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Ex-BLACK SABBATH, JUDAS PRIEST, SCORPIONS Members To Take Part In Israel's 'Titans Of Metal' Event
Israel's Progstage Productions has announced the addition of three more participants to its first annual "Titans Of Metal" event, set to take place on December 17 at Hanger 11 in Tel Aviv. They are guitar virtuoso Tony MacAlpine, legendary ex-RAINBOW vocalist Graham Bonnet and RHAPSODY OF FIRE and ANGRA singer Fabio Lione. "Titans Of Metal" ...
SEVEN WITCHES To Release 'The Way Of The Wicked' Album In September
Led by guitarist Jack Frost (SAVATAGE, BELLADONNA, THE BRONX CASKET CO., METALIUM, SPEEED), SEVEN WITCHES has been one of America's best classic '80s-inspired metal bands — specializing in American traditional power metal, reminiscent of bands such as HELSTAR, MANOWAR and METAL CHURCH. And on September 18, the group will issue its latest album, "The Way ...
DEATH DEALER Feat. Former MANOWAR, HALFORD, INTO ETERNITY Members: 'Hallowed Ground' Album Due In September
DEATH DEALER, the band featuring MANOWAR and the DICTATORS guitarist Ross "The Boss" Friedman alongside vocalist Sean Peck (CAGE), guitarist Stu Marshall (producer and guitarist for such voices as Udo Dirkschneider and Steve Grimmett), bassist Mike Davis (HALFORD, LIZZY BORDEN), and drummer Steve Bolognese (INTO ETERNITY), will release its sophomore album, "Hallowed Ground", on September ...
SIR CHRISTOPHER LEE Dead At 93
Sir Christopher Lee, who has starred in almost 300 movies, including "The Lord Of The Rings", "Star Wars", "The Man With The Golden Gun", "Dracula", "The Wicker Man" and most recently "The Hobbit: The Battle Of The Five Armies", has died at the age of 93. He passed away in a London hospital on Sunday ...
MOTÖRHEAD's LEMMY Apologizes To São Paulo Fans For Missing MONSTERS OF ROCK Festival
MOTÖRHEAD frontman Lemmy Kilmister has released a video message apologizing to the band's fans in São Paulo, Brazil for the cancelation of the group's appearance at the Monsters Of Rock festival. Said Lemmy: "Hello, São Paulo. I'm really sorry I missed the show. I got a stomach bug and was throwing up. So it's not ...
MOTÖRHEAD's LEMMY Is 'Feeling Much Better'
MOTÖRHEAD has released a statement regarding the cancelation of the band's April 25 appearance at the Monsters Of Rock festival in São Paulo, Brazil. Says the group: "Due to a food-related tummy problem, unfortunately, [MOTÖRHEAD frontman] Lemmy was not able to perform the show in São Paulo. He is already feeling much better and ready ...
LEMMY's Health Issues Force MOTÖRHEAD To Cancel MONSTERS OF ROCK Appearance
MOTÖRHEAD was forced to cancel its performance at the Monsters Of Rock festival in Brazil earlier today (Saturday, April 25) after the band's frontman, Lemmy Kilmister, was taken ill. According to local media reports and festival organizers, MOTÖRHEAD's appearance was called off a few hours before the band was scheduled to take the stage at ...
Former MANOWAR Guitarist DAVID SHANKLE Returns With New DSG Album 'Still A Warrior'
Known for being a member of MANOWAR between 1988 and 1994, David Shankle remains a world-renowned super-shred guitarist and instructor for all true metal fans — as heard on the upcoming third full-length offering by his band, DAVID SHANKLE GROUP (DSG), titled "Still A Warrior". Due on April 24 in Germany and April 28 in ...
Defenders of the Faith Special 30th Anniversary Deluxe Edition - JUDAS PRIEST
Alright, it's a hair late getting to the table, let's get that quibble out of the way. JUDAS PRIEST fans will still want to snap up the "Defenders of the Faith Special 30th Anniversary Deluxe Edition" since this three-disc celebration of the classic album comes with a vintage, fast-pounding concert from 1984 as a bonus. ...
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JACK STARR'S BURNING STARR Prepares To Record New Album 'Stand Your Ground'
JACK STARR'S BURNING STARR, the American power metal act founded in 1984 by ex-VIRGIN STEELE guitarist Jack Starr, has commenced the pre-production process for its new studio album, titled "Stand Your Ground". The CD is scheduled to be recorded during the spring and summer and will include the following songtitles, among others: "Stronger Than Steel", ...
MUSIC FOR NATIONS, The Celebrated Heavy Metal, Rock And Prog Record Label, Has Returned
Music For Nations, the celebrated and legendary heavy metal, rock and prog record label has returned. In a series of reissues, the label will celebrate iconic records by some of the world's most influential bands. The label will also sign new artists for the first time in over a decade. Music For Nations' importance cannot ...
Beyond the Red Mirror - BLIND GUARDIAN
Previewing their tenth album "Beyond the Red Mirror" with the previously-released "Twilight of the Gods" EP, German power-symphonic metal maestros BLIND GUARDIAN capitalize on a long break with an encompassing and magical effort. For "Beyond the Red Mirror", the band worked with three different worldwide choirs from Budapest, Prague and Boston, along with two full-scale ...
Video: GEOFF TATE Performs 'Jet City Woman' With MEGADETH, ANGRA, Ex-BLACK SABBATH Members
Fan-filmed video footage of former QUEENSRŸCHE singer Geoff Tate performing the band's song "Jet City Woman" with a backing group consisting of David Ellefson (MEGADETH), Ross The Boss (MANOWAR), Vinny Appice (BLACK SABBATH, DIO, HEAVEN & HELL) and Kiko Loureiro (ANGRA) during the November 22 "Metal All Stars" concert at Espaço das Américas in ...
MANOWAR's Return To Japan Delayed By Los Angeles Dock Fire
Due to circumstances beyond either the promoter's or MANOWAR's control, the band will be unable to perform at Loud Park festival on October 18. MANOWAR will instead play two concerts at Zepp Diver City in Tokyo on October 29 and October 30. The promoters of Loud Park festival have announced that all details about tickets ...
Maximum Overload - DRAGONFORCE
DRAGONFORCE is a band you either appreciate or you don't. It's a fact. Normally a band bearing such insane talent would rule the world, though no one will ever deny DRAGONFORCE is lacking a substantial audience. They're one of the fastest, most precise bands out there, but they have their share of haters as supporters ...
MANOWAR Postpones U.S. Tour In Order To Concentrate On New Studio Album
According to a post on the Facebook page of the Starland Ballroom in Sayreville, New Jersey, MANOWAR has announced its return to the studio to begin work on the band's next studio album. In order to concentrate on the as-yet-unnamed new disc, and "due to scheduling conflicts," MANOWAR has decided to postpone its ...
ZAKK WYLDE, JAMES LABRIE, GEOFF TATE, DAVID ELLEFSON, VINNY APPICE To Take Part In 'Metal All Stars'
There have been quite a few unmistakable characters that heavy metal has given us over the years. On Tuesday, December 16, an impressive amount of these renowned names will unite as the Metal All Stars for a special one-off concert at O2 Academy Brixton in Londonn England. Tickets will go on general sale at 9 ...
JACK STARR'S BURNING STARR: 'Sands Of Time' Video Released
"Sands Of Time", the new video from the U.S. power metal act JACK STARR'S BURNING STARR, can be seen below. The song is taken from band's latest studio album, "Land Of The Dead", which was released in 2011 on CD via Limb Music, and two years later on vinyl via Blood And Iron. The clip, ...
JACK STARR'S BURNING STARR To Release 'Sands Of Time' Video
On June 25, U.S. power metal act JACK STARR'S BURNING STARR will release the "Sands Of Time" video clip. The song is taken from band's latest studio album, "Land Of The Dead", which was released in 2011 on CD via Limb Music, and two years later on vinyl via Blood And Iron. The clip, which ...
MANOWAR's JOEY DEMAIO Talks To 'Met Al Metal' About Band's First-Ever Appearance In Israel (Audio)
June 2, 2014 0 Comments
"Met Al Metal" — Israel's metal radio show hosted by brothers Lior and Niv Peleg — conducted an interview with MANOWAR bassist and producer Joey DeMaio ahead of the band's first-ever appearance in the country, which took place on May 21 at Hangar 11 in Tel-Aviv. You can now listen to the chat in the ...
DEATH DEALER: 'Hammer Down' Video Released
"Hammer Down", the new video from DEATH DEALER, the band featuring MANOWAR and the DICTATORS guitarist Ross "The Boss" Friedman alongside vocalist Sean Peck (CAGE), guitarist Stu Marshall (producer and guitarist for such voices as Udo Dirkschneider and Steve Grimmett), bassist Mike Davis (HALFORD, LIZZY BORDEN), and drummer Steve Bolognese (INTO ETERNITY), can be seen ...
Triumph and Power - GRAND MAGUS
Swedish trad metallers GRAND MAGUS have enjoyed a respectable global following as a subtler Scandinavian answer to MANOWAR. As would be expected by their seventh album, "Triumph and Power", there's no letting up with these guys. Consider this one 2014's best album to read the latest issue of "Red Sonja" by. The first three songs, ...
Bulgarian Heavy Metal Museum On National Tour
According to the FOCUS Information Agency, a museum dedicated to heavy metal music was launched by the mayor of the Bulgarian coastal town of Kavarna, Tsonko Tsonev (pictured). Dubbed Kmetal — a combination of the word "mayor," which in Bulgarian is "kmet" and heavy "metal" music — the museum is now on ...
MAX CAVALERA Talks To Sweden's ROCKNYTT About 'Metal All Stars' Tour (Video)
Last week, Sofia Bergström of Sweden's Rocknytt.net conducted an interview with Max Cavalera (SOULFLY, CAVALERA CONSPIRACY, KILLER BE KILLED) during the European "Metal All Stars" tour. You can now watch the chat below. The "Metal All Stars" played their first-ever show at Arena Armeec in Sofia, Bulgaria on March 23. Check out fan-filmed ...
ZAKK WYLDE Talks To Sweden's ROCKNYTT About 'Metal All Stars' Tour (Video)
Last week, Sofia Bergström of Sweden's Rocknytt.net conducted an interview with Zakk Wylde (BLACK LABEL SOCIETY, OZZY OSBOURNE) during the European "Metal All Stars" tour. You can now watch the chat below. The "Metal All Stars" played their first-ever show at Arena Armeec in Sofia, Bulgaria on March 23. Check out fan-filmed video ...
'Metal All Stars' Featuring ZAKK WYLDE, MAX CAVALERA, JOEY BELLADONNA, UDO DIRKSCHNEIDER: Video Of Entire Sofia Concert
The "Metal All Stars" played their first-ever show at Arena Armeec in Sofia, Bulgaria on March 23. Check out fan-filmed video footage of the entire concert in two parts below. The lineup of musicians performing at the event included: * Zakk Wylde (BLACK LABEL SOCIETY) * Max Cavalera (SOULFLY, ex-SEPULTURA) * Joey Belladonna (ANTHRAX) * ...
Video: ANTHRAX, Ex-ACCEPT, MANOWAR, SHINEDOWN Members Perform THE ROLLING STONES Classic On Swedish TV
"Metal All Stars" musicians Joey Belladonna (ANTHRAX), Ross "The Boss" Friedman (MANOWAR), Udo Dirkschneider (U.D.O., ex-ACCEPT) and Jasin Todd (SHINEDOWN) took part in an interview and a performance of an acoustic cover version of THE ROLLING STONES classic "You Can't Always Get What You Want" during an appearance on this morning's (Thursday, March 27) edition ...
MAX CAVALERA Talks 'Metal All Stars' Tour On Bulgaria's RADIO TANGRA (Video)
Bulgaria's Radio Tangra conducted an interview with Max Cavalera (SOULFLY, CAVALERA CONSPIRACY, KILLER BE KILLED, SEPULTURA) after his first rehearsals with the other musicians on the 2014 "Metal All Stars" tour. Check out the chat below. The "Metal All Stars" played their first-ever show to a sold-out Arena Armeec in Sofia, Bulgaria on March 23. ...
MANOWAR: Fan-Filmed Footage Of Saint-Petersburg Concert
Fan-filmed video footage of MANOWAR performing the song "Hail And Kill" on March 23 at SK Yubileyny in Saint-Petersburg, Russia can be seen below. Released on February 28, "Kings Of Metal MMXIV" is a completely new recording with many surprises, celebrating the 25th anniversary of the release of "Kings Of Metal" and MANOWAR's following world ...
ZAKK WYLDE, MAX CAVALERA, JOEY BELLADONNA, UDO DIRKSCHNEIDER Kick Off 'Metal All Stars' Tour In Bulgaria
The "Metal All Stars" played their first-ever show to a sold-out Arena Armeec in Sofia, Bulgaria on March 23. The lineup of musicians performing at the event included: * Zakk Wylde (BLACK LABEL SOCIETY) * Max Cavalera (SOULFLY, ex-SEPULTURA) * Joey Belladonna (ANTHRAX) * Ross "The Boss" Friedman (ex-MANOWAR) * Udo Dirkschneider (U.D.O., ex-ACCEPT) * ...
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New Hampshire Fisher Cats 2019 Report, part 3: Relief Pitchers
October 17, 2019 October 17, 2019 Jay Blue
We continue our more in-depth look at the New Hampshire Fisher Cats by looking at relief pitchers. We begin with the pitchers who made the most appearances and work our way downwards from there. If a player played for more than one team over the course of the season, he'll be grouped according to the club he played the most with.
We begin our look at the relievers with lefty Jake Fishman. The 24-year-old had another strong year, pitching the full year with the Fisher Cats, posting a 3.45 ERA and 1.26 WHIP, striking out an excellent 27.5% of batters while walking only 6.7% over 62 2/3 innings. While he didn't get a promotion in 2019, Fishman could be well positioned for a 2020 season in Buffalo with a chance for a cup of coffee in Toronto by season's end.
Hard-throwing righty Jackson McClelland, the Jays' 15th-round pick in 2015, continued to rise through the system hoping to crack the major league roster. He began the season in New Hampshire, coming in second with 32 appearances and throwing 42 1/3 innings with a 2.98 ERA and 1.28 WHIP, striking out a solid 23.5% of batters while walking a fairly high 11.7%. He earned a late-season call up to Buffalo and struggled with his control, seeing his walks rise to 17.2% while his strikeout rate dropped slightly to 21.9%. McClelland also had a 6.00 ERA in Buffalo while his WHIP jumped to 1.53. I think Jackson will get another shot at Buffalo in 2020 and could make his big league debut next year as well.
Bryan Baker, another hard-thrower spent his Age-24 season split between Double-A and Triple-A. He started with New Hampshire, throwing 32 innings over 31 outings with a 2.81 ERA and 1.19 WHIP, while posting an outstanding strikeout rate of 30.1% while walking 15.0% of batters. After his promotion to Buffalo, Baker threw another 22 innings with a 3.68 ERA and 1.50 WHIP, striking out 31.3% of batters but walking 16.2%. Like McClelland, Baker needs to get his walk rate down as he continues his rise to the majors, likely back in Triple-A in 2020.
Vinny Nittoli, photo credit: Kristin Basnett
The Blue Jays signed righty Vinny Nittoli after he was released by the Diamondbacks organization in May, sending him to Double-A New Hampshire. Nittoli, 28, started his season in Triple-A Reno, posting a 9.50 ERA and 1.83 WHIP over 18 innings, striking out 23.0% of batters and walking 10.3% before he was cut loose by the D-backs. Nittoli posted better numbers with the Fisher Cats, throwing 42 2/3 innings with a 3.80 ERA and 1.05 WHIP, striking out 22.7% of batters and walking only 4.6%. I'm not sure about his contract situation so the Jays could have an option on him for 2020.
Danny Young has been a lefty mainstay of the Blue Jays' organization since being drafted in 2015. Young started 2019 in BUffalo, getting into five games but posting a 12.46 ERA and a 1.072 OPS against through 4 1/3 innings before he was sent to New Hampshire. From the end of April to the end of July, Young was pitching for New Hampshire but he did get a chance to show what he could do in Buffalo again, throwing 4 1/3 innings with just one run against on seven hits with four strikeouts and no walks before going back to New Hampshire for the end of the season. Overall with the Fisher Cats, Young was excellent, posting a 1.79 ERA and 1.21 WHIP over 40 1/3 innings, striking out 18.9% of batters while walking 11.8%. While the walks are a little high, Young should get another shot at Buffalo in 2020.
25-year-old righty Dany Jimenez spend the first two and a half months in Dunedin where he had some solid numbers over 25 1/3 innings, with a 3.55 ERA and 1.26 WHIP, striking out a whopping 43.9% of batters while walking only 8.4%. He moved up to New Hampshire where, over 33 2/3 innings, his peripherals regressed to a 34.3% strikeout rate and 9.0% walk rate but he proved very hard to hit, posting a 1.87 ERA and 1.01 WHIP, earning the Reliever of the Year award from Blue Jays from Away. Jimenez could start 2020 in New Hampshire but he could also begin in Buffalo.
At 26 years old, non-drafted free agent William Ouellette has shown himself to be up to the task of pitching anywhere the Blue Jays send him. Starting in Dunedin, Ouellette pitched six times before moving up to Buffalo where he allowed a run on a hit with a strikeout in three innings before going back to Dunedin for three more appearances. He pitched in New Hampshire twice before going back to Buffalo for the end of May and first half of June, finishing with a hitless and walkless outing, striking out three in three innings before moving back to New Hampshire for the remainder of the year. Overall Ouellette had a 2.30 ERA and 0.70 WHIP over 15 2/3 innings for Dunedin, striking out 20 batters and walking only one while he threw 43 2/3 innings with New Hampshire, posting a 3.71 ERA and 1.28 WHIP, striking out only 13.2% of batters and walking 5.5%. He struck out 20.9% in Buffalo but didn't walk anyone over 11 1/3 innings. I think Ouellette could spend more time in New Hampshire in 2020 but a stint or two in Buffalo wouldn't surprise me either.
Willy Ortiz, 24, spent time on the IL this year and got into 16 games for the Fisher Cats, starting four and throwing 54 innings, piggybacking with Nate Pearson much of the time. That said, Ortiz struggled at the new level, posting a 5.83 ERA and 1.43 WHIP, striking out 18.6% and walking 10.2%. Ortiz will probably come back to New Hampshire next year.
Righty Francisco Rios, 24, hasn't had an easy time of it the last couple of years. Rios threw seven times for the Fisher Cats, posting a 5.93 ERA and 1.46 WHIP over 13 2/3 innings, striking out nine and walking three before moving up to Buffalo for two outings, giving up two runs on four hits and one walk with one strikeout. He was sent to extended spring training and then was loaned to the Mexico City Red Devils where he logged 32 innings with a 3.94 ERA and 1.34 WHIP, striking out 24 and walking 15. I'm not sure what the loan to the Mexican League portends for Rios. He could be back in 2020 but he might not be.
Jonathan Cheshire also had a bumpy season for the Blue Jays. Tossing four games with the Dunedin Blue Jays, the 24-year-old allowed two runs in 6 1/3 innings, striking out four and walking four and he moved up to New Hampshire, allowing eight runs (six earned) over 11 2/3 innings before he got another promotion to Buffalo where he wasn't bad, allowing only two runs on six hits and three walks in 8 1/3 innings, striking out four. Released by the Blue Jays, Cheshire went to the independent Atlantic League, pitching for the Somerset Patriots and was lights out, posting a 0.55 ERA and 0.80 WHIP, striking out 19 and walking just three in 16 1/3 innings before he was signed by the Minnesota Twins who sent him to Double-A Pensacola where he threw 13 2/3 innings with a 0.00 ERA and 0.95 WHIP, striking out 14 and walking just four.
Andrew Case
Canadian Andrew Case, 26, returned to New Hampshire in 2019, getting into just three games and giving up four runs on 10 hits with two walks and three strikeouts in 6 2/3 innings before he retired.
Minor Leagues, New Hampshire Fisher Cats permalink
← New Hampshire Fisher Cats 2019 Report, part 2: Starting Pitchers
New Hampshire Fisher Cats 2019 Report, part 4: Hitters →

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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La educación no formal (ENF) hace referencia a todas aquellas actividades que se llevan a cabo fuera del ámbito escolar, fuera de la estructura del sistema escolarizado, así mismo pretendiendo desarrollar competencias intelectuales y morales de los individuos. Se entiende como "educación no formal" al conjunto de procesos, medios e instituciones específicas y diferencialmente diseñados, en función de explícitos objetivos de formación o de instrucción, que no están directamente dirigidos a la provisión de los grados propios del sistema educativo reglado".

La educación no formal es un tipo de educación que va a comprender todos los procesos y prácticas que involucren a un grupo social heterogéneo, pero cuya estructura institucional no certifica para ciclos escolarizados, es decir, que tiene una intencionalidad educativa y una planificación del proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje, solamente que esta va a ocurrir fuera del ámbito escolar.

Una de las principales diferencias con la educación formal es que las actividades englobadas en la educación no formal son generalmente independientes unas de otras, aunque puede que algunas sean integrantes de otros sistemas más amplios de desarrollo (industrial, de salud). En algunos otros casos, también pueden estar ligadas al sistema de educación formal como algunos programas para adultos. Otras diferencias claras son sus medida institucionales, sus objetivos educativos, su patrocinio y los grupos a los que atienden.

También podemos encontrar semejanzas entre ambas, por ejemplo, tanto la educación no formal como la formal han sido organizadas para aumentar y mejorar el proceso de aprendizaje informal y, en algunas ocasiones, sus métodos también son muy parecidos.

Antecedentes
El término de educación no formal se acuñó para romper con la idea de que la educación solo se podía dar en los sistemas formales de educación y que solo "era dada en las primeras etapas de vida y terminando en la juventud". Así mismo surge para satisfacer la demanda que la sociedad le hace a la educación, durante los años sesenta un análisis educativo detectó lo que en aquel tiempo se llamó "crisis mundial de la educación", crisis que en forma especial se daba en los sistemas educativos formales (escuelas). Los sistemas educativos formales se seguían manteniendo bajo los mismos medios, instituciones y principios convencionales con los que habían estado funcionando hasta el momento y difícilmente estaban en disposición de satisfacer la demanda educativa que la misma sociedad hacía. La escuela comenzaba a ser severamente cuestionada, pero a finales de los años sesenta empezó a ver la luz cuando las críticas se dirigieron de forma global a la Institución. El conjunto de estas críticas hacían que la confianza en dicha Institución, la cual se convirtió en una panacea, fuera cada vez menor.

Actualmente, y como resultado de todo esto, encontramos que la escuela sigue ocupando un lugar importante dentro de la sociedad, sin embargo, ya no es ninguna clase de monopolio educativo, en primer lugar porque la escuela es uno de los varios medios por el cual se da un proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje momentáneo, y en segundo lugar porque el marco institucional y metodológico de la escuela no es siempre el idóneo para atender todas las necesidades y demandas educativas que se van presentando. Por lo anterior, surgió la necesidad de crear nuevos medios y entornos educativos que fueran complementados con la escuela, a los que se les nombró "no formales". Es entonces cuando a finales de los años setenta se acomoda en el lenguaje pedagógico el término "Educación no formal".

La educación no formal comenzó a ser popular en 1967 con la Internacional Conference on World Crisis in Education que se celebró en Virginia, Estados Unidos|EE. UU.]], la elaboración de un documento base para los trabajos de este congreso le fue encargado al Instituto Internacional de Planeamiento de la Educación de la UNESCO dirigido en aquel entonces por P.H. Coombs, en el cual se hacía énfasis en la necesidad de desarrollar medios educativos diferentes a los convencionales, a estos medios se les adjudicó el nombre de educación informal y formal. Para 1968, Coombs y sus colaboradores propusieron la distinción entre la educación formal, no formal e informal, en 1974 ya se definían estos conceptos de la siguiente manera: la educación formal es la institucionalizada, cronológicamente graduada y jerárquicamente estructurada, comprende desde los primeros años de escuela primaria hasta los últimos años de la universidad, la educación no formal es toda actividad educativa, organizada y sistemática que se da fuera del marco oficial de la institución escolar, para facilitar el aprendizaje a niños como a adultos, la educación informal es un proceso que se da durante toda la vida de una persona, en el cual se adquieren y acumulan conocimientos, habilidades y actitudes mediante las experiencias propias de cada individuo y la relación con el ambiente.

También para inicios de los años setenta se formaron grupos institucionalizados para el estudio de la educación no formal, así mismo, el concepto de educación no formal fue acogido por la UNESCO. Cabe destacar que el Bureau Intenational d'Éducation como revistas internacionales de educación comenzaron a dedicar números enteros al tema educación no formal. La Enciclopedia Internacional de la Educación en su tercer volumen incluyó ocho artículos específicamente dedicados a la educación no formal, en 1981 se dio el Seminario Iberoamericano sobre "Modalidades no formales en la educación de adultos", organizado por la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, en 1983 se celebró en Salamanca el Seminario Interuniversitario de Teoría de la Educación en el cual se abordaron conceptos de educación formal, no formal e informal, una prioridad para el futuro, y para 1991 en Llanes se celebró el X Seminario Interuniversitario de Teoría de la Educación que fue dedicado a la educación no formal.

Autores

Philip H. Coombs
Philip Hall Coombs, en su libro La crisis mundial de la educación (1971), resultado de la Conferencia Internacional sobre la Crisis Mundial de la Educación en 1967, es el primero en categorizar la educación según sus objetivos, sus prácticas pedagógicas, y los espacios físicos en que los que se desarrollan.

Su propuesta se sustenta en la necesidad del estudio interdisciplinar para explicar la complejidad educativa, enfatizando el reconocimiento de los "otros sistemas indefinidos de enseñanza", reconociendo la gran diversidad y confusión terminológica que existe para referirse al conjunto de actividades encontradas fuera de los espacios formales de educación, que afectan a las vidas de muchas personas y que contribuyen al desarrollo de los individuos y de las comunidades.

En un principio, tan solo se divide la educación en dos sectores: formal e informal. Sin embargo, el autor es consciente de que este último sector abarca dos tipos de actividades: aquellas que han sido conformadas a través de intervenciones pedagógicas específicas y aquellas que no lo han sido.

Es hasta 1973 que Philip H. Coombs, con ayuda de Roy C. Prosser y Manzoor Ahamed, en un resumen escrito para le revista Perspectivas (1973) de las ideas principales de la conocida obra de Coombs y Ahmed La lucha contra la pobreza rural (1974), hacen énfasis en la necesidad de crear una "nueva terminología educativa" que permita la nueva clasificación de las diversas formas no convencionales de educación, proponiendo estos tres conceptos y definiciones:

Educación formal: "el sistema educativo jerarquizado, estructurado, cronológicamente graduado, que va desde la escuela primaria hasta la universidad e incluye[...]"

Educación informal: "proceso a lo largo de toda la vida a través del cual cada individuo adquiere actitudes, valores, destrezas y conocimientos de la experiencia diaria y de las influencias y recursos educativos de su entorno [...]"
Educación no formal: "cualquier actividad educativa organizada fuera del sistema del sistema formal establecido -tanto si opera independientemente o como una importante parte de una actividad más amplia- que está orientada a servir a usuarios y objetivos de aprendizaje identificables".

En esta última definición, podemos observar que el término "no formal" tan solo abarca aquellos programas educativos organizados de alguna manera no forman parte del sistema formal. No se menciona, en ningún caso, que los métodos pedagógicos utilizados sean necesariamente no convencionales.

Un año después, en 1974, con la publicación del libro La lucha contra la pobreza rural. El aporte de la educación no formal (1974) Coombs y Ahmed proponen una nueva manera de definir la educación partiendo de una consideración "funcional" de la educación, es decir, parten del análisis de las necesidades de los estudiantes para crear medios educativos adecuados que respondan correctamente a esas necesidades. De igual manera, ven a la educación como un proceso ilimitado en tiempo y en espacios que no solo se encuentra en las escuelas o en los años que cursas en estas.

Tomando estos aspectos en consideración crean una nueva manera de ver la educación: "un proceso permanente que se extiende desde los primeros años de la infancia hasta la edad adulta y que implica, necesariamente, una gran variedad de métodos y fuentes".

A partir de esto, crean nuevas definiciones a los tres conceptos antes planteados, pues consideraban que las primeras dejaban mucho que desear. Ellos definen los tres sectores de la educación como:

 Educación formal:  "es, naturalmente, el sistema educativo altamente institucionalizado, cronológicamente graduado y jerárquicamente estructurado que se extiende desde los primeros años de las escuela primaria hasta los últimos años de la universidad."
 Educación informal: "un proceso que dura toda la vida y en el que las personas adquieren y acumulan conocimientos, habilidades, actitudes y modos de discernimiento mediante las experiencias diarias y su relación con el medio ambiente; esto es, en la casa, en el trabajo, divirtiéndose [...] En general, la educación informal carece de organización y frecuentemente de sistema; sin embargo, representa la mayor parte del aprendizaje total de la vida de una persona..."
 Educación no formal: "comprende toda actividad organizada, sistemática, educativa, realizada fuera del marco del sistema oficial, para facilitar determinadas clases de aprendizaje a subgrupos particulares de la población, tanto adultos como niños."

Entendida de este modo, la educación no formal comprende, citando a los autores, los programas de extensión agrícola y de capacitación de agricultores, los programas de alfabetización de adultos, la formación acelerada impartida fuera de la enseñanza oficial, etc.

Educación no formal según los tipos de naciones

Coombs realiza una diferenciación del concepto de acuerdo a los tipos de naciones: industrializadas y en vías de desarrollo.

Naciones industrializadas
Según Coombs, la educación no formal o informal en las naciones industrializadas está encaminado a compensar y complementar las deficiencias del sistema formal de educación para satisfacer:
 Movilidad laboral; convertir impleables en empleables
 Actualización/Capacitación constante en favor de la productividad
 Mejora en la calidad de vida; enriquecer el ocio

Naciones en vías de desarrollo
Por sus características distintas, las naciones en vías de desarrollo utilizan la educación no formal como medio para compensar la falta de bases sólidas del sistema educativo, enfocándose en la atención a quienes jamás accedieron al sistema educativo, o en su defecto, a quienes desertaron y buscan reintegrarse a un modelo educativo.

Gonzalo Vázquez
Para comprender mejor como diferenciar los contextos educativos -formal, informal, no formal- Vázquez (1998) considera que todos tienen relaciones de semejanzas y diferencias de acuerdo a cuatro criterios: estructuración, universalidad, duración e institución.

 Estructuración: en este primer criterio, se habla de la forma de organización de las prácticas educativas. Esta presente principalmente en la educación formal debido a que esta jerárquicamente estructurada y se organiza por niveles/ciclos. También podemos encontrarla en la educación no formal gracias a que algunos tipos de programas o cursos están estructurados. En donde definitivamente no la podemos encontrar es en la educación informal, dejándola fuera de este criterio.
 Universalidad: se refiere a quienes va dirigida y a quienes afecta el tipo educativo. El aprendizaje informal afecta a todos, debido a la capacidad que tiene el ser humano de aprender de todo y todos, por lo tanto cumple con este criterio. El aprendizaje formal solo es universal en algunos niveles (educación primaria, secundaria y -en algunos países- bachillerato). El aprendizaje no formal es más específico con sus destinatarios, un ejemplo sería los programas de alfabetización para adultos mayores, que va dirigido específicamente a aquellos adultos mayores que no saben leer ni escribir.
 Duración: se refiere a la permanencia y duración de determinado contexto. El contexto formal y el no formal tienen una duración bien definida, el primero estaría definido por los años que curses en el sistema escolarizado y el segundo por lo general tiene una duración limitada en años, días y horas. Mientras que en el contexto informal tiene una duración ilimitada, debido a que abarca toda nuestra vida, nunca dejamos de aprender.
 Institución: se refiere a la institucionalización de la práctica educativa. La educación formal es la más institucionalizada, debido a que es la única que tiene una institución específica que la imparte como la escuela o las universidades. La educación no formal se puede dar dentro de una institución (como los hospitales o los museos) pero también se puede dar fuera de esta. La educación informal es la menos institucionalizada, debido a que no hay lugares específicos en los que se imparta.

Características de la educación no formal
Para la educación no formal se le han asignado nombres como "educación paralela", "no escolar", "extraescolar". Con el fin de presentarse como un parasistema no convencional del aprendizaje.

En sus características generales se encuentra que:

 Normalmente se da fuera de instituciones educativas.
 Es una educación estructurada.
 Se puede ocupar en una "educación permanente", como por ejemplo, en capacitaciones.
 Se ocupa como complemento de la educación formal.
 Es voluntaria.
 Sus contenidos abarcan áreas específicas.
 No está regulada por ningún tipo de ley.
 Está asociada a grupos y organizaciones comunitarios de la sociedad civil.
 No suele conducir a un tipo de certificación.
 Es un aprendizaje intencional visto desde la perspectiva del alumno.

Objetivos de la educación no formal
Los objetivos de la educación no formal, se pueden enlistar de la siguiente forma:
 Crear programas educativos que propicien actitudes, valores, competencias y formas de organización social, capaces de operar en el cambio y que atiendan las necesidades existentes.
 Crear programas de capacitación que amplíen las oportunidades de empleo, mejora en el ingreso familiar y modificación de condiciones de vida.
 Transmisión de conocimientos básicos y habilidades para la comunicación y la integración de la sociedad.
 Los programas van dirigidos a personas distintas en edad, género, estatus social, raza, etc.

Ventajas y desventajas de la educación no formal
Las ventajas de la educación no formal, se pueden clasificar de la siguiente forma:

 Se planifica al margen del sistema escolar formal.
 Existe flexibilidad en edad, horarios y en el programa de estudios.
 Tiene un fin concreto, ya que se enseñan y aprenden habilidades específicas.
 Ayuda a aumentar la alfabetización.
 Existe un amplio rango de actividades que apoyan y facilitan el aprendizaje.
 Fomenta la continuidad educativa y ayudan a que exista una educación para todos.
Las desventajas de la educación no formal, son:

 Muchas veces carece la asistencia por parte de los aspirantes.
 No se necesita ser un profesional para impartir un curso.
 Puede haber fraudes en cursos en línea.
 Cada persona es responsable de su aprendizaje y asistencia.

Factores que influyen para que la educación no formal esté vigente
 Crecimiento de la demanda educativa.
 Rentabilidad en la inversión de la educación en comparación a la convencional.
 La tecnología de información y comunicación posibilita un aprendizaje metódico y efectivo fuera de la institución escolar, sirve de base a formas de enseñanza no presenciales y potencia enormemente el aprendizaje independiente.
 La escuela ha estado más concentrada en la transmisión del saber que en generar el "saber hacer", completamente ajena al mundo laboral, cabe destacar el desfase existente entre lo que los sistemas educativos producen en cuanto a formación profesional y los requerimientos del mercado laboral, ante tal ineficiencia, la educación no formal se ha preocupado por crear programas para solventar esta deficiencia.
 Todos los cambios en torno a la vida familiar, el mundo del trabajo, el medio urbano, la marginación, etc., crean nuevas y distintas necesidades educativas que han de ser colmadas por la educación no formal.
 La crisis escolar contribuye sin duda alguna a crear medios, recursos e incluso instituciones no formales que complementen , suplan o sustituyan la educación convencional para el beneficio de un grupo específico de individuos.

El futuro de la educación no formal
Las tecnologías de la información y comunicación (TIC) han tenido un gran impacto en la educación. El intercambio de información, la atemporalidad y el acceso a una gran cantidad de recursos y materiales son algunas de las principales ventajas de incorporar las TIC en la práctica educativa (Ferro, Martínez & Otero, 2009).  De igual forma, las TIC han influenciado la educación no formal mediante nuevos formatos y tendencias.

Una de las propuestas más innovadoras en la educación son los Cursos en Línea Masivos y Abiertos (MOOC, por sus siglas en inglés). Son cursos porque tienen una fecha de inicio y de término; en línea porque se accede a ellos a través de internet; masivos, porque pueden tener una gran cantidad de alumnos; y abiertos porque cualquier persona puede acceder a ellos de forma gratuita (Siemens, 2013). Aunque, en sus orígenes se creía que serían el sustituto de la educación tradicional, hoy en día son utilizados principalmente como un instrumento de formación para la vida (Aguado, 2017).

Al igual que la educación tradicional, la educación no formal evoluciona de forma vertiginosa. Se necesita que todos los involucrados estén al pendiente de las nuevas tendencias que impactan el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. La educación no termina en la universidad, las personas aprendemos a lo largo de nuestra vida.

Ejemplos
Como ya se ha mencionado con anterioridad, la educación no formal no está regulada por algún tipo de ley, por ende, no es proporcionada por alguna institución educativa y con ello, no conduce a una certificación.

 Deportes.
 Cursos de idiomas.
 Cursos de verano.
 Museos.
 Talleres.
 Cursos técnicos.
 Capacitaciones.
 Conferencias.
Scout

Véase también
 Educación social

 Educación
 Enseñanza
 Educación formal
 Educación informal
 Educación para la paz
 Educación permanente
 Educación secundaria
 Educación primaria
 Pedagogía

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Aguado, J. (2017). ¿Pueden los MOOC favorecer el aprendizaje y hacer disminuir las tasas de abandono universitario? RIED. Revista Iberoamericana de Educación a Distancia, 20(1), 125-143. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/ried.20.1.16684
Aparici, R. y Osuna, S (2010). "Educomunicación y cultura digital" en Aparici, R. (Coord.) Educomunicación más allá del 2.0. Barcelona: Gedisa, p. 307-318.
 Bolaños, Martínez Víctor Hugo. Compendio de historia de la educación en México. Editorial Porrúa. México, 2002.
 Buckingham, D. (2008). Más allá de la tecnología. Aprendizaje en la era de la cultura digital. Madrid: Manantial; p. 222-229.
 Consejo Nacional para la vida y el trabajo. Innovación para la educación y la capacitación. Miguel Ángel Porrúa Editores. México, 2004.
 De Oliveira, I. (2010). "Caminos de la educomunicación: utopías, confrontaciones y reconocimientos" en *Aparici, R. (Coord.) Educomunicación más allá del 2.0. Barcelona: Gedisa, p. 151-170.
 Delors, Jacques. La educación encierra un tesoro. Editorial UNESCO. México, 1996.
Ferro, C., Martínez. A., & Otero, M. (2009). Ventajas del uso de las tics en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje desde la óptica de los docentes universitarios españoles. EDUTEC, Revista Electrónica de Tecnología Educativa, 29, 1-12.
 Fuenzalida, V. (2005) Expectativas educativas de las audiencias televisivas. Buenos Aires: Norma; p. 13-50.
 International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie). (2018). ¿Los programas educacionales ajenos al sistema de educación formal mejoran la alfabetización de los niños en los países en desarrollo? (reporte). Corporación Andina de Fomento
Madrazo, X. (2014, 7 diciembre). Educación No Formal Documental [Vídeo]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9j7k34G1SVU&feature=youtube
Martín Barbero, J. (2001) La Educación desde la comunicación. Buenos Aires: Norma.
 Prieto Castillo, D. (2010). "Construir nuestra palabra de educadores" en Aparici, R. (Coord.) Educomunicación más allá del 2.0. Barcelona: Gedisa, p. 27-40.
 Prieto, Figueroa Luis Beltrán. Principios generales de la educación. Monte Ávila Editores, C.A. Caracas, Venezuela, 1985.
 Ramírez, Grajeda Beatriz, Anzaldúa Arce Raúl E. Formación y tendencias educativas. UNAM-Azcapotzalco. México, 2002.
 Sarramona Jaume, Vázquez Gonzalo, Colom Antoni J. Educación no formal. Editorial Ariel Educación. Barcelona, 1998.
Siemens, G. (2012, 3 de junio). What is the Theory that Underpins our MOOCs? [Blog]. Recuperado de  http://www.elearnspace.org/blog/2012/06/03/what-is-the-theory-that-underpins-our-moocs/
 Suárez Díaz Reynaldo. La educación. Editorial Trillas. México, 1980.
 Torres Martín César, Pareja Fdz. de la Reguera José Antonio. La educación no formal y diferenciada. Editorial CCS. Madrid, 2007
 Trilla, J. et al. (2003). La educación fuera de la escuela. Ámbitos no formales y educación social. Barcelona: Ariel Educación.
Trilla, J. (1997). Relaciones entre la educación formal, la no formal y la informal. En La educación fuera de la escuela (pp. 187-196). México: Ariel.
100 artículos. (2021, 20 abril). TIPOS DE EDUCACIÓN: FORMAL, INFORMAL Y NO FORMAL. 100artículos.com. Recuperado 15 de noviembre de 2021, de https://100articulos.com/tipos-de-educacion-formal-informal-y-no-formal/

Enlaces externos

Educación líquida

Educación por tipo
Educación
Educación social
Métodos pedagógicos
Filosofía de la educación

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Fair n-sided dice
I have recently bought a fair $10$-sided dice for generating equally distributed random numbers from the range $1,2,\ldots,10$. Let me describe this dice in some more detail. Consider a regular 5-gon $ABCDE$ in 3-dimensional space that is situated in the $xy$-plane so that its center lies in the origin. Consider a further point $F$ on the $z$-axis somewhere above the origin, and a point $G$ that results by reflecting $F$ across the origin. If one connects every corner of the 5-gon $ABCDE$ by two edges to $F$ and $G$, this will yield a polyhedron $P_{10}$ with 10 congruent triangular faces. My fair 10-sided dice is essentially $P_{10}$ with the sides labeled by the numbers 1,2,...,10. Throw it up into the air, look how it lands, and take the side on which it lands as your random number. (With a cube one always takes the top side, but $P_{10}$ has no top side). By the symmetry of $P_{10}$ it is obvious that all $10$ numbers are equally probable.
If I modify this construction and replace the regular 5-gon by a regular $n$-gon, I shall get a fair $2n$-sided dice with an even number of sides.
My question is whether there also exist fair $(2n+1)$-sided dice with an odd number of sides. By a fair dice I mean
a $(2n+1)$-sided polyhedron with $2n+1$ congruent sides,
so that the probability of landing on each of its sides is precisely $\frac{1}{2n+1}$.
Gamow
45k1010 gold badges145145 silver badges378378 bronze badges
AlexisAlexis
$\begingroup$ Note that if you generalize to $P_{2n}$, die with even $n$ do have a "top" face (for example, the 8-sided octahedron, a.k.a. $P_8$). You can modify $P_{2n}$ with odd $n$ to get a top face by rotating one of the two halves by half a face; such shapes are called trapezohedrons and are how most real d10s are constructed. $\endgroup$
– 2012rcampion
A partial solution
You asked for the existence of a $(2n+1)$-sided polytope/die, so that all $2n+1$ sides are congruent and so that the probability of landing on each of these sides is precisely $1/(2n+1)$.
I do not see how to mathematically model the property that the probability of landing on each of the sides is precisely $1/(2n+1)$. This seems to need some assumptions from physics and/or mechanics. Instead, I propose a purely mathematical formulation of fairness:
Definition of fairness: A polytope is a fair die, if for any two sides there exists a symmetry of the polytope that maps one side into the other one.
This fairness definition works for the standard six-sided die (which is highly symmetric) and also for the 10-sided polytope that you describe in your puzzle. Note that the definition trivially implies congruence of any two faces.
I will prove below that for this definition of fairness, there does not exist a fair die with an odd number of sides.
Non-existence proof for an odd number of sides
(1) Suppose for the sake of contradiction that there exists a $(2n+1)$-sided polytope that is fair. Let $s$ denote the number of edges of every side. The polytope has altogether $2n+1$ sides, and every side has $s$ edges. Hence the total number of edges is $(2n+1)s/2$, as every edge is counted twice.
The polytope has $e=(2n+1)s/2$ edges and $s\ge3$ is an even integer.
(2) Consider a side of the polytope. The side has $s$ vertices, and we let $d_1\le d_2\le\cdots\le d_s$ denote the number of edges that are incident to these $s$ vertices. A vertex with $d_i$ incident edges is a vertex of $d_i$ different sides. Hence, the polytope contains exactly $(2n+1)/d_i$ vertices of this particular type. We conclude:
The polytope has $v=(2n+1)(\frac{1}{d_1}+\frac{1}{d_2}+\cdots+\frac{1}{d_s})$ vertices.
(3) Next we use Euler's polyhedral formula that says that a polytope with $f$ sides (faces), $e$ edges, and $v$ vertices must satisfy $v+f-e=2$. By plugging in $f=2n+1$ and the expressions derived in (1) and (2), we get
$(2n+1)(\frac{1}{d_1}+\frac{1}{d_2}+\cdots+\frac{1}{d_s}+1-\frac{s}{2})=2 ~~~~~~(*)$
Since $d_i\ge3$ for all $i$, we furthermore derive
$(2n+1)(s\frac{1}{3}+1-\frac{s}{2}) ~\ge~ (2n+1)(\frac{1}{d_1}+\frac{1}{d_2}+\cdots+\frac{1}{d_s}+1-\frac{s}{2}) ~=~ 2 $
Since $2n+1$ is positive, also the value $1-s/6$ in the other bracket must be positive; this implies $s\le5$. Since $s\ge3$ is an even integer, we arrive at the following fact:
$s=4$
(4) Since $s=4$, the equation $(*)$ now simplifies to
$(2n+1)(\frac{1}{d_1}+\frac{1}{d_2}+\frac{1}{d_3}+\frac{1}{d_4}-1)=2 ~~~~~~(**)$
If $d_1\ge4$, then the sum of the four reciprocals in $(**)$ would be at most $1$; a contradiction. We conclude $d_1=3$, and $(**)$ further simplifies to
$\frac{1}{d_2}+\frac{1}{d_3}+\frac{1}{d_4} ~=~ \frac{2}{3}+\frac{2}{2n+1} ~~~~~~(***)$
This only leaves four possible cases for $d_2$ and $d_3$ (in all other cases, the sum of the three reciprocals would be at most $2/3$):
(a) $d_2=3$ and $d_3=3$
(b) $d_2=3$ and $d_3=4$
(c) $d_2=3$ and $d_3=5$
(d) $d_2=4$ and $d_3=4$
(5) It remains to do the case work.
In case (a), equation $(***)$ turns into $d_4=(2n+1)/2$; this is impossible, as $d_4$ would not be integer.
In case (b), equation $(***)$ turns into $d_4=12(2n+1)/(2n+25)$. Then the odd number $2n+25$ must divide $3(2n+1)=6n+3$. Since $6n+75=3(2n+25)$, also the difference $6n+75-(6n+3)=72$ must be a multiple of the odd number $2n+25$; a contradiction.
In case (c), equation $(***)$ turns into $d_4=15(2n+1)/(4n+32)$. Then the odd number $15(2n+1)$ must be a multiple of the even number $4n+32$; another contradiction.
In case (d), equation $(***)$ turns into $d_4=6(2n+1)/(2n+13)$. Then the odd number $2n+13$ must divide $3(2n+1)=6n+3$. Since $6n+39=3(2n+13)$, also the difference $6n+39-(6n+3)=36$ must be a multiple of the odd number $2n+13$; the final contradiction.
(6) As all possible cases have ended up in a contradiction, we conclude that there is no fair die with an odd number of sides.
GamowGamow
$\begingroup$ Fair enough... When I posted my question, I did not really know how to define a fair dice. I accept your mathematical answer. If somebody comes up with a better solution that takes physics and mechanics into account, I may reconsider and accept the other solution. $\endgroup$
Let $n$ be an arbitrary positive integer.
Start with a right cylinder with cross section a regular $n$-gon. To each of the bases, attach a pyramid (with regular $n$-gon base). The resulting polyhedron has $n$ rectangular faces and $2n$ triangular faces. If the cylinder and pyramids are tall enough, it will be impossible for the die to land on the triangular faces (the center of gravity would not be over those faces). So, although this die has $3n$ sides (so it doesn't exactly answer your question), it is only possible to land on $n$ of them, and by symmetry all $n$ are equally likely.
This die looks a bit like a pencil that's sharpened at both ends.
Julian RosenJulian Rosen
$\begingroup$ Ohh, that's pretty. $\endgroup$
– No. 7892142
$\begingroup$ By continuity, you can also show that a die exists that will land on any of the $3n$ sides. As you say, in your picture the die can only land on the long faces. If we make another with very short "long" faces, it will (almost) never land on them. Somewhere in between there is a $3n$ side die that will land on each face equally. $\endgroup$
– Ross Millikan
$\begingroup$ @RossMillikan Since it quite strongly depends on how the dice is thrown, and even on things like air pressure, dew point, local gravity and table surface, such dice can hardly ever be considered fair. $\endgroup$
– yo'
I can loosely prove that such dice exist for n > 1, though actually constructing such a die might be trickier.
Consider a pyramid whose base is a regular 2n-sided polygon, with a height h. This shape has 2n+1 faces.
As h approaches 0, it becomes more and more likely that the die lands on its base, asymptotically approaching 1/2 probability, as this shape approaches a flat "coin". As h approaches infinity, it becomes less and less likely that the die lands on its base, asymptotically approaching 0 probability. I claim that the probability of landing on the base is continuous, and so there must be some value for the height such that the probability of landing on the base is 1/(2n+1), as 0 < 1/(2n+1) < 1/2. The rest of the faces then total (2n)/(2n+1) probability, and by symmetry must each also have a 1/(2n+1) probability of coming up.
A similar construction is also possible with a (2n-1)-polygon-prism instead of a (2n)-polygon-pyramid.
Joe KJoe K
$\begingroup$ Not completely satisfactory because one face is singled out. The probability can change depending on how you throw the die, but I don't think you can do better. $\endgroup$
– Florian F
$\begingroup$ Probably even less satisfactory because the probability of landing on the 'bottom' face is likely to be affected by factors such as the elasticity of the surface onto which it is tossed and/or the amount of angular momentum given to the die when it is thrown. $\endgroup$
– Penguino
For practicality, you would just take a 2n die and treat opposing sides as equal on the lower half. For example, a 6 sided die could be used as a three sided die with two of each possibility, 1 and 6 are 1, 2 and 5 are 2, and 3 and 4 are 3. Die faces are properly labeled so that opposing sides total to the same amount (7 on a 6 sided die) and if you're using a D20 (opposing sides total 21) to roll for a D10 since you lost it under the couch or the roommate's cat ate it, you would use the rolled number if 10 or less or subtract it from 21 if 11 or more. Or you could alternately just relabel the sides before using it.
Jessie JonesJessie Jones
$\begingroup$ 1 and 6 are 1, 2 and 5 are 2, and 3 and 4 are 3. Eww, just halve the top face and round up. $\endgroup$
– Jacob Raihle
$\begingroup$ @JacobRaihle From my experience, that much more confusing. What I do to obtain a 3-sided dice is that I erase (or colour in black or fill or whatever) some of the dots, namely changing 6 to 1 (keeping one of the middle dots), 5 to 3 (keeping 3 dots in a line) and 4 to 2 (keeping two diagonal dots). This works wonders. $\endgroup$
Geometrically, it is the TOP face that is the value, and a corresponding BOTTOM face that rests on a surface (a table). A die consists of numbered faces each of the same size. Since each side must have a corresponding face on the opposite sides, there is no circumstance where an odd number would not end with a vertex on top (unless somehow the die rested on its edge.) Instead, use the suggestion above and use an even number of faces that are labeled the same, i.e the top and bottom always are the same label. In this fashion you can make "fair dice" for any value >2
LegalITguyLegalITguy
$\begingroup$ Each face on a die does not necessarily have an opposite side: upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/… $\endgroup$
A similar solution to the one provided by Julien Rosen is when your sides are mathematically speaking not sides, because your dice is not a polytope. Rather, it has $n$ smooth surfaces as sides, with $n$ smooth curves as edges and $2$ vertices, and it looks a bit like a rugby ball or a straight banana. This is a fair dice that can (in theory) be made with any number of faces.
yo'yo'
$\begingroup$ The question defines dice as being polyhedrons. $\endgroup$
– f''
Make an n-1 sided (even) dice as per your description and flatten the top and bottom. Label the top and bottom with "n". By continuity, there is a cutoff where landing on the ends matches the probability of landing on the sides. This would be hard to agree this die is fair.
Warren MacEvoyWarren MacEvoy
Building the ideal Scrabble dice set
Loaded Dice with Uniform Sum
Crazy Dice - Unusual Dice with Usual Sum
Relabeling two 20-sided dice without changing their total
Make 2 dice out of 3 dice
Deceptive dice game
How to simulate one die with three dice?
A Pair of Odd (but Still Balanced) Dice
Four unfair dice


We have so much snow around our house that I'm thinking it will take weeks to melt.
There are layers of ice in it too.
I've got a three day weekend and a puzzle to finish (I seem to leave the skies for last) and Olympics to watch.
Did you see Johnny Weir? He got a little catty the other day re someone's thick legs but Tara shut him down pretty quickly.
This is an absolutely splendid list of Modern Curses.
Mr. Neistat says he edited himself to make it seem like he's better at snowboarding than he really is. Whatever. I love it all the same.
One would have thought that just after he'd invented the beautifully graceful and silent door, he'd have found a way to have the floor stop creaking.
So perfect. So fast. We had to stop the video several times to prove to ourselves that everyone was doing his job.
Thankyouthankyouthankyou for following me to blackbirdseventeen.com.
I had to Google Neistat, never heard from :( but I loved his video.
F1 pit stops have always been epic.
I love your new colours, soothing.
Yes--that floor! But a cool door.
And amazing efficiency on the racecar front.
That snowboarder made me think of my slalom days as a waterskier.
Brilliant curses. Thick haired children always with nits. Oooooh.


On this week's show, Stefan and James discuss Scotland's losses to Israel and Portugal. What went wrong? Whose fault is it? Should Alex McLeish still be the manager of the national team? All this and much more on TheTwoPointOne-Cast.


If you are interested in learning about Bonsai in a fun and friendly atmosphere, join us for a meeting as our guest. You will meet great people, then flex your green thumb and artistic license at the same time!
Expert Instruction: Tak Yamaura trained in Japan with 40+ years experience and more than 10 other advanced members with 15+ years experience.


text:
Q: Problem with ChromeDriver in Selenium 3.141.59 I'm using Selenium for Java in version 3.141.59 and the code is unable to start a chromium instance but throws an exception:

nested exception is org.openqa.selenium.SessionNotCreatedException:
  session not created: This version of ChromeDriver only supports Chrome
  version 81

The code is running on Ubuntu 18.04 with OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_252-8u252-b09-1~18.04-b09) and the chromium and chromedriver versions should fit:
chromium-browser --version
Chromium 81.0.4044.138 Built on Ubuntu , running on Ubuntu 18.04
chromedriver --version
ChromeDriver 81.0.4044.138 (8c6c7ba89cc9453625af54f11fd83179e23450fa-refs/branch-heads/4044@{#999})
Both are in $PATH for the user running this code:
which chromedriver
/usr/bin/chromedriver
which chromium-browser
/usr/bin/chromium-browser
I also tried the Selenium version 4.0.0-alpha-5 but this didn't change the behaviour.
I also tried System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "/usr/bin/chromedriver"), which didn't help either.
Any help is appreciated.

A: I found the problem: as this only happens when there are version conflicts, I looked up if there are any different versions installed:
dpkg -l |grep chrome
ii  chromium-chromedriver                 81.0.4044.138-0ubuntu0.18.04.1      amd64        WebDriver driver for the Chromium Browser
ii  google-chrome-stable                  83.0.4103.61-1                      amd64        The web browser from Google

A simple
dpkg --purge google-chrome-stable

solved the problem.

A: Can you try putting chromedriver in /usr/local/bin? then run "sudo chmod +x chromedriver"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Dr Eccleston MB ChB MBCAM is the Clinical Director and part owner of MediZen, the leading cosmetic dermatology clinic in Birmingham, UK, which has received numerous industry and consumer awards over the years, and he has over 20 years experience in the use of botulinum toxin and facial fillers.
He was the Chief Investigator on the first clinical trials of Volbella, with the results of the trial being published in the USA with him named as the lead author. He was also an investigator in the UK pre-licensing trials for Botox, Xeomin, Dysport and Azzalure, and continues his interest in clinical trials.
David runs an advanced cosmetic training centre at his clinic, and has personally trained over 3,000 doctors on advanced injection techniques in the use of botulinum toxin for cosmetic purposes, as well as in the use of dermal fillers for full facial contouring. He regularly conducts MasterClasses for doctors in aesthetic injection techniques, both in the UK and abroad.
He is a Faculty Member of the Allergan Medical Institute, dedicated to improving the skills and safe practice of aesthetic practitioners, and an acknowledged expert on the management of hyperhidrosis and migraine using Botox. He is also Allergan's appointed UK 'go-to' expert for complications arising from the use of HA fillers, and the UK representative on the International Advisory Board on Complications Management.
He is a member of The British College of Aesthetic Medicine and is a past President of The Society of Cosmetic Physicians and Surgeons. He was awarded the title of 'UK Aesthetic Doctor of the Year' in July 2016.
He is also one of the medical advisors for the UK's largest aesthetic information website, www.consultingroom.com and sits on advisory panels for a number of leading companies involved in producing products & treatments for the aesthetic market.
Dr Eccleston has appeared in many magazine articles and taken part in television and radio interviews on the subject of non-surgical medical aesthetics, and is regularly quoted and asked for comment and opinion by journalists with an interest in aesthetics.
His wife Annie is an experienced nurse injector, and his daughter Laura works at the clinic on reception. The family dog, Marmite, is still in training.


MIAMI -- A Miami federal judge has rejected requests by both sides to reject testimony from expert witnesses amid a lawsuit over a slip-and-fall suffered by a man aboard a Carnival cruise ship.
On March 19, U.S. District Judge Edwin Torres of the U.S. District Court Southern District of Florida in Miami denied motions to strike filed by both the plaintiffs and the defendants.
"Both Plaintiff and Defendant have moved to challenge the admission of the other party's proffered expert witnesses, utilizing what could generously be called a 'splat-everything-against-the-wall-and-see-what-sticks' approach. Unfortunately, neither party sets forth any good cause that supports the relief requested," Judge Torres wrote in the decision.
According to the ruling, the plaintiff, Richard Ward, was injured when he slipped and fell in his cabin on the Carnival cruise ship, Conquest.
The court decision stated that Ward challenged three of Carnival's witnesses, including Dr. Theodore Feldman, Tara Amenson and Bryan Emond.
He claimed Feldman's report was not timely; Amenson did not have the expertise to opine on some issues; and Emond's report was largely based on speculation.
The judge, however, ruled Feldman's report had been accidentally left out.
"We are satisfied that Amenson's education, training, and experience sufficiently qualify her to serve as an expert in this case. Defendant has met its burden in showing Amenson's extensive experience in this field qualifies her as an expert to render opinions at trial, and Plaintiff may challenge those qualifications during cross examination should he wish to do so," the court decision stated.
In turn, Carnival challenged a medical expert of the plaintiff's claiming the MRI report relied on diffusion tensor imaging, which is a new technology. Judge Torres wrote that most courts have been accepting DTI reports.
"A basic Westlaw search on the subject shows that numerous courts, facing challenges identical to the arguments set forth in Defendant's Motion, found DTI data to be reliable, helpful, and admissible."
Carnival also challenged two medical expert witnesses, but the court denied the motion.
"Both doctors' causation testimony is significantly more developed than one would be led to believe by Carnival's Motion, and the arguments contained in the Motion to Strike are based more on a selective reading of each expert's deposition rather than some flaw in the doctors' methodology," Judge Torres wrote.


A beautiful science-based modern quilt pattern written for 2 sizes of finished quilts. The original quilt uses colors from the light spectrum, but yours can glow in any colors you choose! Great stash buster.
This pattern assumes basic paper piecing techniques, perfect for a confident beginner or anyone wanting to increase their quilting skills.
From the author: Foundation paper pieced center stars combine with gentle curves to make an award-winning quilt that works in traditional as well as modern fabrics. Make a 29" x 29" wallhanging or a 65" x 65" lap quilt. The pattern includes instructions for applying a scalloped-edge binding. Knowledge of basic paper piecing techniques is assumed. Full color pattern booklet and all templates are included.
Written by Sylvia Schaefer of Flying Parrot Quilts, winner of the 2017 Craftsy Fellowship, and emerging quilt designer.


text:
Home»Search Results for "schitt's creek"
Search Results: schitt's creek (16)
Award-Winning Comedy "Schitt's Creek" Leaves Netflix, Heads to Hulu
By Breana Ceballos April 29, 2022
Netflix is losing fan-favorite comedy series "Schitt's Creek" later this year. But don't worry, you can stream it on Hulu!
Surprise! More to Come from The Roses and "Schitt's Creek"
By Derrick Murray August 7, 2021
Show creator/writer/star Dan and Eugene Levy have written a book…Aptly titled "Best Wishes, Warmest Regards: The Story of Schitt's Creek"
The Rosebud Motel From "Schitt's Creek" is Up For Sale
By Breana Ceballos February 11, 2021
Want to run your very own motel? Well the one from the filming of "Schitt's Creek" is now up for sale.
You Totally Need a "Schitt's Creek" Holiday Party Delivered in a Box!
By Breana Ceballos December 18, 2020
Have a "Schitt's Creek" party in a box delivered for a very special zoom celebration, only from Damn Good Shindig!
Netflix Nabs Dan Levy's Directorial Debut- "Good Grief"
By Breana Ceballos October 18, 2022
Dan Levy is set to make his directorial debut with "Good Grief" and emotional film about finding yourself after grief.
Binge It- 6 Recommended Series to Watch on Streaming Right Now
By Derrick Murray July 7, 2022
If you're like me, the "Stranger Things" craze has become a little overwhelming, especially when you consider the fact that…
10 Holiday Gift Ideas for the TV & Movie Buff Who Likes To Read
By Breana Ceballos November 5, 2021
If you know someone who LOVES movies, TV, and reading, we've got 10 gift ideas they'll love from Running Press!
Dan Levy to Co-Write, Star in Guardian Angels Comedy For Hulu
By Breana Ceballos August 8, 2021
An adult animated comedy series about guardian angels called "Standing By" will feature Dan Levy as co-writer and star.
Nerdbot Cinema Reviews: "Kingpin" Turns 25 This Month
By Derrick Murray July 22, 2021
"Kingpin" is a strange comedy you may often forget you've seen and once you rewatch, are shocked that you haven't rewatched it more often.
Predicting SAG Award Winners [Without Seeing Any of the Films]
By Derrick Murray April 3, 2021
I think it goes without saying that even in the world of streaming, 2020 was a hard year for movies.…


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As you may have noticed, The Life Edit has become something of a beauty blog as of late, something which I'm not 100% happy about. Although I do love a good lipstick from time to time, I'm wanting to get out of my current rut of only posting beauty related topics. The Life Edit was called The Life Edit as I wanted to provide readers with a bit of everything - kinda like a magazine. So although I will of course continue to ramble on about everything make up, be sure to stay tuned for more fashion/life/food procrastinations.
A brand-spankinly new layout is soon to come, too, something which I'm sure you're gonna have many sleepless nights over due to excitement... (sarcasm).
But for now, here's a fashion themed post for you feast your eyes on. Enjoy.
I'm a sucker for Topshop - love the items you've listed!
beautiful! would you like to follow eachother?


OOoh very nice!! Lots of new to me ones but a few familiar ones too! I really liked Stillhouse Lake! Just the right kind of eerie to it! And ooh Frostblood was good!! Can't wait for Fireblood! I STILL need to read the Night World series! I read one book years and years ago. Though I did buy the compilations from years back, at Borders no less! Though book #3 was from TJMaxx because it was on clearance for $3 or $4 and I couldn't say no to that! Which is what prompted me to buy compilations 1 & 2 from Borders during their closing sales. Yup. I can remember it that precisely! These were the foundation stones of my TBR pile! Really ought to read them soon!
Hope you both enjoy the lovely new reads!
Awesome haul of books this week. I hope you enjoy all of them as well. Love the covers for all of these books.
I'm adding Stillhouse Lake to my list just because it looks so creepy-cool.
A sweet Wonder book package came for me this week, I haven't read it yet so I'm excited.
I am so so drawn to The Pirate & I! I cant wait to see what you think of that one. Happy reading!


text:
Bolesław Zygmunt Kacewicz (ur. 19 listopada 1950 w Warszawie) – polski matematyk, profesor doktor habilitowany AGH.

Działalność naukowa
Najważniejsze wyniki badań naukowych Bolesława Kacewicza obejmują zbadanie złożoności obliczeniowej problemów początkowych dla równań różniczkowych zwyczajnych. Ostatnie publikowane rezultaty dotyczą modeli randomizacyjnego i kwantowego dla problemów początkowych; były to pierwsze wyniki w tych modelach i zawarte są w trzech pracach opublikowanych w Journal of Complexity w latach 2004-2006. Część wyników poświęcona jest złożoności zadań z informacją zaburzoną. Opublikował ponad 40 publikacji z czego co najmniej 35 w czasopismach z listy filadelfijskiego Instytutu Informacji Naukowej.

W latach 1991-1993 był kierownikiem grantu KBN Analiza algorytmów przetwarzania sygnałów przy informacji zaburzonej. W latach 1993-1998 był członkiem komisji Ministerstwa Finansów ds. Egzaminów Aktuarialnych. Od 1998 roku jest profesorem AGH i wykładowcą na Wydziale Matematyki Stosowanej AGH.

Dorobek dydaktyczny
 Metody numeryczne dla sztywnych układów równań różniczkowych zwyczajnych, Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, 1988 (z T. Desperatem).
 Współautor pracy zbiorowej Ubezpieczenia życiowe, wydawnictwo Poltext (1995)
 Promotor ponad dwudziestu prac magisterskich, z których jedna została nagrodzona pierwszą nagrodą w konkursie na najlepszą pracę magisterską z dziedziny ubezpieczeń.

Nagrody i odznaczenia
 Złoty Krzyż Zasługi
 Medal Komisji Edukacji Narodowej
 nagroda za najlepszą pracę opublikowaną w czasopiśmie Journal of Complexity w 2003 roku (jedna z dwóch równorzędnych)
 szereg nagród Rektora UW i Rektora AGH za pracę badawczą
 laureat Nagrody Ministra Edukacji za pracę badawczą (1982)

Przypisy

Polscy matematycy XX wieku
Polscy matematycy XXI wieku
Odznaczeni Złotym Krzyżem Zasługi
Odznaczeni Medalem Komisji Edukacji Narodowej
Urodzeni w 1950
Ludzie urodzeni w Warszawie


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text:
Hymns of the Faith: Rejoice the Lord is King
Radio Series: Hymns of the Faith: Hymns of the Faith: Rejoice the Lord is King
by Bill Wymond, Derek Thomas, J. Ligon Duncan on September 6, 2013
Hymns of the Faith
"Rejoice, the Lord Is King"
Philippians 4;
A Presentation
of First Presbyterian Church
Jackson,
Dr. Ligon Duncan, Dr. Derek Thomas, and Dr. Bill
Wymond
Dr. Wymond: Good morning! This is "Hymns of the
Faith," brought to you by Jackson's First Presbyterian Church. The minister of
the First Presbyterian Church is Dr. Ligon Duncan. Stay tuned for "Hymns of the
Faith." ….and here with "Hymns of the Faith" is Dr. Ligon Duncan.
Dr. Duncan: Thank you, Bill Wymond. This is Ligon
Duncan, along with Derek Thomas, and the three of us are here today to talk
about hymns of the faith, these great treasures of Christian devotion that have
been handed down to the church over the last two millennia, and which now we
enjoy singing Lord's Day after Lord's Day. Today we're looking at a great
Charles Wesley hymn, Rejoice, the Lord Is King.
Now for some of you, to hear that title announced
will bring to mind both the text and the song. This is, for us in our
congregation, almost always sung to DARWALL,
a tune which is named after the author. To get it into your head before we begin
talking about it, let me ask Bill Wymond if he would play
DARWALL for us. [Dr. Wymond plays.]
It's a sturdy, durable, and flexible tune. We use it for a number of different
things, and we'll talk about the tune itself in a few moments, and its composer.
Derek, I want to note right off the top of the
program that this text zeroes in on the ascension and the heavenly session,
the reigning of Jesus Christ at God's right hand of God, and works
out all manner of implications for us as believers, based on that particular
truth. Remind us a little bit about this remarkable hymn composer, Charles
Wesley, and a little bit about the background to this hymn.
Dr. Thomas: Well, Wesley of course, and his
brother John, are the founders, I suppose we would say, of Methodism, in the
eighteenth century — Charles, by far and away being more well known for his
composition of some of the best hymns in our hymnic repertoire, I suppose.
Dr. Duncan: We were saying off air that
Charles Wesley, the composer of this hymn, himself was responsible for about
fifty volumes of hymns, and in one of my background pieces here (I'm not sure
whether it's Julian or if this is in another item) it shows 63 volumes of
poetical works by John and Charles Wesley.
I know that the number of hymns that's attributed to
Charles is in the range of — what? Five thousand or more? He was incredibly
prolific in terms of his hymn writing.
Dr. Thomas: And Can It Be That I Should Gain;
Christ, the Lord, Is Risen Today; Come, Thou Long-Expected Jesus; Jesus, Lover
of My Soul; Love Divine, All Loves Excelling; O for a Thousand Tongues to
Sing; Soldiers of Christ, Arise…and on and on.
Dr. Duncan: So it's not just that he wrote a lot
of hymns; it's that he wrote a lot of hymns that are in sort of your "Top 100
List for All Time in English Hymnody," which is remarkable. There are very few
people that were able to produce so much that was of such consistently high
Dr. Thomas: And I wonder if the experience of the
Great Awakening and its aftermath…the way in which John and Charles (one thinks
of the great event in London where, in John's language, his "soul was strangely
warmed")…where if there's to be a good hymn, there has to be a wedding of great
theology, but also deep experiential value.
Dr. Duncan: Right. Bill, you were commenting on
this off the air before we came on. I don't know whether it was Julian or
someone else commenting on how the Methodist corporate experience of singing was
wedded to their passion for holiness and for Christ.
Dr. Wymond: It was interesting. When the
Methodists in college (or in university) first formed and they were using a
method of devotion and lifestyle, it says when they "declined" — and the
implication was when there was a decline spiritually — their singing went away.
And then after their conversions — the Wesley brothers and so on — and the
formation of the Methodists, they started singing, and singing became an
important part of their experience.
The same thing sort of happened in the Scottish
church, too. Their Psalm-singing declined as they had controversies over how
they ought to be doing the Psalms and so on like that, so they got to a point at
one time where they were not even singing in the Scots church in the eighteenth
century. So it's interesting how singing wells out of one's own devotional life;
and when that declines, perhaps our interest in singing declines.
Dr. Duncan: The composer of this tune, Bill is
John Darwall, and he was writing in the eighteenth century, a little bit after
the time that John and Charles Wesley were around. Tell us a little bit about
the tune itself and about the author, or the composer.
Dr. Wymond: Well, first something about John
Darwall, the composer. The thing that is remarkable about him is that he was
really not remarkable! And I don't mean that as any kind of slur upon him. He
was born in Staffordshire, England, and he served his whole life as a minister
in a parish in the Midlands called Walsall. I think that's interesting, how this
man went to this one church and served all of his life there. Actually, that
speaks well of him, that he could endure. We had a minister in our own church
here who was here for 44 years, Dr. Hutton, and long pastors can bear certain
fruit because ministers know families through various generations and have a
great impact on families, I think.
So he was at St. Matthew's Parish in Walsall, and he
was also an amateur musician and enjoyed especially setting the Psalms to new
tunes. There's a very famous version, an early version of the Psalter by Tate
and Brady — Nathan Tate and Nicolas Brady — and the tunes for those were
considered sort of old fashioned by the nineteenth century. And so Darwall
proposed writing new tunes for these versions of the Psalter, and did so. And he
said that the tunes ought to be more lively. He said you could sing six verses
in a more lively way to four verses of the old tunes that were used from Tate
and Brady. So when there was an interest in putting out a new version of Tate
and Brady, he wrote tunes that were used.
And "lively" is a good word to use for the kinds of
tunes that he did, because this tune, Rejoice, the Lord Is King, is both
lively and energetic to me. It's one of the most energetic tunes I know.
We've actually talked about this tune before, but I love the ascending line of
this as it refers back to the fundamental note, which is this note [plays],
and it jumps up by thirds [plays], then fifths [plays],
then by octaves. To me that's a very strong way for the tune to progress:
"Rejoice, the Lord is King…" and so for such an elevated thought it has great
And then as it comes to sing what we should do in our
rejoicing, it says "Your Lord and King adore." [Plays.] A lot of times
hymn tunes have to…when it makes an initial statement and wants to explain
why…will have a descending passage. And then it goes back up again [plays].
Those are kind of big jumps for hymn tunes, and the words are big in their
scope, too: "Rejoice, give thanks, and sing and triumph evermore." And then
when it says "lift up your voice" it lifts up the tune [plays].
"Lift up your voice, rejoice again…" It goes right up more than an octave…"I
say, rejoice!" To me, this is one of the strongest and most inspiring tunes that
I know, because of those musical features.
Dr. Duncan: It's bright. The tune is very bright.
And I think it has the effect of producing what the words are asking you to
do — to lift up your heart. The very tune helps you, it seems, to do what
the words are asking you to do.
Dr. Wymond: The way it's put together just affects
us emotionally in a really strong way, and in a cheerful way. You can't hear
this or sing this tune without having that effect upon you.
Dr. Duncan: Right. Derek, there are a lot of
features to this song that you brought to my attention that I had not thought
about that I want to talk with you about. But I do want to say one more word
about Wesley. You know, there are hymnologists, and those that love to study
hymns and the history of hymns argue about was Wesley better or was Watts
better? You know, who was sort of the front rank of the hymn writers of this
period of time? And there's a very interesting statement here that comes from a
famous hymnologist named Dr. David Breed, and he says this:
"Watts is more reverential; Wesley, more loving. Watts is stronger; Wesley,
sweeter. Watts appeals profoundly to the intellect; Wesley takes hold of the
heart. Watts will continue to sing for the Paul's and Peter's of the church;
Wesley for the Thomas's and the John's. Where both are so great, it would be
idle to attempt to settle their priority. Let us only be grateful that God in
His gracious providence has given both to the church to voice the praises of the
various classes."
That's a beautiful way of describing the relative emphases
and strengths of these wonderful hymn writers.
But one thing that you drew attention to, and I think
it's appropriate and want to get you to talk about, is how the song helps us do
what the text asks us to do. You had mentioned, Derek, that in the refrain,
each time we sing it — five times in our hymnal, to five stanzas — there
is an English version of a very ancient Latin Christian word of worship
instruction called the circum corda. Tell us just a little bit
about that, because that factors into Calvin's worship and into continental
Reformed worship as well.
Dr. Thomas: Just circum corda in
Latin of course means lift up your hearts. I was reading
recently in a fairly dense and difficult book by Aaron Milavec, it was actually
his doctoral dissertation on the The Didache1,
which is one of the earliest manuscripts known to us…
Dr. Duncan: Which, roughly translated, means
the teaching…the teaching of the Apostles.
Dr. Thomas: And it used to be thought that The
Didache came from the middle of the second century, but Aaron Milavec
has argued strongly that it's actually from the sixties of the first century, so
within the lifetime of the Apostles — though he is not actually suggesting that
it was put together by the Apostles. But in any case, the circum corda
occurs in the liturgy of the earliest church outside of The Acts of the Apostles
that we know of. And Calvin, of course, whose great concern was to take worship
back to the early church and was a wonderful scholar of the church fathers,
introduced or re-introduced…well, I suppose the circum corda was part of
the Latin mass liturgy, so Calvin retained the circum corda, but actually
moved it from where it was in the Latin mass to the liturgy of the Lord's
Supper.
Dr. Duncan: And it fits in with his doctrine of
what is going on when the believer communes in the Lord's Supper.
Dr. Thomas: Right; to lift up our hearts, contrary
to all the stuff that goes about concerning the Lord's Supper these days. But
Calvin is saying we are communing with Christ physically, who is at the right
hand of God. So it would be appropriate to lift up one's heart. So
this very well known part of liturgy, Lift up your heart… "lift up your
voice"… of course it would have been antiphonal, so the minister would
say, "Lift up your hearts," and the congregation would respond, "We lift them up
unto the Lord," which is still part of the …well, I'm not sure the latest
Anglican liturgy, but certainly was part of the Cranmer liturgy of 1559-1562,
that first liturgy.
Dr. Wymond: Well, I wanted to ask you, but I don't
want to divert your thought here, so go ahead if you'd like.
Dr. Thomas: My thoughts had expired!
Dr. Wymond: Well, good! Now, Derek, you often tell
us that you sing these things to different tunes over in Great Britain. Is this
the tune…?
Dr. Thomas: No.
Dr. Wymond: OK. It couldn't happen to be this one…?
[Plays.] It's called ARTHUR'S SEAT.
Dr. Thomas: Oh, right! In Anglican circles I think
it's sung to GOPSELL…not "gospel" but "Gopsell,"
which is the home of the man called Jenners or Jennings…the man who wrote the
text to Handel's Messiah.
Dr. Wymond: Yes, Charles Jennings. Well, I ask you
about this tune because we had talked about Sir John Goss, who wrote that
wonderful Praise, My Soul, the King of Heaven. Well, he wrote this tune
for this hymn.
Dr. Thomas:
ARTHUR'S SEAT?
Dr. Wymond: Yes,
ARTHUR'S SEAT — [plays tune]…just going to do a little bit
more…perfectly Victorian and not anything as good as
DARWALL.
Dr. Duncan: I wonder if it's named after Arthur's
Seat in Edinburgh. For those of you who have visited Edinburgh, Scotland,
Arthur's Seat is the massive volcanic formation which is on the east, and
slightly to the south of a volcanic ridge that runs up to the castle in
Edinburgh, which is called The Royal Mile, from Holyrood Palace up to the
castle, and Arthur's Seat is…if you saw the movie Chariots of Fire, it's
in the background as Jennie and Eric are having their famous argument (that
never happened in real history, but adds a little poetic dramatic scene to the
movie).
Dr. Thomas: Well, the original tune was
RESURRECTION, correct? There was a
tune written by Samuel Wesley called
RESURRECTION.
Dr. Wymond: Well, it's interesting how sometimes
these tunes and words are immediately wedded to the best, and in this instance
there were several attempts before…and I think that this tune that I did by Goss
is so Victorian, and not in a particularly good way. It's a little flighty for
me, but…
Dr. Duncan: I think the progressions in
DARWALL would be hard to beat for this
hymn because it's so much focusing on ascension and reign. I think it would be
hard to come up with a better tune.
Dr. Wymond: Well, that's a bit of likeness there,
but we should go to more important things which concern the text.
Dr. Duncan: Well, just looking at the text
itself, Derek, in our hymnal it suggests for reflection Hebrews 1:3.
Dr. Thomas: Well, probably the opening allusion is
Psalm 97, don't you think? "Rejoice, the Lord is King…let all creation" …however
Psalm 97 begins.
Dr. Duncan: Yes, and you also mentioned that
perhaps in the repetition of "Rejoice, again I say, rejoice" is pointing us to
the Pauline exhortation that comes in Philippians 4 and points, as that whole
book does, to the significance of the believer rejoicing in God in the Christian
Dr. Thomas: Some reference to the Creed may well
be here in Christ's death, resurrection, ascension, sitting at God's right hand
in glory, and so on.
The original first verse is different from what we
have here. Our text here reads:
"Rejoice, the Lord is King: your
Lord and King adore!
Rejoice, give thanks, and sing,
and triumph evermore."
But the original said,
Mortals give thanks and
sing and triumph evermore."
Dr. Duncan: And Wesley was trying to pair that
with what, Derek? At the end of this hymn?
Dr. Thomas: Well, the final stanza is of
"Rejoice in glorious hope! Our
Lord, the Judge, shall come,
And take His servants up to their
eternal home."
So there's a contrast between mortality and eternal life.
Dr. Duncan: So in the language of Paul, when the
mortal puts on immortality…and so he's trying to draw attention to that glorious
Pauline theme.
Dr. Thomas: And I think…I sort of regret that that
change has been made, because I think a reminder of our mortality is a good
thing: that we are mortal, that it is appointed unto man once to die.
Dr. Duncan: And at the same time a reminder of
our embodied existence in the world to come; that we're not sort of airy-fairy
spirits flying around, but there is this embodied reality that is awaiting when
the Judge comes and takes us to our eternal home. We're not floating around on
the clouds, but we have real bodies–glorious bodies, but real bodies.
Dr. Thomas: In theology we talk about "the
session of Christ." And it used to be part of vocabulary that would have
been fairly commonly understood. But what does that mean, Ligon, in verse four:
"He sits at God's right hand, till all His foes submit"? What is the
significance?
Dr. Duncan: Well, one thing — to go back to a
point that you've already made, but which I want to emphasize because someone
may have missed, is that there is definitely The Apostles' Creed in the
background here. Even if a person doesn't know what we are talking about when we
talk about the heavenly session of Christ, if they are Christians and
they say The Apostles' Creed, they confess that they believe in the
heavenly session of Christ every time they repeat The Apostles' Creed
and use the words that "He sitteth at the right hand of God the Father
Almighty."
The heavenly session is the enthronement of
Jesus Christ over all things, whereby He rules this world by His word
and Spirit from the right hand of the heavenly Father. And this song wants to
apply to the believer and to the believer's joy and rejoicing numerous aspects
of what it means for us that Jesus is reigning at the right hand of God.
So for instance, the first stanza reminds us that
this means that Jesus triumphs. The world may have had on its vision the
crucifixion of Jesus and the burial of Jesus, but for the believer he cannot but
think of both the resurrection and of the ascension of Jesus, so that Jesus'
session at the right hand is a constant reminder to the believer that Jesus has
triumphed. He's triumphed over death, and that means what for us? We are going
to triumph over death one day.
And then in the second stanza, He "…reigns, the God
of truth and love." And His reign means what? He has purged our stains. Seeing
Him on the seat…. You know, it seems to me that a friend of mine wrote a book
about this. Let me see…his name was Derek Thomas! And it's a book called
Taken Up to Heaven, 2
Dr. Thomas: It is.
Dr. Duncan: And it's all about this! So why are
you asking me the questions about it? I should be asking you the questions about
it–you wrote the book!
Dr. Thomas: I've always loved that allusion. Of
course there are several allusions in Hebrews that Jesus is sitting, and what a
perfect picture that is of somebody who has triumphed, when the King comes and
sits on His throne. But when Stephen is being killed, he sees Jesus standing.
What's going on? Why is He standing?
Dr. Duncan: Well, there are a lot of ways you can
go there, and that's where our background folks like to duke it out, over the
symbolism of that. Some people will indicate that the standing is an expression
of the acceptance and vindication of Stephen as his Master, Lord and King stands
to receive him into His presence in the mode of a Roman emperor delivering a
positive judgment and verdict — maybe on a victorious General who has come into
his presence to announce to the emperor that a great battle has been won. But
it's a beautiful, beautiful symbolism that the Lord Jesus Christ is there
receiving His servant who has just died for Him. Bill?
Dr. Wymond: Just one thing before we hear the tune
sung. That last line: "Our Lord, the Judge…." That's always struck me: He's our
Savior and our Judge "…shall come to take His servants up to their eternal
Let's listen to this hymn. The singing will be by the
Choir of St. Paul's Cathedral in London, with John Scott conducting.
"Lift up your heart,
Lift up your voice!
Rejoice, again I say, rejoice!"
"Jesus the Savior reigns, the God
of truth and love;
When He had purged our stains, He
took His seat above.
"His kingdom cannot fail, He
rules o'er earth and heav'n;
The keys of death and hell are to
our Jesus giv'n.
"He sits at God's right hand till
all His foes submit,
And bow to His command, and fall
beneath His feet.
Lord, the Judge shall come,
The Didache. Aaron Milavec
http://www.amazon.com/Didache-Text-Translation-Analysis-Commentary/dp/0814658318
Taken Up to Heaven. Derek Thomas. Evangelical Press, 1997.
http://www.amazon.com/Taken-Up-Heaven-Derek-Thomas/dp/0852343868


text:
MSU Extension Emmet County
Emmet County Extension Office
Emmet County Impacts
Precision Livestock Farming Webinar Series - Feb. Session
February 23, 2022 10:00AM – 11:00AM Zoom
The webinar series includes presentations on current topics in computer vision and its application to precision livestock farming, and 'unconference' discussions to showcase diverse perspectives and evolving knowledge related to the topics.
Mindfully Feeding Infants and Toddlers 2.23.22
February 23, 2022 12:00PM – 1:00PM https://events.anr.msu.edu/mblll2022/ Online
Mealtime routines not only build strong relationships with people, but also a healthy relationship to food.
Powerful Tools for Caregivers, Feb-Mar 2022
February 23, 2022 – March 30, 2022 Online Zoom
This 6-week program will help you take care of yourself while caring for a relative or friend (no professional caregivers, please).
6th International Symposium on Beef Cattle Welfare Webinar Series
February 23, 2022 2:00PM – 4:00PM Webinar
The symposium brings together renowned beef experts that will discuss their latest research findings and emerging animal welfare issues that face the beef cattle industry.
Adulting 101: Food Safety
February 23, 2022 4:00PM – 5:00PM Online
We all love to eat! Learn how to properly store, cook, and handle your food with safety in mind.
2/24/22 Virtual Mental Health First Aid
February 24, 2022 8:30AM – 4:30PM Zoom
The 2/24/22 Virtual Mental Health First Aid certification course is for adults 18 years and older who hope to learn how to assist other adults experiencing a mental health challenge or crisis.
Advanced Grazing School
February 24, 2022 – February 25, 2022 February 24, 2022 from 10:00am to 5:30pm and February 25, 2022 from 8:00am to 1:00pm Bay Mills Community College - Waishkey Bay Farm 10135 W. MIlls Rd. Brimley, MI 49715
This advanced grazing workshop is for those people who have multiple years of grazing experience, use some system of "rotational grazing", and want to further enhance the outcomes of their grazing efforts.
February 2022 GLLA Lunch and Leadership via Zoom
February 24, 2022 12:00PM – 1:00PM Zoom
GLLA presents Lunch and Leadership via Zoom with Special Guest: John Hartig.
Preserving MI Harvest-Time to update your preservation skills
February 24, 2022 1:00PM – 2:00PM Zoom Webinar
Whether you are a seasoned canner or just beginning, learn about the latest research to safely preserve foods at home.
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Spirax Sarco Direct-acting Pressure Reducing Valve BRV2S is a direct acting pressure reducing valve with stainless steel bellows, suitable for steam and various gases such as compressed air.
This information can be found on the spring range ID disc located on the adjustment handwheel.
Check that the BRV2s has the correct spring for your application.