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Modification of bleached eucalyptus kraft pulp by p-DMA-co-ECH and its application for the removal of acid scarlet G in aqueous solution
Wang, Z., Bo, N., Liu, Y., Yang, G., Lv, G., and Liu, Y. (2013). "Modification of bleached eucalyptus kraft pulp by p-DMA-co-ECH and its application for the removal of acid scarlet G in aqueous solution," BioRes. 8(4), 5184-5201.
Poly-epichlorohydrin-dimethylamine (p-DMA-co-ECH) was synthesized and was used to modify bleached eucalyptus kraft pulp (BEKP). The modified pulp (designated PDMAECH pulp) was characterized by zeta potential, FTIR, NMR, and SEM. Both the PDMAECH pulp and the BEKP were used as adsorbents to remove Acid Scarlet G (ASG) from aqueous solution. The effects of operational parameters on the efficiency of dye removal, including pH, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, and contact time, were investigated. Results showed that modification could change the surface characteristics and effectively enhance the adsorption capacity. The optimum pH for ASG removal with the modified bleached eucalyptus kraft pulp (PDMAECH pulp) was found to be 4.0, and for BEKP it was 2.0. Under the optimized conditions, the maximum capacities for ASG adsorption were also investigated. The adsorption processes of both adsorption reactions were spontaneous and exothermic, and the adsorption capacities decreased with an increase in temperature. Freundlich and Langmuir models were used to analyze the obtained experimental data. The Langmuir model was found to be a better fit for the experimental data for both adsorbents. Kinetic studies showed that the rate of adsorption of ASG on both adsorbents obeyed a pseudo-second-order kinetics model. The desorption process for PDMAECH pulp was also explored.
Zhen Wang,* Nana Bo, Yu Liu, Guihua Yang, Gaojin Lv, and Ying Liu
Keywords: Bleached Eucalyptus kraft pulp; Poly-epichlorohydrin-dimethylamine; Adsorption; Acid Scarlet G
Contact information: Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong Province, China 250353;
* Corresponding author: wangzhenyft@126.com
Azo dyes are extensively used in the textile, paper printing, food, leather, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries (Chang et al. 2001). The discharge of industrial wastewater containing dyes causes serious environmental problems because of their high toxicity and possible accumulation in the environment. The majority of these dyes are synthetic in nature and are usually composed of aromatic rings, which makes them carcinogenic, mutagenic, inert, and non-biodegradable when discharged into waste streams. Therefore, the removal of such colored agents from aqueous effluents is of significant environmental, technical, and commercial importance (Allen et al. 2004).
Adsorption has proved to be an effective process for color removal from dye wastewater. Diverse cellulose-based materials have been found to be effective for the removal of azo dyes from aqueous solution.
Classes of cellulose-based sorbent considered in previous literature have included the biomass of living and dead micro-organisms, agricultural wastes, activated carbons prepared from agricultural waste biomass, composites with chitosan, and biosorbents in general (Hubbe et al. 2012). Among all the adsorbents mentioned above, the most popular adsorbent for the removal of dyes is activated carbon (derived from biomaterials), due to its excellent adsorption ability, but it suffers from three major disadvantages: high cost, difficulties in regeneration, and the loss of adsorption efficiency after regeneration (Srivastava et al. 2007). Meanwhile, most low-cost adsorbents have generally low adsorption capacities and require large amounts of adsorbent. Therefore, there is a need to find absorbents that are new, economical, easily available, and highly effective. Therefore, there is a considerable need for cheap adsorbents.
The effectiveness of microbial decolorization depends on the adaptability and the activity of selected microorganisms. Wide range of microorganisms including bacteria (Beveridge 1999; Saratale et al. 2010), fungi (Levin et al. 2010), yeasts (Aksu and Dönmez 2003), actinomycetes, and algae capable of degrading azo dyes have been reported (Ozer et al. 2006).
There are specific alternative agricultural by-products used intensely as azo dye adsorbents such as peanut hull (Gong et al. 2005; Tanyildizi 2011), coir pith (Namasivayam et al. 2001), bagasse (Valix et al. 2004), bamboo (Mui 2010), rice husk (Han et al. 2008), wood sawdust (Jain and Sikarwar 2008), orange peel (Sivaraj et al. 2001), beech wood sawdust (Dulman and Cucu-Man 2009), and rice husk (Lakshmi et al. 2009). Due to the unique polycationic structure, chitosan has been found to possess high removal capacities for anionic dyes such as acid, reactive, and direct dyes (Annadurai et al. 2008; Crini et al. 2008).
Bleached eucalyptus kraft pulp (designated BEKP) is a common pulp in South America and Southeast Asia and is produced annually in large quantities. As a complex material, BEKP is composed of cellulose, lignin, and hemicelluloses. Because the acidic groups exist in the structure of cellulose, lignin, and hemicelluloses, the pulp fiber suspensions are negatively charged in aqueous solution. These acidic groups mainly include (1) carboxylic acid, whose pKa value is about 4.5, (2) the phenolic hydroxyl group, whose pKa value is about 10.2, and (3) the aliphatic hydroxyl group, whose pKa value is about 13.7. Due to its negatively charged surface, pulp is known to strongly bind to heavy metal ions (Gupta and Ali 2000; Aksu and Isoglu 2005) and cationic dyes (Khattri and Singh 1999; Ho et al. 2005).
Few studies have dealt with the removal of anionic dyes using modified pulp. In this study, the adsorption of anionic dyes, namely Acid Scarlet G (ASG), onto polyelectrolyte-modified pulp was investigated. Anionic dyes were chosen as the model system because the overwhelming majority of synthetic dyes currently used are highly water-soluble anionic dyes. P-DMA-co-ECH was synthesized and used as a polyelectro-lyte to modify the surface of BEKP. The product was characterized and was used as an adsorbent for the removal of anionic dye (ASG) from aqueous solutions. All the experiments in this study were carried out in a batch system to evaluate the effects of different operational variables, such as the pH of the solution; initial dye concentration, contact time, the most suitable isotherm models, and kinetics equations were also investigated.
Acid Scarlet G (ASG) is an anionic dye with a molecular weight of 509.4 g mol-1 (C18H13N3Na2O8S2). The ASG used in this work was of analytical grade (Chengdu Best Chemicals Company, China). The chemical structure of the dye is shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. The molecular structure of Acid Scarlet G
Experimental solutions of ASG were prepared by diluting the stock solution (1000 mg L-1) with distilled water. The dried material was ground in a laboratory mill. Bleached eucalyptus kraft pulp was obtained from Zhongmaoshengyuan Co., Ltd., (Weifang City, China). No other chemical or physical treatments were used prior to the adsorption experiments. The pH of the dye solutions was adjusted to a given level by the addition of HCl or NaOH solution and measured using a pH meter.
Preparation of PDMAECH-pulp
The synthesis process for p-DMA-co-ECH-modified BEKP (designated PDMAECH pulp) was carried out in two steps; the first step was p-DMA-co-ECH synthesis. An aliquot of 118 mL (1.5 mol) of epichlorohydrin was placed in a 500-mL three-neck round-bottom flask equipped with a condenser and electromagnetic stirring at room temperature, followed by dropwise addition of 127 mL of dimethylamine (1.0 mol) for the graft reaction. Next, 5 mL of ethylenediamine was added, and the mixture was stirred at 70 °C for 5 h. The product was collected and used in the following reactions. The PDMAECH pulp was produced in the second synthesis process.
Fig. 2. Synthetic reactions of PDMAECH pulp (with glucuronic acid xylan as an example)
The synthetic reaction of p-DMA-co-ECH is summarized in Fig. 2 (with glucuronic acid xylan as an example). Ethylenediamine was used as a crosslinking agent during this process (Choi et al. 2001). As in most softwood pulps, most of the carboxylic acid groups of BEKP come from polygalacturonic acids (Dronnet et al. 1996), which mainly exist in the state of 4-O-methyl-α-D-glucuronic acid xylan (Naran et al. 2009). Polysaccharides and their modified products have a primary role in the adsorption of cationic species from aqueous solutions (Wing 1997). Furthermore, other groups such as phenolic hydroxyls and aliphatic hydroxyls can also bind cations in solution.
For treatment of the fibers, 10 g of oven-dried BEKP was dispersed into 2 L of water to swell for 30 min. Under stirring, 60 mL of p-DMA-co-ECH was added slowly to the pulp at 60 ºC. Then, the solution was adjusted to a pH of 9 using 0.1 N NaOH, and the dispersion was stirred at 60 ºC and reacted for 5 h. The products were separated from the mixture by vacuum filtering and were washed several times with deionized water. The final products were dried at 80 ºC in an oven. These products were used in all the sorption experiments.
Characterization of Bleached Eucalyptus Kraft Pulp and PDMAECH Pulp
The Boehm titration method (Goertzen et al. 2010) was used to determine the amount of acidic or basic functional groups on the surface of the BEKP.
Zeta potential measurements were carried out using a microelectrophoresis apparatus (JS94H, Shanghai Zhongchen Digital Technical Apparatus Co., Ltd., China). The zeta potentials of PDMAECH pulp and BEKP were determined in a pH range of 2.0 to 11.0.
The functional groups present in the BEKP and PDMAECH pulp samples were investigated using the FTIR technique (Perkin-Elmer "Spectrum BX" spectrometer). The spectrum was scanned from 400 to 4000 cm-1.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the samples was performed using a JEOL JSM-6480LV scanning electron microscope. The samples were coated with platinum before the SEM micrograph was obtained.
Solid-state 13C NMR spectra were acquired at room temperature on a Bruker AV 400 spectrometer operating at 100.62 MHz and equipped with a 4 mm probe-head. All 13C spectra were recorded under magic angle spinning (MAS) conditions at a spinning speed of 5 kHz. CP experiments were performed using a 2 s recycle delay and a 1000 μs contact time.
Adsorption Experiments
To study the effect of PDMAECH pulp and BEKP dosage on ASG removal, different quantities (0.05 to 2.0 g) of PDMAECH pulp (or BEKP) were placed in several 100-mL Erlenmeyer flasks with 50 mL of 50-mg L-1 ASG solutions. The flasks were shaken at 120 rpm for 60 min in a thermostat. The concentration of ASG in solution was measured on an ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometer (Mode-722, China) at a specific wavelength for ASG (510 nm).
In the pH effect experiment, the initial solution pH (2.0 to 9.0) was first adjusted, and then 0.1 g of PDMAECH pulp (or BEKP) was added to several 100-mL Erlenmeyer flasks with 50 mL of 50-mg L-1 ASG solutions. Then, the equilibrium pH and residual ASG concentrations in the solutions were determined. Batch sorption experiments were carried out at three different temperatures (293, 303, and 313 K) to determine the impact of temperature on the sorption process. An aliquot of 0.1 g of PDMAECH pulp (or BEKP) was immersed in several 100-mL Erlenmeyer flasks with 50 mL of ASG solution at different concentrations (50 to 400 mg L-1). All adsorption experiments were carried out under optimum pHs for both BEKP and PDMAECH pulp, except in the experiment related to the effect of pH.
Desorption Experiments
The PDMAECH pulp was selected in the desorption tests. Desorption studies of the adsorbed ASG were carried out by shaking the spent PDMAECH pulp in 50 mL of 1 M HCl for a period of 2 h. After complete recovery of the anions, the adsorbent was filtered and washed with distilled water. The regenerated adsorbent samples were reused in the subsequent experiments. The sorption and regeneration cycles were repeated three times, and a comparison of the value with those observed in the initial sorption step was used to compute the percentage recovery values.
Characterization of Bleached Eucalyptus Kraft Pulp and PDMAECH-pulp
Determination of surface chemistry
Due to the dissociation of the surface adsorbent, the amount of acidic and basic groups on the surface can be expected to have a significant effect on the adsorption process. The Boehm titration method was used to determine the surface chemistry and the amount of functional groups such as phenolic, lactonic, and carboxylic acid groups of the pulp (Mohamad et al. 2012).
The experimental results of the titration method are presented in Table 1. Obviously, the total amount of acidic groups (0.4765 mmol g-1) is much higher than that of the basic groups (0.0147 mmol g-1), indicating the BEKP surface is acidic, resulting from the presence of major acidic groups.
Table 1. Results of Boehm Titration of BEKP
Figure 3 shows the zeta potentials of PDMAECH pulp and BEKP at different pH values. The results indicate that the zeta potentials of BEKP remained negative throughout the range of pH values. In contrast, with the BEKP, the zeta potential of PDMAECH pulp was positive in the designated pH range, which indicates the existence of positively charged functional groups in the framework of PDMAECH pulp. However, a gradual decrease in the zeta potential of PDMAECH pulp was observed with increasing pH; this could be attributed to the pH-dependent functional groups existing in PDMAECH pulp, such as phenolic hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. These groups will exhibit a greater negative charge when the pH is increased, which results in a decrease in the positive charge of the PDMAECH pulp.
Fig. 3. Effect of pH on the zeta potential changes of BEKP and PDMAECH pulp
FTIR analysis of PDMAECH pulp
The FT-IR spectra of BEKP and PDMAECH pulps are shown in Fig. 4. The FT-IR spectra reveal a broad peak around 3370 cm-1, which can be attributed to the O-H in the hydroxyl functional group. The FTIR spectra of the BEKP shows bands at 1748 cm-1, which are attributed to the carbonyl functional group in ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. Two overlapped bands around 1654 cm-1 and 1425 cm-1 in the FTIR spectra can be assigned to the asymmetric and symmetric stretch modes of the COO– group, respectively. The 1056 cm-1band can be attributed to C-O stretching vibrations (Castro et al. 2010). As illustrated in Fig. 4, the peak intensity of the carbonyl group was diminished in the FT-IR spectrum after modification. Moreover, a new peak appeared at 1370 cm-1, indicating that the amino groups have been grafted into the PDMAECH pulp structure (Xu et al. 2009).
Fig. 4. FTIR analysis of (a) BEKP and (b) PDMAECH pulp
Solid-state 13C NMR spectra of BEKP and PDMAECH pulp
Figure 5 shows the solid-state 13C NMR spectra of BEKP and PDMAECH pulp. The spectra of cellulose/hemicellulose chains in BEKP are dominated by the set of reson-ances in the region between 60 and 120 ppm (Newman and Redgwell 2002). As seen in Fig. 5a, a set of five distinct peaks were present. The intense peaks at 105, 84, and 64 ppm are assigned to C-1, C-5, and C-6 carbons in cellulose chains. The intense peaks at 73 and 75 ppm are overlapping signals due to the C-2, C-3, and C-5 carbons of all polysaccharides (Baraka et al. 2007; Xu et al. 2011).
Fig. 5. Solid-state 13CNMR Spectra of (A) BEKP and (B) PDMAECH pulp
Solid-state 13C NMR spectra of PDMAECH pulp are shown in Fig. 5b. Enlarge-ment of amine carbon peaks (30 to 60 ppm) can be observed in the spectrum of PDMAECH pulp as compared to the spectrum of BEKP, which is the result of the presence of the carbons of -CH2N- and -NCH3. The central chemical shifts for the peaks of -CH2N- and -NCH3 are located at 52 ppm and 35 ppm, respectively. Meanwhile, these signals are accounted together with the carbons of lignin and hemicelluloses, which make it difficult to quantify each component (Baraka et al. 2007).
SEM analysis of PDMAECH pulp
SEM micrographs of PDMAECH pulp samples before and after dye adsorption are shown in Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. SEM micrograph of PDMAECH pulp before (a, c) and after (b, d) ASG adsorption
Figures 6(a) and (c) are the micrographs before adsorption, while Figs. 6(b) and (d) are the micrographs after adsorption. The micrographs clearly indicate that the PDMAECH pulp had a smooth surface before ASG adsorption (Fig. 6(a) and (c)); the surface becomes multilayered and appears irregular after the adsorbent-loaded ABR (Fig. 6(b) and (d)), which confirms that the surface of the adsorbent is covered with dye molecules.
Effect of pH
As can be seen in Fig. 7, the ASG removal efficiency of PDMAECH pulp was much higher than that of BEKP. For the BEKP, the surface was dominated by negatively charged sites that were largely carboxylate groups together with some weaker acidic groups of heteropolysaccharides (Dronnet et al. 1997). At higher pH values, a negatively charged surface site on the biosorbent does not favor the adsorption of dye anions due to electrostatic repulsion. The increase of OH– ions with increasing pH also causes a competition with the dye anions for the adsorption sites, resulting in a decrease in biosorption. As the pH of the system decreases, the number of negatively charged sites on the biosorbent surface declines and the electrostatic repulsion also drops. Thus, some of the negatively charged sites are changed into positively charged sites, so the dye uptake increases due to the electrostatic attractions between the negatively charged dye anions and the positively charged sorbent surface.
Fig. 7. Effect of pH on the adsorption of ASG onto BEKP and PDMAECH pulp (initial dye concentration: 50 mg L-1; temperature: 293K; shaker speed: 180 rpm; contact time: 180 min.)
For the PDMAECH pulp, more protons will be available at a lower pH, thereby increasing electrostatic attractions between negatively charged dye anions and positively charged adsorption sites, causing an increase in dye adsorption. The high adsorption capacity observed can be attributed to the strong electrostatic interaction between the -N+(CH3)2(CH2)(CHOH)(CH3) and -N+H2(CH2)2-N+H2 of PDMAECH pulp and dye anions, respectively. When the pH of the solution was increased, the positive charge on the pulp or solution interface decreased and the adsorbent surface appeared to be neutral or negatively charged. Also, when there are no exchangeable anions on the outer surface of the adsorbent at higher pH values, the adsorption can be expected to decrease (Wu et al. 2004).
Effect of Dosage and Contact Time on the Sorption Process
The effects of BEKP and PDMAECH pulp dosage on the sorption of ASG were studied by varying the concentration of the sorbent from 0.5 to 20 g L-1 while keeping the other experimental conditions constant. The percentage removal of ASG vs. BEKP and PDMAECH pulp dosages is shown in Fig. 8.
Fig. 8. Effect of dosage on the sorption of ASG (initial dye concentration: 50 mg L-1; temperature: 293K; shaker speed: 180 rpm; original solution pH: 4.0 for PDMAECH pulp and 2.0 for BEKP)
An increase in the removal efficiencies of ASG was observed with increasing dosages of both adsorbents. This can be attributed to the availability of more surface functional groups at higher adsorbent dosages. Figure 8 shows the two adsorbents' removal efficiencies for ASG (50 mg L-1). Nearly 96.6% of ASG removal was achieved using only 2 g L-1 of PDMAECH pulp, as compared with 9.1% for BEKP at this dosage. This suggests that the adsorption capacity of PDMAECH pulp was much higher than the BEKP and demonstrates that the modification process can enhance the adsorption capacity effectively.
Fig. 9. Effect of contact time for the adsorption of ASG onto PDMAECH pulp at various dosages (initial dye concentration: 100 mg L-1; temperature: 293K; shaker speed: 180 rpm; original solution pH: 4.0)
As indicated in Fig. 8, the amount of ASG per unit weight of the adsorbents (qe) decreased with an increase in dosages. When the ASG removal reached the utmost limit, the increase of adsorbents dosage would result in the decrease of the qe because the capacity is normalized by added adsorbents.
To continue to explore the influence of PDMAECH pulp dose on the equilibrium time, a series of different sorbent dosages was selected (results combined in Fig. 8) and the experiment was carried out. Results shown in Fig. 9 indicate that the equilibrium time was different for different PDMAECH pulp dosages: when the dosage was lower than 1.5 g L-1, the modified pulp required a long period of time to reach equilibrium (120 min). However, a significant decrease in equilibrium time for ASG sorption (40 min) was observed when the PDMAECH pulp dosage was increased to 2.0 g L-1, when the equilibrium time was steady. Based on shortening the sorption equilibrium time, a PDMAECH pulp dosage of 2 g L-1 was chosen as the optimum and was used in the subsequent experiments.
Adsorption Isotherm Analysis
Adsorption isotherms disclose how adsorbates interact with adsorbents, and they are important in optimizing the use of the adsorbents. In our work, three typical isotherm models were analyzed: the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Redlich-Peterson (R-P) isotherms (Tsai et al. 2006):
Langmuir: (1)
Freundlich: (2)
Redlich-Peterson: (3)
where Ce is the equilibrium dye concentration in solution (mg L-1), qmax is the monolayer capacity of the sorbent (mg g-1), KL is the Langmuir constant (L mg-1), KF is the Freundlich constant (L g-1), and KR (mg g-1), Ceg, and aR are the Redlich-Peterson constants. The validity of models was determined by calculating the standard deviation (S.D., %) using (Wu 2007):
where the subscripts exp and cal refer to the experimental and the calculated data, and n is the number of data points.
The values of the isotherm constants were calculated using non-linear regression analysis, and the results are listed in Table 2. As can be seen from the table, a low value of X2 and a high value of R2 for the Redlich-Peterson isotherm indicated a very good mathematical fit for the Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson models for both BEKP and PDMAECH pulp. The fit of the data suggests that the Langmuir model gave slightly closer fittings than those of the Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson models. This can be attributed to the fact that the adsorption follows a monomolecular layer adsorption mechanism.
Table 2. Isotherm Constants for Sorption of ASG
Thermodynamic Parameters
Thermodynamic parameters provide in-depth information about the inherent energetic changes associated with sorption; the thermodynamic parameters, such as the change in standard free energy (ΔGº), enthalpy (ΔHº), and entropy (ΔSº) were calculated to elucidate the process of sorption. The Langmuir isotherm was applied to calculate the thermodynamic parameters viaEqs. (5) and (6) (Ajmal et al. 1998; Huang et al. 2007)
where KL is the Langmuir equilibrium constant (L mol-1), R is the universal gas constant (8.314 Jmol-1K), and T (K) is the absolute temperature. The enthalpy change was determined by plotting ln KL vs. 1/T. The thermodynamic parameters are listed in Table 3. The negative values of ΔGº indicate that the sorption of the anionic dyes onto PDMAECH pulp (or BEKP) was spontaneous and thermodynamically favorable. The increase in the value of ΔGº with increasing temperature indicates that the sorption process was more favorable at higher temperatures.
Generally, the change in free energy for physisorption is between -20 and 0 kJ mol-1, but that for chemisorption ranges between -80 and -400 kJ mol-1 (Jaycock and Parfitt 1981). As can be seen from Table 3, the adsorption process for BEKP was very close to physisorption, but the adsorption process for PDMAECH pulp was between the range of physisorption and chemisorption. Furthermore, the negative value for free energy indicates that both the adsorption reactions were spontaneous.
The small negative value of the standard enthalpy change for both adsorbents indicates that the adsorption was physical in nature, involves weak forces of attraction, and was also exothermic, thereby demonstrating that the process was energetically stable. At the same time, the low value of ΔHº implies that there was loose bonding between the adsorbate molecules and the adsorbent surface (Singh 2000). In addition, the positive value of ΔSº suggests an increase in the degree of freedom at the solid-liquid interface during the sorption process, which reflects increased randomness at the solid/solution interface and dye affinity for PDMAECH pulp (or BEKP). Similar results were observed for the sorption of Acid Red 57 on surfactant-modified sepiolite (Ozcan and Ozcan 2005).
Table 3. Thermodynamic Parameters for Adsorption of ASG onto Different Adsorbents
Adsorption Kinetics
Sorption kinetics, which demonstrates the solute uptake rate, represents essential information about the reaction pathways and therefore determines their potential applications. To analyze the sorption rate of ASG onto PDMAECH pulp (or BEKP), the pseudo-first-order equation and pseudo-second-order equation were evaluated based on the experimental data. The kinetic analysis was carried out at 313K.
Pseudo-first-order kinetic model
The rate constant was determined by the pseudo-first-order kinetic model as proposed by Lagergren (1898),
where qe and qt are the amounts of adsorbate adsorbed (mg g-1) at equilibrium and at any time, respectively, and k1 is the rate constant of pseudo-first-order adsorption (min-1). The adsorption rate constant k1 and equilibrium adsorption capacity qe,cal, along with correlation coefficients R2, are listed in Table 4. As shown in Table 4, the experimental qe,exp value did not agree with the calculated one obtained from the linear plots. The results indicated that the adsorption of ASG onto PDMAECH pulp probably did not follow the pseudo-first-order kinetics model, and the reaction mechanism did not follow a first-order reaction. The same trend was found for BEKP.
Pseudo-second-order kinetic model
The pseudo-second-order kinetic model based on equilibrium adsorption can be represented in the following equation (Singh et al. 2005)
where k2 is the equilibrium rate constant for the pseudo-second-order adsorption model (g mg-1 min-1). The calculated values of k2 and qe, along with the correlation coefficient (R2), are listed in Table 4. The results show that the second-order rate constant k2 decreased as the original ASG concentration was increased.
Table. 4. Comparison of Pseudo-First-Order and Pseudo-Second-Order Adsorption Rate Constants and Calculated and Experimental qe Values for ASG Adsorption
It may also be found from Table 4 that the calculated qe values agreed well with those of experimentally obtained qe for the pseudo-second-order model. Also, the correlation coefficient values for all ASG concentrations obtained by fitting the experimental data to Eq. (8) were close to 1.0. The pseudo-second-order model, which considers chemisorption involving valency forming through sharing or exchange of electrons between the adsorbate and adsorbent as the rate-limiting step, provided the best correlation with the experimental data (Wu et al. 2009). Thus, it can be concluded that the adsorption of ASG on PDMAECH pulp (or BEKP) follows a pseudo-second-order kinetic model.
Some modified mineral adsorbents, activated carbon, and other reported biomass adsorbents have been selected to compare their ASG adsorption capacities on the basis of reported literature (Shen et al. 2009; Zhou et al. 2012; Janos et al. 2003; Seredych and Bandosz 2007; Li et al. 2010; Wang et al. 2008; Guo et al. 2012). The results are presented in Table 5 in comparison to those of PDMAECH pulp. The ASG adsorption capacity of PDMAECH pulp (105.6 mg g-1) was found to be higher than most of those adsorbents.
Comparing these results with the Qmax obtained from these adsorbents (in Tab.5), the PDMAECH pulp developed in this study can be considered as alternative materials for ASG removal in aqueous solution.
Table 5. Qmax of ASG on Different Adsorbents
Desorption Tests
Desorption tests and the regeneration efficiencies of PDMAECH pulp for ASG were investigated. HCl solution (1 M) was used as an eluent, and the desorption efficiencies for ASG during three successive cycles were 76.3%, 62.5%, and 47.8%. The low desorption efficiencies may be due to the selectivity of the dye anion for elution. The weight loss of the adsorbent was also measured after three adsorption-desorption cycles. A weight loss with a range of 8 to 15% was observed in the desorption tests for the adsorbent after the elution of the HCl solution. It seems that the elution of the HCl solution caused the degradation of cellulose/hemicelluloses structures in PDMAECH pulp, which resulted in a decrease in the weight of the adsorbent. This result was consistent with the work of Osifo et al. (2008), who reported a weight loss (25%) of chitosan beads after five sorption-desorption cycles using HCl solution as an eluent.
This study investigated the effect of p-DMA-co-ECH modification on the surface characteristics and adsorption characteristics of BEKP. The dynamics of the adsorption of the anionic dye ASG onto PDMAECH pulp were also explored. Results showed that modification can change the surface characteristics and enhance the adsorption capacity effectively. The optimum pH for ASG removal by PDMAECH pulp was found to be 4.0, and for BEKP it was 2.0. Under the optimized conditions, a maximum of 105.6 mg g-1 ASG removal by PDMAECH pulp could be achieved at 293 K, but a removal of only 9.5 mg g-1 was achieved for BEKP. The adsorption of ASG onto PDMAECH pulp and BEKP was exothermic in nature.
The pseudo-second-order kinetics model agreed very well with the dynamic behavior of the adsorption of ASG onto both PDMAECH pulp and BEKP under different temperatures. The experimental data for both adsorbents fitted well to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
The enthalpy changes (ΔHº) for the adsorption process of PDMAECH pulp and BEKP were -10.98 kJ mol-1 and -13.88 kJ mol-1, respectively, which did not indicate very strong chemical forces between the adsorbed dye molecules and either of the adsorbents. The ΔGº values were positive: therefore, the adsorption was not spontaneous, and the positive value of ΔSº suggests an increased randomness at the solid/solution interface; no significant changes occur in the internal structure of the adsorbent through the adsorption of ASG onto PDMAECH pulp.
The authors are grateful to be supported by the Provincial Scientific and Technological Project (2011GGB01165), the "Independent Innovation Project of Colleges and Universities" funded by Jinan City, Shandong Province (No.201004035-2), the National Twelfth Five-Year Science and Technology Support Program (No. 2012BAD14B07), the National Twelfth Five-Year Science and Technology Support Program (No.2013BAJ10B11), and the "Major Projects for Analysis and Breakthrough of Several Significant Environmental Bottleneck Issues of Economic and Social Development in Shandong Province" (SDHBPJ-ZB-06).
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Article submitted: July 8, 2013; Peer review completed: August 5, 2013; Revised version received and accepted: August 22, 2013; Published: August 26, 2013.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Raising livestock can be a rewarding but sometimes risky business. One risk management tool available to producers is livestock insurance, which can pay off both financially and in terms of peace of mind.
If you own ranch property in the Lone Star State, you understand this too well. Every county in Texas was plagued by drought at least one out of the last five years. And in 2011, parched pastures led to a historic reduction in Texas cattle numbers, as ranchers reduced their herd size in order to cut their losses.


South Park is a road running from the Post Office towards the Station however, the lower section nearer the station, is called Granville Road.
Approaching from the Post Office there are two significant landmarks on the left, first the medical centre then St Thomas's School. Just 50m past the school is a small turn to the left signed 'South Park Private Road' Turn in between the two white posts and 150m on the left is a small lane leading to HighBanks (last house on left). Please phone if lost!


text:
Tag: Mega Drive
SEGA to Release Official Mega Drive Mini Console
Hot on the heels of Nintendo's plan to release its miniature retro console, SEGA is also releasing a modern version of the classic Mega Drive (aka Genesis) to celebrate Sonic's 25th anniversary. This new console is a lot like the old one, only smaller.
Gundam as Classic Consoles: Hyperdimension Gundamia
We've seen Optimus Prime and Megatron as the PlayStation and Sega Mega Drive respectively. Here are various Gundam dressed up as even older consoles: Famicom, Super Famicom, Sega Mega Drive, PC Engine aka Turbografx-16 and two Game Boys.
Sega Genesis Megatron: A Real American Villain
Earlier this year we featured Takara Tomy's killer crossover combo action figures of Optimus Prime as a Sony PlayStation and Megatron as a Sega Mega Drive. It turns out the toy maker also released a US variant of the latter – Genesis Megatron.
Video Game Controller Silicone Molds: Six Player Mold 'em Up
You can play with your cakes and eat them too with ThinkGeek's Classic Game Controller Silicone Mold. Each mold makes six 2.9″ controllers, a pair each of the NES, Sega Genesis and the PlayStation controllers. I bet the Xbox is blushing 'cause it's not considered old yet.
PlayStation Optimus Prime & Mega Drive Megatron: Consoles in Disguise
Thanks to the Transformers' 30th anniversary, we've seen Optimus Prime and Megatron turned into glam rockers and bears. Now they're also video game consoles. Takara Tomy will be releasing limited edition action figures of Optimus Prime as a Sony PlayStation and Megatron as a Sega Genesis aka Mega Drive.
Classic SEGA Consoles Show up on iPhone Cases, Chargers and Bluetooth Speakers
While I prefer to carry playable SEGA Genesis games in my pocket, I suppose the next best thing is to carry a bag full of gadgets that look like SEGA consoles, right? Thanks to this new line of mobile gadget accessories you can.
Plants vs. Zombies Ported to Sega Genesis: Altered Plant
PopCap's tower defense game Plants vs. Zombies is available on pretty much every modern gaming device, from PCs to smartphones. And it's also on at least one classic console: the Sega Genesis aka the Mega Drive.
Retrode 2 Reads SNES and Sega Genesis Cartridges But Needs Emulators: Half of Two Consoles
If you still have some Super Nintendo and Genesis cartridges but not their respective consoles, you can still enjoy the games stored within them and experience the ritual of cartridge blowing once again with the Retrode 2 USB adapter.
Video Game Business Card Cases for Geeky Executives
These quirky business card holders come to us courtesy of Japan's Banpresto. Each one features imagery from popular retro arcade or home video game systems. While the Famicom (NES) controller and Pac-Man business card cases have been available for a little while now, but they just recently rounded out the collection, adding the awesomely awesome 16-bit Sega Mega Drive (shown above) as well as some Space Invaders bedecked designs.
Sega Zippo Lighters: Hey Man, Your Console is on Fire!
Now I'm not a smoker, but the fact that these Zippo cigarette lighters look like retro Sega consoles might be enough to get me to start. Actually, no. But they might be enough to convince be to buy a lighter that looks like a retro Sega console anyway.
Sega Genmobile: the Genesis Gets Portable (Again)
Way back in the wayback machine, Sega released a bulky handheld called the Nomad. This portable gaming console could play Genesis cartridges on the go. But the problem with the Nomad was its high price (almost $200 bucks), abysmal battery life, and bulky design.
E-Time Controller Plays Sega Genesis/Mega Drive Game Roms
There are plenty of cheap plug-and-play SEGA retro gaming systems out there, but this is the first one I've seen that lets you load up your own ROMs and play them on your TV. The E-Time Game Play Controller ($22 USD) may look like a standalone game controller, but it's actually a self-contained SEGA Mega Drive/Genesis console.
Sega Mega Drive/Genesis Guitar Idol Edition Ready to Rock
TecToy's upcoming revamped edition of the classic SEGA Mega Drive/Genesis system is getting a modern-day upgrade with the addition of a Guitar Hero-inspired controller and accompanying game. The Mega Drive 4 Guitar Idol edition will include not only a Mega Drive/Genesis gaming system, and a pair of old-school controllers, but bundles a guitar that would make current-gen console players happy too.
Freetron Funplay: Play 20 Classic Sega Genesis Games on Your Tv or in the Car
This portable gaming system looks a whole lot like Sonic The Hedgehog. So it's a good thing that it actually plays a variety of classic SEGA Genesis/Mega Drive games. Freetron's FunPlay 20-in-1 not only can be connected to your television, but since it runs on 3-AAA batteries can be played on the road with portable DVD players (as long as they have a video input).
Game-800 "Mp5" Pmp Plays Movies, Music Plus NES, Famicom, Gameboy and Mega Drive Games
This jack of all trades media player not only cranks out the requisite music, videos and pictures, it'll also play your favorite retro video games. In addition to playing a wide variety of audio and video formats on its 320×240 LCD screen, the GAME-800 PMP has a software emulator on board that lets it play NES, Famicom, GameBoy, GameBoy Color and Sega Mega Drive games.
Sega Mega Drive Tote Bag Carries All Your 16-Bit Goodies
Most of us here in the States know SEGA's classic 16-bit console as the Genesis. But for the rest of the world, the popular video game system carried the Mega Drive moniker. Now, fans of the retro system that made Sonic the Hedgehog a household name can carry their personal belongings in this Mega Drive inspired tote.


Click on play button to listen high quality(320 Kbps) mp3 of "Marry Me- Jason Derulo [ Lyrics ]". This audio song duration is 3:42 minutes. This song is sing by Marry Me. You can download Marry Me- Jason Derulo [ Lyrics ] high quality audio by clicking on "Download Mp3" button.


text:
UNC Greensboro downs VMI 73-51
GREENSBORO, N.C. (AP) — Marvin Smith scored 13 points with three 3-pointers, James Dickey added 12 points with 10 rebounds, and UNC Greensboro never trailed in beating VMI 73-51 on Thursday night to take sole possession of second place in the Southern Conference.
Jordy Kuiper added 10 points for the Spartans (17-6, 8-2), who outscored the Keydets 28-16 in the paint and scored 20 points off of 23 VMI turnovers.
Dickey's free throws capped a 9-3 run in which Kyrin Galloway hit a 3 and the Spartans led 56-36 lead en route to building a 24-point lead with 2:11 left to play.
Isaiah Miller's layup capped the Spartans opening 13-3 run, Kuiper, Kylia Sykes and Smith made 3s on consecutive possessions, and UNC Greensboro led 41-18 at halftime after hitting six 3-pointers and holding the Keydets to 1 of 5 from 3.
Austin Vereen scored 14 points with four 3s, Bubba Parham added 13 points and Tyler Creammer had 10 for VMI (7-15, 2-9).


text:
Molho-Pessach V
Varma M
Godbole K
Kamath N
Zlotogorski A
NET LETTER
Year : 2014 | Volume : 80 | Issue : 6 | Page : 579
H syndrome-Four new patients from India
Vered Molho-Pessach1, Mekhla Varma2, Koumudi Godbole3, Nutan Kamath4, Abraham Zlotogorski1
1 Department of Dermatology, The Center for Genetic Diseases of the Skin and Hair, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
2 Department of Rheumatology, Private Rheumatology Clinic, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
3 Department of Genetic Medicine, Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital and Research Center, Pune, Maharashtra, India
4 Department of Pediatrics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
Date of Web Publication 7-Nov-2014
Abraham Zlotogorski
Department of Dermatology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, PO Box 12000, Jerusalem - 9112001
Molho-Pessach V, Varma M, Godbole K, Kamath N, Zlotogorski A. H syndrome-Four new patients from India . Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2014;80:579
Molho-Pessach V, Varma M, Godbole K, Kamath N, Zlotogorski A. H syndrome-Four new patients from India . Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol [serial online] 2014 [cited 2019 Jul 19];80:579. Available from: http://www.ijdvl.com/text.asp?2014/80/6/579/144229
H syndrome (OMIM 602782) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by cutaneous hyperpigmentation, hypertrichosis, hepatosplenomegaly, hearing loss, heart anomalies, hypogonadism, low height (short stature), hyperglycemia/diabetes mellitus and hallux valgus/flexion contractures. [1],[2] It is caused by biallelic mutations in the SLC29A3 gene encoding the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 3. [2] Recently, the clinical, histopathological and molecular findings in 79 patients with H syndrome have been summarized. [3] Numerous other clinical features have been recognized to be part of the wide phenotypic spectrum including massive lymphadenopathy, pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, various heart and renal abnormalities, bone sclerosis, lytic bone lesions, swollen respiratory mucosa, infiltrated cheeks, and recurrent fever. [3]
A pathognomonic finding, the most common clinical feature, seen in 68% of patients is cutaneous hyperpigmentation accompanied by induration and hypertrichosis, which involves the medial thighs and shins with sparing of the knees. Skin biopsies show a dense inflammatory dermal and subcutaneous infiltrate composed mainly of CD68-positive and at times also S100-positive histiocytes, which is eventually replaced by fibrosis. [4] This histological feature implies that H syndrome is a form of inherited histiocytosis.
We present four newly diagnosed Indian patients with H syndrome originating from three families.
A 6-year-old Indian boy, born of a non-consanguineous marriage, developed weekly febrile episodes at the age of 6 months, lasting 2 to 3 days, accompanied by swelling and tenderness of dorsal feet. As he began walking, he complained of pain after a few minutes of walking. The swelling and pain had a waxing and waning course over the following years. Hyperpigmentation with overlying hypertrichosis involving the trunk and lower limbs appeared at the age of 18 months. The patient also suffered from hearing loss.
Physical examination revealed well-defined, hyperpigmented, indurated plaques with hypertrichosis over the lower limbs [Figure 1]. Left orbital swelling and mildly swollen cheeks were also seen. Eye examination showed mild conjunctival injection and arcus senilis. Cervical and inguinal lymph nodes were bilaterally enlarged. He had a small penis (micropenis). Laboratory evaluation revealed microcytic anemia, elevated liver function tests, markedly increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein and elevated triglycerides (374 mg/dL, normal range 26-123 mg/dL). Abdominal ultrasound showed mild hepatosplenomegaly. Magnetic resonance imaging of the thighs showed extensive bilateral inguinal and iliac lymphadenopathy, as well as diffuse hyperintensity of the subcutaneous tissue and the lower third of the thigh muscles of both limbs.
Figure 1: Typical pattern of cutaneous hyperpigmentation and hypertrichosis: (a) Hyperpigmentation, hypertrichosis of lower limbs with sparing of knees in the patient from family 1. Micropenis is also seen. (b) Hyperpigmentation of the lower back, sparing of the buttocks, in the patient from family 2. (c) Hyperpigmentation and hypertrichosis of shins and dorsum of feet in the older patient from family 3
A 16-year-old Indian female was referred due to short stature, sensorineural hearing loss, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, delayed puberty and diffuse cutaneous hyperpigmentation and hypertrichosis. On physical examination, the patient was noted to have indurated, hyperpigmented patches with accompanying hypertrichosis overlying the trunk, dorsum of feet, shins and inner thighs with sparing of the knees and buttocks [Figure 1]. Additional findings were hepatosplenomegaly, dilated lateral scleral vessels, arcus senilis, infiltrated cheeks, genital masses, hallux valgus and lateral tibial torsion. Laboratory evaluation revealed mild microcytic anemia, highly elevated ESR and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.
Cases 3 and 4
Two Indian brothers, 19-year-old and 12-year-old, born to remotely related cousins presented with progressive cutaneous hyperpigmentation and hypertrichosis. The elder brother suffered from bilateral sensor-neural hearing loss. During childhood he was diagnosed with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. On physical examination, he was noted to have widespread hyperpigmented patches with hypertrichosis over the lower limbs, abdomen, lower back and upper extremities [Figure 1]. Dilated lateral scleral vessels, swollen cheeks and gynecomastia were also observed. His younger brother had similar cutaneous findings and also suffered from bilateral sensor-neural hearing loss.
The patients presented here share the unique cutaneous hyperpigmentation accompanied by sclerodermatous thickening and hypertrichosis of the lower limbs, in a bilateral, symmetric distribution with typical sparing of the knees. This pathognomonic clinical feature of H syndrome [3] should ideally be confirmed by mutation analysis of SLC29A3. However, in certain instances, DNA analysis is difficult to obtain and yet the diagnosis can be confidently made, especially when other common features of the disorder are present, such as hearing loss, short stature and/or camptodactyly.
We were able to find published reports of a total of nine Indian patients, including the four above, who have been diagnosed with H syndrome. [3],[5] With the inclusion of the patients in this report, as well as the 80 patients described with molecular confirmation [3],[5] and 12 patients without such analysis, [3] there are published reports of 96 patients with H syndrome. This is a remarkable number of patients for a relatively novel autosomal recessive disorder implying that the disorder is not rare, especially in populations where consanguinity is common. Increased awareness among dermatologists about the pathognomonic cutaneous phenotype may lead to the identification of other patients.
We thank the family members for their participation in this study. This study was supported in part by The Authority for Research and Development, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (Dr. Zlotogorski) and the Hadassah-Hebrew University Joint Research Fund (Dr. Molho-Pessach).
Molho-Pessach V, Agha Z, Aamar S, Glaser B, Doviner V, Hiller N, et al. The H syndrome: A genodermatosis characterized by indurated, hyperpigmented, and hypertrichotic skin with systemic manifestations. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008;59:79-85.
Molho-Pessach V, Lerer I, Abeliovich D, Agha Z, Abu Libdeh A, Broshtilova V, et al. The H syndrome is caused by mutations in the nucleoside transporter hENT3. Am J Hum Genet 2008;83:529-34.
Molho-Pessach V, Ramot Y, Camille F, Doviner V, Babay S, Luis SJ, et al. H syndrome: The first 79 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014;70:80-8.
Colmenero I, Molho-Pessach V, Torrelo A, Zlotogorski A, Requena L. Emperipolesis: An additional common histopathologic finding in H syndrome and Rosai-Dorfman disease. Am J Dermatopathol 2012;34:315-20.
Mohanan S, Chandrashekar L, Semple RK, Thappa DM, Rajesh NG, Negi VS, et al. H syndrome with a novel homozygous R134C mutation in SLC29A3 gene. Int J Dermatol 2013;52:820-3.


text:
Q: scan n numbers without spaces in C Suppose n numbers are to be input in a single line without any spaces given the condition that these numbers are subject to the condition that they lie between 1 and 10.
Say n is 6 , then let the input be like "239435"
then if I have an array in which I am storing these numbers then I should get
    array[0]=2
    array[1]=3
    array[2]=9
    array[3]=4
    array[4]=3

I can  get the above result by using array[0]=(input/10^n) and then the next digit
but is there a simpler way to do it?

A: You can use a string to take the input and then check each position and extact them and store in an array. You need to check for the numeric value in each location explicitly, as you are accepting the input as a string. For integers taken input as string, there's no gurantee that the input is pure numeric and if it is not, things can go wild.
check this code
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

int main()
{
        char ipstring[64];
        int arr[64];
        int count, len = 0;
        printf("Enter the numbersi[not more than 64 numbers]\n");
        scanf("%s", ipstring);
        len = strlen(ipstring);
        for (count = 0; count < len ; count++)
        {
                if (('0'<= ipstring[count]) && (ipstring[count] <= '9'))
                {
                        arr[count] = ipstring[count] - '0';

                }
                else
                {
                        printf("Invalid input detectde in position %d of %s\n", count+1, ipstring );
                        exit(-1);
                }
        }
        //display
        for (count = 0; count < len ; count++)
        {
                printf("arr[%d] = %d\n", count, arr[count]);
        }
        return 0;
}

A: Just subtract the ASCII code of 0 for each digit and you get the value of it.
 char *s =  "239435"
 int l = strlen(s);
 int *array = malloc(sizeof(int)*l);
 int i;
 for(i = 0; i < l; i++)
      array[i] = s[i]-'0';

update
Assuming that 0 is not a valid input and only numbers between 1-10 are allowed:
 char *s =  "239435"
 int l = strlen(s);
 int *array = malloc(sizeof(int)*l);
 int i = 0;
 while(*s != 0)
 {
      if(!isdigit(*s))
      {
           // error, the user entered something else
      }

      int v = array[i] = *s -'0';

      // If the digit is '0' it should have been '10' and the previous number
      // has to be adjusted, as it would be '1'. The '0' characater is skipped.
      if(v == 0)
      {
           if(i == 0)
           {
               // Error, first digit was '0'
           }

           // Check if an input was something like '23407'
           if(array[i-1] != 1)
           {
               // Error, invalid number
           }
           array[i-1] = 10;
      }
      else
          array[i] = v;

     s++;
 }

A: E.g.
int a[6];
printf(">");
scanf("%1d%1d%1d%1d%1d%1d", a,a+1,a+2,a+3,a+4,a+5);
printf("%d,%d,%d,%d,%d,%d\n", a[0],a[1],a[2],a[3],a[4],a[5]);

result:
>239435
2,3,9,4,3,5

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Scroll down to find out more about how our Sports Premium money has been used and what staff and pupils think of it.
Charlie (Y4) : " We got to jump off the beam and walk on it in different ways too. Everyone watched us in the last lesson. I was very pleased about that. I wanted to try more things so I joined Circus Skills Club."
Edward (Y5) : " Free running helped my strength. I found out I was really good on the rings. I felt pleased I could do things other children couldn't."
Lily (Y5) : "I really enjoyed the course, spending time with new friends and learning something new."
- on bikes and scooters for Dyspraxic pupils and those with physical disabilities or impairments.
Emily (Y6) : " It was really fun. I learned to put two feet on my scooter and not fall off."
Chantelle year (Y6) : " I learned to ride on a balance bike. It was fun. I was proud because I'd never done that before - I even took two feet off the ground! I prefer scooters and now I know how to use the brake."
Trish (SEN TA) : " I saw a lot of confidence built up over the balance program with bikes and scooters. I feel that after following Rachael's lead I could support children to improve their balance and co-ordination."
Alfie (Y6) "The coach really challenged us but it was fun. We could see how we improved on the fitness app the coach had. I got better. Some people went up and some down but I got better. We all enjoyed it"
Melissa (Y6) " It was hard work but fun as well. We showed improvement over the weeks in the 'Bleep Test', the 'Standing Stork' test and the 'Bear Crawl' test. The school should get a set of trampettes they were fun."
Helen (NQT) "The fencing coach has increased my confidence in delivering this sport and the children really enjoyed it. I now feel I could deliver sessions on this myself"
Action taken:- Session plans for fencing are now available on the school server and school has purchased a fencing set to use with pupils.


text:
UT Leads World in Polymer Science Ranking
View all the posts from September 6, 2022
A conceptual illustration of the polymer chain polyethylene terephthalate, or PET, that comprises plastics like those found in water bottles.
From your clothing to the fiber-optic cables bringing you high-speed internet, polymers are everywhere, with applications in nearly all fields of science and industry. Polymer science plays a crucial role in providing solutions to global needs including food, clean and abundant water, air, energy, and health.
Researchers at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, in fields including chemistry, physics, chemical engineering, biosystems engineering, and forestry are investigating polymers through a variety of fundamental scientific problems with real-world impact—from designing and creating new advanced materials to improving industrial processes to creating sustainable biofuels.
As an indication of the significance of their work, UT has been ranked the top global university for polymer science in U.S. News and World Report's Best Global Universities. The ranking is based on research performance from 2015 through 2019 as well as citations from publications through April 29, 2021.
Polymer science research within UT's College of Arts and Sciences includes work being conducted by the research group of UT-ORNL Governor's Chair for Polymer Science Alexei Sokolov. The team is advancing fundamental understanding and design of novel polymeric materials for various current and future technologies—from gas separations and carbon capture to 3D printing.
Sokolov's group also works on polymer electrolytes for use in new generations of solid-state batteries and other energy storage technologies.
"We are working on polymers with dynamic bonds that are recyclable and have self-healing ability," said Sokolov. "These polymers might replace current plastics and drastically reduce pollution."
An illustration of a unique polymer chain, polynorbornene, that was developed by Associate Professor Brian Long's research group to study advanced gas separation membranes.
Another area of focus, led by the research group of Associate Professor of Chemistry Brian Long, is creating new synthetic materials to separate greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide from nonharmful gases in a more energy-efficient and cost-effective manner. This research has shown tremendous promise, with implications for reducing industrial greenhouse gas emissions.
"Think about what your body is touching right now—your clothing, your chair, your phone or computer. What are you touching that's not a polymer or that doesn't contain polymers? Polymers have provided solutions to almost every societal need in modern human history—even the DNA, RNA, and proteins in our body are polymers," said Long.
Researchers at UT are even tackling one of the most pressing global needs today—how to minimize or eliminate waste plastics in the environment. For example, research efforts led by Professor Mark Dadmun and Assistant Professor Johnathan Brantley seek to develop new chemical methods to aid recycling of waste plastics, improve the properties of new products and materials made from mixed plastic waste streams, and create a circular plastics economy.
Commenting on the announcement of the ranking, Vice Chancellor for Research Deborah Crawford said, "Our researchers deserve this recognition for their work advancing our understanding of polymers and how they can contribute to making life and lives better. At UT, our commitment is to contribute to the creation of a more just, prosperous, and sustainable future through world-class research and scholarship. Our polymer scientists and engineers are doing just that!"
The polymer science ranking is determined by 10 indicators, including the impact of citations and research publications. Impact is calculated based on data from the Clarivate Web of Science, a web-based research platform. The Web of Science is a web-based research platform that covers more than 21,100 of the most influential and authoritative scholarly journals worldwide in the sciences, social sciences, and arts and humanities.
Tyra Haag (865-974-5460, tyra.haag@tennessee.edu)


In the Power of His Might Watch archives of this Workshop here June 13, 14 2015 Introduction to effective spiritual warfare.
Beyond Recovery to Wholeness Introduction to Biblical Recovery.
Filling the Leadership Void Helping leaders called of God to arise and achieve.
Discernment The most important discipline for the sincere Christian.
The Gifts of the Holy Spirit Know the difference between the true gifts and the counterfeit.


Join us at Monika's Art Boutique for an open studio and boutique weekend! We will have artisans represented present doing demonstrations and product samples. You can even do a craft while you're here with one of our artists! Free!


text:
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Understanding the different stages of the mosquitoes life cycle can help prevent and effectively eliminate populations before they become a problem. All mosquito species have four distinct stages to their life cycle. Egg, Larvae, Pupa, and Adult. There are over 300 species of mosquitoes in the world. The most common and most dangerous, are the Culex mosquitoes. The Culex pipiens is the main carrier of the West Nile virus.
Female mosquitoes lay hundreds of eggs about every few days during their lifespan directly on or near water. Some eggs are laid in spots that will flood at a later date, surviving in dry conditions for months. Water is required in order for the eggs to hatch. Eggs hatch into larvae.
After eggs hatch, larvae emerge. Larvae are referred to as "wigglers" because of how they appear when they swim. The length of time to hatch depends on water temperature, food, and type of mosquito. Larvae live in the water; molting several times while they feed on organic matter, and develop into the third stage of their life cycle called the Pupa. Larvae live close to the surface where they breathe through tubes. Larvae can be effectively controlled using products that poison them or block their breathing.
Pupae
As larvae continue to develop through their molting process the mosquito moves into its third life stage called the pupae stage. The pupae does not feed during this stage in the life cycle. Pupa continue to live in the water and are often referred to as a "tumblers" for the way they fall into deeper parts of the water as they avoid predators. Pupae continue to breathe through tubes near the surface of the water just like the larvae do. Pupae emerge into adult mosquitoes within several days depending on species, and water temperature.
Adult mosquitoes emerge from the water and begin flying a short time after they have dried out and their body parts have hardened. Male mosquitoes begin mating with females after their reproductive organs have fully developed. This usually takes a day or two. Male mosquitoes live for about 3 to 5 days after mating. Female mosquitoes mate once, but continue to lay eggs after every blood meal. Under ideal conditions, females can live upwards of a month.
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In 2016, both the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) increased enforcement against individuals for FCPA violations. The DOJ and SEC targeted 18 individuals for FCPA violations in total, an increase from charges against individuals in either 2014 or 2015. Of the 18 individuals targeted for FCPA enforcement, 12 (or two-thirds) were either foreign nationals or naturalized citizens of the U.S. with strong ties to foreign countries. Further, U.S. citizens who worked in China and Chinese citizens who worked for multinational companies with a presence in the U.S. were targeted in a significant percentage of enforcement actions by both the DOJ and SEC.
Below is a summary of 2016 FCPA enforcement actions against Chinese citizens and individuals with ties to China.
Yu Kai Yuan� a Chinese citizen, was the subject of the SEC's first deferred prosecution agreement with an individual. Yuan was a sales executive at PTC's Chinese subsidiaries who allegedly provided improper travel, gifts and entertainment to state-owned enterprise employees in China. The deferred prosecution agreement was, according the the SEC, a result of the significant cooperation Yuan provided during the SEC's investigation of the company.
Jun Ping Zhang � a U.S. citizen and the CEO of Hunan CareFx Information Technology, LLC ("CareFx"), a Chinese subsidiary of Harris Corporation, a U.S. company. Zhang was alleged by the SEC to have knowingly approved the giving of improper gifts to officials at Chinese state-owned hospitals. The gifts were improperly recorded in CareFx's books and records. Harris was not charged by the SEC or DOJ after it self-disclosed the alleged FCPA violations. Ping, however, paid a civil penalty of $46,000.
Ng Lap Seng� a Chinese citizen and the owner and chairman of a Macau real estate group was charged with FCPA violations in a superseding indictment filed in November 2016. The superseding indictment alleged that Ng paid bribes to the former president of the U.N. General Assembly and a deputy ambassador of the Dominican Republic to obtain official U.N. support for a conference center in Macau that Ng's company planned to construct. Ng has pleaded not guilty to the charges.
Jeff Yin� a naturalized U.S. citizen who served as the principal assistant to Ng Lap Seng was charged with FCPA violations for assisting Ng's bribery scheme. Yin has pleaded not guilty to the charges.
These cases demonstrate that the possibility of being held individually liable for FCPA violations is no longer as remote as once thought for U.S. citizens working in China and Chinese citizens working for multinational companies and their subsidiaries. This includes individuals at all levels, from senior- to mid-level management to sales representatives. They may be charged for providing bribes directly or for approving improper payments. As China remains a key target for FCPA enforcement by the DOJ and SEC, the likelihood of more enforcement against individuals with ties to China is likely to continue in 2017.


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text:
<?php

/**
 * Twig_NodeVisitor_Escaper implements output escaping.
 *
 * @author Fabien Potencier <fabien@symfony.com>
 */
final class Twig_NodeVisitor_Escaper extends Twig_BaseNodeVisitor
{
    private $statusStack = array();
    private $blocks = array();
    private $safeAnalysis;
    private $traverser;
    private $defaultStrategy = false;
    private $safeVars = array();

    public function __construct()
    {
        $this->safeAnalysis = new Twig_NodeVisitor_SafeAnalysis();
    }

    protected function doEnterNode(Twig_Node $node, Twig_Environment $env)
    {
        if ($node instanceof Twig_Node_Module) {
            if ($env->hasExtension('Twig_Extension_Escaper') && $defaultStrategy = $env->getExtension('Twig_Extension_Escaper')->getDefaultStrategy($node->getTemplateName())) {
                $this->defaultStrategy = $defaultStrategy;
            }
            $this->safeVars = array();
            $this->blocks = array();
        } elseif ($node instanceof Twig_Node_AutoEscape) {
            $this->statusStack[] = $node->getAttribute('value');
        } elseif ($node instanceof Twig_Node_Block) {
            $this->statusStack[] = isset($this->blocks[$node->getAttribute('name')]) ? $this->blocks[$node->getAttribute('name')] : $this->needEscaping($env);
        } elseif ($node instanceof Twig_Node_Import) {
            $this->safeVars[] = $node->getNode('var')->getAttribute('name');
        }

        return $node;
    }

    protected function doLeaveNode(Twig_Node $node, Twig_Environment $env)
    {
        if ($node instanceof Twig_Node_Module) {
            $this->defaultStrategy = false;
            $this->safeVars = array();
            $this->blocks = array();
        } elseif ($node instanceof Twig_Node_Expression_Filter) {
            return $this->preEscapeFilterNode($node, $env);
        } elseif ($node instanceof Twig_Node_Print) {
            return $this->escapePrintNode($node, $env, $this->needEscaping($env));
        }

        if ($node instanceof Twig_Node_AutoEscape || $node instanceof Twig_Node_Block) {
            array_pop($this->statusStack);
        } elseif ($node instanceof Twig_Node_BlockReference) {
            $this->blocks[$node->getAttribute('name')] = $this->needEscaping($env);
        }

        return $node;
    }

    private function escapePrintNode(Twig_Node_Print $node, Twig_Environment $env, $type)
    {
        if (false === $type) {
            return $node;
        }

        $expression = $node->getNode('expr');

        if ($this->isSafeFor($type, $expression, $env)) {
            return $node;
        }

        $class = get_class($node);

        return new $class(
            $this->getEscaperFilter($type, $expression),
            $node->getTemplateLine()
        );
    }

    private function preEscapeFilterNode(Twig_Node_Expression_Filter $filter, Twig_Environment $env)
    {
        $name = $filter->getNode('filter')->getAttribute('value');

        $type = $env->getFilter($name)->getPreEscape();
        if (null === $type) {
            return $filter;
        }

        $node = $filter->getNode('node');
        if ($this->isSafeFor($type, $node, $env)) {
            return $filter;
        }

        $filter->setNode('node', $this->getEscaperFilter($type, $node));

        return $filter;
    }

    private function isSafeFor($type, Twig_Node $expression, $env)
    {
        $safe = $this->safeAnalysis->getSafe($expression);

        if (null === $safe) {
            if (null === $this->traverser) {
                $this->traverser = new Twig_NodeTraverser($env, array($this->safeAnalysis));
            }

            $this->safeAnalysis->setSafeVars($this->safeVars);

            $this->traverser->traverse($expression);
            $safe = $this->safeAnalysis->getSafe($expression);
        }

        return in_array($type, $safe) || in_array('all', $safe);
    }

    private function needEscaping(Twig_Environment $env)
    {
        if (count($this->statusStack)) {
            return $this->statusStack[count($this->statusStack) - 1];
        }

        return $this->defaultStrategy ? $this->defaultStrategy : false;
    }

    private function getEscaperFilter($type, Twig_Node $node)
    {
        $line = $node->getTemplateLine();
        $name = new Twig_Node_Expression_Constant('escape', $line);
        $args = new Twig_Node(array(new Twig_Node_Expression_Constant((string) $type, $line), new Twig_Node_Expression_Constant(null, $line), new Twig_Node_Expression_Constant(true, $line)));

        return new Twig_Node_Expression_Filter($node, $name, $args, $line);
    }

    public function getPriority()
    {
        return 0;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


-Apply product with a light touch to your cheekbones, inner corner of eyes, bridge of nose, browbone, and bow of lips for an added natural glow.
-If irritation occurs discontinue use. Store below 30°C / 86°F.
Refer to koraorganics.com for further information on ingredients and the use of essential oils.


text:
Orange Order 'birthplace' a museum
A homestead widely recognised as the birthplace of the Orange Order has reopened as a museum.
Sloan's House in Loughgall, Co Armagh is where the institution was formed in 1795 in the wake of the nearby Battle of Diamond between Protestant and Catholic gangs.
The refurbishment is part of an EU-backed £3.8 million project which has also seen a new Orange museum open in Belfast.
The Loughgall dwelling has undergone a major extension to cater for additional museum exhibition areas and provision of detailed information relating to the early history of the Orange Order.
The expansion incorporates a display of the original Sloan's Parlour, set up like it might have looked when the Orange institution was first formed there.
Like the new museum in east Belfast, the Order hopes the Loughgall facility will "promote shared space and greater levels of reconciliation through education".
County Grand Master of County Armagh Grand Orange Lodge, Denis Watson, hailed the redevelopment.
"We are immensely proud that the roots of Orangeism, and its worldwide presence of today, emanated from within the confines of Sloan's House following the Battle of the Diamond," he said.
"It is fitting that such a living history can be shared.
"We are delighted to showcase our cultural heritage with a wider audience through the provision of a modern museum. Our new centre will tell the story of the formation of the Orange Order and its evolution through graphics, audio visual technologies and the display of key artefacts.
"By enabling a greater understanding of the well-established Orange tradition in Co Armagh, we believe this facility will be a positive influence for community relations in the area. We also have confidence its presence will be hugely beneficial to the local economy, as well as the tourism sector.
"Outreach is a major part of this initiative and we look forward to engaging with schools and community groups in the local area as well as the border counties of the Irish Republic."
The majority of the funding for the museums - £3.6 million - was made through EU's PEACE III programme, which included contributions from the Northern Ireland Executive and the Irish government.
The Grand Lodge of Ireland contributed £200,000.
Latest Northern Ireland
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Judge urged to avoid 'game of political football' in bonfire court challenge
Northern Ireland traffic alerts: Clough and Lisburn reopen after collisions
British Airways cancels US flights over 5G safety fears
Omicron: Are we turning a corner?
Armadillos on post-Christmas workout regime after piling on the pounds


text:
Kakovskii and Nechaeva defend Russian Championships
by WSF Editor | Oct 21, 2020 | General, Member News, WSF Members
Ivan Kakovskii and Anastasia Nechaeva retained national titles in Russia earlier this month at the Star Klassik venue in Tyumen.
Promising prospect Kakovskii continues to dominate the domestic scene as he won his sixth Russian Snooker Championship in the past seven years. He didn't drop a single frame throughout.
The 21-year-old from St. Petersburg made a string of breaks, including a 111 as he topped his group and qualified for the knockouts where he defeated Sergey Samokhvalov 2-0 in the last 16. He registered runs of 65 and 67 as he eliminated Sergey Bolotin 3-0 in the quarter-finals and then repeated that scoreline against Kirill Zhizduk in the last four.
In the final Kakovskii faced 17-year-old Andrei Karasov who progressed courtesy of a deciding frame black ball finish over Aleksei Koren in the other semi-final tie. However, Kakovskii's experience proved too much and with efforts of 107 and 61 he ran out a comfortable 5-0 victor.
Earlier this year Kakovskii showed glimpses of what he is capable of when taking three frames off Jimmy White on the TV table at the Betfred World Championship in Sheffield.
Nechaeva lost just one frame as she claimed her seventh Russian Women's Snooker Championship and her fourth in a row.
The 27-year-old – who reached the final of last year's EBSA European Women's Snooker Championship in Serbia – defeated teenager Aleksandra Riabinina 3-0 in the final.
Thank you to Ryabinin Sergey for his help in compiling this article.
Article by Michael Day.
Chaperon Is Canadian Snooker Champion Again
by WSF Editor | May 22, 2019 | Canadian Snooker, General, Member News, WSF Members
Bob Chaperon was back lifting silverware earlier this month after winning the Canadian National Snooker Championship for the second time – an amazing 38 years on from his maiden triumph in the competition.
The event was once again held at the Corner Bank in Toronto, a club part-owned by another prominent former Canadian professional player, Jim Wych. Over 50 players from Ontario and beyond travelled to the Canadian Billiards and Snooker Association's most prestigious event that has been claimed in the past by national greats Cliff Thorburn, Bill Werbeniuk, Kirk Stevens, Alain Robidoux, Alex Pagulayan and Wych himself.
Defending champion and former Crucible qualifier Brady Gollan – whose two victories in this event also came 30 years apart – was an early casualty when he lost to Lobsang Lama 4-3 in his opening match. Lama followed this up with wins against Amar Sadig (5-0), Steve West (5-2) and Derrick Claus (5-3) to reach the final for the first time.
Chaperon, surprise winner of the 1990 British Open, dropped just a frame during rounds one and two but he had a tougher time dispatching three-time champion Floyd Ziegler, 5-3, in the last 16. The 60-year-old then eliminated youngster Edward Ling 5-2 in the quarter-finals and John Everekian was given the same treatment in the next round.
In a meeting of varying scales of experience, the opening four frames of the final were shared before Chaperon established an advantage and moved one away from victory at 5-2. A determined Lama refused to give in, forcing a deciding frame after a trio of frames for himself, but Chaperon regrouped in the eleventh to get his hands back on the trophy that he first lifted in 1981. The former world number 25 pocketed $4,000 for his work; he also made the highest break of 120 earlier on in the tournament.
In the proceeding Canadian National Seniors Championship at the same venue, 1980 world champion Thorburn defeated last year's victor Ziegler, 4-2, in the final to claim the title.
2019 Canadian National Snooker Championship
Results (from the quarter-finals onwards)
Lobsang Lama 5-2 Steve West
Derrick Claus 5-0 Ricky Leon
Alan Whitfield 3-5 John Everekian
Bob Chaperon 5-2 Edward Ling
Losers each received $800
Lama 5-3 Claus
Everekian 2-5 Chaperon
Losers each received $1,500
Lama 5-6 Chaperon
Lama received $2,700 / Chaperon received $4,000
Morris Crowned Irish Champion for Fourth Time
by WSF Editor | May 16, 2019 | General, Irish Snooker, Member News, WSF Members
The Republic of Ireland Billiards and Snooker Association (RIBSA) recently held their end of season 'Finals Weekend' at the Ivy Rooms in Carlow where several national champions across various categories were confirmed.
In a meeting of two recent ex-professionals, David Morris defeated Josh Boileau to claim the most prestigious prize on the RIBSA domestic circuit; the Irish National Championship.
The opening rounds of the event culminated in 16 players qualifying for the showdown in Carlow last week. Morris, who reached the last 16 of the UK Championship in 2013 and 2014, eliminated John Farrell, Paul Dunne and then 2000 winner Rodney Goggins, another former top tier competitor, to reach the final.
European Under-21 champion in 2016, youngster Boileau only fell off the main tour at the end of the 2017/18 campaign. Back in the amateur ranks, he acclimatised himself well to make his maiden final in this tournament after dispatching Robert Murphy in the last four.
The final started off as a predictably close affair with the pair locked at 3-3 come the end of the first session. However, 30-year-old Morris broke free on the resumption, stringing together four frames in a row to seal a 7-3 success. This is the fourth time that the Kilkenny cueist has won the accolade having lifted the trophy in three consecutive years between 2004-2006.
Another 14 titles were awarded across the weekend in the Leinster based venue. Michelle Sherwin won her 16th Irish Ladies Championship when she defeated Ronda Sheldreck, 4-0, in the final, while Michael Judge ousted Goggins, 5-4, to secure the Masters Championship.
In the youth competitions, Aaron Hill completed a double with victories in both the Under-21 and Under-18 divisions, although his bid for the Under-19s was stopped by champion Ross Bulman in the final. Leone Crowley, Aaron Smith and Jack O'Brien won the Under-16, 14 and 12 Championships respectively.
Titles in the three-ball discipline were also showcased; Wayne Doyle got the better of Aidan Murray, 4-1, to capture the 150 Up Championship, but the roles were reversed the following day in the Long Format Championship when Murray came through as a 690-553 victor.
2019 Irish National Snooker Championship
Paul Dunne 1-5 David Morris
Colm Gilcreest 0-5 Rodney Goggins
Robert Murphy 5-0 Aaron Holland
Josh Boileau 5-0 Aaron Hill
Morris 6-3 Goggins
Murphy 4-6 Boileau
Morris 7-3 Boileau
Photo by RIBSA.
Collumb Conquers Scottish Snooker's Premier Event
by WSF Editor | May 15, 2019 | General, Member News, Scottish Snooker, WSF Members
Several national championship titles were decided at Scottish Snooker's recent 2018/19 Finals Weekend held at the Minnesota Fats Snooker Club in Glasgow.
In the weekend's main event, Michael Collumb won his maiden Scottish National Snooker Championship following a victory over Gary Thomson in the final.
Runner-up in 2015, 30-year-old Collumb progressed through the early rounds to reach the quarter-finals. Breaks of 74, 62, 108 and 52 helped him defeat Darren Ellis, 5-0, in the last eight, and then a 6-3 elimination of Ross Vallance put him through to another final.
Thomson was looking to again lift the trophy that in the past has been won by Scottish greats such as Stephen Hendry, Alan McManus and Graeme Dott. The 2001 champion secured his final berth via a 6-5 success against Craig MacGillivray where he crafted a top effort of 110. In the previous round MacGillivray was on the right side of a deciding frame finish when he dethroned defending champion Fraser Patrick.
The best-of-13 final brought together the top two ranked players from this season's domestic ranking circuit. Thomson took a 2-0 lead before a 73 break got Collumb on the board. He then chalked up the next two frames to lead going into the interval.
On resumption Collumb extended his advantage but a break of 108 from Thomson stopped the rot. The pair traded frames again (71 break from Collumb in frame eight) before Collumb claimed what would be the last two frames of the match to confirm a 7-4 triumph. The new champion's next action will be at the upcoming Q-School in Wigan where he aims to achieve a main tour card for the first time.
Whilst Thomson may be disappointed at missing out on the silverware, he will be consoled by the fact that he finished the campaign top of the rankings and therefore receives a wildcard into the Scottish Open professional event in December.
Elsewhere throughout the weekend Richy McDonald won the Masters Championship when he dispatched last year's winner Michael Philbin, 6-0. Dean Young defended the Scottish Under-21 title after defeating Aaron Graham 5-0 in the final.
Sam McKay went home with a pair of trophies. First, he ousted Amaan Iqbal 3-2 to secure the Under-14s and he doubled up the next day with a 4-1 win against Kieran Kay for the Under-16s top prize.
In the three-ball sport, Davie Sneddon further strengthened his incredible record in the Scottish National Billiards Championship. Despite being over 100 points down half way through the final, Sneddon recovered to get the better of Paul McGowan 526-449 to retain and claim the title for a mind-boggling 31st time.
2019 Scottish National Snooker Championship
Results (from the quarter-finals onwards – breaks in brackets)
Gary Thomson (98, 54, 88) 5-1 Lee Mein (54)
Fraser Patrick 4-5 Craig MacGillivray
Michael Collumb (74, 62, 108, 52) 5-0 Darren Ellis
Dean Young (76) 2-5 Ross Vallance (51)
Gary Thomson (110) 6-5 Craig MacGillivray
Michael Collumb 6-3 Ross Vallance
Gary Thomson (108) 4-7 Michael Collumb (73, 71)
Helgason Captures 14th Iceland Crown
by WSF Editor | May 13, 2019 | General, Iceland Snooker, Member News, WSF Members
Former European Amateur champion and main tour professional Kristján Helgason won his 14th Iceland National Snooker Championship on Saturday.
A member of snooker's top tier for a total of eight years in the past, Helgason made history in 2000 when he came through World Championship qualifying to appear at the Crucible Theatre; becoming the first player from his nation to do so.
Since his exit from the professional circuit in 2004 he has mainly appeared in big amateur events, winning titles such as the Nordic Snooker and European 6-Red Championships. At last year's World Snooker Federation Championship in Malta, Helgason reached the semi-finals before losing to Adam Stefanow in a deciding frame.
Throughout the Icelandic Snooker Association's domestic season eight open ranking events were held with the top 16 players qualifying for the national championship. Once again, defending champion Helgason was simply in a class of his own at the Billiardbarinn venue in the capital city of Reykjavik.
After receiving a walkover in the opening round, he eliminated Unnar Bragason (5-0) and Ásgeir Jón Guðbjartsson (7-1) in the quarter and semi-finals respectively. In the final Helgason faced Jón Ingi Ægisson; the duo had previously teamed up together to win the European Masters Team Championship in 2017.
Helgason took the opening frame although Ægisson responded well in going 2-1 up. However, Helgason showed his pedigree and broke away by reeling off the next eight frames in a row to run out a 9-2 victor. During the match he made nine half-century breaks – one in every frame he won.
Both Helgason and Ægisson will travel to Serbia at the end of May to compete in both singles and team action at the European Billiards and Snooker Association's 6 Red and Team Championships.
2019 Iceland National Snooker Championship
Results – from the quarter-finals onwards
Kristján Helgason 5-0 Unnar Bragason
Ásgeir Jón Guðbjartsson 5-2 Guðni Pálsson
Jón Ingi Ægisson 5-4 Gudbjörn Gunnarsson
Bjarni Jónsson 3-5 Örvar Guðmundsson
Helgason 7-1 Guðbjartsson
Ægisson 7-6 Guðmundsson
Helgason 9-2 Ægisson
Lavery Claims Northern Ireland Title
by WSF Editor | Apr 16, 2019 | General, Member News, Northern Ireland Snooker, WSF Members
A new name will be etched onto the Northern Ireland Amateur Snooker Championship trophy after Antrim's Declan Lavery claimed the national title for the first time last weekend.
Dating back to as far as 1927, this prestigious event has been won in the past by major champions Alex Higgins and Mark Allen. Organised by the Northern Ireland Billiards and Snooker Association (NIBSA) – a member of the World Snooker Federation (WSF) – this year's edition featured over seventy hopefuls who contested the competition across three consecutive weekends. The early rounds were played at the Minnesota Snooker Club in Ballymena and a subsequent 'Finals Weekend' was held for the eight remaining contestants at the 147 Snooker Club in Antrim.
Lavery began his bid with victories over Kevin McGlinchey (3-0), John Robinson (3-1) and Paul Currie (4-2) to book a berth in the quarter-finals at his home venue. Three breaks of 90 and a 59 helped him to a 5-0 last 8 win against youngster Christopher Clifford, thus setting up a clash with ex-professional and seven-time champion of this tournament, Patrick Wallace.
The 35-year-old held 4-1 and 5-3 advantages in the best-of-11-frames encounter, but seasoned campaigner Wallace struck back to force a deciding frame. However, aided by a run of 55 – his fifth half century of the tie – Lavery came through to reach the final for the first time following four semi-final defeats in the past. Waiting for him there was Darren Dornan from Drumaness, who had eliminated Raymond Fry, 6-2, in the other semi.
During the first session of the final Lavery made breaks 51 and 106 to take control, but efforts of 70 and 63 kept Dornan in touch as he trailed by just one frame at 4-5 come the end of the opening salvo. On resumption, though, Lavery wasn't prepared to relinquish his lead as he won five of the next six frames to emerge a 10-5 victor and secure the most significant accolade of his career so far.
A former Under-16 and 19 national champion too, Lavery's latest success means he has earned a wildcard into the professional Northern Ireland Open at the Waterfront Hall in Belfast later on in the year.
A jubilant Lavery said "I'm overjoyed to win the title. It was my real goal in snooker to win it and get my name on the trophy alongside three of my best mates (Mark Allen, Colin Bingham, Jordan Brown) and Alex Higgins. I can't wait to play in the Northern Ireland Open at the Waterfront".
Earlier in the week, Shea Moore defended the Under-21 championship title with a 5-3 comeback final win over Christopher Clifford.
Clifford opened a 3-0 lead in the final before Moore turned the tables with a five-frame winning streak that included a half century break in each of the last three frames.
2019 Northern Ireland Amateur Snooker Championship
Results from the quarter-finals onwards (breaks in brackets)
Patrick Wallace (60, 62) 5-3 (56, 50, 54) Stephen Brady
Christopher Clifford 0-5 (90, 90, 90, 59) Declan Lavery
Anto Heaney 4-5 Darren Dornan
Mark Jackson (50) 4-5 (57) Raymond Fry
Wallace 5-6 (73, 52, 54, 53, 55) Lavery
Dornan 6-2 Fry
Lavery (50, 51, 106) 10-5 (70, 63, 58) Dornan
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Pete Stinchcomb was a football coach in the National Football League (NFL) during the 1923 season as the head coach of the Columbus Tigers. During his lone season in the NFL the Tigers went 5-4-1. During his career he was the head coach of the Columbus Tigers for the 1923 season. The Tigers went 5-4-1 during his lone season as a head coach.