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upcScavenger » Chemical Properties » Wiki: Electric Charge
( Chemical Properties )
The role of charge in st..
Electrification by frict..
The role of charge in el..
Conservation of electric..
Relativistic invariance
C O N T E N T S
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Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes that matter to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. Electric charge can be positive or negative (commonly carried by and respectively, by convention). Like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other. An object with an absence of net charge is referred to as neutral particle. Early knowledge of how charged substances interact is now called classical electrodynamics, and is still accurate for problems that do not require consideration of quantum effects.
Electric charge is a conserved property; the net charge of an isolated system, the amount of positive charge minus the amount of negative charge, cannot change. Electric charge is carried by subatomic particles. In ordinary matter, negative charge is carried by electrons, and positive charge is carried by the protons in the atomic nucleus of . If there are more electrons than protons in a piece of matter, it will have a negative charge, if there are fewer it will have a positive charge, and if there are equal numbers it will be neutral. Charge is quantized; it comes in integer multiples of individual small units called the elementary charge, e, about which is the smallest charge that can exist freely (particles called have smaller charges, multiples of e, but they are found only in combination, and always combine to form particles that have a charge that is an integer multiple of e). The proton has a charge of + e, and the electron has a charge of − e.
Electric charges produce . A moving charge also produces a magnetic field. The interaction of electric charges with an electromagnetic field (a combination of an electric and a magnetic field) is the source of the Lorentz force, which is one of the four fundamental interactions in physics. The study of photon-mediated interactions among charged particles is called quantum electrodynamics.
(2023). 9780198821472, Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198821472
The SI derived unit of electric charge is the coulomb (C) named after French physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb. In electrical engineering it is also common to use the ampere-hour (A⋅h). In physics and chemistry it is common to use the elementary charge ( e) as a unit. Chemistry also uses the Faraday constant, which is the charge of one mole of elementary charges. The lowercase symbol q often denotes charge.
Charge is the fundamental property of matter that exhibits electrostatic attraction or repulsion in the presence of other matter with charge. Electric charge is a characteristic property of many charged particle. The charges of free-standing particles are integer multiples of the elementary charge e; we say that electric charge is quantized. Michael Faraday, in his electrolysis experiments, was the first to note the discrete nature of electric charge. Robert Millikan's oil drop experiment demonstrated this fact directly, and measured the elementary charge. It has been discovered that one type of particle, , have fractional charges of either − or +, but it is believed they always occur in multiples of integral charge; free-standing quarks have never been observed.
By convention, the charge of an electron is negative, −e, while that of a proton is positive, +e. Charged particles whose charges have the same sign repel one another, and particles whose charges have different signs attract. Coulomb's law quantifies the electrostatic force between two particles by asserting that the force is proportional to the product of their charges, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The charge of an antiparticle equals that of the corresponding particle, but with opposite sign.
The electric charge of a macroscopic object is the sum of the electric charges of the particles that it's made up of. This charge is often small, because matter is made of , and atoms typically have equal numbers of and , in which case their charges cancel out, yielding a net charge of zero, thus making the atom neutral.
An ion is an atom (or group of atoms) that has lost one or more electrons, giving it a net positive charge (cation), or that has gained one or more electrons, giving it a net negative charge (anion). Monatomic ions are formed from single atoms, while polyatomic ions are formed from two or more atoms that have been bonded together, in each case yielding an ion with a positive or negative net charge.
During the formation of macroscopic objects, constituent atoms and ions usually combine to form structures composed of neutral ionic compounds electrically bound to neutral atoms. Thus macroscopic objects tend toward being neutral overall, but macroscopic objects are rarely perfectly net neutral.
Sometimes macroscopic objects contain ions distributed throughout the material, rigidly bound in place, giving an overall net positive or negative charge to the object. Also, macroscopic objects made of conductive elements can more or less easily (depending on the element) take on or give off electrons, and then maintain a net negative or positive charge indefinitely. When the net electric charge of an object is non-zero and motionless, the phenomenon is known as static electricity. This can easily be produced by rubbing two dissimilar materials together, such as rubbing amber with fur or glass with silk. In this way, non-conductive materials can be charged to a significant degree, either positively or negatively. Charge taken from one material is moved to the other material, leaving an opposite charge of the same magnitude behind. The law of conservation of charge always applies, giving the object from which a negative charge is taken a positive charge of the same magnitude, and vice versa.
Even when an object's net charge is zero, the charge can be distributed non-uniformly in the object (e.g., due to an external electromagnetic field, or bound polar molecules). In such cases, the object is said to be polarized. The charge due to polarization is known as bound charge, while the charge on an object produced by electrons gained or lost from outside the object is called free charge. The motion of electrons in conductive in a specific direction is known as electric current.
The SI derived unit of quantity of electric charge is the coulomb (symbol: C). The coulomb is defined as the quantity of charge that passes through the cross section of an electrical conductor carrying one ampere for one second. This unit was proposed in 1946 and ratified in 1948. The lowercase symbol q is often used to denote a quantity of electric charge. The quantity of electric charge can be directly measured with an electrometer, or indirectly measured with a galvanometer.
The elementary charge (the electric charge of the proton) is defined as a fundamental constant in the SI system of units., p. 127 The value for elementary charge, when expressed in the SI units, is exactly
After discovering the quantized character of charge, in 1891 George Stoney proposed the unit 'electron' for this fundamental unit of electrical charge. J. J. Thomson subsequently discovered the particle that we now call the electron in 1897. The unit is today referred to as , , or simply denoted e, with the charge of an electron being − e. The charge of an isolated system should be a multiple of the elementary charge e, even if at large scales charge seems to behave as a continuous quantity. In some contexts it is meaningful to speak of fractions of an elementary charge; for example, in the fractional quantum Hall effect.
The unit Faraday constant is sometimes used in electrochemistry. One faraday is the magnitude of the charge of one mole of elementary charges,
(1993). 9788122405231, Wiley Eastern Limited. . ISBN 9788122405231
In the CGS system, electric charge is expressed as a combination of three mechanical quantities: length, mass, and time, unlike in the SI, which incorporates an independent electromagnetic dimension.
(2023). 9781107014022, Cambridge University Press. . ISBN 9781107014022
From ancient times, people were familiar with four types of phenomena that today would all be explained using the concept of electric charge: (a) lightning, (b) the torpedo fish (or electric ray), (c) St Elmo's Fire, and (d) that amber rubbed with fur would attract small, light objects. The first account of the is often attributed to the ancient Greek mathematician Thales of Miletus, who lived from c. 624 to c. 546 BC, but there are doubts about whether Thales left any writings;
Patricia F. O'Grady (2023). 9781351895378, Ashgate. . ISBN 9781351895378
his account about amber is known from an account from early 200s. This account can be taken as evidence that the phenomenon was known since at least c. 600 BC, but Thales explained this phenomenon as evidence for inanimate objects having a soul. In other words, there was no indication of any conception of electric charge. More generally, the ancient Greeks did not understand the connections among these four kinds of phenomena. The Greeks observed that the charged amber buttons could attract light objects such as hair. They also found that if they rubbed the amber for long enough, they could even get an electric spark to jump, but there is also a claim that no mention of electric sparks appeared until late 17th century. This property derives from the triboelectric effect. In late 1100s, the substance jet, a compacted form of coal, was noted to have an amber effect, and in the middle of the 1500s, Girolamo Fracastoro, discovered that diamond also showed this effect. Some efforts were made by Fracastoro and others, especially Gerolamo Cardano to develop explanations for this phenomenon.
In contrast to astronomy, mechanics, and optics, which had been studied quantitatively since antiquity, the start of ongoing qualitative and quantitative research into electrical phenomena can be marked with the publication of De Magnete by the English scientist William Gilbert in 1600.
(1998). 9780387915814, The Athlone Press. ISBN 9780387915814
In this book, there was a small section where Gilbert returned to the amber effect (as he called it) in addressing many of the earlier theories, and coined the New Latin word electrica (from ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron), the ancient Greek word for amber). The Latin word was translated into English as .
J.L. Heilbron (1979). 9780520034785, University of California Press. . ISBN 9780520034785
Gilbert is also credited with the term electrical, while the term electricity came later, first attributed to Sir Thomas Browne in his Pseudodoxia Epidemica from 1646. (For more linguistic details see Etymology of electricity.) Gilbert hypothesized that this amber effect could be explained by an effluvium (a small stream of particles that flows from the electric object, without diminishing its bulk or weight) that acts on other objects. This idea of a material electrical effluvium was influential in the 17th and 18th centuries. It was a precursor to ideas developed in the 18th century about "electric fluid" (Dufay, Nollet, Franklin) and "electric charge".
Around 1663 Otto von Guericke invented what was probably the first electrostatic generator, but he did not recognize it primarily as an electrical device and only conducted minimal electrical experiments with it.
Other European pioneers were Robert Boyle, who in 1675 published the first book in English that was devoted solely to electrical phenomena. His work was largely a repetition of Gilbert's studies, but he also identified several more "electrics", and noted mutual attraction between two bodies.
In 1729 Stephen Gray was experimenting with static electricity, which he generated using a glass tube. He noticed that a cork, used to protect the tube from dust and moisture, also became electrified (charged). Further experiments (e.g., extending the cork by putting thin sticks into it) showed—for the first time—that electrical effluvia (as Gray called it) could be transmitted (conducted) over a distance. Gray managed to transmit charge with twine (765 feet) and wire (865 feet). Through these experiments, Gray discovered the importance of different materials, which facilitated or hindered the conduction of electrical effluvia. John Theophilus Desaguliers, who repeated many of Gray's experiments, is credited with coining the terms conductors and insulators to refer to the effects of different materials in these experiments. Gray also discovered electrical induction (i.e., where charge could be transmitted from one object to another without any direct physical contact). For example, he showed that by bringing a charged glass tube close to, but not touching, a lump of lead that was sustained by a thread, it was possible to make the lead become electrified (e.g., to attract and repel brass filings). He attempted to explain this phenomenon with the idea of electrical effluvia.
Gray's discoveries introduced an important shift in the historical development of knowledge about electric charge. The fact that electrical effluvia could be transferred from one object to another, opened the theoretical possibility that this property was not inseparably connected to the bodies that were electrified by rubbing. In 1733 Charles François de Cisternay du Fay, inspired by Gray's work, made a series of experiments (reported in Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences), showing that more or less all substances could be 'electrified' by rubbing, except for metals and fluids and proposed that electricity comes in two varieties that cancel each other, which he expressed in terms of a two-fluid theory. Two Kinds of Electrical Fluid: Vitreous and Resinous – 1733. Charles François de Cisternay DuFay (1698–1739) . sparkmuseum.com When glass was rubbed with silk, du Fay said that the glass was charged with glass electricity, and, when amber was rubbed with fur, the amber was charged with electricity. In contemporary understanding, positive charge is now defined as the charge of a glass rod after being rubbed with a silk cloth, but it is arbitrary which type of charge is called positive and which is called negative.
(1986). 9780471811862, Wiley. ISBN 9780471811862
Another important two-fluid theory from this time was proposed by Jean-Antoine Nollet (1745).
Up until about 1745, the main explanation for electrical attraction and repulsion was the idea that electrified bodies gave off an effluvium. Benjamin Franklin started electrical experiments in late 1746, and by 1750 had developed a one-fluid theory of electricity, based on an experiment that showed that a rubbed glass received the same, but opposite, charge strength as the cloth used to rub the glass. Franklin imagined electricity as being a type of invisible fluid present in all matter; for example, he believed that it was the glass in a Leyden jar that held the accumulated charge. He posited that rubbing insulating surfaces together caused this fluid to change location, and that a flow of this fluid constitutes an electric current. He also posited that when matter contained an excess of the fluid it was charged and when it had a deficit it was charged. He identified the term with vitreous electricity and with resinous electricity after performing an experiment with a glass tube he had received from his overseas colleague Peter Collinson. The experiment had participant A charge the glass tube and participant B receive a shock to the knuckle from the charged tube. Franklin identified participant B to be positively charged after having been shocked by the tube. There is some ambiguity about whether William Watson independently arrived at the same one-fluid explanation around the same time (1747). Watson, after seeing Franklin's letter to Collinson, claims that he had presented the same explanation as Franklin in spring 1747. Franklin had studied some of Watson's works prior to making his own experiments and analysis, which was probably significant for Franklin's own theorizing. One physicist suggests that Watson first proposed a one-fluid theory, which Franklin then elaborated further and more influentially.
(2023). 9780521823517, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521823517
A historian of science argues that Watson missed a subtle difference between his ideas and Franklin's, so that Watson misinterpreted his ideas as being similar to Franklin's.
In any case, there was no animosity between Watson and Franklin, and the Franklin model of electrical action, formulated in early 1747, eventually became widely accepted at that time. After Franklin's work, effluvia-based explanations were rarely put forward.
(1965). 9781483185361, Pergamon. . ISBN 9781483185361
It is now known that the Franklin model was fundamentally correct. There is only one kind of electrical charge, and only one variable is required to keep track of the amount of charge.
Until 1800 it was only possible to study conduction of electric charge by using an electrostatic discharge. In 1800 Alessandro Volta was the first to show that charge could be maintained in continuous motion through a closed path.
Andrew Zangwill (2023). 9780521896979, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521896979
In 1833, Michael Faraday sought to remove any doubt that electricity is identical, regardless of the source by which it is produced. He discussed a variety of known forms, which he characterized as common electricity (e.g., static electricity, piezoelectricity, magnetic induction), voltaic electricity (e.g., electric current from a voltaic pile), and animal electricity (e.g., bioelectricity).
In 1838, Faraday raised a question about whether electricity was a fluid or fluids or a property of matter, like gravity. He investigated whether matter could be charged with one kind of charge independently of the other. He came to the conclusion that electric charge was a relation between two or more bodies, because he could not charge one body without having an opposite charge in another body.
In 1838, Faraday also put forth a theoretical explanation of electric force, while expressing neutrality about whether it originates from one, two, or no fluids. He focused on the idea that the normal state of particles is to be nonpolarized, and that when polarized, they seek to return to their natural, nonpolarized state.
In developing a field theory approach to electrodynamics (starting in the mid-1850s), James Clerk Maxwell stops considering electric charge as a special substance that accumulates in objects, and starts to understand electric charge as a consequence of the transformation of energy in the field. This pre-quantum understanding considered magnitude of electric charge to be a continuous quantity, even at the microscopic level.
The role of charge in static electricity
Static electricity refers to the electric charge of an object and the related electrostatic discharge when two objects are brought together that are not at equilibrium. An electrostatic discharge creates a change in the charge of each of the two objects.
Electrification by friction
When a piece of glass and a piece of resin—neither of which exhibit any electrical properties—are rubbed together and left with the rubbed surfaces in contact, they still exhibit no electrical properties. When separated, they attract each other.
A second piece of glass rubbed with a second piece of resin, then separated and suspended near the former pieces of glass and resin causes these phenomena:
The two pieces of glass repel each other.
Each piece of glass attracts each piece of resin.
The two pieces of resin repel each other.
This attraction and repulsion is an electrical phenomenon, and the bodies that exhibit them are said to be electrified, or electrically charged. Bodies may be electrified in many other ways, as well as by friction. The electrical properties of the two pieces of glass are similar to each other but opposite to those of the two pieces of resin: The glass attracts what the resin repels and repels what the resin attracts.
If a body electrified in any manner whatsoever behaves as the glass does, that is, if it repels the glass and attracts the resin, the body is said to be vitreously electrified, and if it attracts the glass and repels the resin it is said to be resinously electrified. All electrified bodies are either vitreously or resinously electrified.
An established convention in the scientific community defines vitreous electrification as positive, and resinous electrification as negative. The exactly opposite properties of the two kinds of electrification justify our indicating them by opposite signs, but the application of the positive sign to one rather than to the other kind must be considered as a matter of arbitrary convention—just as it is a matter of convention in mathematical diagram to reckon positive distances towards the right hand.
No force, either of attraction or of repulsion, can be observed between an electrified body and a body not electrified.James Clerk Maxwell (1891) A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, pp. 32–33, Dover Publications
The role of charge in electric current
Electric current is the flow of electric charge through an object. The most common charge carriers are the positively charged proton and the negatively charged electron. The movement of any of these charged particles constitutes an electric current. In many situations, it suffices to speak of the conventional current without regard to whether it is carried by positive charges moving in the direction of the conventional current or by negative charges moving in the opposite direction. This macroscopic viewpoint is an approximation that simplifies electromagnetic concepts and calculations.
At the opposite extreme, if one looks at the microscopic situation, one sees there are many ways of carrying an electric current, including: a flow of electrons; a flow of electron electron hole that act like positive particles; and both negative and positive particles ( or other charged particles) flowing in opposite directions in an electrolyte solution or a plasma.
Beware that, in the common and important case of metallic wires, the direction of the conventional current is opposite to the drift velocity of the actual charge carriers; i.e., the electrons. This is a source of confusion for beginners.
Conservation of electric charge
The total electric charge of an isolated system remains constant regardless of changes within the system itself. This law is inherent to all processes known to physics and can be derived in a local form from gauge invariance of the wave function. The conservation of charge results in the charge-current continuity equation. More generally, the rate of change in charge density ρ within a volume of integration V is equal to the area integral over the current density J through the closed surface S = ∂ V, which is in turn equal to the net electric current I:
Thus, the conservation of electric charge, as expressed by the continuity equation, gives the result:
I = -\frac{\mathrm{d}q}{\mathrm{d}t}.
The charge transferred between times t_\mathrm{i} and t_\mathrm{f} is obtained by integrating both sides:
q = \int_{t_{\mathrm{i}}}^{t_{\mathrm{f}}} I\, \mathrm{d}t
where I is the net outward current through a closed surface and q is the electric charge contained within the volume defined by the surface.
Aside from the properties described in articles about electromagnetism, charge is a relativistic invariant. This means that any particle that has charge q has the same charge regardless of how fast it is travelling. This property has been experimentally verified by showing that the charge of one helium atomic nucleus (two and two bound together in a nucleus and moving around at high speeds) is the same as two deuterium nuclei (one proton and one neutron bound together, but moving much more slowly than they would if they were in a helium nucleus).
SI electromagnetism units
Color charge
Partial charge
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A little bit of interspecies nookie has resulted in an unusual child that now lives in the waters off the Hawaiian island of Kauai.
According to a new genetic analysis, his dad was a rough-toothed dolphin and his mum was a melon-headed whale - the first ever known hybrid of its kind.
The cetacean was first spotted in August 2017, by researchers with the Cascadia Research Collective on a two-week field trip funded by the US Navy to document marine life around the Pacific Missile Range Facility ahead of a training course.
"We had the photos and suspected it was a hybrid from morphological characteristics intermediate between species," marine biologist Robin Baird told The Garden Island.
The team was able to obtain a biopsy, using a crossbow equipped with a special dart that prevents deep penetration and returns a skin sample.
This confirmed the animal's parentage - and the finding is really unusual, not just because it's the first known rough-toothed dolphin/melon-headed whale hybrid.
The melon-headed whale, which the researchers also observed hanging around during their expedition, is also relatively rare in the waters of Hawaii. There was one large pod, estimated to be somewhere between 200 and 300 individuals. In addition, they saw and tagged pantropical spotted dolphins, also rare in Hawaiian waters.
But there was also a perhaps greater anomaly. One melon-headed whale was also spotted chilling with a pod of rough-toothed dolphins. This, the researchers believe, could be the hybrid's mother, who is now living with her new family.
Before you go tie your head in knots wondering how a whale managed to successfully reproduce with a dolphin - it didn't. Like orcas, beluga whales and pilot whales, melon-headed whales are actually a species of dolphin, or delphinidae - and dolphins are a sub-family of whales to boot.
And, although rare, other dolphin hybrids are known, such as the offspring of a bottlenose dolphin and false killer whale (also delphinidae), called a wholphin, and the offspring of a beluga whale and a narwhal, called a narluga.
But an animal hybrid doesn't necessarily mean a new species - not even established hybrids, such as the mule. This is because such genetic hybrids are often infertile, or reproduce only with great difficulty, meaning they cannot produce viable offspring with their own kind.
But occasionally the factors required to create a new species do fall into place. A good example of hybridisation leading to a new species is the finches of Galapagos, where scientists recently observed finches becoming a new species in just two generations.
But a hybrid can also tell us something interesting about animal interactions. For instance, perhaps when the mother was looking for a mate, she was unable to find a suitable one among her own species.
The purpose of the field research was to ascertain how cetaceans use the area - what populations are present, and how they communicate. This is because naval activities, particularly those that use sonar, can disrupt their way of life - and commonly used cetacean frequencies can interfere with sonar.
The team will be heading back to the area in August to conduct further research - and hopefully catch another glimpse of Steno bredanensis.
You can find the team's report online here.


Oana graduated the Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences within the University of Bucharest, and she has a Master Diploma in Management and Educational Evaluation, within the same University.
Currently, Oana is a candidate for PhD in Education Sciences at the Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences within the University of Bucharest. Through the years, Oana took part in numerous seminars and trainings in the country and abroad, seminars addressed to the business environment and nongovernmental structures.
Oana's professional experience includes 6 years of coordinating youth programs and international student Exchange programs within the YOUTH, Euro Voluntar, Euro 26 and EYAcademy programs, 8 years of experience as a Local Expert and also as a Programs Coordinator for the Ministry of Education and Research, within the Reform and Post university Learning Program, respectively 5 years of experience as a university assistant at the University of Bucharest, the Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences.
Oana held debates at prestigious conferences, and she also published numerous articles, in the field of Education. Oana joined the Ascent Group team in 2007, as a senior trainer.


text:
Filed under Opinion, School
Have you been thinking that you want to be in a play or musical at Belfast? I think starting a drama club would be a great experience for students 8-12.
This club will help students participate in choosing what kind of performance that they would like to do. The director would have to approve the play, and students would still have to audition. Having a club will be a lot of fun for students, and I actually think starting a drama club would draw more students into the drama program and bring more actors to the plays and musicals.
Another function of this club would be to do fund raisers like a bake sale or a pop can drive to buy better costumes and props and maybe better sets. In addition, it will bring an increase of students who want to join the club and be on stage performing and telling other students how much fun it actually is and could result in even more students who would like to join.
Additional extracurricular activities would be very beneficial to students who love being in plays and musicals or for the students who don't play sports: this would help them make new friends and help them get to know each other better as classmates. I've already talked to some students who already participate in plays and musicals and they think a Drama Club would be a great idea. Belfast already does Odyssey of the Mind, where students in grade school get to compete with different schools with a play that they write from scratch. They then get to perform in front of judges and if they win first place, the kids to perform again in a different state. This year's group placed second!
I hope that this club gets approved. We need more students to join the music and drama program because we are already getting low in numbers this year. We are losing some great actors and hopefully we have more coming in again soon. CONTACT ME IF YOU ARE INTERESTED IN JOINING DRAMA CLUB NEXT YEAR!
2 Responses to "Starting a Drama Club"
james booth on June 12th, 2017 9:14 am
Seems like a good idea
Alex E on June 12th, 2017 12:48 pm
Great Work!!!!!!!!!!!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Javascript function disappears I am trying to implement a small subset of the programming language LISP, using JavaScript as source language. When the this small lisp is fed the a string looking like this:
(define func (lambda (args)(body)))

This is then being passed to a function called CreateLambda.
For example, the following string is being passed:
(define add (lambda(x y)(+ x y)))

A Javascript function is then created by this function;
function createLambda(expr, env) { // lambda args body
    expr.shift(); //remove the "lambda".
    var lambdaArgs = expr.shift(); //get the arguments
    var lambdaBody = expr.shift(); // get the body
    var parentEnvironment = env;
    return function() {
        var lambdaEnvironment = new environment(parentEnvironment, "lambda environment");
        for(var i = 0; i < arguments.length; i++) {
            var tempVal = evaluate(arguments[i], parentEnvironment);
            lambdaEnvironment.add(lambdaArgs[i], tempVal);
        }
        return evaluate(lambdaBody, lambdaEnvironment);
    }
}

Later, if this function is being called and evaluated in the small lisp, something like this:
(add 2 3)

This string is being picked up by the evaluate loop in a case that looks like this:
else if(typeof expr[0] === 'string') {
    var lispFunc = env.get(expr[0]); //find the function in the environment.
    expr.shift();
    var lispFuncArgs = [];
    var tempArg = expr.shift();
    while(tempArg != null) { //apply the variables
        lispFuncArgs.push(evaluate(tempArg, env));
        tempArg = expr.shift();
    }
    return lispFunc.apply(this, lispFuncArgs);

The first time it is being passed to the evaluate-function, it works as intended and it returns the number 5.
However, if the same function is called again. it enters the evaluate loop only as "undefined".
Full HTML;

        <meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Script-
Type" content="text/javascript">
        <title>LISP in JavaScript</title>

        <form id="repl" name="repl" action="parse(prompt.value)">
               lisp==>
            <input id="prompt" size="200" value="" name="prompt"
maxlength="512">

            <input type=button style="width:60px;height:30px" name="btnEval"
value="eval" onclick="output(prompt.value)">

            </form>

Full JavaScript;
//functions for parsing input String

function parse(exp) {
    return readFromTokes(tokenize(exp)); //code
}

function isNumeric(arg) {
    return !isNaN(arg);
}

function readFromTokes(exp) {
   //Create abstract syntax tree
   if(exp.length == 0) {
   }
   var token = exp.shift();
   if(token == '(') {
       var L = [];
       while(exp[0] != ')') {
           L.push(readFromTokes(exp));
       }
       exp.shift(); //remove end paranthesis
       return L;
   } else {
       if(token == ')') {
           console.log("Unexpected )");
       } else {
           return atom(token);
       }
   }
}

function tokenize(exp) {
    //Convert a program in form of a string into an array (list)
    var re = /\(/g;
    var re2 = /\)/g;
    exp = exp.replace(re, " ( ");
    exp = exp.replace(re2, " ) ");
    exp = exp.replace(/\s+/g, ' ');
    exp = exp.trim().split(" ");
    return exp;
}

function atom(exp){
    if(isNumeric(exp)) {
        return parseInt(exp); //A number is a number
    } else {
        return exp; //Everything else is a symbol
    }
}

function environment(parentEnvironment, name) {
    var bindings = [];
    var parent = parentEnvironment;
    var name = name;

    function add(variable, value) {
        console.log("variable: " + variable + " value: " + value);
        bindings.push([variable, value]);
    }

    function printName() {
        console.log(name);
    }

    function print() {
        console.log("printing environment: ")
        for(var i = 0; i < bindings.length; i++) {
            console.log(bindings[i][0] + " " + bindings[i][1]);
        }
    }

    function get(variable) {
        for(var i = 0; i < bindings.length; i++) {
            if(variable == bindings[i][0]) {
                return bindings[i][1];
            }
        }
        if(parent != null) {
            return parent.get(variable);
        } else {
            console.log("No such variable");
        }
    }

    function getParent(){
        return parent;
    }

    this.add = add;
    this.get = get;
    this.getParent = getParent;
    this.print = print;
    this.printName = printName;
    return this;
}

function addPrimitives(env) {
    env.add("+", function() {
        var s = 0;
        for(var i = 0; i < arguments.length; i++) {
            s += arguments[i];
        }
        return s
    });
    env.add("-", function() {
        var s = arguments[0];
        for(var i = 1; i < arguments.length; i++) {
            s -= arguments[i];
        }
        return s
    });
    env.add("*", function() {
        var s = 1;
        for(var i = 0; i < arguments.length; i++){
            s *= arguments[i];
        }
        return s
    });
    env.add("/", function(x, y) { return x / y });
}

function createLambda(expr, env) { // lambda args body
    expr.shift(); //remove the "lambda".
    var lambdaArgs = expr.shift(); //get the arguments
    var lambdaBody = expr.shift(); // get the body
    var parentEnvironment = env;
    return function() {
        var lambdaEnvironment = new environment(parentEnvironment, "lambda
       environment");
        for(var i = 0; i < arguments.length; i++) {
            var tempVal = evaluate(arguments[i], parentEnvironment);
            lambdaEnvironment.add(lambdaArgs[i], tempVal);
        }
        return evaluate(lambdaBody, lambdaEnvironment);
    }
}

function evaluate(expr, env) {
    console.log(expr + " has entered evaluate loop");
    env.printName();
    env.print();
    if(typeof expr === 'string') {
        console.log(expr + " is a symbol");
        return env.get(expr);
    } else if(typeof expr === 'number') {
        console.log(expr + " is a number");
        return expr;
    } else if(expr[0] === 'define') { // (define var value)
        console.log(expr + " is a define statement");
        expr.shift();
        var newVar = expr.shift();
        var newVal = evaluate(expr.shift(), env);
        env.add(newVar, newVal);
        return env;
    } else if (expr[0] === 'lambda') { // (lambda args body)
        console.log(expr + " is a lambda statement");
        return createLambda(expr, env);
    } else if (typeof expr[0] === 'string'){
        var lispFunc = env.get(expr[0]);
        expr.shift();
        var lispFuncArgs = [];
        var tempArg = expr.shift();
        while(tempArg != null) {
            lispFuncArgs.push(evaluate(tempArg, env));
            tempArg = expr.shift();
        }
        console.log("Function: " + lispFunc);
        console.log("Arguments: " + lispFuncArgs);
        return lispFunc.apply(this, lispFuncArgs);
    } else {
        console.log(expr + " cannot be interpreted");
    }
}

var globalEnvironment = new environment(null, "Global");

addPrimitives(globalEnvironment);

function start(string) {
    return evaluate(parse(string), globalEnvironment);
}

var output = function (string) {
    try {
        document.getElementById('debugdiv').innerHTML = start(string);
    } catch(e) {
        document.getElementById('debugdiv').innerHTML = e.name + ': ' + e.message;
    }
};

A: This is because there is a tiny bug in your code.
When you call the evaluate(lambdaBody, lambdaEnvironment) at line:134, you provide lambdaBody as the first argument, which is the expr argument in the 'function evaluate(expr, env)' function (line:138). During your evaluation you consume it with  tempArg = expr.shift(); function and get out of the loop when its empty. For the second time, your lambdaBody is unfortunately an empty array.
To fix it, you should change the evaluate function not to modify its arguments (e.g. create a copy and consume the copy)

I suggest you fix the bug in the evaluate function, but a sample that really works is to change line 134 to deep copy lambdaBody as below:
  evaluate(lambdaBody.slice(0), lambdaEnvironment);

You will see that it works now no matter how many times you call it. But the bug is actually inside the evaluate function so fix it there.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Filmmaker Forum > Main > Scripts > Looking for someone to develop ideas.
View Full Version : Looking for someone to develop ideas.
I have some movie ideas but I need help to turn them into a feature film.
Any type of compensation for this work?
I think he is mostly looking for someone new like myself to come up and collaborate with to get ideas on what the HECK to write about. Because this seems the hardest part for me.... Im in to get some ideas flowing.
No...Credit as writer for both. It's the same. If the script becomes a film or sold both of the writers will benefit.
I'd like to give it a go. PM sent......and EM!
I am in, I trying to thing of a good love story currently.


Mix and Chic: A client's master bedroom project!
Recently, I have been busy working on a client's online decorating project. My client, Kathy has hired me to help her with two rooms, her master bedroom and living room. We started with her master bedroom first.
This is how her master bedroom looks like now.
As you can see, her bedroom has wonderful peaked ceilings and beautiful big windows that overlooks her backyard. Her bedroom is neutral, roomy and has a lot of potential.
In the questionnaire, Kathy wrote that she loves a little bit of vintage, handmade textiles and pieces that feel collected over time but nothing shabby chic. At the same time, she also likes the clean lines of contemporary furniture. She is drawn to blues, greens, reds and turquoise.
On the other hand, her husband, Robert loves sophisticated casual transitional style. His favorite colors are blues (in all shades), reds, grays and blacks.
Overall, they wanted their master bedroom to feel warm, inviting, comfortable with some color, drama and pizzazz. They don't mind a little bit of bold color or a funky piece in their bedroom.
Kathy loves to read and has collected a lot of artwork. She hoped I can incorporate some of her art in her bedroom. All her bedroom furniture has to stay. Their favorite artwork that is currently above their bed has to stay as well.
They wanted a pair of new curtains, a pair of table lamps, a reading corner with a lamp and a nightstand for Kathy. They have an armchair and are planning to get it reupholstered. Since they do not have a proper bed, they hope to find a headboard or bed frame but they do not want anything upholstered.
I was sourcing for the headboard/ bed frame at first but during the first two days during our design collaboration, I saw this rug on One King's Lane and couldn't resist!
It is a very gorgeous rug and measures at 8' x 11'. It is a very good size rug and will work with her king size bed wonderfully. It couldn't be more perfect with the handmade textile look that Kathy loves and the color red that they both like. The price tag was $529 and I thought was a good deal considering it is made of 100% wool.
Kathy loves the rug as much as I do but she was a little concerned about the overall budget. Before the sales end, I sourced for all the must-have items to tally the grand total. I still went slightly over her original budget. Fortunately, Kathy bought the rug and it becomes the starting point of our whole design scheme.
For the wall color, I wanted something neutral and light to balance the bold color and patterns so I picked a light gray color for their bedroom.
However, they really liked the blue (above). They tried the blue paint color on their wall but Kathy didn't like it. I suggested a few blue gray paints, they tried it but still wasn't sure. Eventually, they picked a slightly darker gray similar to the one I suggested and they love it! I am happy that they eventually found a color they both love.
Paint colors are always tricky because the same color might look vastly different in two different houses due to the amount of lighting received so it's always a good idea to try paint samples, just to be sure.
For her chair reupholstery fabric, I gave them a few options to choose from. We all decided on our favorite, the Duralee Kalah Blue fabric.
For window treatment, my first thought was red silk curtains. I found a great pair of red silk curtains at West Elm on sale but when Kathy decided to order it the next day, it was out of stock. Bummer!
After checking out other curtain options, Kathy decided to make them herself and go to a different direction. We decided to use white curtains and add this gorgeous red greek key trim for extra pizzazz.
It wasn't easy trying to find inexpensive red and white greek key trims online but I eventually found them on Etsy. I think the white curtains with the greek key pattern will be very chic, classic and sophisticated, something that Robert will love.
Although I have selected many of the key pieces for their bedroom, there are still a few small areas that required a bit of styling. I tried to stay on the original budget as much as I can so I incorporated a lot of things they already owned like artwork and books for the finishing touches. Using a mix of different artwork and books in a room will instantly create a cozy, collected, lived-in feel, something that Kathy is looking for.
Here is what I came up with to style her bedroom.
Besides artwork, Kathy also has a Greek figurine and a vase so I group them together with her Greek isle canvases to create a meaningful vignette. Kathy was born in Greece and I really wanted to give her something that is close to her heart. Unsurprisingly, she loves the vignette.
Since their bedroom ceiling is quite high, I really wanted something above their bed to draw the eyes up. With all the hard lines of their dark furniture, I wanted something round or something with curves to soften them so I suggested a round mirror. Kathy wasn't sure about the mirror idea at first. She wanted her favorite artwork to stay above her bed.
As a designer, I wanted my client to be happy with their space. However, if Kathy really likes her artwork to stay above the bed, I am going to make it work. Still undecided, I came up with a side by side comparison moodboard, one with her artwork and one with a round mirror above her bed for her to consider.
After she looked at the moodboard comparison, she decided to go with the mirror option. As a plus, Robert also loved the mirror too.
I think the mirror looks gorgeous. It is also visually light and will add a lot of drama and style in the bedroom.
The last moodboard I did is the vignette for the dresser.
I am glad that both Kathy and Robert like my designs. We hit a few design bumps along the way but I certainly had a lot fun putting this master bedroom design together. Kathy is a great client to work with and she is quick with her responses. Clients who give prompt feedback are a blessing because we can made design decisions fast and move forward in a timely manner. I also appreciate she took the time to send me lots of inspirational images and let me know exactly what they like and didn't like. And that truly helped me get a sense of both their style easily.
I am looking forward to see the result of Kathy and Robert's master bedroom makeover. I am sure you are excited to see the final outcome of our design collaboration as well. I will share any updates and progress on their bedroom whenever possible so follow along and check back regularly!
Great boards - LOVE the rug. Can't wait to see how it all comes out.
great job! love that rug!
i have no imagination that is why people like you are so wonderful to share.
You know I am a sucker for red! :) I love what you put together - can't wait to see how it turns out!
That rug is the best. And the Greek Key trim was inspired!
I love that your client isn't afraid to go bold! Is this a long distance or local client? I love this process, can't wait for the reveal. Good job!


text:
Top 3 biggest Artificial Intelligence Trends in Digital Marketing for 2023
Updated: Jan 13
Like me, you must be full steam ahead with your marketing planning for 2023 and beyond. It is only natural that, as the economy continues to show signs of post-pandemic recovery – albeit very slowly, companies will resume investments in marketing to drive growth and increase market share.
In this article, you will find some digital marketing trends and tips on how to apply them in your 2023 strategic planning.
A quick overview of the economic landscape
What was a trend in 2022, and what is worth betting on continuing?
What are the Artificial Intelligence trends for marketing in 2023?
The best ways to use Artificial Intelligence in Digital Marketing
Top 3 Marketing Expert Recommendations to Include in Your 2023 Strategic Plan
Celebrities post their avatars using Lensa, an app that creates images through Artificial Intelligence.
Small and medium-sized companies have never been more aware of the importance of marketing to understand consumer needs, drive sales, and foster customer loyalty, so they are increasingly investing in digital marketing initiatives. To get the best results, it is essential to be aware of new technologies and market trends but constantly adapt them to the reality of your business. Not every trend needs to be followed. Knowing your customers' needs and preferences will allow you to adapt to market trends that will benefit your audience, leading to greater engagement and, consequently, better sales.
In the economy, we will have to live with an uncertain economic scenario, with rising inflation, increasingly higher interest rates, and a reduction in consumer spending, which is why companies of all sizes will continue to feel the pressure next year. However, despite all this, marketers are optimistic, with indications of more significant portions of the marketing budget for the year ahead. According to a recent Matter Communications survey, 89% of CMOs and senior marketing executives plan to increase their marketing budgets in 2023 by an average of 8.5%. This is significant growth from the 4.2% increase in marketing budgets seen in 2020. The survey also revealed that digital marketing would continue to be the top priority for marketers, with an average budget increase of 10.3%. This is followed by traditional media (7.2%), content marketing (6.7%), and social media (6.3%).
Some strategies should remain high as brands focus on purpose beyond revenue, or at least try to, as a way to impress consumers of generations from millennials who traditionally care about the inclusion of minorities and the guarantee of rights for these groups and who are engaged with issues related to environmental preservation and sustainability (ESG). I also see a continued focus on the customer experience, which should remain strong, with brands looking for more personalization, particularly in the service sector, aiming for greater customer engagement.
For social media, I see many brands further exploring UGC as a form of strong social proof, especially in e-commerce and tourism. Also, I'm expecting more significant investment in partnerships with micro-influencers, mainly in creating bite-sized video content or short videos that teach something to its users, in addition to partnerships in the development of social selling.
The Metaverse should still be a big buzz next year, and we need to be aware of the opportunities, but I still see a lot of excitement and few practical use cases that present a good return on investment (ROI).
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is already present in virtually all marketing activities today, especially in content generation. Over the past few years, there has been a quiet trend of integrating AI into almost every digital marketing channel. Algorithms determine the best times to post, the search results, and the ads shown to your shopping preferences. However, AI in marketing is already going far beyond that.
It's okay that automation and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are nothing new, but in 2023, they are expected to be two of the biggest trends in digital marketing. The evolution of technology applied to automation will allow marketers to simplify their processes, saving time and money and increasing efficiency.
Artificial Intelligence is a deep technology "as or more important than fire and electricity" - Sundar Pichai, CEO of Alphabet Inc, owner of Google.
According to a Gartner survey of corporate executives in the US, Germany, and the UK, 80% of respondents think that automation helps with decision-making. "The survey revealed that organizations are moving away from a purely tactical approach to AI and starting to apply it more strategically," said Erick Brethenoux, Analyst and Vice President at Gartner. Also, according to the survey, more than 30% of online content is already created using AI.
Automation is getting stronger, and it is a path of no return for improving processes and metadata analysis, which help a lot in the strategic analysis of marketing actions. Automation is also directly linked to the Internet of Things (IoT) and how the popularization of this technology will impact people's lives in 2023.
The perspective is that the focus of automation will grow in allowing interactions between more useful and complex machines. So, the tendency is to develop more global standards and protocols that facilitate communication between devices. Furthermore, the development of new technologies will emphasize IoT security. After all, while automation benefits people's lives, it also creates security risks. Therefore, the focus of investments will also be on improving security features to prevent attacks.
AI will increasingly allow for a better understanding of consumer behavior and preferences, allowing the creation of more personalized and targeted campaigns. Automation and AI will also help marketers better analyze data – a treasure trove in understanding consumer behavior, allowing them to make more informed decisions about their actions. In addition to helping to better optimize campaigns for search engines (SEO), automatic generation of content such as articles, images, and videos, in addition to the aid of other digital marketing strategies.
The use of AI tools in marketing is booming and will exceed $48.8 billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 28.6%, according to a report by Market Research Future. I've separated three ways to use Artificial Intelligence in marketing and advertising strategies that are trends in 2023 and can help you adapt to trends in your business.
1. Produce large-scale content creation.
Although Google has already classified the automated process of writing articles as SPAM - a strategy widely used by news outlets and SEO companies to generate backlinks, for example - I believe this strategy will still be powerful next year.
If, on the one hand, Google is committed to improving its algorithms to identify and penalize AI tools' content, on the other hand, human creativity in creating new applications to circumvent these actions will always be at the forefront. I have seen this cat-and-mouse fight going on for a long time, especially with the recent release of GPT-3.5, a new version of the already world-renowned GPT-3 released two years ago by OpenAI. The latest version was perhaps the first tool to demonstrate that AI can write convincingly - if not perfectly - like a human. In 2023, we await the CPT-4 version that will arrive even more powerful.
"Auto-generated content using AI writing tools is against Google's Webmaster Guidelines" John Mueller, Google's Search Advocate.
Another application that is already being used and that will gain more and more space in the coming years is the creation of videos through the use of Artificial Intelligence. This application goes beyond image and short video creation apps for social networks and helps more in creating "how to," DIY, and educational content in the coming year.
With the ever-increasing need to create high-quality advertising material, I see Artificial Intelligence as a vital tool to produce it at a scale, precision, and customization superior to humans. On the other hand, advertising is a very human-centric industry and must always be contextualized. So, while a programming resource is unlikely to replace the interaction between brands, consumers and publishers entirely, it is a technology that can elevate and enhance the way creative professionals deliver their work.
2. Create more accurate and far-reaching ads and emails through contextual targeting.
One of the most incredible benefits of this technology lies in the use of programmatic advertising based on Artificial Intelligence, which generates thousands of distribution compositions, provides more accurate segmentations, and allows personalized ads with a high response rate and greater efficiency. With the help of AI, the capture of digital behaviors of potential customers in real-time will be increasingly accurate, resulting in better optimization and personalization of ads.
Through machine learning, agencies can create dynamic ads based on a prospect's online behavior. An example of this is the demand-side platform (DSP) StackAdapt, which uses Artificial Intelligence algorithms to extract the content of an article, and evaluate its context and sentiment, allowing the company to create personalized, contextual definitions that consider the needs of each advertiser. StackAdapt processes over 2 billion auctions daily and nearly 6 billion decisions per second, which is why the heavy lifting is left to AI. In this way, it is possible to choose the most relevant ads for each user.
With 4 billion daily email users sending around 340 billion messages every day (Statista), anyone who thinks email marketing is outdated is wrong. But with this volume of messages, it's not hard to imagine that marketing executives need more and more help to stand out in their consumers' inboxes. And AI-powered tools play an increasingly important role in optimizing email marketing campaigns such as:
Write email subject lines by yourself.
Companies like Phrasee, for example, use AI and machine learning to automatically write email subject lines based on data analysis, resulting in higher open rates.
Write parts of emails.
Content generation tools like Copy.ai - ideal for short texts, and Jasper - more used in long texts, offer content creation solutions based on GPT-3, the largest Artificial Intelligence language model ever created, to create content automatically.
Optimize shipping times.
Using AI, you can optimize shipping times by adapting your delivery according to the best receipt time for the user. This means that each person on your list receives an email when they are most likely to open it, based on the data.
Clean up email lists.
Through AI, you also can clean up email databases by removing outdated contacts and updating information, automatically improving email deliverability and open rate (OR).
Automatically create email newsletters with unprecedented personalization.
Some AI platforms are dedicated exclusively to creating hyper-personalized "smart" newsletters. These tools generate automated emails containing customized content for each reader, dramatically improving subscriber engagement.
Rasa.io is one of those personalization tools. Once you've chosen your favorite content sources for your newsletter, the platform takes over, regularly scanning your content pool, tracking who clicks on what, and customizing your newsletter by the individual subscriber. Then, each time you press send, rasa.io generates a unique email newsletter for each reader. It's a level of customization previously impossible with traditional automation tools.
3. Provide efficient communication between brand and consumer
The days when companies relied solely on a human customer service department are gone! Instead, platforms that use AI to communicate with their audience can develop a precise and personalized language available 24/7, as it is possible to attribute the brand identity to the service. Artificial Intelligence also helps marketers establish individual conversations with consumers when they click on an ad, allowing them to explore new services, ask questions, or learn more about a product.
Google Assistant has been almost a new family member for a few years now, and I see these voice-activated chatbots becoming more and more popular in the coming years. But more than telling stories and jokes to kids or helping you with the "find my phone" command, in 2023, I see them quickly gaining popularity for online searches and shopping. This means that corporate communication also needs to follow this trend. According to Juniper Research, by the end of 2023, there will be 8 billion voice assistants worldwide. It's a market we can't ignore.
With the recent advances in digitalization that the pandemic has forced companies to adopt, data collection and interpretation have taken on a critical role. As a result, one of the vital challenges for businesses in 2023 will be using growing customer insights to influence chatbot behavior. And this is where Artificial Intelligence will play a significant role in creating new data analysis methods to extract valuable insights from the collected information.
Furthermore, chatbots power various business operations, including marketing engagement, brand awareness, customer support, sales, and lead generation. The knowledge available to AI-powered chatbots will increase, and they will be able to understand even more customer needs based on their interactions with brands. Today, any organization can benefit from deploying a low-cost chatbot in its business operations. Many solutions on the market integrate with Messenger and WhatsApp and can be easily and quickly implemented to improve customer interaction.
Artificial Intelligence is making marketing smarter, connecting consumers to products with accurate messages at the right time. You must be aware of how AI is frighteningly changing critical aspects of the marketing channels we use today. You need to become familiar with algorithms and how they impact results, optimizing the content strategy according to your business's and your consumer's characteristics.
Now that you're on top of the leading marketing trends for 2023, you need to roll up your sleeves and get to work. So I separated some recommendations to start the year at high speed.
1. Focus on the consumer experience
Reassess your product or service by putting yourself in the customer's shoes, but first, you need to have your persona very well defined. Then, be prepared to separate time and money to get improvements that benefit your customer's experience. Virtually all algorithms are based on enhancing the user experience and how well you meet their needs, so improving delivery and experience will help protect you from future algorithm updates.
Personalized User Experience
Artificial Intelligence plays a crucial role in improving the consumer experience. Identifying individual needs and delivering customized solutions is becoming easier with the help of AI.
Uninterrupted work 24/7
With AI, you can provide 24/7 assistance to your customers. Such solutions also ensure that employees only need to work short hours. This ensures that business flows smoothly and uninterrupted.
Create smarter content
AI algorithms can track which pages on your website users read, identify hot spots and visit times on landing pages, and generate email read data, for example. This technology helps, among other things, the production of relevant content in articles, social posts, and personalized emails for customers.
2. Produce short videos
It is not new to anyone that the goal of each social media platform is to keep users on the app for as long as possible, and the viewing time dedicated to videos is much greater than that of photos or short texts. That is why companies like Facebook and Instagram (Meta), YouTube (Google), and TikTok (ByteDance) have their algorithms focused on video delivery, and that does not happen by chance.
More than just following the trend, it is necessary to adapt your communication to what the major media outlets are determining. Therefore, brands need to appear in their customers' channels and formats to remain relevant. And your customers are unlikely to be on just one of the abovementioned channels.
If you are not yet active on these channels, now is the time to join! First, track how your audience uses TikTok or Instagram Reels, for example. Then analyze how your brand can interact with audiences on these channels and start experimenting with short video content for your business.
While many video production companies are already using AI to rejuvenate film casting, script writing, idea generation, storyboarding, and AI-supported voice-overs, its massive use in video content production is yet to happen. But some solutions are already emerging and can help you, like DeepStory, a platform dedicated to generating AI-based scripts. Another great example is Adobe's AI-powered character animation feature that lets you bring your characters to life simply by acting out their movements in front of a camera.
A study by Pearson found that nearly 60% of Gen Z (1997-2012) and 55% of Millennials (1981-1996) prefer to learn by watching YouTube videos rather than printed books. This shows that short-form video has already taken over the public's attention and companies need to be able to communicate through bite-sized video content to capture attention, particularly on mobile devices.
Dedicate yourself to producing shorter, simpler, and straight-to-the-point content. For example, challenge yourself to present your differentials in more concise messages by adapting them to be shown in the video.
3. Micro-influencers and community building
Influencer marketing has been on the rise for years. This trend will continue to grow, with brands looking for opportunities to break through the noise with organic-looking content through influencers and their ability to influence their community's buying habits.
The relationship between fans and celebrities was replaced by that of a local leader and the community. Brands cannot only look at the reach and number of followers because it is possible to manipulate some numbers on social networks, which is why decisions based only on followers are a mistake. It is necessary to remember that the creator is the union of the message with the environment he lives in and that it is a persona endorsing his product or service, a powerful merchandising that influences an entire community. Therefore, the influencer must be relevant, that is, be relevant and appropriate to the brand segment.
More than ever, Artificial Intelligence is present in social media, playing an essential role in measuring relevance, engagement, and persuasion in the influencers' community. For example, AI algorithms show content suggestions based on your profile habits. In 2023, the advancement of this technology promises to make curation even stronger, aiming to detect and filter out information such as false profiles and inappropriate and low-quality content.
Additionally, AI will continue to help identify which posts are most relevant to each user based on their past interactions and interests. I see an even more significant decrease in the relevance of likes at the expense of retention time (and attention) of the content produced, which is why videos are so popular.
In general, brands should focus on creating great pieces that are relevant to their target audience and designed to encourage natural interactions. In addition, it is necessary to constantly contact the audience, promoting conversations and debates so that the profile becomes a place of direct exchange between the company and the community.
Finally, we must remember that platforms based on Artificial Intelligence are constantly evolving, so it is vital to stay updated on algorithm changes, new tools, solutions, and market trends.
#Marketing #ArtificialInteligence #MachineLearning
Andre Havro is a pioneer of digital marketing in Brazil, having founded one of the first digital agencies in the country in 1996. A serial entrepreneur and marketing mentor, Havro specializes in strategies, branding, and digital, with over 25 years of experience working both on the client side and in ad agencies in Brazil, the United States, and Canada.
The Six Pillars to Create a Positive Digital Customer Experience (dCX)
Top 6 best categories of the wellness industry and their trends through 2030


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Access is gained from the walkway at the corner of Calvert Parade and the Boulevard or along the beach from the beach carpark. Change rooms and toilets are available. Pay & Display parking available.
A playground is located to the south of the surf club with large grass expanses and electric BBQs. Many cafes are located close by.
Please note, Newport rockpool is not available approximately three hours prior to listed cleaning times and approximately 12 hours after, depending upon prevailing seas.


Obviously we've (or at least some) have started here to just reply to posts they think should stay on top - well, I personally think, this should stay on top. Maybe if everyone starts to reply to posts, they think should stay on top, it's more democratic than just one doing the choosing? Well good then, let's get started I chose this post.


After taking bath and thoroughly drying his body, he changed into a long white gown his mother specially prepared for him.
Looking at himself in the mirror, Li Muyang felt somewhat unfamiliar.
Li Muyang can hardly recognise himself, from the surprise in his parents' eyes he knows exactly how much he had changed recently.
Just as Li Shinian had said: he achieved the first place in the exams of the entire kingdom and he was able to punch through a wall with merely a few months of practicing 'The Art of the Breaking Body'. Do you know that would give me a lot of pressure?
The person who said this is precisely Li Shinian, a talented girl well known in Hubu lane. Before when Li Muyang was being ridiculed and bullied she was the secret weapon Luo Qi used to counter-attack, with just a simple sentence 'the kid in your house is not doing so well, our Shinian said she had never seen his name on the list', this immediately made the other side speechless and surrendered immediately.
But now even Li Shinian noticed Li Muyang's rapid progress, then that means Li Muyang's—–skills are really terrifying.
Li Muyang pushed open the door, in front of him was Li Shinian sitting in his room eating fruits.
Seeing Li Muyang's tall and straight stature and his fluttering white gown, Li Shinian's eyes were glistening brightly; she couldn't finish off the apple in her hand.
"Who are you?" Li Shinian finally swallowed the piece of apple in her mouth and asked aloud.
"I'm your brother. Have you gone crazy?" Li Muyang was bewildered, this little girl doesn't even recognise him?
"Li Shinian—–" Li Muyang is speechless in front of his precious little sister. From when they were still little she had always bullied him. Of course, she had also protected him.
Luo Qi was in the kitchen cooking while Li Yan was standing at the side helping her.
The brother and sister came over to the dining room; Luo Qi already prepared lunch.
Father and mother constantly added food to Li Muyang's bowl, Li Muyang's rice bowl had to be swapped for a large plate.
Very quickly his plate was also piled high up, Luo Qi then began to prepare to swap it for a pot.
"You're biased towards the son." Li Shinian angrily ate the green vegetables and said with a face filled with injustice.
"I'm jealous of you." Li Shinian said meaningfully to Li Muyang.
"Li Shinian, how can you say that to your brother." Luo Qi was ready to hit her again.
"Mum, why are you so biased towards him? I wonder if I'm really your daughter?" Li Shinian reached out to cover her head and said snappily.
Li Muyang lowered his head to eat dinner, while feeling the warmth of home.
Father is kind, mother is loving and his little sister is so cute, he really is reluctant to leave the house.
Maple Forest Crossing, Li Muyang was getting ready to travel by ship to Tiandu.
This made Li Muyang extremely unsatisfied towards Starry Sky Academy, they sent someone on a crane to deliver the good news of enrolment. Then they can also send someone over to collect him on a crane, won't this save some poor students a lot of money from travel expenses?
At Maple Forest Crossing, the whole family came to see Li Muyang off.
Mother Luo Qi held tightly onto Li Muyang's hand not wanting to let go at all. On her way here, she had already secretly wiped away her tears several times.
"Don't worry about home." Li Yan said.
"Go, go, who wants to come over?" Li Shinian stood underneath the willow tree with her back facing Li Muyang, refusing to say goodbye.
From the side where Li Muyang couldn't see, both her eyes were red and swollen, and beads of tears were slipping down her flawless white little face.
There was a type of feeling, that before you had even gone far, called Shinian.
Pretty profound stuff… Thanks for the chapter!
Hm, are they talking about his skin being whiter metaphorically or literally? I can't tell if they jest or not.
Their parents must have been thinking of Li Qiji when they named her.


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USA Junior Men's National Team secure the Gold Medal at the IHF Trophy Continental Phase in West Dundee, IL USA.
USATH to hold a general election for Board of Directors seats expiring at the end of 2018.
USA plays Mexico for their second match at the IHF Trophy Continental Phase in West Dundee, IL USA.
USA to host IHF Trophy Continental Phase for Youth and Junior Categories.
USA Junior National Team will compete Nov. 16-21, 2018 in West Dundee, IL USA.


text:
Entropies of general quantum states
Naohumi Muraki, Masanori Ohya, D. Petz
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
The entropy and the mutual entropy for states and channels are totally studied in general quantum systems described by C*-algebras. In particular, we discuss the relations among the S-entropy and the mutual entropy introduced by Ohya and the Connes-Narnhofer-Thirring entropy.
Open Systems and Information Dynamics
Quantum Systems
C*-algebra
Muraki, N., Ohya, M., & Petz, D. (1992). Entropies of general quantum states. Open Systems and Information Dynamics, 1(1), 43-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02228935
Entropies of general quantum states. / Muraki, Naohumi; Ohya, Masanori; Petz, D.
In: Open Systems and Information Dynamics, Vol. 1, No. 1, 04.1992, p. 43-56.
Muraki, N, Ohya, M & Petz, D 1992, 'Entropies of general quantum states', Open Systems and Information Dynamics, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 43-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02228935
Muraki N, Ohya M, Petz D. Entropies of general quantum states. Open Systems and Information Dynamics. 1992 Apr;1(1):43-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02228935
Muraki, Naohumi ; Ohya, Masanori ; Petz, D. / Entropies of general quantum states. In: Open Systems and Information Dynamics. 1992 ; Vol. 1, No. 1. pp. 43-56.
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Over the past 4 weeks or so, I have been listening to an audio version of Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged. It is a very interesting read in this day and age, where our Federal Governemnt has interfered in the bankruptcy of General Motors, Chrysler, and likely some of the financial institutions (probably Citibank). I can imagine such characters such as Wesley Mooch, Mr. Thompson, Jim Taggart, and other various characters and directives for the governnment for the whole good of the people. One reaction that I couldn't help but hear was the reaction to the temporarily stay on the Chrysler bankruptcy. If you read the following Wall Street Journal Article, the implications are as follows: "By refusing to make the relatively small sacrifices that would avert a calamity, the pension funds will instead create a great catastrophe, which is the same kind of shortsighted thinking that got us into the Great Depression," Dingell said in a statement. "Make no mistake: If these pension funds can't see past their own pain, they threaten to create a kind of agony for their state and the nation that is difficult for most people to imagine or condone." People should sacrifice for the common good??? Come on, Congressman. What country are you living in?


text:
Al Gore Says New Current TV Host Jennifer Granholm Could Have Been First Woman President
By Tommy ChristopherOct 12th, 2011, 4:17 pm
On the heels of its signing of The Young Turks' Cenk Uygur, Current TV has announced that former Michigan Gov. Jennifer Granholm will star in a new show, called The War Room, that will follow ratings anchor Countdown with Keith Olbermann at 9pm. Former Vice President Al Gore, Chairman and co-founder of Current, is very high on Granholm, telling reporters this afternoon that, had it not been for her Canadian birth, she might have become the first female President of the United States.
Current's press release described the show this way:
From the caucuses to the campaign trails to Capitol Hill, the hour-long program will shed light on the news of the day and will feature in-studio commentary by political insiders, campaign veterans, opinion leaders and newsmakers whose unique perspective will both inform and inspire.
According to Current, The War Room "will cap off a nightly roster of thought-provoking content beginning at 7:00 pm ET/PT with Cenk Uygur's The Young Turks (launching November 2011) to be followed at 8:00 pm ET/PT by Countdown with Keith Olbermann."
Gore was effusive in his praise of Granholm, saying in a press release, ""Jennifer Granholm is a supremely talented and dedicated public servant whose deep understanding of the issues makes her one of the most relevant voices in politics today. She would be an asset to any news organization, and I am delighted that she has chosen Current TV as her new home. I have no doubt that her ability to illuminate and provide context to the issues of the 2012 election will prove to be of inestimable value to Current's audience as well as to the public policy discussion surrounding the election."
In a conference call with reporters, Gore went quite a bit further. Echoing comments he made to the former governor over dinner last night, Gore said, "I sincerely believe that if (Jennifer Granholm) had not been born in Canada, she would have been a leading candidate for President of the United States, and would have been, very possibly, the first woman President of the United States."
He went on to say that she has "a combination of insight, intelligence, and personality that…is really going to be fantastic on television. I'm very excited about it."
I asked the former Vice President if he would share his wish list for the rest of Current's lineup, and he jokingly declined, but also declined to give specifics on the network's inroads into being available in more households, saying that "the ratings have been good," and that he was in "many different conversations, and we're very optimistic" about distribution. Gov. Granholm did reveal that comedian Brett Ehrlich, who formerly hosted infoMania on Current, will be a contributor to her show.
I also asked Gov. Granholm if she could gauge the political temperature of her show, relative to Keith Olbermann on the "hot" end of the spectrum, and Rachel Maddow on the "cool" side.
"I think we're gonna be a hot show," she said, with a laugh. "It's going to be hot in the sense that people will want to watch it, we want it to be fast-moving, and we want it to be entertaining, yes, but we also want it to be very thoughtful."
"Yes, I'm progressive," Granholm continued, "I'm on the left end of the spectrum, but I've also had to be a pragmatic governor, and can explain what that's like, dealing with a Republican legislature, and how important compromise is. It will be a blend of temperatures, but hopefully, the show itself will be a hot show."
It's probably not what she meant by a "hot show," but earlier in the call, asked if the Detroit Tigers should start Justin Verlander in Game 4 or save him for game 5, replied with an earthy turn of phrase, saying, "I say shoot the wad tonight, you gotta take it every game at a time."
Al GoreCenk UygurCurrent TVJennifer Granholmkeith olbermannThe Young Turks


Game recipes are growing in popularity. This simple quail recipe calls for only five ingredients, including salt and pepper. The prep is quick and easy and the end result is a treat for the taste buds.
Sprinkle quail with salt and pepper, and wrap with bacon slices. Place, breast side down, in a roasting pan. Brush with melted butter.
Bake at 425° for 10 minutes; reduce heat to 325°, and bake, covered, 40 to 45 minutes or until done. Let stand 5 to 10 minutes before serving.


Year after year and it feels like the horror of finals lurking around April just never go away.
Yep, you've guessed it: it's exam season… again (sigh) !
Honestly there are not that much suggestions that one can be given for studying other than preparing in advance… but!
And here's a big "but": you can take control over what affects your emotional state during preparation time, so you can be at your best self when taking exams!
April 16, 2019 | Nádia A.
April 12, 2019 | Nádia A.
And so it arrives: it's #Chella Season once again!
As most of you know, it's the most awaited music and arts festival of the year and like every past event, this year's will be held at the Empire Polo Club in Indio, California.
However, unlike previous years, Coachella 2019 will be hosted over the span of two weekends, starting on Friday, April 12th through Sunday, April 14th, and then following suit on April 19th through April 21st.
For those of you who leave planning and packing 'till last minute, here are some things to look-out for right before you hit the road (or plane, whichever way you choose).
Beauty Route: To Italy and Beyond!
April 4, 2019 | Nádia A.
We've got some exciting news to share with you all!
As most of you may know, throughout our history of online distribution we've been working with international brands, such as Spain's Lakme, Netherland's Barberstation and UK's Kerastraight.
Today marks an important milestone in our business, so we thought we'd let our readers in on our current transformation!
In case you couldn't tell already by the countless posts we've done thus far, we are very much excited for the new, warmer weather to come. It is of no surprise then that every post is seen as an opportunity to nurture our enthusiasm and towering expectations. This particular blog post is no different; it is thus a reflection of our much anticipated change in season.
As much as we like spring, we also acknowledge the importance of having healthy, anti-static hair. With the upcoming change in temperature and air humidity, we can only expect to see a commonly occurring hair problem make a comeback: hair frizz!
So don't miss out on these 5 hair products: after all, spring and frizz are no match made in heaven!
Don't Miss It: KUWTK Premiere Highlights!
April 1, 2019 | Nádia A.
The much anticipated season has finally aired; the 16th of the decade-long Keeping Up With The Kardashians released its first episode just this past Sunday.
As usual, the new show is filled with drama and nuanced family quarrels and uncertainties. In this new chapter, it's clear that Khloé Kardashian will be at centre-stage for most of this season, along with Kim and (surprise!) Kanye West.
The family surely knows how to keep the juiciest details on lock-down; so far there's very little talk of the feud between model Jordyn Woods and the Kardashian-Jenner family. But who are we kidding? Sooner or later, all the tears and angst will come streaming down at just the right time. Wanna know what you've missed? Here's a capsule review of yesterday's premiere!
BEAUTY ROUTE (a PSBL Company) is your one stop destination for top professional hair beauty products. We make it accessible to hair enthusiasts and licensed hair stylists, delivering the hottest and best tools that are in demand. We bring you an exciting selection of products from hair extensions to styling tools and colours to wet goods. We can't wait to share our love and passion for hair with you! Now let's get started and enjoy the journey!
Copyright © 2018 Beauty Route : A PSBL inc company.


Digital learning systems now charge students for access codes needed to complete coursework, take quizzes, and turn in homework.
As universities go digital, students are complaining of a new hit to their finances that is replacing — and sometimes joining — expensive textbooks: pricey online access codes that are required to complete coursework and submit assignments.
The codes — which typically range in price from $80 to $155 per course — give students online access to systems developed by education companies like McGraw Hill and Pearson. These companies, which long reaped big profits as textbook publishers, have boasted to investors that their new online offerings, when pushed to students through universities they partner with, represent the future of the industry.
But critics say the digital access codes represent the same price-gouging ethos of the textbook business, and are even harder for students to opt out of. While they could once buy second-hand textbooks, or share copies with friends, the digital systems are essentially impossible to avoid.
"When we talk about access codes we see it as the new face of the textbook monopoly, a new way to lock students around this system," said Ethan Senack, the higher education advocate for the U.S. Public Interest Research Group, to BuzzFeed News.
"Rather than $250 [for a print textbook] you're paying $120," said Senack. "But because it's all digital it eliminates the used book market and eliminates any sharing and because homework and tests are through an access code, it eliminates any ability to opt out."
Sarina Harper, a 19-year-old sophomore at Virginia Tech, was faced with a tough dilemma when she first started college in 2015 — pay rent or pay to turn in her chemistry homework.
Harper told BuzzFeed News that her freshman chemistry class required her to use Connect, a system provided by McGraw Hill where students can submit homework, take exams and track their grades. But the code to access the program cost $120 — a big ask for Harper, who had already put down $450 for textbooks, and had rent day approaching.
She decided to wait for her next work study paycheck, which was typically $150 to $200, to pay for the code. She knew that her chemistry grade may take a dive as a result.
"It's a balancing act," she said. "What do I really right now? Can I really afford these access codes now?" She didn't hand in her first two assignments for chemistry, which started her out in the class with a failing grade.
The access codes may be another financial headache for students, but for textbook businesses, they're the future. McGraw Hill Education, which controls 21% of the higher education market, reported in March that its digital content sales surpassed print sales for the first time in 2015. The company said that 45% of its $140 million revenue in 2015 "was derived from digital products," according to its annual report.
Pearson reported a 3% increase in global digital registrations last year for its MyLab programs, which totaled 13 million in 2015. McGraw Hill reported a 12% increase in its paid activations for its LearnSmart and Connect programs from last school year to 1.2 million.
A Pearson spokesperson told BuzzFeed News that "digital materials are less expensive and a good investment" that offer new features, like audio texts, personalized knowledge checks and expert videos. Its digital course materials save students up to 60% compared to traditional printed textbooks, the company added.
McGraw Hill Education did not respond to a request for comment, but its CEO David Levin told the Financial Times in August 2015 that "in higher ed, the era of the textbook is now over."
The textbook industry insists the online systems represent a better deal for students.
"These digital products are not just mechanisms for students to submit homework, they offer all kinds of features," David Anderson, the executive director of higher education with the Association of American Publishers, told BuzzFeed News. "It's very robust in helping students understand in a way that you can't do with a print homework assignments."
David Hunt, an associate professor in sociology at Augusta University, which has rolled out digital textbooks across its math and psychology departments, told BuzzFeed News that he understands the utility of using systems that require access codes. But he doesn't require his students to buy access to a learning program that controls the class assignments.
"I try to make things as inexpensive as possible," said Hunt who uses free digital textbooks for his classes but designs his own curriculum. "[The online systems] may make my life a lot easier but I feel like I'm giving up control. The discussions are the things where my expertise can benefit the students most."
A 20-year old junior at Georgia Southern University, who asked to remain anonymous, told BuzzFeed News that she normally spends anywhere from $500 to $600 on access codes for class. In one case, the professor didn't require students to buy a textbook, just an access code to turn in homework.
This year she said she spent $900 on access codes to books and programs.
"That's two months of rent," she said. "You can't sell any of it back. With a traditional textbook you can sell it for $30 to $50 and that helps to pay for your new semester's books. With an access code, you're out of that money."
Benjamin Wolverton, a 19-year-old sophomore at the University of South Carolina, told BuzzFeed News that "it is ridiculous that after paying tens of thousands in tuition we have to pay out of pocket for all these access codes to do our homework."
Many of the access codes he's purchased over his college career have been required simply to complete homework or quizzes. "A lot of times it's only 10% of your grade in class," he said. "You're paying so much money for something that hardly affects your grade — but if you didn't have it, it would affect your grade enough. It would be bad to start out at a B or C."
Wolverton said he spent $500 on access codes for digital books and programs this semester.
Harper, a pre-veterinarian animal and poultry science major, is taking chemistry again this year and had to buy a new access code to hand in her homework.
She rented her economics and statistics textbooks for about $20 each. But her access codes for homework, which can't be rented or bought second hand, were her most expensive purchases: $120 and $85.
She still remembers the sting of her first experience skipping an assignment due to the high prices.
"We don't really have a missed assignment policy," she said. "If you miss it, you just miss it. I just got zeros on a couple first assignments. I managed to pull everything back up. But as a scared freshman looking at their grades, it's not fun."