We consider the task of automatically extracting DNA methylation events from the biomedical domain literature. DNA methylation is a key mechanism of epigenetic control of gene expression and implicated in many cancers, but there has been little study of automatic information extraction for DNA methylation.
We present an annotation scheme for DNA methylation following the representation of the BioNLP shared task on event extraction, select a set of 200 abstracts including a representative sample of all PubMed citations relevant to DNA methylation, and introduce manual annotation for this corpus marking nearly 3000 gene/protein mentions and 1500 DNA methylation and demethylation events. We retrain a state-of-the-art event extraction system on the corpus and find that automatic extraction of DNA methylation events, the methylated genes, and their methylation sites can be performed at 78% precision and 76% recall.
Our results demonstrate that reliable extraction methods for DNA methylation events can be created through corpus annotation and straightforward retraining of a general event extraction system. The introduced resources are freely available for use in research from the GENIA project homepage http://www-tsujii.is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/GENIA.
During the previous decade of concentrated study of biomedical information extraction (IE), most efforts have focused on the foundational task of detecting mentions of entities of interest and the extraction of simple associations between these entities, typically represented as binary relations [1–3]. However, in recent years there has been increased interest in biomolecular event extraction using representations that capture typed, structured n-ary associations of entities in specific roles, such as regulation of the phosphorylation of a specific domain of a particular protein[4–7]. The state of the art in such extraction methods was evaluated in the BioNLP'09 Shared Task on Event Extraction (below, BioNLP ST) , and event extraction following the BioNLP ST model has continued to draw interest also after the 2009 task, with recent work including advances in extraction methods [9–12], the release of extraction system software and large-scale automatically annotated data [13, 14] and the development of additional annotated resources following the event representation [15, 16] as well as a follow-up shared task in 2011 [17, 18]. Of the findings of the BioNLP ST evaluation, it is of particular interest to us that the highest-performing methods include many that are purely machine-learning based , learning what to extract directly from a corpus annotated with examples of the events of interest. This implies that state-of-the-art extraction methods for new types of events can be created by providing annotated resources to an existing system, without the need for direct development of natural language processing or IE methods. We recently applied such an annotation-based approach to the automatic extraction of five types of protein post-translational modification events . While this study demonstrated the feasibility of the approach, extraction performance was somewhat low, with analysis indicating training data size as a limiting factor. Here, we apply a similar approach to DNA methylation, a specific and biologically highly relevant event type not considered in previous event extraction studies. Focus on a single event type was expected to allow more reliable extraction through increased training data and analysis of the requirements for training accurate extraction methods.
In the following, we first outline the biological significance of DNA methylation and discuss existing resources. We then introduce the event extraction approach applied, describe the new annotated corpus created in this study, and present event extraction results using a method trained on the corpus.
The term epigenetics refers to the study of molecular mechanisms "beyond genetics" that cause inheritable changes of gene expression and/or phenotype without alteration of the DNA sequence. Such mechanisms are today understood to play an important role in many biological processes, including the genetic program for development, cell differentiation, and tissue-specific gene expression. DNA methylation was first suggested as an epigenetic mechanism for the control of gene activity during development in 1975 [19, 20], and the role of DNA methylation in cancer was first reported in 1987 . DNA methylation of CpG islands in gene promoter regions is now understood to be one of the most consistent genetic alterations in cancer, and DNA methylation is a prominent area of study.
Chemically, DNA methylation is a simple reaction adding a methyl group to a specific position of a cytosine pyrimidine ring or an adenine purine ring. While a single nucleotide can only be either methylated or unmethylated, in text the overall degree of promoter methylation is often reported as hypo- or hyper-methylation, with hyper-methylation implying that the expression of a gene is silenced. Because of the precise definition of the phenomenon and the relatively specific terms in which it is typically discussed in publications, we expected it to provide a well-defined target for annotation and automatic extraction.
We follow common practice in biomedical IE in drawing texts for our corpus from PubMed abstracts. Currently containing more than 20 million citations for biomedical literature (over 11M with abstracts) and growing exponentially , the literature database provides a rich resource for IE and text mining. To facilitate access to documents relevant to specific topics, each PubMed citation is manually assigned terms that identify its primary topics using MeSH, a controlled vocabulary of over 25,000 terms. MeSH contains also a DNA Methylation term, allowing specific searches for citations on the topic. Figure 1 shows the number of citations per year of publication matching this term contrasted with overall citations, illustrating explosive growth of interest in DNA methylation, outstripping the overall growth of the literature. Particular increases can be seen after the introduction of DNA microarrays for monitoring gene expression  and the introduction of high-throughput screening methods [24, 25]. The total number of PubMed citations tagged with the DNA Methylation MeSH term at the time of this writing is 16734 (15557 of which have an abstract). The large number of documents tagged as relating to this topic and the human judgments assuring their relevance make querying for this term a natural choice for selecting texts for annotation. However, direct PubMed query as the only selection strategy would ignore significant existing resources, discussed in the following.
DNA methylation in PubMed. Citations tagged with the MeSH term DNA Methylation compared to all citations in PubMed by publication year. Note different scales.
A growing number of databases collating information on DNA methylation are becoming available. The first such database, MethDB , was introduced in 2001 and remains actively developed. MethDB contains PubMed citation references as evidence for contained entries, but no more specific identification of the expressions stating DNA methylation events. The methPrimerDB  database provides additional information on PCR primers on top of MethDB, but does not add further specification of the methylated gene or text-bound annotation. PubMeth  is a database of DNA methylation in cancer with evidence sentences from the literature, initially selected by PubMed query for "more than 15 methylation-related keywords" (e.g. DNA methylation, methylated, epigenetic). This database stores information on cancer types and subtypes, methylated genes and the experimental method used to identify methylation, as well as annotated evidence sentences. MeInfoText  is a database of DNA methylation and cancer information automatically extracted from PubMed documents matching the query terms human, methylation and cancer using term co-occurrence statistics. Of the DNA Methylation resources, only PubMeth and MeInfoText contain text-bound annotation identifying specific spans of characters containing the gene mention and stating the DNA methylation. In this study, we consider specifically PubMeth as a source of reference text-bound annotations due to availability and the ability to redistribute derived data. Initial text-bound annotations in PubMeth were generated using keyword lookup, but the database annotations are manually reviewed. Table 1 shows example evidence sentences from PubMeth and their annotated spans. While the PubMeth annotation differs from the BioNLP ST representation in a number of ways, such as not separating coordinated entities (Table 1c) and not annotating methylation sites (Table 1d), it provides both a reference identifying annotation targets from a biologically motivated perspective and a potential starting point for full event annotation.
Annotated spans delimited by brackets and statements expressing methylation underlined, gene mentions shown in italics, and cancer mentions in bold.
For annotation, we adapted the representation applied in the BioNLP ST on event extraction with minimal changes in order to allow systems developed for the task to be applied also for the newly annotated corpus. Documents were selected following the basic motivation presented above, with reference to the requirements specified by the annotation scheme, and some automatic preprocessing was applied as annotator support. This section details the annotation approach.
For the core named entity annotation, we primarily follow the gene/gene product (GGP) annotation criteria applied for the BioNLP ST data . In brief, the guidelines specify annotation of minimal contiguous spans containing mentions of specific gene or gene product (RNA/protein) names, where specific name is understood to be one that would allow a biologist to identify the corresponding entry in a gene/protein database such as Uniprot or Entrez Gene. The annotation thus excludes, for example, names of gene/protein families and complexes. A single annotation type, Gene or gene product, is applied without distinction between genes and their products, and normalization of the tagged strings to gene/protein database entries is not performed as part of the annotation effort.
These strict guidelines were followed in the annotation of previously unannotated documents, but for compatibility with PubMeth annotations we relaxed the specificity requirement in the reannotation of documents included in the database, allowing the annotation of, for example, gene or gene product families when these were annotated in PubMeth.
In addition to the identification of the modified gene, to fully characterize a DNA methylation event it is important to identify the site of the modification. We marked mentions of sites as DNA domain or region terms following the original GENIA term corpus annotation guidelines . As in the BioNLP ST data, site mentions were only marked when the sites are relevant to one or more events. Thus, unlike the GGP and event annotations, the DNA domain or region annotations are not exhaustive.
For representing DNA methylation events, the annotation applied to capture protein phosphorylation events in the BioNLP ST task 2 closely matched the needs for DNA methylation (Figure 2). While the Site arguments of the ST Phosphorylation events are protein domains, machine-learning based extraction methods should be able to associate this role with DNA domains given training data. We thus adopted a representation where DNA methylation events are associated with a gene/gene product as their Theme and a DNA domain or region as Site. Each event is also associated with a particular span of text expressing it, termed the event trigger. Annotators were instructed to always mark some trigger expression, using the best approximation in cases where no unambiguous trigger (e.g. methylates) was present. We note that while we do not here specifically distinguish degrees of methylation (e.g. methylation from hyper-methylation), the trigger annotations are expected to facilitate adding these distinctions if necessary for particular applications: statements identifying the degree of methylation are likely to be found in the close context of the expression stating the methylation event. We further initially marked catalysts using Positive regulation events following the BioNLP ST model, but dropped this class of annotation as a sufficient number of examples was not found in the corpus.
Event representation. BioNLP Shared Task representation for annotation of phosphorylation events (above) and representation applied for DNA methylation (below).
We note that while the definition may appear restrictive, methylation of adenine N-6 or cytosine C-5/N-4 encompasses the entire set of ways in which DNA can be methylated. To GO definition could thus be adopted without limitation to the scope of the annotation.
The selection of source documents for an annotated corpus is critical for assuring that the corpus provides relevant and representative material for studying the phenomena of interest. Domain corpora frequently consist of documents from a particular subdomain of interest: for example, the GENIA corpus focuses on documents concerning transcription factors in human blood cells . Methods trained and evaluated on such focused resources will not necessarily generalize well to broader domains. However, there has been little study of the effect of document selection on event extraction performance. Here, we applied two distinct strategies to get a representative sample of the full scope of DNA methylation events in the literature and to assure that our annotations are relevant to the interests of biologists and our results applicable to the overall distribution of DNA methylation events in the literature.
While this definition of DNA Methylation takes a different perspective than the GO definition adopted for the event specification, in practice it identifies the same concept: by definition, DNA methylation is only performed by DNA methyltranferases, and the mentioned donor is the only one presently known. We can thus expect that PubMed queries for this concept match a complete and unbiased set of documents involving the targeted concepts.
While search for documents that are indexed by humans with the MeSH term DNA Methylation is expected to provide high-precision results for the full topic, not all such documents necessarily discuss events where specific genes are methylated. In initial efforts to annotate a random sample of these documents, we found that many did not mention specific gene names. To reduce wasted effort in examining documents that contain no markable events, we added a filter requiring a minimum number of (likely) gene mentions. We first tagged all citations tagged with DNA Methylation that have an abstract in PubMed (14350 at the time of selection) using the BANNER protein/gene name tagger  trained on the GENETAG corpus . We found that while the overwhelmingly most frequent number of tagged mentions per document is zero, a substantial mass of abstracts have large mention counts (Figure 3). We note that as the tagger has been evaluated at 86% F-score on a broad-coverage corpus , it is unlikely to severely misestimate the true distribution. We decided after brief preliminary experiments to filter the initial selection of documents to include only those in which at least 5 gene/protein mentions were marked by the automatic tagger. This excludes most documents without markable events without introducing obvious other biases.
Gene/protein mentions in DNA methylation abstracts. Number of abstracts with given number of automatically tagged gene/protein mentions.
In the second strategy, we extended and completed the annotation of a random selection of PubMeth evidence sentences, aiming to leverage existing resources and to select documents that had been previously judged relevant to the interests of biologists studying the topic. This provides an external definition of document relevance and allows us to estimate to what extent the applied annotation strategy can capture biologically relevant statements. This strategy is also expected to select a concentrated, event-rich set of documents. However, the selection will also necessarily carry over biases toward particular subsets of relevant documents from the original selection  and will not be a representative sample of the overall distribution of such documents in the literature.
For producing the largest number of event annotations with the least effort, the most efficient way to use the PubMeth data would have been to simply extract the evidence sentences and complete the annotation for these. However, viewing the context in which event statements occur as centrally important, we opted to annotate complete abstracts, with initial annotations from PubMeth evidence sentences automatically transferred into the abstracts. We note that not all PubMeth evidence spans were drawn from abstracts, and not all that were matched a contiguous span of text. We could align PubMeth evidence annotations into 667 PubMed abstracts (approximately 57% of the referenced PMID number in PubMeth) and completed event annotation for a random sample of these.
To reduce annotation effort, we applied automatic systems to produce initial candidate sentence boundaries and GGP annotations for the corpus. For sentence splitting, we applied the GENIA sentence splitter , and for gene/protein tagging, we applied the BANNER NER system  trained on GENETAG  (as for document filtering). The GENETAG guidelines and gene/protein entity annotation coverage are known to differ from those applied for GGP annotation here . However, the broad coverage of PubMed provided by the GENETAG suggests taggers trained on the corpus are likely to generalize to new subdomains such as that considered here. By contrast, all annotations that we are aware of that follow the GGP guidelines are subdomain-specific.
We note that all annotations in the produced corpus are at a minimum confirmed by a human annotator and that events are annotated without performing initial automatic tagging to assure that no bias toward particular extraction methods or approaches is introduced.
We annotated 100 abstracts following each of the two document selection strategies. The statistics of the resulting corpus are given in Table 2. There are some notable differences between the subcorpora created using the different selection strategies. While the subcorpora are similar in size, the PubMeth GGP count is 1.4 times that of the PubMed subcorpus – perhaps affected by the PubMeth entity annotation criteria – yet roughly equal numbers of methylation sites are annotated in the two. This difference is even more pronounced in the statistics for event arguments, where two thirds of PubMeth subcorpus events contain only a Theme argument identifying the GGP, while events where both Theme and Site are identified are more frequent in the other subcorpus. (The overall number of annotated sites is less than the number of events with a Site argument as the annotation criteria only call for annotating a site entity when it is referred to from an event, and multiple events can refer to the same site entity.) As the extraction of events specifying also sites is known to be particularly challenging , these statistics suggest the PubMed subcorpus may represent a more difficult extraction task. Only very few DNA demethylation events are found in either subcorpus, suggesting that a separate document selection strategy is necessary to assure substantial coverage of the reverse modification type. Overall, the PubMeth subcorpus contains nearly twice as many event annotations as the PubMed one, indicating that the focused document selection strategy was successful in identifying particularly event-rich abstracts.
The annotation was performed by three experienced annotators with a molecular biology background, with one coordinating annotator with extensive experience in domain event annotation organizing and supervising the overall process.
To measure the consistency of the produced annotation, we performed independent double annotation for 20% of the corpus abstracts. These abstracts were all selected from the PubMed subcorpus, for which annotation was created without initial human annotation as reference. As the PubMeth subcorpus annotation was created using partial human annotation as a starting point, agreement is expected to be higher on the PubMeth subcorpus than on the PubMed subcorpus. This experiment should thus provide a lower bound on the overall consistency of the corpus.
We first measured agreement on the gene/gene product (GGP) entity annotation, and found very high agreement among 935 entities marked in total by the two annotators: 91% F-score using exact match criteria and 97% F-score using the relaxed "overlap" criterion where any two overlapping annotations are considered to match. We note that the high agreement is not due to annotators simply agreeing with the automatic initial annotation: the F-score of the automatic tagger against the two sets of human annotations was 65%/66% for exact and 85%/86% for overlap match. We then separately measured agreement on event annotations for those events that involved GGPs on which the annotators agreed, using the standard criteria described in the section on Evaluation Criteria below. Agreement on event annotations was also high: 84% F-score overall (85% for DNA methylation and 75% for DNA demethylation) over a total of 442 annotated events.
The overall consistency of the annotation depends on joint annotator agreement on the GGP and event annotations. However, in experimental settings such as that of the BioNLP ST where gold GGP annotation is assumed as the starting point for event extraction, measured performance is not affected by agreement on GGPs and thus arguably only the latter factor applies. As this setting is adopted also in the present study, annotation consistency suggests a human upper bound no lower than 84% F-score on extraction performance.
Estimates of the annotation consistency of biomedical domain corpora are regrettably seldom provided, and to the best of our knowledge ours is the first published estimate of inter-annotator agreement for a corpus following the event representation of the BioNLP ST. Given the complexity of the annotation – typed associations of event trigger, theme and site – the agreement compares favorably to e.g. the reported 67% inter-annotator F-score reported for protein-protein interactions on the ITI TXM corpora  as well as to the full event agreement for the GREC corpus .
To estimate the feasibility of automatic extraction of DNA methylation events and the suitability of presently available event extraction methods to this task, we performed experiments using the EventMine event extraction system of Miwa et al. . On the task 2 of the BioNLP ST dataset, the benchmark most relevant to our task setting, the applied version of EventMine was recently evaluated at 55% F-score , outperforming the best task 2 system in the original shared task  by more than 10% points. To the best of our knowledge, this system represents the state of the art for this event extraction task.
For evaluation, we applied a version of the BioNLP ST evaluation tools  modified to recognize the novel event types.
We followed the basic task setup and primary evaluation criteria of the BioNLP ST. Specifically, we followed task 2 ("event enrichment") criteria, requiring for the correct extraction of a DNA methylation or demethylation event both the identification of the modified gene (GGP entity) and the identification of the modification site (DNA domain or region entity) when stated. As in the shared task, human annotation for GGP entities was provided as part of the system input but other entities were not, so that the system was required to identify the mentioned modification sites.
The performance of the system was evaluated using the standard precision, recall and F-score metrics for the recovery of events, with event equality defined following the "Approximate span" matching criterion applied in the primary evaluation for the BioNLP ST. This criterion relaxes strict matching requirements so that a detected event trigger or entity is considered to match a gold trigger/entity if its span is entirely contained within the span of the gold trigger, extended by one word both to the left and to the right.
We divided the corpus into three parts, first setting one third of the abstracts aside as a held-out test set and then splitting the remaining two thirds in a roughly 1:3 ratio into a training set and a development test set, giving 100 abstracts for training, 34 for development, and 66 for final test. The splits were performed randomly, but sampling so that each set has an equal number of abstracts drawn from the PubMeth and PubMed subcorpora.
The EventMine system has a single tunable threshold parameter that controls the tradeoff between system precision and recall. We first set the tradeoff using a sparse search of the parameter space [0:1], evaluating the performance of the system by training on the training set and evaluating on the development set. As these experiments did not indicate any other parameter setting could provide significantly better performance, we chose the default threshold setting of 0.5. To study the effect of training data size on performance, we performed extraction experiments randomly downsampling the training data on the document level with testing on the development set. In final experiments EventMine was trained on the combined training and development data and performance evaluated on the held-out test data.
Table 3 shows extraction results on the held-out test data. While DNA methylation events could be extracted quite reliably, the system performed poorly for DNA demethylation events. The latter result is perhaps not surprising given their small number – only 38 in total in the corpus – and indicates that a separate selection strategy is necessary to provide resources for learning the reverse reaction. Overall performance shows a small preference for precision over recall at 77% F-score. We view this level of performance very good as a first result for the new event type.
To evaluate the relative difficulty of the extraction tasks that the two subcorpora represent and their merits as training material, we performed tests separating the two (Table 4). As predicted from corpus statistics, the PubMed subcorpus represents the more challenging extraction task. When testing on a single subcorpus, results are, unsurprisingly, better when training data is drawn from the same subcorpus; however, training on the combined data gives the best performance for all three test sets, indicating that the subcorpora are compatible.
Extraction performance by subcorpus F-score performance shown.
The learning curve (Figure 4) shows relatively high performance and rapid improvement for modest amounts of data, but performance improvement with additional data levels out relatively fast, nearly flattening as use of the training data approaches 100%. This suggests that extraction performance for this task is not primarily limited by training data size and that additional annotation following the same protocol is unlikely to yield notable improvement in F-score without a substantial investment of resources. As performance for the PubMed subcorpus (for which inter-annotator agreement was measured) is not yet approaching the limit implied by the corpus annotation consistency, the results suggest further need for the development of event extraction methods to improve DNA methylation event extraction.
Learning curves. Learning curves for the two subcorpora and their combination. Both subcorpora used for training, development sets for testing. Average and error bars calculated by 10 repetitions of random subsampling of training data.
DNA methylation and related epigenetic mechanisms of gene expression control have been a focus of considerable recent research in biomedicine. There are many excellent reviews of this broad field; we refer the interested reader to [46, 47].
There is a wealth of recent related work also on event extraction. In the BioNLP'09 shared task, 24 teams participated in the primary task and six teams in Task 2 which mostly resembles our setup in that it also required the detection of modified gene/protein and modification site. The top-performing system in Task 2  achieved 44% F-score, and the highest performance reported since that we are aware of is 55% F-score for EventMine . The performance we achieved for DNA methylation is considerably better than this overall result, essentially matching the best reported performance for Phosphorylation events, which we previously argued to be the closest shared task analogue to the new event category studied here. Nevertheless, direct comparison of these results may not be meaningful due to confounding factors. The only text mining efforts specifically targeting DNA methylation that we are aware of are those performed for the initial annotation of the PubMeth and MeInfoText databases [28, 29], both applying approaches based on keyword matching. However, neither of these studies report results for instance-level extraction of methylation statements, and the keyword matching approaches applied in these efforts do not provide the level of detail required for evaluation against an event-annotated resource, precluding direct comparison. The present study is in many aspects similar to our previous work targeting protein post-translational modification events . In this work, we annotated 422 events of 7 different types and showed that retraining an existing event extraction system allowed these to be extracted at 42% F-score. Our approach here differs from this previous work in particular in its larger scale and concentrated focus on a specific event type of high interest, reflected also in the results: while extraction performance in our previous work was limited by training data size, in the present study notably higher extraction performance was achieved and a plateau in performance with increasing data reached.
We have presented a study of the automatic extraction of DNA methylation events from literature through annotation following the BioNLP'09 shared task event representation and the use of a retrainable event extraction system. We created a corpus of 200 publication abstracts selected to include a representative sample of DNA methylation statements from all of PubMed and manually annotated for nearly 3000 mentions of genes and gene products, 500 DNA domain or region mentions, and 1500 DNA methylation and demethylation events. Evaluation using the EventMine system showed that DNA methylation events can be extracted at 78% precision and 76% recall by retraining a previously introduced event extraction system with this corpus. The learning curve suggested that the corpus size is sufficient and that future efforts in DNA methylation event extraction should focus on extraction method development.
One natural direction for future work is to apply event extraction systems trained on the newly introduced data to abstracts available in PubMed and full texts available at PMC to create a detailed, up-to-date repository of DNA methylation events at full literature scale. Such an effort would require gene name normalization and event extraction at PubMed scale. While substantial challenges remain for accurate normalization and event extraction at this scale, both have recently been shown to be technically feasible using methods competitive with the state of the art [14, 48]. Further combining the extracted events with cancer mention detection could provide a valuable resource for epigenetics research.
The newly annotated corpus, the first resource annotated for DNA methylation using the BioNLP shared task event representation, is freely available for use in research from the GENIA project homepage . DNA methylation event extraction following the model developed in this study is included as part of the Epigenetics and Post-translational Modification task of the BioNLP Shared Task 2011 [17, 50].
This study is an extension of research first presented at SMBM 2010, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K. We would like to thank Maté Ongenaert and other creators of PubMeth for their generosity in allowing the release of resources building on their work and the anonymous reviewers for their many insightful comments. This work was supported by Grant-in-Aid for Specially Promoted Research (MEXT, Japan).
This article has been published as part of Journal of Biomedical Semantics Volume 2 Supplement 5, 2011: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Semantic Mining in Biomedicine (SMBM). The full contents of the supplement are available online at http://www.jbiomedsem.com/supplements/2/S5.
TO and SP conceived of and designed the study and drafted the manuscript. TO coordinated the annotation effort. MM performed the event extraction experiments and drafted their description. JT participated in the study design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Monk Palo Alto review
Started by CJ Shearn, 30 Sep 2020
CJ Shearn
Funktastic!!
https://bit.ly/3n77lgQ
Dan Gould
Groovissimo!
Location:Climbing out of a sinkhole in Plant City
I think you should reconsider your racial commentary, particularly the final sentence:
"The fact the group was able to promote racial harmony in a community and country in turmoil was clearly inspiring to them as they gave the audience at Palo Alto High School a sparkling show."
I don't think there's any basis for this - that they were promoting any racial harmony, nor that it was the source of the good feelings in the music. Is anyone from the band quoted (I cop to not reading the liners yet, only all the reporting before the CD was issued)? Did they know about East Palo Alto and the issues there?
Personally my thought was, how often did they have a gig at a high school? Maybe they were inspired because they weren't in a formal concert hall or in a noisy bar, but in a school auditorium. Maybe that inspired them?
I personally perceive it to be two separate stories - a young high school kid pulling off the unexpected, and by promoting in both cities, getting a crowd curious enough to turn out and wait to see if Monk would show - and Monk's group putting on a fine concert. That's the cherry on top of this musical sundae.
Rooster_Ties
Location:Washington DC (formerly KCMO)
Posted 30 Sep 2020 (edited)
1 hour ago, Dan Gould said:
If the audience was mixed-race, certainly that would have been self evident to the band.
And regardless of the band's (presumed) lack of specific knowledge of race issues in Palo Alto / East Palo Alto — Oct 1968 was barely a few months after the assassinations of MLK and RFK in April and June. There had to have been plenty of 'racial strife' in the air in 1968, anywhere in the US - especially for a black band touring the country.
Brubeck playing for a mostly white audience in 1968 wouldn't have had any such added context. But an all black band playing in a white community / white high school (surely evident), but for a mixed race audience... would have entirely been something else.
I don't think it's a leap of logic to suggest that as a possible and even likely motivation for the band.
It's a logical inference drawn by the reviewer, but not a stretch.
Edited 30 Sep 2020 by Rooster_Ties
jlhoots
Location:Santa Fe
Read the liner notes.
49 minutes ago, jlhoots said:
Skimming them now (I don't have Palo Alto yet, having only streamed it so far).
Plenty on the subject starting on page three of this pdf:
https://www.uk-promotion.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Robin-Kelly-Monk-Palo-Alto-Liner-Notes-Final.pdf
4 hours ago, Dan Gould said:
It's all in the liners as Rooster said... I'll consider figuring out how to rework that, needless to say it was an inspired performance.
9 minutes ago, CJ Shearn said:
The fact of what was happening in the prior few months, as well as at the moment in Palo Alto/East Palo Alto is in the liners. I don't think that there's anything there about the band knowing about it or reacting to it.
For that matter, I always thought people onstage with spotlights on them can't really see the audience, so knowledge of how mixed the crowd was would be limited to the first row or two?
And one other thought is, what was Monk's audience at regular club gigs? Wasn't it mixed already? If it was, then seeing a mixed audience (if they could) from the stage wouldn't necessarily mean anything.
That's an aspect you don't read that much about ... It is noticed now that white fans (especially outside of major cities) are the ones supporting the music. When did that really start? Obviously Monk was "old hat" at that point ... and rock/soul/whatever Miles was doing was what was popular among young people (minorities?). Going off on a tangent here ...
CJ: Please write what you feel. I'm just giving you my reaction ...
JSngry
While logic makes its demands, emotion lends its voice
Location:tx, usa
40 minutes ago, Dan Gould said:
There was an opening act. And unless they just drove in and went straight to stage to hi, they would have had opportunity to see the house.
Don't know how may one set non-festival gigs they got booked on, but just the venue and the timing of this gig could have made it stand out as being a little "different" in some form or fashion. And probably the promoter had a chance to meetgreetpay with the band. Or manager (was Columby there to collect the bread?). Very unlikely that a gig like this pays the band in full without there being tickets bought and in the door and in the seats, and also very unlikely that the promoter, in this case a high school kid, doesn't insist on paying the band directly and saying thank you and a few other words. And I'd die right where I sit if the didn't get paid until after the gig, or more to the point, that they went on without being paid.
No idea how that plays to the "racial awareness" of the band prior to or during the gig, but it's not like gigs get played in a vacuum, you don't get beamed down to the stage from the mothership or anything, you gotta get in there off of the street/road/elevator. Even on a club date, you gotta walk in the door, and often through the front door, because these musicians are so damn filthy, don't let them in the same room with the food, not only will they stink on it, they're liable eat it too.
My only hope is that if they did try to fee the band that it wasn't chicken spaghetti from the cafeteria.
37 minutes ago, JSngry said:
You're worse than I am on not consulting the liners:
With that, Thelonious bid farewell, Danny paid his fee in cash, and his brother shuttled the band back to the Jazz Workshop with plenty of time to spare. A couple of days later, an incensed Jules Colomby called Danny asking for the money. "I told him I paid Monk. He asks, 'What about my commission?' I said, 'Well Mr. Colomby, I never had a signed contract. So if you want your commission you should talk to Mr. Monk.'" Scher would grow up to become one of the most successful concert promoters on the West Coast.
I have no idea whether or not Monk's audience was mixed race at the time but wouldn't the Time magazine article have contributed to expanding his audience?
Paid in full and in cash. Perfect ending!
AllenLowe
Location:Moonlight Bay
I wonder if Colomby ever got his commission. It is possible that Monk paid him.
Larry Kart
Location:Highland Park, Il.
Haven't heard the album myself, but FYI and FWIW, a reliable source states that the Palo Alto concert tapes were mastered nearly a half-step flat.
Justin V
Master of the Groove!
17 hours ago, Larry Kart said:
Still sounds good to me (I do have a copy & have played it multiple times) but then what do I know.
Location:Dallas, Texas
If true, I must be a half step sharp.
Dr. Funkenstein
Location:Bethesda, MD
It was apparently a problem with the original tape machine, so fixable, as opposed to an error during the transfer.
But someone from the record label would have needed to get a musician involved. Why this is not standard practice when dealing with non-professional archival recordings baffles me.
Location:netherlands
And the involved musician shouldn't be a drummer (like TS Monk) (if true)
1 minute ago, Niko said:
TS Monk knows music. Many drummers do.
What I thought... So is there a problem with the tape speed?
Just checked, and my record is in the right key.
Just a Lucky So and So
Location:Munson Township, Ohio
My cd seems so as well, extra bass and all.
I hope so; speed correction is very easy these days. There are some amazing programs.
Go To Topic Listing Jazz In Print - Periodicals, Books, Newspapers, etc...
organissimo Community Software by Invision Power Services, Inc.


text:
Quiboloy did not violate US law, spokesman says
Posted at Feb 16 2018 08:36 AM | Updated as of Feb 16 2018 04:01 PM
Watch more in iWant or iWantTFC
MANILA - Pastor Apollo Quiboloy was not detained in the US and did not violate US law, his spokesman said Friday.
Quiboloy arrived in Manila late Thursday on a commercial flight. While at Honolulu Airport, US authorities found $350,000 in undeclared cash and gun parts from his private jet.
"Pastor Apollo Quiboloy was not detained, he was not charged, he was not in jail. There was no violation of any US law," Quiboloy's spokesman Israelito Torreon said in an interview on ANC's Early Edition.
"Had a crime been committed, he would have been booked there, he would have been charged there, he would have been imprisoned there," Torreon said.
Quiboloy was in Hawaii to attend a concert and was about to fly back to Manila when US Customs officials boarded his Cessna plane for inspection.
Pastor Quiboloy briefly detained in Hawaii over cash, guns in private plane: report
The $350,000 cash, all in $100 bills, was found stuffed in socks, a Hawaii-based news site reported.
Quiboloy's companion, a certain Felina Salinas, was charged with attempted bulk cash smuggling after she admitted that she owned the money.
US law requires individuals to declare the cash they are taking out of the country if it exceeds $10,000.
Quiboloy back in PH after brief Hawaii detention over cash, guns
Torreon said the pastor was "not deported, not charged, not imprisoned," clarifying the Hawaii news report. "There is no legal proceeding against Pastor Quiboloy."
"There is no need to talk about that (plane) because he is already here in the Philippines. That should be put to rest. That matter is being handled in the United States of America," he added.
Quiboloy was considered as one of the staunchest supporters of President Rodrigo Duterte. In 2016, he lent his private plane and helicopter to then then-Davao mayor for his presidential campaign.
Ties between Duterte and Quiboloy reportedly soured after Duterte won as president. Duterte allegedly snubbed Quiboloy after the pastor tried to suggest Cabinet appointees.
Duterte to friends: I decide alone
Quiboloy denies holding grudge against Duterte
Apollo Quiboloy, Kingdom of Jesus Christ, Hawaii, Honolulu
Read More: Apollo Quiboloy Kingdom of Jesus Christ Hawaii Honolulu
/news/02/15/18/quiboloy-back-in-ph-after-brief-hawaii-detention-over-cash-guns
/news/02/15/18/quiboloy-nakabalik-na-sa-bansa-matapos-madetene-sa-hawaii
/news/02/15/18/pastor-quiboloy-briefly-detained-in-hawaii-over-cash-guns-in-private-plane-report
Global vaccine campaign gains pace as Brazil approves jabs
Portugal's health system on brink of collapse as COVID-19 cases surge


text:
grey list
The Latest in grey list
Industry June 21, 2022
Australia in Danger of Being Placed on FATF Grey List in 2025
Australian gambling industry received a warning from the country's financial intelligence agency, AUSTRAC, it has been in its crosshairs for a while and need to do more to raise money laundering standards. Money Laundering Investigation and Prosecution The warning was issued by AUSTRAC's chief executive officer Nicole Rose who spoke at a conference organized by […]
Legal June 16, 2022
Malta Removed from FATF's Grey List after Secret Vote
Reports in official Malta media claim the country has been removed from the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) grey list but the official announcement will not be made until Friday. News to Become Official Soon According to the reports, the ongoing FATF plenary meeting in Germany featured a secret vote on Wednesday in which the […]


Their finding: that Latino and black students attending HSIs and HBCUs graduate at the same rates as their minority peers of similar backgrounds who attend institutions that are not designated minority-serving.
The study, "The Effect of Enrolling in a Minority-Serving Institution for Black and Hispanic Students in Texas," was published in Research in Higher Education.
The researchers said that graduation rates at HSIs and HBCUs are lower than at other colleges and universities. Graduation rates at HSIs are about 11 percent lower than those at other institutions, the study found.
However, when taking into account students of similar backgrounds they do not differ much. Additionally, researchers also said minority institutions often have fewer resources.
The study also found that economically disadvantaged Hispanic students in particular were more likely to enroll in HSIs, while more advantaged students chose the traditional institutions.
Another study author, Vanderbilt University associate professor of public policy and higher education Stella Flores, said that HSIs play a key role in higher education.
"MSIs are viable and crucial contenders for increasing the rate of degree completion in America. Given the growing demographic student diversity in Texas and the nation, attention should be given to how well these schools are performing in the face of significant challenges," she said in a news release.


text:
Last edited by Akimi
2 edition of Trade reference book. found in the catalog.
Trade reference book.
Booksellers Association of Great Britain and Ireland.
by Booksellers Association of Great Britain and Ireland.
Published by Booksellers Association of Great Britain & Ireland in London .
Booksellers and bookselling -- Great Britain.
On spine: The B.A. trade reference book.
Other titles The B.A. trade reference book.
Pagination 83, xxiv p.
There are few textbooks or reference works on international trade finance pertaining to Hong Kong. This text covers all the basic concepts of international trade and takes into account actual practices of trade financing in Hong Kong. The book consists of two sections the Principles Section and the Practical Guide Section. Search the world's most comprehensive index of full-text books. My library.
Plumbing Contractors Trade Knowledge Reference List. Valid January – December Revised: Octo Candidate Name: _____ Date: _____ Candidate Number: _____ The answers to the examination questions will be based on the editions listed below. Some of theFile Size: 37KB. Additional books on this topic can be found in McKeldin Library and the Art Library at the University of Maryland. These resources are searchable using the online catalog. The location of each book is noted in the catalog record. The books listed on this page are organized into three categories: Book Trade and Bookselling. Publishing. Rare Book.
Trade book definition, a book designed for the general public and available through an ordinary book dealer, as distinguished from a limited-edition book, textbook, mass market paperback, etc. RESIDENTIAL POOL/SPA Trade Reference Books (STATE) American National Standard for Permanently Installed Residential Spas, (ANSI/APSP-3) American National Standard for Residential Inground Swimming Pools, (ANSI/APSP/ICC-5).
Collectors Guide to Housekeeping Toys 1870-1970 from Metal to Plastic
Locker 141
Damage to alkali halide components in CO₂ lasers
Pauls theology of preaching
The Promise in a Kiss
The goodness of potatoes and other root vegetables
Carcinoma-in-situ and cancer of the testis
Iron destinies, lost opportunities
Religions: Encountering People of Other Faiths (To the Point: Confronting Youth Issues)
Random Signal Analysis
Seven years, and other tales
Forty years of rural journalism in Iowa
Tom Swift and the Galaxy Ghosts
Pharmacology in nursing [by] Betty S. Bergersen, in consultation with Andres Goth.
Trade reference book by Booksellers Association of Great Britain and Ireland. Download PDF EPUB FB2
Book Trade Bibliography in the United States in the Nineteenth Century: to Trade reference book. book is added a catalogue of all the books printed in the United States, with prices, and places where published, annexed; published by the Booksellers in Boston, January, ; Burt Franklin: Bibliography and Reference series # Trade/Reference Books Buck 'Em.
The Autobiography of Buck Owens Series: Book Softcover Authors: Buck Owens, Randy Poe (US) HL Henley's 20th Century Book of Formulas, Processes and Trade Secrets: A Valuable Reference Book for the Home, Factory, Office, Laboratory and the Workshop [Harry E.
Eisenson, T. O'Conor Sloane, Gardner Dexter Hiscox] on *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Henley's 20th Century Book of Formulas, Processes and Trade Secrets: A Valuable Reference Book for the Home, Factory5/5(4). Music Dispatch has a great selection of reference books and materials for musicians.
We've got artist biographies, books on audio technology & recording, music business, songwriting & lyrics, music history, books on cinema & theatre and so much more.
Because of the small, distinct audiences trade books target—and the cost of authoritative content—professional, technical, and reference books cost substantially more than trade books. For example, Architectural Graphic Standards costs $ in hardcover.
The Best Books for Beginner Day Traders; 1. How to Day Trade for a Living: A Beginner's Guide to Trading Tools and Tactics, Money Management, Discipline and. This is a list of reference books and text books of International Business Management or International Trade with name of Author, Publications, Publication year etc.
International Business by P Subba rao Name of Book: International Business Text and CasesEdition: 2nd Revised and enlargedAuthor: P Subba RaoPublication: Himalaya Publishing housePrinted by: Geetanjali Press NagpurPrice: MRP Rs. International Trade References. Home / Trade Tools / International Trade References.
USAID Supports Trade Facilitation (J ) The focus of this book is to assist in the practical application and interpretation of the WTO Valuation Agreement for all users, Customs administrations and valuation specialists or importers. It sounds like a reference letter written by a corporate entity to refer another one for business dealing or trade purposes.
Below are trade reference templates downloadable for free to write perfect and spotless trade references easily for all types of businesses. Trade reference letter can support a business establishment or company in many ways.
The impacts of international trade resonate throughout every strata of society. In his book Dilemmas of International Trade, Bruce E.
Moon explains: "Just as trade affects the prices of individual products, global markets influence which individuals and nations accumulate wealth and political power. They determine who will be employed and at. Books at Amazon. The Books homepage helps you explore Earth's Biggest Bookstore without ever leaving the comfort of your couch.
Here you'll find current best sellers in books, new releases in books, deals in books, Kindle eBooks, Audible audiobooks, and so much more. Order Book reference Available settings.
These settings affect only the selected Order Book widget. To update the default settings with these value for newly-opened Order Book widgets, or to apply them to existing opened widgets, click Defaults. Confirm. Trade books cover just about every topic under the sun, so you can probably find a book that will align with your curriculum objectives in such a way as to help your students see the applicability of the topic.
Students may show a keener interest in the lively way a trade book presents material over the stilted writings in a textbook. TRADE BOOKS JANUARY – JUNE 1 TRADE BOOKS JANUARY – JUNE See page 44 See page 46 See page 47 See page 48 COLIN SWATRIDGE THE WORLD'S MOST TRUSTED REFERENCE BOOKS See page 49 See page 52 See page 54 See page 57 See page 6 See page 8 See page 9 See page 10 See page 11 See page 12 See page 13 See page 13File Size: 3MB.
See its simple. Textbook- 1. It comes out with prescribed syllabus for that particular subject. The topics which all you have to study for that particular year/semester in order to pass or get a good grade.
Textbook deals with various topics un. Our Trade Knowledge book package is only $, an unbelievably low price for all these reference books, which most builders continue to use in their business practice.
Check out the state's list of Reference Books for your target exam date. If you just need a couple specific books, they are available for individual purchase. List of Finance or Finance Management Reference and Text Books with their Author name, Edition and Publication.
Finance: The Basics Author Erik Banks Publisher: Routledge Year: Dictionary Of Finance & Banking Oxford 4th ed Oxford University PressInternational Finance: Business PerspectiveApte, P.
2nd ed TMHCase Study Solutions FinanceKaushal, H. MacmillanAccounting &. The book also includes a number of chapters on the WTO dispute resolution process – a critical part of the world trading system – and on the growing phenomenon of regional trade agreements.
In addition, the book contains sections discussing important political aspects of the WTO, such as the relationship between trade and the environment. Trade reviews are from reviewers who mostly review books. Trade is the publishing industry - in this instance.
SO, you want a reviews from a book reviewer, hopefully someone who has a lot of followers and clout in the industry, or someone who has a lot of blog followers (publishers use them, too, to help promote books).
The fact is adding a good trade reference to your company's credit profile may have a positive impact to your scores and ratings.
Remember, it takes a minimum of three trade references reporting on a file before Dun & Bradstreet can generate a Paydex® Score for a business.Definition: A trade reference is a contact or firm that had a fruitful business relationship with the beneficiary and generally used to increase his creditworthiness in front of a third party.
A trade reference is commonly a kind of judgment about other party's ability to fulfill a commitment. What Does Trade Reference Mean? Trade references can.Looking for books by Paul Rosenberg?
See all books authored by Paul Rosenberg, including DEWALT Blueprint Reading Professional Reference (Dewalt Trade Reference Series), and AudelBasic Electronics (Audel Technical Trades Series), and more on
chickashacf.com - Trade reference book. book © 2020


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Free FLV To MP3 Converter 4dots Free Download - we do not host any Free FLV To MP3 Converter 4dots torrent files or links of Free FLV To MP3 Converter 4dots on rapidshare.com, depositfiles.com, megaupload.com etc. All Free FLV To MP3 Converter 4dots download links are direct Free FLV To MP3 Converter 4dots download from publisher site or their selected mirrors.


text:
Q: Sort NSMutableArray by two values Earlier I was sorting NSMutableArray in below way.
NSSortDescriptor *sortDescriptor1;
sortDescriptor1 = [[NSSortDescriptor alloc] initWithKey:@"Carton_IsDelivered"
                                             ascending:NO];
NSArray *sortDescriptors = [NSArray arrayWithObject:sortDescriptor1];
customerDetailsArray = [[customerDetailsArray sortedArrayUsingDescriptors:sortDescriptors] mutableCopy];

This was sorting based on Carton_IsDelivered value which hold true & false value.
This was working fine.
Now as per new requirement, I want to sort by Carton_IsDelivered & Carton_AreaName.
What I want is
Carton_IsDelivered=true group by Carton_AreaName
+Carton_IsDelivered=false group by Carton_AreaName
For that I used below.
NSSortDescriptor *sortDescriptor1;
NSSortDescriptor *sortDescriptor2;
sortDescriptor1 = [[NSSortDescriptor alloc] initWithKey:@"Carton_IsDelivered"
                                             ascending:NO];
sortDescriptor2 = [[NSSortDescriptor alloc] initWithKey:@"Carton_AreaName"
                                              ascending:NO];
NSArray *sortDescriptors = [NSArray arrayWithObject:@[sortDescriptor1, sortDescriptor2]];
customerDetailsArray = [[customerDetailsArray sortedArrayUsingDescriptors:sortDescriptors] mutableCopy];

However the app crash saying below.
2015-03-30 11:35:45.402 Delivery[74822:9478073] -[__NSArrayI ascending]: unrecognized selector sent to instance 0x7ca5a660
2015-03-30 11:35:45.433 Delivery[74822:9478073] *** Terminating app due to uncaught exception 'NSInvalidArgumentException', reason: '-[__NSArrayI ascending]: unrecognized selector sent to instance 0x7ca5a660'
*** First throw call stack:
(
    0   CoreFoundation                      0x01f6f466 __exceptionPreprocess + 182
    1   libobjc.A.dylib                     0x01bf8a97 objc_exception_throw + 44
    2   CoreFoundation                      0x01f772c5 -[NSObject(NSObject) doesNotRecognizeSelector:] + 277
    3   CoreFoundation                      0x01ebfbc7 ___forwarding___ + 1047
    4   CoreFoundation                      0x01ebf78e _CF_forwarding_prep_0 + 14
    5   Foundation                          0x017d611e _NSInitializeCacheLine + 60
    6   Foundation                          0x017d5ee0 _sortedObjectsUsingDescriptors + 293
    7   Foundation                          0x017d5d51 -[NSArray(NSKeyValueSorting) sortedArrayUsingDescriptors:] + 713
    8   Delivery                            0x000d4388 -[DeliveryViewController bringDeliveredToTop] + 392
    9   Delivery                            0x000d0b4b -[DeliveryViewController parserDidEndDocument:] + 875
    10  Foundation                          0x018b1c34 _endDocument + 89
    11  libxml2.2.dylib                     0x057b6150 xmlParseChunk + 1366
    12  Foundation                          0x018afbf4 -[NSXMLParser finishIncrementalParse] + 58
    13  Foundation                          0x018afd95 -[NSXMLParser parseFromStream] + 385
    14  Foundation                          0x018afea8 -[NSXMLParser parse] + 33
    15  Delivery                            0x000cdfdc -[DeliveryViewController connectionDidFinishLoading:] + 1836
    16  CFNetwork                           0x05a1df39 ___ZL32_NSURLConnectionDidFinishLoadingP16_CFURLConnectionPKv_block_invoke + 40
    17  CFNetwork                           0x05a35af9 __65-[NSURLConnectionInternal _withConnectionAndDelegate:onlyActive:]_block_invoke + 83
    18  CFNetwork                           0x05a1cfe9 -[NSURLConnectionInternalConnection invokeForDelegate:] + 145
    19  CFNetwork                           0x05a35a93 -[NSURLConnectionInternal _withConnectionAndDelegate:onlyActive:] + 189
    20  CFNetwork                           0x05a35c46 -[NSURLConnectionInternal _withActiveConnectionAndDelegate:] + 58
    21  CFNetwork                           0x05a1c5e0 _ZL32_NSURLConnectionDidFinishLoadingP16_CFURLConnectionPKv + 43
    22  CFNetwork                           0x058e5fc5 ___ZN27URLConnectionClient_Classic26_delegate_didFinishLoadingEU13block_pointerFvvE_block_invoke + 115
    23  CFNetwork                           0x059c59ad ___ZN27URLConnectionClient_Classic18_withDelegateAsyncEPKcU13block_pointerFvP16_CFURLConnectionPK33CFURLConnectionClientCurrent_VMaxE_block_invoke_2 + 290
    24  CFNetwork                           0x058d064c _ZN19RunloopBlockContext13_invoke_blockEPKvPv + 70
    25  CoreFoundation                      0x01e63db9 CFArrayApplyFunction + 57
    26  CFNetwork                           0x058d050d _ZN19RunloopBlockContext7performEv + 149
    27  CFNetwork                           0x05a26fd6 _ZThn16_N19RunloopBlockContext24multiplexerClientPerformEv + 20
    28  CFNetwork                           0x058d0350 _ZN17MultiplexerSource7performEv + 292
    29  CFNetwork                           0x058d016c _ZN17MultiplexerSource8_performEPv + 76
    30  CoreFoundation                      0x01e9298f __CFRUNLOOP_IS_CALLING_OUT_TO_A_SOURCE0_PERFORM_FUNCTION__ + 15
    31  CoreFoundation                      0x01e8849d __CFRunLoopDoSources0 + 253
    32  CoreFoundation                      0x01e879f8 __CFRunLoopRun + 952
    33  CoreFoundation                      0x01e8737b CFRunLoopRunSpecific + 443
    34  CoreFoundation                      0x01e871ab CFRunLoopRunInMode + 123
    35  GraphicsServices                    0x0424d2c1 GSEventRunModal + 192
    36  GraphicsServices                    0x0424d0fe GSEventRun + 104
    37  UIKit                               0x005be9b6 UIApplicationMain + 1526
    38  Delivery                            0x000b4882 main + 130
    39  libdyld.dylib                       0x04772ac9 start + 1
)
libc++abi.dylib: terminating with uncaught exception of type NSException

Any idea what I am doing wrong?

A: As far as I see you use arrayWithObject which takes only one parameter, and you pass array so you have array which contains another array, you need to have just one array with two objects, try this instead:
NSArray *sortDescriptors = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:sortDescriptor1, sortDescriptor2, nil];

A: Change the arrayWithObject: to arrayWithObjects:
NSArray *sortDescriptors = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:@[sortDescriptor1, sortDescriptor2]];

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


All interested candidates should register themselves for BITSAT-2011 by applying in the online application form here: BITS Admissions and take the print out of the filled form.
The completed application form along with the prescribed fees of Rs. 1000/- (Rs. 500/- for female candidates) should be sent to Admissions Officer, BITS, Pilani � 333 031.
Deadline to apply for BITSAT-2011 by submitting the completed form to the Admissions Office, BITS Pilani is 5.00 PM on 30th January 2011.
Those who register for the test and reserve test dates have to download the �Hall ticket�, along with instructions, from BITS website as per the schedule given earlier. The tests will be conducted during 10th May � 10th June 2011.
In addition to applying for and appearing in BITSAT-2011, candidates have to also apply for admission to BITS giving details of their 12th marks and preferences to different degree programmes offered. The prescribed application form for admission, the detailed application procedure and the final list of Degree programmes offered will be available at the BITS website, by 20th May 2011. The completed form with the required application fee has to be submitted so as to reach the under-mentioned on or before 5.00 PM on 30th June 2011.


text:
// Copyright (c) 2012 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.

#include <string>
#include <vector>

#include "base/memory/scoped_ptr.h"
#include "base/message_loop.h"
#include "base/process.h"
#include "base/process_util.h"
#include "content/common/request_extra_data.h"
#include "content/common/resource_dispatcher.h"
#include "content/common/resource_messages.h"
#include "content/public/common/resource_response.h"
#include "net/base/upload_data.h"
#include "net/http/http_response_headers.h"
#include "testing/gtest/include/gtest/gtest.h"
#include "webkit/appcache/appcache_interfaces.h"

using webkit_glue::ResourceLoaderBridge;
using webkit_glue::ResourceResponseInfo;

namespace content {

static const char test_page_url[] = "http://www.google.com/";
static const char test_page_headers[] =
  "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\nContent-Type:text/html\n\n";
static const char test_page_mime_type[] = "text/html";
static const char test_page_charset[] = "";
static const char test_page_contents[] =
  "<title>Google</title>
Google
";
static const uint32 test_page_contents_len = arraysize(test_page_contents) - 1;

static const char kShmemSegmentName[] = "DeferredResourceLoaderTest";

// Listens for request response data and stores it so that it can be compared
// to the reference data.
class TestRequestCallback : public ResourceLoaderBridge::Peer {
 public:
  TestRequestCallback() : complete_(false) {
  }

  virtual void OnUploadProgress(uint64 position, uint64 size) OVERRIDE {
  }

  virtual bool OnReceivedRedirect(
      const GURL& new_url,
      const ResourceResponseInfo& info,
      bool* has_new_first_party_for_cookies,
      GURL* new_first_party_for_cookies) OVERRIDE {
    *has_new_first_party_for_cookies = false;
    return true;
  }

  virtual void OnReceivedResponse(const ResourceResponseInfo& info) OVERRIDE {
  }

  virtual void OnDownloadedData(int len) OVERRIDE {
  }

  virtual void OnReceivedData(const char* data,
                              int data_length,
                              int encoded_data_length) OVERRIDE {
    EXPECT_FALSE(complete_);
    data_.append(data, data_length);
    total_encoded_data_length_ += encoded_data_length;
  }

  virtual void OnCompletedRequest(
      const net::URLRequestStatus& status,
      const std::string& security_info,
      const base::TimeTicks& completion_time) OVERRIDE {
    EXPECT_FALSE(complete_);
    complete_ = true;
  }

  bool complete() const {
    return complete_;
  }
  const std::string& data() const {
    return data_;
  }
  int total_encoded_data_length() const {
    return total_encoded_data_length_;
  }

 private:
  bool complete_;
  std::string data_;
  int total_encoded_data_length_;
};

// Sets up the message sender override for the unit test
class ResourceDispatcherTest : public testing::Test, public IPC::Sender {
 public:
  // Emulates IPC send operations (IPC::Sender) by adding
  // pending messages to the queue.
  virtual bool Send(IPC::Message* msg) {
    message_queue_.push_back(IPC::Message(*msg));
    delete msg;
    return true;
  }

  // Emulates the browser process and processes the pending IPC messages,
  // returning the hardcoded file contents.
  void ProcessMessages() {
    while (!message_queue_.empty()) {
      int request_id;
      ResourceHostMsg_Request request;
      ASSERT_TRUE(ResourceHostMsg_RequestResource::Read(
          &message_queue_[0], &request_id, &request));

      // check values
      EXPECT_EQ(test_page_url, request.url.spec());

      // received response message
      ResourceResponseHead response;
      std::string raw_headers(test_page_headers);
      std::replace(raw_headers.begin(), raw_headers.end(), '\n', '\0');
      response.headers = new net::HttpResponseHeaders(raw_headers);
      response.mime_type = test_page_mime_type;
      response.charset = test_page_charset;
      dispatcher_->OnReceivedResponse(request_id, response);

      // received data message with the test contents
      base::SharedMemory shared_mem;
      EXPECT_TRUE(shared_mem.CreateAndMapAnonymous(test_page_contents_len));
      char* put_data_here = static_cast<char*>(shared_mem.memory());
      memcpy(put_data_here, test_page_contents, test_page_contents_len);
      base::SharedMemoryHandle dup_handle;
      EXPECT_TRUE(shared_mem.GiveToProcess(
          base::Process::Current().handle(), &dup_handle));
      dispatcher_->OnReceivedData(
          message_queue_[0],
          request_id,
          dup_handle,
          test_page_contents_len,
          test_page_contents_len);

      message_queue_.erase(message_queue_.begin());

      // read the ack message.
      Tuple1<int> request_ack;
      ASSERT_TRUE(ResourceHostMsg_DataReceived_ACK::Read(
          &message_queue_[0], &request_ack));

      ASSERT_EQ(request_ack.a, request_id);

      message_queue_.erase(message_queue_.begin());
    }
  }

 protected:
  // testing::Test
  virtual void SetUp() OVERRIDE {
    dispatcher_.reset(new ResourceDispatcher(this));
  }
  virtual void TearDown() OVERRIDE {
    dispatcher_.reset();
  }

  ResourceLoaderBridge* CreateBridge() {
    webkit_glue::ResourceLoaderBridge::RequestInfo request_info;
    request_info.method = "GET";
    request_info.url = GURL(test_page_url);
    request_info.first_party_for_cookies = GURL(test_page_url);
    request_info.referrer = GURL();
    request_info.headers = std::string();
    request_info.load_flags = 0;
    request_info.requestor_pid = 0;
    request_info.request_type = ResourceType::SUB_RESOURCE;
    request_info.appcache_host_id = appcache::kNoHostId;
    request_info.routing_id = 0;
    RequestExtraData extra_data(WebKit::WebReferrerPolicyDefault,
                                WebKit::WebString(),
                                true, 0, false, -1, true,
                                PAGE_TRANSITION_LINK, -1, -1);
    request_info.extra_data = &extra_data;

    return dispatcher_->CreateBridge(request_info);
  }

  std::vector<IPC::Message> message_queue_;
  static scoped_ptr<ResourceDispatcher> dispatcher_;
};

/*static*/
scoped_ptr<ResourceDispatcher> ResourceDispatcherTest::dispatcher_;

// Does a simple request and tests that the correct data is received.
TEST_F(ResourceDispatcherTest, RoundTrip) {
  TestRequestCallback callback;
  ResourceLoaderBridge* bridge = CreateBridge();

  bridge->Start(&callback);

  ProcessMessages();

  // FIXME(brettw) when the request complete messages are actually handledo
  // and dispatched, uncomment this.
  //EXPECT_TRUE(callback.complete());
  //EXPECT_STREQ(test_page_contents, callback.data().c_str());
  //EXPECT_EQ(test_page_contents_len, callback.total_encoded_data_length());

  delete bridge;
}

// Tests that the request IDs are straight when there are multiple requests.
TEST_F(ResourceDispatcherTest, MultipleRequests) {
  // FIXME
}

// Tests that the cancel method prevents other messages from being received
TEST_F(ResourceDispatcherTest, Cancel) {
  // FIXME
}

TEST_F(ResourceDispatcherTest, Cookies) {
  // FIXME
}

TEST_F(ResourceDispatcherTest, SerializedPostData) {
  // FIXME
}

// This class provides functionality to validate whether the ResourceDispatcher
// object honors the deferred loading contract correctly, i.e. if deferred
// loading is enabled it should queue up any responses received. If deferred
// loading is enabled/disabled in the context of a dispatched message, other
// queued messages should not be dispatched until deferred load is turned off.
class DeferredResourceLoadingTest : public ResourceDispatcherTest,
                                    public ResourceLoaderBridge::Peer {
 public:
  DeferredResourceLoadingTest()
      : defer_loading_(false) {
  }

  virtual bool Send(IPC::Message* msg) OVERRIDE {
    delete msg;
    return true;
  }

  void InitMessages() {
    set_defer_loading(true);

    ResourceResponseHead response_head;
    response_head.status.set_status(net::URLRequestStatus::SUCCESS);

    dispatcher_->OnMessageReceived(
        ResourceMsg_ReceivedResponse(0, 0, response_head));

    // Duplicate the shared memory handle so both the test and the callee can
    // close their copy.
    base::SharedMemoryHandle duplicated_handle;
    EXPECT_TRUE(shared_handle_.ShareToProcess(base::GetCurrentProcessHandle(),
                                              &duplicated_handle));

    dispatcher_->OnMessageReceived(
        ResourceMsg_DataReceived(0, 0, duplicated_handle, 100, 100));

    set_defer_loading(false);
  }

  // ResourceLoaderBridge::Peer methods.
  virtual void OnUploadProgress(uint64 position, uint64 size) OVERRIDE {
  }

  virtual bool OnReceivedRedirect(
      const GURL& new_url,
      const ResourceResponseInfo& info,
      bool* has_new_first_party_for_cookies,
      GURL* new_first_party_for_cookies) OVERRIDE {
    *has_new_first_party_for_cookies = false;
    return true;
  }

  virtual void OnReceivedResponse(const ResourceResponseInfo& info) OVERRIDE {
    EXPECT_EQ(defer_loading_, false);
    set_defer_loading(true);
  }

  virtual void OnDownloadedData(int len) OVERRIDE {
  }

  virtual void OnReceivedData(const char* data,
                              int data_length,
                              int encoded_data_length) OVERRIDE {
    EXPECT_EQ(defer_loading_, false);
    set_defer_loading(false);
  }

  virtual void OnCompletedRequest(
      const net::URLRequestStatus& status,
      const std::string& security_info,
      const base::TimeTicks& completion_time) OVERRIDE {
  }

 protected:
  virtual void SetUp() OVERRIDE {
    ResourceDispatcherTest::SetUp();
    shared_handle_.Delete(kShmemSegmentName);
    EXPECT_TRUE(shared_handle_.CreateNamed(kShmemSegmentName, false, 100));
  }

  virtual void TearDown() OVERRIDE {
    shared_handle_.Close();
    EXPECT_TRUE(shared_handle_.Delete(kShmemSegmentName));
    ResourceDispatcherTest::TearDown();
  }

 private:
  void set_defer_loading(bool defer) {
    defer_loading_ = defer;
    dispatcher_->SetDefersLoading(0, defer);
  }

  bool defer_loading() const {
    return defer_loading_;
  }

  bool defer_loading_;
  base::SharedMemory shared_handle_;
};

TEST_F(DeferredResourceLoadingTest, DeferredLoadTest) {
  MessageLoop message_loop(MessageLoop::TYPE_IO);

  ResourceLoaderBridge* bridge = CreateBridge();

  bridge->Start(this);
  InitMessages();

  // Dispatch deferred messages.
  message_loop.RunAllPending();
  delete bridge;
}

class TimeConversionTest : public ResourceDispatcherTest,
                           public ResourceLoaderBridge::Peer {
 public:
  virtual bool Send(IPC::Message* msg) OVERRIDE {
    delete msg;
    return true;
  }

  void PerformTest(const ResourceResponseHead& response_head) {
    scoped_ptr<ResourceLoaderBridge> bridge(CreateBridge());
    bridge->Start(this);

    dispatcher_->OnMessageReceived(
        ResourceMsg_ReceivedResponse(0, 0, response_head));
  }

  // ResourceLoaderBridge::Peer methods.
  virtual void OnUploadProgress(uint64 position, uint64 size) OVERRIDE {
  }

  virtual bool OnReceivedRedirect(
      const GURL& new_url,
      const ResourceResponseInfo& info,
      bool* has_new_first_party_for_cookies,
      GURL* new_first_party_for_cookies) {
    return true;
  }

  virtual void OnReceivedResponse(const ResourceResponseInfo& info) OVERRIDE {
    response_info_ = info;
  }

  virtual void OnDownloadedData(int len) OVERRIDE {
  }

  virtual void OnReceivedData(const char* data,
                              int data_length,
                              int encoded_data_length) OVERRIDE {
  }

  virtual void OnCompletedRequest(
      const net::URLRequestStatus& status,
      const std::string& security_info,
      const base::TimeTicks& completion_time) OVERRIDE {
  }

  const ResourceResponseInfo& response_info() const { return response_info_; }

 private:
  ResourceResponseInfo response_info_;
};

// TODO(simonjam): Enable this when 10829031 lands.
TEST_F(TimeConversionTest, DISABLED_ProperlyInitialized) {
  ResourceResponseHead response_head;
  response_head.status.set_status(net::URLRequestStatus::SUCCESS);
  response_head.request_start = base::TimeTicks::FromInternalValue(5);
  response_head.response_start = base::TimeTicks::FromInternalValue(15);
  response_head.load_timing.base_time = base::Time::Now();
  response_head.load_timing.base_ticks = base::TimeTicks::FromInternalValue(10);
  response_head.load_timing.dns_start = -1;
  response_head.load_timing.connect_start = 3;

  PerformTest(response_head);

  EXPECT_LT(0, response_info().load_timing.base_ticks.ToInternalValue());
  EXPECT_EQ(-1, response_info().load_timing.dns_start);
  EXPECT_LE(0, response_info().load_timing.connect_start);
}

TEST_F(TimeConversionTest, PartiallyInitialized) {
  ResourceResponseHead response_head;
  response_head.status.set_status(net::URLRequestStatus::SUCCESS);
  response_head.request_start = base::TimeTicks::FromInternalValue(5);
  response_head.response_start = base::TimeTicks::FromInternalValue(15);

  PerformTest(response_head);

  EXPECT_EQ(0, response_info().load_timing.base_ticks.ToInternalValue());
  EXPECT_EQ(-1, response_info().load_timing.dns_start);
}

TEST_F(TimeConversionTest, NotInitialized) {
  ResourceResponseHead response_head;
  response_head.status.set_status(net::URLRequestStatus::SUCCESS);

  PerformTest(response_head);

  EXPECT_EQ(0, response_info().load_timing.base_ticks.ToInternalValue());
  EXPECT_EQ(-1, response_info().load_timing.dns_start);
}

}  // namespace content

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Changing the null hypothesis in a t-test
Hello.
I am working on a problem and am confused.
What I know so far is that the two-sided t-test with $\alpha=.05$ will reject the null since the $p-$value is smaller.
Here is where I am lost.
The question asks me what to do when the null hypothesis is
$$H_0: \mu_1 - \mu_2 = 2$$
Intuitively
$$\bar{Y_1} - \bar{Y_2} = -2$$
so I instantly want to reject the null.
However, I have never seen a situation where the difference between the means are not equal to 0.
How would one approach this problem?

A: Define $Y_3:=Y_2-2$ so the null hypothesis is $\mu_1=\mu_3,\,\mu_3:=\bar{Y}_3$. Note that subtracting $2$ from one variable shifts its mean while leaving the standard deviation and mean's standard error unchanged. Now you can use an equal-means test.


This is a funny and original game. You're a cat who wants to enter an automatic door. The door doesn't open and you decide that you must get fat to open it. You'll drop the get from the top of the screen. There'll be sushi and obstacles. You must drop the cat so it'll eat as many sushi as possible before it reaches the bottom of the screen. At the bottom there are boxes with number. You'll receive points that correspond to the number on the box, so try to make the cat fall into boxes with higher numbers.


I could only wonder, after watching the above video, why the following information was mysteriously missing from the text books I was taught from. I used to think it was because the school system that provided my quality education simply couldn't afford the more accurate BIV (Bachman International Version) of U.S. History 101; but now I know it was simply because someone didn't want me to know what John Wayne obviously knew!
In 1775, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams set sail across the Delaware River to tell the King of England they had enough of his liberal agenda. King James called Napoleon and together they decided to kill America. They sent the Nina, the Piñata and the Santa Maria to fight. But then, George Washington and Abraham Lincoln gathered an army to turn back the big government dictators. They told Paul Revere to ride his horse to Frodo to tell him to cast the ring of power into the fires of Mount Doom. But then, John Wilkes Booth showed up and killed Lincoln. But there was still hope, because Jesus appeared on the face of the Liberty Bell and he froze John Wilkes Booth in carbonite. And the liberal homosexuals sailed back to their gay countries, while Americans claimed their land and drank beer. And that's how freedom was born.


So, in addition to researching my own family tree, I've naturally done quite a bit of research on my wife's tree as well. In many respects, I've actually been more successful researching my wife's family tree than my own. And because of that, I feel like I've connected with her ancestors in a way as if they were my own ancestors.
For me, finding an American progenitor is an awesome accomplishment. A progenitor is the first of your family name. So, in this regard, we are looking for the very first of your name in America. In my tree, I have found all of my progenitors and all of them are European immigrants that came to the United States at the turn of the 20th century.
My wife's tree is very different. A number of her branches have deep American roots dating back to the 1600s. However, in this post, I am going to focus on our trip to visit The First Wernsdorfer – George – who like many of my ancestors was the first one of his name to come to America from Germany.
George, according to his death certificate, was born on July 22, 1859 in Germany. His life story is an interesting one and definitely one characterized by hard work and determination.
On August 1, 1885, George left his homeland of Germany, where he was a farmer, to come to America.
From what I am able to tell, the first job that George took in America was as a hostler in Brooklyn. A hostler is a man employed to look after the horses of people staying at an inn. I don't think there are too many hostlers nowadays in Brooklyn. Certainly this was a hard job and definitely not the most glamorous. However, it was the beginning of a new life in a new country for a man that would work hard every single day of his life.
In 1892, we see George with his first wife Elizabeth and his two daughters, Barbara and Louise.
On January 5, 1899, something tragic happened. George's wife, Elizabeth Wernsdorfer (nee Moser) passed away, leaving George to care for their two daughters and two sons. I have not purchased Elizabeth's death certificate yet. Therefore, I do not know exactly what happened to her. She is listed as being buried with an infant though. So, I am assuming that she died while giving childbirth.
From the above screenshot of the Locate A Loved One search results, we can see that both Elizabeth and her child were buried together in 1899. The other Wernsdofers shown in the search results were children of George and Elizabeth's son, John Wernsdorfer and his wife Dorothea.
About 8 months later on October 15, 1899, George married Barbara Thomann. In the 1900 Census, we see that George is living in Brooklyn with his second wife Barbara and his children from his marriage with his first wife Elizabeth (Barbara, Elizabeth aka Lizzie, John, and George).
In 1900, George is listed as being a driver. I did not know what kind of driver he was at this time, but as you will see later in the post, he was an ambulance driver for a hospital for many years.
Here is the marriage certificate for George Wernsdorfer and Barbara Thomann.
In 1905, Barbara and George have had their first child together, a son named Joseph.
In 1910, George is still listed as a Coach Driver. His eldest child Barbara has moved out and is probably married by this time. His second daughter Lizzie is working as a book binder. His eldest son John is working at a gas company and both George and Joseph are in school.
By 1915, George is listed as a hospital driver. John has moved out and is now married to Dorothea. George and Elizabeth still have the same professions and Joseph is still in school.
Through the 20s and 30s, George and Elizabeth eventually moved out, getting married, and starting their own families. Elizabeth (1890-1964) married a Peter Joseph Bogensberger (1891-1944) in 1921 and had two children. George (1896-1966) married Augusta S. Luckner (1902-1983) and had five children.
The elder George Wernsdorfer continued working as an ambulance driver for St. Catherine's Hospital for many years. One significant highlight that happened during his career was his efforts in trying to put out a blazing fire at St. Catherine's Hospital. See article below.
From farming in Germany, to picking up after horses during turn of the century New York City, to driving an ambulance for St. Catherine's Hospital in Brooklyn for decades, George Wernsdorfer worked hard every single day of his life. He literally worked until the day that he died, which also happened to be at St. Catherine's Hospital.
As you can see, at the age of 78, George Wernsdorfer who was still working at St. Catherine's Hospital, died at 9:30 in the morning on September 9, 1937, at St. Catherine's Hospital. Now, obviously much older, it appears he had made a transition from ambulance driver to the much less stressful job of gardener at some point in the 1930s.
What a remarkable journey. George, the First Wernsdorfer, worked hard to make it in this country. He literally died working, which I am confident is something he loved. Who works until their 78? Not many.
George without a doubt gave his family members more than he had and he taught them the value of hard work. Without his dedication and work ethic, I am confident that things would have been much different for the generations that came after. Thank God for George! It was a pleasure visiting you.
George is buried at St. John's Cemetery with both of his wives Elizabeth and Barbara. Barbara passed away on December 8, 1937, about 3 months after George.
As you can see, there are only 3 names inscribed on their headstone. However, they have children and grandchildren that were buried there as well with them.
One of my main goals with Flat Tire Genealogy as I have expressed in many of my other posts is to make sure that all of our ancestors are remembered. Please support this page and share it with others because all of the money that I make from these efforts is going to go towards adding the names of those that have been forgotten to their headstones.
I hope you enjoyed this last post in my Trip to St. John's series. Please stay tuned for much more content in the coming weeks and months!
One of the best ways to make new discoveries in your family tree is to speak to your elders. Almost always, this is going to be the first step anyway. However, sometimes we don't revisit those old conversations or we forget certain details that were brought up before. Hence, why it's always important to write things down (something I tend to not do).
However, I always try to make it a point to talk about any new developments with my family tree with my grandmother.
Oftentimes, a new discovery that I made will spark a memory of hers that we hadn't talked about before. It's also a good way to confirm that what you found was indeed correct or at the very least tell you that you are on the right track. One of my favorite things to accomplish in genealogy is matching up family stories with actual documentation. Being able to confirm the truth of a family legend is one of the most gratifying things I feel that you can accomplish in researching your family tree. The only downside though is that it often leads to more questions, but in genealogy, questions are a very, very good thing to have.
After discussing my previous post with my Grandmother, I learned that Juanito and the younger Rosalia (15 years old) were indeed Louis Garcia's children and that her grandmother (Louis' sister – also Rosalia) was their godmother. Obviously, being one of the first and clearly unexpected deaths experienced by the family in America, the only plot available was probably the plot in St. John's Cemetery where my 3x great-grandmother had been buried. So, it makes sense that Louis' children would be buried with his mother (who from what I can determine – came to the United States without her husband and thus was not buried with her spouse).
What a rough time – 3 deaths in a matter of 1 year. In fact, Juanito and his sister Rosalia died within almost a month of each other. According to my grandmother, they both died from appendicitis. By running some new searches, I uncovered their death certificate numbers, and once I am able to procure them, I will be able to confirm their exact cause of death.
The searches I ran were on both Familysearch.org and Italiangen.org. As I already mentioned in my last post, the databases made available by the Italian Genealogical Group are extremely valuable for anyone with ancestors from New York City. The documents available on FamilySearch are also another great tool and unlike the database at Italiangen.org, they include more information on the death records of those who died in New York City.
Equipped with the dates found on their headstone, I was able to easily find both of them in the ItalianGen database, which also included the death certificate numbers. It's always easier when you have the certificate number when ordering vital records (birth, marriage, and death) from New York City.
It was at FamilySearch though that I was able to learn something that I did not know before. The name of Juanito and Rosalia's mother was Anna Sanchez. The father listed on each record was also Louis Garcia thus confirming that I had the right death records. Clearly, I had the right people.
As you can see, there are some irregularities in the FamilySearch results. However, this is more than likely due to a transcription error. Many records are entered into databases by volunteers thus human errors sometimes happen. The best thing for me to do now would be to order their death certificates so I can actually view the record myself.
The discovery of Anna (their mother) led me down on a path that revealed additional cousins that I had never heard of before. I was able to uncover census records and Louis' petition for citizenship on Ancestry.com with details about the entire family unit, which I wouldn't have been able to do without the information available on the death certificates and of course by visiting their gravesite.
Louis Garcia's family in 1925 lived at 162 Fulton Street in Brooklyn, New York. This is the only record where the entire family is listed together.
Now without Rosalie and Juanito, Louis, Anna and their remaining sons Louis Jr. and Peter are still on Fulton Street in Brooklyn. In this census record though, Louis Jr. is listed as being born in Spain rather than the United States. In the remaining part of the record, it actually lists Louis and Louis Jr. having emigrated in 1917 and Anna in 1919.
In 1940, only Peter was still living with Louis and Anna (still on Fulton Street in Brooklyn). Louis is also listed as having been naturalized whereas Anna was not.
In 1933, Louis Garcia became a citizen of the United States.
This is all that I have been able to find for Louis and Anna Garcia. Despite the heartbreaking circumstances that I first came to uncover this information, I am happy that I am able to ensure that they are never forgotten.
Where are Louis and Anna buried?
Is it possible that any of their kids are still alive?
How close were they with my great-grandmother and her sisters?
What was their life like in Spain?
Questions that I am nonetheless glad to have.
Think about this for a moment. Both of these children – my cousins – passed away at such a young age (4 and 15), and it was only by visiting them that I would have ever even known that they existed.
So many times, this is the end of the road. As family historians, we typically do all of this research to figure out where our ancestors were laid to rest. To get that moment where you are physically standing on the ground where they are. To get that moment where you sense that they are there with you. I don't think there is anything more intimate in genealogy.
Sometimes though it is the complete opposite – we visit a gravesite first in order to get that new lead that leads us down a completely new path of research.
Indeed, he did. To help decipher the numerous Rosalies in my tree, please see the below tree.
My 3x great-grandmother Rosalia Bautista Moya had three children with Louis Garcia (Louis, Rosalia, and Pedro).
Louis Garcia married Anna Sanchez and had Rosalie, Louis, Peter, and Juanito. My great-great grandparents were Juan Fariñas and Rosalia Garcia and they had Josephine, Louisa, and my great-grandmother Frances. As far as I know, Pedro Garcia never married and had no children.
One day I hope to be the one to add my great-great grandmother's name to this stone.