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America's History Chapter 25: The New Deal, 1933-1939
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America's History Chapter 11: The Rise of Popular Politics, 1820-1829
America's History Chapter 20: The Progressive Era
America's History Chapter 15
America's History Chapter 22: War and the American State, 1914-1920
America's History Chapter 27: Cold War America, 1945-1960
America's History Chapter 26: The World at War, 1939-1945
America's History Chapter 17: Capital and Labor in the Age of Enterprise
America's History Chapter 19: The Rise of the City
America's History Chapter 7: The New Political Order, 1776-1800
America's History Chapter 9: The Quest for a Republican Society
America's History Chapter 24: The Great Depression
America's History Chapter 18: The Politics of Late Nineteenth-Century America
America's History Chapter 21: An Emerging World Power, 1877-1914
America's History Chapter 10: The Economic Revolution, 1820-1860
Picture This World War I Posters and Visual Culture
America's History Volume 1 Instructor's Manual
America's History Chapter 5: Toward Indepedence: Years of Decision, 1763-1775
Hoover vs. FDR: Reactions to the Great Depression
America's Hstory Chapter 16
Chapter 25: The New Deal, 1933-1939
The New Deal Takes Over, 1933-1939
I. The term New Deal came to stand for the Roosevelt's administration's complex set of responses to the
Depression. The New Deal was not a carefully formed plan. Its ideology contained many
contradictions, but it provided a measure of economic security against the worst depression is US
The Roosevelt Style of Leadership
I. Although the New Deal represented many things to many people, one unifying factor was the
personality of its master architect: FDR.
II. The New Deal was a "very personal enterprise" and Roosevelt established an unusually close report
with the American people.
A. Many citizens credited him with the positive changes in their lives.
B. Roosevelt mastered the medium of radio, typified by the "fireside chats" he broadcast during his
first 2 terms.
III. Roosevelt's personal charisma and political talent allowed him to continue the expansion of political
power begun during the administrations of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson.
A. Roosevelt centralized decision making in the white house. In doing so, he dramatically expanded
the role of the executive branch in initiating policy and helped to create the modern presidency.
B. Young people flocked to the white house to become a part of his administration.
The Hundred Days
I. The first president the new president confronted was the collapse of the banking system, which had
brought the depression home to the middle class more than anything else.
A. The day after his inauguration, Roosevelt declared a bank holiday and called Congress into special
session. 4 days later Congress passed Roosevelt's proposed emergency banking bill, which
permitted banks to reopen beginning on March 13, but only if the Treasury Department inspection
showed that they had sufficient cash reserves.
The Emergency Banking Act
I. The Emergency Banking Act, which Roosevelt developed in consultation with business leaders, was
such a conservative document that it could have been proposed by Herbert Hoover. The difference was
the public's reaction.
A. Roosevelt assured people that the banks were now safe, and people believed him.
II. The Banking Act was the first of 15 pieces of major legislation enacted by Congress in the opening
months of the Roosevelt administration. This legislative session, which became known as the Hundred
Days, remains one of the most productive ever.
A. Congress created the Home Owners Loan Corporation to refinance home mortgages threatened by
B. A second banking law, the Glass-Steagall Act, curbed speculation by separating investment
banking from commercial banking and created the Federal Deposit Insurance Cooperation, which
insured bank deposits up to $2,500.
C. Another act created the Civilian Conservation Corps, through which 250,000 young men went to
live in camps where they did reforestation and conservation work.
D. The Tennessee Valley Authority received legislative approval for its innovative plan of
government-sponsored regional development and public energy.
The Agricultural Adjustment Act
I. The Roosevelt administration targeted 3 pressing problems for immediate attention: agricultural
overproduction, business failures, and unemployment. Roosevelt considered a farm bill "the key to
A. The Agricultural Adjustment Act was developed by Henry Wallace, Rexford Tugwell, and ML
Wilson in close conjunction with the leaders of major farmers' organizations.
B. The AAA established a domestic allotment system for 7 commodities with cash subsidies to
farmers who cut production—a pattern of federal subsidies that continues to the present. Those
benefits were financed by a tax on processing, which was passed on to consumers.
C. New Deal planners hoped that prices would rise in response to the federally subsidized scarcity,
halting the steep deflation and thus spurring a more general recovery.
II. The AAA stabilized the agricultural situation, but its benefits were distributed unevenly.
A. Subsidies for reducing production went primarily to the owners of large and medium-sized farms,
who often cut production by reducing their renters' and sharecroppers' acreage rather than their
own. In the south, this strategy had racial overtones, displacing black tenet farmers from their
B. New Deal agricultural policies thus fostered the migration of small farmers in the South and
Midwest to northern cities and CA, and consolidated the economic and political clout of larger
landholders.
The National Recovery Administration
I. The New Deal attacked the problem of economic recovery with the National Industry Recovery Act,
which created the National Recovery Administration.
A. The NRA, which drew on the WWI experience of Bernard Baruch's War Industries Board, set up a
system of individual self-government to handle the problems of overproduction, cutthroat
competition, and price instability. For each industry a code of prices and production quotas was
established. In effect, those legally enforceable agreements suspended the antitrust laws.
B. The codes also established minimum wages and maximum hours and outlawed child labor.
C. One of the most far-reaching provisions, Section 7(a), guaranteed workers the right to organize
and bargain collectively. These union rights dramatically spurred the growth of the labor
movement in the 1930s.
II. The negotiating process theoretically took into account equal input from management, labor, and
consumers; but trade associations, controlled by large companies, tended to dominate the code-drafting
process, thereby solidifying the power of large businesses at the expense of smaller enterprises.
A. Labor had little input, and consumer interests had almost none.
B. To sell the program to skeptical consumers and businesspeople, the NRA launched an extensive
public relations campaign.
Unemployment Legislation
I. The early New Deal also addressed the critical problem of unemployment. In the 4th year of the
depression, the total exhaustion of private and local sources of charity made it essential to provide
some form of federal relief.
A. Roosevelt was a fiscal conservative, fearful of large federal deficits, and he moved reluctantly
toward federal responsibility for the unemployed.
B. The Federal Emergency Relief Administration offered federal money to the states for relief
programs. FERA was designed to keep people from starving until other recovery measures took
hold.
II. Roosevelt always maintained a strong distaste for the dole. Wherever possible, New Deal
administrators promoted work relief over cash subsidies; they also consistently favored relief jobs that
did not compete directly with the private sector.
A. The Civil Works Administration constructed highways and public buildings and set up community
projects. It was regarded as a stopgap measure to get the country through the winter of 1933-34.
III. Many early emergency measures were deliberately inflationary, they were designed to trigger prices
rises that were thought necessary to halt the steep deflation and thus stimulate recovery.
A. Another element of the strategy was Roosevelt's executive order to abandon the gold standard and
let gold rise in value like any other commodity. As the price of gold rose, administrators hoped, so
too would the price of manufactured and agricultural goods.
B. Abandoning the gold standard allowed the Federal Reserve System to manipulate the value of the
dollar in response to economic conditions, an important shift in economic power from the private
to public sector.
IV. An obvious target for reform was Wall Street, where insider trading, fraud, and other abuses had
contributed to the 1929 crash.
A. In 1934 Congress established the Securities and Exchange Commission to regulate the stock
market. The commission had the power to regulate the purchase of stocks on credit, or margin
buying, and to restrict speculation by those with inside information on corporate plans.
B. The banking system also came under scrutiny. The Banking Act of 1935 enhanced the federal
government's role in controlling the economy and business. The act authorized the president to
appoint a new Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, placing control of interest rates
and other money market policies at the federal level rather than with regional banks.
C. By requiring that large-scale banks join the Federal Reserve System by 1942 in order to take
advantage of the federal deposit insurance system, the law further encouraged centralization of the
nation's banking system.
The New Deal Under Attack
I. As Congress and the President consolidated the early New Deal, their work came under attack from
several quarters. Although Roosevelt billed himself as the savior of capitalism, his actions provoked
strong hostility from many Americans.
A. To the wealthy, Roosevelt became a traitor to his class.
B. Business leaders and conservative Democrats formed the Liberty League in 1934 to lobby against
the New Deal and its "reckless spending" and "socialist reforms."
II. The conservative majority on the Supreme Court also disagreed with the direction of the New Deal. In
the case Schecter v. United States, the court ruled that the National Industrial Recovery Act represented
an unconstitutional delegation of legislative power to the executive branch.
A. In its decision the court ruled that the NRA regulated commerce within states, whereas the
Constitution limited federal regulation to interstate commerce.
III. Other citizens thought that the New Deal had not gone far enough.
A. Many Americans feared poverty in old age because few had pension plans and many had lost their
life savings in bank failures.
B. Francis Townsend proposed an Old Age Revolving Pension Plan, which would have given retirees
$200/month if they agreed to spend the money within a month, thereby opening up new positions
in the work force and pumping money back into the economy. The plan was never adopted, though
Townsend Clubs sprang up across the country.
IV. Father Charles Coughlin also challenged Roosevelt's leadership and attracted a large following,
especially in the Midwest.
A. At first Coughlin supported the ND, but he soon broke with Roosevelt over the president's refusal
to support nationalization of the banking system and expansion of the money supply.
B. In 1935 Coughlin organized the National Union for Social Justice to promote his views as an
alternative to Roosevelt's.
V. The most direct threat to Roosevelt came from Democratic senator Huey Long.
A. As governor of LA, Long had increased the share of taxes paid by corporations and embarked on
an ambitious program of public works, which included the construction of new highways, bridges,
hospitals, and schools.
B. To push through his reforms Long seized almost dictatorial control of the state government, and he
maintained that control even after his election to the Senate.
VI. In 1934 Long split with the ND, arguing that its programs did not go far enough. He established his
own national movement, the Share Our Wealth Society, which had over 4 million followers in 1935.
A. Arguing that the unequal distribution of wealth in the US was the fundamental cause of the
depression, Long advocated taxing inheritances over $5 million and distributing the money to the
rest of the population.
B. Long's rapid rise in popularity suggested the potential depth of public dissatisfaction with the
Roosevelt administration. The president's strategists feared that Long might join forces with
Coughlin and Townsend to form a 3rd party.
The Second New Deal
I. By 1935 Roosevelt had abandoned his hope of building a classless coalition of rich and poor; workers
and farmers, and rural and urban dwellers. Pushed from the left to do more and criticized by the right
for what he had already done, the president had no choice but to abandon the middle ground. He then
moved dramatically to the left.
Legislative Accomplishments
I. The first beneficiary of Roosevelt's change in direction was the labor movement.
A. After the Supreme Court declared the NIRA unconstitutional in 1935, labor representatives
demanded legislation that would protect the right to organize and bargain collectively.
The Wagner Act
I. Democratic senator Robert Wagner, one of labor's staunchest supporters in Congress, had introduced
similar legislation even before the Supreme Court decision of 1935.
A. Roosevelt was a lukewarm supporter of the labor movement, but he realized the importance of
organized labor to the Democratic Party and his own political future.
B. Only when Congress was on the verge of passing Wagner's bill did Roosevelt reluctantly support
the legislation, signing the National Labor Relations Act.
II. The Wagner Act placed the weight of the federal government on labor's side in the struggle to
organize. It upheld the right of industrial workers to join a union and outlawed many unfair labor
practices used by to squelch unions such as firing or blacklisting workers because of their union
A. The act also established the nonpartisan National Labor Relations Board to protect workers from
employer coercion, supervise representation elections, and enforce the guarantee of collective
I. The Social Security Act was the 2nd major piece of legislation in this phase of the ND. The law was
partly a response to the political mobilization of the nation's elderly through the Townsend and Long
movements, but is also reflected the prodding of social reformers.
A. The Social Security Act provided pensions for most workers in the private sector, although
originally agricultural workers and domestics were not covered.
B. The pensions were paid out of a federal-state pension fund to which both employers and
employees contributed.
C. The act also established a joint federal-state system of unemployment compensation, funded by an
unemployment tax on employers and employees.
II. The Social Security Act was a milestone in the creation of the modern welfare state. With this law, the
US joined industrialized countries in providing old-age pensions and unemployment compensation to
its citizens. The law also mandated categorical assistance, such as aid to the deaf, blind, disabled, and
to dependent children.
A. Those recipients were so-called deserving poor, people who could not support themselves through
no fault of their own.
B. The categorical assistance programs, which formed a small part of the New Deal, gradually
expanded over the years until they became the mainstay of the American welfare system.
The Works Progress Administration
I. Roosevelt was never enthusiastic about large expenditures for social welfare programs. But in the 6th
year of the depression 10 million Americans were still out of work, a pressing political and moral issue
for FDR and the Democrats.
A. The Works Progress Administration became the main federal relief agency for the rest of the
depression. The WPA put relief workers on a federal payroll.
B. The program was not incredibly effective and the government cut it back severely in 1941 and
ended it 1943.
II. The Revenue Act of 1935 showed Roosevelt's willingness to push for reforms that were considered too
controversial earlier in his presidency.
A. Much of the business community had already turned against Roosevelt in reaction to the NRA, the
Wagner Act, and the Social Security Act. Wealthy conservatives quickly labeled this tax reform
bill—which included federal inheritance and gift taxes, higher personal income tax rates in the top
brackets, and increased corporate taxes—an attempt to harm the rich.
B. Roosevelt, seeking to defuse the popularity of Huey Long's Share Our Wealth plan, was just as
interested in the political mileage of the tax bill as in its actual results, which increased federal
revenues by only $250 million/year.
The 1936 Election
I. As the 1936 election approached, the broad range of ND programs brought new voters into the
Democratic coalition. Many had been personally helped by the federal programs, others benefited
because their interests had found new support in the expanded functions of the government.
A. Roosevelt could count on an impressive urban-based coalition of workers, organized labor,
northern blacks, white ethnic groups, Catholics, Jews, liberals, intellectuals, progressive
Republicans, and middle-class families concerned about old-age dependence and unemployment.
II. The Republicans realized that they could not compete directly with Roosevelt's popularity and the
potent ND coalition. They stridently criticized the inefficiency and expense of many ND programs and
accused FDR of harboring dictatorial ambitions.
III. Roosevelt's victory in 1936 was one of the biggest landslides in American history.
I. Roosevelt immediately considered the further expansion of the welfare state that had begun to form
late in his first term. However, retrenchment, controversy, and stalemate marked his second term.
The Supreme Court Fight
I. Only 2 weeks after his inauguration Roosevelt shocked Congress and the nation by asking for
fundamental changes in the structure of the Supreme Court. Roosevelt proposed adding one new
justice to the court for each currently sitting justice over the age of 70.
A. Roosevelt's opponents accused of him of trying to fill the court with ND supporters.
B. His proposal was seen as an assault on the principle of separation of powers.
C. The issue became moot when the Supreme Court upheld several key pieces of ND legislation,
including the Social Security Act, Washington State's minimum wage law, and the Wagner Act. A
series of resignations allowed Roosevelt to reshape the Supreme Court with 7 new appointments.
D. His handling of the issue was a costly blunder at a time when he was vulnerable to the lame-duck
syndrome that often afflicts second-term presidents.
Congressional Opposition
I. Congressional conservatives had long opposed the direction of the New Deal, but the court-packing
episode galvanized the conservatives by demonstrating that Roosevelt was no longer politically
A. Throughout Roosevelt's second term a conservative coalition, composed mainly of southern
Democrats and Republicans from rural areas, blocked or impeded social legislation.
B. Two pieces of legislation that did win passage were the National Housing Act of 1937, which
mandated the construction of low-cost public housing, and the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938,
which made permanent the minimum wage, maximum hours, and anti-child labor provisions in the
NRA codes.
II. Roosevelt's attempts to reorganize the executive branch met a different fate. In both 1937 and 1938
Congress refused to consider a plan that would have consolidated all independent agencies into
cabinet-rank departments, extended the civil service system, and created the new position of auditor
A. Conservatives effectively played on lawmakers' fears that centralized executive management
would dramatically reduce the congressional power and linked the plan to popular fears of fascism
and dictatorship abroad.
B. Roosevelt settled for a weak bill in 1939 that allowed him to create the Executive Office of the
President and name six administrative assistants to the White House staff. The White House also
took control of the budget process by moving the Bureau of the Budget to the Executive Office
from its old home in the Treasury department.
The Roosevelt Recession
I. The "Roosevelt Recession" of 1937-1938 dealt the most devastating blow to the president's political
standing in his 2nd term. Until that point the economy had made steady progress.
A. The steady improvement cheered Roosevelt, who had never overcome his dislike of large federal
expenditures and the resulting deficits. Accordingly, Roosevelt slashed the federal budget in 1937.
B. Between Jan and August, Congress cut the funding for the WPA in half, causing layoffs of about
1.5 million workers. Moreover, the $2 billion withheld from workers' paychecks to initiate the
new Social Security system further reduced purchasing power.
C. The Federal Reserve, fearing inflation, tightened credit, causing a sharp drop in the stock market.
Roosevelt now had to take blame for the recession.
II. Roosevelt spent his way out of the downturn. Large WPA appropriations and a resumption of public
works projects poured enough money into the economy to lift it out of the recession by early 1938.
A. Roosevelt and his advisors were grouping toward the general theories advanced by John Maynard
Keynes. Keynes proposed that governments use deficit spending to stimulate the economy when
private spending proved inefficient.
III. Still struggling with attacks on the ND, Roosevelt decided to purge some of his most conservative
opponents from the democratic party as the 1938 election approached. In the spring primaries he
campaigned against members of his own party who had been hostile to ND initiatives.
A. The effort failed and widened the liberal-conservative rift in the Democratic party.
B. In the election of 1938, Republicans capitalized on the Roosevelt recession and the Court-packing
backlash.
IV. By 1938 the ND had basically run out of steam. For 6 years Roosevelt had inspired confidence that
hard times could be overcome, skillfully balancing demands for more government programs with his
own assessment of what was politically feasible.
A. The president always set clear limits on how far he was willing to go. His instincts were basically
conservative; he wanted to save only the capitalist economic system by reforming it.
B. This new activism was a major step beyond the informal and one-sided business-government
partnership of the previous decade, but only because the emergency of the depression pushed
Roosevelt in that direction.
C. Roosevelt won a third term primarily because of WWII, making Americans unwilling to risk a
change in leadership.
The New Deal's Impact on American Society
I. The ND set in motion dramatic growth in the federal bureaucracy and opened unprecedented
opportunities for new constituencies to participate in public life. Its programs and priorities had an
enormous impact on the public landscape and the arts, and it laid the groundwork for the welfare
system that lasted until the 1990s. its main legacy was an expanded federal presence in the economy
and in the lives of ordinary citizens.
New Deal Constituencies and the Broker State
I. The New Deal accelerated the expansion of the federal bureaucracy that had been under way since the
turn of the century. Power was increasingly centered in the nation's capital, not in the states.
II. The new bureaucrats administered federal budgets of unprecedented size. With the increase in federal
programs to fight the depression, federal expenditures grew steadily.
A. Government spending outstripped receipts throughout this period, producing yearly deficits of
about $3 billion.
III. The beginnings of big government and bureaucracy are often associated with the Roosevelt years, but
many of the problems commonly ascribed to the ND belong to later eras. The real step toward
expanded government spending came during WWII, not during the depression.
IV. The growth of the federal government increased the potential impact of its decisions on various
constituencies.
A. The ND included a broader spectrum of the population in the political process, especially those
people who organized themselves into pressure groups.
B. During the 1930s the federal government operated as a broker state—as a mediator between
contending groups seeking power and influence.
C. Democrats realized the importance of satisfying certain blocs of voters in order to cement their
allegiance to the party. Even before the depression, they had begun to build a coalition based on
urban political machines and white ethnic voters. In the 1930s, organized labor, women, African
Americans, and other groups joined that coalition, receiving more attention from the Democrats
and the federal government they controlled.
I. During the 1930s, labor relations became a legitimate arena for federal action and intervention, and
organized labor claimed a place in national political life.
A. Labor's dramatic growth in the 1930s was one of the most important social and economic changes
of the decade, an enormous contrast to its demoralized state at the end of the 1920s.
B. Several factors encouraged the growth of the labor movement: the inadequacy of welfare
capitalism in the face of the depression, ND legislation such as the Wagner Act, the rise of the
Congress of Industrial Organizations, and the growing militancy of rank-and-file workers.
C. Organized won the battle not only for union recognition but also for higher wages, seniority
systems, and grievance procedures.
II. The CIO served as the cutting edge of the union movement by promoting industrial unionism, by
organizing all the workers in an industry, both skilled and unskilled, into a single union.
A. The CIO scored its first major victory in the automobile industry. They staged a sit-down strike at
General Motors, living there until management agreed to bargain collectively. They lived in the
factory for 44 days before General Motors recognized the United Automobile Workers.
B. The CIO soon won another major victory at the US Steel Corporation. However, their victory was
not entirely complete. A group of companies known as "little steel" chose not to follow the lead of
US Steel in making peace with the CIO, causing steelworkers to strike the Republic Steel
Corporation plant in Chicago.
C. On May 31, 1937, strikers and their families gathered for a holiday picnic and rally outside the
plant's gates. Tension mounted, rocks were thrown, and police fired into the crowd, killing 10
protestors.
III. The 1930s constituted one of the most active periods of labor solidarity in American history.
A. The sit-down tactic spread rapidly.
B. Large numbers of middle-class Americans felt alienated by sit-down strikes, which they
considered strikes of private property. the Supreme Court agreed and in 1939 upheld a law that
banned the practice.
IV. The CIO attracted new groups to the union movement. Mexican Americans and blacks found the CIO's
commitment to racial justice a strong contrast to the AFL's long-established pattern of exclusion and
segregation.
A. Women participated in major CIO strikes and served as union organizers, especially in textile
organizing drives in the South.
B. Few blacks, Mexican Americans, or women held leadership positions.
V. Women found other ways to participate in the labor movement, often supplying food and first aid
during strikes. Wearing distinctive red berets and armbands, they picketed, demonstrated, and broke
windows to disperse tear gas.
VI. Labor's new volatility spilled over into political action. The AFL had always stood aloof from partisan
politics, but the CIO quickly allied itself with the Democratic Party. Labor also provided one of the
few solid lobbies with behind Roosevelt's plan to reorganize the Supreme Court.
A. Yet despite the breakthroughs of the ND, the labor movement never developed into the dominant
force in American life that had seemed possible in the late 1930s. Roosevelt never made the
growth of the labor movement a high priority, and many workers remained indifferent or hostile to
unionization.
B. Although the Wagner Act guaranteed unions a permanent place in American industrial relations, it
did not revolutionize working conditions.
C. The right to collective bargaining granted labor a measure of legitimacy, but it did not redistribute
power in American industry. Management even found that unions could be a valuable buffer
against rank-and-file militancy.
D. New Deal social welfare programs also diffused some of the pre-1937 radical spirit by channeling
economic benefits to workers whether they belonged to unions or not.
Women and the New Deal
I. In the experimental climate of the ND unprecedented numbers of women were offered positions in the
Roosevelt administration, both as policy makers and as middle-level bureaucrats. Many of these
women were close friends as well as professional colleagues and cooperated in an informal network to
advance feminist reform causes.
II. Eleanor Roosevelt exemplified the growing prominence of women in public life. In the 1920s she had
worked closely with other reformers to increase women's clout in political parties, labor unions, and
education.
A. Eleanor Roosevelt served as the conscience of the ND.
III. Although FDR's expansion of the personalized presidency had roots in the administrations of Theodore
Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, the nation had never seen a first lady like Eleanor Roosevelt.
A. Despite the vocal support of prominent women and the female political network, grave flaws still
marred the treatment of women in ND programs.
B. NRA codes set a lower minimum wage for women. ND agencies such as the Civil Works
Administration and the Public Works Administration gave jobs almost exclusively to men, mainly
because construction work was considered unsuitable for women. The Social Security and the Fair
Labor Standards Acts did not cover major arenas of traditional employment for women.
IV. Women fared somewhat better under the Works Progress Administration.
A. The Women's and Professional Projects Division of the WPA created hundreds of programs to put
women to work, although these job assignments tended to reinforce gender and racial attitudes.
B. For the most part, progress for women did not come from specific attempts to single them out as a
group but occurred as part of a broader effort to improve the economic security of all Americans.
Blacks and the New Deal
I. Just as the ND did not seriously challenge gender inequalities, it did little in the battle against racial
discrimination. In the 1930s, the vast majority of the American people did not regard civil rights as a
legitimate area for federal intervention.
A. Many ND programs reflected prevailing racist attitudes. CCC camps segregated blacks, and many
NRA codes did not protect black workers.
B. FDR refused to support legislation making lynching a federal crime, claiming that it would
antagonize southern members of Congress whose support he needed to pass ND measures.
II. Blacks did receive enormous benefits from ND relief programs directed toward poor Americans,
regardless of race or ethnicity. Blacks made up to 18% of the WPA's recipients although they were only
10% of the population.
A. Public works projects channeled funds into black communities.
B. The Resettlement Administration—established in 1935 to aid in the resettlement of sharecroppers
and tenant farmers onto more productive land by helping small farmers in the South—fought for
the rights of tenant farmers in the South until angry southerners in Congress cut its appropriation.
C. Many blacks reasoned that the tangible aid coming from Washington outweighed discrimination
that marred many federal programs.
III. African Americans were also pleased to see blacks appointed to federal office.
IV. Help from the WPA and other ND programs and a belief that the White House—at least Eleanor
Roosevelt—cared about their plight caused a dramatic change in blacks' voting behavior.
A. Since the Civil War blacks had voted republican, a loyalty resulting from Abraham Lincoln's
freeing of the slaves and radical Reconstruction, as well as the Democratic Party's associations
with the KKK.
B. Because of the harshness of the depression, national politics assumed a new relevance for black
Americans outside the South.
C. In Harlem, where relief dollars increased dramatically, the tide turned Democratic.
Mexican Americans and the New Deal
I. The election of FDR had an immediate effect on Mexican American communities demoralized by the
depression and the deportations of the Hoover years.
A. In cities such as LA and El Paso, Mexican Americans found it easier to qualify for relief under ND
guidelines, and there was more relief to go around.
B. Even though the ND guidelines prohibited discrimination on the basis of immigrant's legal status,
the new climate encouraged a marked rise in requests for nationalization papers, the first step
towards citizenship.
C. Inspired by ND rhetoric about economic recovery and social progress through cooperation,
Mexican Americans increasingly identified their future with the US, not Mexico. This shift was
especially evident among members of Bert Corona's "Mexican American generation"—the
American-born children of Mexican immigrants who filled the leadership vacuum created by the
deportations in the early 1930s.
D. Mexican Americans supported and benefited from the ND's labor policies, such as Section 7(a) of
the NIRA and the Wagner Act, which fostered an upsurge in labor organizing. For many Mexican
Americans, joining the CIO was an important step in becoming an American.
II. Mexican Americans felt a personal connection to President Roosevelt, and participating in the political
system increasingly became a part of Mexican American life.
A. In 1939 El Congreso Nacional del Pueblo de Habla Espanol, the first national civil rights
conference for Spanish-speaking people, called on its members to become American citizens and
vote.
B. The ND made it clear that it welcomed the votes of Mexican Americans and considered them to be
an important part of the ND coalition. This politicalization was well under way before WWII, and
it provided additional spurs to political activism.
Native Americans and the New Deal
I. The ND's impact on other groups and communities often depended on whether sympathetic
government administrators in Washington undertook to promote their interests.
A. Native Americans were of the nation's most disadvantaged and powerless minorities. Concerned
ND administrators tried to correct some of those inequalities.
B. The Indian Section of the Civilian Conservation Corps brought needed money and projects to
reservations throughout the west. Indians also received benefits from FERA and CWA work relief
programs.
II. The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, sometimes called the Indian New Deal, reversed the Dawes
Severalty Act of 1887 by promoting more extensive self-government through tribal councils and
constitutions.
A. The government also abandoned the attempt to force native Americans to assimilate into
mainstream society in favor of promoting cultural pluralism.
B. The ND pledged to help preserve Indian languages, arts, and traditions. The problems of native
Americans were so severe, however, that these changes in federal policy did little to improve their
lives or reinvigorate tribal communities.
The New Deal and the Land
I. Concern with the land was one of the most dominant motifs of the ND, and the shaping of the public
landscape is among its most visible legacies. Roosevelt brought to the presidency a love of forestry and
a conservation ethic nurtured from childhood.
A. The expansion of federal responsibilities in the 1930s, especially the need to put to unemployed to
work on public projects, created a climate conductive to action, as did public concern heightened
by dramatic images of the drought and devastation of the Dust Bowl.
B. The resulting national resources policy stressed scientific management of the land, conservation
instead of commercial development, and the aggressive use of public authority to safeguard both
private and public holdings.
II. The most extensive ND environmental undertaking was the Tennessee Valley Authority.
A. During the 1920s progressives pushed for a public corporation to control flooding and to create a
cheap source of electric power on the TN River, but utility companies blocked the project.
B. In 1933 the Tennessee Valley Authority won approval to develop the region's resources under
public control.
C. The TVA integrated flood control, reforestation, and agricultural and industrial development,
including the production of chemical fertilizers. A hydroelectric grid provided inexpensive power
for the valley's residents.
D. The TN Valley became one of the most popular destinations for visitors to the US.
III. The Dust Bowl helped to focus attention on land management and ecological balance as well.
A. Agents from the Soil Conservation Service in the Department of Agriculture taught farmers the
proper technique for tilling hillsides. Government agronomists also tried to remove marginally
productive land from cultivation and prevent soil erosion through better agricultural practices.
B. One of their most widely publicized programs was the creation of the Shelterbelts, which involved
planting a line of 220 million trees running along the 99th meridian. Planted as a windbreak, the
trees also prevented soil erosion.
IV. Sometimes political reality dictated specific legislation affecting the environment, such as the Soil
Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936, which filled the void created when the Supreme
Court ruled the Agricultural Adjustment Act unconstitutional.
A. Under the new act, farmers received payments for cutting back the commercial production of
crops such as wheat and cotton, which depleted the soil, and planting instead soil-building grasses
and legumes.
B. Wheat and cotton were major surplus commodities, and the law provided a way to cut production
as well as encourage soil conservation.
C. The Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 continued the policy of price supports and payments to
farmers to limit production and established soil conservation as a permanent program.
V. Another priority of the Roosevelt administration was helping rural Americans stay on the land. The
Rural Electrification Administration brought power to farms in an attempt to improve the quality and
productivity of rural life.
A. The ND also encouraged urban dwellers to return to rural areas. This "back to the land" motif
animated many ND projects, especially those planned by the Resettlement Administration under
the direction of Rexford Tugwell.
B. Planned cooperative communities in rural areas and the "Greenbelt" residential towns became
VI. Although the TVA, Shelterbelts, and Greenbelt towns were primarily environmental programs, they
also put large numbers of the unemployed to work.
A. The Civilian Conservation Corps—called the Tree Army—planted 2 billion trees by 1941. Not
only was this sound conservation, but it gave 2.5 million CCC workers jobs.
B. ND building jobs shared the ND ethos of leisure and recreation coexisting with conservation.
VII. Although the ND was ahead of its time in its attention to conservation, its legacy to later environmental
movements is mixed. Many of the tactics used in ND projects are now considered too intrusive.
The New Deal and the Arts
I. In the arts, the depression had dried up traditional sources of private patronage, and like most
Americans, creative artists had nowhere to turn except Washington.
A. The WPA project known as "Federal One" put unemployed artists, actors, and writers to work, but
its spirit and purpose extended far beyond relief. ND administrators wanted to redefine the
relationship between artists and the community so that art would no longer be the province of the
elite.
II. The Federal Art Project gave work to many of the 20th century's leading painters, muralists, and
sculptors at a point in their careers when the lack of private patronage might have prevented them from
continuing their artistic production.
A. The FAP commissioned murals for public buildings and post offices across the country.
III. The Federal Music Project employed 15,000 musicians under the direction of Nicholas Sokoloff.
Under this project, government-sponsored orchestras toured the country, presenting free concerts of
classical and popular music.
A. The Music Project emphasized American themes.
IV. The Federal Writers' Project produced more than 1000 publications and fostered the careers of many
young writers. It collected oral histories of Americans from many walks of life. Its most ambitious
project was a set of state guidebooks.
A. Combining tourism, folklore, and history, the guides reflected the resurgence in everything
American.
V. Of all the ND arts programs, the Federal Theatre Project was the most ambitious. The Theatre Project
reached an audience of 25-30 million.
A. The leftist leanings of many actors and productions left the FTP vulnerable to conservative attack.
VI. The WPA arts projects were influenced by a broad artistic trend known as the documentary impulse.
Combining social relevance with American themes, this approach—which presented actual facts and
events in a way that aroused the interests and emotions of the audience—characterized artistic
expression in the 1930s.
A. The documentary influenced practically every aspect of American culture.
B. The ND institutionalized this trend by sending investigators into the field to report on conditions
VII. The federal government played a leading role in compiling the photographic record of the 1930s. the
Historical Section of the Resettlement Administration had a mandate to document and photograph the
American scene for the government.
A. Through their images of sharecroppers, the Dust Bowl migrants, and the urban homeless,
photographers permanently shaped the popular image of the GD.
The Legacies of the New Deal
I. The ND set in motion far-reaching changes, notably the growth of a modern state of significant size.
For the first time people experienced the federal government as a concrete part of everyday life.
A. The government had made a commitment to intervene in the economy when the private sector
could not guarantee economic stability. New legislation regulated the stock market, reformed the
Federal Reserve System by placing more power in the hands of Washington policy makers, and
brought many practices of modern corporate life under federal regulation.
B. The ND thus continued and accelerated the pattern begun during the Progressive Era of using
federal regulation to bring order and regulation to economic life.
II. The ND also laid the foundations of America's welfare state—the federal government's acceptance of
primary responsibility for the individual and collective welfare of the people.
A. Although the ND offered more benefits to American citizens than they had ever received before,
its safety net held many holes, especially in comparison with the systems in Western Europe.
B. Another serious defect of the emerging welfare system was its failure to reach a significant
minority of American workers. Since state governments administered the programs, benefits
varied widely.
C. The ND recognized that poverty was a structural economic problem, not a matter of personal
failure. But the ND reformers assumed that once the depression was over, full employment and an
active economy would take care of welfare needs, and poverty would wither away.
III. The Democratic Party courted the allegiance of citizens who benefited from ND programs. Organized
labor allied itself with the administration that had made it a legitimate force in modern industrial life.
Blacks voted democratic in direct relation to the economic benefits that poured into their communities.
A. The unemployed also looked kindly on the Roosevelt administration.
B. Roosevelt's charismatic personality and the dispersal of ND benefits to families throughout the
social structure brought middle-class voters into the Democratic fold.
C. The ND thus completed the transformation of the Democratic Party that had begun in the 1920s
toward a coalition that reflected the interests of ethnic groups, city dwellers, organized labor,
blacks, and a broad cross-section of the middle class.
IV. Yet even in the 1930s the ND contained potentially fatal contradictions, mainly involving the issue of
race. Because Roosevelt depended on the support of southern white Democrats to pass ND legislation,
he was unwilling to challenge the economic and political marginalization of blacks in the south.
A. At the same time, ND programs were changing the face of southern agriculture by undermining
the sharecropper and tenant farming systems and encouraging the migration of southern blacks to
northern and eastern cities.
America and an Insecure World Peace
I. Throughout the 1930s much of FDR's, and the country's, attention was focused on the domestic crisis,
but international events did not stand still. The rise of fascism in Europe and Asia in the 1930s
threatened the fragile world peace that had prevailed since the end of WWI.
A. When the League of Nations proved too weak to deal with threats to world peace, Roosevelt
foresaw the possibility of America's participation in another war but bowed to the strong
isolationist sentiment that predominated in the country.
Depression Diplomacy
I. During the early years of the ND, America's involvement in international affairs, especially in Europe,
remained limited. Roosevelt put the national interest first, reasoning that only when the US regained a
stable economy could it act as an effective international leader.
A. Roosevelt recognized the Soviet Union in 1933.
The Good Neighbor Policy
I. A significant development closer to home was the Good Neighbor Policy, under which the US
voluntarily renounced the use of military force and armed intervention in the western hemisphere.
A. At the core of this policy was the recognition that the friendship of Latin American countries was
essential to the security of the US and that to win that trust the US had to develop more equal
partnership with its neighbors.
B. In 1934 Congress repealed the Platt Amendment, a relic of the Spanish-American War, which had
asserted the right of the US to intervene in Cuba's internal affairs.
C. Indicating the limits of the Good Neighbor Policy, the US Navy kept a major base at Cuba's
Guantanamo Bay and continued to meddle in Cuban politics. And in numerous Latin American
countries, US diplomats frequently resorted to economic pressure to solidify the influence of the
US and benefit its multinational corporations.
Debates Over Isolationism
I. An internationalist at heart, FDR wanted the US to play a prominent role in the international economic
and political system. But FDR was hampered by the isolationism that had been building in both
Congress and the nation since 1920s, a product of growing disillusionment with American participation
in WWI.
A. In 1934 Gerald Nye began a congressional investigation into the profits of munitions makers
during WWI, which then expanded into a wide investigation of the influence of economic interests
on America's decision to declare war. The committee concluded that war profiteers had
maneuvered the nation into war for financial gain.
II. Most of the committee's charges were dubious and simplistic, but they gave momentum to the
isolationist movement and contributed to the passage of the Neutrality Act of 1935.
A. Explicitly designed to prevent a recurrence of the events that had pulled the US into WWI, the act
imposed an embargo on trading arms with countries at war and declared that American citizens
traveling on the ships of belligerent nations did so at their own risk.
B. In 1936 congress expanded on the Neutrality Act to ban loans to belligerents, and in 1937 it
adopted a "cash and carry" provision: if a country at war wanted to purchase nonmilitary goods
from the US, it had to pay for them in cash and pick them up in its own ships.
III. In the same year Congress explicitly reinforced earlier bans on sales of arms to Spain, where a bloody
civil war had erupted in 1936.
A. Many American activists and intellectuals expressed shock at the policy of nonintervention. The
Spanish Civil War was one of the most vital issues of their generation.
B. 3,200 American men and women volunteered to fight on the Loyalist side. Calling themselves the
Abraham Lincoln Brigade, they formed part of an international force of soldiers, ambulance
drivers, and support personnel.
Aggression and Appeasement
I. The Spanish Civil War was just one of the several world crises that challenged the neutrality policy of
the US during the 1930s. even more threatening were aggressive actions by Germany, Italy, and Japan,
all determined to expand their borders and widen their influence.
The Rise of Hitler
I. Germany presented the gravest threat to the world order in the 1930s. the German Weimar Republic of
the 1920s was fundamentally unstable, saddled with huge reparations payments and national passions
inflamed by the guilt clause of the Treaty of Versailles.
A. Runaway inflation, fear of communism, labor unrest, and rising unemployment fueled the rise of
Hitler and the National Socialist Party.
B. In 1933 Hitler established the first concentration camp at Dachau in southeast Germany and
opened a campaign of persecution against the Jews.
II. As early as 1936 Roosevelt had foreseen the possibility of US participation in another European war,
but he was determined to stay in line with public opinion. But in Oct 1937 Roosevelt seemed to take a
small step away from isolationism when he denounced the "present reign of terror and international
lawlessness" and called on peace-loving nations to oppose such aggressive actions through
"quarantine."
A. Roosevelt's statement reflected rhetorical opposition to militarism more than a specific call for
collective security.
The Popular Front
I. Fearful of a world war set in motion by fascist aggression, the Soviet Union attempted to mobilize
liberals in democratic countries into what it called a "popular front." Communist parties welcomed the
cooperation of any group concerned about the threat of fascism to civil rights, organized labor, and
world peace.
A. The popular front coincided with the period of the Communist Party's greatest appeal in America.
The Failure of Appeasement
I. With the signing of the Nazi-Soviet pact, the world stood on the brink of war. Although most
Americans hoped the US would remain aloof from the coming European conflict, many began to
realize that the nation faced a greater enemy than the economic problems that had gripped it for the
past decade.
Congress Of Industrial Organizations
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Just a short walk from the centre of Falmouth, this detached house is close to beaches, pubs, a marina and Pendennis Castle.
Bedroom 1: With kingsize bed and wooden floor.
Bedroom 2: With twin beds and wooden floor.
Living room: With 30" Freeview TV, wooden floor and patio doors leading to balcony.
Gas central heating, electricity, bed linen, towels and Wi-Fi included. Small, enclosed garden with patio and garden furniture. Balcony. Private parking for 2 cars. No smoking. Please note: There are 5 steps to the lawned area in the garden.
Pallendor is a detached, upside-down house, set in a quiet residential area, and is within easy walking distance of the centre of Falmouth, perfect for small families and couples all year round. Close to the National Maritime Museum and Events Square, this property is a great base from which to enjoy the many events that Falmouth holds, including prestigious sailing events, Sea Shanty Week, Falmouth Week and the famous Oyster Festival in October. Falmouth is a vibrant town at any time of the year, with its busy port, marinas and Pendennis Castle, which is perched on the headland overlooking the Fal Estuary towards St Mawes Castle. Both castles were built by Henry VIII and are open daily to the public. The town also offers a wide selection of national and local shops, art galleries and a cinema. Gyllyngvase beach is nearby and is a magnet for families, as well as having a popular beach café and restaurant which is open all year, and Castle beach is perfect for rock pooling.
The area offers beautiful beaches and water sports including scuba diving, kayaking and sailing, as well as attracting walkers as there is easy access to the coastal paths. Birdwatchers and wildlife enthusiasts can visit nearby Swanpool Nature Reserve. Sub-tropical gardens can be found nearby, including Trebah, Glendurgan and Trelissick. The area can also be explored on the water, with a choice of ferry services available, including the St Mawes Ferry, or take a day or evening cruises along the coastline and down the beautiful Helford River. Take a sea safari trip, which offers the experience of close up encounters with basking sharks, dolphins and an abundance of other local wildlife. Beach ¼ mile. Shop and restaurant ¼ mile, pub 500 yards.
A beautiful upside down bungalow, with stunning art everywhere. We were pleasantly surprised at the size of the rooms too, A lot bigger than the photos make it look. We had a wonderful week thankyou.
Great location and once the heating and lighting was put on was quite cosy. Smelt musty but to be expected as not lived in all year round. Mabey some sent sprayers to be installed. Beautiful view am and pm when clear weather from balcony. Glad we were able to have our dog with us as it is probably his last Xmas. We would defiantly stay again if we got another dog.
I had a very enjoyable stay at Pollendor. Howeer, I decided it was too far to drive to Falmouth from Yorkshire so I came by train. My friend came down from London. My friend has been diagnosed with Parkinson's and she chose Pollendor from the list of places advertised. The house itself was very comfortable with a lovely view of the sea. But in order to enjoy such a view we didn't realise that Pollendor was situated on a hill above the town. We managed but a car would have made things easier though I realise that extra holiday traffic in Cornwall is not encourged by those living there. So although it was a very good holiday I can't see myself or my friend coming down to Cornwall again in the foreseeable future.
We had a fabulous time on this beautiful cottage filled with art and a terrific view of the sea from the balcony! It was close to the centre and the beach. Should we come back to Cornwall we would definitely stay there again!
Would have been nice to have obscure windows on bathroom and loo.


Individual differences in smoking reward from de-nicotinized cigarettes.
Most studies of cigarette smoking and smoking cessation have focused on the psychopharmacological effects of nicotine; relatively few have explored the role of sensory aspects of cigarette smoke. Sensory aspects of cigarette smoke play a role in the maintenance of smoking behavior, and may be particularly important for certain smokers. This paper presents the results of a pooled analysis of nine studies conducted in our laboratory, in order to explore the influence of demographic and smoking-related variables on ratings of de-nicotinized as compared to nicotine-containing cigarettes. A major finding of this analysis is that ratings of smoking derived from de-nicotinized, but not nicotine-containing, cigarettes appear to vary with level of tobacco dependence, suggesting that sensory factors may be more important to highly dependent, as compared to less-dependent, smokers. The implications of these findings for smoking cessation treatment and for future research are discussed.


text:
TWC - BLOG
Italian Watches: 15 Italian Watch Brands That Shou
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An Extensive Review of the Dive-Worthy Certina DS
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An Extensive Review of the Dive-Worthy Certina DS PH200M
Jan 10, 2022 arlan panlican
Dive watches are, without a doubt, some of the most sought-after watches in the market. Those who are less familiar with the watch community might think that owning a good dive watch is not that important if you are not into diving or swimming. However, what they do not know is that a dive watch is not simply used for diving. Instead, they are also highly valued by watch enthusiasts and collectors because of their luxurious aesthetics and historical value.
Take the Rolex Submariner, for example. The most famous dive watch in the world, this Rolex watch has an iconic, trend-setting look and a very rich history, which have contributed to its undying popularity amongst both older and younger generations of watch fans. Since the rise of the Rolex Submariner, dive watches have gained a certain reputation for being symbols of luxury in the watchmaking world. As such, over the years, every watch brand of note has developed their own unique take on the dive watch. Certina, of course, has its own version: the Certina DS PH200M.
Like the Rolex Submariner, the Certina DS PH200M maintains a certain reputation, capitalising on its relatively long heritage too. As a heritage dive watch, the Certina DS PH200M is not quite as high-functioning as some other dive watches in the market, such as the Rolex Sea-Dweller. Nevertheless, with its strength, versatility, and historical value, this is definitely a watch that any Certina fan should check out. Without further ado, let us take a closer look at everything the Certina DS PH200M has to offer.
Image courtesy of Certina
Right off the bat, the Certina DS PH200M distinguishes itself by not just being a rehash of the Rolex Submariner, unlike most other dive watches in the watchmaking world. Certina effortlessly establishes its originality, opting to give the DS PH200M its own sportier, more casual style instead of just being a Submariner lookalike. As a result, the Certina DS PH200M does not look quite as luxurious as some other dive watches. However, its hefty case, iconic diver bezel, and straightforward dial all provide top-notch clarity and ease of use to the wearer.
Case, Caseback, and Crown
The Certina DS PH200M comes in a 42.8mm case made of sturdy 316L stainless steel that has a satin finish. This is a standard size for a watch, so it can fit comfortably on wrists of any sizes. However, the DS PH200M also comes with long, relatively thick stainless steel lugs, which gives the watch the impression of being bigger and bulkier than it actually is.
On the right side of the watch, you can find an unprotected, protruding crown. In addition to how long it is, this crown comes with deeply grooved edges, which gives wearers with a better grip so they can turn and adjust the crown more easily, even when dressed in a diving suit. This crown is securely screwed-in, to protect the interior of the watch from any external elements like moisture or dust. In addition, as its name suggests, the Certina DS PH200M has a water resistance rating of 200 metres. This is perfect for all sorts of water activities, including recreational diving and swimming.
Fitted on top of the case is a unidirectional bezel that comes in stainless steel. It has a scratch-resistant black aluminium bezel that is marked with an elapsed time scale in bold white indicators, which allows divers to quickly and easily keep track of how much time they spend underwater. At 12 o'clock, there is also a luminous pip, which gives wearers greater legibility when they are looking at their watch underwater.
On the underside of the Certina DS PH200M, you can also find a solid stainless steel caseback. Like the crown, this caseback is tightly screwed down to allow for further protection from any water droplets. The caseback is engraved with a large image of a turtle, an emblem that symbolises the Certina DS watch collection. This turtle is the perfect embodiment of what the DS PH200M is supposed to be — it reinforces Certina's motto of crafting highly durable watches that are mobile and extremely functional underwater.
Dive watches typically have very well-organised, clean dials, since divers need to be able to tell the time with just a glance while they are underwater, or they risk spending too much time submerged, which can be dangerous. In addition, having an easy-to-read dial will surely help you achieve your tasks quickly and efficiently. In keeping with that, the Certina DS PH200M's dial has a simple, straightforward layout that is perfect for those constantly on the run.
This watch comes with a sleek jet-black dial. Two straight red lines run through the centre of the dial, almost like a target board, adding a bit of character to this otherwise monochrome watch face. It is also adorned with a minute track and larger rectangular hour indices, both in white to provide a better, more readable contrast against the black dial. The sword-shaped hour and minute hands and the vibrant red seconds hand are all coated in Super-LumiNova for optimal legibility in the dark or underwater. In addition, a date window with black text and a white background can be found at the standard 3 o'clock position.
The Certina DS PH200M is driven by the famous Powermatic 80 movement. This is an automatic calibre manufactured by Tissot. It offers a stunning 80-hour power reserve that ensures your watch will not be at risk of dying, no matter where you are. It has a tried-and-tested accuracy rate of +/- 2 seconds per day, which allows you to keep very accurate time with the Certina DS PH200M.
As of the moment, there are three available variations of bracelets for the Certina DS PH200M. The first one is the NATO strap which gives the watch a more casual look. The second is the steel pressed mesh to provide a more classy design. And lastly, a leather strap is also available for those who prefer the classics. All three of these straps provide a certain degree of style which makes the Certina DS PH200M versatile in terms of fashion as well as usage.
Historical Value: the Double Security Concept
Certina has been in the watchmaking business since 1888. Much like Casio, Certina's craft revolves more around the impressive durability of their watches rather than flamboyant or sophisticated designs. Certina manages to pull this off with, in particular, its famous Double Security concept.
The Double Security concept, otherwise known as Double Safety, is integrated into every watch from the Certina DS collection. Created in 1959 and remade in 2019, the 62-year old Double Security concept is a mainstay in Certina. It guarantees that the watches in the DS range are all exceptionally durable watches that can survive virtually any environment. Of course, the Certina DS PH200M also continues the brand's long tradition of highly resilient Double Security watches.
One outstanding innovation that is part of Certina's Double Security is the encasement of its movements in a shock-absorbent ring, made of elastic, that looks like an O-ring gasket. This elastic ring absorbs any kinetic energy produced by vibrations or shocks that the watch experiences so that it will not be damaged by them. It also has a "floating movement concept", in which there is a cushion of air set between the case and the movement so that the movement can move in all directions. Finally, the caseback is made of reinforced stainless steel, which Certina promises is virtually unalterable.
For a highly durable dive watch, the Certina DS PH200M retails at a relatively affordable price. You can get your hands on this piece for just $800 USD. If you are looking for a sporty and reliable dive watch that is under $1,000 USD, then the Certina DS PH200M is an excellent choice.
Alternatives to the Certina DS PH200M
1. Longines HydroConquest Ref. L37813587
For those looking for alternative dive watches, Longines also has an impressive option up its sleeves. The Longines HydroConquest Ref. L37813587 is the perfect example of a stylish dive watch with a classier vibe better suited for dinner parties than the Certina DS PH200M.
The Longines HydroConquest Ref. L37813587 comes in a 41mm chrome steel case with a matching stainless steel bracelet that has exquisite rose gold centre links. This is paired with a striking rose gold bidirectional bezel which has a black elapsed time bezel fitted on top. These rose gold accents, along with the solid rose gold crown, serve to enhance this watch's air of elegance. Unlike the Certina DS PH200M, this watch comes with shapely stainless steel crown guards. Although these crown guards help keep the rose gold crown safe, they are also quite large and can make it a little difficult for wearers to grab and turn the crown.
The dial of this Longines HydroConquest watch is very straightforward. Its jet-black backdrop is adorned with circular hour indices, large rose gold Arabic numeral markers, and a small rectangular date window at 3 o'clock. The hour indices are filled with luminous material, as are the diamond and sword-shaped hands, and these help provide greater legibility when underwater or in poor lighting conditions. Powered by a Longines Calibre L888 automatic movement, this watch comes with a solid 62-hour power reserve.
The Longines HydroConquest Ref. L37813587 also has an excellent depth rating of 300 metres, which is greater than what the Certina DS PH200M offers. You can purchase this dive watch for around $1,699 USD. Although this is considerably more expensive than the Certina DS PH200M, it is still quite affordable compared to other dressy dive pieces like the Rolex Submariner.
2. Seiko Prospex Divers Ref. SBDC101
Another highly accessible alternative to the Certina DS PH200M is the Seiko Prospex Divers Ref. SBDC101. This sturdy, dependable Seiko piece shows off a quintessential dive watch build that promotes both comfort and professionalism.
This Seiko Prospex watch utilises a 40mm stainless steel case paired with a matching three-link bracelet made of the same material. This is contrasted against a sunburst black dial and a classic black unidirectional rotating bezel that is fitted with an elapsed time scale in white markings. On the dial, you can find stocky silver-tone hands and thick rectangular hour indices, all of which are coated with lume, providing superb visibility in the dark. In addition, a date aperture can be found at the standard 3 o'clock position
As a dive watch, this piece has a 200m water resistance capacity, which is more than enough for recreational swims and dives. Retailing at $1,449 USD, the Seiko Prospex Divers Ref. SBDC101 is the cheapest alternative to the Certina DS PH200M on this list.
3. Omega Seamaster Aqua Terra Ref. 220.20.41.21.06.001
For another classy Certina DP PH200M substitute, take a look at the Omega Seamaster Aqua Terra Ref. 220.20.41.21.06.001. Its two-toned colourway gives it a luxurious touch which is perfect for formal events. It also bears a simple and straightforward layout that enhances its versatility, making it a watch virtually anyone can appreciate.
This Omega Seamaster watch comes in a 41mm stainless steel case and a three-link bracelet with stainless steel outer links and rose gold centre links. Unlike most dive watches, it has a fixed bezel, also made out of rose gold, which pairs perfectly with the rose gold crown at 3 o'clock. The black dial of this watch is striking, as it features a teak pattern of uneven horizontal lines, resembling the floorboard of an old sailing boat. The dial is also furnished with triangular hour indices and arrow-shaped hands, both in rose gold, which adds to its elegant vibe. To top it all off, a small date aperture with a black background blends into the dial at 6 o'clock.
The Omega Seamaster Aqua Terra Ref. 220.20.41.21.06.001 is powered by the Omega Calibre 8900. This gives it a solid 60-hour power reserve and a water resistance capacity of 150 metres. You can purchase this luxury dive watch for approximately $7,750 USD.
4. Rolex Submariner Ref. 116610 LN
Last on the list, we have the pioneer of outstanding dive watches, the Rolex Submariner. It is widely regarded as the quintessential dive watch, setting the standard that has yet to be beaten by other luxury brands. By using the blueprint of its predecessor, the Rolex Oyster, the Submariner exemplifies class, elegance, and utility. One model that stands out, in particular, is the Rolex Submariner Ref. 116610 LN, with its top-notch durability and quintessential aesthetics.
This Rolex piece has a 40mm stainless steel case and bracelet, both made out of the brand's proprietary Oystersteel material. In addition, its unidirectional rotating Oystersteel bezel is also fitted with a black Cerachrom insert that is marked with an elapsed time scale, allowing you to accurately monitor the duration of the dive as well as when decompression stops. The watch's stylish black dial complements the bezel perfectly and is adorned with geometric hour markers, a magnified date window at 3 o'clock, and the signature Rolex Mercedes hands.
Most significantly, the Rolex Submariner Ref. 116610 LN is equipped with a water resistance rating of 300m, making it perfect for extreme water sports like high impact diving or deepsea skin diving. With its renowned heritage and excellent features, it is no surprise that this dive watch carries a fairly expensive price tag of around $15,349 USD. Although it might not be everyone's first choice when it comes to beginner dive watches, this Submariner piece is definitely an excellent watch investment.
The Certina DS PH200M is an exceptional dive watch that should be considered by both beginners and experienced prominent divers. Its sporty design and superb durability make this a viable option for those seeking a reliable dive watch that can last them a long time. It might not quite reach the Submariner's standards in terms of value and history, but the Certina DS PH200M can certainly do the job without a hitch. Even better, you would not have to spend a fortune to get this highly versatile and dependable Certina dive watch.
Images courtesy of The Watch Company, unless stated otherwise.Featured image courtesy of Certina.
If you are still looking for the right dive watch, have a look at our in-depth review of the iconic Rolex Bluesy Ref. 126613.
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Home / Business / Resident Evil 2 impresses at retail, biggest Capcom launch since Resi VII
Resident Evil 2 impresses at retail, biggest Capcom launch since Resi VII
Marie Dealessandri 28th January 2019	Business
The remake of 1998's Resident Evil 2 entered the UK weekly charts directly at No.1, to very healthy sales. Launch sales were down 18 per cent compared to 2017's Resident Evil VII but that would largely be down to the shift to digital sales.
Resident Evil 2 is the biggest launch of the year so far, though that'll be put to the test as soon as Anthem releases on February 22nd. It is also Capcom's biggest launch since Resident Evil VII. That includes beating Monster Hunter World's launch then, with Resident Evil 2 shifting 28 per cent more copies that the 2018 hit did at launch.
Meanwhile, the rest of the charts were relatively uneventful. Ace Combat 7: Skies Unknown, which debuted at No.1 last week, had a good second week, with sales only being down 51 per cent week-on-week. It managed to remain in the Top Ten, at No.7.
Elsewhere, Just Cause 4 benefitted from a price cut and re-entered the charts at No.22 with a 93 per cent increase in sales. Also re-entering the Top 40 were Shadow of the Tomb Raider (No.34) following a 90 per cent boost in sales week-on-week, and Astro Bot Rescue Mission (No.38), with a 130 per cent increase in sales.
Here's the Top Ten for the week ending January 26th (data courtesy of GfK/Ukie):
To keep an eye on what's releasing when, don't forget to take a look at our release schedule, updated weekly.
Tags charts GfK chart-track MCV Newsletter Lead Resident Evil 2 Resident Evil 2 Remake UK charts weekly charts
About Marie Dealessandri
Marie Dealessandri is MCV's senior staff writer, having joined the publication during its days as a weekly magazine. After testing the waters of the film industry in France and being a radio host and reporter in Canada, she settled for the games industry in London in 2015. She can be found (very) occasionally tweeting @mariedeal, usually on a loop about Baldur's Gate, Hollow Knight and the Dead Cells soundtrack.
@mariedeal
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Out of the home, out of this world: life on the commercial frontier of VR


The image below is an Plans for Adding A Room to My House example that might inspire you in planning your dream home.
Estimate the quantity of coaxial cable you'll need for each room. Not to mention, an extra room will add until the value of your home, in case you choose to sell it in the not too distant future eventually. Regardless of what excess items which you have, you can undoubtedly convert another room into a storage room. Lots of people in the USA find they wind up with more room than they need in their houses. Some dining rooms are excessively small while others are overly significant. A rec room isn't only for the kids anymore and adding one to your home will offer you an ideal location for entertaining.
Just don't forget to create the room sound-proof. A room above a garage may look the same inside, but it's unlike most places in the remainder of the home. Depends on what you are looking for and what room you need. Imagine different gadgets you could add to the room. If you intend to have a dedicated room for your recreational pursuits or a specialized room for storage, then it's a suitable time to identify it with the further room accessible.
You'll want to give room to grow, however, so aim for adding enough storage choices for a 50 percent increase to your present-day supply inventory. The laundry room is among the more neglected regions of the home. Just make sure that the room stays open in case you have pets in here, so you are in a position to check in on them a few times each day. Create scaled cutouts of all the things you want inside the room, including seating, dressers and any vanities. If you wish to have people over but don't have room for a whole lot of accommodation, it is possible to always do away with a coffee table and elect for a couple of ottomans that could double as a location for guests to sit.
Every room requires a focal point, and the bedroom is the same. Looking through the glossy pages of a home decorating magazine can force you to wonder if you were able to ever set a room together in addition to an expert designer. Options You might decide to put in a bathroom or possibly a little kitchen in the guesthouse. Extending the kitchen into the side return and to the complete width of the remaining portion of the house means you gain valuable space and may also enhance the layout.
If you've been contemplating adding a room to your property or remodeling a present space, you can want to think about a standalone building instead. Like many regions of life, including a room to your residence is among the biggest when someone will have their hand out for money. In some instances, renting out a room in your home can be better than leasing the whole property. Including a sunroom to your house can be a fantastic way to add additional space to the interior, but add an unusual appearance to the exterior also.
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La Mostra de Venise 2007, la  de la Mostra, a eu lieu du 29 août au .

Jury
 Zhang Yimou (président) : réalisateur
 Catherine Breillat : réalisatrice et scénariste
 Jane Campion : réalisatrice
 Emanuele Crialese : réalisateur
 Alejandro González Iñárritu : réalisateur
 Ferzan Özpetek : réalisateur -
 Paul Verhoeven  : réalisateur

Sélection

En compétition

Hors compétition
 Nocturna, la nuit magique de Víctor Maldonado et Adrià García (France/Espagne)
 Tiantang kou (Blood Brothers) d'Alexi Tan (Taïwan/Chine/Hong Kong) avec Daniel Wu, Zhang Zhen

Horizons
 Searchers 2.0 d'Alex Cox (USA) avec Del Zamora, Jaclyn Jonet, Ed Pansullo

Journées des auteurs
 Freischwimmer (Head Under Water) de Andreas Kleinert (Allemagne) avec Frederick Lau, August Diehl
 The Speed of Life d'Ed Radtke (USA) avec Noah Fleiss, Matthew Davis

internationale de la critique
 24 Mesures de Jalil Lespert (France) avec Benoît Magimel, Lubna Azabal, Sami Bouajila

Palmarès

Prix artistiques
 Lion d'or pour le meilleur film : Lust, Caution (色、戒, Sè, jiè) d'Ang Lee
 Grand prix du jury : (ex-æquo)
 La Graine et le Mulet d'Abdellatif Kechiche
 I'm Not There de Todd Haynes
 Lion d'argent pour le meilleur réalisateur : Brian De Palma pour Redacted
 Prix Osella pour le meilleur scénario : Paul Laverty pour It's a Free World!
 Prix Osella pour la meilleure contribution technique : Rodrigo Prieto pour Lust, Caution (色、戒, Sè, jiè)
 Coupe Volpi pour la meilleure interprétation masculine : Brad Pitt pour L'Assassinat de Jesse James par le lâche Robert Ford (The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford)
 Coupe Volpi pour la meilleure interprétation féminine : Cate Blanchett pour I'm Not There
 Prix Marcello-Mastroianni (jeune acteur ou actrice) : Hafsia Herzi pour La Graine et le Mulet

Prix Horizons
 Prix Horizons pour la fiction : Sügisball (Autumn Ball) de Veiko Õunpuu (Estonie)
 Prix Horizons pour le documentaire : Wuyong (Useless) de Jia Zhangke
 Prix Horizons – Mention spéciale : Death in the Land of Encantos de Lav Diaz (Philippines)

Prix spéciaux
 Prix Robert-Bresson (décerné par l'Église catholique) : Alexandre Sokourov
 Lion d'or pour la carrière :
 Lion d'or d'honneur : Tim Burton
 Lion d'or pour le  à : Bernardo Bertolucci
 Lion spécial pour l'ensemble de l'œuvre : Nikita Mikhalkov
 Lion du futur (prix Luigi-De-Laurentis pour la meilleure première œuvre) : La zona de Rodrigo Plá (Mexique)
 Lion Court Très Court pour le meilleur court métrage : Dog Altogether de Paddy Considine (Royaume-Uni)

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Mostra de Venise

Liens externes
 / Site officiel
  Histoire de la Mostra de 1932 à nos jours
  La Mostra de Venise par année sur l'Internet Movie Database

2007
Venise
2007 en Italie
Septembre 2007
Août 2007

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The game looks like a shooter, and it is in that you are shooting. But the controls are touch based. You need to shoot Hexog at matching Hexog. So, for example, you get a Hexog by touching or tapping it, which then loads the Hexog in the ARC ship you pilot. Then you can fire that Hexog back at its corresponding color.
Enemies can be green, red and blue, each color having different shapes. There's chaining, and it's satisfying to blast through Hexog as they spread through the stage. There have been other matching games, sure, but it's the way that enemies spread in Current that makes the game compelling.
The music is pulsating, and along with the game's retro graphics, the game, while barebones, is easy on the eyes—and ears. Current is impressive, and takes advantage of the iPhone's best features to create a truly interesting game experience. It's the complete package.


text:
What Should Charity Leaders Do To Offset 200m of Lost EU Funding?
The Charity Times reported in June that charity leaders across the UK were seeking urgent meetings with government and 'Leave' campaigners to discuss what will happen to the £200 million a year the sector receives from the European Union, now the country is heading towards Brexit.
In the article, Acevo CEO Asheem Singh was quoted as saying: "The British people have spoken and it is now mission-critical that we come together to ensure a fair outcome for all. Without urgent reform, Brexit will prefigure concrete cuts to community funding. It is time for immediate talks between third sector leaders and the government to ensure this shortfall does not result in immediate and real harm."
News that the charity sector could find a £200 million shortfall in crucial funding from the European Union came days after the fundraising regulator announced plans to introduce a levy on charities who spend over £100,000 a year on fundraising. The new levy is expected to impact on approximately 2,000 charities.
Charity CEOs and fundraising leaders across the UK now face an uncertain future and, with the expectation of rising inflation and tightening household purse strings, are prioritizing initiatives to meet an almost inevitable shortfall in funding.
So what should charity leaders be looking at?
Improving fundraising performance is key to tackling the threat to charity funding. But how can this best be achieved?
If your fundraising strategies and tactics are not data driven then you should instruct your teams to address this now. Not only are top charities leading the way in this area, many are making significant innovations in data-driven fundraising. Your organisation will require data scientists, a healthy dataset of your supporters and the right mix of infrastructure and analytics technologies such as FastStats.
For charities who have already invested in data-driven fundraising, optimization and continuous improvement of your data, processes, models, campaigns and reports will be required to push performance to a higher level.
Improving operational efficiency can help increase net revenues. Reviewing internal processes to identify weaknesses and inefficiencies is an important starting point. But how do you identify weaknesses that are not obvious?
Qbase supported the RNLI in achieving exactly this a few years ago. The restructure at the RNLI was spurred by an unlikely source of change – data. In our work with the RNLI we helped them identify significant inefficiencies in their fundraising and wider charity operations. By working with them to clean their data and develop sophisticated data driven analytical processes, it became apparent that improvements to their operational processes and systems could be achieved. The organisation underwent a significant restructure in 2013 to remove 'siloed' departments and improve resource use across the charity.
Currently our Business Insight team are working on a similar project for another major UK charity, who are taking the next step and introducing automated processes to support their fundraising activity. The implementation of PeopleStage to provide fundraising campaign automation has enabled the charity to increase their productive output without increasing headcount. They are now able to increase fundraising performance without increase operational personnel or investment, which means their net revenues have similarly increased.
Getting funds to the support networks and services that help your beneficiaries is the most fundamental part of running a charity. But when was the last time you
performed a detailed analysis of this 'supply chain'?
Overtime the processes that enable funding to flow to those who need it can become inefficient and costly. Review your processes to see what efficiencies you can gain. New technology is likely to enable you to automate existing processes or help you transform them. Similarly, suppliers, equipment and other associated overheads can be reviewed to identify more cost-effective alternatives.
By helping your funds go further you can meet your responsibilities and obligations to your beneficiaries, but at a lower cost.
All charities are effected by Brexit, EU funding cuts, levies on fundraising activity and the forecast rise in inflation. It is highly likely other charities will
implementing the improvements covered in this article. However, with household tightening purse strings comes increased competition for donations. These improvements alone may not be enough for your charity to weather the storm.
To help your charity's fundraising performance improve during economic hardship, you need to take an innovative approach to data driven fundraising. Your leadership team will need to nurture an environment in which fresh ideas and innovation can thrive. Pushing your charity to a higher level of performance, especially around data driven fundraising, will enable your teams create more engaging campaigns and improve performance.
If you are looking for support for your charity then contact John Sweeney now and he will be happy to take you through what Qbase can offer.


text:
Media Releases »Big Infrastructure Spend in Hammond
Big Infrastructure Spend in Hammond
Member for Hammond Adrian Pederick welcomes tens of millions of dollars of infrastructure spending into Hammond announced in Tuesday's State Budget.
Treasurer Rob Lucas said while delivering the Budget "We're building our economy, roads, schools, a better health system and our regions – and all this activity leads to more South Australian jobs.
Mr Pederick said "The Marshall Liberal Government is delivering on it's 2018 Election commitments with infrastructure projects in Health, Education and Rural Roads".
Some of the highlights of the Budget for Hammond are:
$1.1b over 8 years for Regional Road upgrades and transport infrastructure including $143m for additional overtaking lanes and shoulder sealing including to reinstate speed limits on the Brown's Well and Ngarkat Highways.
$250m Princes Highway upgrade including widening and further overtaking lanes
$14m for road works and infrastructure to support the relocation and rebuild of Thomas Foods near Murray Bridge plus $10m for utilities
Partnering with the Federal Government to provide $15.8m in funding towards a new state-of-the-art Visitor Centre at Monarto Zoo
$7m for Murray Bridge Soldiers Memorial Hospital Emergency Dept including $4m to be spent in 19/20 financial year
New CFS station build for Tailem Bend in 19/20 financial year
$185m over 7 years for capital upgrades to government schools for the transition of Year 7 into high school including $20m capital upgrade for Murray Bridge High School, $5.7m in 19/20 financial year
$80m for High Speed Internet into every government school
$1.8m over 5 years for continuation of waiving of fees for dependents of visa holders to attend government schools in Regional areas
$7.5m over three years for a Red Meat and Wool Growth Program, partner with industry, private sector and universities to: apply innovation in farm practices; support business planning; build industry resilience to biosecurity incidents and adverse events (including drought); improve data based decision making, allowing stock to be electronically tagged and tracked through the supply chain and improving feedback to the grower on animal performance.
$25m for replacement of 1600kms of the ageing Dog Fence
$43m funding package to promote tourism to market Adelaide and our regions to the world
$24m over 5 years for Racing Industry support through infrastructure and for strategic projects
"With finance being so affordable there has never been a better time for this massive infrastructure spend in Hammond and the State".


Highview parking Robin Park, Wigan - Notice cancelled.
Hi all, just returned from working away, to this trio of invoices. What is the best course to take? Today seems to be the last day before legal action? Apparently it was a match day, though it seems the driver wasn't aware.
Jsut bang in the MSE FORUM -> NEWBIES THREAD -> *BLUE* appeal to higview, three times, and you should get a cancellation.
Thanks for the quick reply. Should I email it to their enquiries address or use the appeals page?
You follow exactly how they tell you to appeal, making careful note of any drop down boxes, and if using forms taking screenshotss as you go so you can prove you when and what you submitted.
One is 7 January but the other two are older. Appeal on that one today.
Nosferatu - what's your advice for the other two? And are they allowed to only give a 14 day appeal window?
So sorry Suzuka, I misread the attachment. Completely ignore me and follow Nosferatu's advice, though I'm not sure he's read the attachments correctly either.
Can some of the experts please give your views.
No problem HH . I'll hang on for a while just to clarify the right course of action. I like Highview's style though, nothing whatsoever to differentiate between a matchday/ non matchday. Whoever was driving must have forgot their crystal ball.
The first one fails to comply with the requirements of POFA to be able to hold the keeper liable.
I have just returned from an extended period out of the country and have had sight of your Notice to Keeper xxxxx for vehicle VRM xxxx and the letters that followed.
You have failed to comply with the requirements of Schedule 4 of The Protection Of Freedoms Act 2012 namely, but not limited to, failing to give notice of keeper liability as prescribed by section 9 (2) (f) of the Act. You cannot, therefore, transfer liability for the alleged charge from the driver at the time to me, the keeper.
I do not expect to hear from you again, or your debt collectors, except to confirm that no further action will be taken on this matter and my personal details have been removed from your records.
They are then on warning that it is pointless taking it further and may persuade them that you were not the driver and therefore doubly pointless.
Thank you for that ostell. Which box should I put it in on the appeals page? Or just email it to the address on their page?
I wrote it in the ' further information' field. I have a screenshot of the page, and took a photo for good measure. Thanks for the help everyone, I'll update when I get a response.
If their appeals page lets you appeal for the ones out of time, do so, if not appeal va email or post (first class, free proof of posting Aat the post office) - post is last resort.
For those out of time, see what happens. Its only Highview, they dont do court, and if the signs do not specify WHEN a matchday is, this has already been shown to be too ambiguous to form a binding term.
@Nosferatu It's all the same event.
SO just one appeal. Highview are laughable.
Sorry about that nosferatu. My brain is still in another timezone, should have made it clearer.
Thank you for your help everyone, PCN cancelled.
Brilliant! I honestly thought that this one may have needed a bit more. It just goes to show that the 'sensible' PPCs know when to cut theor losses.
Thanks Cabbyman, I also thought it may have been a bit of a fight. I'm going to take some pics next time there's a home game, to show the complete lack of notification that it is indeed a match day. Hopefully be of use to anyone else falling foul of this.


Saturday's top finishers from the Top of Iowa Conference meet.
FOREST CITY, Iowa – The Top of Iowa Conference held its wrestling tournament on Saturday. Highlighta re available above and below is a list of Saturday's top finishers.


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FANUC America demonstrated flexible robotic painting with its compact and powerful P-40iA paint robot at FABTECH 2018 in Atlanta this past week.
The FANUC P-40iA robot is the latest in a series of painting robots designed and built by FANUC at the company's Rochester Hills, Michigan, headquarters since 1982. The company says the robot is Ideal for a variety of painting and coating applications.
At FABTECH, the P-40iA was equipped with the latest R-30iB Plus Mate controller and demonstrated painting of a metal part using coordinated motion to reach all its surfaces.
Compact arm design that fits in small work areas.
A 1, 300-mm reach and 5-kg payload.
Purged and pressurized arm that is FM and ATEX Class Div. 1 approved; maximizes reliability with FANUC's standard purge module and offers integrated solenoid valves for gun trigger.
Upright, invert, angle or wall mounting accommodates a wide range of work areas.
The latest R-30iB Mate Plus controller features an intuitive iPendant with enhanced screen resolution and more processing capability compared to previous versions. Supports integrated iRVision and PaintTool software.
IP67-compatible rating allows operation in factory environments with dust and oil mist.
Complete paint process control capability.
Offline programming support with FANUC RoboGuide PaintPro simulation software.
FANUC America is a subsidiary of Japan's FANUC Corp. and provides robotics, CNC systems and factory automation. Call 888-FANUC-US (888-326-8287) or visit fanucamerica.com.


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