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Learning & Values Texts & Writings Classic Texts Mishneh Torah Sefer Avodah Beit Habechirah
Beit Habechirah - Chapter 2
By Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon ("Maimonides"); translated by Eliyahu Touger
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The Altar is [to be constructed] in a very precise location,1 which may never be changed,2 as it is said (II Chronicles 22:1): "This is the Altar for the burnt offerings of Israel."
Isaac was prepared as a sacrifice on the Temple's [future] site, as it is said (Genesis 22:2): "Go to the land of Moriah,"3 and in Chronicles (II 3:1), it is said: "Then, Solomon began to build the House of the Lord in Jerusalem, on Mt. Moriah, where [the Lord] appeared to David, his father, in the place that David had prepared,4 in the threshing floor of Ornan, the Jebusite."
הַמִּזְבֵחַ מְקוֹמוֹ מְכֻוָּן בְּיוֹתֵר. וְאֵין מְשַׁנִּין אוֹתוֹ מִמְּקוֹמוֹ לְעוֹלָם. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברי הימים א כב א) "זֶה מִזְבַּח לְעוֹלָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל". וּבַמִּקְדָּשׁ נֶעֱקַד יִצְחָק אָבִינוּ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית כב ב) "וְלֶךְ לְךָ אֶל אֶרֶץ הַמֹּרִיָּה". וְנֶאֱמַר בְּדִבְרֵי הַיָּמִים (דברי הימים ב ג א) "וַיָּחֶל שְׁלֹמֹה לִבְנוֹת אֶת בֵּית ה' בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם בְּהַר הַמּוֹרִיָּה אֲשֶׁר נִרְאָה לְדָוִיד אָבִיהוּ אֲשֶׁר הֵכִין בִּמְקוֹם דָּוִיד בְּגֹרֶן אָרְנָן הַיְבוּסִי":
It is universally accepted5 that the place on which David and Solomon built the Altar,6 the threshing floor of Ornan, is the location where Abraham built the Altar on which he prepared Isaac for sacrifice.
Noah built [an altar] on that location when he left the ark.7 It was also [the place] of the Altar on which Cain and Abel brought sacrifices.8 [Similarly,] Adam, the first man, offered a sacrifice there and was created at that very spot,9 as our Sages said: "Man was created from the place where he [would find] atonement."10
וּמָסֹרֶת בְּיַד הַכּל שֶׁהַמָּקוֹם שֶׁבָּנָה בּוֹ דָּוִד וּשְׁלֹמֹה הַמִּזְבֵּחַ בְּגֹרֶן אֲרַוְנָה הוּא הַמָּקוֹם שֶׁבָּנָה בּוֹ אַבְרָהָם הַמִּזְבֵּחַ וְעָקַד עָלָיו יִצְחָק. וְהוּא הַמָּקוֹם שֶׁבָּנָה בּוֹ נֹחַ כְּשֶׁיָּצָא מִן הַתֵּבָה. וְהוּא הַמִּזְבֵּחַ שֶׁהִקְרִיב עָלָיו קַיִן וְהֶבֶל. וּבוֹ הִקְרִיב אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן קָרְבָּן כְּשֶׁנִּבְרָא וּמִשָּׁם נִבְרָא. אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים אָדָם מִמְּקוֹם כַּפָּרָתוֹ נִבְרָא:
The dimensions of the Altar must be very precise. Its design has been passed down from one to another [over the course of the generations].
The altar built by the exiles [returning from Babylon] was constructed according to the design of the Altar to be built in the Messianic age.11 We may not increase or reduce its dimensions.12
מִדּוֹת הַמִּזְבֵּחַ מְכֻוָּנוֹת הַרְבֵּה וְצוּרָתוֹ יְדוּעָה אִישׁ מֵאִישׁ. וּמִזְבֵּחַ שֶׁבָּנוּ בְּנֵי הַגּוֹלָה כְּעֵין מִזְבֵּחַ שֶׁעָתִיד לְהִבָּנוֹת עָשׂוּהוּ וְאֵין לְהוֹסִיף עַל מִדָּתוֹ וְלֹא לִגְרֹעַ מִמֶּנָּה:
Three prophets returned to [Eretz Yisrael] with the people:13 one attested to the site of the Altar;14 the second, to its dimensions;15 and the third attested to [the Halachah permitting] all sacrifices to be offered on that Altar, even though the Temple itself was not [built] there [yet].16
וּשְׁלֹשָׁה נְבִיאִים עָלוּ עִמָּהֶם מִן הַגּוֹלָה. אֶחָד הֵעִיד לָהֶן עַל מְקוֹם הַמִּזְבֵּחַ. וְאֶחָד הֵעִיד לָהֶן עַל מִדּוֹתָיו. וְאֶחָד הֵעִיד לָהֶן שֶׁמַּקְרִיבִין עַל הַמִּזְבֵּחַ הַזֶּה כָּל הַקָּרְבָּנוֹת אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין שָׁם בַּיִת:
The Altar constructed by Moses, and, [similarly,] that built by Solomon, and that erected by the [returning] exiles, and that to be built [in the Messianic age] are all ten cubits high.17 Though the Torah states [Exodus 27:1]: "Its height will be three cubits," [that refers to] the surface on which the wood for the sacrifices was arranged.18
The length and breadth of the Altar built by the [returning] exiles and, similarly, the one to be built in the Messianic Age, is 32 cubits by 32 cubits.19
מִזְבֵּחַ שֶׁעָשָׂה משֶׁה וְשֶׁעָשָׂה שְׁלֹמֹה וְשֶׁעָשׂוּ בְּנֵי הַגּוֹלָה וְשֶׁעָתִיד לְהֵעָשׂוֹת כֻּלָּן עֶשֶׂר אַמּוֹת גֹּבַהּ כָּל אֶחָד מֵהֶן. וְזֶה הַכָּתוּב בַּתּוֹרָה (שמות כז א) "וְשָׁלֹשׁ אַמּוֹת קוֹמָתוֹ" מְקוֹם הַמַּעֲרָכָה בִּלְבַד. וּמִזְבֵּחַ שֶׁעָשׂוּ בְּנֵי הַגּוֹלָה וְכֵן הֶעָתִיד לְהִבָּנוֹת מִדַּת אָרְכּוֹ וְרָחְבּוֹ ל''ב אַמּוֹת עַל ל''ב אַמּוֹת:
Mishneh Torah (Moznaim)
Featuring a modern English translation and a commentary that presents a digest of the centuries of Torah scholarship which have been devoted to the study of the Mishneh Torah by Maimonides.
The 10 cubits of the Altar's height [were not measured in a consistent manner.]20 Sometimes the measure of a "cubit" was six handbreadths, while in other cases, the cubit's measure was five handbreadths.21 In all other cases, the cubits mentioned in the dimensions of the Temple are six handbreadths.
The height of the entire Altar22 was 58 handbreadths.23
עֶשֶׂר אַמּוֹת שֶׁל גֹּבַהּ הַמִּזְבֵּחַ מֵהֶן בְּאַמָּה בַּת חֲמִשָּׁה טְפָחִים וּמֵהֶן בְּאַמָּה בַּת שִׁשָּׁה טְפָחִים. וּשְׁאָר כָּל אַמּוֹת הַבִּנְיָן בְּאַמָּה בַּת שִׁשָּׁה טְפָחִים. וְגֹבַהּ כָּל הַמִּזְבֵּחַ נ''ח טְפָחִים:
The [Altar's] dimensions and design were as follows:24 Five handbreadths up and five handbreadths in25 [form a step called] the base. Thus, the [remaining area of the Altar] was 30 cubits and two handbreadths by 30 cubits and two handbreadths.26
Thirty handbreadths [further] up and 5 handbreadths [further] in is [called] the surrounding ledge.27
Thus, its area was 28 cubits and four handbreadths by 28 cubits and four handbreadths.28
Go up eighteen handbreadths, place a hollow, rectangular structure in each corner of this surface [thus, creating the Altar's] four horns.
The area encompassed by the horns was one cubit by one cubit on all sides.29 Similarly, the space for the priests to walk was a cubit on all sides.30
[Thus,] the surface on which [the wood for the sacrifices] was arranged31 was 24 cubits and four handbreadths by 24 cubits and four handbreadths.32
וְכָךְ הָיְתָה מִדָּתוֹ וְצוּרָתוֹ. עָלָה חֲמִשָּׁה טְפָחִים וְכָנַס חֲמִשָּׁה טְפָחִים זֶהוּ יְסוֹד. נִמְצָא רֹחַב שְׁלֹשִׁים אַמָּה וּשְׁנֵי טְפָחִים עַל רֹחַב שְׁלֹשִׁים אַמָּה וּשְׁנֵי טְפָחִים. עָלָה שְׁלֹשִׁים טְפָחִים וְכָנַס חֲמִשָּׁה טְפָחִים זֶהוּ סוֹבֵב [עָלָה י''ח טְפָחִים זֶהוּ מְקוֹם הַמַּעֲרָכָה] נִמְצָא רָחְבּוֹ שְׁמוֹנֶה וְעֶשְׂרִים אַמָּה וְאַרְבָּעָה טְפָחִים עַל שְׁמוֹנֶה וְעֶשְׂרִים אַמָּה וְאַרְבָּעָה טְפָחִים [עָלָה י''ח טְפָחִים וְכוֹנֵס לְקֶרֶן זָוִית שֶׁל הַי''ח בִּנְיָן חָלוּל מְרֻבָּע לְכָל אַרְבַּע קְרָנוֹת] וּמְקוֹם הַקְּרָנוֹת אַמָּה מִזֶּה וְאַמָּה מִזֶּה סָבִיב. וְכֵן מְקוֹם רַגְלֵי הַכֹּהֲנִים אַמָּה סָבִיב. נִמְצָא מְקוֹם הַמַּעֲרָכָה רָחְבּוֹ עֶשְׂרִים וְאַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת וְאַרְבָּעָה טְפָחִים עַל עֶשְׂרִים וְאַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת וְאַרְבָּעָה טְפָחִים:
Each horn was five handbreadths high.33 The area of each horn was a cubit by a cubit. [All] four horns were hollow.34
Thus, the surface on which [the wood for the sacrifices] was arranged was 18 handbreadths above [the surrounding ledge.]
Half of the Altar's height [began] 6 handbreadths below the end of the surrounding ledge.35
גֹּבַהּ כָּל קֶרֶן וְקֶרֶן חֲמִשָּׁה טְפָחִים. וְרִבּוּעַ כָּל קֶרֶן אַמָּה עַל אַמָּה. וְאַרְבַּע הַקְּרָנוֹת חֲלוּלוֹת הָיוּ מִתּוֹכָן. וְגֹבַהּ מְקוֹם הַמַּעֲרָכָה י''ח טְפָחִים. נִמְצָא חֲצִי גֹּבַהּ הַמִּזְבֵּחַ כ''ט טְפָחִים מִסּוֹף הַסּוֹבֵב וּלְמַטָּה:
A scarlet band36 is girded around the middle of the Altar six handbreadths below the surrounding ledge to separate between the blood [to be cast on] the upper [portion of the Altar]37 and the blood [to be sprinkled on] the lower [portion of the Altar].38
Thus, the distance from the earth to the surface on which [the wood for the sacrifices] was arranged was a handbreadth less than nine cubits.39
וְחוּט שֶׁל סִקְרָה הָיָה חוֹגֵר בְּאֶמְצַע הַמִּזְבֵּחַ [כְּשִׁשָּׁה טְפָחִים מִסּוֹף הַסּוֹבֵב וּלְמַטָּה] לְהַבְדִּיל בֵּין דָּמִים הָעֶלְיוֹנִים לְדָמִים הַתַּחְתּוֹנִים. וְנִמְצָא גָּבְהוֹ מִן הָאָרֶץ עַד מְקוֹם הַמַּעֲרָכָה תֵּשַׁע אַמּוֹת פָּחוֹת טֶפַח:
The ledge encircled the Altar on all four sides. The base did not.40 The base encompassed the entire northern41 and western42 sides [of the Altar], and consumed one cubit on the South side and one cubit on the east side.43[Thus,] the southeast corner [of the Altar] did not have a base.
יְסוֹד הַמִּזְבֵּחַ לֹא הָיָה מַקִּיף מֵאַרְבַּע רוּחוֹתָיו כְּמוֹ הַסּוֹבֵב. אֶלָּא הָיָה הַיְסוֹד מָשׁוּךְ כְּנֶגֶד כָּל רוּחַ צָפוֹן וּמַעֲרָבִי וְאוֹכֵל בַּדָּרוֹם אַמָּה אַחַת וּבַמִּזְרָח אַמָּה אַחַת. וְקֶרֶן דְּרוֹמִית מִזְרָחִית לֹא הָיָה לָהּ יְסוֹד:
There were two holes in the southwest corner [of the Altar's base],44 resembling two thin nostrils. They were called Shittin.45 The blood46 [which was poured onto the Altar] would run off through them and be mixed together in the drainage canal in that corner.47 From there, it would flow out to the Kidron River.48
וּבְקֶרֶן מַעֲרָבִית דְּרוֹמִית הָיוּ שְׁנֵי נְקָבִים כְּמִין שֵׁנִי חֳטָמִין דַּקִּין. וְהֵן הַנִּקְרָאִין שִׁיתִין שֶׁהַדָּמִים יוֹרְדִין בָּהֶן וּמִתְעָרְבִין בְּאוֹתָהּ הַקֶּרֶן בָּאַמָּה וְיוֹצְאִין לַנַּחַל קִדְרוֹן:
Below, in the floor of that corner of the Altar, was a place, a cubit by a cubit, [covered by] a block of marble, with a ring affixed to it.49 They would descend there to the Shittin and clean them.50
וּלְמַטָּה בָּרִצְפָּה בְּאוֹתוֹ הַקֶּרֶן הָיָה מְקוֹם אַמָּה עַל אַמָּה וְטַבְלָא שֶׁל שַׁיִשׁ וְטַבַּעַת קְבוּעָה בָּהּ שֶׁבּוֹ יוֹרְדִין לַשִּׁיתִין וּמְנַקִּין אוֹתוֹ:
The ramp51 was constructed to the south of the Altar.52 Its length was 32 cubits, and its width, sixteen cubits. It consumed 30 cubits on the ground adjacent to the Altar, and extended [further, covering] one cubit of the base and one cubit of the surrounding ledge.53
There was a small space54 between the ramp and the Altar so that the limbs [of the sacrifices] would have to be tossed to reach the Altar.55
The height of the ramp was nine cubits minus a sixth of a cubit. It equaled that of [the surface on which the wood for the sacrifices] was arranged.56
וְכֶבֶשׁ הָיָה בָּנוּי לִדְרוֹמוֹ שֶׁל מִזְבֵּחַ. אָרְכּוֹ שְׁלֹשִׁים וּשְׁתַּיִם אַמָּה עַל רֹחַב ט''ז אַמָּה וְהָיָה אוֹכֵל בָּאָרֶץ שְׁלֹשִׁים אַמָּה מִצַּד הַמִּזְבֵּחַ. וּפוֹרֵחַ מִמֶּנָּה אַמָּה עַל הַיְסוֹד וְאַמָּה עַל הַסּוֹבֵב. וַאֲוִיר מְעַט הָיָה מַפְסִיק בֵּין הַכֶּבֶשׁ לַמִּזְבֵּחַ כְּדֵי לִתֵּן הָאֵיבָרִים לַמִּזְבֵּחַ בִּזְרִיקָה. וְגֹבַהּ הַכֶּבֶשׁ תֵּשַׁע אַמּוֹת פָּחוֹת שְׁתוּת עַד כְּנֶגֶד הַמַּעֲרָכָה:
Two small ramps extended from it. One led to the base,57 and the other to the surrounding ledge.58 They were set off from the Altar by a hair's breadth.
There was an aperture on the west side59 of the ramp, a cubit by a cubit. It was called the Rivuvah.60 There, fowl that had been disqualified for use as sin offerings would be placed until their form decomposed, at which time they could be taken out to be burnt.61
וּשְׁנֵי כְּבָשִׁים קְטַנִּים יוֹצְאִים מִמֶּנּוּ שֶׁבָּהֶם פּוֹנִים לַיְסוֹד וְלַסּוֹבֵב וּמֻבְדָּלִין מִן הַמִּזְבֵּחַ כִּמְלֹא נִימָא. וְחַלּוֹן הָיְתָה בְּמַעֲרָבוֹ שֶׁל כֶּבֶשׁ אַמָּה עַל אַמָּה וּרְבוּבָה הָיְתָה נִקְרֵאת. שֶׁבָּהּ נוֹתְנִין פְּסוּלֵי חַטַּאת הָעוֹף עַד שֶׁתַּעֲבֹר צוּרָתָהּ וְתֵצֵא לְבֵית הַשְּׂרֵפָה:
Two tables were [placed] on the left side of the ramp:
One of marble, on which the limbs [of the sacrifices to be offered on the Altar] were placed,62 and
One of silver, on which sacrificial vessels were placed.
וּשְׁנֵי שֻׁלְחָנוֹת הָיוּ בְּמַעֲרַב הַכֶּבֶשׁ אֶחָד שֶׁל שַׁיִשׁ שֶׁנּוֹתְנִין עָלָיו אֶת הָאֵיבָרִים וְאֶחָד שֶׁל כֶּסֶף שֶׁנּוֹתְנִין עָלָיו כְּלֵי הַשָּׁרֵת:
When we build the Altar, it must be made as one solid block, resembling a pillar. No empty cavity may be left at all.63
We must bring whole stones, both large and small.64 Then we must create a liquid with lime, pitch, and molten lead, and pour it [over the stones] into a large mold of its dimensions.65 We must build it in this manner, ascending [level by level].66
We must place a block of wood or stone in the southeast corner of the structure, equal to the measure of [the missing portion of the Altar's] base.67 Similarly, [blocks] must be placed in each horn until the building is completed.68 Then, the blocks may be removed from the structure, thus leaving the southeast corner without a base, and the horns, hollow.
כְּשֶׁבּוֹנִין הַמִּזְבֵּחַ בּוֹנִין אוֹתוֹ כֻּלּוֹ אָטוּם כְּמִין עַמּוּד וְאֵין עוֹשִׂין בּוֹ חָלָל כְּלָל. אֶלָּא מֵבִיא אֲבָנִים שְׁלֵמוֹת גְּדוֹלוֹת וּקְטַנּוֹת וּמֵבִיא סִיד וְזֶפֶת וְקוּנְיָא וּמְמַחֶה וְשׁוֹפַךְ לְתוֹךְ מַלְבֵּן גָּדוֹל כְּמִדָּתוֹ וּבוֹנֶה וְעוֹלֶה. וְנוֹתֵן בְּתוֹךְ הַבִּנְיָן גּוּף שֶׁל עֵץ אוֹ אֶבֶן בְּקֶרֶן דְּרוֹמִית מִזְרָחִית כְּמִדַּת הַיְסוֹד. וְכֵן נוֹתֵן בְּתוֹךְ כָּל קֶרֶן וְקֶרֶן עַד שֶׁיַּשְׁלִים הַבִּנְיָן וְיָסִיר הַגּוּפִים שֶׁבְּתוֹךְ הַבִּנְיָן כְּדֵי שֶׁתִּשָּׁאֵר קֶרֶן דְּרוֹמִית מִזְרָחִית בְּלֹא יְסוֹד וְיִשָּׁאֲרוּ הַקְּרָנוֹת חֲלוּלִין:
The four horns, the base, and a square shape are absolute requirements for the Altar. Any Altar which lacks [either] a horn, a base, a ramp, or a square shape, is unfit for use, for these four are absolute requirements.69
However, the measures of length, width, and height, are not absolute requirements,70 provided they are not less than a cubit by a cubit [in area,] and three cubits high. [The latter were] the dimensions of the surface [on which the wood for the sacrifices] was arranged for the altar [in the Sanctuary that accompanied the Jews] in the desert.71
אַרְבַּע קְרָנוֹת שֶׁל מִזְבֵּחַ וִיסוֹדוֹ וְרִבּוּעוֹ מְעַכְּבִין. וְכָל מִזְבֵּחַ שֶׁאֵין לוֹ קֶרֶן יְסוֹד וְכֶבֶשׁ וְרִבּוּעַ הֲרֵי הוּא פָּסוּל שֶׁאַרְבַּעְתָּן מְעַכְּבִין. אֲבָל מִדַּת אָרְכּוֹ וּמִדַּת רָחְבּוֹ וּמִדַּת קוֹמָתוֹ אֵינָן מְעַכְּבִין. וְהוּא שֶׁלֹּא יִפְחֹת מֵאַמָּה עַל אַמָּה בְּרוּם שָׁלֹשׁ אַמּוֹת כְּשִׁעוּר מְקוֹם הַמַּעֲרָכָה שֶׁל מִזְבַּח מִדְבָּר:
[The following laws apply when] the structure of the Altar is damaged. If a handbreadth of its structure is damaged, it is unfit for use.72 If less than a handbreadth [is damaged], it is acceptable,73 provided none of the remaining stones are damaged.74
מִזְבֵּחַ שֶׁנִּפְגַּם מִבִּנְיָנוֹ אִם נִפְגַּם מִבִּנְיָנוֹ טֶפַח פָּסוּל פָּחוֹת מִטֶּפַח כָּשֵׁר וְהוּא שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיֶה בַּנִּשְׁאָר אֶבֶן פְּגוּמָה:
As emphasized by the various events mentioned in this and the following halachot.
The location of the Altar within the Temple Courtyard is discussed in Chapter 5, Halachot 12-16.
In this context, we can understand the Rambam's choice of words, when describing the achievements of the Mashiach (Hilchot Melachim 11:1): "He will build the Sanctuary in its place." There, he does not state "its precise location," for although the Messianic Temple in its entirety will also be built on Mt. Moriah, certain aspects of it will not correspond exactly to the Temples. Nevertheless, even then, the Altar in particular will be positioned in precisely the same location as before.
Pirkei D'Rabbi Eliezer relates that the altar which Abraham constructed on Mt. Moriah had twelve stones. Later, when Jacob journeyed to Charan (Genesis, ch. 28), he slept on Mt. Moriah and "took from the stones of the place and put them at his head." The stones he collected were the twelve used by Abraham. God fused them all into a single stone and the unified rock was embedded in the very foundation of the earth. That stone was referred to as Even HaShtiah, (see also Chapter 4, Halachah 1) "the foundation stone." It was located in the Holy of Holies.
Thus, Abraham's altar was apparently not built on the site of the altar to be built by his descendants, but rather, at the ultimate location of the Holy of Holies. However, this difficulty can be resolved. Jacob "took from the stones," and moved them from their original place, the Altar's future site, to a different location, that of the Holy of Holies.
Though David was not allowed to build the Temple, he purchased the site, constructed an altar, and offered sacrifices there.
Zevachim 62a relates that David used prophetic vision in choosing the site of the altar. According to one opinion, he saw the Heavenly Altar on which the angel Michael offers sacrifices. According to a second view, he saw the ashes of Isaac.
The commentaries explain that this phrase refers to the Gentiles. Even they recognized the holiness of the Altar's site.
The fact that the Gentiles were aware that the site of the Altar is holy is Halachically relevant. The pagans living in Eretz Yisrael before its conquest by the Jewish people were so idolatrous that our Sages declared: "Wherever you see a lofty mountain ...or a leafy tree, know that idols were worshipped there." Since the Temple Mount was also a high mountain, surely it would have been considered an appropriate place for pagan rites.
However, since the holiness of the Altar's site was universally accepted, even the Gentiles did not profane its sanctity with idol worship.
David and Solomon did not build the same Altar. Rather, David chose the site as the future location of the Temple, and constructed an Altar and offered sacrifices. Later, when Solomon built the Temple, he erected a new Altar at the same site.
See Genesis 8:20.
See ibid. 4:3-5.
The Rambam entitled this collection of Halachot, Hilchot Beit HaBechirah, the Laws of God's Chosen House, implying that God did not select Mount Moriah as the Temple site because of its inherent holiness, but because of His own choice and desire. That choice was clearly expressed in the previous Halachah which states: "the place of the Altar is extremely exact... as it is said: 'This is the altar for the burnt offerings of Israel.'
As such, it can be explained that the Rambam does not recount the various historical events mentioned in this Halachah just to bring further proof of the holiness of the Altar's site. That is unnecessary. Rather, he wanted to demonstrate that many righteous men were aware of the uniqueness of the Altar's site through prophetic vision, and for this reason, they made efforts to offer their sacrifices there.
Why does the Rambam relate all these historical events? As he clearly states in his introduction to the Mishneh Torah, his goal is not to summarize the Talmud's teachings regarding a particular subject, but to describe how to carry out the various mitzvot. These historical facts do not seem to facilitate his objective.
The need for these additions may be explained by comparison to the Rambam's decisions regarding the right to the monarchy. In that context, the Rambam writes that although God chose David and his descendants as kings and endowed them with the monarchy forever, there was a Halachic legitimacy to the establishment of the Kingdom of Israel (the ten tribes). Since the first king, Jereboam, was appointed by a prophet, his regal power must be recognized. (Hilchot Melachim 1:7,8).
It could be inferred that a similar ruling might apply in regard to the altar: i.e. the Altar on Mount Moriah would remain holy forever, however, another altar of similar status could also be established. In order to eliminate that presumption, the Rambam presents a number of examples, illustrating that throughout the generations, from the time of Adam, the prophets had tried to bring sacrifices on this site alone. These efforts clearly imply that there is not, nor will there be, another place with a similar degree of holiness (Likkutei Sichot, Vol. 19, p.140-7).
This statement is somewhat problematic. Though the Rambam's statements have a basis in the Midrash (Bereishit Rabbah 14:8), according to Sanhedrin 38b, Adam appears to have been created in the Garden of Eden, a considerable distance from this location. Generally, when a conflict arises between sources, the decision is based upon the Babylonian Talmud. Hence, one might ask why the Rambam favored the other sources in this case.
Its dimensions differed from the altar built by King Solomon in the First Temple. As mentioned in Chapter 1, Halachah 4, the fundamental design of the Second Temple resembled that of Solomon's Temple. However, certain aspects were altered to conform with Ezekiel's vision of the Messianic Temple. The dimensions and design of the altar are mentioned in Ezekiel 43:13-17 and were followed by the exiles when they returned to Jerusalem.
As explained in Halachah 17, the Altar is acceptable even if its dimensions are not exact. Nevertheless, as an initial preference, an attempt must be made to conform exactly to the plan mentioned below.
Chaggai, Zechariah, and Malachi.
For, as mentioned in Halachah 1, the Altar's site must be precise.
Note the previous halachah.
The Rambam's statements are taken from Zevachim 62a. However, the terminology in that source regarding Malachi's testimony is different. According to the Talmud, the prophet stated that "all the sacrifices may be offered, even though the Temple was not [built];" and the Rambam adds the phrase "on that Altar."
Later commentaries have explained the significance of that addition, based on the following episode. In the Middle Ages, the Sage, Rabbi Chayim (according to other sources, Rabbi Yechiel) of Paris made Aliyah and settled in Jerusalem. He wanted to offer sacrifices on the Temple Mount. In analyzing this account, the Chatam Sofer (Yoreh De'ah, Responsum 336) explained that this must have referred to the Pascal sacrifice, which could be offered in a state of ritual impurity and yet, did not have to be purchased with communal funds.
Among the reasons the commentaries have given why such a sacrifice could not be offered is that we are lacking an Altar with its proper size and dimensions. In contrast, the exiles who returned from Babylon were allowed to offer sacrifices on the altar built according to the prophets' directives.
See Ezekiel 43:13 and commentaries.
See Zevachim 59b, which records a dispute among the Sages concerning the height of Moses' (and hence, all subsequent) Altar(s).
Among the proofs brought for the opinion accepted by the Rambam are the following:
a) an analogy drawn between the sacrificial altar and the incense altar. Just as the latter's height was twice its length, so, too, the height of the sacrificial altar (10 cubits) was twice its length (5 cubits).
b) The height of Moses' Altar had to equal that of the Sanctuary that accompanied the Jews in the desert, which was 10 cubits high.
This measurement refers to the dimensions of the Altar's base and not to its upper surface, as explained in the following Halachah.
Kellim 17:10 relates that a cubit used in building was generally six handbreadths long. In contrast, the cubit used to measure utensils was five handbreadths long. An exception to this principle was made in regard to the Altar.
A handbreadth is the width of the four fingers of the hand when they are closed loosely. There is a debate among the Rabbis regarding the equivalent of this amount in modern measurements. Some authorities consider a handbreadth as 8 centimeters and others, as large as 9.6 centimeters.
Including its horns.
I.e., two cubits were five handbreadths long, while the remaining eight were six handbreadths long, as explained in the following halachot.
The Rambam actually included a diagram in his text of the Mishneh Torah. The accompanying diagram is based on the Rambam's original.
This entire Halachah is based on the Rambam's interpretation of Ezekiel's vision. Rashi interprets that prophecy differently, and many Rabbinic opinions follow his view. See the Kessef Mishneh and other commentaries.
In this instance, five handbreadths were considered as a cubit.
As mentioned above, the Altar was 32 cubits long and 32 cubits wide. Each cubit was six handbreadths long. When the five handbreadths of the base were subtracted from each side, the following equation determines the remaining length and width: 32 cubits minus 10 (i.e., 5 on either side) handbreadths, equals 30 cubits and two handbreadths.
This name was chosen because, in contrast to the base, the ledge surrounded the altar on all four sides (Tifferet Yisrael).
The height of thirty handbreadths is considered as five cubits, for this cubit is measured by six handbreadths.
This figure is reached when 10 handbreadths (5 on either side) are subtracted from 30 cubits and 2 handbreadths.
In this case, the cubits contained six handbreadths. Each of the horns was a cubit long and a cubit wide. The space in between them was left hollow, thus, reducing both the length and the width of the upper surface of the altar by two cubits.
Here too, the cubit had six handbreadths, thus reducing both the length and the width of the upper surface of the altar by two cubits.
I.e., the upper surface of the altar.
The Ra'avad explains that the Altar's horns were slanted inward, thus, consuming an additional four handbreadths of space and reducing the surface to exactly 24 cubits. It must be noted that both Rashi and Tosefot (Sukkah 45a) concur with the Rambam's opinion that the horns stood directly perpendicular to the Altar.
The horns were a cubit high when using the measure of five handbreadths to the cubit.
Zevachim 54b derives this concept as follows: The prophet Zechariah declared: "And they shall be filled like bowls, like the corners of the Altar." Thus, that vision implies that the horns located on the Altar's corners can serve as receptacles.
The height of the altar can be summarized as follows:
a) the base - 1 cubit - 5 handbreadths
b) the surrounding ledge - 5 cubits - 30 handbreadths
c) the Altar's surface - 3 cubits - 18 handbreadths
d) the horns - 1 cubit - 5 handbreadths, a total of 58 handbreadths. Thus half of its height was 29 handbreadths. The surrounding ledge was 30 cubits high and the base, five. Thirty plus five minus six equals 29.
The altar in the Sanctuary in the desert had a copper net screen which served this function. See Exodus 27:4-5 and Zevachim 53a.
The blood of a fowl brought as a burnt offering had to be cast on the upper portion of the Altar (Hilchot Ma'aseh HaKorbanot 6:20).
The blood of a bird brought as a sin offering was sprinkled on the lower portion of the Altar (ibid. 7:6). Similarly, the blood of animals brought as burnt, guilt, or peace offerings was sprinkled in the same place (ibid. 5:6).
As mentioned above, the Altar's horns were 1 cubit high. Thus, one cubit may be subtracted from the ten cubit height mentioned previously. Since the Altar's base measured five handbreadths and not six, an additional handbreadth is subtracted, leaving the figure mentioned in this Halachah.
Zevachim 53b explains that although a major portion of the Temple Mount was in Judah's inheritance, the Altar was to be positioned in the tribal inheritance of Benjamin. (Note the Targum on Genesis 49:27.)
A small stretch of land extended out of the inheritance of Judah into that of Benjamin, and occupied a portion of the space that should have been taken by the Altar's base. That space was left empty to insure that the entire structure of the Altar was in the inheritance of Benjamin. Note the commentary to Chapter 7, Halachah 14.
The side to one's right as one faced the Holy of Holies.
The side of the Altar closest to the Temple building.
Thus the Altar's base only extended one cubit on each of its southern and eastern sides.
This interpretation of the Rambam's text is based on the diagrams accompanying his commentary on the Mishnah published by Rav Kapach. Rashi's commentary (Zevachim, ibid. ) expresses the same concept. See the accompanying diagram.
The blood from the sacrifices was either poured on the south or the west side of the Altar, depending on the nature of the offering. These holes were positioned in the southwest corner to facilitate drainage. (See the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah, Middot 3:2.)
That name was derived from the word shotet meaning "flow." The blood from the Altar flowed away through these holes.
And also the wine and water libations (see Hilchot Temidim UMusafim 10:7).
The drainage canal passed through the entire Temple courtyard and was used when the priests wanted to clean the courtyard floor. They would plug the drain, flooding the entire courtyard with water, and then unplug the drain and let the water flow out through the canal.
Because of the large amount of blood that would flow into that river, its water was sold as fertilizer (Commentary of the Rosh to Middot, ibid.).
The ring facilitated the lifting of the marble block.
Lest the blood coagulate and cause them to become clogged.
See Chapter 1, Halachah 17.
I.e., on one's left when facing the Holy of Holies.
The ramp was not built as a right triangle. Rather, the wall on the right side was slanted slightly, so that the ramp would cover the base and the surrounding ledge, which together protruded two cubits beyond the edge of the Altar itself.
The phrase "its length" does not refer to the length of the ramp's surface, (the hypotenuse of the triangle), but the space it occupied on the ground, as well as the two additional cubits with which it overlapped the base and the surrounding ledge. The actual length of the ramp's surface was slightly longer.
Larger than the hair's breadth mentioned in the following halachah.
The wood piles upon which the Altar's fire were to be kindled were arranged on the south side of the Altar, so that the priests would be able to ascend the ramp and place the sacrificial limbs directly on those pyres. However, the ramp did not reach the edge of the Altar. The priests were thus prevented from placing the limbs directly on the fire and were required to toss them.
Zevachim 62b explains the necessity to toss the limbs, as follows: The Torah draws an analogy between the flesh of an offering and its blood, as it is written (Deuteronomy 12:27): "You shall sacrifice your burnt offerings, the flesh and the blood." The blood must be tossed on the Altar, as it is written (Leviticus 1:5): "And they shall toss the blood on the Altar." Hence, the limbs must also reach the pyre in that fashion.
See also Hilchot Ma'aseh HaKorbanot 6:4.
As mentioned in Halachah 7, the cubit measurement for the base had only five handbreadths. Thus, the Altar's - and consequently, the ramp's - height was eight and five-sixths cubits, when calculated in cubits of six handbreadths.
The Rambam's phrasing at the beginning of the Halachah, "[covering] one cubit of the base and one cubit of the surrounding ledge" requires clarification, because the base itself did not run under the ramp. However, the space for it was left vacant.
See the accompanying diagram for a depiction of the concepts mentioned in this Halachah.
This small ramp was placed on the west side of the altar, the side closest to the Temple building. After the blood of the sin offerings were sprinkled as required, the rest of the blood was poured on the west side of the Altar's base. This ramp allowed the priests to reach that position.
The ramp leading to the surrounding ledge was on the east side of the Altar. When the priests circled the Altar to sprinkle the blood of the sin offering on the Altar's horns, they ascended using this ramp.
The above follows the opinion expressed by Rashi (Zevachim, loc. cit.). Some other authorities maintain that both smaller ramps were situated on the west side of the Altar. Though the Rambam does not state his opinion explicitly, from his description of the sacrificial proceedings (Hilchot Ma'aseh HaKorbanot: 6:20, 7:10), it appears that he accepts the first opinion.
The aperture was placed there because sin-offerings were offered on the southwest corner of the Altar (Rashi, Pesachim 34a).
It appears that this aperture was located on the wall of the ramp, and not on its upper surface (Tifferet Yisrael).
13Rav Ovadiah of Bartinura explains that this word means "hollow place."
The Ra'avad explains that there were two openings: one called the aperture, and the second, the Rivuvah. His opinion is not accepted by most authorities, as explained in the Kessef Mishneh.
Generally, a sin-offering that is disqualified for use must be removed from the Altar and burned immediately. However, if there are no severe factors to invalidate the sacrifice, it would appear disrespectful to dispose of the sacrifice in that manner. Rather, the sacrifice is left overnight - an act which obligates a sacrifice to be removed and burnt - and disposed of the next morning (Rashi, loc. cit..).
A woman who gave birth was obligated to bring a bird as a sin offering. Hence, it was a very common sacrifice. The Rivuvah was constructed to store the birds which had become disqualified. It thus prevented confusion between those birds which were disqualified, and those which were fit to be sacrificed (Tifferet Yisrael).
The communal sacrifices were brought directly from the slaughtering area to the top of the Altar by a number of priests. Thus, there was no need to set aside a place for the limbs to be placed. However, sometimes private sacrifices were offered by only one priest, who could not possibly carry all the limbs at one time. This table was useful on such occasions.
Though generally an effort was made to use precious metals in the Temple, this table was made of marble. The sages feared that a metal table would conduct heat and cause the sacrificial meat to spoil. Marble is better for this purpose, since it is a very poor conductor of heat. See Shekalim 6:4, and Tamid 31b.
In the sanctuary of the desert, the Altar was a hollow structure filled with earth (Exodus 27:8, Mechilta). However, such a structure was not acceptable for the Temple.
See Chapter 1, Halachot 14-16.
As mentioned in the following halachah, the Altar must be entirely square, yet we were forbidden to cut or file it to size. Wooden molds were employed in order to create such a shape.
Zevachim 54a describes the Altar's construction in detail: First, a mold 32 cubits by 32 cubits, and one cubit high, was brought to create the base. The mixture of stones, lime, pitch, and molten lead was poured into it. Then, the mold for the second level, the surrounding ledge, was placed down. This mold was 30 cubits by 30 cubits and five cubits high. After the mixture was poured into it, the mold for the Altar's upper surface was brought. That mold, 28 cubits by 28 cubits, was three cubits high. Once it was filled, four molds, each a cubit by a cubit and one cubit high, were placed in each corner for the horns.
The measures mentioned above were all rounded off. As mentioned in Halachot 6-7, additional handbreadths must be added or subtracted for all these measures.
See Halachah 10.
For the horns must be hollow, as mentioned in Halachah 8.
Regarding these four elements, the Torah uses the expression hamizbeiach, the Altar, implying that the Altar can only be called an Altar if it possesses these elements. If even one is lacking, the Altar is incomplete (Rashi, Zevachim, 62a):
In regard to the horns, it is written (Leviticus 4:18): "the horns of the Altar."
In regard to the base, it is written (ibid.:34): "to the base of the Altar."
In regard to the ramp, it is written (ibid. 6:7): "to the face of the Altar." This phrase refers to the ramp, for it faces the Altar and allows access to it.
In regard to the Altar's square shape, it is written (Exodus 27:1): "The Altar shall be square."
See Halachah 3.
In Chapter 1, Halachah, the Rambam writes: "Any stone which is damaged to the extent that a nail will become caught in it [when passing over it], as is the case regarding a slaughtering knife, is disqualified for [use in the] Altar or the ramp, as it is written (Deuteronomy 27:6): 'You shall build the Altar of the Lord with whole stones.'
The Kessef Mishneh explains that since the Torah requires whole stones to be used for the Altar, even the slightest damage renders them unfit for use. In contrast, the Torah does not make such a specification regarding the Altar itself. Hence, as long as the damage is not extensive, the Altar is not disqualified.
Chullin 18a records a debate on this subject, between Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai and Rabbi Elazer ben Yaakov. Rabbi Shimon mentions the measure quoted by the Rambam, while Rabbi Elazer maintains that even smaller damage, the size of an olive, can render the Altar unfit for use. Though generally, halachah is usually decided according to Rabbi Elazer's opinion, the Rambam chose that of Rabbi Shimon.
As mentioned above, the Altar is rendered unfit if there is the slightest damage to its stones.
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2nd Perek: Laws of Beis HaBechira
Listen (28:59)
Rambam: Beit Habechirah, Chapter 2
Watch (31:09)
Rambam: Beis Habechirah Chapters 2-4


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Bryan Singer has big plans for X-Men: Days of Future Past. The director who proved that superheroes can work on film with 2000's X-Men returns to the franchise with a sequel to 2011's X-Men: First Class that not only features alternate timelines but reintroduces characters from the original trilogy.
"It's epic," he told Empire. "I don't think people realize how big this movie's going to be. We get to bring both casts together."
Singer revealed he turned to other directors and films to help figure out the science behind the sequel's prominent time-travel elements. "We've cracked it in a way that it makes sense," he said. "I had a two-hour conversation with James Cameron about time travel, string theory, multiverses and all that. You have to create your rules and stick wtih them. That's why Terminator and Back To The Future work so well. And there are certain mechanisms in X-Men, certain powers, perceptions and characters, that make this possible."
Singer also addressed a question many fans have had about which films will be included in the continuity of Days of Future Past. "I'm taking into account every movie – I'm not just grabbing my first two movies and First Class and smashing them together," he said. "I'm taking into account the entire universe as it's been laid out so far on the screen, and really respecting it and trying to work with that. People took things in various directions, so there's some clean-up. But ultimately I'm not just ignoring them either."
X-Men: Days of Future Past is set to debut in theaters on July 18, 2014.


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National No TV week is in April, however can end up being a fun strategy bring family members together in cases where of manufacturing year. According to A very.C Nielsen studies the typical American spends 4 hours watching television each time. Imagine how much you may well done if you turned over the TV even one day each entire week. One evening full week could be the Family Fun Night with fun games and activities or 1 day a week can be family particular date. Here are 4 ideas to get you developed. Kings Dominion- Kings Dominion is based out of Virginia and possesses some of the best rides you'll find around the united kingdom. If you want to possess a lot of qr.sky777.com download, this can be the place to go. While you are there, visit Colonial Williamsburg for a superb learning example of a fun way. Have to more to view and do in Kings Dominion than you imagine having. Go with your exploring hat on, there is lots of it to do here. This event has family and friends and friends solve your local history quiz and place a pin on turmoil map to show your family's origin. Last this insightful journey and borrow materials that reflect your cultural heritage. Ready, set, visit! When choosing things doing Chicago, consuming remember the influence that sports has in Chicago. Chicago is very passionate about its sports teams and sporting functions. It is always a treat to go to a game while in Chicago. Chicago has a great deal of very famous people. You can go to the Chicago Cubs, the Chicago Bears, or the Chicago Bulls, where Jordan became talked about. When visiting a sporting event in Chicago, also it not be let down by the climate and the spirit that the fans have. Marathon weekend will convey a new race, The Tinker Bell 10,000. The 10K is about fifty percent the half-marathon. The race being personal loan.2 miles and is exclusively in Disney Vacation resort. Disney World- Disney World is, by far, extremely amusement park for people of almost any age on the East Coast of north america. This park can beneficial whole family busy for the days on end without ever seeing identical shoes thing double. The only issues with this park is going without shoes is extremely expensive. Take a great of money when you visit. You definitely want attempt to the food that is readily available in the park. This kind of is one of your most beautiful and clean parks the actual planet United States of The nation. If you haven't visited it yet, then it's time you made the trip. Tinker Bell Half Marathon entry fees are lowest for those registered before August 13, 2013 with two fee increases before race year. Half Marathon starts are $175.00; Tinker Bell 10K starts at $95.00; Never Land Family Fun Run 5K starts at $70.00 per participant and runDisney Kids Dashes are $20.00 per small child. http://ww17.healthcorners.com/__media__/js/netsoltrademark.php?d=www.firstandfarmers.com%2Fredirect.aspx%3Ftourl%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fsky777.fun%2Findex.php%2F15-sky77.


The UK government had pledged to aid match public donations to the appeal up to £2 million.
Five humanitarian experts deployed to help co-ordinate the international response following the devastating earthquake and tsunami in Indonesia.
Harriett Baldwin, speaking at the 'Violence against LGBTI Individuals' event during UNGA, affirmed the government's commitment to securing global LGBT equality.
Harriett Baldwin emphasises UK's commitment to helping Sudan become more stable and prosperous.
Harriet Baldwin meets with First Vice President.
Ministers and business leaders came together to discuss building economic partnerships with the developing world.
UK aid is helping the DRC and expert partners to tackle Ebola and prevent it spreading in the region, including through deployment of a vital vaccine and UK health experts.
The UK government is working with the government of DRC and World Health Organization (WHO) following the confirmation of two cases of the disease this week.
UK aid will boost the resilience and inclusivity of Jordan's economy so that the country can remain a beacon of hope and security in the Middle East, International Development Secretary Penny Mordaunt said in Amman today (Tuesday 10 April).
International Development Secretary reacts to the release of the Joint Response Plan.
International Development Secretary's statement on the joint aid convoy which was forced to halt its work.
International Development Minister Harriett Baldwin today announced DFID will support the training of nurses and midwives in developing countries, to improve the quality of care, keep their own patients healthy and save more lives.
The International Development Secretary Penny Mordaunt has reiterated the UK's commitment to working with European partners to support the Sahel area of Africa to fight extremism and poverty, at a major conference in Brussels today.
Penny Mordaunt has written to UK charities who work overseas about tackling sexual exploitation and abuse in the aid sector.
Statements from International Development Secretary Penny Mordaunt and Becky's family.
Penny Mordaunt calls for continued commercial and aid access throughout Yemen?
All parties to the conflict must continue to allow unhindered commercial and humanitarian access throughout Yemen to avert the risk of mass starvation.
Public has donated over £650,000 since the appeal was launched on 6 September and the UK government is doubling any public donations made.
UK SMEs will travel to Singapore to meet potential partners this week - and there's a chance for you to join the next mission in 2018.
The Armed Forces Muslim Forum and members of the Muslim community gathered for an Eid dinner on HMS President to mark the end of Ramadan.
Priti Patel meets members of 32 Engineer Regiment as they prepare to deploy in support of the UN Peacekeeping mission in South Sudan.
Minister for Africa Rory Stewart has visited Uganda to build the bilateral relationship, discuss regional challenges and see first-hand how UK aid is providing lifesaving support and hope for hundreds of thousands fleeing South Sudan's brutal war.
UK businesses can apply for a share of £3 million to work with Chinese partners on challenges faced by cities in Guandong province.


Smith: Red CardAlan Smith is sent off after committing two cautionable offences (foul tackles).
BBC Football "Macedonia hold ragged England", Wednesday 16th October 2002.
The Guardian "England 2 - 2 Macedonia", Wednesday 16th October 2003.


The fiscal agent will be the Urban Industry Initiative (UII), a 501 (c)(3) whose charitable mission is to place low income individuals in manufacturing jobs throughout the region. The UII was created in 1997 and has received and managed over $11 million in funding. The UII will contract project management to the Manufacturing Alliance of Philadelphia (MAP), a 501 (c)(6) trade association, the trade association for manufacturing in the Philadelphia region. MAP will manage the execution of campaign objectives. Project partners are Philadelphia, Bucks, and Montgomery Counties: The Workforce Investment Boards, Community Colleges, School Districts, Career & Technical Schools and the manufacturers of the Philadelphia region.


text:
package com.algorithms.basics;

import java.lang.reflect.InvocationHandler;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.lang.reflect.Proxy;
import java.util.stream.Stream;

import static java.lang.ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader;

public class InvocationLogger implements InvocationHandler {

    @Override
    public Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args) throws Throwable {
        System.out.printf("%s (%s)\n ", method.getName(),
                args != null ?
                Stream.of(args)
                        .collect(StringBuilder::new,
                        StringBuilder::append,
                        StringBuilder::append)
                        .toString() : "");

        return null;
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public static <U> U make(Class<U> type) {
        return (U) Proxy.newProxyInstance(
                getSystemClassLoader(),
                new Class[]{type},
                new InvocationLogger());
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


During my junior year of high school, I was able to co-op out of my drafting class at Hermitage Technical Center, and go to work as a CAD Technician. I learned more than I could ever capture in a single blog post at that job, but I'll never forget the empty binder my boss handed me on my first day of work. My boss suggested I use the binder to collect interesting articles, tips & tricks, and other industry related things I stumbled across.
I kept that binder for many years, taking it from job-to-job, adding to it along the way. Complete with food-stained lunch & learn printouts, Lynn Allen Tips & Tricks booklets, and more – the binder became a survival guide of sorts for me. That was until the binder contained so much information that I struggled to quickly find the information I needed within it. Had I met the same challenge today, there's a good chance I would have chosen a tool like Evernote or OneNote instead of the blog known today as The CAD Geek.
With few options for keeping a digital notebook in 2006, I matched my curiosity of WordPress with my need to digitally capture information. That combination served as the foundation for this humble corner of the internet that has subsequently connected many dots for me over the last decade.
Adding up web hosting, domain registration, and other associated costs; running The CAD Geek for ten years has easily cost me thousands of dollars. As I connect the dots over the last ten years, it begs to question whether the investment was worth it?
If you simply consider the revenue earned from things like Google Ads, the short answer is absolutely not. This site has easily cost more to run than it has ever directly earned back in revenue. But that's not to say The CAD Geek hasn't been a worthwhile venture. I have absolutely profited from The CAD Geek in many less tangible ways. From the people I've meet, the doors those people helped me open, to the opportunities that emerged as I walked through those doors – The CAD Geek has been a rich experience.
Among my first "CAD Geek" stepping-stones was writing in AUGIWorld magazine, and speaking at Autodesk University. Speaking at Autodesk University and being published in a magazine were two dreams I believed were so far-fetched, so unattainable, that it would be foolish of me to define either as a personal goal. It wasn't long after that I was asked to write my book AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT: No Experience Required. As both an Eagle Scout and Vigil Honor Member in the Order of the Arrow (Scouting's National Honor Society), the Boy Scouts taught me public speaking skills, but writing had never been a strength of mine. Writing a book was so far fetched to me that the first time I thought about writing a book was when an acquisitions editor at Wiley approached me at Autodesk University.
It's been a little more than five years that so many of the people I met as a result of The CAD Geek helped me open the door at one of the top Autodesk Partners – CADD Microsystems. In September 2015 I celebrated five years with CADD Microsystems as their Technical Product and Online Manager. So much of what I do in that job today comes from lessons I first learned from The CAD Geek. The dots have absolutely connected in unimaginable ways for me.
Nearly every blogger I've spoken with began blogging for a different reason. Whatever that reason, my biggest advice to new bloggers is to be yourself, be truthful, and to make mistakes. You'll make plenty of mistakes early on (I sure did), and that's okay. It typically takes years to build a significant blog following, so make mistakes early, and use the time to find your voice (not a copycat voice of other bloggers, or the voice you think will draw more visitors). Don't get caught up in analytics when your blog is still new, and instead invest that energy into content. If your content is good, Google will find it, and the traffic will come.
Put simply, there are no shortcuts to building a blog. It takes consistently writing content, observing what works, changing what doesn't, and continuously learning along the way.
Interestingly, one of my biggest challenges as a blogger have been the very opportunities The CAD Geek helped me develop. Projects like my book AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT: No Experience Required has been an incredible experience, but writing a 1,000+ page book has certainly impacted The CAD Geek during what I call book season. Looking ahead to what I hope will be another 10 years of blogging, I'm excited by the innovation in the industry, and can't wait to share my experiences here at The CAD Geek.
Thanks for making the first decade of The CAD Geek so incredible!
Wow, Congratulations! Sticking with something for 10 years definitely takes a lot of hard work and dedication especially with the high quality of your posts and site!
Congratulations Donnie. Thank you for your hard work and generosity. You are an inspiration. Keep up the good work!
Thank you for your kind words Paul. You too have created an incredible resource for the industry and should be applauded for your efforts as well.


Has stress taken over your life?
Do you long for peace and happiness?
The Journey to Inner Peace Starts Here is the quintessential guide to learning to recognize and embrace peace. With simple techniques that can easily be incorporated into your busy life, this book gently nudges you in the right direction and will help you to navigate away from stress and chaos and into the direction of tranquility, solace, and gratitude for all the good in your life and all the good to come.
Inside, you'll discover how to: Eliminate the stressors in your life - Recognize what brings you joy - Practice self-care - Let go of negative emotions - Accept and handle your emotions - Find peace and happiness - And more!
If you're ready to take the most important journey of your life, buy your copy of this life-altering book and make positive changes today!
Are you sometimes overwhelmed by life's ups and downs?
Do you long for a way to see past your troubles?
Coping with Adversity in Life aims to help you do just that. You'll learn everything you need to know about adversity, how it impacts your life, and most importantly, how to not only survive hardships but thrive beyond them.
Told in an easy-to-understand style, this motivational guide will walk you through mindfulness practices that will help you ease stress, find peace, and regain happiness. Through meditative practices, simple exercises, and down to earth advice, each lesson helps you to erase the woes, eliminate the negativity, and find your center.
There is no one-size-fits-all roadmap to life, but there are proven methods to healing and coping with the world around you. If you're ready to make a positive change and embrace a new, happier, healthier reality or ready to help a friend who may be suffering from emotional strain, buy your copy today and forge a new path to happiness.
Mindfulness is a practice which guides us to understand the world around us and within us. Mindfulness is vital for us to find inner peace.
In this ebook I share my reflections on mindfulness, teaching you how to find your way to inner peace through practical tips and activities you can do on a daily basis.
This booklet helps you discover if you need a life coach by offering a quick quiz and explanations of coaching versus mental health counseling.


text:
Enter your suggested edit(s) to this article in the form field below
Batten, A.h.. "Alice Vibert Douglas". The Canadian Encyclopedia, 16 December 2013, Historica Canada. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/alice-vibert-douglas. Accessed 17 January 2021.
Batten, A., Alice Vibert Douglas (2013). In The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/alice-vibert-douglas
Batten, A.h., "Alice Vibert Douglas". In The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Article published May 26, 2008; Last Edited December 16, 2013. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/alice-vibert-douglas
TURABIAN 8TH EDITION
Batten, A.h.. The Canadian Encyclopedia, s.v. "Alice Vibert Douglas", Last Edited December 16, 2013, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/alice-vibert-douglas
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Alice Vibert Douglas
Article by A.h. Batten
Published Online May 26, 2008
Last Edited December 16, 2013
Alice Vibert Douglas, astronomer (b at Montréal 1894; d at Kingston Ont 2 July 1988). Douglas received her doctorate from McGill in 1926. During WWI she was engaged in war work in England and then studied at the Cambridge Observatory and the Cavendish Laboratory 1921-23.
Alice Vibert Douglas, astronomer (b at Montréal 1894; d at Kingston Ont 2 July 1988). Douglas received her doctorate from McGill University in 1926. During First World War she was engaged in war work in England and then studied at the Cambridge Observatory and the Cavendish Laboratory 1921-23. On the McGill faculty until 1939, she became dean of women and later professor of astronomy at Queen's University. Because of her interest in the history of astronomy and her personal knowledge of the man, she was asked to write the biography of Arthur Stanley Eddington. Published in 1956, it is still the only biography of this outstanding astronomer. An MBE (1918), Douglas was president of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 1943-45 and of the International Federation of University Women 1947-50, and received honorary doctorates from McGill, Queen's and Queensland universities.
Carlyle Smith Beals
Robert Methven Petrie
Arthur Edwin Covington

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Afghanistan Carte Météo
Primary Swell energy on Saturday 04 Feb at 4:30pm +0430
Autres périodes de temps pour cette carte de Énergie Houle 1:
Wednesday 01 Feb 7:30pm
Wednesday 01 Feb 10:30pm
Thursday 02 Feb 1:30am
Thursday 02 Feb 10:30am
Thursday 02 Feb 1:30pm
Thursday 02 Feb 10:30pm
Friday 03 Feb 1:30am
Friday 03 Feb 10:30am
Friday 03 Feb 1:30pm
Friday 03 Feb 10:30pm
Saturday 04 Feb 1:30am
Saturday 04 Feb 10:30am
Saturday 04 Feb 1:30pm
Saturday 04 Feb 10:30pm
Sunday 05 Feb 1:30am
Sunday 05 Feb 10:30am


How do you think up and put together a fresh new conceptual and innovative exhibit for a new RHS show?
Echium World, alias Linda and Ray Heywood are embarking on such a project for this year's new RHS Chatsworth House Flower Show .The unique exhibit 'Echium Eruption' will represent a volcano caldera borne from the fact some Echium varieties specifically Echium Wildpretii and E. Pininana (the giant tree Echium) grow on the slopes of the volcano Mount Teide in Tenerife. Visitors to the show will walk around the perimeter to view the display and look down into the heart of the volcano to view many varieties of Echium and complementary plants.
The couple soon recognised early on in the initial planning stage that the design would be a challenge to construct and a logistical nightmare to transport and site at the show. Although a small model of the caldera was created, it became obvious help was needed to scale up the structure to full size.
'We are delighted that the local building company Robert Woodhead Limited are keen to help and have offered to build and install the exhibit for us. The exciting construction plan includes involving apprentices to work on the project to develop skills and talent through this unique business partnership. You never know these may be the next generation that support and work with the RHS in a couple of decades from now' states Ray.
Local school children are excited to be once again included in the preparation and will help by designing and painting part of the exhibit. The 'Very Volcano' project an extra curricula activity supported by volunteers and staff will encourage and teach children through activities focusing on geography, research and art as well as additional learning about plants and gardening.


Wide pick-up range, signal transmits by GSM, without distance limitations.
And its built in litium battery which can work continuously for 2 hours without connecting to a computer.
Highly portable, easy to take along.
This is an audio ear bug device that listen to the surrounding sounds through a common GSMSIMcard (Only). It comes with the most ordinary look and function of a common mouse yet it comes with covert spy feature.You can dial theSIMcard number and the device will automatically get activated to do the bugging, and as long as the mouse is connected with the PC it can work continuously without the trouble of power-off.
And its built in litium battery can work continuously for 2 hours without connecting to a computer.
Open back cover of the mouse, insert a GSMSIMcard.
When the light indicator turns on, it means the device can work normally.


A Ventnor town councillor has slammed the Isle of Wight council Cabinet Member responsible for the failed Cabinet paper setting out the revamp of the Island's Fire and Rescue Service.
Last month, the paper – presented by Cllr Gary Peace (Conservative IW councillor for Ventnor West) – proposing a revamp of the fire service was almost unanimously rejected by his own Cabinet, with the Leader of the Isle of Wight council, Cllr Dave Stewart, saying he could not vote for the revised paper because it "does not adequately provide the information".
"Councillor Gary Peace has had a rapid elevation to the Isle of Wight Council Cabinet, having had no previous experience as a councillor, so it may not be surprising that this inexperience manifested itself during the recent Scrutiny committee meeting and again at the meeting of the Cabinet.
Cllr Blackmore claimed the Cabinet member "appeared to be completely out of his depth".
"This farce was then continued at the Cabinet meeting at which, we all thought, the paper would be rubber-stamped despite the many objections to it. That was certainly the position which was being promoted within County Hall.
"To everyone's surprise the Leader of the Council, Cllr Dave Stewart, rubbished the document publicly and called for a vote for it to be kicked into the long grass, possibly to be resurrected next October!
"This is incompetence at the highest level – which is why Councillor Peace should, at the very least, be reviewing his position, as should the two lead officers from the Hampshire Fire Service. Indeed I would go further in saying that Councillor Peace should be removed from his position after authoring this shoddy report.
OnTheWight contacted Cllr Peace asking how he would would defend his position given that all but one of the Cabinet refused to approve the paper he put his name to.
"There were a great number of opinions expressed during the review period, all of which have been taken into account. Some of those opinions however were not based on fact or risk but were based on emotion and fear and some were political in nature.
"It is important to note that even though the Cabinet rejected the "paper", a number of proposals were accepted by Cabinet. The result being, that the planning aspect to implement changes can proceed, with a review point set for six months time.
3 Comments on "Cllr Gary Peace: Resignation call after his IW Fire Revamp paper voted down"
Playing politics with the safety of Islanders? Perhaps Cllr Peace should re-read his own paper and then talk about the safety of Islanders. Many of my friends are firefighters and I know what their fears are. They are quite explicit about this paper's neglect of Islanders' safety.
Put the paper where it belongs Councillors Stewart & Peace – into the shredder.


text:
Q: Probability - Bag containing balls 5 balls are drawn from a bag containing 6 white balls and 4 black balls.  What is the probability that at least three of of the 5 balls are white?
I am having difficulty with this question.  I like Probabliity but this question has confused me as I am unsure of how to approach it.  Perhaps it's a very easy question but as of now I am stuck.
The only attempt I made was thnking the question had to do with combinations or am I wrong?
Any help greatly appreciated.

A: You will want to look at a hypergeometric distribution here. To get exactly three white balls, you take:
$$
P(X = 3) = \frac{ \binom{6}{3} \binom{4}{2} }{ \binom{10}{5} }
$$
So we choose three white balls, which is given by $\binom{6}{3}$. This is independent of the number of ways to choose $2$ black balls. We divide this by the number of ways to choose $5$ balls out of $10$.
Now how do you get $4$ black balls and $1$ white ball? How about $5$ white balls? How would you modify the hypergeometric count for each of these items. Note that each outcome is independent of the previous, so you add them up.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Bohemia Announces New Album
Chuck D Calls out Kanye West for Making Hip Hop All About the "I"
Bohemia's social media gained a lot of attention when he announced that he will be dropping his new album. Lately all the music from Bohemia that we have heard is through the upcoming KDM Mixtape from which tracks are slowly getting dropped.
The announcement is also interesting because Bo has stated that it will have no features and no other producers on it. Does this mean Bohemia will be producing all of his music on his own ? His fans are going berserk and are showing their support by sharing the FB post of his announcement.
One thing is for certain that this album will be released under his independent label Kali Denali Music. Bohemia's last album, Thousand Thoughts released under Sony Music was also loved by fans but soon after it, he declared his deal with Sony over and that he was going independent.
We are excited about the album and will keep you posted as and when we find out more.
Wu-Tang Clan Partners with Crocs for New Footwear Collaboration


Rajasthan PTET Admit Card 2019:- Govt. dungar College Bikaner Will Be Conducting Rajasthan Pre Teacher Training Education Test (PTET) 2019 in Written Exam at Different Centers Located in All Rajasthan 12th May 2019 .Rajasthan PTET Admit Card Will Be Uploaded on Last Week OF April 2019. You Can Download Direct Admit Card with the Help of Admit Card Link Given Below.
1.) Download PTET Admit Card Visit Official Website or Following Admit Card Link Below .


text:
Views from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Meningitis: Africa needs to join forces (again) to secure a lower cost vaccine
Visualising the slow march to a chronic disease apocalypse
TB superbugs need special attention – why do we continue to turn a blind eye?
Solving the next global pandemic
Innovation needed to tackle global epidemic of non-communicable diseases
How e-cigarettes could 'health wash' the tobacco industry
Dengue vaccine no silver bullet but worth a shot for those who need it most
Zika has created a 'lost generation' – helping them is not just our duty, but their right
New estimate suggests a quarter of the world's population has latent tuberculosis
Are 'informal providers' a short-term fix for India's primary healthcare system?
Voice of the Future: young scientists question ministers
By Vickie Bazalgette · March 21, 2013 · Health, Young scientists · Comments Off on Voice of the Future: young scientists question ministers
Dr Jennifer Rogers, Research Fellow in the School's Department of Medical Statistics, was among young scientists selected to take part in the 'Voice of the Future' event at the House of Commons on Wednesday 20 March.
Organised by the Society of Biology as part of National Science and Engineering week, the event offered young scientists and engineers the opportunity to participate in a Science Question Time with Ministers and members of the House of Commons Science and Technology Select Committee.
The event was broadcast by the BBC and streamed by Parliament. Jennifer, who represented the Council for Mathematical Sciences and was nominated by the Royal Statistical Society, tells us about the event:
In a reversal of the normal select committee format, the MPs appeared before the 'committee' as 'witnesses' to answer pre-selected questions. The day started in Portcullis House with a briefing of the morning's events, before the Speaker of the House of Commons, John Bercow, formally opened the proceedings and confessed to regretting not taking much interest in science as a child, but is trying to make up for it now!
The first witness was Sir John Beddington, Government Chief Scientific Adviser, who gave his final evidence to the Science and Technology Select Committee last week. He answered questions on science in Government, future science policy and science in the news. Highlighted hot topics were the importance of communication of scientific advice in a clear manner so that ministers with no scientific background can understand it, climate change, the horse meat scandal and a post-antibiotic era.
Next up were members of the Science and Technology Select Committee, including the Chair, Andrew Miller. 'Women in science' was a recurring theme throughout the morning and in this panel, the witnesses stressed the importance of women scientists going into schools and acting as role models to young pupils. Another important topic discussed was the development of young scientists and engineers as entrepreneurs and the importance of work experience as well as academic skills. The Select Committee stressed the importance and value of industrial placement years as part of undergraduate education, but said that they would never make them mandatory.
The next panel of witnesses were David Willetts, Minister for Universities and Science, and Professor John Perkins, Chief Scientific Advisor, Department of Business, Innovation and Skills. Here, focus turned to tuition fees, especially in comparison to other European countries, poorly defined career paths post PhD, lack of funding for young researchers and the impact on UK science were we to leave the European Union.
It was at this point in particular that I felt it was a shame that additional follow-up questions could not be asked, as some of the responses showed a lack of understanding of the uncertainties faced by post-docs today. Not ring-fencing research funding for young researchers, instead suggesting that senior academics tend to receive funding over younger counterparts because their research is generally of higher quality, was a comment that I would have particularly liked to question further! They did not appear to recognise the need for young post-docs to develop into independent researchers, or the importance of obtaining new investigator grants as part of that process, which raises concerns about UK science base in coming years.
The final witness was Shabana Mahmood, Shadow Minister for Universities and Science. My allocated question was on the recurring topic of women in science: 'Only 19% of the UK's workforce in science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM) are female. Do you think that positive discrimination towards women in these fields would be beneficial and how would you suggest universities and STEM companies attempt to prevent the high drop out of women from these fields?' Shabana Mahmood responded by saying that she felt it was important that companies be flexible when it comes to women wanting to start families, taking maternity leave and possibly wanting to work part-time. She also confessed to having got her current position because of positive discrimination towards women in politics, but struggled to see how it would work practically in STEM fields.
The event could easily have been stretched out to a full day so that follow-up questions could be asked in reaction to MPs responses, but as it was budget day, there were obvious time constraints. All-in-all, the morning was extremely interesting and I loved having the opportunity to visit the House of Commons and see how a Select Committee works.
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INTERNAL AD: Want to find out the GAP ID of a group using this wiki? If you go to the wiki page for the group, scroll down to the section titled GAP implementation, where you can find both the GAP ID and other ways to construct the group using GAP. For instance, the section dihedral group:D8#GAP implementation has information on the GAP implementation for dihedral group:D8.
You can also find summary information on all groups of a given order a by typing "groups of order a" (without quotes) into the search box.
IdGroup (synonym IdSmallGroup) is a GAP function with one argument, which is a group, and which outputs an ordered pair of natural numbers.
If the order is finite, and GAP's library has the list of groups of that order, then GAP returns an ordered pair: the order of the group, followed by the position in which that group occurs in the list of groups with that order.
If the group is finite but GAP does not have a list of groups of that order, GAP gives an error to that effect: it says that the group identification for groups of that size is not available.
Similarly, if the group is infinite, GAP gives an error to the effect that the group identification for groups os size infinity is not available.
where group is a specified group.
IdGroup is available only for those groups that are in the SmallGroups library. However, there are some groups that are in the SmallGroups library for which the IdGroup functionality is not available, because these groups are very difficult to identify. The table below gives the list of orders for which IdGroup works. In cases where IdGroup does not work, an error message that includes the order of the group is displayed.
The SmallGroup function is also available for groups of order , but group identification is not available for this order.
In the latest version here (not yet released as part of GAP) groups of order have a SmallGroup implementation but no group identification.
Groups of order , and, in the latest version here (not yet released as part of GAP) groups of order have a SmallGroup implementation but no group identification.
Groups of order and , and, in the latest version here (not yet released as part of GAP) groups of order have a SmallGroup implementation but no group identification.
, prime Groups of order have a SmallGroup implementation but no group identification.
Here are the smallest orders for which IdGroup cannot be implemented.
GAP:SmallGroup: This is the two-sided inverse of IdGroup: the command SmallGroup(a,b) returns the group of order .
GAP:StructureDescription: The flip side is that this does not identify a group uniquely. The plus side is that it gives a more intuitive description of the group and works for some groups outside GAP's SmallGroup library if GAP can identify the group structure.
IdGroup(CyclicGroup(6)); [ 6, 2 ] CyclicGroup GAP is asked to give the group ID of the cyclic group of order six, which it does: the cyclic group of order six is the second among the list of groups of order six.
IdGroup(SL(2,5)); [ 120, 5 ] SL GAP is asked for the group ID of the special linear group of degree two over field:F5.
IdGroup(CyclicGroup(120)); 4 CyclicGroup GAP is asked for the second part of the group ID of the cyclic group of order 120. It returns 4. This means that the cyclic group of order 120 has GAP ID (120, 4).
IdGroup(SmallGroup(24,7)); [ 24, 7 ] SmallGroup GAP is asked for the group ID of the group with group ID (24,7). It returns the same value back.
IdGroup(CyclicGroup(1024)); Error, the group identification for groups of size ... CyclicGroup GAP returns an error indicating that its SmallGroup library does not have groups of this order.
H := DirectProduct(G,G); Group([ (1,2,3,4), (1,2), (5,6,7,8), (5,6) ]) DirectProduct This defines a new group as .
IdGroup(H); [ 576, 8653 ] GAP is asked for the group ID of and returns . This indicates that the group has order and is the group in GAP's SmallGroup library.
G := SmallGroup(81,7); <pc group of size 81 with 4 generators> SmallGroup Constructs the group with GAP ID (this is actually wreath product of Z3 and Z3) and stores it as .
List(NormalSubgroups(G),IdGroup); [ [ 1, 1 ], [ 3, 1 ], [ 9, 2 ], [ 27, 4 ], [ 27, 4 ], [ 27, 3 ], [ 27, 5 ], [ 81, 7 ] ] List, NormalSubgroups Returns the group IDs of all normal subgroups of .
This page was last edited on 21 June 2011, at 22:20.


text:
O'Keefe sets sights on national selection for Ashes series
Stephen O'Keefe of the Blues bats during day two of the Sheffield Shield match between the New South Wales Blues and the Western Australia Warriors at Blacktown International Sportspark on January 25, 2013 in Sydney, Australia. Mark Metcalfe / Getty Images
by RichardHarvey
Richard Harvey Sports Journalist
6th Mar 2013 6:00 AM
LEFT-ARM spinner Stephen O'Keefe fielded as a substitute for Australia in the first Test of the MCC Spirit of Cricket Series against Pakistan at Lord's in 2010 and now he's determined to go back to the home of cricket and play against England as a member of Michael Clarke's team.
With the battle for the Ashes only a matter of months away, the 28-year-old yesterday stood down as NSW captain for their final two Sheffield Shield games to focus on his own game in an effort to push for national selection.
O'Keefe, who has played seven T20s for Australia, had captained the side since taking over from Simon Katich in October 2011.
Ben Rohrer will take over the captaincy duties, beginning with the clash against Victoria which starts at the MCG on Thursday.
Although O'Keefe is the leading Sheffield Shield spinner this summer, taking 17 wickets at 26.76, Nathan Lyon, Xavier Doherty, Glenn Maxwell and Steve Smith were all preferred ahead of him as spin options for the current tour of India.
He is also averaging a handy 30.37 with the bat.
But he knows he's got a battle on his hands to get a go at the top especially after Aussie coach Mickey Arthur defended O'Keefe's omission from the tour party.
"It's very easy to ask those questions (why O'Keefe wasn't picked)," Arthur said.
"Stephen O'Keefe has got a really good record. Xavier Doherty bowled outstandingly well for us in the one-day series. Michael Beer would have been here if he didn't get injured.
"That caused us to reshuffle a little bit. We picked Xavier over Stephen primarily because we thought Xavier was bowling exceptionally well, which he was in the one-day series at that particular time."
Despite being overlooked for India, O'Keefe is going to great lengths to keep his name in front of selectors - he's even going to India after the Shield season ends to get a few pointers.
"India are the masters of spin. It's an experience I am looking forward to and hopefully will take my game to another level," O'Keefe said.
Meanwhile Queensland paceman Ryan Harris will get another chance to push for a national recall after he was named to play his first Shield game of an injury-hit season against Tasmania at the Gabba starting on Thursday.
Harris said while it was nice that he was being mentioned as a potential Australian player again, he still had a long way to go.
"Playing for Australia is still a goal, but I haven't played a Shield game yet this season," he said.
"At the moment I just want to win another Shield for Queensland, go and do my bit in the IPL, play some regular cricket and get stronger and stronger."
Khawaja tipped to take Hussey's spot on Australian Test team
Cricketers hope to impress Ashes selectors in Shield matches
Fast bowler Harris makes mighty return to Shield cricket
Butterworth bowls over Qld to help Tigers snare Shield win
Teams have last chance to make Sheffield Shield final
Aussies on way out with India securing another Test win
Champions Trophy offers Aussies chance to get Ashes ready
Sheffield Shield format adds real integrity to the game
Pakistans board calls for a return home for games
ashes cricket england t20


text:
#ifndef INC_PRISMATIC_CONSTRAINT_MODIFIER_H
#define INC_PRISMATIC_CONSTRAINT_MODIFIER_H

#include <ContentTools/Max/MaxSceneExport/resource.h>
#include <ContentTools/Max/MaxSceneExport/Modifiers/Constraints/hctConstraintModifier.h>
#include <ContentTools/Max/MaxFpInterfaces/Physics/Constraints/hctPrismaticConstraintModifierInterface.h>

// Motor Types (combo box)
enum
{
	PMT_NONE,
	PMT_POSITION,
	PMT_VELOCITY,
	PMT_SPRING_DAMPER,
};

class hctPrismaticConstraintModifier : public hctConstraintModifier
{
	public:

		//Constructor/Destructor
		hctPrismaticConstraintModifier(ClassDesc2* theClassDesc);
		/*virtual*/  ~hctPrismaticConstraintModifier();

		/*virtual*/ hctConstraintDescriptor* getConstraintDescriptor();

		/*
		** From Basic Modifier. We have one combo box (motor type)
		*/
		/*virtual*/ int getNumComboBoxes () { return 1; }
		/*virtual*/ ComboBoxDescriptor* getComboBoxDescriptor (int comboBoxID);

		// From Object - Display stuff. We want to display just two markers.
		/*virtual*/ int Display(TimeValue t, INode* inode, ViewExp *vpt, int flagst, ModContext *mc);
		/*virtual*/ void GetWorldBoundBox(TimeValue t,INode* inode, ViewExp *vpt, Box3& box, ModContext *mc);

	private:

		enum Side {TOP_SIDE, BOTTOM_SIDE};

		// The axis mesh is static since it is reused by all prismatic constraints
		static Mesh m_prismaticAxisMesh;
		static Mesh m_prismaticVolumeMeshes[2];
		static bool m_prismaticMeshesSetup;
		void setupPrismaticMeshes();

		void getVolumeDisplayTransform (Side whichSide, TimeValue t, INode* inode, ViewExp* vpt, Matrix3& transformOut);

		bool getIsLimitOn (Side whichSide, TimeValue t=0);
		float getLimitValue (Side whichSide, TimeValue t=0);

};

#endif // INC_PRISMATIC_CONSTRAINT_MODIFIER_H

/*
 * Havok SDK - NO SOURCE PC DOWNLOAD, BUILD(#20140907)
 *
 * Confidential Information of Havok.  (C) Copyright 1999-2014
 * Telekinesys Research Limited t/a Havok. All Rights Reserved. The Havok
 * Logo, and the Havok buzzsaw logo are trademarks of Havok.  Title, ownership
 * rights, and intellectual property rights in the Havok software remain in
 * Havok and/or its suppliers.
 *
 * Use of this software for evaluation purposes is subject to and indicates
 * acceptance of the End User licence Agreement for this product. A copy of
 * the license is included with this software and is also available at www.havok.com/tryhavok.
 *
 */


Friends, tell me please, can i change port type to trunk on the GigabitEthernet0/0/1?
Has this router possibility to change one of his GigabitEthernet port to trunk type??
The GI 0/0/1 just can work as L3 port, can't be switched to L2 port. But it can terminate vlan using sub interface. for example, AR works as gateway, connects with access switch, while you have configured differenet vlans on the swich due to different IP segment.
Instead of using vlanif interface, you can use subinterface, doing the same thing.
You have to give the IP address to subinterface.


Paul Albert Anka is a Canadian-American singer, songwriter, and actor. Anka became famous during the late 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s with hit songs like "Diana", "Lonely Boy", "Put Your Head on My Shoulder", and "(You're) Having My Baby". "Strictly Nashville" is his 1966's album released via RCA Victor label.
Arranged by Bill McElhiney. Produced by Danny Davis. Engineered by Jim Malloy.
Recorded at RCA Victor Studios, Nashville. Backing Vocals performed by The Jordanaires.


text:
Q: SQLSTATE[HY000] [1045] Access denied for user 'rentacar'@'localhost' (using password: YES) I am new to Laravel. I just created a project, embedded a html Admin template Frest (also tried Admin LTE). When I tried to create tables using php artisan migrate i got this error
     Illuminate\Database\QueryException

  SQLSTATE[HY000] [1045] Access denied for user 'rentacar'@'localhost' (using password: YES) (SQL: select * from information_schema.tables where table_schema = rentacar and table_name = migrations and table_type = 'BASE TABLE')

  at C:\wamp64\www\CRS\vendor\laravel\framework\src\Illuminate\Database\Connection.php:671
    667|         // If an exception occurs when attempting to run a query, we'll format the error
    668|         // message to include the bindings with SQL, which will make this exception a
    669|         // lot more helpful to the developer instead of just the database's errors.
    670|         catch (Exception $e) {
  > 671|             throw new QueryException(
    672|                 $query, $this->prepareBindings($bindings), $e
    673|             );
    674|         }
    675|

  1   C:\wamp64\www\CRS\vendor\doctrine\dbal\lib\Doctrine\DBAL\Driver\PDOConnection.php:31
      Doctrine\DBAL\Driver\PDOException::("SQLSTATE[HY000] [1045] Access denied for user 'rentacar'@'localhost' (using password: YES)")

  2   C:\wamp64\www\CRS\vendor\doctrine\dbal\lib\Doctrine\DBAL\Driver\PDOConnection.php:27
      PDOException::("SQLSTATE[HY000] [1045] Access denied for user 'rentacar'@'localhost' (using password: YES)")

I tried to change the database name as "laravel", created a database named "laravel", and user as root password null. I setup both files .env and database.php files with credentials. But when I use a database with no password I am getting error saying "unknown database".
How can I fix this issue?
I have tried these steps
php artisan config:clear
php artisan cache:clear
php artisan view:clear
php artisan config:cache

then I tried to run this command
php artisan serve

and ctrl+c and then tried again php artisan migrate but got same error
I also tried deleting the bootstrap/config.php file but the error is still same, even I tried to change db host to 127.0.0.1 from localhost but in vain.
Here is my .env
APP_NAME=Laravel
APP_ENV=local
APP_KEY=base64:BrzpwPAf/MVFBphATZTk4dwNTPbmnOO08jJMY35hIsI=
APP_DEBUG=true
APP_URL=http://localhost

LOG_CHANNEL=stack

    DB_CONNECTION=mysql
    DB_HOST=localhost
    DB_PORT=3306
    DB_DATABASE=rentacar
    DB_USERNAME=rentacar
    DB_PASSWORD=carchahiyesir

here is my database.php
    'mysql' => [
    'driver' => 'mysql',
    'url' => env('DATABASE_URL'),
    'host' => env('DB_HOST', 'localhost'),
    'port' => env('DB_PORT', '3306'),
    'database' => env('DB_DATABASE', 'rentacar'),
    'username' => env('DB_USERNAME', 'rentacar'),
    'password' => env('DB_PASSWORD', 'carchahiyesir'),
    'unix_socket' => env('DB_SOCKET', ''),
    'charset' => 'utf8mb4',
    'collation' => 'utf8mb4_unicode_ci',
    'prefix' => '',
    'prefix_indexes' => true,
    'strict' => true,
    'engine' => null,
    'options' => extension_loaded('pdo_mysql') ? array_filter([
        PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_SSL_CA => env('MYSQL_ATTR_SSL_CA'),
    ]) : [],
    ],

A: Here is the solution

*

*Some various server provider gives us their database server name.
And instead of writing localhost or 127.0.0.1 we have to write their
given server name.
Check an example here

*Also, check if you have written well the DB_USERNAME and DB_PASSWORD


text:
Unless you're a doctor or a nurse, the thought of necrotizing fasciitis or fotobacterum damsela probably doesn't horrify you. But if you knew what they knew, it would. Those two unpronounceable names are monikers for flesh-eating diseases that can strip the skin off you in a matter of hours. That's why Paul, Karen, Jeff, Marcy and Bert, a group of buds vacationing in a secluded backwoods cabin, are terrified. The trip started out just like the group wanted it to. Jeff and Marcy were going at it in one of the cabin's back rooms, Paul was trying to hook up with his lifelong crush, Karen, and Bert was shooting squirrels and swilling beer. Then an old hermit stumbled up to their cabin, covered in oozing ulcers. The five chased him away with a rifle, knives and a burning brand. But then—one by one—they started feeling nauseous, and began to break out in an itchy, red rash. Of course, the car won't start, so they're stranded ... and their skin is falling off. That's about the time they turn on each other ...
positive elements: At one point, Paul plays peacemaker and breaks up a brawl between Jeff and Bert, urging them to work together. Paul's gradual transformation from nice guy to cold-hearted killer hints at man's innate depravity.
spiritual content: When a rural posse out for blood stumbles upon the remains of a bonfire, they comment that it looks like a sacrificial pit and is "unchristian."
sexual content: Marcy's character seems to exist for little reason other than to provide sexual diversion by yanking off her top at the drop of a hat. She and Jeff noisily copulate when they first arrive at the cabin (moviegoers see breast nudity and frantic sexual motions). Later, afraid that they will all die from the virus, she sleeps with Paul in an equally graphic scene. Her chest is also exposed as she washes in the tub. Additionally, Karen and Bert discuss masturbation experiences in explicit detail. Paul eyes a naked woman through a window. A police officer makes a crude comment about male genitalia. Unaware that a woman has contracted the flesh-eating virus, Paul fondles her as she sleeps, with bloody results. Karen sunbathes in a skimpy bikini.
violent content:"I have a sick sense of humor," says Cabin Fever's director and scribe, Eli Roth. "I truly enjoy movies that are so violent and disturbing they become funny." While I can't agree that excessive violence equals mirth, there's no question that Roth translated his exuberance for gore into a movie chock full of it. Cabin Fever is such a foul film that putting its images into words is at best, painful and repulsive, and at worst, impossible. Characters infected with the flesh-eating virus vomit copious amounts of blood and develop grisly lesions all over their bodies. During a "real life" campfire story, Paul describes to his friends how a disgruntled employee bludgeoned to death and dismembered his coworkers (flashbacks show the killer performing the described deeds). Paul sets a man on fire. A woman with the disease redefines the word "bloodbath" when she shaves her legs while in the tub. Several people are shotgunned at pointblank range during an armed confrontation (one is stabbed through the ear with a screwdriver). Paul beats an infected person to death with a shovel. A person is devoured by a ravenous dog. A man gets riddled with bullets by police. A pig is graphically disemboweled. The action is so gory that by the movie's final scene there's scarcely a square foot inside the cabin that's not covered in blood.
crude or profane language: Over 130 f-words are joined by about 50 other profanities and crude expressions. God's name is abused at least 25 times and Jesus' is profaned half-a-dozen times. Several people use racial slurs.
drug and alcohol content: Almost every character downs grog and many smoke. Bert hunts with a rifle in one hand, and a cigarette and a beer in the other. He and Jeff pledge to exclusively drink beer for the duration of their time at the cabin. A party-minded police officer talks about the debauched keggers of which he's fond and is later seen at one of them. A skateboarder shares a huge bag of pot with the five campers as they reminisce around a campfire. Karen recalls how she got completely wasted while visiting UC Berkeley.
other negative elements: Several characters try to rationalize a murder by saying the victim was going to die anyway. Police officers resort to vigilante, backwoods "justice" when dealing with a killer. Bert steals a candy bar from a store and beef jerky from an unlocked house. When asked, he lies about having cigarettes.
conclusion: Vile. Gruesome. Exploitative. Mean-spirited. And just plain gross. Cabin Fever stretches one's grasp on superlatives just trying to describe how awful it is. "It's pretty disgusting, disquieting stuff," agrees Glenn Lovell of Knight Ridder Newspapers. "Instead of things that go bump in the night, we get buckets of spewed blood [and] festering corpses." Sadly, gushing entrails and gaping sores apparently can draw a crowd (the film was a big hit at the 2002 Toronto International Film Festival). Allow me to be blunt: Getting any enjoyment out of such diseased bloodletting is sick. Avoid Cabin Fever like the plague.
HorrorDrama
Rider Strong as Paul; Jordan Ladd as Karen; Joey Kern as Jeff; Cerina Vincent as Marcy; James DeBello as Bert; Arie Verveen as the Hermit; Giuseppe Andrews as Deputy Wilson
Eli Roth ( )
Loren Eaton