text:
A study of prevalence and psychological correlates of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Arshia Jadhav, Suprakash Chaudhury, Daniel Saldanha
Department of Psychiatry, Dr. D Y Patil Medical College, Dr. D Y Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Date of Submission 27-Nov-2020
Date of Decision 03-Jan-2022
Date of Web Publication 05-Apr-2022
Department of Psychiatry, Dr. D Y Patil Medical College, Dr. D Y Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune - 411 018, Maharashtra
Background: The premenstrual period is a vulnerable phase for prevalence of bodily and psychological signs and symptoms named the premenstrual syndrome (PMS). There is a paucity of Indian work in this area. Aim: The aim was to study the prevalence and psychological correlates of PMS and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital after obtaining the institute ethics committee clearance. Written informed consent was obtained from participants. By purposive sampling, 587 females from urban areas of Pimpri and Alandi were interviewed and subjected to the sociodemographic pro forma and the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool, Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21. From this sample, 140 subjects meeting diagnostic criteria of PMS or PMDD were included in the study group. An equal number of age-matched healthy controls with no known psychiatric disorders after clinical interview were included in the control group. All the questionnaires were scored as per the test manuals. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS. Results: It was observed that 63.57% of the total cases are moderate PMS, 30.71% are severe PMS, and 5.71% are PMDD. Overall, the more common type of dysmenorrhea was the spasmodic type, but among the PMS/PMDD cases, the more common type of dysmenorrhea was the congestive type. There is significantly higher stress, anxiety, and depression and poorer sleep quality in the cases of PMS and PMDD as compared to the controls. Stress, anxiety, and depression have a significant positive correlation with poor sleep quality. Conclusions: The prevalence of PMS was 22.49% and that of PMDD was 1.36%. Congestive kind of dysmenorrhea was more frequently seen in cases of PMS. There is significantly higher stress, anxiety, depression, and disturbed sleep in females suffering from PMS and PMDD as compared to the controls.
Keywords: Anxiety, depression, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, premenstrual syndrome, stress
Jadhav A, Chaudhury S, Saldanha D. A study of prevalence and psychological correlates of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Med J DY Patil Vidyapeeth 2022;15:895-905
Jadhav A, Chaudhury S, Saldanha D. A study of prevalence and psychological correlates of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Med J DY Patil Vidyapeeth [serial online] 2022 [cited 2023 Jan 30];15:895-905. Available from: https://www.mjdrdypv.org/text.asp?2022/15/6/895/342628
The menstrual cycle is a physiological system that all women experience. It is characterized by changes in the bodily levels of ovarian hormones that is estrogen and progesterone. Levels of estrogen and progesterone fluctuate cyclically and have main organic consequences on a woman's body, having both bodily and emotional ramifications.[1] The premenstrual period is a vulnerable phase for prevalence of bodily and psychological signs and symptoms which appear 1 week earlier than menstruation and disappear with the beginning of menstrual bleeding. About 75% of the females at childbearing age face some symptoms related to the premenstrual segment of the cycle. More than one hundred bodily and psychological signs are mentioned in the literature.[2] The most regularly encountered physical complains are stomach bloating, fatigue, breast pain, and headache, and emotional instability, irritability, depression, appetite gain, forgetfulness, and concern in concentration constitute the behavioral symptoms. Usually, these signs and symptoms manifest in the course of the remaining 7–10 days of the cycle. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) not only results in impairment in productiveness at work front, but also it leads to economic penalties attributed to work absenteeism, decline in learning efficiency, and progress of students. A lot of interpersonal disputes can also arise.[3]
A large number of females in childbearing period experience some premenstrual symptoms. However, only 5%–8% of these ladies face premenstrual symptoms to a degree whereby it interferes with the day-to-day functioning. Such women are identified as patients of premenstrual dysphoric disease (PMDD).[4] Presence of a cluster of temperamental symptoms, such as depression, tension, affective lability, sleep disorder, anxiety, irritability and fatigue, with five or more signs existing in the course of the luteal phase of menstrual cycle is hallmark of PMDD. PMDD can solely be diagnosed by means of having ladies demonstrating their signs and symptoms for at least two consecutive symptomatic menstrual cycles prospectively.[4]
Women having PMDD suffer of dysphoric temperament all through the luteal phase, and in addition, they undergo cognitive impairment presenting as reduced concentration, impairment of cognitive functioning, and motor coordination. These do interfere extensively with their productiveness and efficiency.[4] There is now not substantial research work done that could possibly point to the extent to which psychomotor or cognitive impairment factually happens all through the luteal phase in ladies with PMDD. Results of many studies have not been consistent, with some reporting no differences.[4] A lot of females suffering from PMS and PMDD reported sleep-related problems such as difficulty in sleeping, fatigue, and concentration issues. About 70% of females with PMDD record sleep disturbances such as insomnia or hypersomnia. PMDD signs and symptoms interfere with academic and personal space as well. Work-related stress or educational strain largely affects the prevalence of PMDD.[5]
Although no particular age group is spared, the ladies in ages 25–45 years stay the most regularly affected. Typically, the girls think about the want for seeking therapy in their middle or late third decade of life. It is believed that advancing age is directly proportional to amplify in symptoms.[6] About 50% of patients consulting the gynecology outpatient department represent the female suffering from this syndrome. PMS is a psychosocial phenomenon, which is linked biologically, psychologically, or sociologically with the menstrual cycle.[6] Gynecologists and psychiatrists diagnose PMS and PMDD by assessing the exacerbation of signs and symptoms all through the premenstrual period. This includes both bodily and depressive symptoms. However, it is hard to set up the differential diagnosis of PMS and PMDD.[2] There is limited research carried out in India on PMS and PMDD, hence the present study was undertaken.
This cross-sectional analytical study was carried out in the department of psychiatry in a tertiary care hospital during April 2018 to March 2019. Institute ethics committee clearance was obtained before starting the study (DPU/R&R (M)/19/(12)/2019 dated January 08, 2019. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects recruited for the study after explaining the purpose and design of the study.
Sample size calculation
Using the formula, with incidence 10%, the sample size calculated was 138.
As a few dropout cases were expected, the sample size taken was 140.
Formula used in calculating sample size:
t = 1.96
m = 0.05
p = 10%
Sample selection
By purposive sampling, 587 females from urban areas of Pimpri and Alandi were approached to participate in the study. They were interviewed, and those who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-5) criteria for PMS and PMDD and the inclusion and exclusion criteria given below were included in the study group.[7] An equal number of age-matched healthy controls with no known psychiatric disorders were included in the control group.
Females from the urban areas of Pimpri and Alandi who have been diagnosed with PMS or PMDD based on DSM-5
Females between ages 18 and 49 years.
Known history of head injury, mental retardation, or any other psychiatric illness
Known endocrine disorder, gynecological disorder, or physical illness
Females receiving hormonal therapy.
Sociodemographic and menstrual history pro forma
A specially designed pro forma was used to document background details, sociodemographic profile, past and family history, and the menstrual and obstetric profile.
Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool
This scale is a standard form and includes 19 items that describes both physical and emotional symptoms. Each item is rated on a scale of 0 "not at all" to "extreme." This tool separated the PMS and PMDD groups from healthy group well. The sensitivity and specificity coefficients were 0.9 and 0.77, respectively. The Cronbach's alpha was 0.91 and the test reliability was 0.56 for the total tool. The Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool (PSST) is a useful tool to detect candidates for PMDD and moderate-to-severe PMS.[8]
Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire
The Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire (MSQ) is a 23-item self-report measure which assesses menstrual pain and symptoms. It is rated as 1 = "never" to 5 = "always." The Cronbach's alpha is 0.79.[9]
The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is an effective instrument used to measure the quality and patterns of sleep in the older adult. It is a 9-item questionnaire which differentiates "poor" from "good" sleep by measuring seven domains: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleep medication, and daytime dysfunction over the last month. Scoring of the answers is based on a 0–3 scale, whereby 3 reflects the negative extreme, a global sum of 5 or greater indicates a "poor" sleeper. The PSQI has diagnostic sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 93%. The PSQI has Cronbach's alpha of 0.89.[10]
The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21
The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) is a 21-item self-report instrument designed to measure the three related negative emotional states of depression, anxiety, and tension/stress. Responses on each item range from 0 (did not apply to me at all) to 3 (applied to me very much). Cronbach's alpha of the entire scale was 0.89. The DASS-21 is a valid and reliable instrument.[11]
By purposive sampling, 587 females from urban areas of Pimpri and Alandi were approached to participate in the study. They were interviewed, and those who met the DSM-5 criteria for PMS and PMDD and the inclusion and exclusion criteria given below were included in the study group. An equal number of age-matched healthy controls with no known psychiatric disorders after clinical interview were included in the control group. All the subjects were evaluated with the sociodemographic and menstrual history pro forma PSST, MSQ, PSQI, and DASS 21. All the scales were scored as per the test booklets.
Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS (IBM, Atlanta, USA). Frequency data were compared using Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. Continuous data were analyzed using the Student's t-test and ordinal data by Mann–Whitney test.
The study sample consisted of 140 females meeting diagnostic criteria of PMS or PMDD. One hundred and forty age-matched healthy female controls with no known psychiatric or physical disorders formed the control group. The demographic and clinical variables of the subjects are shown in [Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]. Based on the interpretation of PSST, 63% of the total cases were moderate PMS, 31% had severe PMS, and 6% had PMDD [Table 4]. The distribution of scores obtained by subjects with PMS and PMDD and controls on MSQ, PSQI, and DASS-21 is shown in [Table 5]. The comparison of scores obtained by subjects with PMS and PMDD and controls on PSQI and DASS-21 is given in [Table 6]. A Spearman's correlation was run to determine the relationship between age, age at menarche, duration of menstrual cycles, PSQI score, and DASS scores [Table 7]. There was a strong, positive monotonic correlation between PSQI scores and DASS stress (rs = 0.402, n = 280, P < 0.001), DASS anxiety (rs = 0.357, n = 140, P < 0.001), and DASS depression (rs = 0.312, n = 280, P < 0.001). Results show that stress, anxiety, and depression have a positive correlation with poor sleep quality and also stress, anxiety, and depression, are positively correlated to each other. The correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (two-tailed).
Table 1: Age, age at menarche, and duration of menstrual cycles of subjects with premenstrual syndrome, premenstrual dysphoric disease, and matched control subjects
Table 2: Demographic characteristics of subjects with premenstrual syndrome/premenstrual dysphoric disease and control subjects
Table 3: Clinical characteristics of subjects with premenstrual syndrome/premenstrual dysphoric disease and controls
Table 4: Distribution of moderate and severe premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disease in the subjects
Table 5: Distribution of scores obtained by cases of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disease and controls on Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire, Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index, and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale
Table 6: Comparison of scores obtained by cases of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disease and controls on Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale scores, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale anxiety, and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale anxiety depression
Table 7: Spearman's correlation to determine the relationship between age, age at menarche, duration of menstrual cycles, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score, and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 scores
[Table 8] shows the multiple linear regression model summary and overall fit statistics. The adjusted R2 of our model is 0.453 with the R2 = 0.473, indicating that the linear regression explains 47.3% of the variance in the data. The Durbin-Watson (d = 1.532) is between the two critical values of 1.5 < d < 2.5. This indicates that there is no first-order linear auto-correlation in our multiple linear regression data. The multiple linear regression's F-test is highly significant. Thus, we can assume that the model explains a significant amount of the variance in PSST in patients with PMS/PMDD [Table 9]. [Table 10] shows the multiple linear regression estimates including the intercept and the significance levels. The statistical significance of each of the independent variables can be seen from t and Sig columns. In the present study, we see that stress, depression, PSQI, age at menarche, and anxiety are significant. We can also see that stress has the highest impact followed by PSQI, depression, anxiety, and age at menarche by comparing the standardized coefficients. The information in [Table 10] also allows us to check for multicollinearity in our multiple linear regression model. Tolerance should be >0.1 (or variance inflation factor <10) for all variables, which they are. Finally, normality of residuals can be checked with a normal P-P plot [Figure 1]. The plot shows that the points generally follow the normal (diagonal) line with no strong deviations. This indicates that the residuals are normally distributed. To summarize, a multiple regression was run to predict PSST in subjects with PMS/PMDD from age, age at menarche, duration of cycles, PSQI, stress, depression, and anxiety. These variables statistically significantly predicted depression, F (5, 134) = 24.014, P < 0.000, R2 = 0.473. Of the eight variables, only stress, depression, PSQI, anxiety, and age at menarche added statistically significantly to the prediction (P < 0.05).
Figure 1: Normal P-P plot of regression standardized residual
Table 8: Multiple linear regression analysis: Model summaryf
Table 9: Multiple linear regression analysis: ANOVAa
Table 10: Multiple linear regression analysis: Coefficientsa
According to the literature, the prevalence of PMS varies substantially depending on the methodology and evaluation measures used.[12],[13],[14],[15],[16],[17],[18],[19] Although figuratively, it can be pictured that the occurrence of the syndrome varies among different ethnic groups and cultures,[20],[21] country-specific studies on the prevalence are necessary for proper and accurate assessment of the occurrence of the syndrome.[22] However, a large-scale study carried out on the females of European, East Asian, and South Asian ethnicity found that 99% of the subjects reported experiencing premenstrual symptoms. The same prevalence estimates were found in female university students in Thailand and Iran.[23],[24] Prevalence reported in other studies has been slightly lower and has ranged from 80% to 95%.[14],[25],[26],[27],[28] These variations in prevalence estimates may be explained by differences in symptom assessment, subject population, and subject characteristics such as age.[29] For example, the lowest prevalence of 80% was reported in a German community survey which included adolescent subjects aged 14–24 years.[14] The inclusion of adolescents could explain the lower prevalence, as was shown in a previous study which found that subjects under 20 or over 45 years of age had the lowest symptom prevalence, with prevalence peaking at age 35.[30] Alternatively, a survey of only married Iranian women from health clinics aged 20–45 reported a prevalence of 86%.[28] Two previous studies that included women of similar age as in the present study reported similar prevalence for the various premenstrual symptoms.[23],[24]]
In the current study, out of 140 subjects included in the case group, 23.85% subjects met the DSM-5 criteria of PMS and 1.36% subjects met the diagnostic criteria of PMDD. Out of the 132 cases of PMS, 89 (63%) were cases of moderate PMS and 43 (31%) had severe PMS. Our findings are in line with the findings of earlier studies.[23],[24],[31] Despite the use of different diagnostic instruments, studies show that up to 90% of ladies of reproductive age suffer from a variety of premenstrual symptoms of variable intensities, but the prevalence of PMS varies around 20%–40% and that of PMDD is 3%–8%,[18],[19],[21],[31],[32],[33] although one study reported that the prevalence of PMS in female students was high (42.9%) and that the prevalence of severe PMS/PMDD was also high (47.6%) in women with PMS.[34]
Our study could not statistically prove an association of sociodemographic correlates with PMS/PMDD. Few studies have demonstrated a connection between socioeconomic, biological, cultural, and lifestyle factors and PMDD. A study analyzed the predictors of PMS and PMDD among college girls with respect to sociodemographic, menstrual, and lifestyle variables. Mean age of the student >19 years correlated significantly with the prevalence of PMS and PMDD.[35] Many studies have reported increased prevalence in older students,[36],[37],[38],[39],[40],[41] but few studies had conflicting results.[31],[33] This can be explained by increased academic stress and understanding of symptoms in older students. Medical students had statistically significant increased prevalence of PMS and PMDD than the engineering students.[31],[33] Several noncomparative studies have reported higher prevalence rate among medical students.[38],[39],[41],[42],[43] This could be either due to the difference in the knowledge of the disease or academic curriculum. On the contrary, Raval et al. found the highest prevalence in commerce students than medical and nursing students.[33] Residence either at hostel or house and socioeconomic status are not statistically significant in the prevalence of PMS and PMDD, and this is in agreement with few other studies.[33],[40] In the present study, PMS/PMDD was not associated with the level of education. Few studies reported that women with higher education suffered from PMDD rather frequently.[14],[36] One study reported that women with PMDD tended to have lower formal education[13] while another found a negative correlation between education and PMDD hazard (women with higher education have been much less chance to suffer from PMDD).[44]
There was no statistically significant association between the age at menarche, duration of cycles, regularity of menstrual cycles, amount of menstrual blood flow, and obstetric parity of subjects with the cases of PMS and PMDD in our study. This was in agreement with Durairaj et al. who did not find an association between age of menarche and days of menstrual bleeding[35] but was contrary to the findings of two studies,[36],[45] who found that low parity, menstrual cycle length, and the duration of menstruation were associated with risk of PMDD. A few studies had found an association with early age of menarche.[31],[40],[41] Contrary to our findings, one study reported that heavy menstrual bleeding had a positive correlation with PMS and PMDD.[35]
Dysmenorrhea had been consistently associated with PMS and PMDD in several studies.[31],[36],[37],[38],[41] Out of the 280 subjects included in our study (cases and controls), 212 (76%) subjects had spasmodic type of dysmenorrhea and 68 (24%) subjects had congestive type of dysmenorrhea. However, out of the 68 subjects having congestive sort of dysmenorrhea, 43 (64%) were affected cases and 25 (36%) were healthy controls. Hence, it was discovered that although spasmodic type of dysmenorrhea was more frequent overall, the congestive type of dysmenorrhea was more frequently seen in cases of PMS and PMDD. These findings are in line with the findings of an earlier study.[46]
Women who have PMDD may complain of insomnia, depression, fatigue, headache, abdominal bloating, breast tenderness, and severe dysmenorrhea. These signs and symptoms occur for the duration of the late luteal part of a woman's menstrual cycle and subside with the onset of menstruation.[47] Diminished levels of progesterone metabolite and greater serum concentrations of progesterone could contribute to the signs and symptoms of PMDD, including temper symptoms and symptoms such as anxiousness, melancholy, and nervousness.[48] Recent research has validated that a female suffers from a range of sleep disturbances for the period of the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.[49] Women with PMDD demonstrated a minimization in melatonin secretion as in contrast to non-PMDD women. Sleep disturbance and decreased melatonin secretions due to hormonal fluctuations at some point of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle ought to grant a rationalization for the sleep complaints of PMDD.[49] Studies have moreover proven altered sleep and wake cycles in females with PMDD. There is a drop in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and slow-wave sleep or stage N3 sleep in PMDD as in contrast to healthful people at some stage in the luteal phase as in contrast to the follicular phase. It has been observed that altered REM sleep is a hallmark of PMDD sleep disturbances.[50] ShaziaJehan cites that more research is wanted to acknowledge this menstrual-related problem, which could be the most important enabling factor of women's disturbed sleep in the reproductive period.[51] In our study, out of the 280 subjects, 37 subjects (13% of the whole study population) had poor sleep quality, out of which 32 (86%) were patients of PMS and PMDD and 5 (14%) were controls. It was statistically proved that the sleep in cases of PMS and PMDD was markedly disturbed as compared to the controls. These findings are in line with the findings of an earlier study.[5]
Like mood disorders, a recent comparison of the facts proposed by Kim et al. shows that anxiety-associated ailments have been frequently encountered in females with PMDD than in controls.[52] Panic disorder co-occurs in 25% of subjects with PMDD, social phobia in about 20%, obsessive-compulsive disorder in 12%, and generalized anxiety disorder ranging from 4% to 38%.[53]
In sufferers of PMDD, there is a 30%–70% and a 14%–16% lifetime chance of major depression and anxiety, respectively. Patients with PMDD need to be screened for complaints such as despair and nervousness. There are few authentic guidelines to propose treatment alternatives in these patients, but the use of SSRIs is regarded first line with more than a few dosing strategies to ensure increased effectiveness.[54]
The comorbidity of PMS with temperamental issues was a matter of quite a few studies.[55] The intention of this research work was to set up whether or not females with PMS have greater likelihood to develop temperamental disorders. However, a comparison between these autonomous studies is very difficult, first off due to the one of a kind methodology used to take a look and confirm PMS and secondly due to the clearly demarcated and well-defined diagnostic classification of psychiatric disorders. On the one hand, it used to be mentioned that a female with a lifetime record of major depressive disorder (MDD) is highly probable to exhibit premenstrual temperamental alterations than healthful women, or those who have been through different kinds of psychiatric illness.[55],[56] One study observed that girls with premenstrual temperamental changes have higher incidence of MDD than females lacking such a past record.[57] It is documented that the evaluation of premenstrual melancholic features has validity in figuring out individuals at chance for developing future MDD.[58] Moreover, a past psychiatric history of depressive ailments as defined in guidelines of treatment with antidepressant agents was invariably more liable to be frequent in female complaining of PMS.[59]
In our study, out of the 280 subjects, 117 subjects (42% of the whole study population) had normally acceptable stress levels, out of which 102 (87%) have been controls and 15 (13%) were cases. Sixty-seven subjects (24% of the complete study group) had mild stress reactions, out of which 40 (60%) subjects had been cases and 27 (40%) subjects were controls. Sixty-seven subjects (24% of the whole study group) had moderate stress levels, out of which 58 (86%) subjects have been cases and 9 (14%) subjects have been controls. Twenty-nine subjects (10% of the total study group) had severe stress reaction, out of which 27 (93%) subjects had been cases and 2 (7%) subjects have been controls. It was hence statistically proved that there is substantially greater stress in cases of PMS and PMDD as compared to the controls, which goes in hand with the findings of Kim et al.[52]
It was similarly encountered that, out of the 280 subjects, 128 subjects (46% of the whole study population) had normally explainable anxiety levels, out of which104 (81%) subjects had been controls and 24 (19%) subjects had been cases. Seventy subjects (25% of the total study population) had mild anxiety outcomes, out of which 44 (63%) subjects had been cases and 26 (37%) subjects had been controls. Sixty-nine subjects (25% of the complete study population) had moderate level of anxiety, out of which 60 (87%) subjects were cases and 9 (13%) subjects were controls. Thirteen subjects (4% of the total study group) had severe anxiety levels, out of which 12 (92%) subjects were cases and 1 (8%) subject was a healthy control. It was statistically established that there is considerably higher anxiety in females suffering from PMS and PMDD as compared to the controls, which is in congruence with the findings of an earlier study.[60]
Furthermore, in our study, out of the 280 subjects, 125 subjects (45% of the whole study population) had normal depressive levels, out of which 96 (77%) subjects were controls and 29 (23%) subjects were cases. Ninety-eight subjects (35% of the total study group) had mild depression levels, out of which 62 (63%) subjects were cases and 36 (37%) subjects were controls. Fifty-two subjects (18% of the complete study sample) had moderate level of depression, out of which 45 (87%) subjects were cases and 7 (13%) subjects were controls. Five subjects (2% of the total study group) had severe depressive reaction, out of which 4 (80%) subjects were cases and 1 (20%) subject was a normal healthy control. It was observed as per statistical analysis that there is markedly prevalent depression in cases of PMS and PMDD as compared to the controls, which is in parallel line with the findings of earlier publications.[55],[56]
The sample size was modest. This was a hospital-based study and included females from urban area. Therefore, the findings of this study cannot be generalized.
PMS is present in substantial proportion of females in reproductive age group. The prevalence of PMS found in the study was 22.48% and that of PMDD was 1.36%. Sixty-three percent of the total index cases had moderate PMS, 31% had severe PMS, and 6% had PMDD. Overall, the spasmodic type of dysmenorrhea was more common, but the congestive type of dysmenorrhea was more frequently encountered in patients of PMS and PMDD. PMS and PMDD are associated with poor sleep quality. Psychiatric comorbidities such as depression, anxiety, and stress are commonly found in patients of PMS and PMDD. Depression, anxiety, and stress have a positive correlation with poor sleep quality. Timely screening of patients for depression, anxiety, and stress and prompt referral to mental health professional will improve the outcomes of the condition.
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Matsumoto T, Asakura H, Hayashi T. Biopsychosocial aspects of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Gynecol Endocrinol 2013;29:67-73.
Joshi JV, Pandey SN, Galvankar P, Gogate JA. Prevalence of premenstrual symptoms: Preliminary analysis and brief review of management strategies. J Midlife Health 2010;1:30-4.
Raval CM, Panchal BN, Tiwari DS, Vala AU, Bhatt RB. Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder among college students of Bhavnagar, Gujarat. Indian J Psychiatry 2016;58:164-70.
Nworie K, Aluh D, Onyekwum C. Assessment of premenstrual syndrome among female students in Southeast Nigeria. J Obstet Gynecol Investig 2018;1:55-61.
Durairaj A, Ramamurthi R. Prevalence, pattern and predictors of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrualdysphoric disorder (PMDD) among college girls. IJOG 2019;5:93-8.
Adewuya AO, Loto OM, Adewumi TA. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder amongst Nigerian university students: Prevalence, comorbid conditions, and correlates. Arch Womens Ment Health 2008;11:13-8.
Nisar N, Zehra N, Haider G, Munir AA, Sohoo NA. Frequency, intensity and impact of premenstrual syndrome in medical students. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2008;18:481-4.
Balaha MH, Amr MA, Saleh Al Moghannum M, Saab Al Muhaidab N. The phenomenology of premenstrual syndrome in female medical students: A cross sectional study. Pan Afr Med J 2010;5:4.
Goker A, Artunc-Ulkumen B, Aktenk F, Ikiz N. Premenstrual syndrome in Turkish medical students and their quality of life. J Obstet Gynaecol 2015;35:275-8.
Sahin S, Ozdemir K, Unsal A. Evaluation of premenstrual syndrome and quality of life in university students. J Pak Med Assoc 2014;64:915-22.
Issa BA, Yussuf AD, Olatinwo AW, Ighodalo M. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder among medical students of a Nigerian university. Ann Afr Med 2010;9:118-22.
Mishra A, Banwari G, Yadav P. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder in medical students residing in hostel and its association with lifestyle factors. Ind Psychiatry J 2015;24:150-7.
Farrokh-Eslamlou H, Oshnouei S, Heshmatian B, Akbari E. Premenstrual syndrome and quality of life in Iranian medical students. Sex Reprod Healthc 2015;6:23-7.
Skrzypulec-Plinta V, Drosdzol A, Nowosielski K, Plinta R. The complexity of premenstrual dysphoric disorder – Risk factors in the population of Polish women. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2010;8:141.
Kaur G, Gonsalves L, Thacker HL. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder: A review for the treating practitioner. Cleve Clin J Med 2004;71:303-5, 312-3, 317-8.
Negriff S, Dorn LD, Hillman JB, Huang B. The measurement of menstrual symptoms: Factor structure of the menstrual symptom questionnaire in adolescent girls. J Health Psychol 2009;14:899-908.
Chung SH, Kim TH, Lee HH, Lee A, Jeon DS, Park J, et al. Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder in perimenopausal women. J Menopausal Med 2014;20:69-74.
Rapkin AJ, Morgan M, Goldman L, Brann DW, Simone D, Mahesh VB. Progesterone metabolite allopregnanolone in women with premenstrual syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 1997;90:709-14.
de Zambotti M, Nicholas CL, Colrain IM, Trinder JA, Baker FC. Autonomic regulation across phases of the menstrual cycle and sleep stages in women with premenstrual syndrome and healthy controls. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013;38:2618-27.
Shechter A, Boivin DB. Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Int J Endocrinol 2010;2010:259345.
Jehan S, Auguste E, Hussain M, Pandi-Perumal SR, Brzezinski A, Gupta R, et al. Sleep and premenstrual syndrome. J Sleep Med Disord 2016;3:1061.
Kim DR, Gyulai L, Freeman EW, Morrison MF, Baldassano C, Dubé B. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder and psychiatric co-morbidity. Arch Womens Ment Health 2004;7:37-47.
Golding JM, Taylor DL, Menard L, King MJ. Prevalence of sexual abuse history in a sample of women seeking treatment for premenstrual syndrome. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2000;21:69-80.
Kim DR, Freeman EW. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder and psychiatric comorbidity diagnostic dilemmas-effective treatment approaches. Psychiatr Times 2010;43:1-5.
Halbreich U, Endicott J. The relationship of disphoric premenstrual changes to depressive disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1985;71:331-8.
Endicott J, Halbreich U, Schacht S, Nee J. Premenstrual changes and affective disorders. Psychosom Med 1981;43:519-29.
Warner P, Bancroft J, Dixon A, Hampson M. The relationship between premenstrual depressive mood and depressive illness. J Affect Disord 1991;23:9-23.
Graze KK, Nee J, Endicott J. Premenstrual depression predicts future major depressive disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1990;81:201-5.
Bancroft J, Rennie D, Warner P. Vulnerability to perimenstrual mood change: The relevance of a past history of depressive disorder. Psychosom Med 1994;56:225-31.
Facchinetti F, Tarabusi M, Nappi G. Premenstrual syndrome and anxiety disorders: A psychobiological link. Psychother Psychosom 1998;67:57-60.
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5], [Table 6], [Table 7], [Table 8], [Table 9], [Table 10]
Jadhav A
Saldanha D
premenstrual dysphoric disorder


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Menai Bridge Scouts Guides Latest
by Malcolm Rogers
(Menai Bridge)
Following a major rebuilding project costing over 350,000, Scouts & Guides in Menai Bridge are delighted with their new building in Ffordd Cambria, near Thomas Telford's suspension bridge.
The project has provided a replacement building to be used by the Scouts and Guides and to serve as a community facility for other community groups and
individuals. The new building fully complies with modern specifications for multi-use buildings, including being accessible for all.
The building was officially opened in March 2011, when Simon Weston, OBE (President Scouts Wales) and Helen Murdoch (President Girlguiding Cymru)unveiled a plaque to mark the occasion, and the Rev Angela Williams, Vicar of Menai Bridge & Llandegfan, gave a short Blessing of the Hall.
In addition to local fundraising efforts, the project received funding through the Welsh Assembly Government Community Facilities and Activities Programme, the Rural Development Plan for Wales 2007-2013, which is funded by
the Welsh Assembly Government and the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development, as well as grants from Anglesey County Council's Strategic
Development Fund, the Dale Street Trust, and The Scout Association Special Needs fund.
The local community also supported our own fund-raising activities over the last 8 years, helping to raise over £20k contribution towards the project costs.
Catering for young people from 5-26, the growing numbers of members in the Scouts & Guides membership shows the continuing popularity of the groups. Young
people are attracted by the varied programmes of activities offered.
At each age level, there are many opportunities for young people to learn life skills and experience adventurous activities. As well as camping, our young people
have the opportunity to take part in many other activities.
These include first aid, cooking, hiking, climbing, hill walking, cycling, pioneering, bridge and raft building, canoeing, electronics, amateur radio, film making and photography are just some of the things they do.
Adult Members
Our adult volunteers are essential to the running of the Scouting and Guiding groups. There are many roles for adults in the organisations, from leaders and
assistants, to administrators, treasurers, equipment officers, and just plain "helpers" and we welcome people who would like to become involved (subject to
normal child protection procedures).
Full training is provided for each role, and you even get the chance to join in with the activities yourself if you want to, so it's fun too!
New venue
The new building is a fantastic venue for our groups to hold their regular evening meetings, but it is also available for other community groups and
individuals to book for meetings and functions, especially during the day.
It has a large hall and kitchen and flexible arrangements for smaller meetings and seminars. We have tried to encompass green issues and use green energy where possible.
People interested in joining in with Scout and Guide activities, either as young members or in one of the many adult roles should contact either Malcolm Rogers
(for Scout Groups) on 01248 717793, or Gay Jacob (Guiding groups) on 01248
Enquiries from people interested in using the hall for their own community group or activity, should contact Malcolm as above.
For more local stories and articles, subscribe to our free Anglesey Today Newsletter here. It's as easy as 1-2-3!
Return to Your Say on Anglesey.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Looking for some fine art for the home or the office? The Greater Reston Arts Center (GRACE) will present it's popular C-Note Art Sale. We're talking more than 300 pieces of original artwork by notable artists going for as low as $100.
Potential buyers can preview the works available during gallery hours between Sept 9-15th. On Thursday, the 15th at 5pm guests will line up to buy the art right off the walls!
Available artworks include pieces made exclusively for this event by stone sculptor David Petlowany, painter Connie Slack, watercolor artist Dana Ann Scheurer, printmaker Joseph Craig English and fiber artist Candiss Cole. The sale will also feature contemporary ceramic pieces by Ann Batton and Thomas Clarkson, colorful mixed media pieces by local favorites Ann Barbieri, Laurie Fields and Gina Cochran. Sophisticated jewelry pieces by Geoffrey Giles, Caroline Viene, and Erica Zap. As well as exciting hand pulled prints by Stephanie George and Paula Wachsstcok and fantastic photographs by award winning artists Catherine Day, Marie Gruber and Laura Howell.
The sale of the artwork will continue during extended gallery hours on Friday, Saturday and Sunday, September 16 – 18, 2011. The fundraiser supports GRACE's exhibitions, educational programing and the participating artists – many of whom are donating their entire portion of the sale of their work to GRACE.
Cost: Event is free. No tickets required.
Unleashing all that's inside is the idea behind a series of painting parties in the District. Professional and novice artists were invited to get creative at ArtJamz at the Lamont Bishop Gallery in DC's Shaw corridor.
One artist says she painted her zodiac with her birthday coming up… another showed us her painting of Japan.
ArtJamz is the new 'going out' with no limits in Washington! See for yourself.
This is an OMG favorite this week. I'm so excited to emcee this event and hope you too will join me for Project Arbor Day. Ten local artists including my friend and extraordinary sculptor Don Patron have united to do cherry blossom artwork to raise funds to restore and revitalize the damaged trees on the National Mall. All proceeds from this event benefit The Trust for the National Mall: http://nationalmall.org.
Host Committee: Angie Goff, David Alanson, Don Patron, Eric Lund, John Fischer, Katy Adams, Krista Johnson, Maggie O'Neil, Mathew Hebert, Nicole Siobal, Ran Borgerson, Rodger Schultz.
WASHINGTON, DC (WUSA)– Oh My GOFF! Angie Goff reports on actress Kristen Bell joining young DC entrepreneur Elliott Bisnow in Haiti. Angie's Army reports on 'The Runaways' DC screening party and local artists paint to save the cherry blossoms.


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The strongest case for — and against — Matthew Whitaker's appointment
Two big legal arguments, all explained in less than 700 words.
By Alex Ward@AlexWardVox Nov 21, 2018, 8:30am EST
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Acting Attorney General Matthew Whitaker gives brief remarks to state and local law enforcement on efforts to combat violent crime and the opioid crisis on November 14, 2018.
Steve Pope/Getty Images
Senate Democrats on Monday joined a growing number of court cases challenging Matthew Whitaker's appointment as the acting attorney general on November 7.
Their reason is straightforward: They say Whitaker's appointment is unconstitutional. The problem: The law is not so clear.
For weeks, legal scholars have debated whether Whitaker — an open critic of special counsel Robert Mueller's probe into possible Trump-Russia collusion during the 2016 presidential election — could legitimately take up the role.
To put it briefly, those in favor of Whitaker's appointment say a personnel law allows the president to appoint almost anyone he wants to a top-level position, as long as it's temporary. Those opposed say the Constitution is clear that the Senate must approve anyone for a short-term top spot.
It's a heated debate that will now play out in the courts, and possibly force Whitaker out the door along with former Attorney General Jeff Sessions. After he resigned at the president's request on November 7, the president appointed Whitaker, his chief of staff, to take his place — and there are questions about if he will act independent of Trump's wishes.
The arguments can be hard to follow, so below is a stripped-down, short guide to the best case each side is making — and why it's actually quite hard to know who's right.
The strongest case for Whitaker's appointment
This argument basically relies on one law: the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998, also known as the VRA.
With that law, Congress authorized the president to appoint someone for 210 days in a federal government role, if the person:
Has worked at the same government agency for at least 90 days preceding the original office holder's "death, resignation, or beginning of inability to serve"
Receives pay equal or more than what's known as the GS-15 pay scale, a range that currently goes from $100,000 to $130,000
That's it, and there's no question Whitaker meets those requirements. He became Sessions's chief of staff in October 2017 and was at the GS-15 pay level.
Now, the VRA also made it possible for Trump to appoint Sessions's "first assistant" — Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein — or someone else serving in a Senate-confirmed position somewhere in the government, but the president didn't choose either of those options.
Some legal experts say the VRA is vital because it allows the president to keep the government running despite partisan rancor in Congress. "We need the Vacancies Act for temporary gap-filling," Ann Joseph O'Connell, an expert on government personnel policy at Stanford University, tweeted on November 9. "The modern appointments process is brutal."
So that seems like a pretty iron-clad case for Whitaker's appointment, right? Well, maybe.
The strongest case against Whitaker's appointment
This argument centers around the Appointments Clause in the Constitution. That part — Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 — says that the Senate must "advise and consent" on the naming of any principal officer, even on a "temporary" basis.
A principal officer is someone who reports directly to the president. The attorney general, as an important member of Trump's Cabinet, does just that. The problem here is that Whitaker is not a Senate-confirmed member of the Trump administration, and therefore has not received the Senate's green light.
"Senate confirmation exists for a simple, and good, reason. Constitutionally, Matthew Whitaker is a nobody," lawyers Neal Katyal and George Conway wrote for the New York Times on November 8.
There's a reason the framers wrote the Constitution that way, these analysts say; they worry a president might appoint loyalists into high-level positions without a check from lawmakers. Certain experts fear Trump chose Whitaker so he would shut down Mueller's probe, mostly because he once said it had the potential to become a "witch hunt."
"It would be far better, and more legitimate, to have a Senate-confirmed person in that particular role," Andy Wright, the founding editor of the Just Security website and former White House lawyer, told me.
So that's a pretty iron-clad case for Whitaker to not have the job, right? Well, maybe.
See the problem?


SHAMED Olympian Ryan Lochte has been pictured returning home, with his glamorous girlfriend Kayla Rae Reid, after giving a tell-all interview about his false robbery scandal.
Earlier this week, CCTV footage emerged proving the disgraced swimmer, 32, had lied about being held at gunpoint at a petrol station in Rio following a night of boozing.
The gold medal winner is now back in the US trying to salvage has reputation and his given an interview with NBC's Matt Lauer about the scandal which has rocked Team US which currently sits on top of the Olympics honours table.
The silver-haired athlete and his model partner were pictured arriving at his home in Charlotte, North Carolina, on Saturday.
The couple were seen carrying luggage and looking downbeat following the high profile interview in New York.
CCTV footage emerged on Thursday which proved that Lochte, along with fellow Team US members Jimmy Feigen, Gunnar Bentz and Jack Conger, had lied to Brazilian authorities about the incident at a petrol station.
The US Olympic Committee has slammed the sportsmans' behaviour which they said was "not acceptable".
After Brazilian cops failed in their attempts to detain Lochte, the gold medal winner fled back to the US.
After his three teammates were questioned by authorities and allowed to leave Brazil, the swimmer has issued a half-hearted apology on Instagram on Friday.
He said: "I want to apologize for my behavior last weekend -- for not being more careful and candid in how I described the events of that early morning and for my role in taking the focus away from the many athletes fulfilling their dreams of participating in the Olympics."
He added: "It's traumatic to be out late with your friends in a foreign country -- with a language barrier -- and have a stranger point a gun at you and demand money to let you leave, but regardless of the behavior of anyone else that night, I should have been much more responsible in how I handled myself and for that am sorry to my teammates, my fans, my fellow competitors, my sponsors, and the hosts of this great event."
Teammate Gunnar Bentz has contradicted Lochte's account of what happened last Sunday.
The youngest of the four swimmers involved, Bentz, 20, said the guards confronted them after they had urinated behind some bushes and Lochte tore a metal-framed advertising poster from a wall.
It is the first time any of Lochte's companions has spoken publicly of the 32-year-old's role in the incident, and it contradicts Lochte, one of America's most decorated swimmers, who told U.S. television that he and his team mates were robbed at gunpoint.
Brazilian police have denounced Lochte's account as a fabrication designed to cover up for the group's bad behavior after a night spent partying until dawn, prompting apologies from both Lochte and the U.S. Olympic Committee this week.
Bentz said he, Lochte and two other swimmers - all gold medalists at the Rio Games - had been in a taxi when they stopped at the gas station to use the bathroom, contradicting Lochte's initial account of being pulled over by gunmen posing as police.
"There was no restroom inside, so we foolishly relieved ourselves on the backside of the building behind some bushes," Bentz said in a statement issued via the University of Georgia, where he attends college.
"I am unsure why, but while we were in that area, Ryan pulled to the ground a framed metal advertisement that was loosely anchored to the brick wall."
Armed security guards then challenged the swimmers and one of them drew a gun and demanded they sit down, but Lochte then stood up and yelled at one of the guards, Bentz said, adding that he and team mate Jack Conger had tried to restrain him.
"After Jack and I both tugged at him in an attempt to get him to sit back down, Ryan and the security guards had a heated verbal exchange, but no physical contact was made," Bentz said.
The US Olympic Committee has issued an apology condemning the four athletes.
USOC CEO Scott Blackmun said: "The behaviour of these athletes is not acceptable, nor does it represent the values of Team USA or the conduct of the vast majority of its members.
Both the USCO and USA have warned that the shamed Olympians will be hit with severe penalties once they return home.
Brazilian authorities had recommended that both Lochte and Feigen be charged for falsely reporting a crime.
And while that offense can carry a three year prison sentence, it is highly unlikely that Lochte will be extradited from the US while has now been allowed to return home.
Yesterday, shocking CCTV footage emerged which proved the hero swimmers had lied to police.
The silver-haired star has been slated as Lyin' Ryan and accused of insulting his Brazilian hosts as the story began to unravel.


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Police & Crime »
Violent Rome / Roma violenta (Marino Girolami as Franco Martinelli 1975)
Author Topic: Violent Rome / Roma violenta (Marino Girolami as Franco Martinelli 1975) (Read 41028 times)
« on: 06 Jul 2007 - 17:35 »
I just received a DVDr of this film. The film is brilliant the quality however was the worst I have seen yet.
It ran 84 min, was pan & scan, had Greek subtitles, and it was a direct transfer from a tape.
A direct transfer can be okay, the Greek subtitles do not bother me either, but the transfer was so poor that the film was hardly watch able.
Re: Violent Rome/Roma violenta (Marino Girolami 1975)
« Reply #1 on: 06 Jul 2007 - 17:42 »
Yeah, the Greek tapes are not known for their quality transfers. The Portuguese and Danish VHS releases look much better. Vigilante has a fan subtitled copy of the Italian DVD release which I should have in a week or so. Drop me a PM Dorado, I might be able to help you out with an upgrade.
Stephen Grimes
Every print i've seen of this looks a bit ropey including the new Italian dvd,not the worst transfer but CGHV/Federal were obviously working with a very damaged master.They also released a dodgy looking disc of Alfonso Brescia's THE NEW GODFATHERS which is jumpy and splicy,still it's nice to see these 2 out there even if the offical releases are Italian language only.Bring on the fandubs/subs.......
vigilanteforce
The Greek VHS of VIOLENT ROME doesn't look as bad as Dorado says, it is watchable. There are other Greek prints that are unwatchable, specially some that were released in the early 80s that were sourced from wretched 35mm prints...
I would love to see a really good remastered print of VIOLENT ROME one day. Noshame had their chance but they released the crappy VIOLENT TURIN instead
Quote from: Stephen Grimes on 06 Jul 2007 - 18:34
Every print i've seen of this looks a bit ropey even the new Italian dvd,not the worst transfer but they(CGHV/Federal) were obviously working with a very damaged master.
Yeah, I have to agree with you there Stephen I was really disappointed when I first watched the Federal DVD. I'd say it's only a marginal step up from an original VHS quality wise.
IL COMMISSARIO
ROMA VIOLENTA 1975- aka VIOLENT ROME
Maurizio Merli, Richard Conte, Ray Lovelock, John Steiner
I understand very little Italian so this synopsis is from what I could make out as this DVD had no english track nor subtitles.
Commissioner Betti (Merli) transfers to Rome to help quell the abundant crime and violence in the city. His methods prove to be as destructive as the criminals themselves. He is relieved of duty and is ultimately hired out by a rich business man (Conte) to lead a private group of vigilantes to eliminate as much scum as possible.
Maurizio Merli's first euro crime actioner is one mean mother and an outstanding start that would produce close to a dozen more violent Italo crime pictures. Merli commands your attention in every scene he is in and only needs to give an intimidating scowl to let you know somebody is about to get hurt. Merli, the king of the bitch slap gets to dole out mucho punishment here and director Marino Girolami (father to Enzo Castellari) gives him ample opportunity to do so.
The fight scenes are very good for a change and aren't as telegraphed as they are in so many Italian action films especially their westerns. Some of them are quite brutal such as the one where two men (including polizio regular Luciano Rossi) are caught after brutally raping Conte's daughter. Merli and his group viciously beat the two men with chains, baseball bats and crowbars. The beating Merli dishes out on a bus is also memorable.
The one scene that stands out most of all involves Merli chasing some crooks who have robbed a grocery store and murdered a woman and gunned down Betti's friend (Lovelock) in the process. Merli relentlessly chases the two men all over Rome. When they fail to lose him, they machine gun some women and children on the street in an attempt to get Betti to stop and see to the civilian casualties. Amazingly, Betti continues with the chase which ends up on the Freeway where the two villains attempt to lose Betti in the traffic. Needless to say, things end badly for the bad guys in what appears to be a modernized take on the famous gun duel seen in so many westerns.
Conte isn't in the film until 53 minutes in but his presence is welcome as he had become a regular face in these movies usually playing Mafia types similar to his portrayal in Coppola's GODFATHER.
Lovelock plays a character called 'The Blonde'(?) He takes a great deal of punishment throughout the movie for helping Betti nail the bad guys. The ending is a bit strange as Betti leaves Lovelock in the rest home and he foresees Betti gunned down in the street. As Betti turns the corner, we see a car approaching from behind him as the screen freezes before the credits roll.
An excellent Merli movie that desperately needs a US DVD release or at least a subtitled release from somewhere. There is an interview with Ray Lovelock here as well as a 7 minute doc on Italian crime movies by Daniele Magni and Silvio Giobbio who have apparently written a book on the subject bearing the title of Lenzi's THE CYNIC, THE RAT & THE FIST also starring Merli. The doc is specifically about Merli and shows shots from HIGH CRIME probably in lieu of the producers wanting a Nero look-alike for similar movies. Sadly, like the movie, none of these features have english subtitles.
There is a poster in the crime doc for a Merli movie entitled ITALIA A MANO ARMATA from 1976 with John Saxon that was made before Lenzi's ROMA A MANO ARMATA. Haven't heard of the former. Some other Merli movies which are listed on this DVD which I may know under a different name are POLIZIOTTO SENZA PAURA (1977), POLIZIOTTO SPRINT (1977 this may be the Merli movie where he is a motorbike racer), UN POLIZIOTTO SCOMODO (1978) SBIRRO, LA TUA LEGGE E LENTA...LA MIA NO! (1979) and POLIZIOTTO SOLITUDINE E RABBIA (1980). Any information on these others would be greatly appreciated.
Re: Violent Rome/Roma violenta (Marino Girolami as Franco Martinelli 1975)
I love this film - was a little disappointed the first time I saw it - probably because it took Tanzi and I the best part of two or three years to track it down. That said, I've seen it a good few times now and really like it. Steiner is a first-class cunt of a villain.
Its the film that launched Merli's career in Italian crime cinema and its definitely one of his finest moments, if not the finest! I was truly amazed at how violent it was the first time I watched it!
Quote from: vigilanteforce on 07 Jul 2007 - 01:03
It'certainly Marino Girolami's response to his son's HIGH CRIME, right down to the casting of Merli, who was seen as a second-rate Nero at the time. It's funny how the Merli films were seen as a cash-in to the "serious crime films" that were made at the time, because int ehir own way, they're equally enjoyable.
Quote from: IL COMMISSARIO on 06 Jul 2007 - 21:03
Merli relentlessly chases the two men all over Rome. When they fail to lose him, they machine gun some women and children on the street in an attempt to get Betti to stop and see to the civilian casualties.
One of these is the UK born actor John Steiner,he plays Franco Spadoni aka English with a very over the top dubbed cockney accent in the English language print.
Some quick info...
ITALIA A MANO ARMATA = Special Cop in Action (Top film!)
POLIZIOTTO SENZA PAURA = Fearless Fuzz (Co Starring Joan Collins!)
POLIZIOTTO SPRINT = Highway Racer (Merli without a 'tache!)
UN POLIZIOTTO SCOMODO = Convoy Busters (NoShame put out a great DVD in the US)
SBIRRO, LA TUA LEGGE E LENTA...LA MIA NO! = Hunted City (Never seen this one)
Quote from: Jonny on 14 Jul 2007 - 15:09
Haven't you got the dvd-r from the widescreen English language Japanese tape?
Good film which stars Mario Merola in the role he seemed to play in all his crime films from that period-the firm but fair mafiosa.Only thing that lets this down IMO is the dreadful dubbing job on Merli,just doesn't sound right at all.
Yeah, I realized later what SCOMODO was. I have the NoShame DVD and they couldn't have picked a more dull Merli movie to release here. The numerous features made up for it though.
POLIZIOTTO SPRINT (1977 this may be the Merli movie where he is a motorbike racer)
This is HIGHWAY RACER directed by Stelvio Massi,he plays a cop in this who likes racing in his police car.
Anyone know of a widescreen print of this,everyone seems to have the old Danish f/s tape .
Btw CONVOY BUSTERS dull?
Yes. After seeing VIOLENT NAPLES, CYNIC, THE RAT & THE FIST, ROME ARMED TO THE TEETH then FEAR IN THE CITY (my favorite of his so far) CONVOY BUSTERS is dull. A friend who had watched all of the above save for FEAR....thought it was dull. I found a review of it that wasn't all that thrilled about it either. There's hardly any action whatsoever and what there is (save for the finale) is very lazy. The best thing about this one is the cinematography and some interesting camera tricks which I'm sure were all ideas from Massi himself.


Arrival to Gid Gaalang Kuuyas Naay Secondary School! Oh sunny day!
We have an incredible core group of filmmakers: Niccola, Rachel, Heather, Hannah and Mackenzie - three from grade 12 and three students from grade 8!
Sheila Wigmore is our Teachers Assistant. And Patrick is back as lead mentor! Welcome All!
The morning is spent reviewing films and discussing filmmaking. Then we brainstorm for ideas....by the end of the day this group has decided to create a Haida HORROR!
GREAT work today! See you all tomorrow!


Nothing to do, no where to go-o-oh?
Come jam with us at these upcoming gigs!
Okay, so it's not a tour per se but Editor's Edge founder, Kristi Drago-Price is hitting the road to "perform" at a town (hopefully) near you.
She's debuting in Vegas, honored to be presenting at WPPI, the largest US conference for Wedding & Portrait Photographers. Hit the jackpot in sin city with the link below for a free expo pass or a 15% discount on Photo Walks, Plus Classes and Master Classes.
Jet over to Connecticut and catch Kristi at Inspire Photo Retreat for that much-needed boost of creativity. And if you lost it in Vegas, we got you; use code "INSPIREDBYKRISTI" to save $50 on registration!
Looking to get back up to speed? Sail over to Maine for the final presentation at the Relevant Workshop where we'll be catching up on current industry trends…and crushing some lobstah rolls.
Kick it with Kristi and other like-minded creatives. She'll be talking about curating your visual presence, connecting with your target clients and unapologetically living your brand. Come for the content, stay for the humor (and cocktails) and leave with insights that you can put into play immediately.
Be there or be square - get your tix below!


text:
Volvo Presents New Electric Articulated Bus - Higher Capacity, Less Noise and Better Air Quality
ESKILSTUNA, Sweden, June 10, 2019 /PRNewswire/ -- Volvo Buses is now extending its range of electrified buses with an all-electric articulated bus for quiet and emission-free high-capacity operations - the Volvo 7900 Electric Articulated. The company now has a comprehensive range of electrified vehicles featuring hybrid buses, electric hybrid buses and all-electric buses for the varying needs of a wide range of cities.
At the UITP Global Transport Summit, the worldwide public transport fair being held this year in Stockholm from 9-12 June, Volvo Buses announced the introduction this autumn of an all-electric articulated bus with space for up to 150 passengers. The new articulated bus is based on the prototypes that since June 2018 have been running in test operations on the high-frequency route 16 in Gothenburg, Sweden. The two concept buses have thus far run for 4,500 hours and covered more than 62,000 kilometres, with excellent uptime.
The Volvo 7900 Electric Articulated in commercial configuration will be available in a choice of two lengths - 18 and 18.7 metres - and it is designed to meet high demands on capacity, comfort and traffic information, while at the same time offering efficient passenger flow. The batteries will be charged both via fast-charge stations at either end of the route, and via overnight charging at the depot using CCS. The Volvo 7900 Electric Articulated will be unveiled to the public at the Busworld exhibition in Brussels in October.
Electric buses are a cornerstone of the next generation of public transport, as Håkan Agnevall, President Volvo Buses, revealed at the UITP congress.
"The transition to sustainable public transport is taking place in cities all over the world. With silent, zero emission electric buses equipped with advanced safety systems, we can assist cities in solving the problems with emissions, noise, congestion and traffic accidents to become what we call Zero Cities. In this context our new high capacity electric articulated bus a very important tool," said Håkan Agnevall.
Volvo's range of electrified buses
Hybrid buses: Volvo 7900 Hybrid, Volvo 7900 Hybrid Articulated, Volvo Hybrid Double Decker. Up to 39 per cent more energy-efficient than a corresponding diesel bus.
Electric hybrids (plug-in hybrids): Volvo 7900 Electric Hybrid, Volvo Electric Hybrid Double Decker (B5LHC). Up to 60 per cent more energy-efficient than a corresponding diesel bus.
Electric buses: Volvo 7900 Electric. Up to 80 per cent more energy-efficient than a corresponding diesel bus. Volvo 7900 Electric Articulated (introduction in autumn 2019).
Joakim Kenndal Head of Media Relations Volvo Buses
Tel: +46(0)765-53-42-06
This information was brought to you by Cision http://news.cision.com
https://news.cision.com/volvo-buses/r/volvo-presents-new-electric-articulated-bus---higher-capacity--less-noise-and-better-air-quality,c2836814
The following files are available for download:
https://mb.cision.com/Main/5070/2836814/1059900.pdf
https://news.cision.com/volvo-buses/i/volvo-7900-electric-articulated,c2638733
Volvo 7900 Electric Articulated
https://news.cision.com/volvo-buses/i/volvo-electric-range,c2638735
Volvo Electric range
https://news.cision.com/volvo-buses/i/volvo-7900-electric-articulated-zero-city,c2638737
Volvo 7900 Electric Articulated Zero City
SOURCE Volvo Buses
Volvo Buses Awarded its Largest Ever Coach Contract in the US -...
Volvo Buses Demonstrates Electric Autonomous Solution for Bus...
Test Listing Page


Rising star Trinity Clarke (right) and her mother kareen Clarke, shortly after they arrived home on Tuesday, following Trinity's tour of US cities.
YOUNG rising star Trinity Clarke touched down at the Grantley Adams International Airport (GAIA) on Tuesday, following a revolutionary tour of cities in the United States, where she performed at churches.
Clarke, who was accompanied on the tour by her mother, prominent Barbadian songstress, Kareen Clarke, told the members of the media who awaited her arrival at the GAIA, that she spent her time during the tour introducing and re-introducing spouge music to the diaspora and the world with her titled track "God is Good" which was well-received.
"It was a good experience, I just enjoyed my time," Clarke said, pointing out that in addition to her performances she engaged in fun activities.
The 2017 Richard Stoute Teen Talent winner said she had such a good time travelling to Maryland, Boston, New Jersey, Atlanta and New York, that while the 2018 to 2019 school year resumes in Barbados next week, she would prefer to go on another tour.
Meanwhile, Clarke's mother and manager who declared that she is extremely proud of her daughter's achievement, said she particular pleased that that the Mayor of the city Plainfield New Jersey, Adrian O Mapp, proclaimed Sunday August 19, 2018, as a day of recognition and celebration for Clarke who also received the keys to Plainfield.
"She was very well-received. She was absolutely well-received because of her youthfulness and her age, and of course her amazing talent and God-given ability. We made some contacts and we are doing some networking, but for now, the goal is to work on Trinity's album to release next year," the mother said, noting that she is mindful that her daughter is still young and seeking to find her way in the industry.
The manager said once her daughter's album is released, Clarke who was privileged to perform for Rihanna, on Independence Day last year, will be hosting a concert.


Whirlpool's 30 inch multiple FlexHeat gas cooktop features continuous cast-iron grates for easy movement of pots and pans across the cooktop. The rear burners feature FlexHeat technology for rapid boiling, searing and frying, and the left front burner was specially designed with a 5,000-BTU AccuSimmer temperature-controlled feature for gentle heat on sauces and soups. Its SpillGuard accent contains spills for quick clean-up, and cleaning is even that much easier with the hinged dishwasher-safe grates and knobs.


With numerous new projects to be working on, this is an excellent opportunity to build on your existing skills whilst also gaining new skills in sought after technologies such as AngularJS, Bootsrap, NodeJS etc.
You will be working on the full development lifecycle as part of a team, with Senior C# Developers who will mentor and coach you whilst you develop bespoke systems using cutting edge technologies.
Work collaboratively in a cross-functional team & take responsibility for your own development & that of the whole team.
Help train and mentor new and less-experienced team members.
Be committed to self-improvement and learning new technology.
Take a proactive approach to risk management, identifying potential issues and bringing your suggestions for improvement and mitigation to the team.
Actively encourage best practice and research / make recommendations on new technology that could benefit the business.
Experience developing web applications in HTML5, CSS3 and Angular.
A minimum of 5 years' industry experience developing .NET applications in either C# or ASP.NET.
Excellent practical understanding of Software Design Patterns; with examples of prior use.
Experience implementing SOLID coding principles.
SQL Server T-SQL with an excellent understanding of relational database design.
Strong TDD skills, test-first and unit-testing skills.
The ability to work within established coding standards and tools.
Prior experience of Continuous Delivery principles.
Understanding of MongoDB or similar.
This company has been subject to massive investment over the past year and hence they are looking to grow significantly in 2019 and beyond. If you are a mid-level developer or Senior Developer and are and are looking to be part of this success story, please send your cv for consideration. This is an urgent requirement and the interview process is one stage only so you could be taking the next step up in your Software development with an advanced player in the market.


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Dream Big: Engineering Our World: An IMAX 3D Experience
Narrated by Academy Award winner Jeff Bridges, Dream Big: Engineering Our World is a first film of its kind for IMAX® and giant screen theatres that will transform how we think about engineering.... View more >
Starring Jeff Bridges
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Aggregated Movie Score Based on Dozens of Reviews (Newspapers, Magazines, Web Sites, etc.)
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Please note: These web sites are not operated by The BigScreen Cinema Guide, and therefore, the views and content represented on those sites are not the responsibility of The BigScreen Cinema Guide or its associated entities. Please follow the links above at your own risk.


Coast & Country are a leading housing and regeneration company, based in the Tees Valley. We provide over 10,000 homes across a variety of different tenures, from rental stock to shared ownership and outright market sale units. Coast & Country's vision is 'working together to make a difference': with our customers, employees, volunteers and other stakeholders.
We offer excellent terms and conditions including a 10% employer contributory pension scheme, generous annual leave entitlement and flexible working, death in service insurance cover, local discounts and the chance to work and develop within a dynamic, friendly environment.
In addition to the above, the customer contact centre for the company also sits within the service area.
The role is involved in providing excellent customer service as part of a team of support staff who deliver a key function as a first point of contact customer hub.
• To provide advice and information about the range of I & SL services to customers and a range of internal and external stakeholders.
We are looking for an excellent communicator, with a proven track record of effective co-ordination of a diverse range of activities. The successful applicant will have experience of working within services for vulnerable customers and demonstrate a commitment to customer orientated service delivery. Effective team working with a range of colleagues is also an essential attribute for this role.
We are not working with recruitment agencies on this vacancy. Please apply via the North East jobs website.
We reserve the right to close vacancies before the advertised closing date, for example, where we have received a high volume of applications.


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Eurail Pass just announced the biggest overhaul in its 60 years of existence. Among the key features:
— Eurail Select Passes Discontinued: Most passes valid for travel in contiguous sets of two, three or four countries are gone. Most one-country passes are retained, but if you want to travel in more than one country, your best option now is a 31-country Global pass. Fortunately, the Global pass options have been expanded substantially, to the point that they can pretty much replace the older Select passes at competitive — and often even lower — prices. Only Benelux, Balkans, and a few other multi-country passes remain.
— Second-class Global Pass: Select passes were formerly available in first and second class, while Global was first-only for adults, and the second-class options were extremely popular. To accommodate the need to replace Select passes, the 31-country pass is now available in second class, as well as first.
— Shorter-term Global passes: Global passes were originally limited to relatively long periods of validity, compared with short-term Select passes. But Global now offers a range of much shorter options than previously available, including three, five and seven days of travel within a month. Three-day pass prices start at $257 in second class, $343 in first class.
— Senior Discount: Over the last decade, senior Eurail passes had just about disappeared. Now, however, both Global and one-country passes offer 10 percent senior discounts to travelers age 60 or over. Brit Rail retains its senior passes, but in first class only and more expensive than any-age second-class passes.
— Youth Discounts: The new Eurail family of passes retains the traditional discounted passes for travelers age 12 to 27, providing a roughly 27 percent discount.
— Eurostar Added: The Global pass now includes Eurostar travel between the London area, Ashford and the continent. It does not, however, cover other trains in Britain, where your only option remains the wide variety of BritRail and regional passes.
— Two New Countries: Eurail now includes Lithuania and Macedonia.
— Open-access Rail Operators: Eurail passes now include two open-access operators in Czechia, Leo Express and RegioJet. It does not, however, cover any other large open-access operators, and this is likely to be a challenge in coming years, as European rules require national railways to provide open access to qualified independent operators. Already, Italo maintains a highly competitive schedule of high-speed trains on the Italian high-speed network and Westbahn operates a robust schedule on the Vienna-Salzburg-Innsbruck corridor in Austria. In the next few years, open-access operators are likely to offer an increasing number of schedules throughout the Eurail region, often with unique schedules and routes, including some high-speed trains. Eurail must figure out how to incorporate them.
— Greek Islands: New Greek Islands passes cover either five trips in a month entirely within Greece or six trips in a month, including one round-trip between Greece and Italy. The all-Greek passes are second class only, like the Greek interisland ferries, but the six-trip pass is also available in a first-class version that includes a cabin berth on the mostly overnight trips to and from Italy.
If you plan train travel in Europe, however, even the new passes may not be your lowest-cost option. On my last two rail trips in Europe, I found, in England and France, that I could arrange my itinerary for less than the cost of a pass by buying individual-trip tickets at discounted advance-purchase fares. The downside is that buying discounted tickets for individual trips means locking yourself into a fixed itinerary weeks or even months in advance. But if you can live with that, you can buy individual tickets from RailEurope or the national rail websites.
Still, you can't beat a railpass for maximum flexibility. And, all in all, these new options make Eurail Pass more attractive than ever to lots of visitors. The expanded options on the Global Pass pretty well compensate for the discontinued multi-country Select passes. You can buy the new passes at Eurail.com, RailEurope.com or any other railpass or general travel agency.
(c) 2018 TRIBUNE CONTENT AGENCY, LLC.– January 8, 2019


While waiting at the Sydney airport for a flight to Northern Australia, I went into a store to talk with a young sales girl. My heart was moved to speak with her and I quickly went to her, because we did not have much time before our flight.
She was walking around the store with no customers to attend to. We talked a little and the next thing I am letting her change the color of my lipstick. I told her that I was not going to purchase any merchandise and that I did not have much time before our flight. She advised me not to buy anything, but to look for the same lipstick in America because it is much less in price.
This salvation was happening so quickly! We then turned towards each other and as she is trying a new lipstick on me we prayed. She believed in Jesus. She repented of her sins, giving her life to Him. Immediately her eyes were opened to the Truth and she gave the most joyful smile of relief.
We talked about reading the Bible and spending time talking to The Savior in prayer. She said that she would certainly do this. Her heart was ready to learn about Jesus.
I said, "I too will always remember you. And, you will now be in Heaven for eternity." She smiled with that joyous smile! Jesus now living inside of her! Not a changed lipstick, which was red, but a changed life! This soul was the merchandise purchased by the blood of the Son of God!


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LatinNews Daily - 27 July 2022
In brief: Bolivia's YPFB optimistic on LPG exports
* Óscar Claros, the contracts manager at Bolivia's state hydrocarbons company Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales Bolivianos (YPFB), has said that the company is forecasting that exports of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) will total over US$100m by the end of 2022, more than double that registered in the first half of 2022. In an interview with La Razón Radio, he said that LPG exports totalled US$47m in the first half of the year, 65% more than that registered in the same period in 2021. He said that Bolivia currently has 15 public and private clients in Brazil, Paraguay and Chile, who receive the country's LPG exports.
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More in this category: « PERU: Castillo's former chief aide surrenders to corruption investigation
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PERU: Castillo's former chief aide surrenders to corruption investigation
BRAZIL: Defence minister pledges democratic ideals
In brief: Inflation slows in Brazil
EL SALVADOR: Bukele seeks to assuage default concerns
In brief: US signs MoU on supply chains with Costa Rica, Panama, and DR
In brief: Cost of Mexico's Tren Maya increases
ARGENTINA: Gov't launches new exchange regime for soya exporters
In brief: Uruguay to seek adhesion to Trans-Pacific trade deal


Our black leather satchel bag is generously sized, capable of fitting a 15" laptop in its padded security fastening compartment.
Hand crafted from vegetable tanned leather, the bag features an exterior slip pocket and an interior zip pocket.
The leather used is from the highest quality vegetable tanned leather skins, and any small imperfections in the leather are entirely natural.


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Q: How to Parse a date string from a text file to List object C# I am trying to parse a date into a list of objects with 2 strings from a text file. I have a string than Date and than another string in the text file on the same line.
Like the following
"Adam-15/02/2000-Likes pasta"

I tried doing the following to get the DateTime but i keep getting the error

String was not recognized as a valid DateTime.

My code
List<ChildDetails> children = new List<ChildDetails>();
string line;
System.IO.StreamReader file new System.IO.StreamReader(@"C:\Users\tomik\Desktop\School Y2 T2\Application Development\LAB3\\WindowsFormsApplication1\BodkinVanHorn.docx");
while ((line = file.ReadLine()) != null)
{
    string[] words = line.Split('-');
    children.Add(newChildDetails(words[0],DateTime.ParseExact(words[1],"dd/mm/yyyy", null), words[2]));
}

A: mm = minutes, MM = months. The proper format string in this case should be "dd/MM/yyyy". The casing in the format string is important.
See also Custom Date and Time Format Strings

A: Your code should look like this:
var children = new List<ChildDetails>();
string line;

try {
    using (StreamReader file = new StreamReader(@"C:\Users\tomik\Desktop\School Y2 T2\Application Development\LAB3\\WindowsFormsApplication1\BodkinVanHorn.docx");
    {
        while ((line = file.ReadLine()) != null)
        {
            string[] words = line.Split('-');
            children.Add(newChildDetails(words[0], DateTime.ParseExact(words[1],"dd/MM/yyyy", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, DateTimeStyles.None), words[2]));
        }
    }
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
    // Catch some issue
    Console.WriteLine("The file could not be read: maybe doesnt exists");
}

Here's a good read on CultureInfo.InvariantCulture
What does CultureInfo.InvariantCulture mean?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


NordicBet Poker is giving away a €2,500 prize package to Macau in September. If you wager at least €20 on Casino in Poker games in a qualifying week you will be entered into a weekly freeroll where 25 players will advance to the finals.
Your starting stack in the freeroll is based on how much you wager during the week.
2nd – 5th – €50+5 tournament ticket.


text:
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{% extends "templates/post.html" %} {% block post %} {% filter markdown %}

This post begins a series of notes on Abstract algebra. These notes are based
off the book [Contemporary Abstract Algebra 7th ed][0]. I'll attempt to make
these notes as readable, usable, and study-able as possible.

[0]: http://www.amazon.com/Contemporary-Abstract-Algebra-Joseph-Gallian/dp/0547165099

Well Ordering Principle
-----------------------

> Every nonempty set of positive integers contains a smallest member.

Thm 0.1: Division Algorithm
---------------------------

> Let a and b be integers with b > 0. Then there exist unique integers q and r
with the property that a=bq+r, where 0<=r<b.

Thm 0.2: GCD as a linear combination
------------------------------------

> For any nonzero integers a and b, there exist integers s and t such that
gcd(a,b)=as+bt. Also, gcd(a,b) is the smallest positive integer of the form
as+bt.

### Corollary

> If a and b are relatively prime, then there exist integers s and t such that
as+bt=1.

Euclid's Lemma
--------------

> If p is a prime that divides ab, then p divides a or p divides b

Thm 0.3: Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
-----------------------------------------

> Every integer greater than 1 is a prime or a product of primes. This product
is unique, except for the order the factors appear.

Modular Arithmetic
------------------
{{ blogimg(g,p, "img1.png")|safe }}

Equivalence Relations
---------------------

A relation(a set of ordered pairs) R on a set S is an equivalence relation if

1. aRa for all a in S (reflexive)
2. aRb implies bRa (symmetric)
3. aRb and bRc implies aRc (transitive)

Partition
---------

> A partition of a set S is a collection of nonempty, disjoint subsets of S
whose union is S

Functions
----------

{{ blogimg(g,p, "img2.png")|safe }}

Thm 0.7: Properties of Functions
--------------------------------
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{% endfilter %} {% endblock post %}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Trains, Planes & Automobiles are purveyors of collectables and antique toys, through our shops and other antique centres, and through our regular toy auctions. Our first shop was established over 30 years ago in Annandale, Sydney. Around 20 years ago we expanded to the Beautiful Blue Mountains, where our shops have attracted antique toy buffs from all over the world.
We recently moved to The Gearin in Katoomba, where we have our shop and Auction Rooms (see the map below).
For many years we have been known as "The best antique toy shop in the world" and our focus has been on selling pre-loved toys from pre-1900 to the present day.
We hold regular auctions of trains, diecast cars, tinplate toys and other collectables, both old and new. Our First Monday Toy Auction has been running for over 8 years, originally in Mount Victoria, but now in our Auction Rooms at Katoomba. All of our regular auctions are broadcast on the internet, so you can watch and place bids live online. We also conduct special auctions at Sydney venues when we receive private collections of particular interest.
If you're looking for something special or you have toys you'd like to sell, please get in touch with us, and make sure you join our mailing list to receive our regular newsletters.
Trains, Planes and Automobiles at The Gearin
Click the map for a larger version – requires Adobe Reader


text:
Q: Change file association programmatically without ftype/assoc From batch the pair ftype+assoc works fine:
ftype my_file_txt=C:\Windows\notepad.exe "%%1"
assoc .txt=my_file_txt

But from JScript/CScript/WScript it can't be done because these are virtual commands existng within cmd.exe only.
Question: how to change file association another way?
I can exec a special .bat file probably, but this is undesirable (if there is a cleaner way).
Windows 7 x64


Win Wholesale opened 12 new locations and acquired three companies in 2012: Lloyd Graves Electric Supply, Midwest Industrial Sales, and Rochester Plumbing Supply. In addition, the company began construction on distribution centers in Middletown, CT, and Aurora, CO to replace smaller distribution centers in those areas.
2012 was a year of changes for Interline Brands. After being bought out by a private equity group in May, the company has struggled to level out in its new strategy. In November, the company announced an operating loss of $26.8 million for the third quarter alone, and CFO John Ebner resigned in December of 2012. John K. Bakewell was appointed CFO in June.
The company experienced a slew of acquisition activity in 2012, announcing three deals in the month of April alone for a total of seven throughout the calendar year. Three of those acquisitions were in Canada, as the company continues to expand its operations geographically.