text:
\section{INTRODUCTION}

Neutrino and muon fluxes from cosmic ray interactions with the Earth's
atmosphere
have been  topics of considerable experimental and theoretical
interest \cite{review}. At energies near 1 GeV, the IMB \cite{imb},
Kamiokande
\cite{kam} and Soudan \cite{soudan} experiments
detect an excess of $\nu_e$ relative to $\nu_\mu$ in the atmospheric
neutrinos.  Recent results from SuperKamiokande \cite{superk} appear to
confirm
this observation.
At these energies,
leptonic decays of charged pions and leptonic and semileptonic decays
of kaons are responsible for the lepton fluxes, the so-called
``conventional'' lepton flux.
Currently, it is believed that
the conventional flux dominates until energies
of about $10^3$ TeV, when the effects of
atmospheric charm production
and decay become important contributions to the lepton fluxes.
The issue of where the charm contributions dominate is of interest,
in part, because this is an energy regime accessible to large
underground experiments \cite{ghs}.
Recent results from Fr\'ejus \cite{rhode}, Baksan
\cite{kgf} and other experiments \cite{other} show an excess relative to
the conventional muon flux in the 10
TeV energy range. This may be an indication of
a charm
contribution at lower energies that expected.
One of the main goals of the
neutrino experiments such as AMANDA \cite{amanda}, Antares \cite{antares},
Nestor \cite{nestor} and at
Lake Baikal \cite{baikal}
are searches for muon neutrinos from extragalactic
neutrino sources for which atmospheric
neutrinos and muons  present the main background.

Lepton fluxes from atmospheric charm have been calculated previously
\cite{tig,volkova,vfgs,bugaev}
for specific models of charm particle production.
Here, we calculate the leptonic flux from charm in the context of
perturbative QCD.
We include next-to-leading order radiative corrections and we study
the importance of small-$x$ behavior of the parton distribution functions.
We emphasize
the uncertainties inherent in the necessary extrapolation of cross sections
and energy distributions beyond the experimentally measured regime.
We use the comparison with low-energy charm production
data to constraint some of the
theoretical uncertainties, such as the charm quark mass and the
factorization and renormalization scale dependence.
We compare
our results to the earlier work
on the prompt muons from charm including a recent calculation \cite{tig}
calculated using PYTHIA Monte Carlo program \cite{pythia}.

In the next section, we describe the framework for the
calculation of the lepton fluxes. In Section III, we
focus on the charmed quark contribution.
In Section IV, we present our results for the fluxes and
compare with other calculations. We conclude in Section V.

\section{Lepton Flux Calculation}

Particle fluxes are determined by solving the
coupled differential equations
that account for production, decays and interactions of the particles.
The general form of the cascade equations describing the propagation of
particle $j$ through column depth $X$ is given by\cite{book,lipari}
\begin{equation}
{{\rm d}\phi_j\over {\rm d}X} = -{\phi_j\over \lambda_j}
-{\phi_j\over \lambda^{(dec)}_j}+\sum_k S(k\rightarrow j)
\end{equation}
where $\lambda_j$ is the interaction length, $\lambda_j^{(dec)}\simeq
\gamma c \tau_j \rho(X)$ is the
decay length, accounting for time dilation factor $\gamma$
and expressed in terms
of g/cm$^2$ units. The density of the atmosphere is $\rho(X)$ and
\begin{equation}
S(k\rightarrow j)= \int_E^\infty {\rm d}\,E_k
{\phi_k(E_k,X)\over \lambda_k(E_k)}
 {{\rm d}n_{k\rightarrow j}(E;E_k)
\over {\rm d}E}\ .
\end{equation}
In Eq. (2.2), d$n$/d$E$ refers to
either the production distribution $1/\sigma_{k}\cdot
$d$\sigma_{k\rightarrow j}$
/d$E$
or decay distribution  $1/\Gamma_k\cdot$d$\Gamma_{k\rightarrow j}$/d$E$
(where $\lambda_k\rightarrow \lambda_k^{(dec)}$ in Eq. (2.2))
as a function of the
energy $E$ of the outgoing particle $j$.

It is possible to solve these equations numerically, however, it has
been shown \cite{tig} that the same results can be
obtained with an  analytic solution which
was derived by noticing that
the energy dependence of the fluxes approximately factorizes from the
$X$ dependence. Consequently, one can rewrite
\begin{eqnarray}
 S(k\rightarrow j)& \simeq &{\phi_k(E,X)\over \lambda_k(E)}
\int_E^\infty {\rm d}\,E_k
{\phi_k(E_k,0)\over\phi_k(E,0)}{\lambda_k(E)\over \lambda_k(E_k)}
 {{\rm d}n_{k\rightarrow j}(E;E_k)
\over {\rm d}E}\\ \nonumber
&\equiv &  { \phi_k(E,X)\over \lambda_k(E)} Z_{kj}(E)\ .
\end{eqnarray}
It is often convenient to write $Z_{kj}$ in terms of an integral
over $x_E\equiv E/E_k$, so
\begin{equation}
Z_{kj}(E) = \int_0^1 {{\rm d}x_E\over x_E} {\phi_k(E/x_E,0)\over \phi_k(E,0)}
{\lambda_k(E)\over \lambda_k(E/x_E)}{{\rm d}n_{k\rightarrow j}(E/x_E)
\over {\rm d}x_E}
\ .
\end{equation}

In the limits where the flux has a single power law energy behavior,
the interaction lengths are energy independent and
the differential distribution is scaling (energy independent),
the $Z$-moment $Z_{kj}(E)$ is independent of energy.
In practice, the $Z$-moments have a weak energy dependence
because d$n$/d$x_E$ depends on $E_k$, the interaction lengths
$\lambda$ are not energy independent, and in general, $\phi_k(E)$ is not
a constant power law in energy over the full energy range.
The cosmic ray flux can be represented by the following flux of
primary nucleons at $X=0$:
\begin{eqnarray}
\phi_p(E,X=0) [{\rm cm^{-2}s^{-1}sr^{-1}GeV^{-1}}]\  =\ &
1.7\ (E/{\rm GeV})^{-2.7}\quad E<E_0\\ \nonumber
& 174\ (E/{\rm GeV})^{-3}\quad E\ge E_0\ ,
\end{eqnarray}
where
$E_0=5\cdot 10^6$ GeV \cite{pal,jacee}.
At these energies, we
assume isotropy of the flux \cite{clay}.

The detailed solutions to the cascade equations can be found, for
example, in Refs. \cite{book} and \cite{lipari}.
Following Ref. \cite{tig}, we assume that the incident cosmic ray
flux can be represented by protons.
The flux results, in high energy and low energy regimes for lepton flavor
$\ell=\nu_\mu,\ \nu_e$ or
$\mu$ due to proton production of hadron $j$ followed by
$j$ decay into  $\ell$ are
\begin{equation}
\phi_\ell^{j,high} =
{ Z_{pj}(E )Z_{j\ell}(E)\over 1-Z_{pp}(E) }
{\ln (\Lambda_j/\Lambda_p) \over 1-\Lambda_p/\Lambda_j }
{ m_j\, c\, h_0\over E\, \tau_j}\ f(\theta) \phi_p(E,0) ,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\phi_\ell^{j,low} =  {Z_{pj}(E)
Z_{j\ell}(E)
\over 1-Z_{pp}(E)} \phi_p(E,0)\ ,
\end{equation}
where an isothermal model for the atmosphere, in which
$\rho (h)=\rho_0 \exp(-h/h_0)$ describes the density
profile as a function of altitude $h$. The parameters are
$h_0=6.4$ km and $\rho_0=2.03\times 10^{-3}$ g/cm$^3$ \cite{atm}.
The quantity $m_j$ is the decaying particle's mass and
\begin{equation}
\Lambda_j\equiv {\lambda_j\over (1-Z_{jj})}
\end{equation}
is an effective interaction length, which is weakly dependent on energy.
The zenith
angle dependence of the high energy
flux is characterized by $f(\theta)\simeq 1/\cos\theta$ for $\theta<60
^\circ$.
At higher zenith angles, $f(\theta)$ is a more complicated function which
accounts for the curvature of the earth. Details appear in Ref. \cite{lipari}.
The low energy flux is isotropic.
When the cascade involves charmed hadrons, the low energy behavior
dominates and the flux is called ``prompt''. Critical energies, below
which the decay length is less than the vertical depth of the atmosphere, range
from $3.7-9.5\times 10^{7}$ GeV \cite{tig}.
Interpolation between high and low energy fluxes is done via
\begin{equation}
\phi_\ell=\sum_j {\phi_\ell^{
j,{low}}\phi_\ell^{j,{high}}\over
\phi_\ell^{j,{low}}+\phi_\ell^{j,{high}}}\ .
\end{equation}

Eqs. (2.6) and (2.7) show that the bases for the calculation of the
prompt lepton fluxes are production and decay $Z$-moments involving charm.
The decay moments are discussed in Section III.D.
The main uncertainties in the calculation of the lepton flux from atmospheric
charm are the production $Z$-moments: $Z_{pD}$ and  $Z_{p\Lambda_c}$.
The production moments
are given by
\begin{equation}
Z_{pc}=2\int_0^1{dx_E\over x_E}{\phi_p(E/x_E)\over\phi_p(E)}{1\over
\sigma_{pA}(E)}{d\sigma_{pA\rightarrow c\bar{c}}(E/x_E)\over
dx_E}\ .
\end{equation}
The differential cross section is evaluated here using perturbative QCD.
The factor of two accounts for the multiplicity of charmed (or anticharmed)
particles.
The charm $Z$-moments can be converted to hadronic moments by
\begin{equation}
Z_{pj}(E)=f_j \, Z_{pc}(E)\ ,
\end{equation}
where $f_j$ is the fraction of charmed particles which emerges as
hadron $j$, where $j=D^0,\ D^+,\ D_s^+$ and $\Lambda_c$. We
implicitly sum over
particles and antiparticles (hence the factor of two in Eq. (2.10)).

The inelastic proton-air cross section $\sigma_{pA}(E)$ is parameterized
by \cite{mielke}
\begin{equation}
\sigma_{pA}(E)= 280 - 8.7\ln(E/{\rm GeV})
+1.14 \ln^2(E/{\rm GeV})\ {\rm mb}\ .
\end{equation}
In the high energy limit of the lepton fluxes, in addition to
$Z_{pc}$, we need effective hadronic interaction lengths $\Lambda_j$.
The proton effective interaction length is therefore
\begin{equation}
\Lambda_p(E)\simeq {A\over N_0\sigma_{pA}(E)}{1\over (1-Z_{pp})}
\end{equation}
where $A=14.5$ is the average atomic number of air nuclei
and $N_0=6.022\times 10^{23}$/g.
We use Thunman {\it et al.}'s (TIG) energy dependent
$Z_{pp}$, calculated using a PYTHIA Monte Carlo \cite{pythia}
as a function of energy \cite{tig}.
The charmed hadron $j$ interaction lengths are all taken to be equal to the
kaon interaction length, approximated by
\begin{equation}
\Lambda_j\simeq {A\over N_0\sigma_{pA}(E)}{\sigma_{pp}^{tot}(E)\over
\sigma_{Kp}^{tot}(E)}{1\over(1- Z_{KK})}\ .
\end{equation}
We use $Z_{KK}$ from Ref. \cite{tig}.
The total cross sections are parameterized using the particle data
book values \cite{pdg} based on Regge theory \cite{dl}.
The prompt lepton flux below $10^8$ GeV is insensitive to the detailed
values of $\Lambda_j$ because essentially all of the charmed hadrons decay
before reaching the surface of the earth.
Therefore, for most of the energy range considered here, the charmed
particles are ``low energy'' and Eq. (2.7) describes the lepton fluxes.

We now turn to the evaluation of $Z_{pc}$ in perturbative QCD and
the other charm inputs.

\section{Charm Cross Section and Energy Distribution}

The charm production cross section and energy distribution are
the largest uncertainties in the calculation of the prompt lepton fluxes.
Since the charm quark mass is of the order of $1.3$ GeV,
the treatment of the charm quark as a heavy quark may be
questionable.
Theoretical uncertainties,
due to the possible range of charm quark masses,
as well as the usual
factorization and renormalization scale dependence need to be
studied.  Theoretical
predictions based on perturbative QCD calculation
fit the available data reasonably well
in the energy range up to 800 GeV beam energy \cite{data}.
However,
atmospheric lepton flux calculations require
beam energies up to and beyond $10^8$ GeV. The
parton distribution functions are needed
at very small parton momentum fraction $x$, outside of the
measured regime \cite{hera}.

In this section we will address these theoretical issues:
\begin{itemize}
\item the effect of next-to-leading order corrections
on the cross section and charmed particle energy distribution,
\item charmed quark mass dependence,
\item factorization and renormalization scale dependence,
\item the consequences of the small-$x$ behavior of the parton distribution
functions on the interaction $Z_{pc}$ moment, and
\item the $A$ dependence of the proton-air charm production
cross section.
\end{itemize}
From our evaluation of these quantities, a theoretical uncertainty
associated with perturbative charm production will be evaluated.
We also describe our inputs to the decay moments of charmed hadrons.

\subsection{Total Cross Section}

The next-to-leading order (NLO) total charm cross section has been calculated
by Nason, Dawson and Ellis \cite{nde} and by van Neerven
and collaborators \cite{smith}.
The NLO cross section is a factor of between 2 and 2.5 larger than the leading
order cross section.
Gluon fusion dominates the production process.
In Fig. 1, we show the importance of the charm quark mass in the
NLO cross section.  We compare the NLO
$\sigma(pN\rightarrow c\bar{c}X)$
as a function of the beam energy $E$
obtained with the renormalization scale $\mu$ equal to
the factorization scale $M$ equal to the charm quark mass $m_c$ with
$m_c=1.3$ GeV and $m_c=1.5$ GeV.   The cross sections are evaluated
using the CTEQ3 parton distribution functions \cite{lai}.
The corresponding value of $\Lambda_4^{\overline{MS}}$ is 239 MeV.
Fixed target data from a summary by Frixione {\it et al.} \cite{fmnr}
are also plotted.
We note
that the fixed target data seem to prefer $m_c=1.3$ GeV.
In all of the subsequent figures, we set $m_c=1.3$ GeV.
The CTEQ3 parton distribution functions
will be our canonical set, in part because they incorporate global fits
to HERA data, and while their validity is not claimed for
parton fraction $x$ below $x_{min}=10^{-5}$ and $Q_0=1.6$ GeV,
the program nevertheless provides
smooth parton distribution functions below these values.

In Fig. 2 we show dependence of the total cross section on the
scale
and parton distribution.
We plot the NLO cross section
for different values of $\mu$ and $M$:
using the
CTEQ3 structure functions, we set
$\mu=M= m_c$ (dot-dashed)
and $\mu=m_c$, $M=2 m_c$ (solid) with $m_c=1.3$ GeV. The
dashed line is the cross section obtained with the
MRSD- parton distribution functions \cite{mrsdm} and scales $\mu=m_c$,
$M=2 m_c$ with $m_c=1.3$ GeV. Also plotted are the data as in Fig. 1.

The MRSD- distribution functions have
a small-$x$ behavior that is suggested by the BFKL approach
\cite{bfkl}. In the
small-$x$ limit,
the parameterization of the gluon (and sea quark) distribution
functions at reference scale $Q_0$ is
\begin{equation}
xg(x,Q_0)\sim x^{-\lambda}\ .
\end{equation}
The D- distributions have  $\lambda = 0.5$.
Typically, global fits such as
the MRSA \cite{mrsa}, MRSG\cite{mrsg} and
CTEQ3 distributions have $\lambda\simeq 0.3$.
By using the D- distributions, we are effectively setting an upper limit
on the perturbative charm cross section, given our choices of $m_c$, $\mu$ and
$M$. We note that, generally, parton distribution functions begin
evolution at $Q_0$ larger than 1.3 GeV. Consequently, our default factorization
scale is $M=2m_c$ so that we can use more than the CTEQ3 parameterizations.

Fig. 2 indicates that a low energies,
the total cross section has weak dependence on
the choice of the scale and the parton distribution function.
At high energies,
$E\geq 10^6$ GeV, there is a factor of 1.7-2.1 increase from
$M=m_c$ to $M=2m_c$. The D- cross section is a factor of 1.3
larger than the CTEQ3 cross section at $E=10^6$ GeV, both with
$M=2m_c$. The D- cross section increases more rapidly because of
the steeper small-$x$ behavior of the parton distribution function and is
enhanced by a factor of 2.6 at $10^8$ GeV. This gives an
overall uncertainty of factor
of 5.5 at the highest energy of $10^8$ GeV.  The MRSA and MRSG
cross sections for $M=2m_c$ lie between the upper and lower curves
in Fig. 2.

The total charm cross section in p-Air collisions,
$\sigma_{pA\rightarrow c\bar{c}} (E)$, can be written as
\begin{equation}
\sigma_{p A\rightarrow c\bar{c}} = A^\gamma \sigma_{pN\rightarrow c\bar{c}}
\end{equation}
We have evaluated the $A$ dependence for charm pair
production using a Glauber-Gribov model of nuclear shadowing
\cite{valerio}.
We find that over an energy range of $10^2-10^6$ GeV,
$\gamma=1.0-0.8$. Since $A=14.5$, the shadowing effect is small,
so we set $\gamma=1$. This is consistent with recent measurements at $E=800$ GeV
\cite{gamcc}. Low energy measurements at larger $x_E$
\cite{gamc} indicate smaller $\gamma$ values ($\gamma\simeq 0.75$),
which would reduce our flux predictions by an overall factor of 0.5.

We have used a comparison between data and theory for
the total cross section to show that $m_c=1.3$ GeV is a
reasonable choice, and to estimate the range of cross sections, related to
the approximate uncertainty in the flux. To evaluate $Z_{pc}$, we need the
energy distribution of the charmed particle. In the next section, we discuss
the
energy distribution of charm quarks in NLO QCD.

\subsection{Charm Energy Distribution}

NLO single differential distributions
in charm quark production have been evaluated Nason, Dawson and
Ellis \cite{nde2} and incorporated into a computer program, which
also calculates double differential distributions,
by Mangano, Nason and Ridolfi \cite{mnr}. The program is time
consuming, so we have incorporated NLO corrections to
$d\sigma/dx_E$ by rescaling the leading order distribution.
The $x_E$ distributions at next-to-leading order are well fit by
a $K$-factor rescaling which is a function of $x_E$, where $K$ is
defined by
\begin{equation}
K\equiv {d\sigma(NLO)/dx_E\over d\sigma(''LO'')/dx_E}
\end{equation}
where ``$LO$'' means taking the leading order matrix element squared,
but using the two-loop $\alpha_s(\mu^2)$ and the NLO parton distribution
functions.
$K$ defined this way shows the effects of the NLO matrix element corrections.

Using the NLO computer program with
the CTEQ3 parton distribution functions,
we show our results for $K(E,x_E)$ for
$E=10^3$ and $2K(E,x_E)$ for $E=10^6$ GeV in Fig. 3.
We find that $K$ evaluated using the D- and MRSA distributions
agree well with Fig. 3.
The error bars indicate the
numerical errors associated with the Monte Carlo integration in the
NLO program. At higher energies, the errors become larger
for comparable $x_E$ because the cross section is dominated by small
$x_E$. $K$ can be parameterized as
\begin{eqnarray}
K(E,x_E) & = & 1.36+0.42\ln(\ln(E/{\rm GeV}))\\ \nonumber
& &\quad +\Bigl( 3.40+
18.7(E/{\rm GeV})^{-0.43}-0.079\ln(E/{\rm GeV})\Bigr)\cdot x_E^{1.5}
\end{eqnarray}
for $\mu=m_c$ and $M=2m_c$.
The parameterization is shown by the curves in the figure.

Using the $x_E$ and energy dependent $K$-factor,
we plot the charm quark $x_E$ distribution for $E=10^3$ GeV, $10^6$ GeV
and $10^9$ GeV in Fig. 4.
The distributions fall rapidly with $x_E$. The convolution of the
differential distribution with the ratio of proton fluxes and interaction lengths, integrated
over $x_E$ at fixed outgoing charm quark energy, is what is
required for the $Z$-moment.

Fig. 5 shows the differential moment,
$dZ_{pc}/dx_E$. The solid lines are for CTEQ3 distributions at
outgoing charm energies $E=10^4$ GeV, $10^6$ GeV and $10^8$ GeV,
in increasing magnitudes. The dashed lines represent the same quantities
for the D- calculation.
The D- distributions have approximately the same shape as the
CTEQ3 distributions, but there is a more rapid growth in overall
normalization with
energy.

In the context of
perturbative hard scattering production of charm pairs,
the average $x_E$ value in the evaluation of $Z_{pc}$ is 0.15-0.2.
More than 80\% of the cross section comes from charm transverse momenta
below a value of $2m_c$. In the low transverse momentum limit, $x_E\simeq x_F$.
Fixed target experiments measure $d\sigma/dx_F$. The measured
charmed meson $x_F$
distributions are consistent with the perturbative NLO QCD calculations
for charm quark production, without any fragmentation corrections that
would soften the $x_F$ distributions \cite{xf}. Fragmentation calculations
are applicable at large transverse momentum. For the calculation of
$Z_{pc}$, we are in the low transverse momentum regime, so we do not
need fragmentation.

\subsection{Hadron Fractions}

We account for the transformation of charmed
quarks into hadrons by an energy independent hadronic fractions.
The hadronic fractions convert $Z_{pc}$ into the interaction moments
for the charmed mesons and the $\Lambda_c$ via Eq. (2.11).
The hadron fractions can be obtained by the observation that \cite{fmnr,aoki}
\begin{eqnarray}
\sigma (D_s)&\simeq & 0.2\ \sigma(D^0+D^+)\\
\sigma(\Lambda_c) &\simeq & 0.3\ \sigma(D^0+D^+)\ .
\end{eqnarray}
The fractions of charmed quarks that appear as $D_s$ and $\Lambda_c$ are
\begin{eqnarray}
f_{D_s} &=& 0.13\ ,\\
f_{\Lambda_c} &=& 0.20\ .
\end{eqnarray}
To get the $D^+$ and $D^0$ fractions,
one needs a ratio of $\sigma(D^+)/\sigma(D^0)$.
Using arguments
based on isospin invariance and counting of states in the
production of $D$ and $D^*$, together with branching fractions for
$D^*\rightarrow D$, Frixione {\it et al.} \cite{fmnr} suggest that
$\sigma(D^+)/\sigma(D^0)\simeq 0.32$. With this assumption for the
ratio of the cross sections,
\begin{eqnarray}
f_{D^0} &=& 0.51\ ,\\
f_{D^+} &=& 0.16\ .
\end{eqnarray}

There is some uncertainty in the values of $f_j$.
Experimental measurements of $\sigma(D^+)/\sigma(D^0)$ in $pN$ and
$pp$ fixed target experiments tend to lead to a somewhat higher
ratio of cross sections. For example in $pp$ collisions with
a beam energy of $E_b=400$ GeV, the LEBC-EHS Collaboration \cite{lebc}
measures $\sigma(D^+)/\sigma(D^0)=0.7\pm 0.1$, while in $pN$ collisions
at $E_b=250$ GeV, the ratio is measured by E769 \cite{esss}
to be $0.57\pm 0.22$.
By taking $\sigma(D^+)/\sigma (D^0)=0.6$,
the resulting change in the predicted flux is only $\sim 15\%$.

Integrated $Z$-moment
$Z_{pD^0}$ scaled by $10^3$  versus charmed particle
energy is shown in Fig. 6
for the D- and CTEQ3 distributions with
$\mu=m_c$ and $M=2 m_c$.  Also shown is
the CTEQ3 calculation with $\mu=M=m_c$. The other $Z$-moments for
charm production are simple rescalings of Fig. 6. While the curves are
similar up to 1 TeV, by $E=10^{6}$ GeV, there is a factor of $\sim 5$ between
the upper and lower curves. At $E=10^8$ GeV, the upper and lower curves
differ by more than a factor of 10, larger than the ratio of
cross sections at the same energy. This is accounted for by the fact that
the $Z$-moments at energy $E$ involve integrals of the cross section at
a higher energy. In addition, since $x_E\sim 0.15-0.2$ and the cross section
is dominated by parton invariant masses near $m_c$, small parton $x$ values are
emphasized. Since the
prompt flux is proportional to $Z_{pc}$, this enhancement
is reflected in the flux as well.

\subsection{Decay Moments}

The last elements of the calculation of
the lepton fluxes from charm are the decay
moments $Z_{kl}(E)$ for $k=D^+,\ D^0,\ D_s^+$ and $\Lambda_c$.
The decay moments can be written in the same form as Eq. (2.4) with
$\lambda_k$ now representing the decay length. The decay distribution
can be represented by
\begin{equation}
{dn_{k\rightarrow \ell}(E;E_k)\over dE}={1\over E_k}F_{k\rightarrow \ell}
\Biggl( {E\over E_k} \Biggr)\ ,
\end{equation}
so the decay moments, in terms of an integral over $x_E=E/E_k$, are
\begin{equation}
Z_{k\ell}(E) = \int dx_E {\phi_k(E/x_E)\over \phi_k(E)} F_{k\rightarrow \ell}
(x_E)\ .
\end{equation}
The function $F$ is given in Ref. \cite{lipari,bugaev}, in the approximation
that the
leptonic decays of charmed mesons are approximated by three-body
decays.
In the ultrarelativistic limit, $F$ is nearly equal for
$\ell=\nu_e\ ,\nu_\mu$ and $\mu$, so the decay moments for the three
leptons are essentially equal. Consequently,
we take the fluxes for the three leptons
to be equal.

Following Bugaev {\it et al.} in Ref. \cite{bugaev}, the effective hadronic
invariant mass $m_X$ of the decay of the $D^+$ is taken to be
630 MeV and for the $D^0$ decays, 670 MeV. We take $m_X=840$ MeV for
$D_s$ decays.
The $\Lambda_c$ will ultimately contribute little over most of the energy
range considered. For $\Lambda_c$ decays, we use the same three-body
formula with an effective hadronic mass of 1.3 GeV.
The branching ratios are:
\begin{eqnarray}
B(D^+\rightarrow \ell ) &=& 17\% \ ,\\ \nonumber
B(D^0\rightarrow \ell ) &=& 6.8\% \ ,\\ \nonumber
B(D_s\rightarrow \ell ) &=& 5.2\% \ ,\\ \nonumber
B(\Lambda_c\rightarrow \ell ) &=& 4.5\% \ .
\end{eqnarray}

For the energies considered here,
the charmed particle fluxes in the low energy limit
dominate.
Assuming that $Z_{pp}$ and $\Lambda_p$ are nearly energy independent,
this means that
\begin{equation}
\phi_k\sim Z_{pk}(E)\, E\phi_p(E)\ .
\end{equation}
The proton flux falls like $E^{-2.7}-E^{-3}$. The charm
production $Z$-moments increase with energy, as seen in Fig. 6.
When we put in the low energy $D^+$ meson flux and evaluate the
$Z_{D^+\ell}$ moment, we get the results shown in Fig. 7. All of the
other low energy
decay moments can be obtained by branching fraction rescaling.
For the high energy moments, we take $Z_{pk}\sim E^{0.42}$ for the D-
distributions and $Z_{pk}\sim E^{0.23}$ for CTEQ3,
with $\phi_k\sim Z_{pk}(E)\phi_p(E)$.

\section{Prompt Lepton Flux}

In Fig. 8 we show our results for the prompt atmospheric flux
scaled by $E^3$ for two parton distributions and factorization
scale choices.  The highest flux  at
$E=10^8$ GeV is with the D- distribution and
$M=2\mu=2 m_c$ (dashed). The CTEQ3 distributions with the same choice
of scale are represented by the solid line, while the dot-dashed line
shows the result when $M=\mu=m_c$. For reference, we show the vertical
conventional and prompt flux calculated and parameterized by TIG in
Ref. \cite{tig}. The fluxes directly reflect the interaction
$Z$-moments of Fig. 6. We emphasize that the prompt flux is isotropic
except at the highest energies, while the conventional flux is not.

We have also estimated the flux due to pion-air interactions creating
charm pairs. The effect is to increase the prompt flux by $\sim 30\%$
at $10^2$ GeV and by $\sim 15\%$ at $10^6$ GeV. This is a small
effect, so we neglect pion contributions to charm production.

The prompt lepton flux evaluated using perturbative QCD can be
parameterized as
\begin{equation}
\log_{10}\Bigl( E^3\phi_\ell (E)/({\rm GeV}^2/
{\rm cm}^2\,{\rm s\, sr})\Bigr)
 = -A + B\, x+C\,x^2-D\, x^3\,
\end{equation}
where $x\equiv \log_{10}(E/{\rm GeV})$.
In Table I, we collect the constants for the D- and CTEQ3 fluxes
exhibited in Fig. 8.

The TIG flux relies on PYTHIA calculations with $m_c=1.35$ GeV and
the MRSG \cite{mrsg} parton distribution functions.
For $E<1$ TeV, the TIG flux is larger than ours because of fragmentation
effects. Their calculation uses the Lund hadronization model \cite{lund}
which can give the charmed hadron a larger energy than the charmed
quark, an effect which is larger for smaller center of mass energies.
The TIG prompt flux calculation is lower than our calculation for
energies $E> 1$ TeV.
At parton $x<10^{-4}$, the parton distributions
in the TIG calculation are flattened. For example,
the gluon distribution is
\begin{equation}
xg(x,Q)\sim x^{-0.08}
\end{equation}
below $x=10^{-4}$.
We note that HERA data at $10^{-5}<x$ and $Q_0\sim 2$ GeV show no indication
of flattening \cite{hera}.
NLO effects in the TIG calculation are accounted for by an
energy and $x_E$ independent factor of 2. Overall, the net effect is that
the TIG $Z_{pc}$ is nearly energy independent.

The prompt muon flux by Volkova {\it et al.} \cite{vfgs} is larger than
our calculated flux. This comes in part because of their assumption
that $d\sigma/dx_E\sim (1-x_E)^5/x_E$, independent of center of mass
energy and a cross section larger than the perturbative one below
$E\sim 10^5$ GeV. This $x_E$ dependence is harder than the
perturbative $x_E$ dependence shown in Fig. 4.

Bugaev {\it et al.} \cite{bugaev} have presented calculations of the prompt
muon flux using two phenomenological, nonperturbative approaches.
One is based on the Recombination Quark-Parton Model (RQPM) and
the other on the Quark-Gluon String Model (QGSM). The QGSM prompt flux
is relatively small compared to the RQPM flux, which already affects the
total atmospheric muon flux at energies of a few tens of TeV.
Relative to the RQPM calculation  and the
Volkova {\it et al.} results, our D- prompt flux is lower.

Several experiments show an excess in muon flux above $\sim 10$ TeV
\cite{rhode,kgf,other}. Following Rhode in Ref. \cite{rhode}, we plot in
Fig. 9 the quantity
$E^{3.65} \phi_\mu(E)$, where $\phi_\mu$ represents the sum of
the prompt and vertical conventional flux. Also shown are the data
from Ref. \cite{rhode}.
The energy scale factor
mostly
accounts for the rapidly falling conventional flux \cite{comment}.
When we add the
prompt fluxes of Fig. 8 to the TIG vertical conventional flux, one
sees an enhancement at muon energies above $10^5$ GeV, at a higher
energy than the experimental excess shown by data points.

In Ref. \cite{prs}, we have shown that it is possible to
enhance the prompt flux sufficiently to account for some of the
observed muon excess at a few TeV. This is accomplished by
extrapolating the charm cross section at 1 TeV with a
faster growth in energy than predicted by perturbative QCD.
The $x_E$ dependence was taken as
$d\sigma/dx_E\sim
(1-x_E)^4$.
The inputs are consistent with fixed target data
below 1 TeV beam energies. We found that the
predicted prompt flux made significant contributions
in the region of the observed excess of muons, but it does not
fully describe the Fr\'ejus data \cite{rhode}.
These inputs are not consistent with perturbative QCD. The
experimental excess of muons
cannot be accounted for by perturbative QCD production of charm.

Another implication  of the prompt fluxes calculated here is the ratio
of the muon neutrino to electron neutrino flux. We
define
\begin{equation}
R_\theta ={\phi_{\nu_\mu}\over \phi_{\nu_e}}\ .
\end{equation}
Using the TIG parameterization of the vertical $\theta=0^\circ$ neutrino
fluxes, adding conventional and prompt contributions, $R_0$
as a function of energy is shown in Fig.
10. At a zenith angle of $60^\circ$, the conventional flux is a factor
of two larger. The ratio $R_{60}$ is also shown in Fig. 10.
The quantity $R$ is an interesting diagnostic for the onset of
prompt neutrino dominance. Unfortunately, at these energies,
$R$ is difficult to measure.

\section{Conclusions}

We find that the perturbative charm contributions to lepton
fluxes are significantly larger than the recent TIG calculation.
The prompt muon flux becomes larger than the conventional muon
flux from pion and kaon decays at energies above $\sim 10^5$ GeV.
We set values of the charmed quark mass, renormalization scale
and factorization scale by fitting the
charm production cross section to low-energy data, then we extrapolate
to higher energies. We find that the NLO corrections give a correction
of more than a factor of two which is weakly energy and $x_E$
dependent. Nuclear shadowing corrections are small for all
energies, due to the air nucleus being relatively light.
The main uncertainty in the perturbative calculation of the
prompt flux, given fixed charm mass, factorization scale and
renormalization scale, is the small-$x$ behavior of the parton
distribution functions. Different choices of scales and
distribution functions, extrapolated to low $x$ with the
same power law dependence as for $x>10^{-5}$,
yield as much as a factor of $\sim 10$ discrepancy in
the prompt flux at $E=10^8$ GeV.

If the parton distributions are flattened
below some critical value $x<x_c$ according to Eq. (4.2), our curves
in Fig. 8 would overestimate the lepton fluxes. For example, if
$x_c=10^{-5}$, the calculated prompt flux at
$E=10^6$ GeV, using CTEQ3 with $M=2\mu=2m_c$, is $\sim 80$\% of the
value shown by the solid curve in Fig. 8, reducing to $\sim 40$\%
of the value at $10^8$ GeV. For $x_c=10^{-6}$, the flux is $\sim 70$\%
of our calculated value at $10^8$ GeV. However,
such an abrupt turnover in the
power law behavior of the small-$x$ parton distributions is unlikely.

We conclude that the prompt muon flux calculated in the context
of perturbative QCD cannot explain the observed excess of
muons in the TeV region \cite{rhode,kgf,other}, independent
of the theoretical uncertainties associated with small
parton $x$. However, prompt fluxes calculated using
non-perturbative models of charm production such as discussed in
Refs. \cite{bugaev,prs} could provide a muon excess in that energy
range. Measurements of the atmospheric flux in the 100 TeV
range would help pin down the charm cross section at energies
above those currently accessible using accelerators and would
provide valuable information about the small-$x$ behavior of
the gluon distribution function.

Even though the prompt contributions to the lepton fluxes
change the energy behavior of the differential fluxes by
a factor of $E$, the atmospheric neutrino fluxes do not
compete with neutrino fluxes from extragalactic sources
above 10 TeV \cite{gqrs}.
Possible oscillations of muon neutrinos as indicated by
the Super-Kamiokande experiment \cite{superk} do not affect
our results due to the extremely small oscillation probability
for the energies of interest.

\acknowledgements
Work supported in part
by National Science Foundation Grant No.
PHY-9507688 and D.O.E. Contract No.
DE-FG02-95ER40906. M.H.R. acknowledges the hospitality of the CERN
Theory Division where part of this work was completed. We thank
P. Gondolo, P. Nason, W. Rhode, D. Seckel and
M. Mangano for useful discussions, the Aspen Center for Physics
and M. Mangano for providing a copy
of the Mangano, Nason and Ridolfi NLO computer program.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


To explore these 360 VR scenes click on the image and drag the photo. You can also explore by pressing the arrows on your keyboard once you have clicked the photo. For mobile platforms, just move the photo with your finger tip. Toggle the Fullscreen mode for a better exploration and be patient while the scene is loading.


One of the most persistent myths about young clergy is that if a church hires (or a bishop sends) a young pastor, young people and their families will instantly flock to the church. This is a serious fallacy. While a young pastor *could* be especially insightful in reaching young adults for Christ, discipling them and building relationships with them, it won't matter a hill of beans if the church itself is not invested in doing the same. If you have never asked a Christian young adult what they think about the world or what they are looking for (if at all!) in a faith community, you need to rethink if you really want young adults in your church.
Reality: A young pastor can help, but it takes a congregation dedicated to knowing, investing in and serving with young adults to reach young adults. If you are praying for a young pastor to come so that she or he can do all the work of reaching young people, you are setting up that pastor to fail. You want a magic wand, not a pastor.
The other two are equally mythic and frustrating to dispel. As one who is only has a few years left now of what constitutes "young clergy," I don't hear these as often as I did when I first started. In fact, the only one I still get is the ol' "you're too young to be a pastor," which is actually nice in its way, but come on. You guys. Seriously.
Reader, think about where you are right now. We are connected in a sense. My ideas and words are flowing forward in time to when you will read them. They are translated into 0s and 1s and transported via cables to whatever screen you are viewing right now in whatever country you may be viewing it. In the past, we have allowed ourselves at The High Calling to become infatuated with sending our ideas out through time and space with new technologies. But the delivery of an idea to you is much less important than where you are right now.
So much good has come from this team, this virtual community. Now, we hope to help you engage even more in the community where you live.
Okay. I get the basic point about real life community being better than online community. I get it. But in the 21st Century, I don't see shutting down the opportunity to connect online as the way to address the issue. These days, a certain amount of relationships begin online and then move to flesh and blood; online community begets real life community. But if you take away one avenue for in-person community to happen, that doesn't solve the problem. In some ways, it makes it worse.
So I get the principle of the decision. But the execution is counter-productive. For my part, I'd attempt to organize gatherings using the online tools and engagement I've had in place for years instead. Build something rather than tear something down. But that's me.
Way back shortly after I started in ministry, I read a quote that has always stuck with me: "Pastors don't measure ministry in hours, but in scars." We don't put in a typical week the way many other professions do, but we feel what we do in other ways as we walk alongside others in grief, need, loss, despair, and anxiety. And there come those moments when we put ourselves out there in order to try to move the church forward, and deal with pushback and occasionally get outright burned along the way. It's certainly not for the faint of heart.
The outside culture is whizzing past, and the church is still dawdling along trying to make sense of it. By the time we catch up to where we thought the culture was, it's already zoomed forward again. As he says, we're still using typewriters while the culture is using iPhones. Metaphorically speaking. But also maybe literally.
Now, there are certain things worth preserving related to ritual, heritage, and theology that ties us to where we've been, but even those things need to be related to a new day that has brought new discoveries and information to light that we didn't have before.
After watching this, I realized I use a few of them in my book. I am still debating whether to edit them out.
My one quibble is that Emergent should not be conflated with progressive. But I don't want to write about that any more.
Wood, marble, or tile, on the other hand, reflect sound. Churches with no carpeting are so much easier to sing in. One does not have to constantly sing loudly to fill the nave. A smaller choir can be more supportive of a congregation. One can utilize a broader range of dynamics. Those with weaker voices can contribute. Those with strong voices will flourish.
Microphones may be rendered unnecessary or utilized selectively. Relying only on the natural sound tears down the wall between musician and congregation. It gives the voice back to the people! And this is what chant and hymnody have done so well for hundreds upon hundreds of years.
My third year of seminary I served in a church with a beautiful sanctuary (see the pic at the top of the post). It had a tall wooden ceiling and hardwood floors. Music reverberated through the room and gave it a rich quality that I haven't experienced in many other churches. Speaking there was a little more tricky, as there could be quite an echo with the microphone, but that could be managed.
My current church has a ceiling akin to that church I was a part of so many years ago. But the floor is covered in a burnt orange carpet that somebody thought was a good idea when the sanctuary was built in the 1970s. Getting rid of it and replacing it with basically anything is on my wish list. But with the ceiling we have, hardwood would really add something to our singing.
Misc. Jan Edmiston on being Amy Schumer's pastor. David Wheeler on the decline of middle-class clergy. American Christianity has been hijacked. Yeah, we know. Momastery's one mantra to survive summer is hilarious.


text:
International Reporting Project The Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies
Fellows & Editors
About the IRP
Glasnost, North Korean-style, despite the Dear Leader
By Elizabeth Sullivan
Published in Plain Dealer
North Korea is moving straight to "American in Paris" diplomacy.
Dear Leader Kim Jong Il normally prefers whiskey and Hollywood with his nukes and public executions. But in the interest of expanding ties with America, he is expanding his cultural horizons to include a visit from the New York Philharmonic in February.
This is on top of President Bush's personal letter to Dear Leader, urging Kim to come clean on his nukes, and this week's resumption of freight-train service between North and South Korea.
The New York ensemble wasn't even sure the typed invitation faxed to it in August really came from the North Korean Ministry of Culture until the State Department authenticated it, the New York Times reports.
That was followed, in October, by a seven-member orchestra delegation that went to Pyongyang to negotiate conditions for the Feb. 26 concert.
These conditions include an expanded, 1,500-seat hall; a free public rehearsal and a nationally televised concert to maximize outreach. The New York Philharmonic, under the baton of former Cleveland Orchestra maestro Lorin Maazel, also insisted on beginning its concert in its usual overseas way -- with the "Star Spangled Banner," as well as the host country's anthem, in this case Aegukka, or "Patriotic Song."
Also on the program are George Gershwin's "An American in Paris," Antonin Dvorak's "New World Symphony" and a Richard Wagner prelude.
Additionally, some orchestra members will teach master classes, thus tearing down even more of those walls that the Dear Leader still tries to keep impregnable despite his country's gradual opening to neighbors and to the West.
It's a strange pas de deux: Kim Jong Il wants to widen the scope of what and whom he lets into North Korea to jump-start the economy and keep himself in power. At the same time, he's brutally and systematically trying to block any seepage out to regular North Koreans.
The Associated Press recently reported that a North Korean factory manager caught making unauthorized international calls from 13 phones in the basement of his factory was publicly executed in front of 150,000 people. The information came from a South Korean aid group whose reports have been credible in the past, AP said.
Meanwhile, North Korea's Orwellian communications police -- known as Bureau 27 -- repeatedly visit the hundreds of thousands of North Korean homes within range of Chinese television to search for TV remotes and concealed television sets, according to the South Korean Web site Daily NK. The police physically seal TV channels and sometimes even disable internal circuitry so the television sets can only tune to North Korean television, says the Web site, according to BBC Monitoring.
However, there's been a backlash -- with a growing number of North Korean civilians protesting the damage to their expensive TV sets, the Web site says.
For a while, Chinese-made cell phones also proliferated, creating a bonanza of first-person accounts for South Korean intelligence. Pyongyang's response to that leakage was draconian and widespread, however. South Korean experts told my group of "Gatekeeper Editors" on an International Reporting Project-sponsored tour last month that the crackdown virtually dried up this avenue of information.
The great thing, though, is that, overall, Kim's pas de denial is failing.
Many North Koreans can still hear outside news on smuggled radios or watch South Korean music videos and soap operas on smuggled DVDs.
Best of all, the exchanges with South Korean scholars, artists and intellectuals have kick-started real glasnost Korean-style that's reaching into a critical elite group in the North. The Dear Leader may viciously censor what North Koreans can write and say publicly, but he cannot solder their brains to his.
The truth -- about his debilitating rule, about the real causes of the Korean War, about the contrast of North Korea's medieval lifestyle with South Korea's riches, about the world -- is getting through. The upcoming visit by the New York musicians will only add to this warming trend.
More from this Reporter
South Koreans seek pragmatic change in North
North Korea opens for tourism ... but be careful where you look
Two days in North Korea: A journalist's diary
Guarding the frontier of a frozen war
From Other Reporters in This Country
Advancing the national myth of unity
Video: IRP and Kim Dae-jung
Currently Reporting From
India, Krithika Varagur
Madagascar, Isabelle Mayault
Mexico, Geoffrey Giller
Thailand, Rebecca Grant
Bangladesh, Karin Fischer
Guatemala, Sarah Barrett
Bhutan, Emily Johnson
Serbia, Sophie Cousins
Korea, May Jeong
Ethiopia, Laura Dean
Reporting Trips
SenegalFall 2017
About the Trips
List All Countries
Award Winning Stories
Also Appeared In…
History of the Project
New America
The International Reporting Project is based at New America.
Copyright © 2016 International Reporting Project.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Grunt watch task is not starting until the first output to console My task configuration works fine but I have annoying issue where the watch task does not start to monitor unless I refresh a page or add a line for console output. So normally I am supposed to get:
Running "watch" task
Waiting...

But I don't get it until some output goes to the console.
Is it a bug?
My config is:
module.exports = function(grunt) {
    grunt.initConfig({
        concat: {
            options: {
                separator: '\n\n'
            },
            dev: {
                src: ['ng_app/app.js', 'ng_app/**/*.js'],
                dest: 'public/js/app.js'
            }
        },
        less: {
                dev: {
                    files: [
                        {
                            expand: true,
                            cwd: 'styles',
                            src: ['*.less', '!mixins.less', '!var.less'],
                            dest: 'public/css/',
                            ext: '.css'
                        },
                        {
                            expand: true,
                            cwd: 'styles/views',
                            src: ['*.less'],
                            dest: 'public/css/views',
                            ext: '.css'
                        }
                    ]
                }
            },
            express: {
                dev: {
                    options: {
                        script: 'bin/www'
                    }
                }
            },
            watch: {
                options: {
                    livereload: true
                },
                express: {
                    files:  ['**/*.js'],
                    tasks:  ['express:dev'],
                    options: {
                        spawn: false
                    }
                },
                less: {
                    files: ['styles/**/*.less'],
                    tasks: ['less'],
                    options: {
                        livereload: false
                    }
                },
                concat: {
                    files:  ['ng_app/**/*.js'],
                    tasks: ['concat'],
                    options: {
                        livereload: false
                    }
                }
            }
      });

    grunt.loadNpmTasks('grunt-contrib-concat');
    grunt.loadNpmTasks('grunt-contrib-less');
    grunt.loadNpmTasks('grunt-express-server');
    grunt.loadNpmTasks('grunt-contrib-watch');

    grunt.registerTask('default', ['concat', 'less']);
    grunt.registerTask('server', [ 'express:dev', 'watch' ]);
};

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


A former police officer who sent "racist and offensive" text messages to members of the public has been banned from working for any other forces.
The Thames Valley Police officer, who can only be referred to as Former Officer A, was found guilty of gross misconduct at a special case misconduct hearing chaired by Chief Constable Francis Habgood on Monday, October 29.
A number of racist and offensive text messages, which had been sent to members of the public between Saturday April, 1 2017 and Monday, January 15 this year, were discovered on the former officer's mobile phone during an investigation.
During the misconduct hearing at the police headquarters in Kidlington, Oxfordshire, Former Officer A was found to breached the Standards of Professional Behaviour in respect of Discreditable Conduct, Authority, Respect and Courtesy and Equality and Diversity.
The panel deemed their actions amounted to gross misconduct, and had they not resigned prior to the hearing, they would have been fired from Thames Valley Police.
"There is no place for people who behave like this in policing"
Detective Chief Superintendent Chris Ward, head of professional standards for Thames Valley Police, said: "The texts sent were racist, offensive and very unpleasant.
"They undermine the excellent work carried out by hard-working police officers every day and we are resolute in our determination to expose the minority of our staff who hold such views and behave in this way.
"The public can be reassured that there is no place for people who behave like this in policing."
Former Officer A was granted anonymity following legal representations.
Thames Valley Police has been running a Hidden Harm campaign this year in effort to combat hate crimes.
It has revealed that 2,3698 hate crimes were recorded in the region last year, including 224 hate crime recorded in Reading, Berkshire.


The meditation on purpose of life is inspired from episode 3 where Chandresh talked about letting go setting the goals and allowing life to simply bloom.
witnessing divinity in every being.
learning to be receptive and enabling the shifts in awareness.
importance of contentment in life.
Do mantras have a meaning?


If you have a picky child, or are not a huge fan of vegetables yourself, today's recipe will allow you to hide your veggies among whole grains and a little bit of sweetness so that they go down easily and you don't miss out on their nutritional benefits.
While I'm proud that my two-and-a-half-year-old consumes nutritious, plant-based eats all day long, I've found that he's definitely not immune to some of the typical behaviors of the picky toddler. As of the last few months, if he sees something he's never eaten, he's unlikely to try it. If that something is a vegetable (or at least looks like one), we're in even worse shape.
Thankfully, my boy has never met a smoothie he doesn't like, so I'm able to hide a variety of raw vegetables in that component of his daily breakfast. (That's right – his morning smoothie is just part of his breakfast. He has an insatiable appetite in the morning, eating less and less as the day progresses.) I've managed to sneak raw celery, carrots, cucumbers, beets, fresh herbs, and a variety of greens right by him for many a morning now.
Until he's willing to look at a heap of broccoli and get excited about eating it, I have to get creative. In addition to smoothies, I've found that my super food muffin formula lends itself just as nicely to shredded vegetables as it does fruits. Today's rendition features zucchini, which I find a bit too earthy in flavor to compliment most smoothie combinations. Zucchini, or Italian squash (pictured below, shredded in the food processor), is a solid source of vitamin C and manganese and promotes healthy eyesight, so I definitely want Nolan to have it in his diet.
CINNAMON: A popular spice that you can purchase as sticks or ground, cinnamon is high in antioxidants.
NUTMEG: Nutmeg, which you can find as a seed or ground, is a great source of fiber, copper, and like zucchini, manganese. The two are often paired together in cooking.
CARDAMOM: Cardamom, available as pods or ground, is also a rich source of fiber and manganese and boasts a notable serving of iron, too.
CLOVES: Use cloves sparingly as their flavor is the strongest of this group of particularly flavorful spices. You can find the cloves whole or ground, and like cinnamon, expect a healthy dose of antioxidants.
When talking recently with a fellow mom, she shared with me that her pediatrician said that if her toddler ate one balanced, nutritious meal per day, that that was success. Obviously, we aim to feed our kids of all ages (and ourselves!) healthful foods all day long, but when it comes to the pickiest of the picky, one well-rounded meal may be the best we can hope for some days.
1 cup cooked small grains (e.g. quinoa, kaniwa, millet, etc.)–> I'm using kaniwa (see my veggie burger post).
¼ cup sweetener –> I'm using agave syrup.
1/8 cup oil –> I'm using coconut.
1 cup raw (fresh or frozen) fruit or veggie –> I'm using shredded zucchini*, skin on.
1-1 ¼ cups unsweetened plant milk –> I'm using almond.
½-1 tsp extract (amount will depend on flavor intensity) –> I'm using 1 tsp homemade vanilla.
½-1 tsp spices –> I'm using ½ tsp cinnamon, ¼ tsp nutmeg, and 1/8 tsp each cardamom and cloves. All spices are ground.
½ tsp pink Himalayan sea salt (optional) –> I'm using it.
*Shredded carrots, parsnips, beets, or sweet potatoes would also be delicious!
Preheat your oven to 350 degrees. Shred your zucchini (or other vegetable) in a food processor. Separately combine all of the dry ingredients and all of the wet ingredients. Pour the wet into the dry and mix with a wooden spoon. The batter will be thick and lumpy, but you can always add more plant milk if it seems too dry or dough-like. Spoon the batter into a lined cupcake pan and bake for 25 minutes. Store in the fridge for up to two weeks.


production in the state and ultimately create jobs for youths and women. Some of the activities that would be taking place in the center include: peeling of cassava tubers s well as grating and frying. Ahmed disclosed that N150 million would be needed to complete the project which is in Lokogoma, Wushishi local government of the state. He added that the state government had also shown its commitment in the project, having approved N87.1 million for its execution.
The construction of the village is presently ongoing and upon completion, would require services of marketers that would help in taking the village's products to consumers.
Meanwhile, the International Fertilizer Development Company (IFDC) has promised to give free fertilizer to 112 farmer groups of the 350 farmer groups in the state.


text:
Tag: Instruction
Rethinking Programmer Instruction for Present day Coders
The proliferation of minimal-code and no-code programs are changing the landscape for software program. In the previous decade, expansion in these spots has empowered workforce to produce methods at the velocity of a electronic world, regardless of their complex track record.
This raises many issues: What form of programmers do enterprises genuinely require? Must they nevertheless depend on programmers formally educated at 4-year universities—what you might phone "white-collar" programmers? Or, as a substitute, are blue-collar programmers with self-taught techniques or those people who discovered from a bootcamp extra precious? What will get corporations the appropriate mix of programming capabilities?
The shorter answer is that all programmers can be of good value. In common, blue-collar programmers, right after all, link issues inside the computing setting, when white-collar programmers develop the items that are related. The essence of reduced-code is that it permits more individuals to join matters and use their creativeness to come to be a lot more successful. But it does not remove the need for experienced programming and applications at its foundation.
At their main, reduced-code and no-code are about democratization. They permit people today without the need of specialized skills to get the job done creatively in techniques that effectively make everybody a programmer. A parallel from an earlier computing generation is the Excel spreadsheet, which allows persons with no programming track record complete computational duties and sooner or later work their way up from easy formatting to full-fledged programming. But at some issue, polished programming techniques are nonetheless needed, no subject how simple no-code or low-code can make some of those people things.
In the breakneck pace of cloud-based mostly computing environments with new companies consistently becoming designed and deployed to the edge, it is well worth considering the distinctions concerning the white- and blue-collar programmers and what types of schooling are ideal for each and every.
Four-Calendar year Colleges Vs. Boot Camps
A vocation as a programmer can seem to be scary for onlookers. This is specifically accurate when these work opportunities require advanced languages this kind of as C++ and Java, which are frequently made use of in massive jobs that can acquire years to create and require hundreds of thousands of strains of code. Some of that is nevertheless real, but the evolution of programming around the many years towards languages that demand much less code, these kinds of as Python, and to area-precise languages (DSLs), has also started to lessen the boundaries to entry for programming.
It's real that you've in no way desired a four-yr laptop science degree to be a programmer. In truth, quite a few that have dropped out of college—or never attended at all—have manufactured major contributions to the business. Nevertheless, universities do supply a basis in idea and algorithms that have generally served programmers effectively and help them to department out into new areas, this kind of as artificial intelligence or other disciplines, this sort of as bioinformatics. Coding bootcamps, for their aspect, can provide intensive instruction on
ProgrammingCoders, day, Instruction, Present, programmer, Rethinking


text:
1) China has warned the U.S. that it may start detaining Americans. Repeated warnings have been made to U.S. government representatives and through multiple channels, including the U.S. Embassy in Beijing. The Chinese have warned that the U.S. should drop prosecutions of the Chinese scholars in American courts, otherwise Americans in China might find themselves in violation of Chinese law. The U.S. began arresting Chinese scientists, who were visiting American universities to conduct research, and charged them with concealing their active duty status with the People's Liberation Army from U.S. immigration authorities. This tactic is referred to as 'hostage diplomacy', which China has used on other countries, such as Canada, Australia and Sweden on what officials from those governments have said are bogus allegations. In September the State Department issued a travel advisory, recommending Americans avoid China travel for a number of reasons, including a warning that the Chinese government detains other countries' citizens "to gain bargaining leverage over foreign governments".
2) The oil giant ConocoPhillips is doubling down on crude oil with a major acquisition. Conoco is taking over Concho Resources, a fracker in the Permian Basic with a $9.7 billion dollar 'all-stock' takeover. This will make Conoco the largest independent oil-and-gas company in the U.S., with daily production of more than 1.5 million barrels of oil. This will also leave Conoco more exposed to the same forces that have swiftly moved against fossil fuels, and therefore the results of next months elections. Because of the volatility , many investors refrain from the oil market, which met Conoco didn't have to spend much on the deal. Concho is being acquired at just $10,700 per acre in the Permian Basin, much less than the $40,000 previously paid for the shale oilfield.
3) The private space company SpaceX has launched another 60 Starlink internet relay satellites into orbit, with another set due to launch in a few days. There are now 835 Starlinks in orbit for the rapidly expanding global network, which will eventually number thousands, for high speed internet to any point on the earth. Present plans are to launch at least 120 new Starlinks every month.
4) Stock market closings for – 19 OCT 20:
Dow 28,195.42 down 410.89
Nasdaq 11,478.88 down 192.67
S&P 500 3,426.92 down 56.89
10 Year Yield: up at 0.76%


text:
Borowitz Says Democrats Will Find a Way to Screw Up; Republicans Say They Already Did »
Bush Won't Pay for Kids' Health Care But Flew Billions in Shrink-Wrapped Bundles of Cash into the Iraq War Zone – a Fortune That Can't Be Accounted for Now
Mid-2003: A reporter in Iraq stands on a pallet filled with shrink-wrapped bricks of C-Notes
"Who in their right mind would send 363 tons of cash into a war zone?" — Rep. Henry Waxman, D-Calif.
Pres. Bush said he vetoed the Democrats' expansion of the SCHIP children's health insurance program because it was too costly. This confirms what we know about the president's priorities. But the cost to cover 10 million additional children would be $35 billion, Democrats have pointed out, which is roughly what it takes to run Bush's war in Iraq for 41 days.
An even more apt example of the misplaced values of Bush and his party is the story of the $12 billion or so that was flown into Iraq in 2003 and then went missing and will never be recovered. It sounds like a financial scandal of historical proportions, and yet it is one of the most under-reported story of the war:
The United States flew nearly $12 billion in shrink-wrapped $100 bills into Iraq, then distributed the cash with no proper control over who was receiving it and how it was being spent.
The staggering scale of the biggest transfer of cash in the history of the Federal Reserve has been graphically laid bare by a U.S. congressional committee.
In the year after the invasion of Iraq in 2003 nearly 281 million notes, weighing 363 tons, were sent from New York to Baghdad for disbursement to Iraqi ministries and US contractors. Using C-130 planes, the deliveries took place once or twice a month with the biggest of $2,401,600,000 on June 22, 2004, six days before the handover.
After this was revealed in an investigation into Bush's handling of his invasion of Iraq, Rep. Henry Waxman, chairman of the House Government Oversight Committee was prompted to ask:
"Who in their right mind would send 363 tons of cash into a war zone?"
Security in the war zone was so lax as to be non-existent:
"One [Bush Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA)] official described an environment awash in $100 bills," the memorandum [on the investigation for Waxman's committee] says. "One contractor received a $2 million payment in a duffel bag stuffed with shrink-wrapped bundles of currency. Auditors discovered that the key to a vault was kept in an unsecured backpack.
"They also found that $774,300 in cash had been stolen from one division's vault. Cash payments were made from the back of a pickup truck, and cash was stored in unguarded sacks in Iraqi ministry offices. One official was given $6.75 million in cash, and was ordered to spend it in one week before the interim Iraqi government took control of Iraqi funds."
The Bush team — many of whom were inexperienced Republican Party operatives, cronies of the president and their twenty-something kids — lost or ripped off millions of dollars from the UN that was intended to feed Iraq's poor people:
On April 12, 2004, the [CPA] in Erbil in northern Iraq handed over $1.5 billion in cash to a local courier. The money, fresh $100 bills shrink-wrapped on pallets, which filled three Blackhawk helicopters, came from oil sales under the UN's Oil for Food Programme, and had been entrusted by the UN Security Council to the Americans to be spent on behalf of the Iraqi people.
The CPA didn't properly check out the courier before handing over the cash, and, as a result, according to an audit report by the CPA's inspector general, "there was an increased risk of the loss or theft of the cash."
Paul Bremer, the American pro-consul in Baghdad … kept a slush fund of nearly $600 million cash for which there is no paperwork: $200 million of this was kept in a room in one of Saddam's former palaces, and the US soldier in charge used to keep the key to the room in his backpack, which he left on his desk when he popped out for lunch. Again, this is Iraqi money, not US funds.
To get a sense of the Bushies' attitude about the loss of the money, here is retired Admiral David Oliver, who was Bremer's financial advisor, on the loss of billions of Oil for Food dollars:
"I have no idea. I can't tell you whether or not the money went to the right things or didn't – nor do I actually think it's important."
Q: "But the fact is billions of dollars have disappeared without trace."
Oliver: "Of their money. Billions of dollars of their money, yeah I understand. I'm saying what difference does it make?"
The reason Adm. Oliver should have cared — aside from the fact that finance was his purview — is that some of this cash very likely fueled the insurgency that ensued a few months later. It is also likely the money ended up in the hands of terrorists who used it to buy weapons to kill our troops.
October 21, 2007 | Tags Conservative Values, Iraq, Scandals, Worst President Ever |
Pingback: andmoreqz » Bush Admin Can't Pay for Kids' Health Care But Flew Billions in …
Eric Monse
October 21, 2007 - 3:08 pm | Permalink
It's really scary how much money disappeared. What's wrong with our government? – Eric Monse
Pingback: Lost Money and SCHIP « VirginiaDem.org
October 22, 2007 - 9:22 am | Permalink
Let's not forget the cost of the American embassy in Iraq, which has to go into the category of money lost. The 21-building compound was originally projected to cost $592 million but we are adding another $144 million because of redoing the shoddy workmanship, lack of planning, delays, and in-fighting since the project began. So that's a total of $736 million for…what exactly?
may bush and his ilk burn in hell
January 15, 2008 - 1:32 pm | Permalink
Not a bad cut!
zenman44
September 1, 2008 - 10:55 pm | Permalink
Bush did this to look like a blunder but really the money went to the Haliburton honchos and other war profiteers like KBR and CACI. THAT'S WHERE THE MONEY WENT!!!! THE WHOLE BUSH REGIME NEEDS TO GO TO PRISON!
November 12, 2015 - 8:14 pm | Permalink
And people still think 9/11 was not an inside job.
Pingback: With health care, it's midnight in America
Alka Talwar
September 27, 2017 - 7:05 am | Permalink
may shrub and his kind consume in hellfire


Multi-site nonprofit organizations shouldn't be run like companies that make money, say HBS professors Allen Grossman and V. Kasturi Rangan. The key for nonprofit managers is to embrace a balance between affiliation and autonomy.
Why is it more difficult for nonprofit organizations than, say, retail chains, to run efficient multi-site operations? A recent Harvard Business Review story concluded that nonprofits waste $100 billion a year through inefficient fundraising and dispersal practices and clumsy administrative operations.
The problem, according to Harvard Business School professors Allen Grossman and V. Kasturi ("Kash") Rangan, rests in inevitable tensions and battles for power that arise between national headquarters and local operations.
Not helping the problem is the fact that many nonprofits employ management techniques developed for for-profit companies. "We say this is not a good approach," said Grossman. Instead, nonprofits need their own management practices that recognize the unique characteristics of the nonprofit enterprise.
Grossman and Rangan presented their findings—and some possible solutions—at the Faculty Research Symposium held at HBS on May 20.
The real value creators for nonprofits are the dispersed units, where money is raised and good deeds accomplished. With for-profits, headquarters is usually where the value is created.
A constant power struggle takes place between local and national leaders.
Wide use of volunteer labor makes worker motivation more of an issue.
Up to 60 percent of a nonprofit CEO's time is spent fundraising, time that could be spent building a more effective organization.
The strong emotional environment around nonprofits can challenge rational decision making.
Nonprofits often have a cultural opposition to structure.
A lack of theory of management practice exists for nonprofits.
These characteristics lead to a number of disputes between headquarters and affiliates, according to Grossman and Rangan. For example, who controls the donor list and money raised? Is it the affiliate that actually raises the funds, or the national organization that provides the overall brand and direction? Are affiliates delivering the level of service defined by the national organization? Does the affiliate adequately represent the values and goals of the national brand? Do affiliates receive an appropriate level of national services from the fees they pay?
Traditionally these strains have fueled centralization versus the decentralization debate in the nonprofit community, Grossman told his audience. And that's the wrong approach to take—the value proposition created by a national organization with local units is lost. Instead, the debate should be reframed with autonomy and affiliation as the key dimensions.
The point isn't whether an autonomous-biased organization is better than a more affiliate-driven one, but rather to identify "levers of influence" system managers can employ to get their organization the desired balance between the two forces.
"Headquarters should undertake actions to enhance system value and then sustain it, and affiliates should maximize local resources to enhance their credibility and increase their voice in the running of the system," Grossman and Rangan wrote in a working paper on the subject. "The key for management is to develop a governance system that accommodates this tension in a constructive rather than a destructive fashion."
To get constructive co-existence of unit autonomy and organizational affiliation, organizations must have in place a clear process for making decisions as to who will perform the functions necessary for the system, and a process that commits operating units to adhere to systemic decisions.
At the seminar, Rangan cautioned that there is no single cookie-cutter approach to solve the problems of all nonprofits. For example, if a meal kitchen has 100 strong, local operations there is little need for national people to come in, other than to provide a few services.
A multi-site nonprofit's value proposition must be real, and consistently communicated externally and internally.
Strong unit autonomy and strong systems can be compatible and mutually supportive.
Lack of understanding of multi-site dynamics leads to a waste of money and resources.
More research is underway on several issues. To what degree are corporate structure and strong unit autonomy incompatible? How much strong national leadership is required to complement local program customization? And how important is national leadership in determining the success of a multi-site nonprofit?


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Neotraditionalism
political science and sociology
Contested traditions
Political uses of neotraditionalism
Dennis Galvan
Neotraditionalism, in politics, the deliberate revival and revamping of old cultures, practices, and institutions for use in new political contexts and strategies.
Neotraditionalism entails a degree of contestation over culture and memory. It can serve as a strategy of political legitimation, and it is deployed in different ways by both elites and ordinary people. Neotraditionalism can be especially prominent in contexts of rapid social change or when people question the nature or benefits of that which is presented as "developmental" or "modern." Neotraditionalism suggests that the form a regime takes, the nature of law, the means by which the arbitrariness of rulers can be blocked, and other forms of interaction between state and society should take into account or resonate with local definitions of authentic culture and historical memory.
As a concept, neotraditionalism breaks with notions of deeply rooted cultural essences or characterizations of static antimodern tradition. An approach focusing on neotraditionalism treats seemingly historical institutions, practices, and values as moldable resources, subject to ongoing social and political contestation. In that sense, one cannot speak of politically unproblematic "traditions" of, for example, democratic participation (e.g., panchayat village councils in India and Pancasila democracy in Indonesia) but rather of specific efforts to identify and promulgate particular and always modified versions of remembered culture and institutions as neotraditions.
Neotraditions serve political goals and are the subject of political contestation over the definitions of historical memory and "authentic" culture. They can be especially useful tools for the consolidation of group identity in circumstances of rapid and confusing social change. Thus, the British historian Eric Hobsbawm described the invention and deployment of neotraditions surrounding the mythic hero Ossian, bagpipes, and kilts in constructing a new Scottish national identity in the 18th century at a time of rapid class transformation, urbanization, and the decline of feudal forms of social solidarity. Likewise, in southern Africa, historians have shown how the massive migration of men to mines and factories around the turn of the 20th century precipitated new understandings of "traditional" culture, emphasizing women's subordination, powerful elder male chieftaincy, and rigid customary land laws. Those neotraditional customs and institutions enabled absent men to retain control over key resources (especially their wives and their farms). Neotraditionalism has also been used as a powerful tool of political legitimation in postcolonial settings, whereby authoritarian elites, from Mobutu Sese Seko in Zaire to Suharto in Indonesia, sought to justify single-party authoritarian regimes as "democratic" because one-party rule supposedly revived and updated precolonial traditions of village-level inclusive consensus decision making.
Neotraditional analysis does not suggest that the story of Ossian, powerful elder male chieftaincy, or village democracy are fabrications and simple instrumentalist manipulations of an entirely plastic and moldable culture. Rather, it accepts that some forms of those stories, practices, and informal institutions represent ethnographic and historical realities, and it recognizes that there is a political process in which actors filter and select particular elements of remembered culture as the central and salient definitions of "tradition" in any given moment.
Although often monopolized by state-level postcolonial elites as legitimating cultural patina, neotraditionalism by definition need not serve authoritarianism nor operate only in the hands of dominant groups. Thus, the much-celebrated Grameen Bank and other systems of revolving credit can be understood as neotraditional redeployments of historically rooted practices of intergroup solidarity and trust (which compel borrowers to repay loans so that kin or neighbours can receive their credit) in new, more modern circumstances. Likewise, small and medium-size specialty manufacturers in Jutland, Denmark, and Emilia-Romagna, Italy, redeployed and revamped old practices of cooperation, some rooted in agrarian practices, to achieve economies of scale and international competitiveness in the later 20th century. In those cases, social actors at various levels, not state elites, reformulated tradition for new purposes, crafting new institutional solutions that enjoyed the benefit of social familiarity and apparent embeddedness in a local culture. Thus, analysis of neotraditionalism demands an understanding not simply of how culture and memory are recrafted but of who does that recrafting, with the application of what degree of power, and in pursuit of what interests.
In an era of rapid globalization of trade and communication, as well as the standardization of liberal democratic politics and free-market economics, neotraditionalism represents an important mode of localist response or resistance to perceived external domination or cultural homogenization. Thus, xenophobic nationalists and religious fundamentalists redeploy visions, values, practices, and modes of social organization of a purportedly more-authentic uncorrupted past as a means to critique the alienation and "mongrelization" associated with the dominant liberal democratic capitalist order. Likewise, some communitarian activists, proponents of indigenous rights, and environmentalists evoke historical patterns of holism and harmony with nature as neotraditional alternatives to the perceived irresponsibility, materialism, imperialism, and unsustainability of the same liberal democratic capitalist order. Neotraditionalism provides a language and a basis for political mobilization for many forms of critique of modernity.
Dennis Galvan The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
panchayat
Panchayat, the most important adjudicating and licensing agency in the self-government of an Indian caste. There are two types: permanent and impermanent. Literally, a panchayat (from Sanskrit pañca, "five") consists of five members, but usually there are more; the panchayat has a policy…
Pancasila, the Indonesian state philosophy, formulated by the Indonesian nationalist leader Sukarno. It was first articulated on June 1, 1945, in a speech delivered by Sukarno to the preparatory committee for Indonesia's independence, which was sponsored by the Japanese during their World War II…
Eric John Ernest Hobsbawm
Eric John Ernest Hobsbawm, British historian (born June 9, 1917, Alexandria, Egypt—died Oct. 1, 2012, London, Eng.), earned a reputation as one of Britain's great Marxist historians, notably for his massive Age trilogy covering European history from the French Revolution to World War I—The Age of Revolution: 1789–1848 (1962), The …


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text:
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namespace app\modules\backend;

/**
 * Backend module definition class
 */
class BackendModule extends \yii\base\Module
{
    /**
     * @inheritdoc
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    public $controllerNamespace = 'app\modules\backend\controllers';

    /**
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    public function init()
    {
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}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub