The country's top therapy dog, a pit bull mix named Susie from High Point, North Carolina who overcame a terrible ordeal but went on to bring hope to both people and animals, has been named this year's "American Hero Dog" at the 2014 American Humane Association Hero Dog Awards, presented by the Lois Pope LIFE Foundation, Inc. and broadcast nationally on Hallmark Channel October 30 at 8 pm ET/PT, 7 pm Central Time.
Susie was only a puppy when her owner beat her savagely and set her on fire, leaving her for dead in a local park in Greensboro, North Carolina. After being rescued by a local animal shelter and nursed back to health, she was adopted by Donna Lawrence, who had been the victim of a terrible dog attack that nearly killed her and left her without the ability to have children.
Together, they helped each other heal from their physical and emotional wounds, triumphing over pain and fear to become voices for abused animals and helping pass "Susie's Law" in North Carolina, which calls for harsher penalties for convicted animal abusers. Susie became the subject of the movie, "Susie's Hope," and working side by side, Donna and Susie continue to make the world a better place for others by visiting hospitals, schools, and nursing homes to inspire people never to give up. This year's therapy dog category sponsor, as well as the campaign's online sponsor, is the leading animal health company, Zoetis.
The sold-out, star-studded awards honoring America's most courageous canines were hosted at the Beverly Hilton Hotel last night by television and film star James Denton and model and animal advocate Beth Stern, accompanied by a galaxy of stars and presenters including Bruce Boxleitner, Lacey Chabert, Philippe and Ashlan Gorse Cousteau, Cristina Ferrare, Lori Loughlin, Bailee Madison, Kellie Martin, Marlee Matlin, Brandon McMillan, Larry Miller, Barbara Niven, Pauley Perrette, Charlotte Ross, Mark Steines, Victoria Stilwell, and more.
Wilson Phillips provided the lead musical performances, which brought down the house. Before the show, singer and Billboard recording artist Shara Strand treated the audience to songs from her new hit album, "RSVP," and the Harry Kim quintet entertained guests during the Red Carpet, silent auction and gala dinner.
Guests were also treated to a Hero Dog Art Show, featuring art works about dogs sent in by children across the country as part of a humane education initiative with Todd Kessler, co-creator of the wildly successful "Blue's Clues" television program and author of the innovative new children's book "The Good Dog."
The Hero Dog Awards were created to celebrate the powerful relationship between dogs and people and recognize extraordinary acts of heroism performed by ordinary dogs. The event will be broadcast nationwide by Hallmark Channel on October 30 at 8 pm ET/PT, 7 pm Central. The program will air as part of Hallmark Channel's Pet Project, the network's cross-platform advocacy campaign designed to celebrate the joy and enrichment animals bring to our lives.
During a nationwide search, 135 dogs from all across the country were nominated and more than one and a half million votes were cast by the American public, culminating in the selection of eight extraordinary canine finalists.
"The American Humane Association Hero Dog Awards were created to honor some of the most extraordinary heroes the world has ever known, the very best of our 'best friends' – ordinary dogs who do extraordinary things," said Dr. Robin Ganzert, President and CEO of American Humane Association.
"These courageous canines have gone above and beyond the call of duty, saving lives on the battlefield, comforting the ill, aged and afflicted, bringing hope to those who have lost it and reminding us of the powerful, age-old bond between animals and people. Choosing a top dog is difficult because they are all so terrific, but we are proud to announce Susie as the top American Hero Dog for 2014. We hope that Susie's story will inspire people to realize healing power of the human-animal bond."
The winner is chosen through a combination of public votes and voting by a panel of animal advocates and celebrity judges including Victoria Stilwell, Naomi Judd, Prince Lorenzo Borghese, Alison Eastwood, Joanna Krupa, Bailee Madison, Lisa Vanderpump, Emmanuelle Vaugier, Lou Wegner, Christie Brooke, Philippe and Ashlan Gorse Cousteau, Leilani Dowding, Paige Dunham, Joanne Horowitz, Blake Koch, Shara Strand, Agent Jerry Means, Kristin Bauer van Straten, and Victoria Summer.
WINNER: Kai (San Antonio, TX)– The San Antonio Fire Department's six-year-old black Lab was rescued from a shelter and given a second chance and a new lease on life. Her nose for finding things was apparent when she was seen digging the only tennis ball out of the shelter's box of toys. After undergoing extensive training, she now helps keep others safe by investigating arson cases by using her powerful nose to detect the common accelerants that arsonists use to commit their deadly, destructive crime. In her four-year career she has taken part in more than 200 investigations and also helps to keep her community safe by teaching children about the importance of fire safety.
WINNER: Xena(Johns Creek, GA) – This pit bull was knocking on death's door when she was brought into a Georgia shelter outside Atlanta. Emaciated and dehydrated, she was given just a one percent chance at survival. Unbelievably, she defied the odds, made a full recovery and was adopted by a family with a little boy with autism. Before, the child had closed himself off to the world, but the arrival of Xena sparked something in the child the family had never seen before, and he went from once silent to constantly singing to and chatting with Xena the Warrior Puppy. Now, they're an inseparable pair.
WINNER: JJ Krawczyk (Apex, NC)– Once a shelter dog, this small hero was rescued, trained, and partnered with a young girl suffering from a rare condition known as Mastocytosis, which can cause severe reactions for her. This dog with the gifted nose can detect when reactions are about to occur, alerting the girl's parents that her life might be in danger. When she needed surgery recently, doctors requested the dog be present in the operating room to help keep the girl alive. Though she doesn't have a medical degree – or even a pedigree – she's one of the most powerful tools for doctors to keep the young girl's condition at bay.
Each of the eight finalists received $1,500 to be donated to one of American Humane Association's charity partners. Susie won an additional $5,000 for her charity. In this way, more heroes may be nurtured.
American Humane Association has also been involved in helping military heroes, and has been working with Mission K9 Rescue and the US War Dog Association to bring home and reunite military dogs with their hero handlers. Following an emotional scene during the 2014 American Humane Association Hero Dog Awards in which the audience met Marine Corporal Matt Foster who was reunited with his beloved former military hero dog Mick after a year apart following their service in Afghanistan, noted philanthropist, animal welfare, and disabled veterans advocate Lois Pope announced a pledge of $150,000 to support American Humane Association's efforts to aid and pay tribute to the nation's brave military hero dogs and their former handlers.
Mrs. Pope is donating $50,000 to the American Humane Association's "K9 Battle Buddies program" to bring more of these veterans back together on American soil where they can both live out their well-deserved retirements in the way they deserve after a lifetime of service.
To bring national attention to these heroes on both ends of the leash, Mrs. Pope is also underwriting a $100,000 special effort to include these military hero dog teams in this year's America's Parade, which takes place on Veterans Day 2014 in New York City. Her generous contribution will give these reunited dog teams their own part in the parade – and a national platform so that millions of Americans can honor them as they should be honored.
"The thousands of dogs who serve in our nation's military have sacrificed so much," said Mrs. Pope. "They are often the first line of defense, sniffing out bombs, mines, and other explosive devices. As they did on the battlefield, they can save lives here at home, just by being a companion to the veterans with whom they served. I've witnessed the profound impact that these dogs can have on them. It is my honor to support the efforts of American Humane Association, its K9 Battle Buddies program and its participation in the Veterans Day parade."
"Lois Pope has been one of the country's greatest supporters not only of our nation's disabled veterans, whose cause she has championed for decades, but of America's most vulnerable children and animals," said Dr. Robin Ganzert, American Humane Association's President and CEO. "You don't just talk the talk, you make a difference in millions of lives and improve our world. Lois, on behalf of all our veterans -- two-footed and four-footed alike -- we salute you!"
The Hero Dog Awards honors heroes "on both ends of the leash," and this year the Hero Dog Awards inaugurated a new element, the American Humane Association Hero Veterinarian and Hero Veterinary Technician Awards, sponsored by the leading animal health company Zoetis. After a nationwide search and tens of thousands of public votes, Eva DeCozio, DVM, of the VCA Apache Junction clinic in Higley, Arizona was named 2014's American Hero Veterinarian, and Signe Corbin of the Westlake Animal Hospital in Austin, Texas was declared 2014's American Hero Veterinary Technician.
"To us, all vets and vet techs are heroes and this is why we want to honor the best of the best in their fields," said Dr. Robin Ganzert, American Humane Association's president and CEO. "Indeed, Dr. DeCozio and Ms. Corbin are tremendous animal welfare advocates and we are so proud to learn of their laudable accomplishments aiding the animals in need in their communities. And our thanks go out to our friends at Zoetis for sponsoring this special contest because we know how committed they are to recognizing the achievements of the veterinary community."
At one special point of the evening, American Humane Association President brought out and thanked Michael Eisenberg, the Los Angeles developer and memorabilia collector for generously donating a portion of the auction proceeds from the sale of the iconic "Captain America" motorcycle ridden by actor Peter Fonda in the classic film "Easy Rider." Fonda has been a longtime supporter of American Humane Association. "We are blessed and honored to count as friends such notables as Peter Fonda and Michael Eisenberg, and to be associated with this legendary piece of American film history," said Dr. Ganzert. "The sale of the famous motorcycle in 'Easy Rider' will now help to give an easier ride to America's children and animals, who need help from powerful benefactors like these. Thank you!"
Finally, American Humane Association honored the many generous sponsors who support the Hero Dog Awards and made them possible. "We thank the animals, their dedicated owners and handlers, and the generous sponsors who have helped bring about that recognition," said Dr. Ganzert. "Thank you to Lois Pope and the Lois Pope LIFE Foundation, Hallmark Channel, national online sponsor, Therapy Dog sponsor and sponsor of the Hero Veterinarian and Hero Veterinary Technician Awards Zoetis, Military Dog sponsor Shotz Natural Energy, Arson Dog sponsor State Farm, Emerging Hero Dog sponsor Trupanion, Guide/Hearing Dog sponsor Chicken Soup for the Soul Pet Food, Search and Rescue Dog sponsor Mission Manager, Service Dog sponsor Modern Dog Magazine, Best Producer sponsor The Beverly Hilton Hotel, and Best Producer sponsor Merial, maker of Heartgard and NexGard. Dogs may be our best friends, but these caring organizations are theirs."
Now in its fourth year, the Hero Dog Awards competition searches out and recognizes America's Hero Dogs – often ordinary dogs who do extraordinary things, whether it's saving lives on the battlefield, lending sight or hearing to a human companion, or simply the tail-wagging welcome a pet owner relishes at the end of a hard day. Dogs compete in eight categories for the Hero Dog Awards: Law Enforcement Dogs, Arson Dogs, Service Dogs, Therapy Dogs, Military Dogs, Guide/Hearing Dogs, Search and Rescue Dogs, and Emerging Hero Dogs (the category for "ordinary" dogs).


There are times in life when we all will have to do or engage in a thankless job. One such time is when a close friend or a family member asks you to be the executor of their estate. The difference between an executor and an administrator of an estate is small but noteworthy. An executor is someone who is appointed by the terms of the will itself to administer the estate. If there is a trust document to convey property to heirs, they are then known as trustee.
An administrator is the title for the person who appointed to administer the estate by the Court when someone dies intestate, or without a will, or when the appointed executor refuses or cannot complete the task. In either event the probate Court Judge must approve of the selection. A recent survey by U.S. Trust found that three-quarters of high net worth individuals choose a family member or close and trusted friend to be the executor of their estate and two-thirds of the same people chose a friend to be the trustee for their testamentary trust. The process is started when the executor presents the will and a death certificate to the Surrogate Court in the County in which the deceased resided. The Court then issues letters testamentary to the executor, which is when the hard work begins.
There is much talk lately of how to deal with email, facebook, twitter accounts, et cetera of people who pass away. For those of us who have friends or family who passed away and see their facebook account send a reminder to all of their friends on their birthday or some other event, it is nothing short of strange, even ery to see their former friend live into perpetuity in the digital realm. Many people use it as an opportunity to post memories and give a public shout out to the living that their friend or family is still alive in their heart. Others find the matter to be a painful memory.
Facebook instituted a policy whereby a legacy contact can delete your account or transition the account to a memorialized account, whereby your name will be changed to a remembered account (more properly a "remembering account"). Currently, New York does not allow an executor, or anyone else for that matter, to access the emails, online drives and various other digital accounts owned by a person after they pass away. If it was private while the person was alive, shouldn't it be alive after they pass away? Yet, this is a rapidly evolving area of the law, with private corporations creating their own rules in the absence of legislative pronouncements to the contrary. In the 2012-2013 legislative session, Representative M. Kearns introduced a bill that would address the issue of access to such accounts by an executor.
It should not be a surprise to anyone that when someone passes away, their estate must pay for all legally binding outstanding debt owed by the decedent just prior to passing. New York as well as just about every other jurisdiction has laws that address how the estate puts creditors on notice that they must file a claim, but how the creditor must go about making a claim and getting paid from the estate. As in other areas of the law, there is an order and priority to the claims that can be paid. The administrator has a fiduciary obligation to the heirs to distribute the estate to the terms of the will. That fiduciary obligation also extends to creditors of the estate. The payment of expenses, ensuring that all disbursements are properly documented and all taxes and fees are paid are core responsibilities of the estate administrator.
To do this, the estate administrator must first understand what assets the deceased owned, the value of those assets, which in and of itself costs money. When an estate is insolvent, the creditors will surely examine every expenditure by the administrator to determine if they acted appropriately. On the other side of the ledger, the administrator must determine if the claims are valid or overpriced and inflated. The estate administrator has an obligation to dispute all claims, except properly owed, legally enforceable obligations. Since the final accounting by the estate administrator presupposes that all parties are already involved in litigation and there is a Court already scrutinizing all credits and debits, the likelihood that a party will enforce their rights, or, more specifically, object to the final accounting, is all the much greater. The balancing act that the estate administrator must engage in can be a complicated endeavor.
When a married person applies for Medicaid, the government looks at the collected, or, pooled, resources of the two to determine if one of the two spouses is eligible for Medicaid. If the combined income of the two spouses is above the income threshold set by law, the balance must be paid to the nursing home of the dependent spouse. But what income provisions are allowed for the spouse who remains in the community? What do the get to keep? Is the community spouse allowed to tap into the income of the dependent spouse if his/her income is not enough?
The legal, financial benefits that allow for the community spouse to keep a certain amount of income has the terrible name of spousal impoverishment standards. This contains an amount of money, known as the minimum monthly maintenance needs allowance (commonly known as or referred to as the MMMNA). The figure from July 1, 2015 to June 30, 2016 is $1,991.25 per month. Starting on January 1, 2016 the maximum monthly maintenance needs allowance is set at $2,980.50 per month. This is the maximum the community spouse may keep before being required to contribute to the medical needs of the dependent spouse (NOT minimum, so not to be confused with the MMMNA).


text:
namespace Google.Cloud.ApiKeys.V2.Snippets
{
    // [START apikeys_v2_generated_ApiKeys_ListKeys_sync]
    using Google.Api.Gax;
    using Google.Api.Gax.ResourceNames;
    using Google.Cloud.ApiKeys.V2;
    using System;

    public sealed partial class GeneratedApiKeysClientSnippets
    {
        /// <summary>Snippet for ListKeys</summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// This snippet has been automatically generated and should be regarded as a code template only.
        /// It will require modifications to work:
        /// - It may require correct/in-range values for request initialization.
        /// - It may require specifying regional endpoints when creating the service client as shown in
        ///   https://cloud.google.com/dotnet/docs/reference/help/client-configuration#endpoint.
        /// </remarks>
        public void ListKeysRequestObject()
        {
            // Create client
            ApiKeysClient apiKeysClient = ApiKeysClient.Create();
            // Initialize request argument(s)
            ListKeysRequest request = new ListKeysRequest
            {
                ParentAsLocationName = LocationName.FromProjectLocation("[PROJECT]", "[LOCATION]"),
                ShowDeleted = false,
            };
            // Make the request
            PagedEnumerable<ListKeysResponse, Key> response = apiKeysClient.ListKeys(request);

            // Iterate over all response items, lazily performing RPCs as required
            foreach (Key item in response)
            {
                // Do something with each item
                Console.WriteLine(item);
            }

            // Or iterate over pages (of server-defined size), performing one RPC per page
            foreach (ListKeysResponse page in response.AsRawResponses())
            {
                // Do something with each page of items
                Console.WriteLine("A page of results:");
                foreach (Key item in page)
                {
                    // Do something with each item
                    Console.WriteLine(item);
                }
            }

            // Or retrieve a single page of known size (unless it's the final page), performing as many RPCs as required
            int pageSize = 10;
            Page<Key> singlePage = response.ReadPage(pageSize);
            // Do something with the page of items
            Console.WriteLine($"A page of {pageSize} results (unless it's the final page):");
            foreach (Key item in singlePage)
            {
                // Do something with each item
                Console.WriteLine(item);
            }
            // Store the pageToken, for when the next page is required.
            string nextPageToken = singlePage.NextPageToken;
        }
    }
    // [END apikeys_v2_generated_ApiKeys_ListKeys_sync]
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
\section{Introduction}
Weakly compressible multiphase (or multi-component) flows may arise in several applications,
as for instance the transport of CO\textsubscript{2}\ for carbon capture and storage (CCS)~\cite{Munkejord2015},
in incidental configurations of water nuclear power plants~\cite{Coquel2017}, or in additive manufacturing.
The former application, in particular, has motivated the present work.
In normal-operating conditions, the transport pipelines are primary designed to contain liquid or super-critical CO\textsubscript{2},
but multiphase flows may occur due to fluctuating CO\textsubscript{2}\ supply or during transient events~\cite{Munkejord2015}.
The transported flow may contain also diverse impurities, whose state is not necessarily the same of the main component.
In this regime, although the velocity is considerably smaller than the speed of sound, i.e. the Mach number is very low, compressibility effects cannot be neglected.
The design, safety assessment and performance analysis of these and similar applications could undoubtedly benefit from efficient and robust computation fluid dynamics (CFD) tools.

From the numerical point of view, the standard schemes widely used for inviscid compressible flows fields containing shock waves, contact discontinuities, and strong rarefactions, are inadequate for weakly compressible flows, even single-phase ones.
The causes of this failure, usually referred to as low-Mach limit, are multiple.
First, the use of an explicit time integration scheme increases dramatically the computational time.
Indeed, at low Mach, the problem is stiff and the acoustic effects result in a severe time step restriction imposed by the CFL condition~\cite{Wenneker2002}.
A further difficulty concerns accuracy.
Generally, approaching the limit $M = 0$, the numerical solution of the compressible Euler equations does not converge to solutions satisfying the equations for incompressible flows, except for a restricted class of special initial data (the so-called well-prepared case).
In particular, when a flux difference splitting method is used,
the discrete scheme cannot recover the correct scaling of the pressure with the Mach number and this error increases as the Mach number goes to zero~\cite{Guillard1999}.

The low-Mach limit has been investigated since long time in single-phase CFD and the literature presents several contributions on how to develop a numerical method that provides accuracy and efficiency for weakly compressible flows.
The proposed answers can be grouped roughly into two main strategies.
The first one improves the low-Mach behavior of compressible schemes by means of preconditioning or artificial viscosity~\cite{Guillard2004}. This approach leads to problem-specific solutions, which can be hardly generalized, and increases the computational burden.
Alternatively, compressibility can be introduced into the incompressible schemes, by treating implicitly the acoustics and circumventing the issues related to the stiffness of the governing equations~\cite{Xiao2004}.
This latter research field was pioneered by Harlow and Amsden~\cite{Harlow1968,Harlow1971} and it has represented the core of several recent and outgoing research activities aimed at developing Mach-uniform schemes, e.g., \cite{Bijl1998,Munz2003,Kwatra2009,Ventosa-Molina2017}.
In this work, we exploit some of the techniques proposed within this branch of research to build a robust and flexible method for weakly compressible, non-equilibrium multiphase flows.

While conceiving a CFD tool for multiphase flows, two of the main challenges that we have to handle are the multiscale nature of the field and the presence of the dynamic interfaces that separate distinct fluids (or phases).
These issues can be addressed in numerous ways: among them, we can distinguish interface-tracking methods   and interface capturing methods.
The former ones, as for instance level-set, volume-of-fluid, front-tracking, and ad hoc arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian methods, fully resolve the interfaces and smooth out the fluid properties across them.
The latter ones dynamically capture the interface as part of the numerical solution, by treating each fluid as a separate continuous. These methods are also known as multi-fluid or diffuse interface method~\cite{Saurel2018}.
This work focuses on this second class, which is more suitable to deal with the dynamic creation of interfaces. More specifically, we adopt a Baer and Nunziato (BN)-type model~\cite{Baer1986} (also known as 7-equation), which copes with the multitude of scales characterizing multiphase flows by means of averaging procedures.
Assuming non-equilibrium of phasic pressures, velocities and internal energies, it allows the most general description of multiphase flows and the description of each component through its own thermodynamic model.

Some research activities has been already devoted to weakly compressible multiphase flows, but most of them focus on simplified BN-type models in which equilibrium in the pressure~\cite{Pandare2018} and also in the velocity and the temperature~\cite{Bernard2014} is imposed.
On the contrary, Coquel et al.~\cite{Coquel2017} adopt a full non-equilibrium BN-type model, but they make the simplifying assumption of isentropic flows.
A part from the broader generality, a nice property that motivates the use of BN model is the hyberbolicity, which is not guaranteed by the 6-equation one-pressure model.
In this work, we work with the symmetric variant proposed by Saurel and Abgrall~\cite{Saurel1999}, which includes pressure and velocity relaxation terms to model how the phasic equilibrium is reached at the interface.

The goal of the paper is to present a preliminary 1D version of a novel numerical method for weakly compressible, non-equilibrium multiphase flows.
Accordingly, we present how we have derived the model and the numerical discretization in Sec.~\ref{s:method}.
Particular care has been devoted to the discretization of the non-conservative terms involving the gradient of the volume fraction, which couple the evolution of the different phases.
Then, in Sec.~\ref{s:results}, we verify its validity in simplified test cases, aimed at recovering the single-phase behavior and verifying the correct discretization of non-conservative terms, i.e. the absence of spurious oscillations across multi-material interfaces.
Finally, Sec.~\ref{s:concl} draws the conclusions and outlines the future steps towards the long-term work.

\section{Numerical Method}
\label{s:method}
A winning strategy to attain an efficient numerical method for weakly compressible flows consists in approximating the sonic terms, which in the low-Mach limit are associated with an almost infinite sound propagation rate, in an implicit fashion.
Typically, the methods that pursue this strategy for single-phase flows exploit a staggered description of the flow variables to avoid spurious pressure oscillations, and they solve the governing equations in a segregate way by updating the variables to the next time level through intermediate sub-steps.
In low-Mach regimes, pressure-based methods are considered more suitable than density-based ones, because of the weak coupling between these two variables. Indeed, the density is approximately constant, while the pressure not, so if density is used as primary variable, small errors on it results in large errors in the pressure.

In the followings, we illustrate how we have conceived a pressure-based, segregated strategy for non-equilibrium multiphase flows.

\subsection{The continuous model}
\label{ss:model}
The first key ingredient of the proposed model is a pressure decomposition, which is required to retrieve the correct order of pressure fluctuations and to converge to correct approximation of the incompressible Euler equations~\cite{Wenneker2002}.
We replicate here the choice made in~\cite{Bijl1998} and we define the dimensionless pressure as
\begin{equation}
P = \frac{\widetilde{P} - \widetilde{P}_{\mathrm{r}}}{\rho_{\mathrm{r}} u_{\mathrm{r}}^2} \,.
\label{eq:Pscaling}
\end{equation}
where $\rho$ is the density, $u$ the velocity, and the subscript $\mathrm{r}$ and the accent $\widetilde{\cdot}$ indicate reference and dimensional quantities, respectively.
Implicitly, this scaling filters out the acoustics, as it postulates an asymptotic expansion of the pressure as
$$P = P^{(0)} + M_{\mathrm{r}}^2 P^{(1)} + \mathcal{O}(M_{\mathrm{r}}^3)
\qquad \mathrm{with} \quad
M_{\mathrm{r}}^2 = \frac{\Dim{\rho}_{\mathrm{r}} \Dim{u}_{\mathrm{r}}^2}{\widetilde{P}_{\mathrm{r}}}\,$$
where $M_{\mathrm{r}}$ is a reference Mach number expressing the overall compressibility of the flow field.
We can interpret this scalding also as a decomposition between the thermodynamic pressure ($\widetilde{P}_{\mathrm{r}}$) and a component that satisfies the momentum equation~\cite{Wenneker2002,Munz2003}.

We want to apply this scaling to the Baer and Nunziato model. As told before, we work with the symmetric variant proposed by Saurel and Abgrall~\cite{Saurel1999},
which gives the possibility to use the same equations and the same numerical methods at all computational cells.
In this preliminary work, we focus on the hyperbolic part, so we do not consider the relaxation terms.
Consequently, considering only 2 phases (denoted with subscripts $i$ and $i^*$), the dimensional form of the governing equations in 1D is
\begin{subeqnarray}
\label{e:dim}
\dpar{\alpha_i}{\Dim{t}} + \Dim{u}_I \dpar{\alpha_i}{\Dim{x}} &=& 0\slabel{se:dim_a}\\[1ex]
 \dpar{(\alpha_i \Dim{\rho}_i)}{\Dim{t}}  + \dpar{(\alpha_i \Dim{m}_i )}{\Dim{x}} &=& 0  \slabel{se:dim_d}\\
 \dpar{(\alpha_i \Dim{m}_i )}{\Dim{t}}  + \dpar{(\alpha_i \Dim{m}_i \Dim{u}_i  + \alpha_i \widetilde{P}_i)}{\Dim{x}} &=&
   \widetilde{P}_I \dpar{\alpha_i}{\Dim{x}}\slabel{se:dim_m}\\
\dpar{(\alpha_i \Dim{E}_i)}{\Dim{t}}  + \dpar{\left(\alpha_i ( \Dim{E}_i + \widetilde{P}_i) \Dim{m}_i/\Dim{\rho}_i \right)}{\Dim{x}} &=&
   \widetilde{P}_I \Dim{u}_I \dpar{\alpha_i}{\Dim{x}} \slabel{se:dim_e}
\end{subeqnarray}
where the last three equations are repeated also for the phase $i^*$.
This system is written for the volume fraction $\alpha$ and for the conservative variables $\rho$, $m$, and $E=e + m^2 /(2 \rho)$ of each phase.
In addition to the standard Euler equations, the system includes transport terms that stem from the averaging process that underlies BN-type model. To close the system, we have to define the interfacial pressure and velocity ($P_I$ and $u_I$).
Following~\cite{Saurel1999}, we define them as the weighted averages among the phases,
i.e. $P_I = \sum_i \alpha_i P_i$ and $u_I = \sum_i \alpha_i m_i / (\alpha_i \rho_i)$, although different alternatives are available in the literature.
The system~\eqref{e:dim} has to be complemented by a thermodynamic model for each fluid.
In this preliminary work, we use the stiffened gas model, but we leave the formulation as general as possible, to be able to easily add more accurate equations of state in the future.

Since our goal is the development of a pressure-based method, we need to formulate the governing equations in primitive variables instead of conservative ones.
We are aware of the possible problems that may arise from working with a non-conservative formulation, but at the moment our targets are low-Mach flows, so not experiencing strong shock waves; then a local correction is sufficient to converge to the correct weak solution. Recently, this idea has been successfully applied to multiphase flows modeled according to the simplified 5-equations model~\cite{Abgrall2017}.
Therefore, we substitute Eq~\eqref{se:dim_e} with the following:
\begin{equation}
\label{e:dim_P}
\alpha_i\dpar{\widetilde{P}_i}{\Dim{t}} + \alpha \Dim{u}_i \dpar{\widetilde{P}_i}{\Dim{x}}
 + \alpha_i \Dim{\rho}_i \Dim{c}_i^2  \dpar{\Dim{u}_i}{\Dim{x}}  =
\Dim{\rho}_i \Dim{c}_{i,I}^2  (\Dim{u}_I - \Dim{u}_i)  \dpar{\alpha_i}{\Dim{x}}
\end{equation}
where ${c}_i$ is the standard speed of sound of phase $i$ and $ c_{i,I}$ is a kind of interfacial speed of sound, which we have defined  as
$ c_{i,I}^2 = \chi_i + \kappa_i \frac{P_I + e_i}{\rho_i} \,,$ with
$ \chi = \tmdder{P}{\rho}{e}$ and $\kappa = \tmdder{P}{e}{\rho}$.
We highlight that this model, as all 7-equation BN-type ones, does not require to define a speed of sound for the mixture, which can be considered as an open-issue in multiphase research.

The final step to formulate the target model is to make dimensionless the BN-type model given by \eqref{se:dim_a}--\eqref{se:dim_m}, and \eqref{e:dim_P} according to the scaling given by~\eqref{eq:Pscaling}.
The variables that do not involve pressure are scaled as usual, according to the reference density, velocity, and length ($L_{\mathrm{r}}$).
On the other hand, the scaling of the thermodynamic variables, and in particular of the speed of sound, requires more care. Inserting Eq.~\eqref{eq:Pscaling} into the definition of $\Dim{c}^2_i$, we have
\begin{equation}
\Dim{c}^2 =
\left[\chi + \kappa \frac{P + e}{\rho}\right] \Dim{u}_{\mathrm{r}}^2 + \kappa \frac{\Dim{P_{\mathrm{r}}}}{\rho \Dim{\rho}_{\mathrm{r}}}=
\left[c^2 + \kappa \frac{P_{\mathrm{r}}}{\rho}\right] \Dim{u}_{\mathrm{r}}^2
\end{equation}
where $c^2 = \chi + \kappa \frac{P + e}{\rho}$ has the same expression of the dimensional speed of sound, and ${P_{\mathrm{r}}} =\Dim{P}_{\mathrm{r}} / (\Dim{u}_{\mathrm{r}}^2 \Dim{\rho}_{\mathrm{r}}$  is the dimensionless reference pressure.
A similar result is obtained also for $\Dim{c}^2_{i,I}$.

Omitting all the passages for brevity, the dimensionless formulation reads
\begin{subeqnarray}
\label{e:adim}
\dpar{\alpha_i}{t} + u_I \dpar{\alpha_i}{x} &=& 0\slabel{se:adim_a}\\[1ex]
 \dpar{(\alpha_i \rho_i)}{t}  + \dpar{(\alpha_i m_i )}{x} &=& 0  \slabel{se:adim_d}\\
 \dpar{(\alpha_i m_i )}{t}  + \dpar{(\alpha_i m_i u_i  + \alpha_i P_i)}{x} &=&
   P_I \dpar{\alpha_i}{x}\slabel{se:adim_m}\\
M_{\mathrm{r}}^2 \left[\alpha_i \dpar{P_i}{t} + \alpha_i u_i \dpar{P_i}{x}
 + \alpha_i \rho_i c_i^2   \dpar{u_i}{x} \right] &=&
M_{\mathrm{r}}^2  \rho_i c_{i,I}^2  \left[ (u_I - u_i) \dpar{\alpha_i}{x} \right] \nonumber\\
  &+& \kappa_i \bigg[u_I \dpar{\alpha_i}{x}  - \dpar{(\alpha_i u_i)}{x} \bigg]\slabel{se:adim_P} \;.
\end{subeqnarray}
We can observe that the first three equations are identical to their dimensional counterparts, while the pressure equation has a special expression, thanks to which, as $M_{\mathrm{r}} \rightarrow 0$, we have
$\dpar{\alpha_i}{t} +\dpar{(\alpha_i u_i)}{x} = 0$.
This can be viewed as the multiphase counterpart of the kinematic constraint for the incompressible single phase flows $\vec{\nabla} \cdot \vec{u} = 0$.

\subsection{The discretization}
\label{ss:discretization}
As common in low-Mach schemes for single phase flows,
we exploit a staggered description of the flow variables to avoid spurious pressure oscillations. This means that the scalar, thermodynamic variables are stored are the cell centered, while the vectorial, velocity-related quantities are stored at the cell faces.
Under this configuration, it is natural to solve the governing equations in a segregate way, as the computational cells for the momentum equation are different from the ones for the density and energy equation.

\subsubsection{The semi-implicit temporal discretization.}
The solution at time level $t^{n+1}$ is computed through intermediate sub-steps in which the convective velocity is approximated explicitly.
Moreover, the computation of the momentum is split into two sub-steps: first an intermediate momentum $m^*$ is computed by approximating explicitly the pressure in~\eqref{se:adim_m}, then it is updated when the pressure $P^{n+1}$ is known.
More precisely, the following steps are performed for each phase:
\begin{enumerate}[label=\bf\roman*)]
\item the density equation~\eqref{se:adim_d} is solved by using $u_i^n$;
\item the volume fraction equation~\eqref{se:adim_a} is solved by using $u_I^n$ (only for the phase $i$, then $\alpha_{i*}=1 - \alpha_i$);
\item the intermediate momentum $(\alpha m)^*= ( \alpha \rho_i)^{n+1} u_i^* $ is computed solving
\begin{equation}
\label{e:m_tns}
\frac{(\alpha_i m_i)^* - (\alpha_i m_i)^n}{\Delta t}  +
  \dpar{\left[(\alpha_i m_i)^* u_i^n + \alpha_i^{n+1} P_i^n \right]}{x} =
\;P_I^n \dpar{\alpha_i^{n+1}}{x} \; ;
\end{equation}
\item the pressure-equation~\eqref{se:adim_P} is solved by treating implicitly the velocity divergence (which is mandatory to avoid too severe restrictions on the time step) and explicitly the terms related to the speed of sound, that is
\begin{multline}
\label{e:P_tn}
 M_r^2 \alpha_i^{n+1} \!\! \left[\frac{P_i^{n+1} - P_i^n}{\Delta t}  +  u_i^* \dpar{P_i^{n+1}}{x} \right]
 + \left( M_r^2 \rho_i c_i^2 + \kappa_i \right)^n \alpha_i^{n+1} \dpar{u_i^{n+1}}{x}\\
 = \left( M_r^2 \rho_i c_{i,I}^2 + \kappa_i \right)^n  (u_I - u_i)^* \dpar{\alpha_i^{n+1}}{x} \;
\end{multline}
\item the momentum is updated by solving the difference between \eqref{se:adim_m} and \eqref{e:m_tns}:
\begin{multline}
\label{e:m_tnp}
\frac{(\alpha_i m_i)^{n+1} - (\alpha_i m_i)^*}{\Delta t}
 + \dpar{\left[ \left((\alpha_i m_i)^{n+1} - (\alpha_i m_i)^* \right) u_i^n\right]}{x}\\
 + \dpar{\left[\alpha_i^{n+1} (P_i^{n+1} - P_i^n)\right]}{x}
 = (P_I^{n+1} - P_I^n) \dpar{\alpha_i^{n+1}}{x} \, .
\end{multline}
\end{enumerate}

\subsubsection{The staggered spatial discretization.}
We use a pretty standard first-order, finite-volume discretization with Rusanov fluxes, so we highlight here only the peculiar features of the proposed scheme.
Given a 1D domain, we divide it in $N_j^s$ scalar cells of uniform width $\Delta x_j$ and $N_j^v = N_j^s+1$ cells for the vectorial variables, whose width $\Delta x_{j+\frac{1}{2}}$ is the equal to $\Delta x_j$ for the internal cells, except for the first and the last cells which have width $\Delta x_j/2$.

The equations for $\alpha$, $\alpha \rho$, $P$ are solved over the scalar (node-centered) cells $\mathcal{C}_j$, while the equations for $\alpha m$ are solved over the vector cells $\mathcal{C}_{j+\frac{1}{2}}$.
When a mapping from the vectorial to the scalar cells, or vice versa, is required, we use a weighted average according to the cell sizes, which, in this preliminary work, reduces to a simple mean as we use uniform grids.
We denote the spatially discrete values by a further subscript $j$ or $j+\frac{1}{2}$, e.g., $(\alpha_i)_j^n$ is the volume fraction of phase $i$ at cell $j$ at time step $n$.
The staggered configurations facilitates the computation of some integral terms: for instance, the velocity on the face between the cells $\mathcal{C}_j$ and  $\mathcal{C}_{j+1}$ is unequivocally $u_{j+\frac{1}{2}}$. Similarly, we can easily discretize the pressure gradient over the cell $\mathcal{C}_{j+\frac{1}{2}}$ through a central difference between $P_{j+1}$ and $P_j$.

Particular care is mandatory while discretizing the non-conservative terms, which involves the gradient of $\alpha$. As known,
a superficial discretization of these products may lead to the onset of oscillations across interfaces separating fluids with different material properties~\cite{Abgrall2010}.
In compressible multiphase flows, a guideline is provided by the so-called Abgrall's criterion (or pressure non-disturbance condition), which states that ``a two-phase flow, uniform in pressure and velocity must remain uniform on the same variables during its temporal evolution''~\cite{Abgrall1996}.
So, applying the derived discretization to a uniform flow, we can obtain an oscillation-free discretization of the non-conservative terms. This procedure clearly depends on the adopted discretization scheme, but it has been already applied to BN-type models in previous works of Saurel et al.~\cite{Saurel1999,Saurel2017}.

According to the previous remarks, the discrete equations solve at each time step are
\begin{enumerate}[label=\bf\roman*)]
\item  $ (\alpha_i \rho_i)_j^{n+1} = (\alpha_i \rho_i)_j^n  - \frac{\Delta t}{\Delta x_j}
\left[F_{j+\frac{1}{2}}^{\mathsf{rus},\rho}
 - F_{j-\frac{1}{2}}^{\mathsf{rus},\rho}  \right] \qquad $  with \hfill \inlineeqno\small
\begin{equation*}
F_{j+\frac{1}{2}}^{\mathsf{rus},\rho} =
\frac{1}{2} \left[ (\alpha_i \rho_i)_{j+1}^{n+1} +(\alpha_i \rho_i)_j^{n+1} \right] (u_i)_{j+\frac{1}{2}}^n -
\frac{1}{2} \left[ (\alpha_i \rho_i)_{j+1}^{n+1} \! - (\alpha_i \rho_i)_j^{n+1} \right]\!\! \vert(u_i)_{j+\frac{1}{2}}^n\vert
\end{equation*}
\normalsize\vspace*{-1.8mm}
\item \label{step:alpha}
$(\alpha_i)_j^{n+1} = (\alpha_i)_j^n  - \frac{\Delta t}{\Delta x_j}  \mathsf{H}_u(\alpha_i^{n+1}, u_I^n)_j \quad$\hfill \inlineeqno

\vspace*{2mm}
where $\mathsf{H}_u$ is the discretization of the non-conservative term. It is obtained by combining this equation with the one at step \textbf{i)}: starting from uniform density and velocity, we impose that the density remains constant, obtaining \small
\begin{multline*}
\mathsf{H}_u(\alpha_i^{n+1} \!\!\!, u_I^n)_j = \frac{1}{2}
\left\lbrace
\left[ (\alpha_i)_{j+1}^{n+1} - (\alpha_i)_{j-1}^{n+1} \right] (u_I)_j^n  \right.\\
\left.
 - \vert(u_I)_j^n\vert \left[ (\alpha_i )_{j+1}^{n+1} \! - 2(\alpha_i)_j^{n+1} + (\alpha_i)_{j-1}^{n+1} \right]
\right\rbrace
\end{multline*}\normalsize
\item \label{step:m} $\begin{aligned}[t]
(\alpha_i m_i)_{j+\frac{1}{2}}^* &= (\alpha_i m_i)_{j+\frac{1}{2}}^n
  -\tfrac{\Delta t} {\Delta x_{j+\frac{1}{2}}} \Big\lbrace  \left[F_{j+1}^{\mathsf{rus},m}
 - F_j^{\mathsf{rus},m}  \right] \\
 +&  \left[ (\alpha_i)_{j+1}^{n+1} (P_i)_{j+1}^n
      - (\alpha_i)_{j}^{n+1}(P_i)_j^n  \right]
  - \mathsf{H}_P(\alpha_i^{n+1}, P_I^n, u_i^*)_{j+\frac{1}{2}}^*   \Big\rbrace \;\;\; \inlineeqno
\end{aligned} $\vspace*{4mm}

where $F_{j}^{\mathsf{rus},m}$ is the standard Rusanov flux for the conservative variables $(\alpha_i m_i)^*$ and the convective velocities $(u_i)^n$, while the approximation $(\mathsf{H}_P)_{j+\frac{1}{2}}^*$ of the non-conservative term is obtained by imposing the Abgrall's criterion: \small
\begin{equation*}
(\mathsf{H}_P)_{j+\frac{1}{2}}^* =
  (P_I)^n_{j+\frac{1}{2}} \left[(\alpha_i)_{j+1}^{n+1}  - (\alpha_i)_{j}^{n+1} \right]
 + K^\mathrm{vol}_{j+\frac{1}{2}} (u_i)_{j+\frac{1}{2}}^*
 \left( F_{j+1}^{\mathsf{rus},\rho, \bar{u}} - F_{j}^{\mathsf{rus},\rho, \bar{u}} \right)
\end{equation*} \normalsize
where $K^\mathrm{vol}_{j+\frac{1}{2}}=[1- \Delta x_{j+\frac{1}{2}}\big/ \Delta x_j]$ and $F_{j+1}^{\mathsf{rus},\rho, \bar{u}}$ is defined as in (9) but between the \textit{mapped densities}  $(\alpha_i \rho_i)_{j+\frac{1}{2}}$ and $(\alpha_i \rho_i)_{j-\frac{1}{2}}$.
The last term of $\mathsf{H}_P$ results from the mapping of $(\alpha_i \rho_j)$ at the left-hand side,\footnote{
The discretization of $\mathsf{H}_P$ is obtained by assuming uniform $(u_i)^n$ and $(P_i)^n$ in (11) and substituting into its left-hand side  $(\alpha_i m_i)_{j+\frac{1}{2}}^*=(\alpha_i \rho_i)_{j+\frac{1}{2}}^{n+1}$ the discretization of $(\alpha_i \rho_i)_{j+\frac{1}{2}}^{n+1}$ from (9).} but it is non-null only at the vector boundary cells, where $\Delta x_{j+\frac{1}{2}} \neq \Delta x_j$.\vspace*{2mm}
\item \label{step:P}$\begin{aligned}[t]
M_r^2 (\alpha_i)_j^{n+1}  &\left[ (P_i)_j^{n+1} -(P_i)_j^n \right]\tfrac{\Delta x_j }{\Delta t}
= \\
&-  \tfrac{M_r^2(\alpha_i)_j^{n+1} }{2} \Big\lbrace \left[ (P_i)_{j+1}^{n+1} -(P_i)_j^{n+1}    \right]
     \left[ (u_i)_{j+\frac{1}{2}}^* - \vert(u_i)_{j+\frac{1}{2}}^*\vert \right]   \\
   &\qquad\qquad\quad\,+ \left[ (P_i)_{j}^{n+1}   -(P_i)_{j-1}^{n+1} \right]
     \left[ (u_i)_{j-\frac{1}{2}}^* + \vert(u_i)_{j-\frac{1}{2}}^*\vert \right] \Big\rbrace \\
&- \left[ M_r^2 (\rho_i)_j^n ((c_i)_j^n)^2 \;\,\,+ (\kappa_i)_j^n \right]
 (\alpha_i)_j^{n+1}  \left[ (u_i)_{j+\frac{1}{2}}^{n+1} - (u_i)_{j-\frac{1}{2}}^{n+1} \right] \\
&+ \left[ M_r^2 (\rho_i)_j^n  ((c_{i,I})_j^n)^2 + (\kappa_i)_j^n \right]
   \mathsf{H}_{u} \left( (u_I^*- u_i^*), \alpha_i^{n+1} \right)_j \qquad\quad \inlineeqno
\end{aligned}$ \vspace*{4mm}

which has been derived from \eqref{e:P_tn} re-writing $u^* \dpar{P^{n+1}}{x} = \dpar{P^{n+1} u^*}{x} - P^*\dpar{u^*}{x}$ and using the Rusanov approximation.
For analogy with the density equation, the non-conservative term is discretized by the same operator $\mathsf{H}_{u}$ defined in step~\ref{step:alpha}.
\item \label{step:mnp}we observe that if in Eq.~\eqref{e:m_tnp} we define  $\delta \alpha_i m_i = (\alpha_i \rho_i)^{n+1} (u_i^{n+1} - u_i^*)$ and  $\delta P = P^{n+1} - P^n$, it has the same shape of \eqref{e:m_tns}. Therefore we obtain the same discretization as in step~\ref{step:m}.
\end{enumerate}

We highlight that the velocity in the second right-hand side term of (12) has to be discretized implicitly, but at step~\ref{step:P} the velocities $(u_i)^{n+1}$ are still unknown.
However, we can derive an approximation from the expression of step~\ref{step:mnp}, discharging the differences in the convective term. Thus, we use
\begin{multline}
(u_i)_{j+\frac{1}{2}}^{n+1} =
(u_i)_{j+\frac{1}{2}}^*
+ \tfrac{\Delta t} {\Delta x_{j+\frac{1}{2}}}
  \Big\lbrace - \left[ (\alpha_i)_{j+1}^{n+1} (\delta P_i)_{j+1}
       - (\alpha_i)_{j}^{n+1}(\delta P_i)_j^{n+1} \right]  \\
  + (\delta P_I)^{n+1}_{j+\frac{1}{2}}  \left[ (\alpha_i)_{j+1}^{n+1}  - (\alpha_i)_{j}^{n+1} \right] \Big\rbrace
  \Big / {(\alpha_i \rho_i)_{j+\frac{1}{2}}^{n+1}}\;.
\end{multline}
However, the previous expression contains the interfacial velocity $P_I^{n+1}$, which depends on the pressure at time $t^{n+1}$ of both phases.
Consequently, the use of (13) in (12), i.e. the implicit discretization of the acoustic part, makes the solution of the pressure equations coupled among all phases.

\section{Results and Discussion}
\label{s:results}
We have tested the proposed numerical method on some simplified problems to verify its correctness.
In the presented tests, we use the stiffened gas equation of state, which describes molecular agitation and
repulsive effects in a simplified way, but facilitates the analytical solution of some simple problems~\cite{Haller2003}.

\begin{table}\noindent
\begin{minipage}{0.4\linewidth}\centering
\begin{tabular}{lll}
\hline
                 &  $\gamma\quad\;$ &  $P_\infty~(\mathrm{Pa})$\\
\hline\rule{0pt}{12pt}%
\textsf{Phase 1}$\;\;$  &  4.4     &  $6.0 \, 10^8$ \\
\textsf{Phase 2}        &  1.4     &   0.0 \\
\hline
\multicolumn{3}{l}{\rule{0pt}{12pt}%
\textbf{a)} Fluids of tests 1 and 3.}
\end{tabular}
\end{minipage}\hspace{1cm}
\begin{minipage}{0.4\linewidth}\centering
\begin{tabular}{llll}
\hline
                 & $c_{p}~(\mathrm{J kg^{-1} K^{-1}})\;\;$ & $\gamma\quad\;$ &  $P_\infty~(\mathrm{Pa})$ \\
\hline\rule{0pt}{12pt}%
\textsf{Phase 1}$\;\;$ & 4186      &  2.8     &  $8.5 \, 10^8$ \\
\textsf{Phase 2} & 1004      &  1.4     &   0.0 \\
\hline
\multicolumn{4}{l}{\rule{0pt}{12pt}%
\textbf{b)} Fluids of test 2.}
\end{tabular}
\end{minipage}
\caption{Thermodynamic parameters of the two fluids. $c_{p}$ is the isobaric specific heat capacity, $\gamma$ is the ratio between the isobaric and the isochoric specific heat capacities, and $P_\infty$ is a parameter of the stiffened gas model.
Values are taken from~\cite{Saurel2017,Pandare2018}.}
\label{t:tmd}
\end{table}

\paragraph{Test 1.}
To verify the numerical verification of Abgrall's criterion and the stability at CFL$>1$, the first test is a simple transport of a volume fraction variation in a uniform pressure and velocity field.
The fluids and the initial conditions are described in Table~\ref{t:tmd} (left) and Fig.~\ref{f:uni}.
The final time is $1~\mathrm{ms}$, divided in 80 time steps.
The resulting acoustic CFL conditions (i.e., considering $u+c$) are 10 for fluid 1 and 2.7 for fluid 2.
The initial conditions are correctly preserved and no spurious oscillations are generated, as demonstrated in Fig.~\ref{f:uni}.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{FIG/Uni_all}
\caption{Test 1: volume fraction transport in a uniform pressure and velocity field, solution at the final time $t^\mathrm{F}=1~\mathrm{ms}$. The domain is $x=-0.5~\mathrm{m}\leq x \leq 0.5 ~\mathrm{m}$, discretized with $N_j^s=500$ scalar cells.
Initial conditions are: $u^0=100~\mathrm{m/s}$, $P^0=10^5~\mathrm{Pa}$, $\rho_1^0 = 1050~\mathrm{kg/m^3}$ and $\rho_2^0=1.2~\mathrm{kg/m^3}$.
The volume fraction profile is initially centered at $x=0$, with $\alpha_1=0.3$ at left and $\alpha_1=0.7$ at right.}
\label{f:uni}
\end{figure}

\paragraph{Test 2.} The second test is a water/air shock-tube with uniform volume fraction $\alpha_1=0.5$. Initially, the left and right chambers have different pressures. The difference in pressure is moderate, in order to avoid excessively high Mach numbers. Because of the absence of relaxation terms, each fluid evolves as a single phase, so it is possible to compute the analytical solution, given the fluid parameters in Table~\ref{t:tmd} and initial conditions in Fig.~\ref{f:noMix}.
A good agreement is achieved, even if the rarefaction fans are smeared, but we can expect it since the discretization is only first-order accurate. We highlight that the pressure variation in the liquid (phase 1) is an acoustic wave and it moves at the speed of sound $c_1\approx1525~\mathrm{m/s}$. Such a high propagation speed makes the capability to implicitly treat acoustics of paramount importance to avoid instabilities or an excessively small time step.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{FIG/NoMix_all}
\caption{Test 2: water/air shock-tube with no phase mixing, solution at the final time $t^\mathrm{F}=0.2~\mathrm{ms}$, after 100 time steps. The grid spacing is $\Delta x_j = 0.002$ as in the other tests.
The initial pressures are $P_\mathrm{L}^0=100~\mathrm{bar}$ (left) and $P_\mathrm{R}^0=50~\mathrm{bar}$ (right), while the temperature is $T^0=308.15~\mathrm{K}$, uniform. The volume fraction is $\alpha=0.5$ everywhere. The numerical solution is compared to the analytical one for each phase.}
\label{f:noMix}
\end{figure}

\paragraph{Test 3.} Finally, we reproduce a multiphase test for which the results without relaxation terms are available in~\cite{Saurel2017}. The fluids are the same as in Test 1, but now a pressure difference between the left and right state is also imposed. We can observe a good agreement with results in~\cite{Saurel2017}, expect for the pressure profile of phase 1.
This difference can be explained by the fact that they use a simplified Riemann solver according to which no pressure wave is present in this phase.
Furthermore, we notice a strange behavior of the numerical solution across the interface: in each phase, one point is not aligned with the neighboring ones. We believe that it could be generated by the mapping from the scalar to the vector grid and that it could be smooth down by adding the relaxation terms, however we will further investigate this issue.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{FIG/ShTube_all}
\caption{Test 3: ``Smooth shock tube test case'' as in~\cite{Saurel2017},
solution at the final time $t^\mathrm{F}=0.35~\mathrm{ms}$, after 700 time steps. The initial pressures are $P_\mathrm{L}^0=10~\mathrm{bar}$ (left) and $P_\mathrm{R}^0=1~\mathrm{bar}$ (right) and the velocity is $0$ for both phases.
The densities $\rho_1^0 = 1050~\mathrm{kg/m^3}$ and $\rho_2^0=1.2~\mathrm{kg/m^3}$ are uniform along the domain.
}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusions}
\label{s:concl}
In this work, we have presented a semi-implicit method for multiphase flows based on the Baer and Nunziato model, which avoids severe time step restrictions at low-Mach regimes.
We have proposed a pressure-based method, which, thanks to a special scaling of the pressure, recovers in the limit $M_{\mathrm{r}} \rightarrow 0$ the incompressible formulation of the governing equations.
Moreover, we have taken particular care in the discretization of the non-conservative terms, in order to avoid spurious oscillations across the multi-material interfaces.

The preliminary tests have confirmed the implicit treatment of acoustic and the fulfillment of the Abgrall's criterion.
These results indicate the applicability of the propose approach and allow us to pass to the next step of the long-term work.
Currently, we are working on the inclusion of the relaxation terms.
Future steps are the implementation of more accurate thermodynamic models, of second- and high-order discretization.
The flexibility of the BN-type model will allow also the investigation of flows containing more than 2 phases.

\subsubsection{Acknowledgments.} This publication has been produced with support from the NCCS Centre, performed under the Norwegian research program Centres for Environment\hyp{}friendly Energy Research (FME). The authors acknowledge the following partners for their contributions: Aker Solutions, Ansaldo Energia, CoorsTek Membrane Sciences, Emgs, Equinor, Gassco, Krohne, Larvik Shipping, Norcem, Norwegian Oil and Gas, Quad Geometrics, Shell, Total, V\aa r Energi, and the Research Council of Norway (257579/E20).

\bibliographystyle{spphys}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


In immigration research, a key concern is how immigrants are incorporated into the host society. The time-frame for incorporation frequently extends beyond the first generation of arrivals, bringing into play the experiences of immigrant offspring — who now are nearly 17 percent, or one in six, of the Canadian population age 15 and older. As part of a SSHRC research award, my research agenda for these immigrant offspring covers three domains of incorporation: socioeconomic integration, acculturation, and intermarriage. Socioeconomic integration encompasses three clusters of indicators: the educational and labour market achievements of immigrant offspring, poverty, and home ownership. Indicators of acculturation for immigrant offspring are: language knowledge, particularly retention of parental language(s); and living arrangements, including multi generational co-residency and young adult-parental co-residency. The last domain assesses the extent, and types, of intermarriage entered into by immigrant offspring. Research on these three domains includes comparisons between immigrant offspring and the first and third-plus generations, and it focuses on differences by gender, race, and ethnic or country of origin.
2008 Variations in Socioeconomic Outcomes of Second Generation Young Adults. Canadian Diversity. 6 (2): 20 - 24.
2008 The Transnational Dimensions of Ethnic Self-Identification (Monica Boyd and Jessica Yiu). Presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Sociological Association, Vancouver, June 3-5.
2007 Ties that Bind or Ties that Wane? Transnational Practices across Immigrant Generations (Jessica Yiu and Monica Boyd). Paper presented at the 2007 annual American Sociological Association meeting, New York City, August 11-14.
2007 Heritage Language Retention: Does it last even after generations? (Stella Y. Park, Ann Kim and Monica Boyd). Paper presented at the 2007 annual American Sociological Association meeting, New York City, August 11-14.
2007 How "Transnational" Are Canadians? Using Survey Data to Assess the Extent of Transnational Practices across Immigrant Generations. (Jessica Yiu and Monica Boyd). Paper presented at the 2007 annual meeting of the Canadian Sociological Association meeting, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, May 29-June 1.
2007 Explaining the University Attainments of Second Generation Immigrants: Family Background, Ethnic Embeddedness, and Social Exclusion. (Stella Park and Monica Boyd). Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Sociological Association, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, May 29-June 1.
2007 At the Margins? Ethnic Diversity within Canada's Muslim Population. (Monica Boyd and Phillipa Chong). Paper presented at the 2007 annual meeting of the Canadian Population Society, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, May 31-June 2.
2007 Racial and Ethnic Differentials across the Generations in Home Ownership and Housing Type. (Monica Boyd and Ann H. Kim). Paper presented at the 2007 annual meeting of the Population Association of America, March 29-31, NYC.
2006 Immigrant generations: Timing of arrival, homeownership and condos. (Ann H. Kim and Monica Boyd). Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association. August 11-14, Montreal.
2006 Merging Ethnicities: Shifting Patterns of Ethnic Intermarriage across Immigrant Generations. (Diana Worts and Monica Boyd). Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association. August 11-14, Montreal.
offspring. (Monica Boyd and Stella Park). Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Sociology and Anthropology Association. May 30 - June 2, Toronto.
2006 To Wed or to Bed? Patterns of first union formation across immigrant generations. (Monica Boyd, Diana Worts and Melissa Moyser). Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Sociology and Anthropology Association. May 30 - June 2, Toronto.
2006 Generational Shifts in Visible and Non-visible Minority Poverty Levels: A Comparison of Immigrants and Immigrant Offspring. (Monica Boyd and Lisa Kaida). Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Sociology and Anthropology Association. May 30 - June 2. Toronto.
2006 Social Mobility or Social Inheritance? Unpacking Immigrant Offspring Success (Monica Boyd). Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Sociology and Anthropology Association. May 30 - June 2, Toronto.
2006 Heritage Language Retention: Does it last even after generations? (Monica Boyd, Stella Park and Ann H. Kim). Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Population Society. June 1 - June 3, Toronto.
2006 Variations in Ethnic Intermarriage: unpacking the reasons. (Monica Boyd and Diana Worts). Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Population Society. June 1 - June 3, Toronto.
2006 Immigrants and homeownership: Racial and ethnic differentials over the generations. (Monica Boyd and Ann Kim). Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Population Society. June 1 - June 3, Toronto.
2006 Blurring the Faith? Religious Intermarriage across Immigrant Generations. (Monica Boyd, Diana Worts and Michael Haan). Paper presented at the annual meetings of the Population Association of America. March 30 - April 1. Los Angeles.
2005 Earnings of Immigrant Offspring. Presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Population Society, June 2 - June 4 2005.
2005 Does Generation Matter? Racial-Ethnic Stratification in Canada at the Millennium" (Monica Boyd and Stella Park). Presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Sociology and Anthropology Association, May 31-June 3 2005.
2005 Black Immigrant Offspring: Stepping Back or Getting Ahead? (Monica Boyd and Deanna Pikkov). Presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Population Society, June 2 - June 4 2005.
2005 At the Starting Gate: Immigrant Offspring in Transition.Presented in the Plenary Session on Immigrant Offspring, annual meeting of the Canadian Sociology and Anthropology Association, June 2, 2005.
2003 Tuesday's or Thursday's Child? The Life Chances of Immigrant Offspring. University of Saskatchewan 34th annual Pitirim Sorokin Lecture. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan: Department of Sociology, University of Saskatchewan. ISBN 0-88880-475-X.
2002 Educational Attainments of Immigrant Offspring: Success or Segmented Assimilation? International Migration Review 36 (Winter): 1037-1060.


Shur-Way Moving and Cartage was founded in 1955 by George and Jane Brzezinski. They built their business on a foundation that continues to keep our company strong today – excellent customer service. After 40 years in the business, it was time to pass on the tradition. Their children, Brad, Steve, Doug and Peggy have worked to continue the path of excellence that their parents started and have developed the business you see today. We are a full service moving and storage company where our customers are our top priority.
Shur-Way Moving has an un-paralleled team of bonded and licensed moving professionals to help make your move as stress free and smooth as possible. Our team is dedicated and loyal to our customers, which shows in their every interaction during each stage of the moving process. Our company is dedicated to improving this experience and ensuring excellence everyday. This is seen through our detailed training process for our employees, investing in top-notch equipment, trucks and our state of the art storage and moving facilities.


HYDERABAD: The workers of Qaumi Awami Tehrik observed hunger strike in front of press club here on Tuesday to mark their protest against provincial minister Jam Khan Shoro whom the accused of victimization of their workers. The hunger strike was led by Hyderabad district president of QAT advocate Abrar Abro,advocate Aftab Khunharo, Syed Dildar Shah. The workers marched from Sindh high court to press club. They said that their 3 party workers Shakeel Mughal, Sikendar Shah and Sarwar Shah have been implicated in false cases by Qasimabad on behest of minister Jam Khan Shoro. They alleged that provincial minister was supporting and patronizing the criminals like Porho Deeshak, Kashan Memon and police officials Mushtaq Shah and Umair Shah who are wanted in many cases. They alleged that Qasimabad police was acting as stooges of minister. They demanded from Sindh High Court to order impartial inquiry of cases against their workers and action against the police officers working on agenda of minister.


text:
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Ivan Marten
Senior Partner Emeritus at Boston Consulting Group
Ivan Marten is a senior partner emeritus at Boston Consulting Group. He is also a member of JP Global Digital Advisory Board as from April 2019. He has supported various companies in the energy, Oil & Gas, power, and environment sectors on developing their strategic visions for over 30 years. Ivan holds a degree in economics and business administration, and a Ph.D. in business administration and economics from the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. He was named one of the" Top 25 most influential consultants of the year by Consulting Magazine in 2003.
Javier San Juan
President of the Latin America Region at L'Oreal
Javier is the president of the Latin America region at L'Oreal. He is a member of JP Global Digital Advisory Board as from January 2019. He has over 27 years of experience with a world leading cosmetic company where he held various positions across Europe and the Americas. Javier holds a master's degree in Law, a master's degree in Economics from the University ICADE in Spain, and a Diplôme HEC from the Hautes Etudes Commerciales de Paris He is the co-founder of Gibraltar Corporation and is one of the advisory board members.
Elizabeth Coronado
Co-Founder and Head of Marketing
Elizabeth graduated cum laude with a bachelor's degree in Organizational Communication. She has three years of experience supporting the management of internal and external communications. She holds a Digital Marketing Certificate from the University of Miami.
She works hand-in-hand with multiple departments including Quality Management System, Human Resources, and Marketing. She is currently involved in the process of raising funds.
Argenis Pelayo
Argenis has a bachelor's degree in Geophysical Engineering and an MBA.
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King Yung
Data Processing Specialist
King is a mechanical maintenance engineer with an MBA. He has almost 15 years of experience in the oil & gas industry. In the last five years, he has specialized and certified in laser scanning. He is focused on industrial data processing in Panama, the Republic of Panama.
Eduardo Colmenares
Eduardo is a mechanical engineer with an MBA. He has more than 10 years of experience in the construction and oil & gas industry. In the last five years, he has specialized and is certified in laser scanning. Eduardo has focused on leading industrial asset digitalization in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Valentin Malave
Valentin is a civil engineer with almost 20 years of experience as a project engineer. In the last two years, he has focused on leading industrial asset digitalization in Houston, TX. He has specialized and is certified in laser scanning.
Ana Gutierrez
Ana has 10 years of experience in the design and engineering area of telecommunications and networks, and digitalization. In the last four years, she has specialized and certified in laser scanning.
Customer and results-oriented. She holds a Bachelor's degree in electrical, electronics, and communications engineering, a Master in Management, and a MBA.
Roberto Ocando Morales
Research & Development Leader
Roberto holds an associate degree in information technology and a law degree. He has an MBA and a specialization in strategic senior management.
He has been a scrum master focused on software and applications development. He has 24 years of experience in his field.
He was second place within the 100 Best Technology Projects Executed in Venezuela in 2006- according to IT Manager 100 Empresas High-Tech 2006
Marvelys Gonzalez
Marvelys is a civil engineer with a master in project management and specialized in project design and hydraulic engineering. She also holds an MBA and a master in Big Data & Business Intelligence.
She has more than 17 years of experience in her field, and for the last three years, she has focused on industrial data processing. She is located in Mexico City (DF).
Hernan Ocando
IT Team Leader
Hernan has more than 20 years of experience in computer science, cryptography, IT, data center design, telecommunications, and digitalization.
He also has experience as an information security management system auditor, and data processing platform manager in both private and public corporations.
Hernan holds a bachelor's degree in Computer Engineering and a master in Computer Science, Finance, and Strategic Management.
Freddy Martinez
Partner and President
Freddy is a successful senior executive with more than 35 years of experience supporting global companies in their growth.
Freddy is a strong business development professional with an MBA from The Wharton School and an MSE focused on materials science & engineering from The Moore School, University of Pennsylvania. Both degrees were simultaneously earned from 1984 to 1986.
Daniel Coronado
COO & Co-Founder
Daniel is the chief operating officer and co-founder of JP Global Digital. He is responsible for leading the entire overall global operations of JP Global Digital and the implementation of organic growth.
Daniel has a law degree. He has over 25 years of experience founding and developing a series of corporations in the agricultural, mining, construction, and technology sector since 2015.
Ysaac Coronado
Ysaac is the CEO and co-founder of JP Global Digital. He is responsible for the overall business performance of JP Global Digital and is highly committed to the development of high-quality 3D digital solutions and to obtain the highest level of client satisfaction and growth for the Oil & Gas, Large Industrial, and Maritime Sectors.
Ysaac has a law degree with a specialization in corporate law. Ysaac has over 25 years of experience founding and developing a series of corporations in the agricultural, mining, construction, and technology sector since 2015.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Scholarly publishing -- Economic aspects -- Developing countries.
Scholarly electronic publishing -- Developing countries.
Piracy (Copyright) -- Developing countries.
Coda: Uruguay / Jorge Gemetto and Mariana Fossatti.
Add tags for "Shadow libraries : access to educational materials in global higher education". Be the first.
Intellectual property infringement -- Economic aspects -- Developing countries.
Copyright -- Electronic information resources -- Developing countries.
Open access publishing -- Developing countries.
Communication in learning and scholarship -- Technological innovations -- Developing countries.
Education, Higher -- Developing countries.
Copyright -- Electronic information resources.
Scholarly publishing -- Economic aspects.
schema:about <http://experiment.worldcat.org/entity/work/data/5076450603#Place/developing_countries> ; # Developing countries.


Only your first name and last initial will be shown on the website.
I spoke with the office coordinator, Britney, who scheduled me with an estimate and in no time had workers customize my cellar doors with new light-weight and strong corrugated metal doors. A good crew and 8 hours later I was very pleased with the finished project and would recommend them for future work also… Great job and thanks to Lonnie and Cody's safe work. Thanks 5 Star!
The deck is amazing they repaired parts of it standard overall service was quick efficient and a great value for the money I would highly recommend this company.
It's unfortunate that my dad passed away before he could see 5 Star Construction finished product on the porch that was built. The guys did a wonderful job and we love it. The guys were here on time ready to work every day and they gave 110% to get the job done thank you very much for the company and work Chris Brandon Stacy Kaleb Hunter and Ivey. Will definitely use or refer 5 Star Construction and crew. Thank you.
5 Star did an outstanding job on repairing my deck. Chris was easy to work with and I especially like the way Brandon paid close attention to detail. I will use 5 Star again for other project.
Chris and his crew very very pleasant to work with.
They did a fabulous job! The craftsmanship was very good! They used good materials and the workers took care to clean up each evening before going home as to not kill our grass. It was done in the time agreed to! I will definitely use this company again!
5 Star Construction did a wonderful job of repairing our deck and wheelchair ramp. When giving our estimate Chris said he would donate their time and material to fix our ramp which is used for our grandchild Josh.I almost cried and feel so blessed! Their work was a cut above any one we have ever had.
Great price, great people and a great looking deck. Any concerns were taken care of on the spot. Would highly recommend them.
It was easy to deal with Five Star! Chris and his nephew came out and gave us an estimate we were pleased with! The supplies were delivered and that next morning the crew which consisted of Jerome and John showed up early to begin the work! Worked was completed to our satisfaction and everything was cleaned up with no mess! These guys are very polite and professional! Out of four companies, we contacted they were the only ones to call and come by to give an estimate! We will do business again! Thanks, guys.
5 Star Construction worked with me to keep the total cost within my budget. I provided the material and they the labor. They estimated 6 hours to complete. It took 5 hours and they cleaned the area and hauled all the trash. I highly recommend 5 Star Construction.
Thank you so much Bob, Chris, Jim, and Lonnie. You are almost done with this project, but we plan on your company to be our "go to" people. We already are looking at projects that need to be done, and you are the company that we will go to for guaranteed, exceptional service. You know exactly what you're doing and you excel at it.
The staff is very helpful, professional & friendly. Cleaned the area completely when finished. They did a great job & we are very pleased with their service.
On‐Time, Courteous and did a great job. I will use again for my next job.
They set the bar for their service with their company name. They strive to build a relationship with their customer that leaves an impression that you want to call them back. The owner not only sees the current project, but also shares his perspective on other services that they provide.
The crew started by laying my LVP flooring, then they replaced a few windows that had rot, then ultimately replaced my front of house primary windows. I had a good feeling that they wanted to earn their "5‐Stars." The crew that worked with us were respectful, and really cared about not only starting the project, but finishing.
The work was done on a timely basis in spite of weather delays, and it looks wonderful.
Chris is honest, ethical, customer service minded and respectful. I found him delightful to work with on my deck project.He was honest about delays and able to make adjustments to work through weather challenges. Kept me up to date so I felt comfortable. I believe I received a great product for a fair price. His team were polite, neat and tidy and fun to talk with.
Had them install a medallion over my stove top. Negotiated the price a bit. They came out and did a great job. I would use them again.
They got the job on the schedule right away. They were a little pricey compared to a couple other contractors but it was done up to our standards. We will possibly use them for some future projects.
They were on time and very proficient.
5 Star was very professional, very good job of power washing and painting my deck, and cleaned up like they were never there!
They are very nice, friendly and very helpful. They did a wonderful job for us. We are very pleased.
I highly recommend this company. Everything went without a hitch. Excellent service, installation, and clean up. These are my new go-to guys. Thanks Chris and Gary, love the door.
The company repaired my deck. I am very satisfied with the work.


text:
« Ensemble Made in Canada with Scott St. John
Ravinder Ruprai Gallery Exhibition »
David Braid with Mike Murley and "The North" Quartet
Creating original music combining the experiences of jazz musicians living in Canada and Scandinavia, The North is a quartet led by two of Canada's finest multi-Juno Award winning jazz musicians and long-time collaborators David Braid and Mike Murley.
Hailed in the Canadian press as "one of his country's true renaissance men when it comes to music" (The Ottawa Citizen), and "a jazz genius to call our own" (Maclean's Magazine), composer and pianist David Braid is a Steinway Artist, seven-time Juno nominee, and winner of two Juno Awards for his solo piano recordings. His arrangements and compositions were an integral part of the Chet Baker-inspired film, 'Born to Be Blue' and his jazz score received praise for its "contemporary patina without sacrificing period authenticity" (The Times, UK). He also won 'Best Original Score' and 'Best Original Song' at the 2017 Canadian Screen Awards.
An engaging, lyrical saxophonist, Mike Murley is one of Canada's most celebrated and well-respected jazz artists. Currently active as a leader in various formations from duo to septet, Murley also maintains a busy schedule as both a sideman and an educator as Chair of the University of Toronto Jazz Program. He has played on twelve Juno Award-winning recordings since 1990.
For more than two decades, drummer Anders Mogensen has been one of the most sought after musicians on the Danish as well as the International Jazz scene. Hailing from Finland and one of the busiest bass players in Sweden, Johnny Åman rounds out the group's rhythm section.
http://www.davidbraid.com/
HCA Recital Hall
126 James Street South
Hamilton, Ontario L8P 2Z4 Canada
Hamilton Conservatory for the Arts
info@hcarts.ca
https://www.hcarts.ca


You wake up anywhere in the world. On a tropical island in Thailand, a small Mediterranean town in Turkey or a snow-clad cottage in the Alps. You open your laptop and check up Affiliate Management Dashboard. It turns out that since the evening with you earned $152 during the sleep.
It's your affiliate network that generated passive income streams for you. The referral links and banners that you distributed throughout the internet keep working for you. People find them on blogs, in social media or simply in search engine ads you smartly purchased. They buy your partners' products and services, and you are earning a commision for each purchase. For a start, it's just some extra money, but with time it may grow so much it will become your main source of income.
The easiest way to achieve it is through affiliate marketing. You are promoting a product or service through a network of affiliates and earning a commision for every purchase. It's a win-win situation. Stable income for you and very cost effective and scalable method of promotion for the company you cooperate with. Affiliate marketing is one of the best passive income ideas and a great way to earn money online. In this post, I'll show you how it works.
Affiliate Marketing is a Performance Marketing, where the businesses pay just for the desired action. Unlike in traditional display based marketing – such as TV commercials or printed press ads – where advertisers paid huge amounts just for emissions of their message – in affiliate marketing the companies pay just for the effect. In traditional marketing, it didn't matter how many people actually saw the message – or if they did anything about it.
This is why you can count for very high revenue shares. Some of the best Unilink.io customers offer their affiliates up to 40% lifetime revenue on each purchase a referred customer ever makes!
Let me explain it to you on an example. Let's say a company sells monthly plans for their audiobook library for 10 dollars. They want to spread their business, while the cost of serving an additional customer (audiobook listener) is close to zero, since they only have to pay for the download transfer used by them, and they are already operating on a large scale. Using the affiliate marketing that can offer very high commision. Even 50% could be acceptable if they wanted to grow fast.
Yes, this means that doing nothing (just promoting a service) you could earn $5 dollars per person each month since most of the recurring payments affiliate programs offer lifetime revenue share.
Amazon, the world's leading e-commerce company, was one of the pioneers of this kind of promotion. Here's an example of one month (December) earnings of a successful Scotsman. You can read his success story and try to imitate it.
It's a really inspiring account, however, there are affiliate programs that scale even better over time and are worth investing money in. They are offered by companies that base their revenue on recurring payments. You can get the highest dividend promoting financial services product.
SimpleFX offers one of the most profitable affiliate programs on Unilink.io platform. The broker offers a global trading tool available in most countries, in many different languages. The customers use the software for free. They can trade forex, stock, gold, or cryptocurrencies. SimpleFX earns their money on the spread, very small percentages added to the price of each trading instrument. The cut is very small, but with time SimpleFX customers make thousands of trades worth even hundreds of thousands of dollars.
Participating in SimpleFX affiliate marketing program you can earn up to 40% of the spread. It's not a joke.
Here's how it works. It all starts with 5% revenue share. Let's say John Forex is a customer that made his first visit to SimpleFX site after clicking a link you posted on Twitter. First, he created a demo account, where he learned how to use the trading platform. Luckily he's an experienced forex trader, that makes his living day trading. He found the SimpleFX app very handy, and soon he started doing most of his trade here.
When John generated $400 trading spread on Monday, on Tuesday you can cash in $20 commision. That's not the end. Let's say John is also a well-known figure in the trading community, and also joined the SimpleFX affiliate program. You get 0.25% spread of each of his recommendation's, too. On the first glance, it's not much, but you have to know that the number of affiliates that work on your income grows exponentially.
After six months he has attracted 100 new active traders. They are not as experienced as he is, so on average they generate $50 spread a day each. If on Wednesday together they generate $5000 spread in total, you get $12.5 commision.
It makes $62.5 daily for one affiliate. One active trader, you brought in. How does it sound for a lifetime passive income?
When thinking about passive income affiliate marketing looks like the best solution for anybody that has no capital to buy large amounts of dividend stocks or make real estate investments and purchase rental property.
In many ways, affiliate marketing is a holy grail of the young generation. If you belong to the vast majority of people with no real estate investment trust, would like to enjoy life and travel around now, not when your savings account allows you retire, you need to find a reliable source of passive income.
Our mission at Unilink.io is to help companies grow and make it possible for young creative and hard working people to enjoy life while earning a commission from the best affiliate marketing programs.


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Alia Bhatt's movie 'Darlings' sold to Netflix for 80 Crores
The movie Darlings produced by Alia Bhat alongside SRK's red chillies entertainment is sold to Netflix in one of the biggest deals.
By killoli On Feb 7, 2022
Alia Bhatt is preparing for the theater debut of Gangubai, a historical drama directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali. While the marketing is still running strong, we have learned exclusively that her follow-up to Gangubai will be a direct-to-digital release. Darlings, which she produced alongside Shah Rukh Khan's Red Chillies Entertainment, will have a direct to digital premiere on Netflix this summer, according to our sources.
"The movie 'Darlings' has been sold at Rs. 80 Crores to Netflix after conversations with multiple digital players. Thereby making it one of the biggest deals with a female lead." Said the source.
The film is currently under post-production and will be available on digital platforms this summer.
Darlings is a dark comedy about a mother-daughter relationship, according to the press. Shefali Shah will play Alia's mother in the film, which also stars Vijay Varma and Roshan Mathew in pivotal roles. Darlings is directed by Jasmeet K Reen, while the soundtrack is composed by Vishal Bharadwaj. Apart from Darlings, Alia Bhatt's next films include Gangubai, RRR, Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani, and Bhansali's Baiju Bawra, which she will star in alongside Ranveer Singh.
She's also rumoured to be in talks with Kortala Siva for Jr. NTR's upcoming Pan Indian film, however no official confirmation from the studio has been given.
Alia BhattAlia Bhatt DarlingsAlia Bhatt moviesDarlingsNetflix
Padma Shri Kaur Singh teaser: Makers share a pre-production video ahead of the…
Actress Bidita Bag talks about her role in Boond: A Blue Diamond, "My character…
CHECK OUT- Gangubai Kathiawadi's song Dholida's teaser is out; Alia Bhatt…
Tiger Shroff and Akshay Kumar to star in an action film 'BadeMiyan…


I co-wrote this work with Si Matthews (Tales of 10 worlds, Across the ether, Aurora) - and its out on the TXT label in the next few weeks. Available on CD and the usual downloads.
Fantastic! love the music and the video! Well done.
Last edited by Sonic Bodhi; 04-13-2019, 12:05 PM.
All times are GMT-6. This page was generated at 12:33 AM.


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Amid talk of deportation, farmers defend immigrant labor
Chloe Moores
STATESVILLE, N.C. (AP) — He's now an Iredell County agriculture worker. But 10 years ago this month, he was embarking on a journey to leave Mexico and cross the U.S. border in hopes of giving his family a better life.
The journey nearly killed him.
It was March 2008 when the worker, who the Record & Landmark is not identifying because he is undocumented, decided to make the trip from Vera Cruz, Mexico to North Carolina.
Like many immigrants trying to sneak across the border, he paid "coyotes" — members of a mafia-like group who smuggle people into the U.S. from Mexico — a hefty fee. In his case, the price was $5,000.
After several weeks of travel by car, the coyotes "sold" the worker to a drug cartel. He then had two options: pay the cartel thousands of dollars or die.
He was kept in a house in Atlanta for a week-and-a-half.
"They threatened me," he recalled. "But one day they were having like a party and in the morning when I couldn't hear any noises, I escaped."
Even now, as he works on an Iredell County farm, he has never escaped the daily fear of being returned to a country where power-hungry drug cartels get their way and there is little opportunity for him.
Labor shortage
The fear of deportation is one many migrant workers share, but they're not alone. Farmers nationwide — including in Iredell — worry about losing the low-cost labor that helps their farms thrive. That's why they're fighting immigration-law changes that threaten much of their workforce.
The latest U.S. Department of Labor Agricultural Worker's Survey found that one-third of the nation's agriculture workers are from Mexico, and half are not authorized to work in this country.
Linda Andrews, national legislative director for the N.C. Farm Bureau, said the lack of domestic labor has been an issue in the agriculture community for years. Migrant workers have helped fill the gaps.
"Without those skilled workers, the farmers are unable to maintain their operation," Andrews said.
Work programs available to migrant farm workers include the H2-A program, which was established in 1986 and has been the only work program offered to migrant farm workers. It allows foreign workers to function legally on U.S. farms for part of the year.
McLain Farms co-owner Phillip McLain has used the H2-A program for the past three years. He works with an agency to bring South African workers to North Carolina. They usually work at McLain Farms from mid-February to mid-December.
South African workers are a good fit for McLain because most of them grew up on farms, are highly skilled and have post-secondary education, McLain said. Working on a farm in South Africa is a dangerous occupation.
"I think there's been 200-and-something farmers killed this year by rebels (in South Africa)," McLain said. "To work on a farm there and do these things these guys are passionate for might mean you lose your life. They can come over here and not have to worry about that."
Obtaining H2-A visas can be an expensive and lengthy process. McLain pays for his workers' flights to and from the U.S. He also has to fill out lots of paperwork, go through inspections and wait two to three months after submitting everything to get the OK from both governments.
Despite the lengthy process, McLain said using the H2-A program is worth it because he knows he'll have the farm help he needs.
"It's hard to compete in the job market for good people because the hours of farming are longer," he explained. "An average day when we're in the heat of the season could go from 12 to 14 hours for six days a week."
That's no problem for Malcolm Fourie, who has traveled to work on McLain Farms every year since 2015.
"You guys pay a lot better than South Africa," Fourie said.
Working without a permit
The H2-A program does not extend to livestock farms and dairy operations because the work is year-round.
Doug Carrigan, owner of Carrigan Farms, employs an undocumented Salvadoran who came to the U.S. about 30 years ago.
"I'm really the only family he has here," Carrigan said. "If he wants to borrow money, I say, 'OK, you can have it,' and he always pays me back. . They come because we provide good wages and good conditions (that are) better than (Mexico')."
President Donald Trump's promised border wall won't stop migrant workers from coming across the border, he added.
"The real crux of it is these Mexican guys want to come up here to work, make money and build a better life for themselves back home," Carrigan said. "If there was a program where they could come up, work and go back home, that's all anyone wants."
Carrigan doesn't believe there will be mass deportation from the U.S. because many farms wouldn't survive without undocumented workers.
"If we tackle it straight up and say, 'Hey, here's a method for it to work seamlessly for the Mexican people and American people and we both win,' it can work," he said. "You don't have to like farmers, but don't complain with your mouth full" of their food.
Rep. Rena Turner worked with other North Carolina legislators to propose a driver's license ID bill in 2013 that would give migrant farm workers the ability to drive trucks on the job.
"Our farmers' most legitimate concern is that our farm workers need to able to drive without getting stopped," Turner said.
The provision died when it was stripped from a larger bill.
"When I first came into office there was a lot of talk against immigration bills in general, and I think it generally stems from the 9/11 plane incidents because (Americans) felt like our border was not secure," Turner said. "Not only were Mexicans coming in or Latinos, but (Americans) were concerned about terrorists coming over the border, also which is another good reason to build the wall."
U.S. Rep. Bob Goodlatte, a Virginia Republican and chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, has proposed a more expansive replacement of the H2-A program that would allow year-round agricultural operations to legally employ migrant workers. The American Farm Bureau is among organizations supporting the plan.
But legislative movement on immigration has stalled since President Trump's March 5 deadline passed for replacing the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program. In September 2017, Trump set March 5 as the end date for DACA, which allows undocumented immigrants brought to the U.S. as children to remain here if they are working or going to school.
Federal courts are reviewing legal challenges to Trump's action.
Here in Iredell, while fear of deportation looms over the Mexican man who nearly died crossing the border 10 years ago, he is motivated by a desire to make a better life for his 10-year-old son, who is an American citizen.
"We are not here to steal or do anything illegal," he said. "We are just here to have a better future and work hard. We are human beings and we are not here to hurt anybody. We should all be treated the same way because we are here to have a better life for our families."