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US lamp manufacturers A – F
This torch lighting, gasoline Reading Lamp appeared in a 1912 Acorn Brass Mfg. Co., Chicago, advertisement (McRae), and was also sold by the Home Mfg. Co., Des Moines, Iowa. This two-mantled lamp, in Doug Dwyer's collection, is easily recognized by the angled-down valve stem and wheel. The mixing chamber casting allows the burner tubes to be mounted in a "Y" configuration (right image), similar to the design in Coleman's Model R Reading Lamp.
The nameplate soldered on the bottom of this lamp says: manufactured by Albert Lea Gas Light Co., Albert Lea, Minnesota. The lamp appears to be Model 67 (McRae) which is illustrated in Brite Lite Catalog 5. Brite Lite was the successor company to the Albert Lea Gas Light Co. and was also located in Albert Lea (see below). This lamp is in Loren Abernathy's collection.
The Allen-Sparks Gas Light Co., Lansing, Michigan, made this 30″ tall, torch lighting Giant Portable Lamp. The generator is the upper horizontal tube in the lower image. The tip cleaner lever, "A", clears the orifice, inside "B". Air is pulled in at the bottom of tube "B", mixes with fuel, and is burned on the mantle which is tied on at "C". This lamp is in Conny Carlsson's collection.
This Astley Parlor lamp Model 5 was also made by the Allen-Sparks Gas Light Co. This torch lighting lamp was made later than the Giant Portable lamp above. Model 5 designates the paneled shade on the lamp (left image) (McRae). The plated cup slides up the generator (right image) and is held by a bayonet mount (not seen) to preheat the generator. This lamp is in Doug Dwyer's collection.
The Best Street Lamp Co. made this Model 94 Indoor Arc Light in the early 1900s. This 600 cp single mantle lamp is finished in oxidized copper. The generator is preheated by preheater pan (right image) that can be swung under the generator when the chimney is removed. This 8 lb. lamp is 30″ tall and has a 5 1/2 qt. fount. The lamp requires a separate pump that is attached at the filler plug (right image). The late Dick Sellers restored this lamp which was in his collection and is now in Greg Diehl's collection.
The Best Light Co. also made this Model 300 lamp, circa 1915. While the finish had deteriorated, this 300 cp kerosene lamp was in good running order as received by Neil McRae.
Model 237 bracket lamp by the Best Light Co., lacks feet to support the fount on a flat surface. The shade is not original to the lamp. This 300 cp gasoline lamp is in Neil McRae's collection.
The Best Light Co. also made these Model 307 table lamps. The earlier version (left image) has an older style fount. The burner (center image) is on this lamp, which is in Greg Diehl's collection. Note the loop in the generator to facilitate match lighting. Neil McRae believes the lamp on the right, in Craig Seabrook's collection, is a later production 307 with a low profile fount from the early 1920s. This model was rated at 350 cp.
This Model 309 outdoor bracket lamp appears in a 1921 Best catalog, and is a gasoline fueled 350 cp lamp, according to Neil McRae, who owns the lamp. The burner (right image) includes a tip cleaner above the generator tube. The tank has an oxidized copper finish. The lamp requires a separate pump.
The Brilliant Gas Lamp Company, Chicago, made this Triumph gasoline gravity lamp. The lamp appeared in a 1913 advertisement (Conny Carlsson). A heat deflector is missing from the top of the tube that surrounds the tip cleaner rod (right image). This lamp is in Dwayne Hanson's collection.
An ad for this "Triumph Stand Lamp" appeared in a 1911 Popular Mechanics magazine and rated the mantle as producing 300 cp. The badge identifies it as a Brilliant Gas Lamp Co., Chicago, product. This torch lighting lamp has a period correct globe. Conny Carlsson painstakingly restored this lamp that is in his collection.
The Brite Lite Company, which succeeded the Albert Lea Gas Light Company circa 1914 and lasted until circa 1920 made this Model 65 lamp, in Neil McRae's collection. The company rated this model at 400 cp; it is seen running here with a Coleman 355 lamp globe.
Brite Lite also made this Model 66 lamp that appears in Catalog 5, circa 1916, of that company. The lamp is a gas model rated at 400cp. The glass shade on the lamp (right) is not original to this model. The lamp on the left is in Casey Jennings collection, while the lamp on the right is in James "Smitty" Smith's collection.
Brite Lite also advertised this Model M-66 lamp in Catalog 5 (Neil McRae). It differs from the Model 66 torch lighting lamp above in that it is match lighting. The generator has a tip cleaner that is accessed from below and has to be turned to raise and lower the pricker. The opal shade has a similar profile to the shade shown on the lamp in Catalog 5. This lamp is in Dean Dorholt's collection.
"The Canton" is an arc lamp that was made by the Canton Inc. Light Co., Canton, Ohio. The hanger leaning against the right side of the fount appears to be an original part of the lamp. This lamp is in Verne Sullivan's collection.
I believe the burner on this lamp (right) (right burner cap is missing) was made by or for the Daniels Gasoline Lighting Co., Paris, Illinois, after comparing it to hollow wire lighting by this company. The burner is mounted on a pre-1924 CQ Coleman fount. Two of these lamps were found not far from Paris, Illinois, by Jerry Lane; the running lamp (left) is in Glenn Knapke's collection.
The brass badge on this lamp identifies it as the Diamond Reading Lamp made by the Diamond Light Co., Kansas City, Missouri. The company was in business from 1909 – 1913 based on our examination of the city directories of that period. This torch lighting lamp is in Jon Schedler's collection.
The Doud Lighting Co., Chicago, Illinois, manufactured these lamps. The two mantle torch lighting Model 1 (left) ran well for Neil McRae, whose collection these are in. The one mantle match lighting generator lamp (right) is an unknown model that has the manufacturer's stamp.
Unlike others of this model, this Model No. 22 lamp is stamped Economy Lamp Co. Kansas City (Missouri) on the heat deflector. The shade appears to be original to the lamp based on an advertisement for this model dated Nov. 1, 1919. This lamp, in Doug Dwyer's collection, is a torch lit gasoline model with a vertically mounted tip cleaner and horizontal air intake.
The Economy Lamp Co. also used the burner as on the Model 22 lamp above on this unknown model. The tip cleaner wheel and shade holder are missing from this lamp that has a large and distinctively shaped fount. This lamp is in Doug Dwyer's collection.
This lamp is an unknown model by Economy Lamp Co. As the Economy models below, it will take a Coleman generator, in this case an R55. This lamp is in Doug Dwyer's collection. Like the Economy lamp above, it has an horizontal air tube, but like the lamp below right, it has the same shade holder and flat steel eye bolt to hold the shade hanger.
The Economy Lamp Company also made Model 401 (left), which has a nickel plated brass fount, and Models 415 (center) and 417 (right), which have mahogany & green painted brass founts respectively. The generators on these models are compatible with Coleman. The lamp on the left has a hanging rod, only the bottom of which can be seen in the image, and a flat steel eye bolt to hold the shade hanger on the lamp on the right. The lamps on the left and right are in Doug Dwyer's collection; the lamp in the center is in Neil McRae's collection.
This Economy 401 lamp was purchased as a salesman's kit from the company in 1925 by a customer in north central Missouri. The lamp came with a frosted Economy shade in the wooden box with a pump, hanger rod, an Economy catalog and several brochures, direction sheet and parts list, and order blanks so the customer could sell Economy lamps. This lamp and salesman's kit are in Jim Dencker's collection.
The fount and burners on this Model 402 800 cp Economy chandelier are the same as on the Model 401 lamp above (McRae). As with other manufacturers' chandeliers, the eye bolt at the top allows the lamp to be hung from a ceiling. This lamp, in Toby Garner's collection, is outfitted with Coleman Q99 match lighting generators.
This wall lamp was made by the Enterprise Tool and Metal Works Co., Chicago, and is badged: The A.J. Alsdorf Corp, Crystal Lite, Chicago, USA on the fiber valve wheel (see lower image on the lamp below). Tony Press, an Australian collector, restored this lamp which is in his collection. You can see an Enterprise Handy Lite model here.
This chandelier style table lamp was likely made as the one above. In the lower image you can see the stamping identifying the Alsdorf company on the valve wheel. This lamp is missing the mica globes and the ventilator nut on the lamp head on the right is a replacement. This lamp is in Tony Press' collection. Tony notes that Crystal Lite products were advertised in Western Australia from May, 1925 to December, 1929.
The Foote Mfg. Co., Dayton, Ohio, made this unmarked lamp during their short period of existence (1908-17). This kerosene lamp is in Doug Dwyer's collection. The lamp has a solid air screw and also requires an air pump with a flexible hose and threaded tip.
This Model D Foote lamp is so identified on an original paper label glued to the bottom of the fount. The lamp, in Doug Dwyer's collection, has an "L" shaped valve mounted in the fount (lower image) to shut off and control the flow of kerosene or white gas to the burner. Unlike the lamp above, the filler cap on this lamp does have an air screw.
These unmarked lamps also appear to also be a Foote Mfg. Co. product. The general features are similar to Model D above but there are differences in some of the parts, and the burner is more similar to those on Thomas Mfg. Co., also of Dayton, Ohio. The lamp on the left is in Jerry Engbring's collection. Bruce Dolen ran his lamp for the image on the right; the shade was used by a variety of manufacturers and appears in an advertisement of a Foote lamp.


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Simmer the berries, sugar and lemon juice over a medium heat for approx. 10 mins, allow to cool.
Mix the flour, sugar, baking powder and salt in a bowl. Add the butter and rub together using your hands to form an even, crumbly mixture. Pour in the milk and mix quickly to create a soft dough – do not knead.	Roll out the dough to a thickness of approx. 11/2 cm. Using a cutter (approx. 5 cm diameter), cut out 12 scones, place on an oven tray lined with baking paper, brush with milk.	Bake for approx. 20 mins. in the centre of an oven preheated to 200°C. Remove the Valentine scones, allow to cool a little on a cooling rack, serve just warm or cold with the jam.
The super-quick jam can be covered and kept in the fridge for approx. 4 days.


The visual artist and photographer Pierre-Elie de Pibrac, who has taken numerous pictures of the Opéra de Paris, partnered with the Chess Hotel, neighbor of the Palais Garnier. The photos decorating all hotel rooms present extracts of two series, Confidences and Catharsis, result of the artist's immersion of more than one year with the dancers of the Opéra de Paris Ballet.
The series "Confidences" is composed of photos taken with a silent rangefinder camera to be closer to the dancing bodies; the series "Catharsis" transcribes the energy released by the dancers, in an abstract representation of dancing. The hotel is the only current exhibition venue of these images that are showed in exclusive formats.
The team of Gilles and Boissier were once mentored by the renowned interior designers Philippe Starck and Christian Liaigre. However, they have since forged their own impressive reputation as creators of elegant and beautiful interior spaces. She excels in the art of harmonising all the various elements. He has a knack for placing the spotlight on the most delightful characteristics of wood. She emphasises fluidity and emotion. He favours the rigour of lines. These contradictions merge to produce a style that is unique to this superb interior design team.
Patrick Gilles and Dorothée Boissier draw their inspiration from these disagreements; bringing together their opposing views so that they eventually complement one another. The result of this marriage is a tribute to French chic - the perfect combination of classic and contemporary style - which is acclaimed worldwide by leading brands and the most prestigious institutions.
The colour of red clay, mustard hues and three shades of blue : the Chess Hotel offers a distinct and original colour scheme. It changes subtly from one element to another and forms the setting for exceptionally beautiful furniture. The pieces from the Gilles and Boissier collection naturally occupy a prominent place. Within the hotel rooms can be found some of the designers' most inspired creations: suspensions, chairs... and even four-poster beds in some of our Deluxe accommodation.
The hotel also has outstanding ornamental details. Thus, the checkerboard design that adorns the lobby floor and reflects the name of the establishment is mirrored in miniature upon the walls of the bathrooms. On the doors of these, we find the graphic designs of the artist Cyprien Chabert, who also created the monumental mural that runs from the second floor to the roof of the hotel. Even then, art lovers will not have finished marvelling, as a detour to the lobby will demonstrate. Here is a wonderful surprise: a mural created by Victor Ash, one of the greatest exponents of contemporary street art.
More than just a place to stay, the Chess Hotel is a place of life. It is distinguished from other hotels in the capital by a generous hospitality and high quality of service.
The excellence of our hotel staff demonstrates our high standards. Sincere, helpful and friendly, all are here to help. We listen to your requirements and provide all the support necessary to ensure that your stay with us is memorable, enjoyable and fulfilling. You might be staying for business or as a tourist. You might remain with us for a night or a week. Whether you are looking for recommendations to help you make the most of your time in Paris or are simply seeking rest and tranquillity, this is the ideal place to do so. Here you can enjoy personalised hospitality and the professionalism and constant availability of a capable and caring team.
You will also enjoy the various facilities and services offered by the Chess Hotel. We have a concierge service, tourist and practical advice, room service, free wifi, bar and board games (chess, of course, but also draughts and backgammon).
Breakfast is served in your room or in the inviting buffet area every morning. This presents the opportunity to enjoy a fine selection of healthy and high quality products, which are either farm-originated or organic: fresh and dried fruit, eggs, cheese, white cheese, meats, etc. Just as for the homemade jams and selection of teas, the Chess Hotel has decided to select its products with the utmost care, from the finest quality sources.
Breads and pastries are baked on site and can be enjoyed fresh from the oven. There is nothing quite like waking up to the mouth-watering aroma of baking. It lifts the senses in anticipation even before the delicious flavour charms the taste buds!


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Praxian Global announces the opening of a New Office in Gurugram
New Delhi [India] Oct 21 (ANI/NewsVoir): Praxian Global, the next-gen technology-led management consulting, analytics and market research firm, opens a new office in Gurugram, taking the total number of its worldwide offices to five.
Through this expansion, Praxis is focused on growth, and serving its broadening client base in the region with some key clients in the financial services, internet and e-commerce, and healthcare segments. The new facility in Delhi-NCR will enable broader coverage for existing clients and deeper coordination with industry bodies for the company.
"Opening our largest office in Delhi-NCR is a testament to a promising growth and business expansion in the region. The new office is livelier, tech-enabled, and provides a collaborative workspace for our employees, enabling us to serve clients better," said Madhur Singhal, Managing Director, Praxis Global Alliance.
"Its location will give us access to a very large pool of expert talent to fuel the continued growth of Praxian Global and our associated brands Praxis Global Alliance, PraxDigital, PGA Labs, and PGA Talent. I want to thank all our clients, employees, domain leaders and suppliers for believing in us and helping us deliver Superior Outcomes for brands globally," he added.
Praxis has built an extensive presence across the country with key offices in Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Bengaluru, and Singapore solving the toughest business problems with practical solutions, for clients across 15 key business verticals. With this new office, the company is set to explore newer avenues of expansion in people, projects, and potential.
"The expansion we have been able to achieve is remarkable. Our employees' obsession with quality has multiplied the purpose of delivering increased momentum for our clients. Our flexible and practical approach has been helping us deliver the business advisory of the future, which is more practical and quickly-actionable," said Aryaman Tandon, Director, and Head of PGA Labs.
As the industry's premier knowledge solutions provider, and one of the fastest-growing consulting and market research firms in India, Praxian Global's goal is to empower its clients take control of their digital futures by illuminating what's next.
"We are delighted to be in our new, smart facility. Praxis is growing fast and the team is committed to go beyond traditional strategy consulting and offer digital2030 advisory to clients. With our future-ready, agile capabilities in tech transformation, design thinking, change management, sustainability, and performance improvement, this expansion further enhances our operational efficiencies," said Parul Singh, Head of Marketing, Praxis Global Alliance.
This story is provided by NewsVoir. ANI will not be responsible in any way for the content of this article. (ANI/NewsVoir)
SC to hear plea on juvenility of Nirbhaya case convict
Gudiya rape case convict attacks journalist outside Delhi court

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


How do I respond as if I don't "owe" her anything?
There is a certain manipulator in your life who used to offer to do nice things for you (like treat you to dinner) or give you gifts. It turned out that almost every single nice act of hers was followed by her asking you for a difficult favor, so that it's hard for you to say "No." Ever since you caught the pattern, you've been declining all of her invitations.
But then she gives you an early Christmas gift using a mutual friend.
You know it's impolite to not say "Thank you" but if you text her "Thank you," there is a 99 percent probability that she will say "My pleasure!" and follow it with asking you a favor. How would you respond? When someone gives you a gift and ask you for a favor, do you find it hard to say "No"?
Me: "Thank you so much for the gift"
Her: "My pleasure! I wanted to give this to you before I go travelling this weekend. Do you think you can drive me to the airport at 5 a.m. Saturday morning?"
Re: How do I respond as if I don't "owe" her anything?
How about, "I'm so sorry, I have [other plans] [an appointment] that morning?
"no, I'll be sleeping in that day. I need the sleep. Maybe you could take an Uber?"
I know what you're going through here. I've had very similar people in my life.
It depends who this person is to you and what kind of a relationship you want to have with them.
You could avoid their trap by not accepting the meals and certain gifts.
You could reciprocate with like/kind gifts then feel you don't owe anything and refuse to do the favors.
You could accept the gifts, don't reciprocate and refuse to do the favors. This option will certainly piss them off.


This is a guide on how to create fluidic logic gates which work on air (which is classed as a fluid) instead of electricity. This is my first working prototype, but if made smaller and more reliable they could be used to create autonomous soft robots, or reduce the number of electromechanical valves used for applications where a number of pneumatic outputs needs to be controlled. A multi-line braille reader using this technology is already being developed.
I took inspiration from Novelchip's instructable, where he shows how to make logic gates out of microfluidic transistors and resistors, and made my own version, adding my own ideas and using the tools I have on hand.
For this next part, I will assume you are familiar with how resistor-transistor (RTL) and CMOS logic work.
In this project, RTL, which is commonly used in microfluidic logic, is replaced with Complementary Pass Transistor Logic (CPL), which has the same advantages as CMOS logic, in that it is consuming much less power than RTL, and no power at all when maintaining state. It is also dosn't need resistors, making it easier for me to make.
It is essentially a break in an air-carrying channel, which can be closed by applying negative pressure to the membrane above it, causing it to deflect and create a space for air to flow through (1st picture, source), and when the pressure is removed, the valve springs back in place.
Note: atmospheric pressure = logic level 0, below atmospheric pressure = logic level 1.
Every signal in this logic family is represented by 2 lines - one carrying the original signal (A) and the other carrying the complement, or inverse, of the signal (A'). This is because its not possible to invert a single-line signal with only N-MOS transistors, so the inverted signal has to be supplied.
The transistor arengement of electronic CPL is mimicked in my design.
Each gate is a 2-1 multiplexer (2nd picture). When the non-inverted signal (S) is equal to 1 and the inverted signal (S') is 0, the 1st set of transistors open and the 2nd set remain closed, so the 1st input is connected to the output and the 2nd input is disconnected, the opposite is true when S=0 and S'=1.
The 2-1 multiplexer is a universal logic element.
Since I couldn't reliably make a fluidic resistor without a CNC machine, which are need for resistor-transistor logic - the most common type of logic implemented in microfluidic circuits. I couldn't make the equivalent of CMOS logic either, since the fluidic equivalent of a P-channel MOSFET exists, but again need to be very precisely manufactured, So I came up with a solution which did not need resistors or P-channel MOSFETs, and only used the fluidic equivalent of a N-channel MOSFET. After some googling I found out that I independently invented CPL.
The materials don't have to be transparent, it just makes it to see if all the layers are aligned properly.
Sharpen the ball needle with a drill bit.
Following the design on the square grid, push the sharpened ball needle into the silicone to cut holes and corners and then join the holes with a craft knife. The neater the cuts are, the easier it will be to align the layers.
I also tried laser cutting the peices. The silicone cuts alright, but the peices wont stick together anymore, preventing an airtight seal.
In the future, I will use a 3d printable mold to cast the silicone peices, as this is the most tedious part of the project. I have included the STL files if anybody wants to try it.
Drill 8, 2.8mm diamiter holes in 1 peice of the acrylic. The centers of the holes should align with the end of the channels in the first silicone layer.
Use the 90deg countersink tool to deburr both sides of the hole to make sure they are completely flat and that the silicone sheet adheres around each hole without creating air bubbles.
Firmly push a peice of tubing into each hole, making sure that it dosnt come out easily. If it starts poking through to the other side, use a craft knife to bring it in line with the surface. Any bumps on the surface will cause the silicone to not adhere as well..
Clean every component with water and dry it to make sure there is no dust or hair stuck to the surfaces.
Press layers 1 & 2 against the acrylic peice with tubes attached, making sure no air bubbles are left between the layers.
Flip layers 3 & 4 & the membrane and press them against the acrylic peice with no holes.
Press the 2 sides together now.
Apply vacuum to each combination of output and control ports and you should hear the hissing of air coming from each input port in sequence. By putting a finger over the hole you can check that air dosnt leak in from anywhere else.
If air isnt flowing, you may need to realign your layers or enlarge one of the channels if it dosnt quite meet with another one.
This is done simply by removing the gauge's pointer and putting it back on so it points to "1 bar" in its neutral position. The gauge now shows absolute pressure instead of a value relative to atmospheric pressure.
Each chip is a 2-1 multiplexer, which in turn is a universal logic element, and can be connected up in different ways to make any 2 input logic gate.
A lego pneumatic switch has a non-inverted and an inverted output, so it is perfect to use as an input for these gates.
A piston or gauge can be conected to observe the output.
Since each gate's inputs and outputs are made up of 2 complementary signals (Q & Q'), any signal can be inverted by simply switching Q & Q'.
By connecting a buffer and a multiplexer in such a way so that the the buffer's input is connected to its output while the clock line is low and another input while the clock line is high, we create a data latch - 1 bit of memory.
I estimate an 8 bit register would take up about 120cm^2 if made on a single chip, assuming I dont figure out a way to make the transistors smaller first (small transistors cut by hand are difficult to align).
Nice, that's a clever mechanism. I'll want to try this out and see if I can make the pneumatic equivalent of a BEAM robot at some point.
Its a good idea. but in a single microchip the size of a finger nail there are millions of transistors. is it possible to match that computing power with pneumatic logic gates?
Of course, its physically impossible to make a microfluidic chip on par with the complexity and speed of an electronic chip. Research is still ongoing in this field, so the number of valves that can fit on a chip is increasing as manufacturing methods get more precise. Still, future chips will most likely not have more than a couple of bytes of memory and preform very simple functions.
Finally also my miniatured version (universal gate chip size 8*8mm^2) works as it should using one chip as MUX and the other as buffer. With the circuit connected as shown in the photo and using a syringe as vacuum supply i determined that the circuit consumes 0.3cm^3 per switching operation and i could perform 100 times switching with just 30cm^3 of air!
Will do! Thanks for letting me know. I've been working on an SLA 3d printed version of this project, I'll publish that soon.
EXCELLENT LOGICAL DEMONSTRATION FOR FANS TO SEE HOW THESE LOGIC CIRCUITS WORK... GREAT IDEA!!!!
This really is interesting. Kudos to you, excellent work!
I am not familiar with the mm designation. Does that mean mini me's? What is 2 mini me's?
So cool... I also agree with some comments below, a good candidate for 3d printing and a laser cutter. Of which I have both. Message me if you want to do something.
You might like to try laser cutting the silicone sheets.
You will get splendid accuracy and much faster too.
I tried this, and it cut fine, but the silicone wouldnt stick together even after I cleaned it with acetone - its surface felt more like plastic than of rubber. I think the 3d printed mould is a better solution.
This type of system was big on U.S. naval ship propulsion plants using the old steam technology, then they switched to gas turbines, dunno if it is still used there or not.


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Women Heart Attacks Medical Malpractice
Yes! She's having a heart attack, and it could lead to a medical malpractice suit
Steven E. North, Esq. and Laurence M. Deutsch, Esq.
Furthermore, a woman's warning symptoms may vary from those typically associated with men. The crushing chest pain with radiation down the left arm which is a known classic symptom is not as common in women, whose complaints may be more subtle.
Yes, women have heart attacks too. In fact, according to a 2014 CDC report, heart disease is the single biggest killer of women in the U.S., a statistic that, of course, includes heart attacks. Nevertheless, there still exists a bias in the medical world that men are the primary sufferers, which results in less attention being given to women's symptoms in the ER, particularly when the patient is young.
When I prosecuted a medical malpractice case involving a young woman who had a heart attack, the most difficult obstacle I faced was the traditional medical school argument: "When you hear hoof beats, think of horses, not zebras." And, yes, It may be said that a heart attack in a 21-year-old girl is more like a zebra than a horse.
If the classic symptoms present and the lab tests so warrant, it is important that efforts be made to rule out a heart attack before the patient is discharged from the hospital.
An article recently published in Webmed, an internet medical advisory for consumers, cites six symptoms associated with heart attacks in women. They include classic symptoms like sweating and shortness of breath, but also include less typical symptoms like abdominal pressure, stomach pain, and fatigue.
Women going to an ER with such symptoms have a better chance of proper diagnosis when they are their own advocates. Differential diagnoses might include stomach issues rather than coronary ones, and it could be important for the patient to insist that repeat EKG's are performed and troponin levels checked more than once. During the early stages of a heart attack, it is not uncommon for these values to be normal, but if symptoms persist while she is in the hospital, a woman should not be discharged until repeat studies are completed. This was not done in the case that I handled, and the result was catastrophic injury to the young woman, which led to a medical malpractice suit.
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I'm sure everyone is aware of how awesome New Girl is. In fact, I'm positive I'm behind the times on the discovery of the show... but just in case there's others of you out there who lived on an island in the middle of the ocean for 2 months, here's a sneak peak.
I LOVE New Girl. She cracks me up so much. I watched so many episodes when I was couch-ridden with my sprained ankle.


text:
Johnson schools
Midwives help women during pregnancy and labor
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In practice, this means that ad hoc maxims for life-conduct had been gradually displaced by Pergolide Mesylate (Permax)- FDA unified total system of meaning and value, which historically culminated in the Puritan ethic of vocation.
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Weber is, then, not envisioning a peaceful dissolution of the grand metanarratives of monotheistic religion and bus science into a series of local narratives and the consequent modern pluralist 1 3 beta glucans in which different cultural practices follow their own immanent logic.
His vision of polytheistic reenchantment is rather that of glucabs incommensurable value-fragmentation into glucan plurality of alternative metanarratives, each of which claims to answer the same metaphysical questions that religion and science strove to cope with in their own ways.
The modern world has come to be monotheistic and polytheistic all at once. What seems to underlie this seemingly self-contradictory imagery of modernity hlucans the problem of modern humanity (Menschentum) and its loss of freedom and moral agency.
Once things were different, Weber claimed. Once different, too, was the mode of society constituted by and in turn constitutive of this type of moral agency. The irony was that the self-absorbed, anxiety-ridden and even antisocial virtues of the person of vocation could be sustained only in the thick disciplinary milieu of small-scale associational life. To summarize, the irony with which Weber accounted for rationalization was driven by the deepening tension between modernity and modernization.
The modern project has fallen victim to its own success, and in peril is the individual moral agency and freedom. His ambition was much more modest and pragmatic. After all, the questions that drove his methodological reflections were what it means to practice science in the modern polytheistic world and how one can 11 science with a sense of vocation. On the one hand, he followed Windelband in positing that historical and cultural knowledge is categorically distinct from natural scientific knowledge.
Action that is the subject of any social scientific inquiry is clearly different from mere behaviour. While behaviour can be accounted for without reference to inner motives and thus can be reduced to mere aggregate numbers, making it possible to establish positivistic regularities, and even laws, of collective behaviour, an action can only be interpreted because it is based on a radically subjective attribution of meaning and values to what one does.
What a social scientist seeks to understand is this subjective dimension of human conduct as it relates to others. A teleological contextualization of an action in the means-end nexus is indeed the precondition for a causal explanation that can be objectively ascertained. So far, Weber is not essentially in disagreement with Rickert. To be consistent with the Neo-Kantian presuppositions, instead, the ends themselves have to be conceived of as no less subjective.
In the end, the kind of objective knowledge that historical and cultural sciences may achieve is precariously limited. An action can be interpreted with objective validity only at 1 3 beta glucans level of means, not ends. Objectivity in historical and social sciences is, then, not a goal that can be reached with the aid of a correct method, but an ideal that must be striven for without a promise of ultimate fulfillment.
Keenly aware of its fictional nature, the ideal type never seeks to claim its validity in terms of a reproduction of glicans a correspondence with reality. Its validity 1 3 beta glucans be ascertained only in terms of adequacy, which is too conveniently ignored by the proponents of positivism. According to Weber, a clear johnson 2011 commitment, no matter how subjective, is both unavoidable and necessary.
It 1 3 beta glucans unavoidable, for otherwise no meaningful knowledge can be attained. At the outset, it seems undeniable that Weber was a deeply liberal political thinker especially in a German context that is not well known for liberalism.
He was also a bourgeois liberal, and self-consciously so, in a time of great transformations that were undermining the social conditions necessary to support classical liberal values and bourgeois institutions, thereby compelling glucasn to search for a fundamental reorientation.
With the same sobriety or brevity, he asserted that, even in a democratic state, domination of the ruled by the ruler(s) is simply an inescapable political reality. That is why, for Weber, a study of the political, even a value-free, empirical sociology, cannot but be an inquiry into the different modalities 1 3 beta glucans which a domination is effectuated and sustained. In other words, it has to be a domination mediated through mutual interpretation, in which the rulers claim legitimacy and the ruled acquiesce to 1 3 beta glucans voluntarily.
From this allegedly realistic premise, Weber famously moved on to identify three ideal types of bets domination based on, respectively, charisma, tradition, and legal rationality. Roughly, the first type of legitimacy claim depends on how persuasively the leaders prove their charismatic qualities, for which they receive personal devotions and emotive followings from the ruled. The second kind of claim can be made successfully when 1 3 beta glucans practice, custom, and mores are institutionalized to (re)produce a stable pattern of domination over a long duration of time.
In sharp contrast to these crucial dependences on personality traits and the 1 3 beta glucans of time, the third type of authority is unfettered by time, place, and other forms of contingency as it derives its legitimacy from adherence to impersonal rules and universal principles that can only bera found by suitable legal-rational reasoning.
As such, it should be bayer chemicals from the outset that these ideal types are not befa be taken as supplying normative grounds for passing judgments on legitimacy claims. After all, 1 3 beta glucans are political-sociological categories rather than full-blown political-philosophical concepts.
That is to say, it allows scant, or 1 3 beta glucans, a conceptual topos for democracy. In fact, it seems as though Weber is unsure of the proper place of democracy in his schema. At bwta times, Weber seems to believe that democracy is simply non-legitimate, rather than formulation type of legitimate domination, because it aspires to an identity between the ruler and the ruled (i.
Too recalcitrant to fit into his overall schema, in other words, these historical prototypes of democracy simply fall outside of his typology of 1 3 beta glucans as a- glucanw illegitimate. The best 1 3 beta glucans is the Puritan sect in gluccans authority is legitimated only on the grounds of a consensual order created voluntarily by proven believers possessing their own quantum of charismatic legitimating power.
Rather than an outright non-legitimate or fourth type of domination, here, democracy comes across as an extremely rare subset of a diffused zyprexa forum institutionalized from of charismatic legitimacy. The irony is unmistakable.
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text:
Патті Фендік і Джилл Гетерінгтон були чинними чемпіонками тенісного турніру Virginia Slims of Los Angeles 1989, але не змогли захистити свій титул, оскільки у чвертьфіналі їх перемогли Елізабет Смайлі і Джанін Тремеллінг.

Мартіна Навратілова і Венді Тернбулл виграли титул, оскільки їхні суперниці у фіналі Мері Джо Фернандес і Клаудія Коде-Кільш змушені були знятися за рахунку 5–2.

Сіяні пари
Сіяних чемпіонок виділено жирним, тоді як для інших сіяних прописом вказано коло, в якому вони вибули. Перші чотири сіяні пари виходять без боротьби в друге коло.

Сітка

Фінальна частина

Верхня половина

Нижня половина

Посилання
 Virginia Slims of Los Angeles 1989 Doubles Draw

LA Women's Tennis Championships
Тур WTA 1989

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Taking Care of Business Today
March 30, 2022 April 27, 2022 - by Benny McAdams
Taking care of business today is a vital part of preparing yourself for a career in the business world. Business Today is a nonprofit organization that was founded by Steve Forbes in 1968. Its mission is to bridge the gap between influential business leaders and top undergraduate students by creating a dynamic forum for these two groups of students. This event provides an opportunity to learn from a diverse group of speakers and panelists. The conference also offers plenty of networking opportunities for those who wish to pursue a career in business.
Impact Challenge
The annual Business Today Impact Challenge provides seed funding for social entrepreneurs and aims to foster the next generation of social entrepreneurs. Business Today also encourages undergraduates to participate in the challenge, and has previously hosted a series of student panels and workshops on social entrepreneurship. Selected teams receive mentorship from leading business executives, and the competition ends with the grand prize of $15,000 in seed funding. Listed below are the winners of this year's competition.
The Impact Challenge is a three-day conference that aims to foster collaboration and innovation among undergraduate students. Students attending the event must be undergraduates and be available for all three days of the conference. The competition is open to social entrepreneurs across the globe, and teams should be comprised of one to five undergraduate students. The team must already have a prototype of their project to compete. The top five teams will receive a month's worth of mentoring from leading business executives and compete for $15,000 in seed funding.
Boost Leadership Series
The Boost Leadership Series at Business Today conference provides an opportunity for students to engage with renowned leaders and gain valuable insights about the business world. This event also offers networking and mentoring opportunities for students. The Boost …
Taking Care of Business Today Read More
Three Ways to Promote Your Business in a Small Business Trends Magazine
If you're looking for a new way to promote your small business, you might want to consider signing up for a subscription to Small Business Trends magazine. This new print format has changed how small business owners consume content. It is more mobile-friendly and similar to digital content collections. This is good news for small business owners. Keeping up with technology is essential to stay competitive. Listed below are three ways to promote your business through a magazine subscription.
Profitability edition
Profitability is a crucial component of a small business, and this edition focuses on maximizing profitability. The Profitability edition covers topics pertaining to small businesses, including emerging technologies, marketing strategies, and the latest in business trends. It is particularly useful for health-care business owners and investors. Creative entrepreneurs will find valuable information in the Creative Boom magazine, which showcases the best creative professionals and provides business advice tailored to the specific needs of creatives.
It is no surprise that there are a lot of ways to use influencer marketing for your business. Whether it's on social media or in person, you can make it work to promote your brand. The most important element of influencer marketing is to choose a genuine influencer who shares your brand's values. For example, a popular YouTube channel may be all about shopping, but there are other channels that have gaming-related content. In these cases, you should choose influencers who use the products or services you're promoting to get an honest perspective on the product.
While traditional forms of marketing are still effective, influencer marketing is often the most cost-effective. Most businesses focus on their audience, running advertisements, sending promotional emails, and building a list. Influencers are known as "influencers" in their niches, sharing content on a regular basis and sprinkled with …
Three Ways to Promote Your Business in a Small Business Trends Magazine Read More
The Dow Jones Industrial Average gained ground after Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Nvidia and AMD are among best-of-breed growth stocks. Occidental delivered solid quarterly earnings and is looking to improve operational efficiencies. Powell's testimony is expected to be closely watched on Wall Street. A broader perspective on today's market is available in this piece. Read on to learn more about some of the biggest stories on Wall Street.
Dow Jones Industrial Average surged after Russia's invasion of Ukraine
The Russian invasion of Ukraine has sent global markets into a tailspin, as investors are trying to gauge the impact of the conflict on commodity prices. The Russian invasion is likely to further raise concerns about the long-term prospects of inflation and stagnant growth. Moreover, investors are keeping a close eye on Fed Chairman Jerome Powell's testimony this week. If he is correct, investors will be able to judge the impact of the conflict on domestic monetary policy.
Nvidia and AMD are best-of-breed growth stocks
Both AMD and NVIDIA are well diversified and have partnerships with market leaders in several high-growth markets, such as the connected car and AI applications. AMD, meanwhile, is chasing NVIDIA into many of these same growth markets, including partnerships with Baidu and Microsoft in data centers. While both companies have a lot of buzz around automotive partnerships, they still rely heavily on PCs and gaming consoles for much of their revenue.
Occidental posted solid quarterly earnings
Occidental Petroleum Corp., known as Oxy, has posted strong quarterly earnings. The company saw improved efficiencies and higher profits across its holdings. The stock has added to its recent gains and now stands at an all-time high. However, the company's prospects are not perfect. As such, investors should be cautious when buying Occidental stock. Here are a few things to keep …
The Best Business News Websites
If you are in the business of selling goods and services, then business news is an essential tool for you. You can gain valuable insights on your industry and market and stay ahead of your competitors with the latest business news. The internet is becoming more important as people rely on it for everything from entertainment to information. In fact, research has shown that the number of online shoppers is expected to reach $3 trillion by 2020. To stay ahead of your competitors, business news is essential.
Despite its popular nature, CNBC has a number of issues that could make it hard to be considered one of the best business news websites. Although it does feature a number of well- known personalities, its primary focus remains the economy. While Yahoo Finance has been the most popular business news website for years, CNBC has also made a strong effort to stay relevant with the fast-changing global economy. It has an audience of over 115 million people per month, which has boosted its presence as one of the best business news websites on the Internet.
For over a century, the Forbes business news website has been gathering the world's most influential entrepreneurs and leaders. This transaction is a great opportunity for both companies. The merger will allow Forbes to build on its successful digital transformation and add data-driven insights to its offerings. And, with the addition of independent members to its board, it will better reflect the Forbes values. Read on to learn more about the merger. We look forward to the new era of Forbes!
The Financial Times is an English newspaper that publishes in London. Its headquarters are at Bracken House at 1 Friday Street. The FT website is an online version of its print …
The Best Business News Websites Read More


There are 82 schedule 40 steel pipe yield strength suppliers, mainly located in Asia. The top supplying country is China (Mainland), which supply 100% of schedule 40 steel pipe yield strength respectively. Schedule 40 steel pipe yield strength products are most popular in Southeast Asia, Mid East, and Domestic Market.
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text:
Q: C++ strings, punctuation, arrays I need to be able to use only c++ strings in order to change the input paragraph below.  The issue I've run into is that when I pull something with punctuation at the end such as "programs-" it pulls it into my array as "programs-" instead of "programs" and "-" separately.  I need to know how to do this so that I can replace all the "-" with ".".
How does someone separate the two and place each in it's own block in the array?
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>

using namespace std;

void read(string line[], string para[], int &d)
{
string temp;
int i = 0;

ifstream myfile ("paragraphwordsub.txt");
if (myfile.is_open())
{
    while ( temp != "$" )
    {
        myfile >> temp;
        line [i] = temp;
        cout << line[i] << " ";
        i++;
    }
    cout << endl;
    i=0;
    while (!myfile.eof())
    {
        myfile >> temp;
        para[i] = temp;
        cout << para[i] << " ";
        d++;
        i++;
    }

 myfile.close();
}

else cout << "Unable to open file";

cout << endl << endl << i << endl << para[73] << endl;

return;

}

int main()
{
  int const SIZE = 100;
  string a [SIZE];
  string b [SIZE];
  int counter = 0;

  read(a, b, counter);

  cout << endl << endl << counter << endl;

  return 0;

}

Input:

Whose programs is such?
      There were important programs to be done and Tommy were asked to do such-  Tommy were sure Sam would do such-  Samson could have done
  such, but Nicholsonnders did such-  Sam got angry about that, because
  such were Tommy's programs-  Tommy thought Samson could do such but
  Nicholsonnders realized that Tommy wouldn't do such-  It ended up that
  Tommy blamed Sam when Nicholsonnders did what Samson could have done-

A: I don't entirely understand what you want to do with it but here is an example of how to tokenize the paragraph while keeping punctuation and spaces separate. I've used vectors instead of arrays but it should be easy to switch:
#include <vector>
#include <fstream>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>

class Words {
  std::vector<std::string> words_;
  bool lastCharacterIsAlphaNumeric_;

  void addAlphaNumeric(char character);
  void startNewWord(char character) {  words_.emplace_back(1, character); }
  void addNewWordForNonAlphaNumeric(char character);
  void clear() { words_.clear(); lastCharacterIsAlphaNumeric_ = false; }

public:
  Words() : lastCharacterIsAlphaNumeric_(false) {}
  void read(std::string filename);
  void print() { for(auto& word : words_) std::cout << word << std::endl; }
};

void Words::addAlphaNumeric(char character) {
  if (!lastCharacterIsAlphaNumeric_) {
    startNewWord(character);
    lastCharacterIsAlphaNumeric_ = true;
  } else {
    words_.back().push_back(character);
  }
}

void Words::addNewWordForNonAlphaNumeric(char character) {
  startNewWord(character);
  lastCharacterIsAlphaNumeric_ = false;
}

void Words::read(std::string filename) {
  clear();
  std::ifstream myfile (filename);
  char tmp;

  while(myfile.good()) {
    myfile.get(tmp);
    if(isalnum(tmp)) {
      addAlphaNumeric(tmp);
    } else {
      addNewWordForNonAlphaNumeric(tmp);
    }
  }
}

int main()
{
  Words words;
  words.read("paragraphwordsub.txt");
  words.print();
}

A: If I understand the problem correctly, you want to find every occurrence of the substring "-" in your input and replace it with the substring ".".
You may have been hoping that because operator>> reads one "word" at a time from the input, it would stop after the last letter of "programs"; but actually it stops only when it comes to whitespace or the end of input. It seems desirable that there would be a stream manipulator you could use to tell it to stop at punctuation, but I don't know of any such manipulator.
You could try something like this:
myfile >> temp;
size_t position = temp.find("-");
while (found!=std::string::npos) {
  temp.replace(position, 1, ".");
}

If you use string variables instead of the literals "-" and ".", you can generalize this to make any substitution you want (but then instead of the constant 1 in the parameters of replace(), you must use the length of the substring to be replaced).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The latest news out of Ottawa today is that Canada's former Attorney General, Jody Wilson-Raybould has officially resigned amid the major SNC-Lavalin Scandal.
On the waiving of the solicitor-client privilege the Prime Minister reiterated the fact that he asked the current Attorney General to advise him on the possibility of waiving the privilege.
Wilson-Raybould said she intends to continue serving as the MP for the riding of Vancouver-Granville. Trudeau said on Monday that he had full confidence in her and that her presence in cabinet spoke for itself.
One of Trudeau's spokespeople says Defence Minister Harjit Sajjan will take over the veterans-affairs portfolio temporarily.
Wilson-Raybould posted a copy of the resignation letter she sent to the Prime Minister's Office on her website Tuesday morning.
"With a heavy heart, I am writing to tender my resignation as the Minister of Veterans Affairs and Associate Minister of National Defence", the letter begins.
"They perpetuate colonial-era, sexist stereotypes that Indigenous women can not be powerful, forthright, and steadfast in positions of power, but rather confrontational, meddling and egotistic".


text:
Tom Selleck Kept His 32 Year-Marriage Out Of The Spotlight To Protect His Family
Written By Mark Baker
on Oct 2, 2019
In the late 1980s, Tom Selleck of "Magnum P.I." fame was one of the most in demand actors in Hollywood, and producers and directors wanted him for all kinds of projects. That's why it came as a huge shock to everyone when Selleck withdrew from the spotlight at the height of his fame to devote himself to his family.
At the time, Selleck was a divorced 38 year-old who was in London filming the movie Lassiter. His costar Jane Seymour noticed that he was going to the West End every night, and he kept telling her how incredible the show "Cats" was.
"I thought it was good, but I couldn't see going back a dozen times," Seymour said.
However, Selleck was not going just to see the show. Instead, he had become enamored with 25 year-old Jillie Joan Mack who played Rumpleteazer.
Selleck finally asked Mack on a date, and the rest was history. Mack soon moved to Hawaii to be with Selleck while he filmed "Magnum P.I.," and they have been inseparable ever since. In 1987, the year before "Magnum P.I." ended, Selleck married Mack in a ceremony that was so secret that even the priest who was hired to conduct the rituals did not know who he was officiating for until the last second.
Selleck had tons of opportunities after "Magnum P.I." was over, but he turned them all down to be with his wife, and later their daughter Hannah, on their farm in California.
"I worked 90 hours a week and did a movie every break. I quit Magnum to have a family," Selleck said in 2012. "It took a long time to get off the train, but I try very hard to have balance, and this ranch has helped me do that. My first priority is time with my family. It's important to nurture your marriage."
"I think wanting time away from work has been good for that," he added.
Being away from the Hollywood spotlight helped Selleck's daughter have a normal childhood.
"It was the best environment for her to grow up," Selleck said, adding that he bonded with Hannah over chores and other aspects of farm life.
Selleck's pro-family attitude is a rare one in Hollywood, which makes it all the more refreshing. God bless him!


India's unique solar and wind resources provide a robust background for Hilliard Energy's planned cogeneration wind and solar projects.
Economic growth in India has been on the rise and is expected to continue as evidenced by the increase in investment dollars the country is currently experiencing. With over one third of India's population having no access to electricity, its energy consumption is expected to double before it peaks in 2040, making it one of the few growth spots in emerging markets. Hilliard has strategically positioned itself in the renewable energy sector to be a front-runner in contributing to India's growth.
As India's infrastructure expands to meet future demand, the country is choosing to invest in clean energy. Renewable energy sources can power India's future, offering a cleaner, more sustainable way to supply its growing energy needs, reducing the strain on infrastructure and increasing energy security. In just four years, India's solar market has grown more than a hundredfold, exceeding 3 gigawatts(GW) of installed solar energy. With 250 GW of total installed energy currently and a need for much more power, scaling up solar and wind energy projects is a win-win strategy. Through this shift, India hopes to provide a 24/7 power supply to all by the year 2019. In February 2015, Prime Minister Modi announced an aggressive goal of 100 GW of solar energy and 60 GW of wind energy by 2022. This initiative will not only bring electricity to many who are in need, but it will also employ over a million people. In July 2015, Palle Raghunath Reddy, Information Technology Minister of Andhra Pradesh Government, announced his support for Hilliard Energy's 650 MW cogeneration power project within the District of Anantapur, with costs estimated at $600 Million.
Many factors that contribute to the rise of interest in the renewable sector of India. With Prime Minister Modi leading the strong single party, he created a pro-business environment inviting larger foreign investments into the energy market. Both the central and state government policies have created renewed targets of 100 GW purchased by government and states at a higher tariff. The facilitation of over 25 solar parks (1,000 MW capacity each) by the government has created a streamlined process for developers to quickly access parcels of land for their projects as well as providing evacuation facilities through the power grid.
As an independent power provider, developer, and owner/operator, funding of the project can be a hurdle. India has again proven its desire and will to bring renewables by proving fiscal benefits. The government has adopted a policy allowing 100% accelerated depreciation, import duty waiver for capital equipment and components, and double the clean energy access on coal and lignite.
India's unique solar and wind resources provide a robust background for Hilliard Energy's planned cogeneration wind and solar projects . With over 330 sunny days each year and documented 80 meter wind speeds that support renewable development in India. The decline of fossil fuels over recent years has given renewable energy a strengthened foothold in the county.


Iquitos (i/ɪˈkɪtɒs, iː-, -toʊs/), also known as Iquitos City, is the capital city of Peru's Maynas Province and Loreto Region. The largest metropolis in the Peruvian Amazon, east of the Andes, it is the sixth most populous city of Peru.
It is known as the "capital of the Peruvian Amazon." The city is located in the Great Plains of the Amazon Basin, fed by the Amazon, Nanay and Itaya rivers. Overall, it constitutes Metropolitan Iquitos, a conurbation of 471,993 inhabitants consisting of four districts: Iquitos, Punchana, Belén, and San Juan Bautista. It is the largest city in the world that cannot be reached by road – it is accessible only by river and air.
The area was long inhabited by indigenous peoples. The founding date of the European city is uncertain. Spanish historical documents state that it was set up around 1757 as a Spanish Jesuit reduction by the banks of the Nanay River. The Jesuits gathered local Napeano (Yameo) and Iquito natives to live here, and they named it San Pablo de Napeanos.
In the late 19th century, the city became the center of export of rubber production from the Amazon Basin and was the headquarters of the Peruvian Amazon Company. The rubber boom attracted thousands of European traders and workers, some of whom amassed wealth with the high-volume production, processing and trade in rubber. The city's economy was highly dependent on PAC, controlled in the nation by Peruvian businessman Juan Luis Arana.
The operations of PAC's forces in the Basin, who kept indigenous workers in near slavery conditions through use of force and harsh treatment, was investigated by Roger Casement, the British consul-general in Peru. He had investigated labor conditions for natives in the Congo Free State when it was under King Leopold's control, reporting on the abuse of thousands of workers. His 1913 exposure of abuses of Peruvian workers caused a reaction against the company among the several British members of its board and many stockholders. The company struggled financially and lost backing in the UK. In addition, rubber seedlings had been smuggled out of the country and cultivated on plantations in Southeast Asia. As the plants matured, the competition undercut prices of the Peruvian product. With the decline of the rubber industry, many workers and merchants left Iquitos.
As one of the leading cities, along with Manaus, in the huge Amazon rubber boom (1880-1914), Iquitos was influenced by the numerous Europeans who flocked to it. Architecture and cultural institutions established during this period expressed their own traditions. An opera house and Jewish cemetery were among the institutions established.
Later in the 20th century, the city and region diversified its economy. The region exported timber, fish and their products, oil, minerals, and agricultural crops. It also derives considerable revenue from tourism and related crafts, as well as bakery, and carbonated drinks and beer. By 1999, the city had consolidated its four municipalities.
The architecture and historical treasures reflect the colonial and early 20th-century European period, attracting an increased tourist trade in the 21st century. In addition it is a center of ecological tourism. It has become a major cosmopolitan city with strong roots in the Amazon, featuring a complex history and cuisine, Amazonian landscapes, nightlife, and a growing cultural movement.
In 2012, 250,000 visitors were recorded. Many have been attracted since the Amazon rainforest was ranked as one of the Seven Natural Wonders of the World. Iquitos inaugurated international flights to the main hub of Panama City in 2012, with shared destinations with Miami and Cancún. Its international airport is expected to become one of six international air centers of Peru. The city was ranked as sixth on the list of "10 leading cities in 2011" of the Lonely Planet guidebook.
The Historic Center of Iquitos has several structures that have been designated as part of the Cultural Heritage of the Nation: the Cathedral of Iquitos, the Iron House, the Old Hotel Palace, Cohen House, and more than 70 other buildings. Other landmarks are the Plaza de Armas; Jiron Prospero, an avenue that is the site of several shopping and historical areas; and the lively neighborhood of Belén, often dubbed the "Amazon Venice" for its many waterways. The city is also home to the Amazon Library, one of the two most important in Latin America.
The area was inhabited for thousands of years by Amerindians. At the time of European encounter, the Napeano and Iquito peoples occupied the area. They had small seasonal settlements and were nomadic hunter-gatherers, living in close association with the rivers. The city name of Iquitos is derived from a group of native people called Iquitos by the Spaniards. They had previously inhabited areas along the rivers Pastaza, Arabela, Tigre, Nanay, and Curaray. Eventually, the native Iquitos migrated to the area around the rivers Nanay, Amazonas, Itaya, and the Lake Moronacocha.
Between 1638 to 1769, the Iquitos and other native tribes of the Marañon rivers were obliged to settle down in various Missions (known as reducciones or reductions) founded and run by Jesuit missionaries from the Audiencia of Quito. The Jesuits settled in the major cities of the Audiencia of Quito, which was part of the Viceroyalty of Peru at the time. During this period of nearly 130 years, 161 Jesuit missionaries worked to convert and educate the natives of the Amazon region. Among them were 63 criollos (white ethnic Spanish colonists born in the Audencia), 43 Spaniards, 32 Germans and Dutch, 20 Italians, 2 Portuguese, and 1 Frenchman. Their role in South America was to convert the natives of the Amazon Basin to Christianity. The Jesuits successfully gathered the natives living along the Marañon river into various Jesuit missions, where they were set to work at farming and other pursuits.
Commencing in 1730, the Jesuits took 37 years to found the Iquitos missions along the Marañon River, close to the mouth of the Napo and Amazon rivers. These were collectively known as Iquitos Missions, since all these settlements were mainly populated chiefly by the Iquitos natives of the region. The naming and foundation of all the Iquitos Missions were done by Jesuit Father José Bahamonde. He was born in Quito on January 1, 1710, accepted into the Jesuit order, and served as a missionary for decades. After Charles III of Spain suppressed and expelled the Society of Jesus from South America in 1767, Bahamonde was exiled to Italy, where he died in Ravenna, Italy on May 11, 1786.
1730, Santa Maria de la Luz de los Iquitos "town," founded by Father Bahamonde – as recorded in the Archives of the Indies in Spain.
1767 San José de Iquitos, founded by Father Uriarte. Later that year the Jesuits were expelled from South America by order of Charles III.
During the Spanish Colonial era, most of the Jesuit missions were under the jurisdiction of the Royal Audiencia of Quito. Created in 1563, it was a part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, and was transferred briefly to the Viceroyalty of New Granada on May 27, 1717 known as the Cedula Real of 1717 (Royal Decree of 1717). Six and a half years later, on November 5, 1723, Philip V of Spain dissolved the Viceroyalty of New Granada and reincorporated the Audiencia of Quito into the Viceroyalty of Peru. Sixteen years later Philip V of Spain decided to re-create the Viceroyalty of New Granada and to re incorporate the Audiencia of Quito through the Cedula Real (Royal Decree) dated August 20, 1739. Charles III of Spain suppressed the Society of Jesus, believing them too powerful, and expelled them from South America by order dated August 20, 1767. Given the distance from Quito and the lack of roads connecting to that city, a political vacuum was developed in the area. The undefended Jesuit missions were attacked by the Brazilian Bandeirantes. In response the King of Spain on recommendation of Francisco Raquena created the Government and Commandancy General of Maynas in 1802 to halt the invasion into the Spanish Amazon of land-hungry mestizo Portuguese Bandeirantes. In general, this amounted to the religious administration and military command of all tributaries of the Amazon river in the Amazon Basin that belonged to the Royal Audiencia of Quito in the Viceroyalty of New Granada being transferred again to the Viceroyalty of Peru. The Portuguese advance was halted at Tabatinga.
In the early 19th century, following independence, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Brazil had overlapping claims to the North Western Amazon Basin, based on each country's interpretation of their colonial de jure titles. The disputed area was populated mostly by groups of nomadic Amerindian natives living in the Amazon jungle. In addition there were semi-assimilated sedentary Amerindians living with a handful of whites and mestizos, dedicated to trading in sparsely populated trading port villages that were found scattered along the river banks of the Amazon Basin. During the colonial era the disputed area known as Maynas had numerous missions administered by the Jesuits of Quito. After the Jesuits were expelled from South America, only a handful of missions survived in the 19th century as isolated trading villages. The Brazilians, by contrast, had a chain of villages along the Amazon River that stretched to its ports along the Atlantic Ocean.
Because Peru discovered that Ecuador and Colombia neglected to effectively control their Amazonian territories during their colonial era, Peru decided to back its de jure titles with de facto possession by setting up military posts in the relatively isolated trading villages and then flooding the disputed area with Peruvian colonists. The only problem lay with the expanding ambitions of Brazil, since it had slowly settled its part of the disputed area with colonists throughout its colonial era; it had a trading relationship with the Spanish-speaking trading posts and villages along the Marañon River. To neutralize Brazil from impeding Peru's planned colonization project, on 23 October 1851, Peru peacefully settled its disputes with Brazil and both countries agreed to a bilateral free navigation and friendly trade along the Amazon River.
As a result of the Peruvian-Brazilian treaty, the Peruvian President Ramon Castilla created the Military and Political Department of Loreto on January 7, 1861 from the former Maynas territory. Castilla ordered that a fluvial port be constructed in a strategic spot on the Amazon River. After some debate, his staff chose the trading port Village of Iquitos. On January 5, 1864, three steamships of the Peruvian Navy: Pastaza, Próspero y Morona, arrived in the Village of Iquitos.
This date is marked as the founding of the first fluvial Peruvian port of Iquitos by the government of Peru. A dockyard and navy factorage imported from England was immediately constructed. In time Iquitos grew so much that it was designated as the capital of the Department of Loreto on November 9, 1897. Iquitos also became the seat of a Roman Catholic Apostolic Vicariate. Peru was able to map out and assume de facto control of the majority of the area of the Amazon region under dispute with Ecuador and Colombia. After many skirmishes with Ecuadorian and Colombian outposts, that at times led to war, Peru settled its border with Colombia in 1922 and with Ecuador in 1942.
Beginning in the 1900s, Iquitos became wealthy through its rubber industry throughout the rubber boom; it attracted thousands of immigrants from around the world, mostly young single men who hoped to make their fortunes in rubber. The rise of the automobile and related industries had dramatically increased the worldwide demand for rubber. Some men became merchants and bankers, and made their fortunes that way. Many of the European men married indigenous women and stayed in Peru the rest of their lives, founding ethnically mixed families. The immigrants brought European clothing styles, music, architecture and other cultural elements to Iquitos. They established an opera house that featured European classical music.
Among the unique communities formed by the 19th-century immigrants to the rubber boom was one of Sephardic Jews from Morocco. Many of the men married Peruvian women and made families in Iquitos. They established a synagogue and the Jewish cemetery. In the first generation, some of the women or children converted to Judaism, but by the end of the 20th century, four or five generations later, most descendants were no longer practicing Jews. Most were reared as Catholic.
In the 1990s, a descendant of a Jewish settler undertook serious study of Judaism. He began to revive the practice of Judaism among his family, friends, and other Sephardi descendants. After years of study, with the help of a sympathetic Conservative rabbi in Lima and another from Brooklyn, New York, eventually a few hundred people studied, practiced as Jews, and converted to Judaism. (Formal conversion was necessary according to Halakha as their mothers were not Jewish.) Many of the converts have emigrated to Israel under its Law of Return. A documentary was made about this community in 2010. Emigration of Peruvians from this Iquitos community has continued; about 150 emigrated in 2013 to 2014.
The wealthiest Europeans built great mansions in the late 19th century, some of which survive. Casa de Fierro (Spanish for the Iron House) was designed by Gustave Eiffel, designer of the Eiffel Tower in Paris. After an Englishman smuggled rubber seeds out of the area to establish competing rubber plantations in British colonies in southeast Asia and Africa, the Peruvian boom came to an end. In addition, a 1913 investigative report by Roger Casement, British consul-general to Peru, revealed the abuses of indigenous workers in the Amazon Basin by the Peruvian Amazon Company (PAC), owned by businessman Juan Luis Arana. Its several British board members and numerous stockholders in London were pressured to force changes in operations of the company. Many British divested themselves of this company in an effort to force changes. Arana returned to Peru, where he remained in charge of the PAC. The Asian rubber was soon produced at lower cost and undercut that of South America, and rubber declined in importance in Peru.
But Iquitos continued as an important trading port in the Amazon basin. It exploited its timber, oil and mineral resources for export and processing, along with agricultural and other products.
On 13 August 2012, a special plaque was placed in the plaza 28 de Julio of the city in a ceremony to commemorate the Amazon River and rainforest as one of the Seven Natural Wonders of the World. The plaque was forged in Munich, Germany. Iguazu Falls in Argentina has also been recognized as one of these top natural wonders.
Iquitos is located in northeastern Peru, northeastern Loreto Region, and in the extreme south of the Province of Maynas. Located on the Great Plains, the city has an area of 368.9 square kilometres (142.4 square miles), comprising the districts Belen, Punchana and San Juan Bautista. It is approximately at coordinates 03 ° 43'46 "S 73 ° 14'18" W to 106 metres (348 feet). It is the most northern Peruvian city.
It is surrounded by the Port of Iquitos, formed by the Amazon, Nanay and Itaya rivers. The city is situated on the left bank of the Amazon River, which provides a characteristic economic life, including trade and transport. The Itaya and Nanay rivers limit the physical expansion of the city in that direction; new development is growing toward the south and there is a slight population density in Downtown Iquitos. Close to Iquitos are a number of lagoons and lakes; Moronococha Lake is a boundary to the city on the west. These features make the city seem like a huge, faux river island.
Geologically, the city is settled in a Tertiary-Quaternary formation lithologically composed by little-consolidated lutites, with remains of flora or fauna, and numerous white-sand lenses of abundant silicon. The residual soils are sandy, almost clay-like and variably deep. Physiography, is a hazy landscape due to the undulations of the soil erosion caused by rain.
Under the Köppen climate classification, Iquitos experience an equatorial climate (Af). There is constant rainfall throughout the year, without a distinct dry season, but a wetter summer. Temperatures range from 21 to 33 °C (70 to 91 °F). The annual average temperature is 26.7 °C (80.1 °F). The average rainfall in Iquitos is 2,616.2 millimetres (103.0 in) per year. Because the seasons are not sensitive in the equatorial zone, Iquitos has only two seasons.
The rainy summer arrives in November and ends in May. March and April have the heaviest rains and humidity, with precipitations of about 300 and 280 millimetres (12 and 11 in), respectively. In May, the Amazon River, one of the rivers surrounding the city, reaches its highest levels. It falls about 9 or 12 metres (30 or 39 ft) at its lowest point in October, and then steadily rises again cyclically according to rainfall.
Winter offers a very different climate. Although July and August are the driest months, they have some periods of downpours. Sunny days and good weather are common, with high temperatures reaching 30 °C (86 °F) and an average of 32 °C (90 °F). Rainfall is more abundant here than in Ayacucho, Cusco, or Lima.
Iquitos also has microclimates: rain or drizzle may be present in some areas of the districts, while other parts of the city are slightly cloudy or clear. The temperature may vary. The urban climate is slightly warmer than the natural climate, and would be reflected by the thermal sensation. It suffers from a phenomenon called urban heat island, when the city's heat has difficulty dissipating during the night hours due to absorption by buildings and pavement.
The main natural hazard is flooding. In 2012, major flooding occurred in Iquitos who alerted the population and affected coastal areas and several towns in the metropolitan area, which has a floodable, rainy geography. The floods of 2012 were regarded as the most historic natural disaster to Iquitos to date. Wet weather in Loreto took showers and drizzle, causing damage and flooding in the Loreto Region since November 2011. The rainy weather continued until early 2012, and increased the level of water in the Amazon river—wide stream that feeds most of the tributaries in Loreto — up to 117 metres (384 feet). Since February and March, several villages are affected (19,209 and 18,400 families affected), 26 000 hectares of farmland are flooded and the water level reached coastal streets of Iquitos. On 24 April 2012, the spate faded, and initiated the first stage of ebb.
Other natural hazards are heat waves where temperatures can reach over 37 °C (99 °F) with a heat index of 45 °C (113 °F) which is caused by the low humidity on clear days. Cold waves are also curious in Iquitos: cold air from the tip of the continent driven by the dynamics of the atmosphere, comes to town and causes a drop in temperature, moderate rainfall and thunderstorms. The trade winds also come to cause gales reaching 60 km/h (37 mph). In October 2012, Iquitos experienced high temperatures and heavy thunderstorms.
Earthquakes in the city are very rare and very deep. Iquitos is located in Region 3 of Systematic Regionalization Map of Peru, which means that the city has a low coefficient seismic value, although the 2011 Peru earthquake, which occurred southeast of Contamana, was felt in the city as a small and unexpected jolt.
Due to its location in the Peruvian Amazon, Iquitos has a green landscape with a vast variety of life. The flora is varied with great presence of 850 species, including 22 species of palms and orchids, who provide the attractive forest within the urban landscape of the city. The lilies also present. The extensive forests seated within metropolitan influence host fauna with 130 species of mammals, 330 of birds, 150 of reptiles and amphibians, and 250 fish. Within the city, inhabiting the rock dove (Columba livia), especially in the Square 28 de Julio. Also recorded the transient presence of bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) who come from the Atlantic Ocean, traveling 3,360 miles to Iquitos.
The floodplain forest of Iquitos is the peculiar ecoregion which surrounds the city, and is characterized by a várzea forest called Iquitos varzea. Its alluvial detail is the motive why intense rainy seasons easily reach these areas flood. In the natural cycle, the trees drop their leaves and other organic waste to the soil, and become humus. Rain washes these nutrients into rivers, which gives that blonde color, called tannin. Immediately, this cycle repeats.
The great biodiversity that the Iquitos Metropolitan Area houses and protects is paramount, and that is intrinsically related to its urban planning, which puts a limit action in areas where farms should not be built. Because of this, the appearance of informal settlements is seen as a risk.
The importance of the existence of nature reserves is a priority in Iquitos for ecosystem protection.
The Allpahuayo-Mishana National Reserve is a protected area with soaring rates of biodiversity. The reserve is located 20 kilometres (12 miles) from Iquitos, being reached by Route LO-103. The ecosystem is part of the Nanay River basin, specifically in an area called "Ecoregion Napo", which contains a unique Amazonian biodiversity, including its distinctive white sand forests. The Napo Ecoregion contains 112 species of amphibians, 17 species of primates, 1900 plant species and over 600 birds species. Some ecologically important animals care for their rarity in the reserve are the supay pichico (Callimico goeldii) black stump (Callicebus torquatus), equatorial saki (Pithecia aequatorialis) ancient antwren (Herpsilochmus gentryi), Mishana tyrannulet (Zimmerius villarejoi), Allpahuayo antbird (Percnostola arenarum), chestnut-tailed ant (Myrmeciza centuculorum castanea), the pompadour cotinga (Xipholena punicea), saffron-crested tyrant-manakin (Neopelma chrysocephalum), among others. The Iquitos gnatcatcher (Polioptila clementsi) is an endemic species of the reserve and is considered a symbol of Iquitos.
The Tapiche Reserve is a private conservation property that employs a strict no catching/no caging policy. The abundance of wildlife on this property is a glimpse into how the entire region would have been prior to present-day logging and hunting activities. The reserve strives to educate visitors and locals alike on the most eco-friendly ways to enjoy the rainforest. Due to diligent patrolling and maintenance of the property against hunters and loggers, visitors have the opportunity to view rare and endangered animals in the wild. Species include the Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis), the red uakari monkey, the giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis), the agami heron (Agamia agami) and several species of large raptors including the harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja), the crested eagle (Morphnus guianensis) and the ornate hawk eagle (Spizaetus ornatus).
Quistococha Tourist Complex is characterized by its variety. The place is located 6 kilometres (3.7 miles) from Iquitos via Route AS-103, and with a extension 369 hectares (910 acres) of natural forest, has a small zoo, a serpentarium, an aquarium, a nursery and an artificial beach called Tunchi Beach.
The butterfly zoo Pilpintuwasi is located in Padre Cocha, Iquitos, and includes more than 40 species of insects, especially butterflies. Along the butterfly zoo, is the Amazon Animal Orphanage, commissioned in animal rescue.
Iquitos has architecturally significant buildings in a particular range of structural remnants were built during the rubber boom of the 1880s. Comprise mainly European/Amazonian-style buildings with ceramic tiles imported from Italy and Portugal, and its unique, French architecture called Casa de Fierro built by Gustave Eiffel, who built the original house in Paris for an exhibition of 1878. However, the structure is not the only European urban appeal: the city is also characterized by the rustic architecture or conventional as the palafitte, malocas and huts that are located primarily in the areas of the city.
Historically, the first native inhabitants of the settlements built their houses of sticks and leaves and other natural resources, which were tailored to protect the climate, wildlife and other hazards. The styles of housing in those settlements up the huts and cocameras, used as a large communal houses. Other peculiar conventional architectures are characterized by firmness and isothermal conditions; they are categorized into three types of home: quincha —built with posts and giant cane—, rammed earth —resistant and isothermal—, and adobe —irm with the same isothermal condition.
Iquitos has vibrant, unique, complex and diverse culture, and is regarded as cultural hub that meeting the Peruvian Amazon, according to Lonely Planet. Many natives visit the city to present their dances or sell their crafts. It also brings a wealth of customs and traditions remained considerably over the years and in the Iquitos calendar, between her festivities, cuisine, Spanish accent and mythology. Currently, its culture is undergoing an impetuous transition to a contemporary level to preserve their traditions with innovative art movements.
One of the main factors of the traditional cultural energy of Iquitos is Amazonian mythology, which has a range of characters, identified by folklore in imaginary beings. Many of the legendary beings, with appearances motivated by local geography, have powers and influenced much in agriculture and worldview of Iquitos. The dance and music, a mix of indigenous and mestizo heritage are closely related to the meanings of mythology, and also with the life of the citizen and Amazonian villager.
The complex cultural life of Iquitos consists mainly of native iquiteños, Brazilians, Colombians, Chineses and settled expatriates ethnicities. The term "charapa culture" generally refers to social, cultural and artistic movements of Iquitos.
We are in the city of the alteration of the senses. What is striking me is the ease with which iquitenses [sic] engage in conversation with tourists, with a warmth and naturalness that is rarely seen in my native place.
— Max Palacios, in his blog Amores bizarros.
Although I'm a veteran of several South American adventures, Iquitos appealed to me as a quirk – a jungle city seems a contradiction and this would be my first Amazon visit to include the cosmopolitan luxuries of a real bed and shops. I'm fascinated at the very audacity by which such a city exists, thousands of kilometres from anywhere and with no roads to get there.
Nothing more appropriate to think of a fantastic city as a city of Atonement. Iquitos is an island, surrounded by an immense and immeasurable river, an island that goes wherever you go one to be crossed with fresh water and warm, with boats and small kids, with men and boys in the sun on the beach, with sirens and buzzards and myths. A city that faced conflicts and wars against three countries, which suffered considerable infighting and even for some months it has its own currency. Island, yes; city, yes.
— Edwin Chavez, writing about the idiosyncratic essence of the city.
Contemporary cultural movements began in the city, such as the Amazonian pop art and Amazonian graffiti — with Pukuna 8990 being the most revolutionary graffiti movement—, Iquiteño music subgenres of electronica, hip hop, rap, heavy metal, French jazz, punk, psytrance/full-on, next to traditional Amazonian music. The Children's and Youthful Symphonic Orchestra of Iquitos is the main symphonic group in the city.
Iquitos has an intense tourist movement in the entertainment, which is based on specific points located throughout the city. With a growing organization of entertainment today, the city has always had groups concerned to project the Iquitos arts such as dance, music, film, painting, literature and theater.
In the visual arts, the city is the birthplace of Amazonian pop art (also known wild naive) which is a unique, self-taught, pop-art style of the city, and is notable for its "sparkling" chromaticism, and makes a reference to hallucinogenic ayahuasca experiences. Originally, it is a mural art that blends prominently the colorful amazonian culture, European motifs and commercial characters, which may be influenced by American pop art, especially MTV.
In several works of painters iquiteños (such as Christian Bendayan, Roldán Pinedo, Elena Valera, Rember Yahuarcani, Brus Rubio and Victor Churay), Amazonian pop art legacy has been a visual reference to create avant-garde works of contemporary life in the city and Amazonian culture.
The Dirección Regional de Cultura (formerly known as Instituto Nacional de Cultura del Perú), with headquarters in the city, mainly funded events and arts festivals in the city, although there are also small indie or underground groups that conduct their own cultural events. The city has many small festivals; the highlights are Estamos en la Calle, Iquitos Outfest, and other small annual events.
The city is known for having a remarkable celebration, called simply Carnaval. During this festival, mainly pagan, celebrants are dedicated to wetting people with cabaciñas or other instrument. Many choose to be more extravagant, wetting with various substances such as paint or other object as cause for celebration. The celebration is unique each year in February. The carnival is heavily influenced by myths and rich Amazonian culture. It also celebrates the Day of San Juan, referring to John the Baptist as patron saint in the Peruvian Amazon, whose feast is celebrated on 24 June. The main element is the juane and other own dances as shunto jump.
Tourism is one of the most vital industries in Iquitos, which has a growing reputation as a honeypot due to its location on the banks of the Amazon River, one of the seven natural wonders of the world. Through the years, Iquitos receives a considerable amount of foreigners; the tourist index grew by international flights offered by the city's airport. Tourism in the city formed into European-style architecture, cuisine, drinks, art, culture, worldview, Spanish accent and historical references of Loreto. Iquitos has adequate infrastructure to accommodate tourists from all levels. It has a 5 – star hotel, many of 3 -, 2 -, and 1 – star rating.
The major tourist attractions include Barrio de Belén, Plaza de Armas, Casa de Fierro, Ex Hotel Palace, Iglesia Matriz de Iquitos, Allpahuayo Mishana; Embarcadero Bellavista-Nanay, ethnic communities located around the city, Quistococha Resort and Zoo; Mercado Artesanal of San Juan. iperú is the leading tourist guide service that is offered to tourists at the airport and the city center of the city.
The city is also home to unique tourist companies as Maniti Camp Expeditions, Otorongo Expeditions, Amazon Golf Course, and Project Amazonas (dedicated to research and conservation). Special experiences outside the key tourist areas of the city include the Camiri — a floating hotel —, the Isla de los Monos, the Pilpintuwasi butterfly zoo, Iquitos-Sunkaruqucha Corrientillos-King Kong-Nina Rumi circuit, and adjoining districts such as Mazán, Indiana and Bellavista.
In 2010, Iquitos received about 150 thousand tourists. The following year, in 2011, the index fell to 46,000 tourist foreigners, which expects 10% rise rapidly in 2013 with international flights opened in July 2012 and the Amazon River as a natural wonder.
Ayahuasca is known as a major cultural landmark, and mystic tourism has increased in Iquitos in recent years. The drink, made from the vine Banisteriopsis caapi, is investigated by the Western people with a medicinal purpose and study, and was named the nation's cultural heritage.
Dangers, however, still exist when coming into contact with the drug. Shamans are not regulated and none have proof of credentials. Whilst deaths in Iquitos are rare they have been reported, including Frenchman Fabrice Champion and American Kyle Nolan.
Iquitos is home to the annual Amazonian Shamanism Conference. Here, like-minded individuals meet in Iquitos yearly to discuss Ayahuasca.
Iquitos is home to the 120-kg, bronze commemorative plaque of the Amazon River basin as one of the seven natural wonders of the world, which was granted on 13 August 2012 by Fernand Weber, founder of New7Wonders. The distinction is shared with Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Suriname, Colombia, Venezuela and French Guiana, however, recognition was given to Peru which originally ran for the Amazon through the Regional Government of Loreto based in Iquitos.
The awards show was held in Iquitos. It began with a massive parade along Avenida Quiñonez, and eventually culminated in the main day, 13 August, divided into two sessions throughout the day: the first in the confluence of the Itaya and Nanay in the afternoon, and the second on 28 July Square of the city at night. The event received intense international attention. Similar to Machu Picchu as a wonder of the world, Iquitos, as the main entrance to the Amazon, expects great tourist revenue.
The President of Peru Ollanta Humala, next to the First Lady Nadine Heredia and Loreto Regional President Ivan Vasquez received the award. Jean Paul de la Fuente, New7Wonders foundation director, said positively on the image of Iquitos.
Juane is one of the main dishes of cuisine of the Peruvian jungle. It is widely consumed during the Catholic Feast of San Juan (St. John), held on 24 June each year. The dish was named in honor of San Juan Bautista. The dish could have a pre-Columbian origin. With the arrival of the Spanish, missionaries popularized the Biblical story of Salome, John, and Herodias. Some believe the dish's name comes from the reference to the head of San Juan.
Another popular dish is Tacacho, made from fried slices of plaintain mashed with chicharones (fried pork fat). It is usually accompanied with chorizo (fried sausage) making it a savory combination. The dish is typical of Iquitos as well as the Peruvian Amazon. It is widespread in the rest of the country. The term tacacho derives from the Quechua term, taka chu, which means beaten. Tacacho consumption varies depending on the region where it is made. In Madre de Dios and San Martín, many people eat tacachos for breakfast, while in other regions, it is a dish served at lunch or dinner. In the San Martín region, tacacho is included in the Christmas dinner. In the Amazon region of Ecuador, the dish is known as bolon. It has a counterpart in the Caribbean islands, where it is called mofongo.


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