." more
4/6/19 - Towpath Posts Speed Limit / Allows E-Bikes
Stark County, OH - From starkparks.com, "Class 1 e-bikes are permitted to ride on multi-purpose trails (crushed limestone or asphalt) as part of a pilot program throughout 2019. The speed limit for all users 15 mph with signs posted along the trail."
4/2/19 - Flooding Reports
Stark County, OH - From starkparks.com, "Flooding along the trail is present in the low lying areas including north of Lake Lucerne near Canal Fulton, under Lake Ave. in Massillon, and Wooster St. in Navarre. Crystal Springs, Lock 4, and St. Helena Heritage Park parking areas are also closed at this time"
3/22/19 - Bridge Work Complete, Section Reopens
CVNP, OH - "The Towpath Trail between Deep Lock Quarry Metro Park and Hunt House is now open!
"The trail section had been closed for installation of a steel pedestrian bridge..." more
3/18/19 - Section Closure March 19
Canal Fulton in Summit County, OH - OH - From starkparks.com, "The trail will be closed between Butterbridge Ave. and Lock 4 Trailhead [a 1.3-mile segment] on March 19, 2019 for tree work along the trail."
3/17/19 - Section Closure in Akron March 19
Summit County, OH - From summitmetroparks.org, "The Towpath Trail will be closed between Manchester Rd. and State Route 224 for utility work associated with an Army Corps of Engineers invasive species project.
"The closure begins Tuesday, March 19 and continues through early June 2019."
2/22/19 - Another Towpath Section Closure Feb. 25
Barberton, OH - From summitmetroparks.org, "The Towpath Trail from Manchester Road to Snyder Avenue will be closed weekdays from 7 a.m. to 4 p.m. for up to three weeks while the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers begins work to prepare for the installation of Asian carp barriers."
2/16/19 - Towpath Section Closure
Boston Twp., OH - From the CVNP, "The Towpath Trail between .5 mile north of Boston Mills Road and 1 mile south of Highland Rd is closed. The closure is expected to last 21 days for a culvert replacement. There are no detours." more...
2/8/19 - Flooding in Stark & Summit Counties
Stark County, OH - From starkparks.com, "Water from the Tuscarawas River is flooding the trail near Lake Lucerne Trailhead, Lake Ave. Trailhead, and Craig Pittman Trailhead."
Summit County, OH - From summitmetroparks.org, "The Towpath Trail's Clinton Trailhead parking lot and the trail south to the county line is closed due to flooding."
1/29/19 - Trailhead Parking Closed
Stark County, OH - From Starkparks.com, "Lake Lucerne, Lock 4 (lower parking lot), and Crystal Springs are closed due to thick ice in the parking areas after recent flooding."
1/24/19 - Flooding in Stark County
Stark County, OH - "Numerous areas are under water after recent rains and snow and ice melting. Water is still rising in parking areas and in low areas." more...
1/2/19 - Flooding & Hunting Closures
Stark County, OH - From Stark Parks, "Flooding over the trail has closed several spots. Expect varying trail conditions at Lake Ave. in Massillon, north of Lake Lucerne near the Summit County line, and Wooster St. near Navarre.
"The Towpath Trail between Riverland Ave. and the Tuscarawas County Line (Rt. 212) will be closed due to hunting on nearby private property from Jan. 5 to 8, 2019."
12/23/18 - Gov't Shutdown in the CVNP
CVNP, OH - There's no word yet on exactly how the government shutdown may affect the 20-miles or so of towpath trail and Ohio-to-Erie Trail through Ohio's national park in the Cuyahoga Valley.
Based on shutdowns during the previous administration, here's what you can expect: The trail should be open, but some (or all) of the facilities may be closed, as staff may not be available to maintain them.
Here's the official word from the National Parks website, "...Some national parks may remain accessible to visitors; however, access may change without notice. Some parks are closed completely. Some visitor services may be available when provided by concessioners or other entities. For most parks, there will be no National Park Service-provided visitor services, such as restrooms, trash collection, facilities, or road maintenance..." more
12/18/18 - Cleveland Towpath Construction
Cleveland, OH - View photos of the ongoing trail construction, along with a map that depicts construction progress, along with projected completion timelines.
12/15/18 - Towpath Section Closes Until Spring
Peninsula, OH - From NPS.gov, "The Towpath is closed between Deep Lock Quarry and Hunt Farm [in the Cuyahoga Valley National Park] for bridge replacement through early spring. There are no detours available."
North >>>>
12/13/18 - Towpath Bridge Installed
Cleveland OH - Thursday morning crews installed a 211 foot, 211,000 pound galvanized steel truss bridge spanning the Cuyahoga River that passes under Harvard Rd.
"The bridge, built by Big R Bridge in Greeley, CO, is the first tangible evidence of the progress of the stage 1 Towpath Trail extension project that will connect the current northernmost terminus of the Harvard Rd. Towpath Trailhead to the existing Steelyard Commons trail (stage 2)..." more...
11/16/18 - Section Closure for Hunting Season
Bethlehem Twp., OH - From Stark County Parks, "The [3.5-mile] Towpath Trail [section] between Riverland Ave. and the Tuscarawas County Line (Rt. 212) will be closed due to hunting on nearby private property on the following dates: Nov. 17 and 18, Nov. 22 to Dec. 2., Dec. 15 and 16, and Jan. 5 to 8, 2019."
11/8/18 - Towpath Bridge Deck Pour
Cleveland, OH - "Another step towards the completion of stage 3 of the Towpath Trail extension project was recently made as the concrete deck of the truss bridge spanning W. 7th St. was poured! Asphalt and concrete work around the Towpath Mounds is also being completed before cold weather arrives." more...
11/7/18 - $380K Grant to Close Towpath Gap
Bolivar, OH - "...The section of trail will connect the McDonnell Trailhead on the border of Stark and Tuscarawas counties with existing trail heading toward Bolivar. The total cost of the project is expected to be $507,500." more...
11/2/18 - Towpath Flooding Likely Widespread
Akron, OH - From Summit Parks, "Due to flooding, the Towpath Trail is closed from the Stark County line to just south of the Clinton trail head, and a half-mile from the Center Road parking lot."
Stark County Parks advisory: "Consistent rainfall will likely close the trail in low areas due to rising water in the Tuscarawas River by 11/2/2018. Water over the trail has closed the underpass at Lake Ave. in Massillon."
10/26/18 - Construction to Close Trailhead Nov. 5
Akron, OH - From Summit Parks, "The Memorial Parkway Trailhead will be closed beginning November 5 through approximately December 31, 20019 due to a City of Akron CSO construction project. The restrooms will be open. A small portion of the Towpath Trail near the trailhead will be detoured around the construction area. Trail users may park at the Dog Park parking lot."
10/23/18 - Section Closed Oct. 23
CVNP, OH - "...The trail closure between Frazee House and Station Road Trailhead is necessary for public safety while workers repair a bridge that crosses the Sagamore waste weir." more...
10/22/18 - Towpath Stage 3 Construction Progress
Cleveland, OH - "On Friday we stopped by stage three of the Towpath Trail extension and were pleased to see asphalt paving has been laid on most of the trail. The 1.9 mi segment starts north of Steelyard Commons and traces the eastern border of Tremont, ending at the intersection of Literary and University Rds." more...
10/3/18 - Section Closing for Marathon
Brecksville, OH - "The Ohio & Erie Canal Towpath Trail in Cuyahoga Valley National Park will be closed to the public starting at dusk on Saturday, Oct. 6 through 2 p.m. on Oct. 7 for the annual Towpath Marathon." more...
9/22/18 - Connecting Kenmore Blvd to the Towpath
Akron, OH - "...[Kenmore Neighborhood] alliance received $20,000 grants from the Knight Foundation and the Akron Civic Commons project to link Kenmore Boulevard to the Towpath Trail and to improve safety for bikers of the trail." more...
9/19/18 - Massillon Section Closing
Massillon, OH - From starkparks.com, "The Towpath Trail will be closed between Cherry St. and Lincoln Way on Saturday, Sept. 22 from 6 a.m. to 2 p.m. for sewer work."
Stark County, OH - "Several inches of rain over the weekend have flooded many sections of the trail. The trail is closed until further notice."
9/7/18 - Temporary Towpath Closures Coming Sept. 10
Summit County, OH - From Summit Metro Parks, "Beginning Monday, 9/10 and continuing for approximately one week, the Ohio Department of Natural Resources will be cutting weeds in the canal along the Towpath Trail. This work will include some temporary trail closures on the section of the trail just south of the Manchester Road Trailhead."
9/1/18 - Trail Clearing Near Dover
Dover, OH - "Last Saturday, August 25, Tuscarawas County volunteers cleared land in Zoarville for future trail development. The trail runs south of the current Towpath Trail terminus in Zoar and along the Tuscarawas River toward Dover..." more
8/22/18 - Temporary Bridge Now Open
Peninsula, OH - Construction work along the towpath in the Cuyahoga Valley National Park, just south of Deep Lock Quarry, has resulted in a temporary bridge installation on the trail. This will allow trail users access to this section while plans continue for a more permanent structure.
Please walk your bike across the bridge and allow for one-way traffic.
8/18/18 - New Towpath Bridge in Tremont
Cleveland, OH - "The 101-mile Towpath Trail notched another milestone Friday with the installation of a 130-foot-long, 14-foot-wide bike and pedestrian bridge over West 7th Street, north of Quigley Road in the Tremont neighborhood." more...
7/18/18 - Temporary Closures in Barberton
Barberton, OH - From Summit Metro Parks, "The Ohio Department of Natural Resources will be completing tree work between Manchester Road and Snyder Avenue in Barberton. The work is expected to continue until approximately 7/20/18, and temporary trail closures will be in effect during this time."
7/4/18 - Towpath Section Closure July 9
Akron, OH - From Summit Metro Parks, "The City of Akron will be repairing a retaining wall along the Towpath Trail near Beech Street. Construction will begin on July 9, and the trail will be closed for 10 to 12 weeks between Beech and North streets. The City of Akron will post detour signs."
5/31/18 - Metroparks Rolls Out Towpath Mini-Bus
Cleveland, OH - "...Cleveland Metroparks is introducing an electric [mini-bus] that will roll around and give Towpath Trail tours." more...
5/31/18 - Hemlock Creek Trail to Connect to Towpath
Independence, OH - "...The Hemlock Creek Trail is the latest addition to a growing network of trails that users can travel from Tuscarawas County all the way up to Cleveland's lakefront..." more
4/20/18 - Dover Seeks Trails Grant
Dover, OH - From timesreporter.com, "...Eventually, the trail along the riverfront will connect into the Ohio & Erie Towpath Trail, which is slated to connect Cleveland and New Philadelphia.
"Currently, the trail ends at state Route 800 at Zoarville. Plans are in the works to develop the next section, using a rail bed along the Tuscarawas River from Zoarville to the White Bridge on state Route 416 north of Dover...."
4/20/18 - Flooding Update
Stark County, OH - From starkparks.com, "The Towpath Trail is closed due to high water and flooding at Lake Ave. in Massillon..."
4/16/18 - Stark County Flooding
NE OH: Stark County, OH - From starkparks.com, "The Towpath Trail is closed due to high water and flooding at the following trailheads: Lake Lucerne to the county line, Lock 4, and Crystal Springs. Water is expected to rise and also close Lake Ave. in Massillon and Wooster St. in Navarre..."
4/16/18 - CVNP Flooding Closes Trail
Summit County, OH - From cleveland.com, "The Towpath Trail through the Cuyahoga Valley National Park is closed Monday because of flooding." more...
Stark County, OH - From starkparks.com, "The Towpath Trail is closed due to high water and flooding at the following trailheads: Lake Lucerne to the county line, Lock 4, and Crystal Springs. Water is expected to rise and also close Lake Ave. in Massillon and Wooster St. in Navarre..."
4/4/18 - Towpath Flooding in Stark & Summit Counties
Stark County, OH - From starkparks.com, "From starkparks.com, "Water is over the trail in many areas, including Lake Ave., Wooster St., and north of Canal Fulton. Rising water is expected in more areas of the northern Stark County section. We urge everyone to use caution when heading out on the trail."
Clinton, OH - From summitmetroparks.org, "The Towpath Trail is closed north and south of the Clinton Trailhead due to flooding."
3/30/18 - Towpath Flooding in Stark County
Stark County, OH - From starkparks.com, "Water is over the trail at Lake Ave. in Massillon and is expected to flood over other lower areas in Stark County over the weekend."
3/2/18 - Towpath Flooding Reports
Clinton, OH - From summitmetroparks.org, "Towpath Trail is closed north and south of the Clinton Trailhead due to flooding."
Canal Fulton, OH - From starkparks.com, "High water has closed the Towpath Trail at Lock 4 Trailhead. Other low areas might also be under water soon..."
3/2/18 - Connector Trail Closing During Construction Hours
Northfield, OH - The Old Carriage Trail Connector in the Cuyahoga Valley National Park will be undergoing construction that is set to begin soon. This connector, along with a portion of Holzhauer Rd, connects the Towpath Trail with the Akron Hike-Bike Trail in Sagamore Hills. (See map below.)
The Old Carriage Connector Trail will be closed during construction hours, 7 am -- 6 pm, Monday through Friday. It will be open after hours and on weekends. Learn more...
Stark County, OH - From starkparks.com, "Flooding has closed the Towpath Trail in Stark County until further notice."
1/24/18 - Towpath Flooding
Stark County, OH - From starkparks.com, "The northern section of the Towpath Trail from Lake Ave. to the Summit County line is closed due to high water and flooding.
"The southern portion through Navarre is expected to flood and may also close soon...
1/21/18 - CVNP NPS Shutdown Notice
CVNP, OH - From nps.gov/cuva, "Because of the federal government shutdown... Trails and roads will remain open. Restrooms and visitor facilities will be closed. For more information, see www.doi.gov/shutdown."
1/10/18 - CVNP Deer Culling Closures Jan. 8 - March 16
CVNP, OH - ...NPS has secured permits by the Ohio Division of Wildlife to use sharpshooting on park property to reduce deer populations... ...Most culling activities will be away from established trails...
"...Activities will take place between dusk and midnight, on weekdays (Monday through Thursday). At times, specific areas will be temporarily closed to ensure public safety. NPS staff will patrol the park during removal actions to ensure compliance with park closures and public safety measures, and accompany USDA-WS teams in the field." more...
akron forecast
Within the Cleveland Metroparks jurisdiction, the towpath surface is asphalt. This is also true along some segments in Akron. Otherwise riding along the towpath means riding on a compacted, finely crushed stone surface.
For those who prefer an asphalt surface, this may be a concern. Fear not. The surface is firmly packed and can easily be navigated on a road bike. Newer sections may have a few spots that are loosely packed, but for the most part these areas are few and far between.
If you don't like cleaning your bike, however, you should know that the towpath can be fairly dusty, particularly during extended dry periods in summer. The dust isn't a problem while riding, but a good bike cleaning will be needed afterward. If this sounds like a hassle, try riding the day after some rain.
The Ohio & Erie Towpath Trail will start at the Cuyahoga River near Lake Erie in Cleveland, OH. The Northern terminus will be at the future Canal Basin Park near Detroit Avenue.
Though the northernmost section of towpath will stop short of Lake Erie, there is a connector trail in the works to take trail users to the lakeshore. It's called the Lake Link Trail and you'll find a completed segment that connects to the Scranton Flats section of the towpath.
From the Scranton Flats segment south, there is a .3-mile gap in the trail where road riding is required. Thanks to new trail construction in 2017 - 2018, new towpath now stretches down to the southend of Steelyard Commons.
From here continuing south, an .8-mile gap exists over to the Harvard Road Trailhead where the towpath continues southward to the CVNP.
The northern portion of the trail follows the old canal route through the Cuyahoga Valley and the heart of the Cuyahoga Valley National Park. A section also parallels the Cuyahoga Valley Scenic Railroad which caters to cyclists with its 'Bike Aboard' program.
The CVNP is also where the towpath joins up with 2 other major regional trails, the Akron Bike & Hike Trail and the Emerald Necklace Trail. In fact, the Emerald Necklace and towpath share a short stretch of towpath near the Brecksville Reservation, while the Bike-Hike runs parallel to about 9-miles of towpath in this same area.
Independence, OH
Our ride north to Harvard Road was surprisingly quiet. Though we were now in Cleveland, it certainly didn't feel that way. The Cuyahoga Valley had created its own peaceful environment along the towpath as it carried us closer to the lake.
It felt like we had sneaked past much of the big city on our way north. It'll be interesting to see how the remaining miles play out over to Steelyard Commons and through the industrial area that still stands between the towpath and its final destination.
The Canalway Center is just off the trail in Cuyahoga Heights. The connecting spur that takes you there continues on along nearby city streets and over to the Washington Reservation, about 2 miles to the north.
Previously the tranquility of the trail would begin to fade as you rode south into Valley View. Lynda Warner reported on major improvements there: "As of [fall 2006], two very unique bridges were opened, which remove the stress of having to cross two major intersections."
View from Towpath Bridge in Valley View, OH Photo by Lynda Warner
In Valley View you'll pass under the super structure of I-480 that towers overhead as you make your way to the Thornburg Station, a commercial complex that offers a trailside eatery. This also marks the spot where the asphalt surface changes to classic towpath crushed stone as you leave the jurisdiction of the Cleveland Metroparks and continue southbound past Rockside Road.
Mile marker posts tick off the miles as you head further away from Lake Erie, mile "0". This provides a good way to gauge your distance from the north coast from any point on the towpath.
Now you enter the Cuyahoga Valley National Park, where some facilites are open year-round. Perks for trail users include: riding on the scenic railway and limited camping spots reserved for through hikers and cyclists. Reservations are required. The camping season runs from Memorial Day through Oct. 31.
Trail Specs & Facts:
Location: Cuyahoga County
Class: A1++
Length: 10.2 miles / asphalt (not including road routes); ~11.4 mile when complete
Facilities: Some off the trail facilities here: Canalway Center, Bacci Park
Parking: See trail map for options.
Worth Noting: We don't recommend road riding between trail sections in Cleveland. For those who have urban road riding skills, ride at your own risk.
Map: Ohio & Erie Canal Towpath Trail (all counties) or Sm Screen Version
Cuyahoga Co. Elevation Map: From Cleveland riding south
Completion Progress: Here's a map showing the final segments to be completed in Cleveland.
More Trails in this Region: NE OH Trails List
[Alert! - Trail section closure in Akron into 2019. The towpath is closed from Mustill Store north to Memorial Pkwy, a distance of ~1 mile. See a map of this trail section detour (closure). Use Hickory Street as your parallel detour route along this segment.]
Video of the Towpath Detour
The Summit County section includes most of the trail in Cuyahoga Valley National Park. From there it continues south through Akron, Barberton and just south of Clinton, OH.
The Cuyahoga Valley Train offers service to cyclists along a stretch of the trail from North Akron to Independence. Hopping aboard gives visitors another way to enjoy the valley and knock some miles off your ride when you're doubling back to your car.
There are good trailheads all along the towpath. Peninsula makes an excellent starting point. It's between Cleveland and Akron and has parking right along the trail with restroom facilities. There's also a depot for the scenic railway, restaurants and a bike shop.
The route south from Peninsula was constructed with many gentle curves to lend more interest and character to the trail. And it does make a more pleasurable ride. The only drawback is that sight lines can be limited, making passing a tricky proposition on heavy-traffic days.
Barberton, OH Towpath
There are some wooden boardwalk trail sections along the towpath, and the Akron-area has its share. The sections here are approximately 14' wide and feature wide, sweeping turns. When riding south you pickup speed on a slight downhill and can hear the deck boards "sing" when a rider comes past. Be careful on wet or frosty days. The surface is bound to be slippery.
Where the towpath enters North Akron the surface turns to asphalt with a stone chip top coat. It returns to crushed stone once you leave this developed area. There are several places to eat here, so take advantage of nearby restaurants if you're hungry.
At North Street resides the historic Mustill Store. Formerly a general store during the glory days of the canal, it now serves as a museum and visitors center. There's also a trail parking lot and facilities at this trailhead.
The trail continues south through Cascade Locks Park and up a 5% grade (a .6-mile climb), over the old Akron Innerbelt (Rt. 59), and south to Canal Park.
Once over the bridge, the trail transitions to wide concrete sidewalk and continues alongside streets over to Canal Park. This .3-mile stretch is just 2-3 blocks and does not involve any road riding.
The short segment within Canal Park, home of the Akron Aeros, features a red rubberized surface, perhaps the most unusual one you'll find along the entire towpath.
Joe Chase describes the Canal Park segment: "This [section] extends from the Akron Civic Theater south through a public festival park, around the west side of the Canal Park Stadium and down to the parking area behind Canal Place (the old BFG factory).
"Part of this section of the canal was once covered by a parking deck; the city has done a great job removing decrepit buildings and landscaping the canal in this area. From this path north to the Staircase Locks [near Martin Luther King Drive], the canal has been buried forever beneath office buildings and the Akron Innerbelt, but the water still flows. Did you know the lobby of the Civic Theater is actually a bridge across the canal?"
At Summit Lake the trail passes the rec center and moves along the shoreline before taking to open water via the boardwalk-like floating trail section that crosses the south end of the lake and enters the canal.
The towpath follows the canal for several miles as you gradually leave urban sights and sounds for more tranquil towpath through Barberton.
A statue has been erected at Manchester Road of a indian carrying his canoe. It's a monument to the original Portage Indian Trail which followed a section of the Cuyahoga Valley. This monument can be found at each terminus of the Portage Trail, the Cuyahoga and Tuscarawas.
Further south you'll encounter some short punchy climbs. Along with the 5% grade in Akron, this likely represents the most overt climbing you'll do along the otherwise flat towpath trail. Here you will climb regardless of your direction of travel, while the Akron climb is only for those riding south.
Towpath & Lock in Clinton, OH
Further south the trail enters Clinton Towpath Metropark where remnants of the canal are on view. Remaining locks, partial locks and other historic reminders are scattered along the towpath route. As are trailheads, facilities and places to eat.
As you leave Clinton a pond borders one side of the trail, while the canal lies opposite. The next stop is Canal Fulton.
Location: Summit County
Class: A1++ & B1++
Length: 40.5 miles / crushed stone & asphalt
Facilities: At most of the trailheads and scenic train stations along the way.
Parking: Peninsula, OH. (See trail map for more options.)
Worth Noting: This county has the longest towpath section, and the most variety of environments through which it passes.
Summit Co. Elevation: From CVNP riding south
Completion Progress: The Summit County segment is finished.
Though Summit County was the first to complete its portion of the towpath, Stark County was not far behind.
The Towpath begins south of Clinton and passes through Canal Fulton, Massillon and Navarre south to the Tuscarawas County line, just short of Bolivar.
Canal Fulton is another great towpath starting point. There's plenty of trail parking, places to eat and a canal boat ride, the St. Helena III.
The trail ride south of Canal Fulton is also scenic and features the classic crushed stone trail surface.
Towpath Tunnel in Stark County, OH
The Lake Avenue Trailhead in Massillon has parking, a bike shop, a canoe livery and restroom facilities.
Further into Massillon the towpath meets up with the Sippo Valley Trail. Take the first ramp up to street level (Lincoln Way W.) to make the Sippo connection. To continue south on the towpath, take the 2nd ramp up to Tremont Ave. SW. Cross over the river and turn south on 5th St. to continue south.
You'll want to check a map to plan ahead for this junction, as there are a couple of options, both of which involve a little road riding (less than a mile) to the next trail section at Walnut Road.
Towpath near Navarre, OH
Once back on the trail at Walnut Road, the towpath runs uninterrupted to just short of Bolivar at the county line. As the trail nears Rt. 212 west of Bolivar, it turns east, away from the river to follow the road. This segment ends further east where it deposits you on Rt. 212 at the McDonnell Trailhead. You have now entered Tuscarawas County.
The ride to and beyond Navarre is quite rural as the river corridor and canal provides its own linear ecosystem which is quite lush in summer.
Location: Stark County
Class: B1+
Length: 26 miles / crushed stone (includes ~.4 mile road route)
Facilities: At some of the trailheads along the route.
Parking: Lake Avenue in Massillon, OH. (See trail map for more options.)
Worth Noting: The Sippo Valley Trail connects with the towpath in Massillon.
Stark Co. Elevation: Mostly flat.
Completion Progress: The towpath is finished in Stark County.
The Tuscarawas County towpath will extend from the Stark County line through Bolivar, then pass by Zoar, Zoarville and Dover on to its final destination, New Philadelphia, OH.
At this time 7.7 miles of towpath are finished within the county, with ~9 more miles to go. The final missing 9-mile leg is from the current endpoint in Zoarville, to New Philly.
From the McDonnell Trailhead along Rt. 212 near the Stark County line, there's a gap in the trail. A .3-mile road ride is necessary to reach the next trail segment which takes riders into Bolivar. Ride here at your own risk as this road is a rural highway.
Trail resumes on a newer segment that was opened on Oct. 15, 2016. It reportedly leads you through Bolivar and over to Fort Laurens. But when we drove into Fort Laurens to start riding south from the park, we did not see any bike or trail route signs leading north out of the park.
However, according to the map in this brochure, this route does exist! Or at least a portion of it, behind the park grounds along the river. We'll have to make a trip back to explore this section.
The towpath crosses I-77 in Bolivar and runs 3 miles south to Canal Lands Park in Zoar. Open towpath continues on to Zoarville, where it currently ends at Rt. 800, just southwest of Rt. 212 in Zoarville. From there, land for the last section of towpath to New Philly is still being developed.
Bridge over I-77 near Bolivar, OH
The I-77 trail bridge is a major piece of infrastructure that looks as though it would support single lane auto traffic. It's that robust. The extra width was designed to carry ped and bike traffic alongside horses and riders. The bridge crown features a partition that separates horses and allows them to cross more safely.
Heading south the towpath is narrower, at about 4-6' wide. But it remains smooth, mostly flat and is slightly undulating. It's a departure from the more finely manicured sections to the north, but still an enjoyable ride. In fact, the mini undulations will mean more fun for many riders.
I noticed a few walkers would stop when I approached them from the opposite direction by bike. They would move to the edge of the trail to give me room. I would slow considerably and make sure I was on the far edge of the trail, to give them room to keep walking. But there are only so many trail users you can fit into a 4-6' wide path. It makes one wonder what happens when you add horses with riders to the mix...
As you approach Old St. Rt. 82, you'll spot a wooden staircase leading up to a deserted bridge over the trail. This is a former roadway that is now closed to auto traffic. The bridge was restored in 2004 and now serves as a pedestrian and bicycle access point and overlook.
Unique Trail Access at former Roadway Bridge
Shortly after this structure, you'll pass under the Dover-Zoar Road Bridge. A spur soon appears on your right that leads to the Canal Lands Park Trailhead.
In 2013, towpath was completed south to Rt. 800, just outside of Zoarville. It was a major accomplishment by volunteers who constructed boardwalk sections to traverse two 150' wetland stretches en route. According to the Ohio & Erie Canalway website, "The work was done mostly by hand, on weekends, and with tools brought from home or loaned by local businesses."
Riding further south by trail is not an option as the next section, the Zoar Valley Trail, is not currently open.
In the future, this Zoar Valley Trail section will likely be shared with the towpath, just as they now share towpath between Zoar and Fort Laurens in Bolivar.
A pleasant surprise in Tuscarawas County, was the appearance of the stone towpath mile-markers seen further north. This section has markers 81-86, if memory serves. For those unfamiliar with these markers, they indicate the distance to Lake Erie, which is mile "0."
Completion of the entire trail looks to be at least a year away. Current projections are that perhaps 2020 will be the year. And with only 9 miles remaining in the south and ~2 miles at the north end in Cleveland, it's certainly possible.
When that happens, the trail will likely be somewhere between 100-110 miles in total length. But until then, there should be new sections to explore from time to time.
Location: Tuscarawas County
Class: B2+, C2+
Length: 7.7 miles / crushed stone & earthen (includes short road route) / ~16.7 miles when complete
Facilities: Restrooms and water are more scarce in this section. Take advantage of facilities in Bolivar, Zoar and at Fort Laurens.
Parking: Fort Laurens in Bolivar. (See trail map for more options.)
Worth Noting: Facilities and water stops are not typically available on the trail here.
Tuscarawa Co. Elevation: Mostly flat.
Completion Progress: The final 9 miles of towpath have yet to be obtained for trail development. Also, a short .3-mile section of trail is needed to eliminate the road route west of Bolivar.
Location: Cleveland to New Philadelphia
Length: ~100 miles when complete / multi-surfaces
Class: A, B & C
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The dictionary definition of a chargeback is a demand by a credit-card provider for a retailer to make good the loss on a fraudulent or disputed transaction. Chargebacks are a necessary evil of card not present commerce. Chargeback management companies provide merchants with assistance in responding to chargeback disputes, in an attempt to recover funds on behalf of the merchant for disputes that were unnecessarily filed by the cardholder or the issuer. Additionally, some chargeback management companies offer chargeback alerts, providing a service to notify the merchant of a chargeback that has not yet been filed, providing the merchant a short window to issue a refund prior to the chargeback being filed, circumventing fees and any fines due to excessive chargeback volume.
CNP companies that experience a high volume of friendly fraud chargebacks benefit most from chargeback management solutions, as those are primarily the chargebacks that can be recovered. Merchants that benefit most from deploying chargeback alerts are those on an excessive chargeback monitoring program through one of the card brands , often with average order volumes over $50.
The harmful effects of friendly fraud are most evident to merchants and issuers, which face direct costs when a cardholder disputes a transaction and a chargeback is raised. But all three parties—merchants, issuers and cardholders—suffer because of this trend. Here's a look at how: In the card-not-present (CNP) world, fraud liability rests with the merchant. That means when friendly fraud occurs, the merchant loses the goods/services and is saddled with the cost of the chargeback. But that's just the start.
DJ joins Jimmy Westlake from Square, Kevin Lee & Jeff Sakasegawa from Sift Science as they detail how to streamline chargeback and risk management, leverage automation to turn your chargebacks into a revenue opportunity, prevent fraud on your platform to cut down on chargebacks and how visibility into your risk decisions and order details can help expedite chargeback representment.
Often, fraud departments are flying blind regarding the most efficient ways to assemble their teams, conduct their operations and evaluate solutions. Join DJ Murphy, Editor-at-Large Karisse Hendrick and Sam Garwood, Fraud Consultant for RISK IDENT, as they detail results of a new survey that asked fraud professionals to shed some light on the processes and tools digital merchants use to combat fraud. Learn how merchants of different sizes and in different verticals compose their teams and KPIs they use to measure success, typical organizational structures and how they affect teams and the mix of fraud prevention tools and manual review processes found across the industry.
If a consumer files a dispute against your business, you can either accept the chargeback or challenge it through what is known as representment: merchants literally "re-present" the transaction to the issuer in hopes of having it reversed... Winning a chargeback reversal is not impossible, but the procedure is complicated and time-consuming, to the point where many merchants feel the end doesn't justify the means... To win a chargeback reversal, you must provide adequate "compelling evidence," or documentation that contradicts the cardholder's claim and supports your case.
Most fraud teams begin with one person responding to customers who are calling because they saw an unfamiliar charge on their credit card bill. Or, maybe a company is experiencing chargebacks for the first time and one person is tasked to learn about the issue. In any event, for small merchants, the process is intensely manual. As a company grows, it may add a person or two, but merchants can gain substantial size without significantly altering the way they fight fraud. This can result in a personal cost for the employees. Get this white paper to learn how to manage growth and fraud prevention in an 'always on' environment.
Merchants who sell online have access to markets and channels that traditional brick-and-mortar stores can't match. But those opportunities come with fraud risks that card-present transactions don't have because of the EMV liability shift. And as EMV has reduced fraud opportunities at point-of-sale terminals, fraudsters have gone all in on CNP fraud. One possible solution for online merchants is chargeback insurance, more commonly referred to as a chargeback guarantee, provided by some fraud-prevention services. Should merchants use a chargeback protection service? There's not a standard answer to this question.
Understand the e-gift card landscape: Get this white paper to understand actionable recommendations that will mitigate your risk in a channel where fraud is taking an increasingly significant bite out of revenue, examine the full scope of gift card fraud and learn how to identify and prevent fraud schemes affecting open-loop, closed-loop and e-gift cards while maintaining a healthy sales flow.
A record-breaking season of holiday shopping is over, having generated $7.8 billion in revenue. That means the chargebacks have just begun! The massive increase in order volume over the holidays can wreak havoc on shipping companies and the USPS. Before Q4, FedEx and other companies like to set customers' expectations low by letting them know that their items might arrive late—or not at all.
Dishonest customers often take advantage of that messaging to file a chargeback, claiming they never received an item that's been sitting under the tree for weeks. And, it's not just scammers: impatient shoppers whose items might be on the way, but who are frustrated with the delayed arrival time, might file chargebacks too. The post-holiday chargeback rush is no joke. Here are three tips to help you make it through.
What were the impacts of VCR? Did it solve the issues it was meant to?
What's next? Should we expect to see more reforms in payments?
Join Monica Eaton-Cardone, COO & Co-Founder of Chargebacks911, as she reveals the findings from their new study on the impacts of Visa Claims Resolution. Be the first to learn these stats and insights, and get the insider's perspective on what else is on the horizon. Learn how the VCR model will be utilized in other places in the payment ecosphere and how merchants can prepare, and even benefit, from these changes.


The study of intractable conflicts has risen in recent years particularly with the work of Daniel Bar-Tal's work on the ethos of conflict. The ethos of conflict is an original psychological concept that captures the collective societal mindset of cultures locked in intractable conflicts and examines the various factors that keep groups in conflict or help them towards peace. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is arguably the most researched, publicized, and discussed intractable conflict in history. The purpose of this paper is to first examine the foundation of that intractable conflict through the lens of Bar-Tal's theory and apply it once more how it has changed in the modern day. Particularly, this paper focuses on how the change in power structure in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has prioritized the different elements of the ethos of conflict differently for both sides. In the beginning of the conflict, both groups held equitable power that caused them to have similar manifestations of the ethos of conflict. Working with the foundation of Bar-Tal's theory, this paper provides an analysis of how Israel's rise to power in the conflict influences different prioritizations of the ethos of conflict for both parties.
Turkel, Bryan 9842267, "The Influence of Power Dynamics On the Israeli-Palestinian Ethos of Conflict" (2015). CMC Senior Theses. 1281.


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Q: Responsive (stacking) issues in Android 4.2 native app We've been using the same method to stack columns on mobile for a while now. Don't think it's anything unusual, and our Litmus tests have always come back fine across the board. Recently a client with an Android device (S4 mini running 4.2) complained that the layout was broken. The media queries were firing just fine, and the non-stacking parts of the email were behaving as intended, but the 3 columns we were trying to stack stubbornly refused to do so.Is anybody else having a similar issue?
I've made a greatly simplified bit of demo code to illustrate the issue.
The CSS:
@media only screen and (max-width: 660px) {

*[class].fl{float:left !important;}
*[class].wr{display:block !important;}
*[class].width320{width:320px !important;}
*[class].width300{width:300px !important;}
*[class].height20{height:20px !important;}

The HTML:

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


My next Korea trip is coming closer!
This entry was posted on Thursday, December 20th, 2018 at 9:51 am by Christiana and is filed under Five More Minutes, Video. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.


Haley M. Ratner is an associate in the Corporate Practice of Greenberg Traurig's New York office. Haley focuses her practice on representing private equity sponsors, public and private borrowers, lead arrangers and lenders in connection with syndicated and bilateral loan financings, including senior secured financings, first lien and second lien financings, unsecured financings, acquisition financings and bridge financings. Prior to joining the firm, Haley led the Business & Client Risk Engagement team at Bloomberg L.P., focusing on risk, cybersecurity, and compliance.


Then are they glad because they are quiet; so he bringeth them unto their desired haven.
… And there he maketh the hungry to dwell, that they may prepare a city for habitation.
• Provide and be a place of rest and refuge for people who are coming from a rough and hurting world by ministering the love and power of God through Jesus Christ.
• To bring Christian believers to a state of maturity and give them an opportunity to participate in serving God.
• To be a model Church of Christ in the present age by insisting on being bible based and Holy Spirit led.
• To be a base for the ongoing work of evangelism by having believers provide for and give themselves to missions.
• Gospel Rallies – to hold mass evangelism in the major cities and towns along our mission field.
• Revival Seminars and Conferences with a view of mobilizing, inspiring and empowering believers to participate in the work of evangelism and other ministries.


Homeopathy makes a difference by effectively addressing all conditions and ages with a natural, gentle and non-toxic medicine. The principles of Homeopathy were understood by Aristotle and Hippocrates and mentioned in ancient Hindu manuscripts. In the Eighteenth Century, these principles were developed into a complete system of medicine, addressing acute, chronic and epidemic disease by Dr Samuel Hahnemann, a German physician (1755 – 1843).
Homeopathy: Miracle medicine or impossible cure?
A short film describing homeopathy, looking at recent use of the medicine in Cuba. The success of their homeoprophylaxis program to virtually eradicate Leptospirosis is discussed, along with other uses of homeopathy. An engaging watch for homeopaths, patients and anyone who's never heard of homeopathy.


Building on the research-proven instructional techniques introduced in Knights Physics for Scientists and Engineers, the most widely adopted new physics text in more than 30 years, College Physics: A Strategic Approach set a new standard for algebra-based introductory physics gaining widespread critical acclaim from professors and students alike.
For the Second Edition, Randy Knight, Brian Jones, and Stuart Field continue to apply the best results from educational research, and refine and tailor them for this course and the particular needs of its students. New pedagogical features (Chapter Previews, Integrated Examples, and Part Summary problems) and fine-tuned and streamlined content take the hallmarks of the First Edition exceptionally effective conceptual explanation and problem-solving instruction to a new level. More than any other book, College Physics leads students to proficient and long-lasting problem-solving skills, a deeper and better-connected understanding of the concepts, and a broader picture of the relevance of physics to their chosen career and the world around them.
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text:
Q: Excel VBA function (not sub) for getting SharePoint List into a Variant/Array I would like to create a function to get certain data out of a SharePoint list.
This code works more or less:
Public Sub subSharePointList()
    Dim objWorkbook As Workbook
    Dim objWorksheet As Worksheet
    Dim objList As ListObject
    Dim strSite, strList, strView As String

    strSite = "mycompany.sharepoint.com/sites/Department"
    strList = "{XXXXXXXX-4620-44B2-9C99-B5C0A854D5C5}"
    strView = "{XXXXXXXX-05B2-76+A-BC15-C7A68FEC6C30}"

    strSite = "http://" & strSite & "/_vti_bin"

    Workbooks.Add
    Set objWorkbook = ActiveWorkbook
    Set objWorksheet = Worksheets.Add

    Set objList = objWorksheet.ListObjects.Add(xlSrcExternal, Array(strSite, strList, strView), False, , Range("A1"))
    varOutput = objWorksheet.Range("A1").CurrentRegion.value
    ActiveWorkbook.Close SaveChanges:=False
End Sub

I'm getting all data in varOutput. However, I'm unable to call it from a function, or make the code in a function format due to objWorksheet.ListObjects I think.
Edit: The function needs to be an UDF/Function that can be called from a sheet.


Mix together the 1 cup flour, salt and white pepper in a shallow dish. Set aside. Heat olive oil in a large skillet over medium-high heat. Coat veal medallions with the flour mixture and shake off the excess. Fry for about 1 minute on each side, just to brown but not cook through.
Arrange the veal in a 9x13 inch baking dish. Sprinkle the mozzarella cheese over the top. Clean out the pan from the veal, and melt butter with 1/2 cup of sherry over low heat. In a small bowl, mix the 3 tablespoons flour with 3 tablespoons sherry, and whisk into the pan. Continue whisking over low heat until the mixture is thickened. Season with salt and pepper to taste. Pour the sherry sauce over the veal and cheese.
Bake for 20 to 30 minutes in the preheated oven, until cheese is melted and gooey. Sauce will be runny. Soak it up with Italian bread!


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Growth and good progress in 2017
Boxmeer, May 17th, 2018.
Full resistance in the US Breeding program
In the US we have been working very hard to establish a breeding centre for Varroa resistant bees, in close cooperation with Bob Danka from the USDA in Baton Rouge (supplying pre-selected semen from the USDA bee-stock and financially supporting the program), Danielle Downey from the non-profit organization Project Apis m. (financial support and administration) and David Thomas from the Hawaii Island Honey Company (infrastructure, personnel and financial support).
A dedicated laboratory was built on the Big Island of Hawaii. On Hawaii we have a long season, enabling us to produce and select multiple generations per year.
With the financial support we have been able to recruit and train 4 employees, so since last year we are able to run the program "full throttle". We have 200 small colonies for housing our inseminated queens and 600 large hives to house our breeders and drone supplying colonies. All these colonies are tracked with our in-house developed "Queenbase" software application.
In addition, David Thomas is running all his honey production colonies in Hawaii (several thousand) with queens from the breeding program. The progress made in the program is very encouraging and also gives us a lot of information which we use in the EU breeding program (and vice versa).
With commercial queens, colonies on Hawaii required treatment up to 4 times a year (brood in the colonies year round, so a "Varroa-paradise"), in contrast, the bees from our program are currently treated less than 1 time per year on average. The best lines reach full resistance and keep the mite infestation levels very low during a full year – without any treatment.
We are now working on establishing these high levels of resistance in a broader selection of our lines. Furthermore, we also have to ensure that the lines perform well from a honey harvest and pollination point of view and that they perform well in the commercial operations on the mainland of the United States (so field-trials are being performed).
The very good results on Hawaii show us that fully Varroa resistant bees are feasible and encourage us all to keep working hard – both in the US and in the EU.
Strong growth in our EU-breeding program
We started our first year – 2014 – with 6 breeders in our breeding program. The number of breeders has grown since then from 16 in 2015, to 35 in 2016 and up to 66 in 2017! In Europe, we currently have participating groups in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Italy, France, Luxemburg, The Netherlands, Spain and Switzerland.
With the growing number of breeders and breeding groups, the number of colonies being tested in the program increased to 390 in 2016 and grew further to 646 in 2017. 134 of these colonies showed high resistance against Varroa (> 75% of the reproducing mites are removed from the brood). Colonies with this level of resistance do not need treatments against Varroa. Twelve colonies did not have any reproducing mites at all in their brood (after receiving 100 to 200 mites two weeks earlier and then checking 300-400 brood cells) and are considered fully Varroa resistant (100% VSH). As these are in most cases one-time measurements, we will perform additional measurements on these colonies and use them in 2018, to confirm their level of resistance. The queens of these highly resistant colonies are usually inseminated with just a single drone. These single drone inseminated queens allow us to make quick progress in our breeding program, but they can only be housed in small hives and have a limited life expectancy, because of the limited amount of semen they received. We are now in a position where we can also start to produce more multi (8-12) drone inseminated queens, using the material from our resistant single drone colonies. These multi drone inseminated queens can be housed in regular sized hives and we will start evaluating these queens on other important traits, like honey production and winter-survival.
We will continue to look for extra financial resources so we can further increase the number of beekeepers and colonies in the program in order to obtain the needed high diversity in the resistant pool of colonies.
Carnica, Buckfast and now also Black Bees
We started our program with Buckfast and Carnica beekeepers. These two races represent a large proportion of the honeybees in Europe and so the majority of our current program consists of different lines from these races.
However, there are local native sub-species in Europe that are considered important, given their unique set of traits and genetic background. One of these races is the Black Bee (Apis mellifera mellifera) which is one of the ten recognized European bee sub-species. With the popularity of the Buckfast and Carnica, and the extinction of feral, natural wild colonies due to Varroa, several of the Black Bee populations are considered endangered and could also benefit from a Varroa resistant breeding program. So in 2018 Arista will start working with the Belgian Black Bee group Mellifica.be in creating a first set of single drone inseminated queens, which will be tested and selected for using our established method.
Furthermore, the beekeepers on the island of Terschelling (the Netherlands) have joined up with Arista to create a Black Bee breeding program on the island, making the island a reserve for Black Bees. This breeding program will also include the selection of Varroa resistant lines, using our selection method. In 2018 we will find out how pure, how "black" the bees are on the island. Based on the findings, we will make a plan to establish a pure, Varroa resistant, Black Bee population.
Genetic Marker projects
As we now get a first base of fully resistant colonies, it becomes possible to start projects based on these bees. The standard method which we use to select for Varroa resistant colonies is quite labour intensive. It would be a big help if we could test and screen our bees with a simple (genetic) test – if only such a test would exist…
To develop such a test, it is necessary that we improve our understanding of the underlying genetics of the Varroa resistant behaviours, like Varroa Sensitive Hygiene (VSH: the detection and removal of the mites from the brood). For this reason Arista formed a consortium with the Inholland University of Applied Sciences (Amsterdam) and Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences (Leeuwarden, Velp) and the company Bejo Zaden BV. Last summer, together, we managed to get a "RAAK-pro" project proposal approved and we have now started to work towards finding a genetic marker for the resistant behaviour. Arista will supply the bees for the project and will support Van Hall Larenstein with analysing the behaviour ("phenotyping") of the bees. Inholland and Bejo Zaden will look for the genetic background of the behaviour ("genotyping") by comparing bees that do and do not perform the specific behaviour. This project is supported by a committee composed of members of the NBV (Dutch Beekeepers Organization), BBV (Buckfast Beekeepers Organization), VCI (Carnica Beekeepers organization), the Laboratory of Genetics from the Wageningen University and the BVNI (Professional Beekeepers organization).
Arista has also started to support the BeeStrong project of the INRA institute in Avignon, France. 40 Arista colonies were counted last summer for VSH and bee samples were taken for genetic analysis at INRA.
Barbados project
There are a few places in the world where it is believed that honeybees have become resistant against Varroa, without the help from humans. Barbados may be one of these places. When Varroa established itself on the island in 2002/2003, the bee population crashed and most of colonies collapsed. Most of the colonies on Barbados are "feral", so unmanaged colonies, living in the rainforest. A small number of beekeepers catch swarms of these feral colonies to populate their hives. Most of these managed colonies also collapsed, because beekeepers did not treat against Varroa.
Interestingly, after several years the beekeepers again started to get phone calls, asking them to come remove swarms. Now, around 15 years after the first outbreak of Varroa, the population is considered to be fully recovered and beekeepers catch swarms and collect honey from their colonies, just like before the Varroa reached the island.
With the financial support of Bayer, Arista is now establishing a small project on the island. This project has the aim of establishing and following an apiary with colonies for one season and regularly determine mite levels on the bees and in the brood to establish the level of Varroa resistance. Furthermore, we will try to get a first indication which trait (possibly VSH?) the bees are using to keep Varroa at bay. In addition we will check the haplotypes of the bees, to exclude the possibility that the bees now present on Barbados are immigrated Africanized bees.
At the last visit, 10 colonies (untreated) were investigated on mite levels. The colonies showed very low mite infestation levels in the brood and most of the colonies also had low levels of Varroa infestation on the bees. So first data indicate indeed high levels of resistance. Will be continued…
Personnel & organization
In addition to the financial support that was established for the genetic marker, Barbados and US-Hawaii projects, both the Adessium foundation and the Dioraphte foundation have started to financially support our breeding program! These are important contributions as we can now build a small organization that can support the quickly growing group of beekeepers in our program.
The combined funding enabled us to have BartJan Fernhout move from the Board to the position of program director and to recruit Guillaume Misslin as a project leader. In addition, the Van Hall Larenstein (VHL) University of Applied Sciences is recruiting a project technician for the RAAK-pro project, which will be working with VHL students at the Arista location.
We are very happy that Prof. Jacques van Alphen has filled the vacated Chairman position in the Board. Jacques van Alphen brings with him a large amount of experience and scientific knowledge, as he spent his whole professional life working on insect-parasite interactions.
Furthermore, the Wallonia government in Belgium has approved the funding of a project leader for Arista! To achieve this, we founded a legal entity "Arista Bee Research Belgium". This enabled us to recruit Sacha d'Hoop de Synghem who will be dedicated to work in the Wallonia area while working closely together with the Arista team in the Netherlands.
And last but not least we have been able to rent part of a house with a large garden, giving us space for an office-lab and an apiary.
We are very excited that we can now really start pushing towards our goal: Varroa resistant bees that thrive and keep themselves healthy, without relying on chemical treatments. For this we will further work on expanding the donor base, the professional support and the number of participating beekeepers and beekeeping organizations. The ultimate goal is that all beekeepers in the US and the EU can stop all chemical treatments against Varroa, while strongly improving the health of their colonies and strongly reducing the number of colony losses. This would ensure an uninterrupted supply of honeybees supporting the agricultural industry with pollination services and honey production. It would also support the recovery of the native local European subspecies of honeybees and the re-establishment of natural populations.
← Further expansion in 2016 Brandpunt+ Hawaii →

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


View from Gunnadoo Farm. You can just see the ocean in the background.
Reconciliation week is one of great importance, for both Indigenous (including Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders) and non-Indigenous Australians. The biggest milestone for reconciliation was the 1967 referendum, where an overwhelming amount of the non-Indigenous population voted 'Yes' to the end of official discrimination and the promise of full and equal citizenship. This was a significant change from "fauna and flora", as Indigenous Australians were previously recognised. One of our volunteers distinctly recalls these times, and the negative impact it caused.
Discrimination towards Indigenous people was rife, the massacre of at least 20 000 Indigenous people occurred from European settlement in 1780's until 1928. Although Indigenous people were meant to be protected under British Law, this was often not the case, with mistreatment towards Indigenous people deemed "justified". Many Indigenous children were forcibly removed from their families due to various policies, the main one adapted by all states was known as "assimilation", in an attempt to "breed out the Indigenous culture", which to this day continues to affect Indigenous communities.
Since the 1967 referendum, reconciliation has continued to grow stronger with the 1992 Mabo decision, where Indigenous people were finally recognised as the first occupants of Australia, followed later by Kevin Rudd's National Apology in 2008. However, there is still a long way to go. One of the elders in Carnarvon said to us that often people will say that "it's in the past, and Aboriginal people need to look to the future". However, the elder made a very strong point that "WW1 and WW2 are in the past too, but Australians still remember on ANZAC Day". It's important to learn from history to move forward, and a lot of the history of Indigenous people has still not been recorded.
There were a range of events in Geraldton that signified reconciliation, and how far Australia has come and where we can work together to continue reconciliation into the future. One of the events was at Gunnadoo Farm (about 30 minutes east of Geraldton), where schools from Geraldton and Mullewa came to showcase their dance groups, ranging from traditional dance, to cheerleading, and jazz. It was a fantastic day, where everyone got involved and helped out. I managed to have a chat with some of the children about why they love dancing, have a listen to the link below to hear their responses.
I also had the opportunity to discuss with people 'what reconciliation means to them?'. This is one of the most powerful recordings I have done. There is so much that could be said about the endurance and forgiveness of the Indigenous population, but the community voice gives it more justice than I ever could. Listen to the recording and tell us what you think.
I know that this recording has given me hope that one day we can all say we are proud Australians that can work together as one, learn from one another, and put an end to discrimination.


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Well - last night hubby and I headed down to the beach to see if we could see the meteor shower last night. It was a no-go. Too cloudy.
Today was an interesting day. I applied for a few positions (haven't heard anything back yet) then hubby and I decided to go for a ride as today is his day off. On our ride we saw the funeral procession for a local military member killed in Iraq (complete with the motorcycle riding veteran honor guard)and a crime scene (a check cashing place) when we stopped to get some chinese food for dinner from a place on Beach called Happy Wok. The food was ok - nothing great.
Rafta is getting bigger. His favorite thing is going with hubby to get the mail. Today he actually got to meet the mailman. :P He is also able to jump into the bathtub now. Oh joy taking showers are now going to be fun.
I put my application in to Aspire last night. I'm just waiting for acceptance, which will come in a few days.


Situated on the popular Coppice development, this BRAND NEW EXECUTIVE FOUR BEDROOM DETACHED FAMILY HOME known as the 'Langton' has been built by Lovell homes and comes to the market with a 10 year NHBC guarantee. This spacious family property, with quality fixtures and fittings and Upvc double glazed grey windows, offers excellent family accommodation. On the ground floor, there is a welcoming entrance hallway, superb family dining kitchen fitted with quality units, integrated appliances and two double doors opening to the garden. An attractive living room, useful study and cloakroom. The accommodation on the first floor consists of a generous sized master bedroom with en-suite shower room, three further bedrooms along with a contemporary family bathroom. Externally there are landscaped gardens to front and rear, single garage and two driveway parking spaces. EPC rating B.
Single garage with two driveway parking spaces.


text:
Arkansas Colleges of Health Education
2022 Rankings for Arkansas Colleges of Health Education
Learn what College Factual bachelor's degree rankings and awards has Arkansas College of Osteopathic Medicine earned.
Top Rankings for Arkansas College of Osteopathic Medicine:
#1 out of 1,848 #1 out of 147 #1 out of 582 #1 out of 57
Most Popular Colleges for Biological & Biomedical Sciences (Other)
Most Focused Colleges for Biological & Biomedical Sciences
#26 Most Popular Colleges for Biological & Biomedical Sciences (Other)
#1 Most Popular Master's Degree Colleges for Biological & Biomedical Sciences in Arkansas
#26 Most Popular Colleges for Other Biological & Biomedical Sciences
Arkansas College of Osteopathic Medicine has earned:
3 popular major rankings.
14 most focused major rankings.
Their best ranking for most popular major is for Biomedical Science students.
The Most Popular Colleges for Biological & Biomedical Sciences (Other) Ranking is simply a ranking of majors that have the most students attending.
Most Popular Master's Degree Colleges for Biological & Biomedical Sciences in Arkansas 1 6 View Report
Most Popular Colleges for Biological & Biomedical Sciences (Other) 26 147 View Report
Their best ranking for most focused major is for Biological & Biomedical Sciences students.
The Most Focused Colleges for Biological & Biomedical Sciences Ranking is a ranking of schools with the largest percentage of schools enrolled in the major.
Most Focused Colleges for Biological & Biomedical Sciences 1 1,848 View Report
Most Focused Master's Degree Colleges for Biological & Biomedical Sciences 1 582 View Report
Most Focused Colleges for Biological & Biomedical Sciences (Other) 1 147 View Report
Most Focused Master's Degree Colleges for Biological & Biomedical Sciences (Other) 1 57 View Report
Most Focused Colleges for Biological & Biomedical Sciences in Arkansas 1 21 View Report
Most Focused Colleges for Biological & Biomedical Sciences in the Southeast Region 1 405 View Report
Most Focused Master's Degree Colleges for Biological & Biomedical Sciences in Arkansas 1 6 View Report
Most Focused Master's Degree Colleges for Biological & Biomedical Sciences in the Southeast Region 1 131 View Report
Most Focused Colleges for Biological & Biomedical Sciences (Other) in the Southeast Region 1 31 View Report
Most Focused Master's Degree Colleges for Biological & Biomedical Sciences (Other) in the Southeast Region 1 15 View Report


text:
Dave Morgan 8:00pm - 8:35pm
Ray Fortune 8:50pm - 9:25pm
Orlando Napier 9:40pm - 10:15pm
The Kicks 10:30pm - 11:25pm
OnE 08 11:40pm -
Michael Franti & Spearhead 8:00pm - 11:59pm
MURS 8:00pm - 11:59pm
Dead Country 8:00pm - 8:35pm
Sean Wheeler & Zander Schloss 8:50pm - 9:25pm
Pulley 9:40pm - 10:15pm
No Use For A Name 10:30pm - 11:25pm
Mad Caddies 08 11:40pm -
Zach Gill (ALO) 9:30pm - 10:30pm
Kyle Hollingsworth (String Cheese Incident) 10:45pm - 11:45pm
The Green Concert: Promoting and Producing More...
Multiple Rights Recording Contracts 11:00am - 12:00pm
Jason Calacanis' 'This Week In Startups' 1:00pm - 2:00pm
License to Ill: Placing Your Music In Film and Television Sponso... 1:45pm - 2:45pm
The Future Is Unwritten: Exploring the New Frontiers of Technolo... 2:00pm - 3:00pm
Keynote Address: Tim Westergren, Pandora Radio 3:00pm - 4:00pm
Griddle 8:00pm - 8:40pm
The Outline 8:55pm - 9:35pm
Nico Stai 9:50pm - 10:30pm
Rob Roy 10:45pm - 11:15pm
Har Mar Superstar +special guest Guadalajara Joe 09 11:30pm -
Tony Sly (of No Use For A Name) 8:00pm - 8:40pm
Chris Shiflett (of Foo Fighters) 8:55pm - 9:30pm
Ellwood 9:45pm - 10:30pm
Nathan Maxwell & The Original Bunny Gang (featuring members of F... 10:45pm - 11:45pm
King City featuring Rich Morin and Chris Rest (Lagwagon/RKL) 12:01am - 1:00am
Actress 8:00pm - 8:45pm
Mini Mansions 9:00pm - 9:45pm
Cheetahsaurus 10:00pm - 10:45pm
Avi Buffalo 09 11:00pm -
The Airlines 12:15am - 1:15am
The Martyrs 8:00pm - 8:45pm
Emile Millar 9:00pm - 9:45pm
The Growlers 10:00pm - 10:45pm
Edward Sharpe & The Magnetic Zeros 10 11:00pm -
World Premiere of Jack Johnson: En Concert 7:00pm - 9:00pm
Are Your Band's Trademarks Protected? 10:00am - 11:00am
Take the Power Back: Alternative Revenues & Marketing For Indepe... 10:30am - 11:30am
Mo' Money, Mo' Problems: Technology's Impact on Music Publishing 11:00am - 12:00pm
Death or Glory: The Demise of the Major Label? 1:00pm - 2:00pm
The Green Musician: Make Music Without Hurting Mother Earth 1:30pm - 2:30pm
Needle in the Hay: How to Get Noticed By Record Label A&R Peeps 2:30pm - 3:30pm
Sunshine Brothers 8:30pm - 9:15pm
Litmore 9:30pm - 10:15pm
Matthew McAvene 10:30pm - 11:15pm
Culver City Dub Collective 10 11:30pm -
Le Petit Protest 8:00pm - 8:40pm
Raining and Ok 8:55pm - 9:35pm
Franklin for Short 9:50pm - 10:35pm
Pilar Diaz 10:50pm - 8:00pm
Oso 11:40pm - 8:00pm
DJ set with Marko (Sugarcult) and Matt (The Terr...
The Veltexans 8:35pm - 9:10pm
The Happy Hollows 9:25pm - 10:00pm
Vogue in the Movement 10:15pm - 10:50pm
Killola 11:05pm - 11:40pm
The Penfifteen Club 10 11:55pm -
DJ set with Marko (Sugarcult 12:40am - 1:00am


text:
/**
 * @fileoverview Enforce propTypes declarations alphabetical sorting
 */
'use strict';

var variableUtil = require('../util/variable');

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Rule Definition
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

module.exports = {
  meta: {
    docs: {
      description: 'Enforce propTypes declarations alphabetical sorting',
      category: 'Stylistic Issues',
      recommended: false
    },

    schema: [{
      type: 'object',
      properties: {
        requiredFirst: {
          type: 'boolean'
        },
        callbacksLast: {
          type: 'boolean'
        },
        ignoreCase: {
          type: 'boolean'
        }
      },
      additionalProperties: false
    }]
  },

  create: function(context) {

    var sourceCode = context.getSourceCode();
    var configuration = context.options[0] || {};
    var requiredFirst = configuration.requiredFirst || false;
    var callbacksLast = configuration.callbacksLast || false;
    var ignoreCase = configuration.ignoreCase || false;

    /**
     * Checks if node is `propTypes` declaration
     * @param {ASTNode} node The AST node being checked.
     * @returns {Boolean} True if node is `propTypes` declaration, false if not.
     */
    function isPropTypesDeclaration(node) {

      // Special case for class properties
      // (babel-eslint does not expose property name so we have to rely on tokens)
      if (node.type === 'ClassProperty') {
        var tokens = context.getFirstTokens(node, 2);
        return (tokens[0] && tokens[0].value === 'propTypes') ||
               (tokens[1] && tokens[1].value === 'propTypes');
      }

      return Boolean(
        node &&
        node.name === 'propTypes'
      );
    }

    function getKey(node) {
      return sourceCode.getText(node.key || node.argument);
    }

    function getValueName(node) {
      return node.type === 'Property' && node.value.property && node.value.property.name;
    }

    function isCallbackPropName(propName) {
      return /^on[A-Z]/.test(propName);
    }

    function isRequiredProp(node) {
      return getValueName(node) === 'isRequired';
    }

    /**
     * Checks if propTypes declarations are sorted
     * @param {Array} declarations The array of AST nodes being checked.
     * @returns {void}
     */
    function checkSorted(declarations) {
      declarations.reduce(function(prev, curr, idx, decls) {
        if (/SpreadProperty$/.test(curr.type)) {
          return decls[idx + 1];
        }

        var prevPropName = getKey(prev);
        var currentPropName = getKey(curr);
        var previousIsRequired = isRequiredProp(prev);
        var currentIsRequired = isRequiredProp(curr);
        var previousIsCallback = isCallbackPropName(prevPropName);
        var currentIsCallback = isCallbackPropName(currentPropName);

        if (ignoreCase) {
          prevPropName = prevPropName.toLowerCase();
          currentPropName = currentPropName.toLowerCase();
        }

        if (requiredFirst) {
          if (previousIsRequired && !currentIsRequired) {
            // Transition between required and non-required. Don't compare for alphabetical.
            return curr;
          }
          if (!previousIsRequired && currentIsRequired) {
            // Encountered a non-required prop after a required prop
            context.report({
              node: curr,
              message: 'Required prop types must be listed before all other prop types'
            });
            return curr;
          }
        }

        if (callbacksLast) {
          if (!previousIsCallback && currentIsCallback) {
            // Entering the callback prop section
            return curr;
          }
          if (previousIsCallback && !currentIsCallback) {
            // Encountered a non-callback prop after a callback prop
            context.report({
              node: prev,
              message: 'Callback prop types must be listed after all other prop types'
            });
            return prev;
          }
        }

        if (currentPropName < prevPropName) {
          context.report({
            node: curr,
            message: 'Prop types declarations should be sorted alphabetically'
          });
          return prev;
        }

        return curr;
      }, declarations[0]);
    }

    return {
      ClassProperty: function(node) {
        if (isPropTypesDeclaration(node) && node.value && node.value.type === 'ObjectExpression') {
          checkSorted(node.value.properties);
        }
      },

      MemberExpression: function(node) {
        if (!isPropTypesDeclaration(node.property)) {
          return;
        }
        var right = node.parent.right;
        var declarations;
        switch (right && right.type) {
          case 'ObjectExpression':
            declarations = right.properties;
            break;
          case 'Identifier':
            var variable = variableUtil.variablesInScope(context).find(function (item) {
              return item.name === right.name;
            });
            if (
              !variable || !variable.defs[0] ||
              !variable.defs[0].node.init || !variable.defs[0].node.init.properties
            ) {
              break;
            }
            declarations = variable.defs[0].node.init.properties;
            break;
          default:
            break;
        }
        if (declarations) {
          checkSorted(declarations);
        }
      },

      ObjectExpression: function(node) {
        node.properties.forEach(function(property) {
          if (!property.key) {
            return;
          }

          if (!isPropTypesDeclaration(property.key)) {
            return;
          }
          if (property.value.type === 'ObjectExpression') {
            checkSorted(property.value.properties);
          }
        });
      }

    };
  }
};

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
Q: Why does VSCode open browser.sh in a new window when running npm start for React? I'm currently learning React and have just switched to a windows environment using wsl2 and remote vscode for development.
When running npm start for starting the dev server, vscode opens a browser.sh window with the following info:

#!/usr/bin/env sh
#
# Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
#
ROOT=$(dirname "$(dirname "$(dirname "$0")")")

APP_NAME="code"
VERSION="1.52.1"
COMMIT="ea3859d4ba2f3e577a159bc91e3074c5d85c0523"
EXEC_NAME="code"
CLI_SCRIPT="$ROOT/out/vs/server/cli.js"
"$ROOT/node" "$CLI_SCRIPT" "$APP_NAME" "$VERSION" "$COMMIT" "$EXEC_NAME" "--openExternal" "$@"

The server does compile successfully and I can view the page in my browser, but I have to manually enter the url to view it.
I'm not sure why the browser.sh window is opening, as well as if I'm supposed to make changes to this file. I wondered if this is opening as the dev-server is unable to access the browser window to open the react page?
When I've downloaded older projects not using the most modern React version and installed the dependencies, this same experience of having a browser.sh window does not open, as well the dev-server was able to open a browser window for me without me having to manually type in the url.
If someone could give me some guidance on what the issue is here, and whether I need to make a change to this browser.sh file to allow for the dev-server to automatically open the page that would be very much appreciated. See below my package.json file:
{
  "name": "off-plateform",
  "version": "0.1.0",
  "private": true,
  "dependencies": {
    "@testing-library/jest-dom": "^5.11.9",
    "@testing-library/react": "^11.2.3",
    "@testing-library/user-event": "^12.6.2",
    "react": "^17.0.1",
    "react-dom": "^17.0.1",
    "react-scripts": "4.0.1",
    "web-vitals": "^0.2.4"
  },
  "scripts": {
    "start": "react-scripts start",
    "build": "react-scripts build",
    "test": "react-scripts test",
    "eject": "react-scripts eject"
  },
  "eslintConfig": {
    "extends": [
      "react-app",
      "react-app/jest"
    ]
  },
  "browserslist": {
    "production": [
      ">0.2%",
      "not dead",
      "not op_mini all"
    ],
    "development": [
      "last 1 chrome version",
      "last 1 firefox version",
      "last 1 safari version"
    ]
  }
}

Thank you in advance.


text:
Q: Search string formatting in Elouqa API I'm using the Elouqa Rest API in an integration with another product and I want to implement a file browser.  As part of this I want to get a list of the folders inside another folder.  Theapi documents here say that a search string can be appended but don't give any clues as to the format of the search string.  I've tried various things but so far I'm just getting empty results.  An example is here:
/API/rest/1.0/assets/email/folders?search=folderId+%3D+250

I've tried with and without +'s and with and without url encoding the = sign, also various combinations of quote marks but so far nothing.

A: I believe what you want is a slightly different endpoint e.g.:
/API/rest/1.0/assets/email/folder/250/contents

Which would provide a list of folders contained with folder 250
If you wanted to search for a given folder name then you would use
/API/rest/1.0/assets/email/folders?search=foldername

Hope that helps!


The Highway Trust Fund (HTF), which has been the source of federal funding for highways and transit since 1956, continues to face shortfalls due to unwillingness on the part of elected officials to raise the fuel tax, rising fuel-efficiency, and declining vehicle-miles traveled. This continuous funding crisis has not only inhibited needed expansion of the federal surface transportation program, but it also has served as a substantial impediment to essential reforms.
Identifying that the current approach to paying for surface transportation at the federal level is broken, the Eno research team performed an 18-month political and historical analysis of transportation funding sources in the U.S., including the "user-pay" model. The research team then examined how peer countries fund their transportation systems at the national level. Through data comparisons and case studies the research team developed national policy recommendations regarding a potential move to greater use of general fund revenues for federal surface transportation programs.
In December 2014, Eno released How We Pay for Transportation: The Life and Death of the Highway Trust Fund.
This research was funded through a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation.


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text:
Learn: Training
GUN DOG Spotlight: Gun Dog Supply's Steve Snell
Jerry Thoms - April 27, 2015
In 1997, Steve Snell took over his parents' Gun Dog Supply Company and introduced what seemed like a good idea. "We would sell dog training gear and canine maintenance products that we personally used to train and maintain our own hunting dogs." Snell says.
Those products included everything from low-tech leads, leashes and check cords to high-tech electronic training collars and invisible electronic canine containment systems — all items with which Snell and his sales staff had personal, hands-on experience.
"The thought was that when a potential customer called with a question or an existing customer called with a problem, we would give them helpful information based on what we knew from using the product," Snell recalls.
The concept worked so well that Gun Dog Supply soon grew from a staff of three selling a few dozen types of merchandise to where the business is today with 45 full-time employees and thousands of dog training and maintenance supplies.
"Though I'm no longer able to personally use and test everything we sell, there is someone on staff who has personal experience in each category of our product line," Snell says. "Most all of our merchandise on our website has a complete description of its features written by us. So customers should start online for product information. Then they can call or email us if they need further information on anything listed on our website and they will be put in contact with someone with the right expertise."
Other innovative ideas evolved as Gun Dog Supply progressed.
In addition to answering any questions about products and solving any problems with them, Gun Dog Supply also offers a 30-day, no risk, 100 percent satisfaction guarantee on everything sold by the company.
"If you don't like what you ordered, send it back and we will replace it with something more satisfying for your needs. Or we will give you your money back," Snell promises.
Speed is also promised in shipping orders. "We have almost all of our merchandise on hand and in stock in our 20,000-square foot warehouse," Snell notes. "Order something in the morning and it's shipped by that afternoon if not sooner. We don't do drop-shipping, meaning an order we receive has to be re-ordered by us from the manufacturer, which would take time and extra effort."
Free Standard Shipping is also included on all orders of $125 or more. "This is something few other companies provide and is a popular service for our customers," Snell says. "All these services, which require time and effort on our part, have made Gun Dog Supply what it is today."
When Snell answered his cell phone last October for this interview, he was hunting sharptailed grouse and Hungarian partridge in Montana — and testing some new GPS collars. Snell was a three-day drive from his home in Starkville, Mississippi.
This trip was typical of several he makes each hunting season to places where he can take his pointing dogs and retrievers to hunt upland gamebirds and waterfowl — and to use and test a variety of dog training and maintenance products.
"Yeah, some of my hunting buddies kid me about the way I seem to combine business and pleasure. I tell them I have to do this because hunting with my dogs and evaluating dog training and dog maintenance gear have been a main part of my family's business plan from the beginning," Snell says. "So far, everything is working out well this way for us and our customers at Gun Dog Supply."
Snell's next hunting trips include Canada, North Dakota, South Dakota, Kansas, Texas and Georgia, each to be visited with a truckload of gun dogs and gear.
"It's a big job," Snell says, "and I'm glad to do it."
Teaching Your Gun Dog the Kennel Up Command
Tom Dokken
"Kennel up" is a must-know command. Here's why and how.
Train Your Puppy to Maximize Hunting Potential
If you ask the right questions of your young bird dog, you'll be surprised at how many answers...
A Balanced Approach to Training Your Flushing Dog
Jerry Cacchio
Training your flusher is never complete. Practice makes perfect.
See More Training


text:
Razer BlackWidow Ultimate (2014) review
Razer's new switches are a dampener, not a silencer, on keyboard clack
By Tom Magrino 2014-03-07T20:52:00Z Keyboards
Razer Black Widow Ultimate
There are trade-offs, but Razer's Ultimate BlackWidow is worth a serious gamer's attention.
Responsive keys minimize mis-presses
Substantial construction and feel
Less noisy keystrokes
Lacks resounding blue-switch feel
MMO gamers may want more macro keys
Razer says that it's new Ultimate BlackWidow Keyboard can sustain 60,000,000 keystrokes over the course of its lifetime. Its the kind of statement you can't actually prove. Type at 375 keystrokes a minute and it'd take 2,667 hours of constant typing to break this thing - by that point, you most certainly have carpal tunnel. But the Ultimate upgrade and the new mechanical switches found within are more than just science and the intangible. What's on offer here is a sturdy, responsive keyboard that's worth a look, whether you're coming to the brand fresh or looking to trade up.
Alight with Razer's signature green
Let's talk about those new mechanical keys. Razer has honed the actuation point of its keys to around 1.9mm, with an actuation vs. reset point of 0.4mm. Your response to this information, dear reader, should rightly be one of confusion. Said another way, if you're coming from, say, Razer's standard-edition BlackWidow keyboard, you will immediately notice that the key strikes aren't as crisp and have a slightly dampened feel. The trade-off here is that key strikes also aren't as clacky as other mechanical switch keyboards, and you won't find yourself needing to push as hard to make your input.
Artisanal switches, made in-house
Now, unless you're actually an eSports athlete (Razer's target demo on the packaging), you'll likely find yourself using the BlackWidow for word-processing, Internet-surfing, and furious G-chatting. To that end, good news: The keyboard totally functions in this capacity, with keys that are responsive yet not so hair-sensitive that you'll be jamming on the backspace key every second. And, because of the aforementioned dampened keys, your coworkers/significant other/etc. won't mistake your typing for a rabbit tap dancing on your desk. It's by no means silent, but far from the loudest keyboard I've used - at least that's what my co-workers have told me.
Convenient passthroughs, naturally
If you are an eSports athlete, or just take your gaming very seriously, you'll find Razer has taken a suitably no-frills approach to your keyboard inputs. No, you won't find a track pad, a touch screen, or really much else beyond a handful of macros keys. One frill I would have liked on a $140 would be dedicated media controls. Skipping a track or adjusting the volume on the BlackWidow requires you to hold a function key. However, if you're playing games - let's say it's League of Legends - and you're at all competent (Faker-senpai, is that you?), all you really want is a fast, durable keyboard and mouse. In this respect, the Widow delivers.
Only one USB required, of course
Razer's Synapse 2.0 driver software is equally bare-bones. Sure, you can control the brightness of the keyboard's backlight, rebind keys, and record eccentric macros. None of it's necessary, though, and Razer gives no compelling reason for you to find it necessary. Install it and forget about it.
Taken on its own, the Razer Ultimate BlackWidow is a sturdy, responsive keyboard that will do what you want most out of a peripheral - fade into the periphery, especially if you disable the backlight. And as much as Razer would like you to believe it has revolutionized the game with its new mechanical switches, you likely won't notice the science within the keys. What you will notice, however, is the keys' slightly more quiet, slightly less crisp actuation, as compared to other mechanical boards. And even that, you won't notice for very long. Razer's standard-edition BlackWidow had been my keyboard of choice - I for one will be upgrading.


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