text:
Tropical land-use change is a major contributor to ecosystem degradation and global climate change. Transformations towards a post-carbon society require substantial shifts in current land-use practices at social structural and behavioral levels. Our project focuses on sensitive intervention points at the level of smallholder behavior in tropical landscapes. Here we develop two interventions to mobilize rural communities towards sustainable pathways: (1) interactive board game and (2) social influence. In designing the interventions, we first conduct a survey to understand social and psychological underpinnings of land-use decisions and identify key barriers and opportunities to changing current (unsustainable) land-use practices. Using behavioral insights, our interventions leverage the social and psychological factors to influence smallholders perceptions and land-use practices. Our first intervention communicates climate and land-use related situations through various message framing and feedback and simulate real life decisions in the game mechanics. It allows people to virtually experience and feel the impacts of land-use change on their social ecological well-being and to explore alternative land-use scenarios and strategies for avoiding catastrophic consequences of climate change. Our second intervention uses the power of social networks to spread climate and land-use messages among smallholder communities and prompt an early stage of norm change by intervening in behavioral diffusion processes, an important step for instigating collective action. In this intervention, we concentrate our engagement efforts on community members with strong normative influence (identified in a survey), inviting them to deliver pro-climate messages at community assemblies and provide peer support to other community members in their social networks. Changing peoples perceptions and behaviors can potentially lead to a larger-scale social change, replacing or improving current land-use practices, norms, and social structures. When a society crosses a tipping point for environmental sustainability, the effects of this project can far exceed the number of communities we serve directly.
Smallholders in tropical regions
Rumi Naito
educationmassmobilisationnorms


Hosting A Touge Lobby? Post Here!
Forza Horizon 3 Touge Team, Top 10 list idea.
anyone here drift at all?
March 26th 2014, anyone up for Touge?
[Competition]December MR2 Time Attack! Comp Closes the 28th. RESULTS UP!


Reef pods (Copepods) Tisbe spp are a great food source for many organisms including seahorses and mandarins. They are great to start seeding your refugium or when about to add something that loves reef pods. These pods are shipped in high quality live phytoplankton – convenient for starting a culture for your tank. In the bag you'll get live pods which can handle temperatures in the upper 40's to low 90's during shipping without much problem but it is suggested that you choose a faster shipping method. Marine Depot has these in stock for $13.99 a bag.


text:
Zefanya Putri
whenisbest
@putriz

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Facebook friend Asaf Sinai shared this video of Laço Tayfa's group performing the tune "Surmat" from the album Hicaz Dolap. Bassist Nurhat Sensesli kicks off the tune with a bang, along with the drummer, and adds great bass work to the entire tune. Have a video to share? Send us a note at videos@notreble.com.


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Insuring your building is one of the most important decisions you make as an owner. In the event of a loss, having the right kind of insurance will be critical in recovery and resuming your business operations. Over 40% of businesses that suffer a total loss never resume operations. If these businesses had purchased the right business insurance they might have been able to resume operation.
No two businesses are alike. We can offer coverage options and tailor coverage specifically for your business's unique needs. Companies frequently purchase commercial property insurance as a part of a Business Owner's Policy.
We wanted to provide you with a few coverage options that you may not have considered.
Having enough business income and extra expense coverage. In the event of a covered loss, your commercial property insurance can provide funds for lost income, and extra expenses to help in the recovery. All too often, these are not reviewed on a regular basis.
Property managers need to make sure all tenants have provided proof of commercial insurance. Check these annually.
Increased cost of construction for building codes is often overlooked. If your commercial building is over five years old, you may have a risk due to new building codes that might increase the value of your building.
Requesting your property policy to have 100% agreed amount valuation. Having an agreed amount will eliminate any coinsurance.
We specialize in providing insurance for office building owners, apartment owners and commercial building properties. Our experienced staff understands the challenges and concerns that building owners face every day, and work with you to provide the best coverage at the best possible price with the best service.


Crossword roundup: What? The Dickens?
Thanks for your clues for ERDŐS-BACON NUMBER. I especially enjoyed aPaulTaylor's cryptic definition "Acting professor might have obtained this degree" and agree with those who suggested that this is probably best imagined as part of a themed puzzle. With that in mind, the winner is JollySwagman's "No beer. No cards. Bum! Colin Firth had seven" with the suggestion that other clues might end "...Natalie Portman had six" and so on. Your suggestions for another clue are sought below.
...where you find that you can't spell BEVERIDGE PLAN without spelling Nye BEVAN.
...where the answer is not a BASHFUL MEDIUM or even a SNEEZY MEDIUM but of course a HAPPY MEDIUM.
...and while Queen were indeed held just off the top spot during the dreary days of Britpop, it was by the superior Gangsta's Paradise rather than the BLUR you need to make you BLUB.
any popular novel whose plot revolves around the anxieties of a middle-class housewife or family, especially one set in a rural English community.
...for MUMBLE and it spoils nothing to merely remark that a currently-active Listener puzzle (with a cubic grid!) shares its name with Dickens's illustrator Phiz. If you watched Sue Perkins' programme about Dickens' idea of compassionate husbanding, you may be wiping an infuriated tear from your eye as you enter this week's cluing competition for which the solution is the author's luckless wife CATHERINE.
Giddying stuff from Boatman in Tuesday's Guardian with unstinting use of "second" and especially "second in command", the device doing a different job each time, keeping you on your toes and merrily exceeding the sum of its parts. If you're thinking, "Hey, why haven't you done a Meet The Setter with Boatman?", then please be patient and watch this space.
To reflect the puzzle's theme, 33 entries go forward (across or down), while the other 33 must be entered in reverse. The pattern of reversals is random, so it may help to use pencil.
What, you might ask, is going on? The theme was revealed in the sticklebricky spaces on the edges, which read - eventually - THROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS and AND WHAT ALICE FOUND THERE. Lewis Carroll would no doubt have approved of the whole borderline-sadistic exercise.
...for the charming IDOLIZE. Happy New Year!
I'm away next Monday, so the winner of the cluing competition will be published on 16 January. See you on Thursday, though, for our next Meet The Setter profile.


text:
Charles "Chay" Genoway (born December 20, 1986) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He is currently playing with EC Red Bull Salzburg of the ICE Hockey League (ICEHL). He was selected and played for the Canadian men's ice hockey team at the 2018 Winter Olympics.

Playing career
An undrafted free agent from Morden, Manitoba, Genoway graduated from the University of North Dakota as the fourth-highest-scoring defenceman in UND history with 127 points in 168 career games. His 168 games are tied for the most by a UND defenceman, and he also ranks tied for second all-time among UND players rearguards in game-winning goals (seven), fourth in power-play goals (14), fifth in assists (101), and seventh in goals (26).

Upon completion of his collegiate career, Genoway was signed to a one-year entry level contract with the Minnesota Wild on April 12, 2011. In the 2011–12 season, his first as a professional, Genoway was assigned to AHL affiliate the Houston Aeros. In 72 games as a fixture on the Aeros blueline, he scored 7 goals and 36 points. He received his first NHL recall at the tail end of the season and made his NHL debut, registering an assist, in a solitary game for the Wild against the Phoenix Coyotes on April 7, 2012.

On June 29, 2012, he was re-signed to a one-year extension with the Wild. After 52 games with the Aeros during his second season within the Wild organization in 2012–13, he was traded to the Washington Capitals in exchange for a conditional seventh-round pick on March 14, 2013.

On August 1, 2014, having left the Capitals organization as a free agent, Genoway signed abroad on a one-year deal with Dinamo Riga of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). After a year in Riga, he moved on to fellow KHL team HC Spartak Moscow, where he spent the 2015–16 season. In May 2016, he signed with Jokerit, a Helsinki-based KHL team.

In the 2018–19 season, Genoway played under a one-year contract with Frölunda HC of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL). Genoway contributed to a highly successful season with Frölunda recording 9 goals and 25 points in 51 games in claiming the domestic Le Mat Trophy. He also led defenseman in points throughout the tournament to help claim the 2019 Champions Hockey League.

At the conclusion of his contract with Frölunda, Genoway opted to return to the KHL, agreeing to a one-year contract with Russian club, Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod on May 7, 2019. Genoway established new career highs in the KHL during the 2019–20 season, notching 25 assists and 31 points in 62 regular season games.

As a free agent, Genoway opted to continue in the KHL, securing a one-year contract with Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg on May 4, 2020.

Following the 2020–21 season, Genoway left the KHL after two further years and continued his journeyman career in returning to the SHL in signing an optional two-year contract with Brynäs IF on July 8, 2021.

As a free agent at the conclusion of his contract in the SHL, Genoway opted to continue his European career by signing a one-year deal with Austrian club, EC Red Bull Salzburg of the ICEHL on June 23, 2022.

International play

On January 11, 2018, Genoway was named to the Canadian men's ice hockey team for the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea. He registered 1 assist in 6 games to help Canada claim the bronze medal.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards and honours

References

External links

1986 births
AHCA Division I men's ice hockey All-Americans
Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg players
Brynäs IF players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Finland
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Latvia
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Russia
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Sweden
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Dinamo Riga players
Frölunda HC players
HC Lada Togliatti players
HC Spartak Moscow players
Hershey Bears players
Houston Aeros (1994–2013) players
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Ice hockey players at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Jokerit players
Living people
Medalists at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Minnesota Wild players
North Dakota Fighting Hawks men's ice hockey players
Olympic bronze medalists for Canada
Olympic ice hockey players of Canada
Olympic medalists in ice hockey
People from Morden, Manitoba
People from Swan River, Manitoba
EC Red Bull Salzburg players
Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod players
Undrafted National Hockey League players
Vernon Vipers players

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Justia Patents US Patent Application for TOUCH-PANEL SUBSTRATE, METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING TOUCH-PANEL SUBSTRATE, AND ELECTRONIC DEVICE Patent Application (Application #20150317010)
TOUCH-PANEL SUBSTRATE, METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING TOUCH-PANEL SUBSTRATE, AND ELECTRONIC DEVICE
Provided are (i) a touch panel substrate improved in uniformity of in-plane light transmittance and (ii) an electronic device employing the touch panel substrate. A plurality of first sensor electrodes (11) are formed by dividing first conductor lines (13). At least one of a pair of ends of the first conductor lines (13), which pair of ends face each other via a dividing line along which the first conductor lines (13) are divided, has a wide width part (40) which is wider than the other part of the first conductor lines (13), when viewed from above.
The present invention relates to a touch panel substrate, a method of manufacturing a touch panel substrate, and an electronic device employing a touch panel substrate.
A touch panel has a plurality of electrodes which are electrically insulated from each other. The touch panel is capable of detecting a contact position, where a detection target is in contact with a detection surface, by detecting a change in capacitance in an electrode which change is produced in a case where a finger or an input pen is brought into contact with a detection surface. Such electronic devices are widely used that a touch panel is provided on a display surface of a display device and that allows a user to input an operation via a display screen while the user is looking at a displayed image.
Patent Literature 1 discloses a touch panel device capable of suppressing a moire that occurs in a case where first electrodes are superimposed on second electrodes.
FIG. 29 is a plan view illustrating a configuration of a touch panel device of Patent Literature 1. (a) of FIG. 29 is a plane view illustrating a configuration of a touch panel device in which a first electrode substrate 404 is superimposed on a second electrode substrate 406. (b) of FIG. 29 is a plan view illustrating a configuration of the first electrode substrate 404. (c) of FIG. 29 is a plan view illustrating a configuration of the second electrode substrate 406.
According to the touch panel device of Patent Literature 1, the first electrode substrate 404 is configured such that a plurality of first electrodes 403 are provided in parallel to each other at regular intervals (see (b) of FIG. 29). Each of the plurality of first electrodes 403 is made up of conductor lines. The conductor lines have a rhombic grid shape.
Further, the second electrode substrate 406 is configured such that a plurality of second electrodes 45 are provided in parallel to each other at regular intervals (see (c) of FIG. 29). Each of the plurality of second electrodes 405 is made up of conductor lines. The conductor lines have a rhombic grid shape.
By thus providing a plurality of electrodes on an identical substrate at regular intervals, the plurality of electrodes are electrically insulated from each other. This allows a contact position, where a detection target is in contact with a detection surface, to be detected by detection of a change in capacitance in an electrode.
CITATION LIST Patent Literature 1
Japanese Patent No. 4989749 B (Publication Date: Aug. 1, 2012)
SUMMARY OF INVENTION Technical Problem
The touch panel device of Patent Literature 1 is configured such that the plurality of electrodes are provided on the identical substrate at the regular intervals so as to be insulated from each other. Therefore, although the conductor lines are provided as each of the plurality of first electrodes 403, there is a space, between adjacent ones of the plurality of first electrodes 403, where no conductor line is provided. Similarly, although the conductor lines are provided as each of the plurality of second electrodes 405, there is a space, between adjacent ones of the plurality of second electrodes 405, where no conductor line is provided.
A region where no conductor line is provided when viewed from above is high in light transmittance. Therefore, a difference arises in light transmittance between (i) a region where each of the plurality of electrodes is provided and (ii) a region where no electrode is provided.
Accordingly, in a case where the touch panel device of Patent Literature 1 is provided on a display surface of a display device, light transmittance of an image displayed by the display device is ununiform. This causes visual problems such that a pattern formed along shapes of the plurality of first electrodes 403 and the plurality of second electrodes 405 is visually recognized.
The present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide (i) a touch panel substrate which includes a plurality of electrodes provided on an identical plane surface and which is improved in uniformity of in-plane light transmittance, (ii) a method of manufacturing the touch panel substrate, and (iii) an electronic device employing the touch panel substrate.
Solution to Problem
In order to attain the above object, a touch panel substrate in accordance with an aspect of the present invention is a touch panel substrate including: a substrate; and an electrode layer provided on the substrate, the electrode layer being made up of conductor lines uniformly arranged in a net-like pattern on the substrate, the conductor lines being divided into pieces so that the pieces of the conductor lines constitute a respective plurality of electrodes, at least one of a pair of ends of the conductor lines, which pair of ends face each other via a dividing line along which each of the conductor lines is divided, having a wide width part which is wider than the other part of the conductor lines, when viewed from above.
In order to attain the above object, a method of manufacturing a touch panel substrate in accordance with an aspect of the present invention is a method of manufacturing a touch panel substrate including a substrate and an electrode layer provided on the substrate, the method including the steps of: uniformly forming conductor lines in a net-like pattern on a plane surface of the substrate so that the conductor lines have a wide width part at a position other than an intersection at which the conductor lines intersect each other, the wide width part being wider than the other part of the conductor lines; and forming a plurality of electrodes by dividing the conductor lines across the wide width part, the plurality of electrodes including the conductor lines arranged in the net-like pattern.
Advantageous Effects of Invention
According to an aspect of the present invention, it is possible to provide (i) a touch panel substrate which includes a plurality of electrodes provided on an identical plane surface and which is improved in uniformity of in-plane light transmittance and (ii) a method of manufacturing the touch panel substrate.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an electronic device of Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a plan view illustrating a configuration of a first electrode layer of a touch panel substrate of Embodiment 1.
FIG. 3 is a plan view illustrating another example configuration of the first electrode layer of the touch panel substrate of Embodiment 1.
FIG. 4 is a plan view illustrating a configuration of a second electrode layer of the touch panel substrate of Embodiment 1.
FIG. 5 is a plan view illustrating a configuration of the touch panel substrate of Embodiment 1 which configuration is observed when the first electrode layer is superimposed over the second electrode layer.
FIG. 6 is a plan view illustrating another example configuration of the touch panel substrate of Embodiment 1 which configuration is observed when the first electrode layer is superimposed over the second electrode layer.
FIG. 7 is a plan view illustrating, in detail, the configuration of the first electrode layer of the touch panel substrate of Embodiment 1.
FIG. 8 is a plan view illustrating, in detail, the configuration of the second electrode layer of the touch panel substrate of Embodiment 1.
FIG. 9 is a view for explaining light transmittance of the touch panel substrate of Embodiment 1. (a) of FIG. 9 is a plan view illustrating part of an electrode layer of a conventional touch pane substrate. (b) of FIG. 9 is a plan view illustrating part of the first electrode layer of Embodiment 1.
FIG. 10 is a plan view illustrating part of the first electrode layer for explanation of a size of a wide width part of the touch panel substrate of Embodiment 1.
FIG. 11 is a Campbell chart used in a visual experiment.
FIG. 12 is a plan view illustrating part of the first sensor electrode for illustrating another example shape of the wide width part of the touch panel substrate of Embodiment 1.
FIG. 13 is a plan view illustrating, in detail, a configuration of a first electrode layer of a touch panel substrate of Embodiment 2.
FIG. 14 is a plan view illustrating, in detail, another example configuration of the first electrode layer of the touch panel substrate of Embodiment 2.
FIG. 15 is a plan view illustrating part of a step of forming the first electrode layer of the touch panel substrate of Embodiment 1 or Embodiment 2.
FIG. 16 is a plan view illustrating a configuration of a first electrode layer of a touch panel substrate of Embodiment 3.
FIG. 17 is a plan view illustrating a configuration of a second electrode layer of the touch panel substrate of Embodiment 3.
FIG. 18 is a plan view illustrating a configuration of the touch panel substrate of Embodiment 3 which configuration is observed when the first electrode layer is superimposed over the second electrode layer.
FIG. 19 is a plan view illustrating, in detail, the configuration of the second electrode layer of the touch panel substrate of Embodiment 3.
FIG. 23 is a plan view illustrating, in detail, the configuration of the first electrode layer of the touch panel substrate of Embodiment 4.
FIG. 25 is a plan view illustrating, in detail, further another example configuration of the first electrode layer of the touch panel substrate of Embodiment 4.
FIG. 26 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an electronic device of Embodiment 5 of the present invention.
FIG. 27 is a plan view illustrating a configuration of an electrode layer of a touch panel substrate of Embodiment 5.
FIG. 28 is a plan view illustrating, in detail, the configuration of the electrode layer of the touch panel substrate of Embodiment 5.
FIG. 29 is a plan view illustrating a configuration of a touch panel device of Patent Literature 1 serving as a conventional technique.
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS Embodiment 1
The following description will discuss Embodiment 1 of the present invention with reference to FIGS. 1 through 12.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an electronic device 1 of Embodiment 1. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the electronic device 1 includes a touch panel substrate 2 and a display device 3.
As the display device 3, various display devices, such as a liquid crystal display device and an organic EL display device, can be employed. The display device 3 includes a display panel 4 and a backlight 5 which is provided on a back surface side of the display panel 4 (on a side opposite to a display surface) and which irradiates the display panel 4 with light. The display device 3 further includes various driving circuits (not illustrated) for controlling an image to be displayed on the display surface of the display panel 4.
As the display panel 4, for example, an active matrix type liquid crystal display panel can be employed in which a liquid crystal layer is sandwiched between an active matrix substrate and a color filter substrate.
<Touch Panel Substrate>
The touch panel substrate 2 is a capacitance type touch panel substrate provided on a display surface side of the display panel 4 (on a user side). The touch panel substrate 2 includes a substrate 6, a first electrode layer 10, a second electrode layer 20, a first protection layer 8, and a second protection layer 7. The first electrode layer 10 is provided on a surface of the substrate 6 which surface is located on a front surface side. The second electrode layer 20 is provided on a surface of the substrate 6 which surface is located on the back surface side. That is, the first electrode layer 10 and the second electrode layer 20 are provided so as to face each other via the substrate 6.
The substrate 6 is made of a dielectric material. For example, the substrate 6 can be made of glass, a plastic film, or the like.
The first protection layer 8 is provided on the front surface side of the first electrode layer 10. The second protection layer 7 is provided on the back surface side of the second electrode layer 20.
The first protection layer 8 has a surface with which a detection target is in contact, and can be made of a light transmissive insulator such as glass or a plastic film. Similarly, the second protection layer 7 can be made of a light transmissive insulator such as glass or a plastic film. For example, the second protection layer 7 can be adhered to the display panel 4.
<Electrode Layer>
Configurations of the first electrode layer 10 and the second electrode layer 20 of the touch panel substrate 2 of Embodiment 1 will be described below in detail. The touch panel substrate 2 has such a structure that the first electrode layer 10 is superimposed over the second electrode layer 20 when viewed from above.
FIG. 2 is a plan view illustrating a configuration of the first electrode layer 10 of the touch panel substrate 2 of Embodiment 1. FIG. 3 is a plan view illustrating a configuration of a first electrode layer 10′, which is another example of the first electrode layer 10 of the touch panel substrate of Embodiment 1. FIG. 4 is a plan view illustrating a configuration of the second electrode layer 20 of the touch panel substrate of Embodiment 1.
As illustrating in FIG. 2, the first electrode layer 10 has a plurality of electrodes for a first sensor (hereinafter, referred to as first sensor electrodes 11) which electrodes extend in a lateral direction in FIG. 2. Dummy electrodes 12 are provided between respective adjacent ones of the first sensor electrodes 11 (touch sensor electrodes). Each of the first sensor electrodes 11 has a strip shape. Similarly, each of the dummy electrodes 12 has a strip shape.
Note here that each of the dummy electrodes 12 indicates an electrode other than an electrode for a touch sensor (touch sensor electrode).
Note that, as the first electrode layer of Embodiment 1, the first electrode layer 10′ illustrated in FIG. 3 can be, for example, employed. Each shape of dummy electrodes 12′ of the first electrode layer 10′ is different from each shape of the dummy electrodes 12 of the first electrode layer 10 illustrated in FIG. 2. Specifically, each of the dummy electrodes 12′ has such a shape that each of the dummy electrodes 12 is further divided in a longitudinal direction in FIG. 3. This causes each width of the dummy electrodes 12′ to be equal to each width of electrodes for a second sensor (later described).
As illustrated in FIG. 4, the second electrode layer 20 has a plurality of electrodes for the second sensor (hereinafter, referred to as second sensor electrodes 21) which electrodes extend in a longitudinal direction in FIG. 4. Each of the second sensor electrodes 21 (touch sensor electrodes) has a strip shape.
FIG. 5 is a plan view illustrating a configuration of the touch panel substrate 2 of Embodiment 1 which configuration is observed when the first electrode layer 10 is superimposed over the second electrode layer 20. FIG. 6 is a plan view illustrating another example configuration of the touch panel substrate 2 of Embodiment 1 which configuration is observed when the first electrode layer 10′ is superimposed over the second electrode layer 20.
As illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6, the touch panel substrate 2 has such a structure that the first electrode layer 10 is superimposed over the second electrode layer 20 via the substrate 6 so that the first sensor electrodes 11 intersect the second sensor electrodes 21 when viewed from above. Note that each of the first sensor electrodes 11 is connected to a position detecting circuit 30. Similarly, each of the second sensor electrodes 21 is connected to the position detecting circuit 30.
The touch panel substrate 2 of Embodiment 1 thus includes the first sensor electrodes 11 and the second sensor electrodes 21 arranged in a simple matrix pattern.
Capacitances are formed between the first sensor electrodes 11 and the second sensor electrodes 21. In a case where a detection target such as a human's finger is brought into contact with a surface of the touch panel substrate 2, a change occurs in value of a capacitance. By the position detecting circuit 30 detecting the change in value of the capacitance, it is possible to specify a contact position where the detection target is in contact with the surface (the first protection layer 8) of the touch panel substrate 2.
For example, by (i) applying drive voltages to the first sensor electrodes 11 and (ii) measuring a change in voltages of the second sensor electrodes 21, a first sensor electrode 11 (row) and a second sensor electrode 21 (column) between which a value of a capacitance has changed is specified.
Note that a known circuit can be employed as the position detecting circuit 30 for detecting a position of coordinates of a detection target, and the position detecting circuit 30 is not limited any particular one.
Configurations of the first sensor electrodes 11 and the second sensor electrodes 21 of the touch panel substrate 2 of Embodiment 1 will be described below in detail.
<First Sensor Electrode>
FIG. 7 is a plan view illustrating, in detail, the configuration of the first electrode layer 10 of Embodiment 1.
As illustrated in FIG. 7 with the use of broken lines, the first sensor electrodes 11, each including first conductor lines 13 arranged on an identical plane surface in a net-like pattern, and the dummy electrodes 12, each including first conductor lines 13 arranged on an identical plane surface in a net-like pattern, are arranged in the first electrode layer 10. That is, the conductor lines 13 constitute each of the first sensor electrodes 11 or the dummy electrodes 12.
The first conductor lines 13 included in one first sensor electrode 11 are electrically insulated from the first conductor lines 13 included in another first sensor electrode 11.
Further, as illustrated in FIG. 7 with the use of the broken lines, an outer edge of the first sensor electrode 11 has a rectangular shape. A shape (side) of part of the outer edge of the first sensor electrode 11, which part faces another adjacent first sensor electrode 11, is defined by ends of the first conductor lines 13.
As illustrated in FIG. 7, the ends of the first conductor lines 13, which ends define the shape of the outer edge of the first sensor electrode 11, have respective wide width parts 40 each of which is wider than the other part of the first conductor lines 13. That is, assuming that a width of part, other than the wide width parts 40, of the first conductor lines 13 is represented by d1, a width d2 of each of the wide width parts 40 is greater than d1, when viewed from above.
Note that the wide width parts 40 are provided so as not to overlap intersections of the first conductor lines 13.
Each of the first conductor lines 13 is preferably made of a material, such as metal, which has lower electric resistance. Note that numberless first conductor lines 13 are actually formed in the first sensor electrode 11 or the dummy electrode 12. However, in FIG. 7, such numberless first conductor lines 13 are simplified for convenience.
Note also that the first conductor lines 13 arranged in a net-like pattern are not necessary to have a square grid shape, and can be alternatively arranged so as to have a parallelogram grid shape.
<Second Sensor Electrode>
FIG. 8 is a plan view illustrating, in detail, the configuration of the second electrode layer 20 of Embodiment 1.
As illustrated in FIG. 8 with the use of broken lines, the second sensor electrodes 21, each including second conductor lines 14 arranged on an identical plane surface in a net-like pattern, are arranged in the second electrode layer 20. That is, the second conductor lines 14 constitute each of the second sensor electrodes 21.
The second conductor lines 14 included in one second sensor electrode 21 are electrically insulated from the second conductor lines 14 included in another second sensor electrode 21.
Further, as illustrated in FIG. 8 with the use of the broken lines, an outer edge of the second sensor electrode 21 has a rectangular shape. A shape (side) of part of the outer edge of the second sensor electrode 21, which part faces another adjacent second sensor electrode 21, is defined by ends of the second conductor lines 14.
As illustrated in FIG. 8, the ends of the second conductor lines 14, which ends define the shape of the outer edge of the second sensor electrode 21, have respective wide width parts 40 each of which is wider than the other part of the second conductor lines 14. That is, assuming that a width of part, other than the wide width parts 40, of the second conductor lines 14 is represented by d1, a width d2 of each of the wide width parts 40 is greater than d1, when viewed from above.
Note that the wide width parts 40 are provided so as not to overlap intersections of the second conductor lines 14.
Each of the second conductor lines 14 is preferably made of a material, such as metal, which has lower electric resistance. Note that numberless second conductor lines 14 are actually formed in the second sensor electrode 21. However, in FIG. 8, such numberless second conductor lines 14 are simplified for convenience.
Note also that the second conductor lines 14 arranged in a net-like pattern are not necessary to have a square grid shape, and can be alternatively arranged so as to have a parallelogram grid shape.
<Transmittance Uniformity>
Light transmittance of the touch panel substrate 2 of the present invention will be described below.
FIG. 9 is a view for explaining light transmittance of the touch panel substrate 2 of the present invention. (a) of FIG. 9 is a plan view illustrating part of an electrode layer of a conventional touch panel substrate. (b) of FIG. 9 is a plane view illustrating part of the first electrode layer 10 of Embodiment 1.
An opaque conductor line is often used as each of the first conductor lines 13 so that electric resistance is low. In this case, light that enters the first electrode layer 10 is blocked by the first conductor lines 13. Therefore, the light passes through part of the first electrode layer 10 in which part no first conductor line 13 is provided.
In an electrode layer of a touch panel substrate, conductor lines constituting an electrode is separated from those constituting another electrode so that the conductor lines constituting the electrode are electrically insulated from those constituting the another electrode, and a region between adjacent electrodes is a space where no conductor line is provided. This partially causes an increase in aperture ratio of the conductor lines. Therefore, as illustrated in (a) of FIG. 9, such a conventional touch panel substrate has varying light transmittance between a vicinity of the center of the electrode and a vicinity of an end of the electrode, when viewed from above. More specifically, the vicinity of the end of the electrode is higher in light transmittance than the vicinity of the center of the electrode.
With this configuration, according to an electronic device made up of the conventional touch panel substrate and a display device, in a case where a user of the electronic device looks at an image displayed by the display device, a brightness difference occurs due to a variation in light transmittance and, accordingly, a pattern corresponding to the end of the electrode or a pattern corresponding to the region between the adjacent electrodes is visually recognized. This results in a deterioration of display quality (display performance) of such a displayed image.
In contrast, according to the first electrode layer 10 of Embodiment 1, the shape of the outer edge of the first sensor electrode 11 or the dummy electrode 12 is defined by the ends of the first conductor lines 13, and the ends of the first conductor lines 13 have the respective wide width parts 40.
This causes an end of the first sensor electrode 11 to be lower in light transmittance than a vicinity of the center of the first sensor electrode 11. Similarly, an end of the dummy electrode 12 is lower in light transmittance than a vicinity of the center of the dummy electrode 12.
Since no conductor line is provided in a region (space) between the first sensor electrode 11 and the dummy electrode 12, the region is high in light transmittance. However, as described above, the end of the first sensor electrode 11 and the end of the dummy electrode 12 are each low in light transmittance.
Therefore, in a case where the end of the first sensor electrode 11, the space, and the end of the dummy electrode 12 are regarded as a boundary region, high light transmittance of the space and low light transmittance of the ends of the first sensor electrode 11 and the dummy electrode 12 are cancelled out in the boundary region.
This allows a variation in light transmittance to be reduced and small between (i) the boundary region and (ii) the vicinity of the center of the first sensor electrode 11 and the vicinity of the center of the dummy electrode 12. That is, it is possible to suppress, as a whole, ununiformity of the light transmittance of the first electrode layer 10. The same applies to the second electrode layer 20.
It is thus possible to improve uniformity of transmittance for light that travels in a direction perpendicular to the first electrode layer 10 and the second electrode layer 20. Therefore, according to the electronic device 1 made up of the touch panel substrate 2 and the display device 3, in a case where a user of the electronic device 1 looks at an image displayed by the display device 3, it is possible to cause a difference in brightness, between (i) a vicinity of the region between the electrodes and (ii) the vicinity of the center of the electrode, to be at or below a limit above which a human can recognizes the difference.
That is, it is possible to cause a pattern, corresponding to the end of the first sensor electrode 11 or the dummy electrode 12, or a pattern, corresponding to the region between the first sensor electrode 11 and the dummy electrode 12, not to be easily recognized visually, and possible to suppress a deterioration of display quality of a displayed image.
<Wide Width Part>
Here, a size of each of the wide width parts 40 which size is preferable for the touch panel substrate 2 of Embodiment 1 will be described below. FIG. 10 is a plan view illustrating part of the first electrode layer 10 for explanation of the size of each of the wide width parts 40.
A human recognizes a brightness difference as a pattern by sensing the brightness difference with his/her eyes. In general, resolution of a human eye is between 70 μm and 80 μm. However, even in a case where an object has a size of not more than 70 μm, a human is capable of visually recognizing the object when a difference, between (i) brightness in a visual field of the human and (ii) average brightness around the object, is a given level or more.
In a case where the ends of the conductor lines have the respective wide width parts 40 as in the touch panel substrate 2 of Embodiment 1, a region where the wide width parts 40 are provided is low in light transmittance. Namely, the wide width parts 40 themselves cause ununiformity of the light transmittance. This results in that a brightness difference occurs between (i) the region where the wide width parts 40 are provided and (ii) a region where no wide width part 40 is provided.
In this case, in a case where the brightness difference is a given level or more, the brightness difference is sensed by the eyes of the user of the electronic device 1 including the touch panel substrate 2, and the wide width parts 40 may be recognized as a pattern.
In view of this, each of the wide width parts 40 preferably has a size in such a range that a brightness difference is not sensed by the eyes of the user and the wide width parts 40 are not recognized as a pattern.
In regard to the touch panel substrate 2 of Embodiment 1, a brightness difference corresponds to an aperture ratio, and the aperture ratio is based on a ratio of (i) an area of the region where no conductor line is provided to (ii) an area of the whole region of the electrode layer.
Here, an aperture ratio of the region of the electrode layer in which region no wide width part 40 is provided is expressed by the following Expression:
(a2−2ad)/a2 Expression (1)
where, when viewed from above, "a" denotes a conductor line pitch indicative of an interval between adjacent ones of the conductor lines, and "d" denotes a conductor line width indicative of a width of each of the conductor lines (see FIG. 10).
Further, an aperture ratio of the boundary region (the region where the wide width parts 40 are provided) is expressed by the following Expression:
(a2−2ad−2S)/a2 Expression (2)
where, when viewed from above, "S" denotes an area of each of the wide width parts 40.
A range of the area "S" of each of the wide width parts 40 is calculated in which range a brightness difference (contrast difference), between (i) brightness based on the aperture ratio expressed by the Expression (1) and (ii) brightness based on the aperture ratio expressed by the Expression (2), is not sensed and is not recognized as a pattern.
Contrast sensitivity is expressed with the use of a maximum value (Max) and a minimum value (Min) of brightness. That is, the contrast sensitivity is expressed by (Max+Min)/(Max−Min).
Here, in a case where the contrast sensitivity is replaced with a difference between the aperture ratios by replacing
(i) Max with (a2−2ad)/a2 and
(ii) Min with (a2−2ad−2S/a2,
the contrast sensitivity is expressed by
{a(a−2d)−S}/S.
The inventors of the present invention conducted a visual experiment so as to verify an upper limit of the area "S" of each of the wide width parts 40 to which upper limit each of the wide width parts 40 is not visually recognized as a pattern on the touch panel substrate 2 of Embodiment 1.
FIG. 11 is a Campbell chart used in the visual experiment.
In the Campbell chart of FIG. 11, a stripe pattern is shown which is obtained by changing a spatial frequency along a horizontal axis and changing contrast along a vertical axis.
The Campbell chart of FIG. 11 was viewed from the front thereof from a distance of 50 cm, and contrast visible at each spatial frequency is visually measured. Such visual measurement is carried out at spatial frequencies in a range of 0.5 cpd to 30 cpd (cycles/degree), in consideration of a size of a general sensor electrode, a conductor line pitch, and the like.
As a result, an allowable limit to which the stripe pattern is not visually recognized is 134 by the contrast sensitivity. Note that, at spatial frequencies outside the range of 0.5 cpd to 30 cpd, the contrast sensitivity corresponding to the allowable limit is lower than 134. Therefore, in a case where the contrast sensitivity is not less than 134, the stripe pattern is not visually recognized and visually allowed.
Thus, in a case where
{a(a−2d)−S}/S≧134,
the wide width parts 40 are not visually recognized on the touch panel substrate 2 of Embodiment 1.
That is, the area "S" of each of the wide width parts 40 with which area the each of the wide width parts 40 is not visually recognized is
S≦a(a−2d)/135.
Moreover, a width W of each of the wide width parts 40 is more preferably not more than 50 μm when viewed from above. This allows the wide width parts 40 not to be easily recognized visually.
In view of the above, according to the first electrode layer 10 and the second electrode layer 20 of Embodiment 1, the conductor line pitch is set to 500 μm, the conductor line width is set to 10 μm, and each of the wide width parts 40 is set to have a shape of an ellipse having a major axis of 50 μm and a minor axis of 40 μm.
Further, each of the intersections of the first conductor lines 13 may be wider than the other part of the first conductor lines 13. Therefore, in a case where the wide width parts 40 are close to the intersections of the first conductor lines 13, the light transmittance is excessively low in the first sensor electrode 11, the dummy electrode 12, and the boundary region. This may cause the boundary region to be visually recognized.
In view of the above, by setting, to not less than 100 μm, a distance "k" between a wide width part 40 and an intersection of the first conductor lines 13, it is possible to prevent a boundary, between the first sensor electrode 11 and the dummy electrode 12, from being visually recognized.
In a case where a gap is too wide between the wide width parts 40 of the first sensor electrode 11 and the wide width parts 40 of the dummy electrode 12 which wide width part 40 face the wide width parts 40 of the first sensor electrode 11, the light transmittance is high, so that the gap is recognized as a shape. Therefore, the gap, between the wide width parts 40 of the first sensor electrode 11 and wide width parts 40 of the dummy electrode 12 (between the first sensor electrode 11 and the dummy electrode 12), is preferably not more than 150 μm so that the gap is not recognized as a shape.
Note, however, that the gap needs to be set to such a degree that a short circuit does occur between the first sensor electrode 11 and the dummy electrode 12.
<Shape of Wide Width Part>
FIG. 12 is a plan view illustrating part of the first sensor electrode 11 for illustrating another example shape of each of the wide width parts 40. The description, such that each of the wide width parts 40 has a shape of an ellipse, has been given above. However, each shape of the wide width parts 40 is not limited to the elliptic.
Like a first sensor electrode 11A illustrated in (a) of FIG. 12, wide width parts 40a can be, for example, provided each of which has a 35-nm-square shape. Like a first sensor electrode 11B illustrated in (b) of FIG. 12, wide width parts 40b can be, for example, provided each of which has a rectangular shape measuring 40 μm×25 μm. Like a first sensor electrode 11C illustrated in (c) of FIG. 12, wide width parts 40c can be provided each of which has a triangular shape. Like a first sensor electrode 11D illustrated in (d) of FIG. 12, wide width parts 40d can be provided each of which has a cross shape. Like a first sensor electrode 11E illustrated in (e) of FIG. 12, wide width parts 40e can be provided each of which has a semielliptic shape. Alternatively, a parallelogram shape, a rhombic shape, or the like can be employed as a shape of each of the wide width parts.
Similarly, each of the dummy electrode 12 and the second sensor electrode 21 can alternatively have the wide width parts 40a illustrated in (a) of FIG. 12, the wide width parts 40b illustrated in (b) of FIG. 12, the wide width parts 40c illustrated in (c) of FIG. 12, the wide width parts 40d illustrated in (d) of FIG. 12, or the wide width parts 40e illustrated in (e) of FIG. 12.
Even with the above configuration, the electronic device 1 made up of the touch panel substrate 2 and the display device 3 is capable of (i) causing a pattern (bright line) corresponding to the region between the electrodes not to be easily recognized visually by a viewer of an image displayed by the display device 3 and (ii) suppressing a deterioration of display quality of such a displayed image.
Embodiment 2
The following description will discuss another embodiment of the present invention with reference to FIGS. 13 and 14. Note that, for convenience, identical reference numerals will be given to respective members having functions identical to those of the members described in Embodiment 1, and descriptions of the members will be omitted.
FIG. 13 is a plan view illustrating, in detail, a configuration of a first electrode layer of Embodiment 2.
According to a first electrode layer of the present invention, each electrode which has an outer edge having a rectangular shape is only necessary to be configured such that ends of first conductor lines 13, which ends define any one of sides of the electrode which sides face respective adjacent electrodes, have respective wide width parts 40.
As illustrated in FIG. 13, each electrode included in the first electrode layer of Embodiment 2 is configured such that ends of first conductor lines 13, which ends define one of two sides of the each electrode which sides face respective adjacent electrodes, have respective wide width parts 40.
Even with the above configuration, an electronic device 1 made up of a touch panel substrate 2 and a display device 3 is capable of (i) causing a pattern (bright line) corresponding to a region between adjacent electrodes not to be easily recognized visually by a viewer of an image displayed by the display device 3 and (ii) suppressing a deterioration of display quality of such a displayed image.
FIG. 14 is a plan view illustrating, in detail, another example configuration of the first electrode layer of Embodiment 2. As illustrated in FIG. 14, each electrode, which has an outer edge having a rectangular shape, is only necessary to be configured such that ends of first conductor lines 13 define one of two sides of the electrode which sides face respective adjacent electrodes. It is not necessary that the other of the two sides be defined by ends of the first conductor lines 13.
Even with the above configuration, an electronic device 1 made up of a touch panel substrate 2 and a display device 3 is capable of (i) causing a pattern (bright line) corresponding to a region between adjacent electrodes not to be easily recognized visually by a viewer of an image displayed by the display device and (ii) suppressing a deterioration of display quality of such a displayed image. The same applies to a second electrode layer 20.
<Method of Forming Electrode Layer>
A method of manufacturing a touch panel substrate 2 of Embodiment 1 or 2 will be described below. The method of manufacturing the touch panel substrate 2 includes a step of forming a first electrode layer 10. FIG. 15 is a plan view illustrating part of the step of forming the first electrode layer 10.
The step of forming the first electrode layer 10 of Embodiment 1 or 2 can include the following step.
That is, first, first conductor lines 13, uniformly arranged in a net-like pattern on an entire surface of the first electrode layer 10, are arranged so as to partially have wide width parts 40 (see (a) of FIG. 15). In this case, the wide width parts 40 are provided in a row in a direction parallel to a direction in which first sensor electrodes 11 and dummy electrodes 12 are to extend. Note that the wide width parts 40 are preferably provided at respective positions other than intersections at which the first conductor lines 13 intersect each other.
Next, the first conductor lines 13 are divided (cut) across the wide width parts 40 along an electrode shape (see (b) of FIG. 15). This causes a plurality of electrodes for a touch sensor to be formed.
By use of a simple method, that is, by dividing the first conductor lines 13 across the wide width parts 40, it is possible to form the first sensor electrodes 11 or the dummy electrodes 12, and possible to cause pairs of ends of the first conductor lines 13, each of which pairs face each other via a dividing line along which the first conductor lines 13 are divided, to have the respective wide width parts 40.
By carrying out the above step, it is possible to form the first sensor electrodes 11 and the dummy electrodes 12 of Embodiment 1 and, accordingly, possible to form the first electrode layer 10 of Embodiment 1.
Note that, when the first conductor lines 13 are divided, the first conductor lines 13 can be alternatively divided so that the dividing line passes by ends of the wide width parts 40 as illustrated in (c) of FIG. 15. This makes it possible to form electrodes corresponding to first sensor electrodes 11B and dummy electrodes 12B, illustrated in FIG. 14, of Embodiment 2 and, accordingly, possible to form the first electrode layer 10.
By carrying out a similar method, it is also possible to form the second electrode layer 20.
Note that the method of manufacturing the touch panel substrate 2 of Embodiment 1 or 2 is not always necessary to include the step of dividing the conductor lines which are arranged in advance so as to partially have the wide width parts, as described above. The method can alternatively include (i) a step of dividing conductor line patterns having no wide width part 40 and (ii) a step of providing, as auxiliary shapes, the wide width parts 40 to portions of the conductor line patterns across which portions the conductor line patterns are divided.
Note, however, that such a method of separately providing, as additional structures, the wide width parts 40 to the portions (space) of the conductor lines, across which portions the conductor lines are divided, is difficult in terms of a manufacturing technique because the space is narrow. According to such a structure that a conductor line pitch is narrow, this may cause the conductor line patterns to be ununiform.
On the other hand, by causing the ends of the first conductor lines 13, which ends are obtained by dividing the first conductor lines 13, to have the wide width parts 40 so as to form the first electrode layer 10, as illustrated in FIG. 15, it is possible to form the first electrode layer 10, having uniform conductor line patterns, without expanding the space. Such a way to form the first electrode layer 10 is applicable to conductor line patterns in which a conductor line pitch is narrow, and is favorable to maintain uniformity of the conductor line patterns.
Another method of manufacturing a touch panel substrate 2 of Embodiment 1 or 2 will be described below. The method of manufacturing the touch panel substrate 2 can include the following step so as to form a first electrode layer 10.
First, a thin film metal layer is formed uniformly on a substrate. As metal, for example, copper can be used.
Next, the metal layer is subjected to photolithography with the use of a mask, which is patterned after a net-like pattern having wide width parts and after shapes of the first sensor electrodes 11, so that the first electrode layer 10 is formed.
Specifically, the photolithography can be carried out as follows. First, a positive photoresist is, for example, applied on the metal layer. Next, the metal layer, on which the positive photoresist is applied, is covered with a mask having a light-blocking part which is formed in a net-like pattern having wide width parts and which is hollowed out along outer edges of electrodes, and is then exposed. Thereafter, the metal layer is subjected to etching.
With this method, conductor lines uniformly arranged on the substrate in the net-like pattern are divided in shapes of electrodes, so that a plurality of electrodes for a touch sensor are formed and, accordingly, an electrode layer including the plurality of electrodes for the touch sensor is formed.
The following description will discuss another embodiment of the present invention with reference to FIGS. 16 through 19. Note that, for convenience, identical reference numerals will be given to respective members having functions identical to those of the members described in the foregoing Embodiments, and descriptions of the members will be omitted.
FIG. 16 is a plan view illustrating a configuration of a first electrode layer 110 of a touch panel substrate 102 of Embodiment 3. FIG. 17 is a plan view illustrating a configuration of a second electrode layer 120 of the touch panel substrate 102 of Embodiment 3.
As illustrated in FIG. 16, the first electrode layer 110 of Embodiment 3 is different from the first electrode layer 10 of Embodiment 1 in that the first electrode layer 110 includes no dummy electrode.
As illustrated in FIG. 17, the second electrode layer 120 of Embodiment 3 includes second sensor electrodes 121 which are arranged at predetermined intervals so as to extend in a longitudinal direction in FIG. 17. Each of the second sensor electrodes 121 has such a shape that recesses, each having a rectangular shape, are formed in each of the second sensor electrodes 21 of Embodiment 1. An interval between adjacent ones of the recesses of each of the second sensor electrodes 121 is identical to that between adjacent ones of first sensor electrodes 111.
FIG. 18 is a plan view illustrating a configuration of the touch panel substrate 102 of Embodiment 3 which configuration is observed when the first electrode layer 110 is superimposed over the second electrode layer 120.
As illustrated in FIG. 18, the touch panel substrate 102 has such a structure that the first electrode layer 110 is superimposed over the second electrode layer 120 via a substrate 6 so that, when viewed from above, the first sensor electrodes 111 intersect the second sensor electrodes 121 and each of the first sensor electrodes 111 overlaps one of the recesses of each of the second sensor electrodes 121.
According to the touch panel substrate 102 of Embodiment 3, since each of the first sensor electrodes 111 overlaps one of the recesses of each of the second sensor electrodes 121, it is possible to reduce an area where the first sensor electrodes 111 overlap the second sensor electrodes 121 when viewed from above. Further, no dummy electrode is provided in the first electrode layer 110.
Therefore, the touch panel substrate 102 of Embodiment 3 has a small region where, when viewed from above, conductor line patterns included in the first electrode layer 110 overlap conductor line patterns included in the second electrode layer 120, as compared with that of the touch panel substrate 2.
Accordingly, the touch panel substrate 102 of Embodiment 3 is larger in light transmittance as a whole than that of the whole of the touch panel substrate 2 of Embodiment 1. Therefore, according to an electronic device 1 made up of the touch panel substrate 102 and a display device 3, it is possible to efficiently transmit light emitted from the display device 3, and possible to improve visibility of a displayed image.
FIG. 19 is a plan view illustrating, in detail, the configuration of the second electrode layer 120 of Embodiment 3.
As illustrated in FIG. 19 with the use of broken lines, the second sensor electrodes 121, each including second conductor lines 14 arranged on an identical plane surface in a net-like pattern, are formed in the second electrode layer 120. That is, the second conductor lines 14 constitute each of the second sensor electrodes 121.
Further, as illustrated in FIG. 19 with the use of the broken lines, an outer edge of an electrode has such a shape that a rectangle serving as an axis has a plurality of rectangles each serving as a branch. A shape (side) of part of the outer edge of the electrode, which part faces another adjacent second sensor electrode 121, is defined by ends of the second conductor lines 14.
As illustrated in FIG. 19, the shape (side) of the part of the outer edge of the second sensor electrode 121, which part faces the outer edge of another adjacent second sensor electrode 121, is defined by the ends of the second conductor lines 14. The ends of the second conductor lines 14 have respective wide width parts 40.
With this configuration, similar to the touch panel substrate 2 of Embodiment 1, the electronic device 1 made up of the touch panel substrate 102 and the display device 3 is capable of (i) causing a pattern (bright line) corresponding to a region between electrodes not to be easily recognized visually by a viewer of an image displayed by the display device 3 and (ii) suppressing a deterioration of display quality of such a displayed image.
The following description will discuss another embodiment of the present invention with reference to FIGS. 20 to 25. Note that, for convenience, identical reference numerals will be given to respective members having functions identical to those of the members described in the foregoing Embodiments, and descriptions of the members will be omitted.
FIG. 20 is a plan view illustrating a configuration of a first electrode layer 210 of a touch panel substrate of Embodiment 4. FIG. 21 is a plan view illustrating a configuration of a second electrode layer 220 of the touch panel substrate of Embodiment 4.
As illustrated in FIG. 20, the first electrode layer 210 of Embodiment 4 has first sensor electrodes 211 which extend in a lateral direction in FIG. 20. Each of the first sensor electrodes 211 has a plurality of grid electrodes 213 each having a quadrangular shape. Adjacent ones of the plurality of grid electrodes 213 are connected to each other via a vertex of each of the adjacent ones of the plurality of grid electrodes 213. First dummy electrodes 212 are provided so as to fill in respective spaces between the plurality of grid electrodes 213.
As illustrated in FIG. 21, the second electrode layer 220 of Embodiment 4 has second sensor electrodes 221 which extend in a longitudinal direction in FIG. 21. Each of the second sensor electrodes 221 has a plurality of grid electrodes 223 each having a quadrangular shape. Adjacent ones of the plurality of grid electrodes 223 are connected to each other via a vertex of each of the adjacent ones of the plurality of grid electrodes 223. Second dummy electrodes 222 are provided so as to fill in respective spaces between the plurality of grid electrodes 223.
FIG. 22 is a plan view illustrating a configuration of a touch panel substrate 202 of Embodiment 4 which configuration is observed when the first electrode layer 210 is superimposed over the second electrode layer 220.
As illustrated in FIG. 22, the touch panel substrate 202 has such a structure that the first electrode layer 210 is superimposed over the second electrode layer 220 via a substrate 6 so that the first sensor electrodes 211 intersect the second sensor electrodes 221 when viewed from above. Further, when viewed from above, the plurality of grid electrodes 213, serving as main part of the first sensor electrodes 211, are superimposed over the respective second dummy electrodes 222, and the plurality of grid electrodes 223, serving as main part of the second sensor electrodes 221, are superimposed over the respective first dummy electrodes 212.
The touch panel substrate 202 of Embodiment 4 thus has (i) the first sensor electrodes 211 each having diamond patterns and (ii) the second sensor electrodes 221 each having diamond patterns.
FIG. 23 is a plan view illustrating, in detail, the configuration of the first electrode layer 210 of Embodiment 4.
As illustrated in FIG. 23, the first sensor electrodes 211, each including first conductor lines 13 arranged on an identical plane surface in a net-like pattern, and the first dummy electrodes 212, each including first conductor lines 13 arranged on an identical plane surface in a net-like pattern, are formed in the first electrode layer 210. That is, the first conductor lines 13 constitute each of the first sensor electrodes 211 or the first dummy electrodes 212.
The first conductor lines 13 included in one electrode are electrically insulated from the first conductor lines 13 included in another electrode.
The first sensor electrode 211 has a plurality of grid electrodes 213 each having a quadrangular shape. Adjacent ones of the plurality of grid electrodes 213 are connected to each other via a first bridge conductor line 50. An electrode corresponding to a first dummy electrode 121 has a substantially square shape.
A shape (side) of part of an outer edge of the electrode which part faces another adjacent electrode is defined by ends of the first conductor lines 13.
As illustrated in FIG. 23, the ends of the first conductor lines 13, which ends define the shape of the outer edge of the electrode, have respective wide width parts 40 each of which is wider than the other part of the first conductor lines 13.
With this configuration, similar to the touch panel substrate 2 of Embodiment 1, an electronic device 1 made up of the touch panel substrate 202 and a display device 3 is capable of (i) causing a pattern (bright line) corresponding to a region between the first sensor electrode 211 and the first dummy electrode 212 not to be easily recognized visually by a viewer of an image displayed by the display device 3 and (ii) suppressing a deterioration of display quality of such a displayed image.
Note that conductor lines included in a second sensor electrode 221 and conductor lines included in a second dummy electrode 222 can also have respective wide width parts 40. Similar to the first electrode layer 210, this makes it possible to (i) cause a pattern (bright line) corresponding to a region between the second sensor electrode 221 and the second dummy electrode 222 not to be easily recognized visually and (ii) suppress a deterioration of display quality of a displayed image.
Note here that the configuration of the first electrode layer 210 is not limited to such. For example, the first electrode layer 210 can alternatively have a configuration illustrated in FIG. 24 or 25.
FIG. 24 is a plan view illustrating, in detail, a configuration of a first electrode layer 210A of Embodiment 4.
According to the first electrode layer 210A, first conductor lines 13, included in an electrode corresponding to a first sensor electrode 211A, have no wide width part 40 (see FIG. 24). On the other hand, first conductor lines 13, included in an electrode corresponding to a first dummy electrode 212, have respective wide width parts 40.
In this manner, it is only necessary that ends of the first conductor lines 13, which ends define one of sides, facing each other, of adjacent electrodes, have respective wide width parts 40.
FIG. 25 is a plan view illustrating, in detail, a configuration of a first electrode layer 210B of Embodiment 4.
A first sensor electrode 211B can be configured such that a plurality of grid electrodes 213, each having a quadrangular shape, are connected to each other without the use of a first bridge conductor line. More specifically, adjacent ones of the plurality of grid electrodes 213 can be connected to each other while the adjacent ones of the plurality of grid electrodes 213 are sharing a vertex. In this case, as illustrated in FIG. 25, an outer edge of an electrode corresponding to the first sensor electrode 211B also has such a shape that a plurality of electrodes, each having a quadrangular shape, are connected to each other while adjacent ones of the plurality of electrodes are sharing a vertex.
FIG. 26 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an electronic device 301 of Embodiment 5. Unlike the touch panel substrates of the other Embodiments, the electronic device 301 of Embodiment 5 has a single electrode layer 330, and first sensor electrodes 311 and second sensor electrodes 321 are arranged in the single electrode layer 330.
FIG. 27 is a plan view illustrating a configuration of the electrode layer 330 of Embodiment 5.
The electrode layer 330 of Embodiment 5 has (i) the first sensor electrodes 311 which extend in a lateral direction in FIG. 27 and (ii) the second sensor electrodes 321 which extend in a longitudinal direction in FIG. 27.
Each of the first sensor electrodes 311 has a plurality of grid electrodes 313 each having a quadrangular shape, and adjacent ones of the plurality of grid electrodes 313 are connected to each other via a first bridge conductor line 50.
Each of the second sensor electrodes 321 has a plurality of grid electrodes 323 each having a quadrangular shape, and adjacent ones of the plurality of grid electrodes 323 are connected to each other via a second bridge conductor line 51.
The first sensor electrodes 311 and the second sensor electrodes 321 are arranged on a single substrate so that the plurality of grid electrodes 313 do not overlap the plurality of grid electrodes 323.
<Sensor Electrode>
FIG. 28 is a plan view illustrating, in detail, the configuration of the electrode layer 330 of Embodiment 5.
As illustrated in FIG. 28, the first sensor electrodes 311, each including first conductor lines 13 arranged on an identical plane surface in a net-like pattern, are formed in the electrode layer 330. That is, the first conductor lines 13 constitute each of the first sensor electrodes 311.
Further, the second sensor electrodes 321, each including second conductor lines 14 arranged on an identical plane surface in a net-like pattern, are formed in the electrode layer 330. That is, the second conductor lines 14 constitute each of the second sensor electrodes 321.
The first conductor lines 13 included in a first sensor electrode 311 are electrically insulated from the first conductor lines 13 included in another first sensor electrode 311 and from the second conductor lines 14.
The first sensor electrode 311 has the plurality of grid electrodes 313 each having a quadrangular shape, and adjacent ones of the plurality of grid electrodes 313 are connected to each other via the first bridge conductor line 50.
A second sensor electrode 321 has the plurality of grid electrodes 323 each having a quadrangular shape, and adjacent ones of the plurality of grid electrodes 323 are connected to each other via the second bridge conductor line 51.
The first bridge conductor line 50 intersects the second bridge conductor line 51 when viewed from above. An insulating layer is provided between the first bridge conductor line 50 and the second bridge conductor line 51 so that the first bridge conductor line 50 is electrically insulated from the second bridge conductor line 51.
A shape (side) of part of an outer edge of an electrode, which part faces an adjacent electrode, is defined by ends of the first conductor lines 13 or ends of the second conductor lines 14.
As illustrated in FIG. 28, the ends of the first conductor lines 13 or the ends of the second conductor lines 14, which ends define the shape of the outer edge of the electrode, have respective wide width parts 40 each of which is wider than the other part of the first conductor lines 13 or the second conductor lines 14.
With this configuration, similar to the touch panel substrate 2 of Embodiment 1, an electronic device 1 made up of a touch panel substrate 302 and a display device 3 is capable of (i) causing a pattern (bright line) corresponding to a region between the first sensor electrode 311 and the second sensor electrode 321 not to be easily recognized visually by a viewer of an image displayed by the display device 3 and (ii) suppressing a deterioration of display quality of such a displayed image.
A touch panel substrate (2, 102, 202, 302) in accordance with Aspect 1 of the present invention is a touch panel substrate including: a substrate (6); and an electrode layer (10, 110, 210, 20, 120, 220, 330) provided on the substrate, the electrode layer being made up of conductor lines (13, 14) uniformly arranged in a net-like pattern on the substrate, the conductor lines being divided into pieces so that the pieces of the conductor lines constitute a respective plurality of electrodes, at least one of a pair of ends of the conductor lines, which pair of ends face each other via a dividing line along which each of the conductor lines is divided, having a wide width part (40, 40a through 40e) which is wider than the other part of the conductor lines, when viewed from above.
According to the above configuration, ends of the conductor lines which ends define an outer edge of an electrode have respective wide width parts. This causes an end of the electrode to be lower in light transmittance than a vicinity of the center of the electrode.
Meanwhile, a region between adjacent electrodes is a space where no conductor line is provided. The space is high in light transmittance.
Therefore, in a case where the space and ends of the adjacent electrodes are regarded as a boundary region, high light transmittance in the space and low light transmittance in the ends of the adjacent electrodes are cancelled out in the boundary region.
This allows a variation in light transmittance to be reduced and small between (i) the boundary region and (ii) a vicinity of the center of each of the adjacent electrodes. That is, it is possible to suppress, as a whole, ununiformity of the light transmittance of the electrode layer.
Therefore, according to an electronic device made up of the touch panel substrate and a display device, in a case where a user of the electronic device looks at an image displayed by the display device, it is possible to cause a difference in brightness, between (i) a vicinity of the region between the adjacent electrodes and (ii) the vicinity of the center of each of the adjacent electrodes, to be at or below a limit above which a human can recognizes the difference.
This makes it possible to (i) cause a pattern corresponding to the region between the adjacent electrodes not to be easily recognized visually and (ii) suppress a deterioration of display quality of such a displayed image.
The touch panel substrate in accordance with Aspect 2 of the present invention can be arranged such that, in Aspect 1, the plurality of electrodes are formed by dividing the conductor lines, uniformly arranged in the net-like pattern, so as to avoid an intersection of the conductor lines.
The above configuration allows the conductor lines to be formed with a simple configuration and with a simple method.
Furthermore, it is possible to form the electrode layer, having uniform conductor line patterns, without expanding a space where no conductor line is provided. Such a way to form the electrode layer is applicable to conductor line patterns in which a conductor line pitch is narrow, and is favorable to maintain uniformity of the conductor line patterns.
The touch panel substrate in accordance with Aspect 3 of the present invention can be arranged such that: in Aspect 2, the pair of ends of the conductor lines are formed by dividing the conductor lines uniformly arranged in the net-like pattern; and each of the pair of ends has the wide width part.
The above configuration makes it possible to form, with a simple method, (i) pairs of ends of the conductor lines and (ii) the plurality of electrodes each having an outer edge at least part of which has a shape defined by ends of the conductor lines.
The touch panel substrate in accordance with Aspect 4 of the present invention can be arranged such that, in any one of Aspects 1 through 3, one of adjacent ones of the plurality of electrodes, which are formed by dividing the conductor lines, is a touch sensor electrode, whereas the other is a dummy electrode.
The touch panel substrate in accordance with Aspect 5 of the present invention can be arranged such that, in any one of Aspects 1 through 3, each of adjacent ones of the plurality of electrodes, which are formed by dividing the conductor lines, is a touch sensor electrode.
The touch panel substrate in accordance with Aspect 6 of the present invention can be arranged such that, in any one of Aspects 1 through 5, an area of the wide width part is not more than a×(a−2d)/135 when viewed from above, where, when viewed from above, "d" denotes a width of part, other than the wide width part, of the conductor lines, and "a" denotes an interval between adjacent ones of the conductor lines which adjacent ones extend in parallel.
The above configuration makes it possible to suppress ununiformity of light transmittance which ununiformity is caused by the wide width part itself.
The touch panel substrate in accordance with Aspect 7 of the present invention can be arranged such that, in any one of Aspects 1 through 6, a width of the wide width part is not more than 50 μm when viewed from above.
The touch panel substrate in accordance with Aspect 8 of the present invention can be arranged such that, in any one of Aspects 1 through 7, a distance, between the wide width part and an intersection at which the conductor lines intersect each other, is not less than 100 μm when viewed from above.
The above configuration makes it possible to suppress ununiformity of light transmittance which ununiformity is caused by the wide width part and the intersection of the conductor lines.
The touch panel substrate in accordance with Aspect 9 of the present invention can be arranged such that, in any one of Aspects 1 through 8, an outer edge of each of the plurality of electrodes has a rectangular shape.
The touch panel substrate in accordance with Aspect 10 of the present invention can be arranged such that, in any one of Aspects 1 through 8, an outer edge of each of the plurality of electrodes has such a shape that a plurality of quadrangles are connected to each other via a vertex of each of the plurality of quadrangles.
An electronic device (1) in accordance with Aspect 11 of the present invention can include: a touch panel substrate of any one of Aspects 1 through 10; and a display device (3).
A method of manufacturing a touch panel substrate in accordance with Aspect 12 of the present invention is a method of manufacturing a touch panel substrate including a substrate and an electrode layer provided on the substrate, the method including the steps of: uniformly forming conductor lines in a net-like pattern on a plane surface of the substrate so that the conductor lines have a wide width part at a position other than an intersection at which the conductor lines intersect each other, the wide width part being wider than the other part of the conductor lines; and forming a plurality of electrodes by dividing the conductor lines across the wide width part, the plurality of electrodes including the conductor lines arranged in the net-like pattern.
The above method makes it possible to manufacture, with a simple method, a touch panel substrate configured such that pairs of ends of conductor lines are formed, each outer edge of electrodes is defined by ends of the conductor lines, and each of the pairs of ends of the conductor lines have respective wide width parts.
The present invention is not limited to the description of the embodiments, but may be altered by a skilled person in the art within the scope of the claims. An embodiment derived from a proper combination of technical means disclosed in different embodiments is also encompassed in the technical scope of the present invention. Furthermore, by a combination of technical means disclosed in different embodiments, a new technical feature can be derived.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
The present invention is preferably applicable to touch panel substrates including electrodes made up of conductor lines.
1, 301 Electronic device
2, 102, 202, 302 Touch panel substrate
10, 110, 210 First electrode layer (electrode layer)
20, 120, 220 Second electrode layer (electrode layer)
330 Electrode layer
3 Display device
6 Substrate
13 First conductor line (conductor line)
14 Second conductor line (conductor line)
40, 40a through 40e Wide width part
11, 111, 211, 311 First sensor electrode (electrode)
21, 121, 221, 321 Second sensor electrode (electrode)
a Conductor line pitch
d Conductor line width
s Area of wide width part
1. A touch panel substrate comprising:
a substrate; and
an electrode layer provided on the substrate,
the electrode layer being made up of conductor lines uniformly arranged in a net-like pattern on the substrate,
the conductor lines being divided into pieces so that the pieces of the conductor lines constitute a respective plurality of electrodes,
at least one of a pair of ends of the conductor lines, which pair of ends face each other via a dividing line along which each of the conductor lines is divided, having a wide width part which is wider than the other part of the conductor lines, when viewed from above.
2. The touch panel substrate as set forth in claim 1, wherein the plurality of electrodes are formed by dividing the conductor lines, uniformly arranged in the net-like pattern, so as to avoid an intersection of the conductor lines.
3. The touch panel substrate as set forth in claim 2, wherein:
the pair of ends of the conductor lines are formed by dividing the conductor lines uniformly arranged in the net-like pattern; and
each of the pair of ends has the wide width part.
4. The touch panel substrate as set forth in claim 1, wherein one of adjacent ones of the plurality of electrodes, which are formed by dividing the conductor lines, is a touch sensor electrode, whereas the other is a dummy electrode.
5. The touch panel substrate as set forth in claim 1, wherein each of adjacent ones of the plurality of electrodes, which are formed by dividing the conductor lines, is a touch sensor electrode.
6. The touch panel substrate as set forth in claim 1, wherein
an area of the wide width part is not more than a×(a−2d)/135 when viewed from above,
where, when viewed from above, "d" denotes a width of part, other than the wide width part, of the conductor lines, and
"a" denotes an interval between adjacent ones of the conductor lines which adjacent ones extend in parallel.
7. The touch panel substrate as set forth in claim 1, wherein a width of the wide width part is not more than 50 μm when viewed from above.
8. The touch panel substrate as set forth in claim 1, wherein a distance, between the wide width part and an intersection at which the conductor lines intersect each other, is not less than 100 μm when viewed from above.
9. The touch panel substrate as set forth in claim 1, wherein an outer edge of each of the plurality of electrodes has a rectangular shape.
10. The touch panel substrate as set forth in claim 1, wherein an outer edge of each of the plurality of electrodes has such a shape that a plurality of quadrangles are connected to each other via a vertex of each of the plurality of quadrangles.
11. An electronic device comprising:
a touch panel substrate recited in claim 1; and
a display device.
12. A method of manufacturing a touch panel substrate including a substrate and an electrode layer provided on the substrate, the method comprising the steps of:
uniformly forming conductor lines in a net-like pattern on a plane surface of the substrate so that the conductor lines have a wide width part at a position other than an intersection at which the conductor lines intersect each other, the wide width part being wider than the other part of the conductor lines; and
forming a plurality of electrodes by dividing the conductor lines across the wide width part, the plurality of electrodes including the conductor lines arranged in the net-like pattern.
Filed: Dec 24, 2013
Publication Date: Nov 5, 2015
Patent Grant number: 9880680
Inventors: Yuhji YASHIRO (Osaka-shi), Kazutoshi KIDA (Osaka-shi)
International Classification: G06F 3/044 (20060101); G06F 1/16 (20060101); G06F 3/041 (20060101);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
<?php
/**
 * Automatically generated
 *
 * @author: Viskov Sergey
 * @date: 07.05.15
 */

namespace LTDBeget\apacheConfigurator\directives\available;

use LTDBeget\apacheConfigurator\ConfigurationFile;
use LTDBeget\apacheConfigurator\directives\Directive;

class ProxyHTMLDocType extends Directive
{
    /**
     * Return link to full description of apache directive
     * @return String
     */
    public static function getApacheDocLink()
    {
        return Directive::$apacheSite."/docs/2.4/mod/mod_proxy_html.html#proxyhtmldoctype";
    }

    /**
     * the source module which defines the directive
     * @return String
     */
    public static function getModule()
    {
        return "mod_proxy_html";
    }

    /**
     * Return text description of apache directive
     * @return String
     */
    public static function getDescription()
    {
        return "Sets an HTML or XHTML document type declaration.";
    }

    /**
     * Return Apache directive Syntax
     * @return String
     */
    public static function getSyntax()
    {
        return 'ProxyHTMLDocType HTML|XHTML [Legacy]
OR
ProxyHTMLDocType fpi [SGML|XML]';
    }

    /**
     * is this directive can include inner directives
     * @return boolean
     */
    public function isSection()
    {
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Set allowed context of concrete directive
     */
    protected function setAllowedContext()
    {
        $this->allowedContext = [
            ConfigurationFile::SERVER_CONFIG,
            VirtualHost::getFullName(),
            Directory::getFullName(),
        ];
    }

}


Are you a Math teacher? Want to have some visualization software but can't afford Geometers SketchPad? Give GeoGebra a try (and then let me know if you like it!). This was recommended to me by the math teachers that I work with in Delta, Utah. Thanks Russ!


So after my Dr. appointment, I had to get my prescription filled and my mustache wax so I decided to do a little shopping. I went into Marshall's (love Marshalls and T.J. Maxx). I did after all need a few little Valentine gifts... right? Right. So while perusing the sale rack, I ran across the cutest dresses for my girls- one was $5. and one $7. So, I couldn't wait, and already had picked out other Valentines, so I called my older daughter to come over last night. OMG- it was so cute on her. Then EVERYTHING is. She is just a beauty- honestly, NOT because I'm her mother, but she looks like Reese Witherspoon- check it out... am I not right?????
Then I got dog food, came home and suffered yet another headache and began growing my mustache. Are there still side shows with circuses? Maybe I could sign up.
OMG...Yes she does look like Reese W!!!! Your daughter is gorgeous and a sweetheart...I want to see a pic of her in that dress!!!!
I for one think u would look adorable in a moustache!!!! LOL....you are gonna be a hyper little thing on steroids!
OMG I am laughing my way through another post of yours... I followed your cute nostalgic photo over to your darling blog. You are very entertaining! I will be back.. and yes, she does look like Reese W. Blessings!
CAN'T YOU JUST LEAVE IT ALONE????


text:
Heard On KXT
This Week on World Cafe: June 18-22
Here's what's coming up this week on World Cafe:
Monday, June 18 – ENCORE: Phoebe Bridgers
Phoebe Bridgers has one of those voices that can make the loudest room go silent. After hearing her sing, Ryan Adams wanted to produce her debut EP. Since then, he's given her good advice and a guitar – both of which she brings to an encore performance.
Tuesday, June 19 – Nashville Session: Bermuda Triangle
The story begins with pals harmonizing together on porches. However, Bermuda Triangle soon turned into one of the most storied new groups in Nashville. The trio is Alabama Shakes' leader, Brittany Howard, and rising solo performers Becca Mancari and Jesse Lafser. Their magic is as much about the friendship as it is about the music.
Wednesday, June 20 – Bettye LaVette
Since her 1962 debut, Bettye LaVette has been through it all – from struggling with failed record deals while her peers got rich, to the renewed interest fans seem to have in her music now. Bettye explains how those experiences add emotional depth to her singing, especially as she interprets songs by Bob Dylan on her latest album: Things Have Changed.
Thursday, June 21 – Derek Smalls
Known as the legendary bassist from the seminal hard rock band Spinal Tap, Derek Smalls is now striking out on his own with the album Smalls Change (Meditations Upon Ageing). The album features some of the rock legends that Smalls has befriended over the years including Dweezil Zappa, David Crosby, Donald Fagan and at least three drummers for, you know, insurance purposes.
Friday, June 22 – Kississippi
When Zoe Reynolds was a kid, she wanted to be a pop star like Brittney Spears. Later, she fell in love with the music of Liz Phair and the emo bands that would shape her own songwriting. Zoe tells stories about touring with Dashboard Confessional and performs live.
Listen to World Cafe every Monday-Friday at 11pm on KXT!
Tags: bermuda triangle, bettye lavette, derek smalls, kississippi, phoebe bridgers


Members inside the plant area could not be increased in size above plinth level because sharp corners were a hazard and thus not permitted.
The original structure which was designed to be Ground + 1 floor, was now bearing the weight of another floor, that was added later. Moreover, some of the structural members were corroded, affecting the structure's stability.


This completely new generation of Trac's, the VT7028 in a 2- and 3-axle configuration, sets a new standard in manure spreading, because of the Deutz V8 engine with 687hp, Stage 4 / Tier 4 Final, brand new Vredo CVT stepless transmission, 900/60R42 tires and up to 32,000 liter slurry tank. The VT7028 makes it possible to take big steps in the logistic process of improving and optimalisation of manure processing, because of the 32,000 liter tank and 12,000 liter/minute pump capacity with stepless speed adjustment during the spreading of manure. The VT7028 is modular designed as a 2- and 3- axle multifunctional machine with a load capacity at the front, back and on the chassis behind the cab.
The VT7028 is modular designed as a 2- and 3- axle multifunctional machine with a load capacity at the front, back and on the chassis behind the cab.
Owing the multi-purpose chassis design, the VT7028 is capable of working with all kinds of systems, e.g. transport boxes for all types of materials: sugar-beets, potatoes, grains, etc.. Owing to the powerful hydraulic system for external use, every type of box can be supplied with the correct flow and pressure of oil.
Thanks to its front mounted optional 3 point CAT 3 hitch system, the VT7028 is an ideal machine to be used as a silage dozer and compacter. The pump-cutter unit on the front and the tanksystem can be easily quickly removed in order to install the dozerblade and ballast weights. The VVT700 CVT transmission also makes the machine very useable as silo dozer.
The machine is designed for an optimum weight distribution over front and rear axle, so that the lowest possible tyre inflation pressure can be used on all four or six wheels. The cab is also placed far to the front so that the implement systems can be optimally positioned.
The two axle VT7028-2 carries a lightweight polyester slurry tank of 21 m3, the three axle VT7028-3 carries a 32 m3 liter tank or a 25 m3 + 7 m3 FlexTank and is capable to take a full trailer truck-load in one go. The pump-slicer unit is positioned at the front of the machine, which gives a perfect view from the cab of the reload operation from the pit, container or tanker. The 12.000 liter/min positive displament slurry pump in combination with the 10 inch reloading arm enables maximum capacity and flexibility under all circumstances. The Vredo slicing filter in front of the pump makes sure that all larger particulates in the slurry are chopped or separated from the liquid slurry. To avoid damage to the pump and prevent the slurry injector hoses clogging up. The heavy duty 3 point steerable rear hitch with CAT 3N, 3 or 4N pickup hooks is capable of handling all kind of injectors on the market. The hitch is automatically steered in accordance with the crab steering.
The VT7028's flat and long loading platform in both the two and three axle machine builds, is an excellent place for a dry manure/compost spreader system. The mounting points are suitable for the installation of loadcells between mounting points and body. This gives optimal spreader control and monitoring of the work being done. The 2 axle machine has a 18 m3 or 20 tons spreader box, the 3 axle up to 27 m3 or 30 tons. Thanks to the hydraulic drive mechanism, the machine can be driven in the most fuel efficient way with a constant spreader drive rpm for an accurate spreading pattern.
Owing to the lack of a suitable CVT transmission available in the market for its new Trac, Vredo made the decision to design its new VVT700 transmission entirely in-house. The newly developed Vredo Continious Variable Transmission, VVT700, is state of the art technology for maximum tractive effort, stepless speed adjustment and lowest fuel consumption in the industry. Combining the unique flexibility of the hydrostatic principle with the high effectiveness of mechanical power transmission, Vredo created a high efficiency and very functional transmission with three pump pads for external hydraulics, a shiftable full power mechanical PTO and continuous all wheel drive with differential locking option.
Vredo has developed a new special slurry tank for the biggest self-propelled slurry applicator, the 3-axle with 32m3 volume; VT7028-3.
The world innovation is that this tank is 0.5m smaller, but the volume is still the same 32m3! This is achieved by a flexible slurry bag on the top of the polyester tank which is automatically filled during the reloading process. The polyester base tank has a volume of 25m3 and the flexible bag 7m3.
The importance of the 32m3 tank volume is because the trend in the United Kingdom and the continent as well goes to more road transport by truck and trailer, which also has the max. capacity of 32m3.
With this innovation, it has been achieved that the VT7028-3 stays within the 3.00m transport width even with a dribble bar or sliding shoe toolbar up to 30m working width. This is the same transport width as the vehicle itself. With a 36m dribble bar the transport width is 3.40m.
The aim with this innovative patented construction is to increase the versatility of the biggest slurry applicator in the market, still small on the road and great in the field.
In cooperation with HAWE, Vredo Dodewaard has developed a Beet transport box for its biggest selfpropelled; the VT7028-3, which is normally equipped with a 32,000 litre slurry tank.
The six-wheel drive and steered machine with 900/60R42 Tyres, is the optimal machine for efficient field transport. Because of its 687HP drivetrain and Vredo CVT transmission. The Beet transport box is mounted on the chassis of a VT5518-3, but also fits on a VT7028-3. The box is anchored on six twist lock points on the machine and is tippable for maintenance. Therefore, the VT7028-3 has become even more versatile. Not only solids and slurry spreaders, but also beet transport.
The biggest advantage is that the season for this machine is lengthened. After the slurry season is over, you simply detach the pump filter unit and slurry tank and install the Beet transport box. Normally a machine goes into storage in the autumn, but now the machine is usable for several extra months.
A tire that is too inflated, leaves a deep trial behind. That can damage the crops and the soil structure and besides, it costs more fuel. . To prevent this you drive with soft tires on the land. Are you going to drive on the road? Then it's better to drive with hard tires. By pressing the switch just once, you control the tire pressure from within the cabin, with adjustable hard/soft tire.
A turbofiller provides extra reload capacity up to 16m3/min. The turbofiller increases the reload time and the slurry has an increased density. The turbine wheel results in the slurry expanding and foaming less. The turbofiller is hydraulic driven.
Rowcrop wheels on 75 cm rowdistance.


text:
Dlaň (palmare) je část ruky, která umožňuje člověku sevřít uchopený předmět. Skládá se z pěti kostí, které navazují na jednotlivé prsty.

Zajímavosti
 dlaň se používala jako jednotka míry (1 dlaň se rovnala přibližně 8 centimetrů);
 někteří lidé věří, že se z čar na dlani dá vyčíst budoucnost, viz chiromantie.

Externí odkazy

Části těla