text:
Q: Find Method only working once on UserForm I am trying to implement a find function in a userform in a textbox.
Once it detects that 4 digits have been input it looks for this value in a list of models in range ("C39:C102").
It returns the value of the cell that is two cells to the left of it (that's where the name of the group that the model number belongs to is stored), and changes the combobox to select that group automatically.
In the range ("C39:C102"), there are multiple model numbers per individual cell, as in:

C39= 9070, 4835, 2858, 2853
C40= 2374, 2737, 8857, 9895
etc.

The macro runs the first time after opening the Excel sheet but when I look for a second model number it goes to "not found".
Private Sub TextBox5_Change()
    'when user inputs a model number automatically change the combo box below it to correct group
    Dim rng1 As Range
    Dim modelNum As String

    If Len(TextBox5.Text) = 4 Then
        modelNum = TextBox5.Value
        Set rng1 = Range("C39:C102").Find(modelNum)
        If Not rng1 Is Nothing Then
            ComboBox1.Value = rng1.Offset(0, -2)
            MsgBox "This tool (" & modelNum & ") belongs to " & rng1.Offset(0, -2) & " group."
        Else
            MsgBox modelNum & " not found"
        End If
        TextBox5.Value = ""
        modelNum = ""
        Set rng1 = Nothing
        'ComboBox1.Value = ""
    End If

End Sub

A: Your code works fine for me.
Instead of this:
Set rng1 = Range("C39:C102").Find(modelNum)

try being a bit more explicit:
Set rng1 = Range("C39:C102").Find(What:=modelNum, Lookin:=xlValue, LookAt:=xlWhole)

Find() settings in excel are "sticky" and unless you specify them explicitly you'll get whatever settings were last-used.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Horology
Issue № 92
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How The Expo 2020 Women's Pavilion Highlights The Importance Of Gender Equality
Expo 2020 Dubai and Cartier have joined forces to create the Women's Pavilion, a space that will highlight the importance of gender equality and celebrate those making it possible. MOJEH speaks to the two inspirational women driving the project about what we will see there and why closing the gender gap is so important.
'Behind every great man, is a great woman,' goes the old adage. To modern ears it may sound outdated, offensive even. How could it be suggested that women's achievements should be so obscured in this day and age? But unfortunately this phrase still rings true. According to the UN, Covid-19 is responsible for reversing recent advances made towards gender equality. Women are being squeezed from the workplace at an alarming rate, with many forced into unpaid domestic and care work. And at a governmental level, decision makers are overwhelmingly male – on average, only 25 per cent of members of national parliaments are women. So with the eyes of the world on Expo 2020 Dubai, the Women's Pavilion is on a mission to raise awareness of the continuing gender gap at all levels of society, to educate about the ill effects it has not just on women, but on all people regardless of gender, culture or nationality and to inspire action.
Hind Al Owais, Vice President of the International Participants Department at Expo 2020 Dubai
"The Women's Pavilion highlights both challenges and successes in the journey to true gender equality through immersive exhibitions that visitors will find very striking," says Sophie Doireau, Cartier's CEO for the Middle East, India and Africa, and one of the masterminds behind the Women's Pavilion. "Through a multitude of different perspectives, we shine a light on women's achievements and showcase solutions, offering compelling inspiration and calling on the millions of visitors at Expo 2020 to act on these issues so we can progress and thrive as humanity."
Hind Al Owais, Vice President of the International Participants Department at Expo 2020 Dubai, has also been a driving force behind the Women's Pavilion. Having spent almost 15 years working for the UAE Ministry of Foreign Affairs, focusing on multilateral diplomacy and supporting the UAE's agenda, and being an advisor to the leadership of the United Nations entity for gender equality and women's empowerment, this is a cause that is obviously very close to her heart. "As a woman, I was always conscious of issues related to inequality, but when I compare my situation to my mother's, or grandmother's, I realise how far we have come in the UAE in securing opportunities and rights for women," says Al Owais. "In fifty years of World Expo history, this is the first time there will be a stand-alone pavilion dedicated to women, and the fact that this is happening in an Arab and Muslim country means a lot. I believe this milestone will make people want to come and attend our many events and exhibitions. We already have an enormous amount of interest from the global community which is extremely encouraging."
As one of the UN's 17 Sustainable Development Goals, gender equality is internationally recognised as an issue of utmost importance. "At a global level, the gender equality and women's empowerment agenda is still at the centre of development issues and it is important to say that a lot still needs to be done; no country in the world has closed the gender gap completely," says Al Owais. "At present, women and girls make up half the world's population, and yet they are undervalued and underutilised. Everywhere in the world, women are still facing significant hurdles. Just to give you a few examples, women are more likely to be affected by poverty, we still have 132 million girls out of school, and one in three women experience violence in their lifetime."
Sophie Doireau, Cartier's CEO for the Middle East, India and Africa
"The Covid-19 pandemic has unfortunately exacerbated these challenges and left us with even more work to do. In that context, it makes it even more important to have a platform like Expo 2020 Dubai and a pavilion dedicated to women to help address these remaining challenges and inspire people to act," concludes Al Owais. It's hoped that the exhibition appearing within the Women's Pavilion – entitled 'New Perspectives' – will connect the dots on women's shared experiences, regardless of age, race or social status. "Through the Women's Pavilion, our purpose is to change hearts and minds of people and to remind the world that only when women thrive can we expect to see the whole of humanity thriving," says Al Owais. "Through the stories we showcase, we tell the world that women's issues are global issues and global issues are women's issues, and therefore cannot be separated and a holistic approach is key." Doireau is in complete agreement: "According to the World Economic Forum, the impact of Covid-19 has set back women's equality by over 30 years, so there has never been a more important time to raise awareness and make progress on this global issue."
"Cartier has been actively committed to the cause of gender equality for decades, and we saw an incredible opportunity to collaborate with Expo 2020. We joined forces as we recognise that achieving gender equality cannot be solved by governments alone. It is a shared responsibility that requires meaningful and substantive collaborations with the private sector, civil societies and committed individuals. Since the beginning of the project, we have been in complete synergy as Cartier and Expo 2020 are driven by a common conviction that gender equality is critical for sustainable economic and societal growth, and to ensure a peaceful and prosperous world," says Doireau.
So what can visitors expect to see at the Women's Pavilion? "The key inspirations behind the design and the curation were the constellations of stars, the universe and nature," says Doireau. "Women light the way for future generations. In the exhibition, we focus on the impact and inspiration they have brought to humanity at large. As the journey continues, we acknowledge the challenges ahead and look at the actions and contributions that enable women and humanity to thrive. Every action counts. When interconnected, their impact is stronger. "For me, one of the most powerful aspects of the exhibition is a series profiling 130 women who have marked history and paved the way for change across the entire world. It also highlights men who contributed in gender equality and women empowerment around the world. The Women's Pavilion will also host an extensive programme of over 100 talks and events that amplify the voices of women and foster open, inclusive dialogues with a diverse community of artists, scientists, thought leaders, politicians, and businesswomen," says Doireau.
It sounds like a dream – a space where the multifaceted experience of womanhood is celebrated and valued in all its aspects. And, thanks to Expo 2020 and Cartier, the dream has become a reality. "Expo 2020's collaboration with Cartier on the Women's Pavilion illustrates our shared belief that gender equality and women's empowerment cannot be achieved without making this a priority for all – the public sector, private sector, nonprofits, civil society, and even at an individual level," says Al Owais. "Our goal is to achieve – not just promote – gender equality, and empower all women and girls, reinforcing that women's issues are everyone's issues, and all issues are women's issues." Buy tickets
Read Next: How Sneaker Culture Is Highlighting Fashion's Double Standards
Words by Rachel Silvestri
#Cartier
#Expo 2020 Dubai
#Women's Pavilion
#Gender Equality
An Inside Look At Cartier's Haute Joaillerie Design Process
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3 min read | September 30th, 2021

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A beautiful original Victorian glass display dome. A stunning hand blown antique glass dome on its original turned, ebonized wooden base raised on small feel. The dome is a good usable size & shape & is perfect for displaying taxidermy specimens & other curios.
Wear commensurate with age, glass dome in good condition with no damage, age related wear to the paint on the base.
The above dimensions refer to overall exterior measurement of the dome on its base.
Due to its fragile nature, I'd prefer this was collected in person though it can be carefully wrapped & sent via 24 hour courier at a cost of £13.


text:
Osteoarthritis of the Temporomandibular Joint: Clinical and Imagenological Diagnosis, Pathogenic Role of the Immuno- Inflammatory Response, and Immunotherapeutic Strategies Based on T Regulatory Lymphocytes
By Gustavo Monasterio, Francisca Castillo, Daniel Betancur, Arnoldo Hernández, Guillermo Flores, Walter Díaz, Marcela Hernández and Rolando Vernal
Submitted: October 26th 2016Reviewed: November 15th 2017Published: December 20th 2017
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.72496
Home > Books > Temporomandibular Joint Pathology - Current Approaches and Understanding
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease affecting the TMJ. It is the most common TMJ disorder and shows a higher prevalence in women and older people. TMJ osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA) is characterized by variable degrees of inflammation, destruction of the articular cartilage, and sub-chondral bone resorption. In this context, diverse pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, and bone-resorptive associated factors have been considered as possible markers of active TMJ-OA. The molecular balance is determinant not only for initiation and progression, but also for the clinical expression of the disease. Recent advances in the biochemical analysis of synovial fluid from affected patients have provided new insights into the patho-physiology of the TMJ-OA; however, its molecular pathogenesis still remains unclear. Recently, a Th1 and Th17-dominated immune response has been associated with the inflammatory and destructive events characteristic of TMJ-OA and, in particular, the Th17 lymphocyte pathway has a pivotal role in the increased production of RANKL, which is involved in osteoclast activation and subsequent sub-chondral bone resorption. Understanding the TMJ physiology and pathogenesis of the TMJ-OA, together with the key molecular determinants of the TMJ tissue destruction, will enable the development of new chair-side point of care diagnostics and more conservative treatment modalities with minimal complications.
Treg cells
Gustavo Monasterio
Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Chile
Francisca Castillo
Daniel Betancur
Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
Arnoldo Hernández
Anatomy and Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Chile
Guillermo Flores
Department of Prosthesis, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Chile
Walter Díaz
Marcela Hernández
Department of Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Chile
Rolando Vernal*
Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Chile
*Address all correspondence to: rvernal@uchile.cl
Temporomandibular Joint PathologyCurrent Approaches and UnderstandingEdited by Yusuf Emes
Temporomandibular Joint Pathology - Current Approaches and Understanding
Edited by Yusuf Emes, Buket Aybar and Gühan Dergin
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the movable articulation of the bone head. Its structure and morphology share common features with other synovial joints; however, it also presents particularities that make it unique. In fact, deep knowledge of the anatomy and function of the TMJ is a central challenge for clinicians and scientists, since many of the pathological conditions that affect this articulation can be explained based on its morphological and physiological aspects.
2. Temporomandibular joint: anatomical characteristics
The TMJ is a synovial joint composed of two articular surfaces [1, 2, 3, 4] ( Figure 1 ). The inferior articular surface is given by the mandibular articular surface, which is part of the mandibular head. Structurally, the mandibular head is formed by two surfaces, anterior and posterior, both separated by a ridge that follows the same axis of the mandibular head [5, 6, 7]. The anterior portion of the mandibular head is relatively convex in contrast with the posterior surface which is characterized for being flat and vertical [7, 8] ( Figure 2 ). On the other hand, the superior articular surface of the TMJ is given by the horizontal portion of the squama of the temporal bone, which is organized forming two highly relevant structures: the mandibular fossa and the articular eminence of the temporal, also called temporal condyle [1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]. The mandibular fossa corresponds to a concave surface with its greater axis in the transverse diameter [2, 7, 8, 12] and the temporal condyle corresponds to a convex bony elevation with its major dimension at the transverse axis, formed by an anterior and posterior surfaces without a clear boundary between the two of them [8, 9, 11]. Additionally, in the TMJ, it is possible to observe an articular disc, which allows fitting the temporal condyle and the mandibular head [1, 5]. It is avascular and not innervated at its center, which coincides with the area of greatest work [2, 6, 8, 13]. Like the mandibular fossa and head, its greater dimension is at the transverse axis and adapts closely to the adjacent surfaces [2, 6, 7, 8].
Anatomical characteristics of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Sagittal section of TMJ. Mandibular head (MH) articulating with temporal condyle (TC) and mandibular fossa (MF). Between the two joint surfaces the articular disc (AD) is interposed. The middle portion of the thinner disc portion being located in the work area; the anterior articular disc is continuous with the fibers of the lateral pterygoid muscle (LP), which is also inserted into the pterygoid fossa (PF) of the mandibular condyle neck; the back of the disc is related to the vascularized tissue in the retrodiscal area (RA). TMJ localizes superior to the middle cranial fossa (MCF) and posterior to the internal auditory canal (IAC).
Anatomical characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. (A) Lateral, (B) frontal, and (C) superior view of the mandibular head. This is formed by two poles, the lateral pole (LP) and the medial pole (MP), the latter being larger. In a side view, it is possible to observe the morphology of the anterior surface (AS) (convex) and posterior surface (PS) (flat) of the mandibular head. In the lower portion of the mandibular head at its point of junction with the condylar neck (CN), the pterygoid fossa can be seen (PF), where the lateral pterygoid muscle is inserted.
3. Temporomandibular joint: physiological characteristics
Mandibular movements are limited by a number of structures, which actively or passively avoid excessive mandibular displacement and consequently limit the movements within the joint. The main protective and customizing element of the joint complex relates to the joint capsule. This structure consists of thick organized bundles of collagen fibers that are upholstered with several proprioceptors that report changes in mandibular dynamics, thereby limiting the mandibular border movements [6]. Anteriorly, the capsule is inserted in the articular eminence [7, 8]. Laterally, the capsule strongly adheres to the longitudinal root of the zygoma and is continued backwards in tympanosquamous fissure [7, 8, 14]. The medial insertion is less extensive, inserted mainly in the sphenoid spine. The inferior insertion of the capsule extends along the condyle neck as a ring that is down on the backside of condylar process neck [7, 8, 14].
There is a set of ligaments that meet a similar role to the capsule, functionally and structurally reinforcing the TMJ [6, 7, 8]. The main reinforcement ligament capsule corresponds to temporomandibular ligament which is located lateral to it. From this point of insertion the temporomandibular ligament lateral band descends obliquely and posteriorly, and finally inserts onto the posterior surface of condylar neck [7]. The medial band is horizontal, presenting a similar cranial origin to the lateral band, and is inserted into the lateral side of the mandibular head [11]. Portions of the temporomandibular ligament execute a different role within the mandibular dynamics [6].
Additionally, there are a number of ligaments in the TMJ that are not structural or for its reinforcement, however limit the mandibular dynamics and hence the joint function. The stylomandibular, sphenomandibular, pterygomandibular and pterygospinous ligaments meet this role [7, 14]. The stylomandibular ligament is a segment of the muscular structures and it is originated in the styloid process forming the styloid bouquet [7]. Since its origin, the stylomandibular ligament descends obliquely to finally insert on the posterior and inferior border of the ramus. In the case of the sphenomandibular ligament, this appears as a thickening of the interpterygoid fascia, which inserts cranially into the sphenoid spine and in the mandibular lingula [7, 14, 15]. Its thickness and extent varies between the individuals and in its upper portion penetrates into the middle ear throughout the petrotympanic fissure being continued as the anterior ligament of the malleus [10, 16, 17, 18]. The pterigomandibular ligament originates from the pterygoid hamulus of the medial lamina of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone and from that point is inserted into the lateral lip of the mandibular retromolar trigone [7]. It is inserted in the buccinator muscles anteriorly and the superior constrictor muscle of the pharynx posteriorly. Finally, the pterygoespinous ligament, like the sphenomandibular, corresponds to a thickening of the interpterygoid fascia. It is reported that this ligament may undergo calcifications, which could produce alterations in the transmission of the mandibular nerve, because of its intimate relationship with the mandibular foramen determining nerve compression [19].
4. TMJ-OA: clinical classification and diagnosis
Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are the most widely accepted term to designate the musculoskeletal alterations of the TMJs. All TMDs share similar signs and symptoms, traditionally described as a triad of pain (TMJs, muscles, and tooth pain), interferences during mandibular movement (frequently associated with joint noises), and/or movement range limitation [20]. Bell developed the first classification of TMDs in 1986, and it was based on an orthopedic-mechanical model [21]. This classification was composed of four major categories (masticatory pain, restriction of mandibular movements, joint interference during mandibular movements, and acute malocclusion) and identified five muscular processes (myositis, muscle spasm, myofascial pain, late-onset muscle irritation, and protective co-contraction or protective stiffness). However, it was not until 1990 that the American Academy of Craniomandibular Disorders (AACD), along with the International Headache Society (IHS), developed the first taxonomic system of classification [22]. The main contributions were the distinction of two major categories (joint disorders and muscle disorders) and the possibility of establishing multiple diagnoses.
In 1992, a new taxonomic classification system was developed and termed "The Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD)" [23]. This system was based on the biopsychosocial model of pain, and included the Axis I (physical assessment using reliable and well-operationalized diagnostic criteria), and Axis II (assessment of psychosocial status and pain-related disability) [23]. The main purpose of this classification system was to establish standardized criteria for research, and to provide simultaneously a physical diagnosis in order to identify other patients' characteristics that could modify the expression and eventually the management of their TMD [22].
Since 2014, the new DC/TMD Axis I and Axis II provide an evidence-based assessment protocol also based on the biopsychosocial model ( Figure 3 ) that can be directly applied in the clinical and research setting [24]. In this consensus, the information required for fulfilling the Axis I diagnostic criteria is obtained from a specified examination protocol in conjunction with the core self-report instruments that assess pain symptoms involving the jaw, jaw noise and locking, and headache. Axis II core assessment instruments assess pain disability, pain intensity, jaw functioning, parafunctional behaviors, psychosocial distress, and widespread pain. All of these incorporations and changes in the core patient assessment instrument set serve as a broad foundation for patient assessment and further research [24].
Biopsychosocial model of disease applied to temporomandibular disorders. Axis I refers to the severity of the patient's biological factors, including physical disorders. Axis II refers to the severity of psychosocial and behavioral factors, including interference in functioning because of pain. Two possible types of patients are depicted, each situated according to disease severity on the respective axes: Patient A has a mechanical temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder without secondary factors; and patient B has a pain diagnosis and clinically significant disruption in overall function and mood.
The DC/TMD also includes changes to original RDC/TMD TMJ diagnoses. An important consideration was the low sensitivity for the diagnostic algorithms for disc displacement (DD) and degenerative joint disease (DJD) (osteoarthritis and osteoarthrosis) in RDC/TMD that can provide only provisional diagnoses [24]. This is due to the fact that some DD with reduction do not have clinically detectable noise, and the disorder will not be diagnosed using the clinical criteria (positive history of noise and the presence of clicking noises) [25]. DD with reduction is highly prevalent, and crescent data suggest that internal derangement, such as DD with reduction, is likely to progress to osteoarthritis [20, 26, 27]. However, based on the evidence, DD with reduction is probably without clinical consequences unless pain occurs with noises or functional limitations, such as limited opening or interference in mastication. Nonetheless, the DC/TMD suggests that imaging using MRI is required for a definitive diagnosis of TMJ DD [24].
The differential diagnosis with the other TTMs is very important in the clinical assessment. The DC/TMD taxonomic classification for TMDs is divided in four major groups: temporomandibular joint disorders, masticatory muscle disorders, headache, and associated structures. Of these, the temporomandibular joint disorders main group includes two subtypes of joint pain, three subtypes of joint disorders, and seven different subtypes of joint disease ( Table 1 ). The clinical procedures to evaluate DD with reduction, DD without reduction without limited opening, and DJD lead to clinical diagnoses based on procedures that exhibit low sensitivity but well to excellent specificity. Thus, for treatment decision in selective cases, confirmation of presumptive diagnostic requires imaging. In contrast, clinical algorithm for assessing DD without reduction with limited opening has good sensitivity and specificity (80 and 97%, respectively) [28], being enough with the clinical evaluation for the initial working diagnosis [24].
I. Temporomandibular joint disorders
a. Joint Pain
i. Arthralgia
ii. Arthritis
b. Joint Disorders
i. Disc disorders
1. Disc displacement with reduction
2. Disc displacement with reduction with intermittent locking
3. Disc displacement without reduction with limited opening
4. Disc displacement without reduction without limited opening
ii. Hypomobility disorders other than disc disorders
1. Adhesions/adherence
2. Ankylosis
a. Fibrous
b. Osseous
iii. Hypermobility disorders
1. Dislocations
a. Subluxation
b. Luxation
c. Joint diseases
i. Degenerative joint disease
1. Osteoarthrosis
2. Osteoarthritis
ii. Systemic arthritides
iii. Condylysis/idiopathic condylar resorption
iv. Osteochondritis dissecans
v. Ostronecrosis
vi. Neoplasm
vii. Synovial chondromatosis
d. Fractures
e. Congenital/developmental disorders
i. Aplasia
ii. Hypoplasia
iii. Hyperplasia
DC/TMD taxonomic classification for temporomandibular disorders (only TMJ disorders).
DC/TMD made some changes to the diagnostic procedures of RDC/TMD for DD and DJD. TMJ noise by history is one of the recommended criteria for the intra-articular disorders of DD with reduction and DJD. The patient's report of any joint noise (click or crepitus) during the 30 days prior to examination should be met by the history criterion or the patient's detection of any joint noise with jaw movements during the clinical examination. Furthermore, DD with reduction diagnosis requires examiner detection of clicking, popping, or snapping noises during examination. In DJD diagnosis requires examiner detection of crepitus (e.g., crunching, grinding, or grating noises) during the examination, and distinction between fines versus coarse crepitus is not necessary. For DD without reduction, the subtype depends on an assisted opening measurement (including the amount of vertical incisal overlap): if is <40 mm it is "with limited opening" subtype, and if is ≥40 mm it is "without limited opening" subtype. In this category, joint noise does not affect the diagnosis of DD without reduction as long as the required criteria for DD without reduction are met ( Table 2 ) [24].
a. In last 30 days, any noise present" applicable to disc displacement with reduction with and without intermittent locking, and degenerative joint disease.
b. In last 30 days, jaw locks with limited mouth opening and then unlocks" applicable to disc displacement with reduction with intermittent locking.
c. "Ever has jaw lock or catch so that it would not open all the way" and "interfered with eating" applicable to disc displacement without reduction with and without limited opening.
d. In last 30 days, when you opened your mouth wide, jaw locked or caught so that it would not close all the way" applicable to subluxation.
i. Disc displacement with reduction.
1. Report by patient of any joint noise (click or crepitus).
2. Click detection (# of opening/closing cycles required for click) (1 of 3).
3. Click detection during lateral and protrusive movements.
ii. Disc displacement with reduction with intermittent locking.
iii. Disc displacement without reduction with limited opening.
1. Assisted opening* < 40 mm.
iv. Disc displacement without reduction without limited opening.
1. Assisted opening* ≥ 40 mm.
v. Degenerative joint disease.
2. Crepitus (either fine or coarse) with palpation.
DC/TMD diagnostic procedures for disc displacements and degenerative joint disease with new history-based diagnosis of subluxation.
Measurement of opening includes interincisal opening plus vertical incisal overlap.
The DJD includes osteoarthritis and osteoarthrosis ( Table 1 ). While the DD with reduction was described as "An intracapsular biomechanical disorder involving the condyle-disc complex. In the closed mouth position, the disc is in an anterior position relative to the condylar head and the disc reduces upon opening of the mouth. Medial and lateral displacement of the disc may also be present. Clicking, popping, or snapping noises may occur with disc reduction. A history of prior locking in the closed position coupled with interference in mastication precludes this diagnosis," the description given by the DC/TMD to DJD is "A degenerative disorder involving the joint characterized by deterioration of articular tissue with concomitant osseous changes in the condyle and/or articular eminence" [24]. The diagnostic criteria for these conditions demand a meticulous anamnesis and clinical examination. The DJD diagnosis is considered positive when either the patient reports any TMJ noise in the last 30 days (during mastication or any jaw movement) or the clinician detects any noise during mandibular movements. In addition, the DJD diagnosis is associated with clinical detection of TMJ crepitus during palpation, when patient is doing opening, closing, lateral, or protrusive mandibular movements. These important differences along exploration were not reported in the RDC/TMD previous consensus, which only included coarse crepitus detected by the examiner's palpation. Nevertheless, the sensitivity and specificity of these criteria are 55 and 61%, respectively, being the imaging the reference standard for this diagnosis. In particular, the diagnosis confirmation suggest by DC/TMD is with TMJ CT [24].
In summary, the DC/TMD assessment protocol has both screening and confirmatory tests for the most common Axis I physical diagnoses and for Axis II contributing factors ( Table 3 ). However, an important remark is the poor diversity of diagnostic tools available until now. The DC/TMD raise a useful systematic imagenological and clinical diagnostic tool, but with no usefulness in the study of disease progression and/or prediction. Several studies suggest some biological markers of degenerative joint disease, such as certain cytokines or proinflammatory mediators [29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42], and could be useful in the elaboration of complementary tools for diagnostic purposes with potential in the study of disease prediction/progression. Thereby, the development of diagnostic/prognostic devices based on these molecular markers is an interesting research field that could significantly improve the precision of osteoarthritis diagnosis.
Axis I: Physical diagnosis
Axis II: Psychosocial status
Pain diagnoses Joint diagnoses Distress and pain disability
Application Clinical or research Clinical Clinical or research
Screening test TMD pain screener DC/TMD for disc displacements, degenerative joint disease, and subluxation PHQ-4 and GCPS PHQ-9, GAD-7, PHQ-15, and GCPS
Confirmatory test DC/TMD for myalgia, arthralgia, and headache attributed to TMD Imaging: MRI for disc displacements, CT for degenerative joint disease, and panoramic radiographs, MRI, or CT for subluxation Consultation with mental health provider Structured psychiatric or behavioral medicine interview
Clinical and research applications of selected DC/TMD Axis I and Axis II tests.
Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4), Graded Chronic Pain Scale (GCPS), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15).
5. TMJ-OA: imagenological characteristics
Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MRI) are widely useful tools for imaging the TMJ region of TMD patients, in particular for assessing degenerative bony changes, disc position and configuration, inflammatory pathological changes in the posterior disc attachment, the presence of effusion in joint spaces, and bone marrow edematous involvement [43]. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) allows the visualization of the TMJ in all three planes with high resolution, minimal distortion, and great precision for identifying condylar cortical changes [44]. The TMJ imaging by CBCT also allows the evaluation of the integrity of the bony structures when a degenerative disease is suspected, and to confirm the extent and progression of any bony changes [45].
The degenerative changes of bone in DJD are more frequent in the mandibular condyle than in the mandibular fossa or the articular eminence, and the characteristic pathological bony changes are erosion, osteophytes, and deformity; and adaptive bony changes are marginal proliferation, flattening, concavity, sclerosis, and sub-chondral cyst [46, 47, 48, 49]. All of these anomalies are considered, for diagnostic purposes, as signs of osteoarthritis and frequently are observed in joints with long-standing DD without reduction [47].
Some imaging technologies such as CT [49, 50, 51], CBCT [46, 52, 53], and MR [47, 54, 55, 56] have been widely used for diagnosing DJD such as TMJ osteoarthritis. However, is CBCT, a fairly new imaging technology, that has the possibility to create images of high diagnostic quality using lower radiation doses than CT [53]. CBCT imaging has shown to be very helpful for depicting abnormal bony changes such as the cortical margin of the surface and sub-chondral cancellous trabecular structure present in the mandibular condyle, where the conventional radiography has shown difficulties to analyze successfully [30]. Conventional tomography also has difficulties in detailed assessment of changes in the surface morphology of the condyle and fossa, due to the thickness of the slices (1.0–3.0 mm) [57].
Another interesting imaging technique for the diagnosis of TMJ osteoarthritis evaluated in the evidence is the bone scintigraphy [58, 59, 60, 61]. This technique shows a correlation with signs and symptoms with very good sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy (100, 90.91, and 96.97%, respectively) [59]. Interestingly, some radiographic changes seen by follow-up CBCT, MRI, and scintigraphy suggested that osteonecrosis may be the initial phase of an osteoarthritic process [30]. Thus, knowing all the potential imaging findings of every imaging modality is very important to make right imaging diagnostics ( Table 4 ).
Imaging modality
Medical CT and cone beam CT Pathological bony changes such as erosion, osteophyte and deformity
Osteochondritis disseccans
Static MR imaging Disc positional abnormalities
(1) DD without reduction
(2) DD with reduction
(3) Sideways disc displacement
Joint effusion presence of marked effusion
A higher T2 signal of the posterior disc attachment
Bone marrow abnormalities
(1) Bone marrow edema
(2) Bone marrow osteonecrosis
Tumor involvement and inflammatory diseases into the TMJ
region and the surrounding structures
Autoimmune processes such as rheumatoid arthritis
A closer proximity between the TMJ disc and the mandibular nerve
Dynamic MR imaging with contrast material Prominent contrast enhancement of the posterior disc attachment
Contrast enhancement of effusion
Magnetization transfer contrast imaging Detection for the edematous and ischemic changes in the muscles
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy Ascending of insular glutamine levels by 1H MRS
Functional MR imaging The regions and the network of brain activation associated with TMD
Ultrasonography Muscular edema by low-level contraction
Bone scintigraphy Detection for early changes on the osseous reaction of OA
A rating of the usefulness of each imaging modality related to TMJ pain, MM pain and fatigue.
TMJ, temporomandibular joint; MM, masticatory muscle; DD, disc displacement; TMD, temporomandibular disorders; OA, osteoarthritis.
Cytokine studied
Measuring technique
Outcomes of study
IL-1β Kaneyama et al. [33] Group 1: DID with clicking. (n = 8) ELISA Groups 1, 2 and 3 > Group 4.
Group 2: DID with locking. (n = 52)
Group 3: OA. (n = 57)
Group 4: Control. (n = 7)
Kaneyama et al. [32] Group 1: DID (n = 24) ELISA No differences among the groups.
Group 2: OA (n = 26)
Group 3: Control (n = 5)
Kaneyama et al. [35] Group 1: Control (n = 5) ELISA Groups 2, and 3 > Group 1.
Group 2: DID (n = 41)
Kubota et al. [36] Group 1: DID and OA (n = 22) ELISA Groups 1 > Group 2.
Group 2: Control (n = 12) TMJs with OA > TMJs with DID.
Group 3: OA of Knee (n = 10)
Takahashi et al. [39] Group 1: DID with clicking (n = 8) ELISA IL-1β presented the higher incidence. Strong correlation between the presence of IL-1β and TMJ pain in groups 1, 2, and 3.
Group 2: DID with locking (n = 25) No cytokines were detected in Group 4.
Vernal et al. [40] Group 1: OA (n = 12) RT-qPCR Group 1 > Group 2.
TNF-α Kaneyama et al. [33] * ELISA Groups 1, 2 and 3 > Group 4.
Kaneyama et al. [32] * ELISA No differences among the groups.
Kaneyama et al. [35] * ELISA Groups 2, and 3 > Group 1.
TNF-α level was positively correlated with those of IL-6, sTNFR-I and sTNFR-II.
Takahashi et al. [39] * ELISA TNF-α presented the lower incidence.
No cytokines were detected in Group 4.
Vernal et al. [40] * RT-qPCR Group 1 > Group 2.
IL-6 Kaneyama et al. [33] * ELISA Groups 1, 2 and 3 > Group 4.
Kaneyama et al. [34] Group 1: Control (n = 7) ELISA In groups 2 and 3 was significantly higher in joints with osseous changes in the condyle.
Group 2: DID (n = 39) No cytokines detected in group 1.
Kubota et al. [36] * ELISA Groups 1 > Group 2.
TMJs with OA > TMJs with DID.
Takahashi et al. [39] * ELISA Group 1, 2 and 3 presented at least 1 of the cytokines in 64.5% of the cases.
IL-17 Kaneyama et al. [34] * ELISA Detection rate of IL-17 was low, and there was no association between the concentration of IL-17 and the presence or absence of osseous changes.
TGF-β1 Fang et al. [29] Group 1: DID (n = 12) ELISA Group 2 > Group 1.
IL-11 Kaneyama et al. [34] * ELISA In groups 2 and 3 was significantly higher in joints with osseous changes in the condyle.
RANKL Wakita et al. [42] Group 1: DID with reduction (n = 25) ELISA No significance difference in RANKL concentration between group 4 compared to the rest of groups.
Group 2: DID without reduction (n = 39) RANKL/ OPG ratio in group 3 was increased.
Group 4: Control (n = 13)
IL-10 Fang et al. [29] * ELISA Undetectable in all the groups.
OPG Kaneyama et al. [32] * ELISA Group 3 > Group 2.
Wakita et al. [42] * ELISA Group 4 > Groups 1, 2, and 3.
RANKL/OPG ratio in group 3 was increased.
Molecular mediators proposed as associated with signs and symptoms of TMJ disorders.
When the clinical diagnosis of DD with reduction or with reduction with intermittent locking needs imaging confirmation, the DC/TMD suggests positive detection of the following: "(1) in the maximum intercuspal position, the posterior band of the disc is located anterior to the 11:30 position and the intermediate zone of the disc is anterior to the condylar head; and (2) on full opening, the intermediate zone of the disc is located between the condylar head and the articular eminence" [24]. Otherwise, the imaging confirmation criteria by TMJ MRI of DD without reduction with/without limited opening clinical diagnosis are: "(1) in the maximum intercuspal position, the posterior band of the disc is located anterior to the 11:30 position and the intermediate zone of the disc is anterior to the condylar head; and (2) on full opening, the intermediate zone of the disc is located anterior to the condylar head (Note: Maximum assisted opening of < 40 or ≥ 40 mm is determined clinically)" [24].
The DC/TMD criteria consider a positive diagnostic of DJD when the TMJ-CBCT is positive for at least one of the following: sub-chondral cyst(s), erosion(s), generalized sclerosis, or osteophyte(s). An important difference between RDC/TMD and DC/TMD is in flattening and/or cortical sclerosis, because while the first consider as positive findings, the second consider indeterminate findings and possible sign of normal variation, aging, remodeling, or a precursor to frank DJD [24].
The great sensitivity and specificity of TMJ-CBCT in the DJD diagnoses compared with the clinical assessment was well demonstrated in the work of Bakke et al., that shows 21 TMJ-CBCTs positive for osteoarthrosis while only two were clinically positive for the disease [62]. The high frequencies of bony changes in the CBCT images of pain-free subjects in this study were in accordance with the findings of Krisjane et al. indicating that radiographic signs of osteoarthritis are a poor indicator of pain [63]. Furthermore, several studies have demonstrated that there is a poor correlation between condylar bony changes including pathological changes, adaptive changes and/or remodeling and pain symptoms in TMJ osteoarthritis [55, 56, 64, 65, 66]. These results support the idea that many times the bony changes are not associated with the clinical diagnoses ( Figure 4 ), and that good diagnoses comprehend history of the patient, and clinical/imaging diagnostic, although, new assessment tools are necessary for accuracy of the diagnoses.
Imagenological characteristics of the temporomandibular joint affected with osteoarthritis. (A) Sagittal CBCT images of a TMJ of a patient with DC/TMD diagnosis of osteoarthritis but without bony osteoarthritic changes (erosions and osteophytes). (B) Sagittal CBCT images of a TMJ of a patient with a DC/TMD diagnosis of osteoarthritis and with bony osteoarthritic changes (erosions and osteophyte). CBCT: Cone beam computed tomography, TMJ: temporomandibular joint, DC/TMD: diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular joint. White arrow: osteophyte; black arrow: flattening; dot pattern arrow: erosion; asterisk: sclerosis.
Finally, Figure 5 shows the decision tree made in the DC/TMD consensus summarizes the algorithm made for the diagnosis of degenerative joint disease and intra-articular joint disorders with history, clinical, and imagenological features.
Diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC/TMD): diagnostic decision tree. Schematic diagnostic decision tree made to summarize the algorithm of diagnostic for intra-articular disorders (disc displacement with reduction, disc displacement with reduction with intermittent locking, disc displacement without reduction with limited opening, or disc displacement without reduction without limited opening), or degenerative joint disease (osteoarthritis or osteoarthrosis), including history, clinical examination, and imaging.
6. Role of the immuno-inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of the TMJ-OA
TMJ-OA is a disease having a great deal of variation in progression, symptoms, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and presentation. The rate of progression from a healthy joint to a severe TMJ-OA can vary from weeks to decades and TMJ-OA affects all of the tissues of the joint, including the articular cartilage, synovium, sub-chondral bone, capsule, ligaments, peri-articular muscles, and the sensory nerves innervating the tissues.
Many factors have been proposed as responsible for the TMJ-OA development, such as genetic factors, over-loading, unilateral chewing, bruxism, and internal derangement; however, the molecular basis of the TMJ-OA aetio-pathogenesis remains unclear [67, 68, 69, 70].
During TMJ-OA, a complex inflammatory response is developed, involving the synthesis of different cytokines by resident cells (e.g., synovial fibroblast, chondrocytes, and macrophages) and inflammatory cells that infiltrate the joint tissues [71, 72]. This inflammatory response could be triggered as result of the tissue breakdown and the consequent release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as low molecular weight hyaluronan (LMW-HA), high-mobility group protein 1 (HMGB1), and S100 proteins [73, 74], activating resident inflammatory cells, including dendritic cells and macrophages [75]. At initial stages of the disease, functional overload induces oxidative stress that initiates cartilage disruption [76, 77] and activation of MMPs and aggrecanases, promoting the secretion of DAMPs and the activation of the immune response [75]. During the disease progression, there is a local imbalance between the expression of specific cytokines, their receptors, and regulatory soluble receptors, which may be critical in the biological activity of the cytokine network [35]. Under these conditions, both fibroblast and synovial cells are activated to express MMPs and bone-associated cytokines that control the formation/destruction of articular cartilage and bone, determining the clinical outcome of the OA-TMJ ( Figures 6 and 7 ). In fact, higher levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-17, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, aggrecanase-1, superoxide dismutase, substance P, and receptor-activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) have been detected in synovial fluid from TMJ-OA patients as compared with disc displacement with reduction (DDWR), disc displacement without reduction (DDWOR), or healthy subjects Table 5 [35, 40, 42, 68, 69, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86].
Phases in progression of the degenerative joint disease of the temporomandibular joint. (1) Fibrocartilage and bone tissue in physiological state, (articular disc in correct position). (2) The presence of functional overload or individual susceptibility generates hypoxia and compression of the articular tissues, resulting in apoptosis of chondrocytes and fibroblasts of the fibrocartilage, and DAMP's release, such as ATP, ROS, TIMPs, fragments of collagen and low molecular weight hyaluronic acid. In addition to cytokines and chemokines, these molecules produced by synoviocytes allow the migration of immune cells into the joint, such as dendritic cells that generate the environment leading to the polarization of T cell populations towards Th1, Th22, and Th17 phenotypes. These polarized cells in turn will allow the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts that will degrade the articular surface establishing the degenerative and destructive pathology (3).
Chemotaxis of immune cells to the subarticular space. Synoviocytes, fibroblasts and chondrocytes produce cytokines, chemokines, intracellular DAMPs, and extracellular matrix derivatives that facilitate the migration of immune cells from the bloodstream into the joint. VEGF and CCL5 facilitate the overexpression of CD44 in endothelial cells and T cells. These molecules, together with low molecular weight hyaluronic acid fragments (sandwich effect), facilitate the diapedesis of lymphocytes through the vessels, enhancing the inflammatory stage of the disease in progress.
Certain cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α has been associated with signs and symptoms of TMJ-OA, in particular, synovitis and arthralgia [39]. In addition, TNF-α and IL-6 have been described as markers of pain and successful clinical outcomes in TMDs [87, 88]. However, a study assessing the relation between the scores from a visual analog scale of pain and the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α reported no positive correlation [35]. Differences among different studies results could be due to variability in the selection criteria of subjects, sampling techniques, and/or analysis methods.
IL-17 plays a key role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis by inducing the synoviocyte-dependent IL-6 secretion [89]. In addition, TNF-α and IFN-γ augment the IL-17 activity and IL-17 activity has been associated with synovitis, chondral degradation, and inhibition of chondrocyte proliferation [89]. The presence of IL-17 in the TMJ synovial fluid could be an important pathophysiological biomarker of TMJ-OA [40]. In fact, bone resorption associated with an increased osteoclast activity is a central phenomenon in the pathophysiology of autoimmune and inflammatory arthritis, and it is also related to IL-17 presence, mainly through T lymphocyte-associated direct and indirect regulation [90, 91]. RANKL is the main molecule involved in the direct regulation of osteoclast activity, through the direct activation of osteoclast precursors [92]. Conversely, the indirect regulation depends on the secretion of IL-17, IL-1β, and TNF-α by synoviocytes, cytokines that in turn induce the RANKL expression on synovial fibroblast and osteoblasts [92]. Recently, it has been reported that IL-17, rather than IL-12 or IFN-γ, is critical for the onset of autoimmune arthritis [91, 92]. Thereby, the role of IL-17 in bone metabolism-associated diseases has been extensively defined, and this role is mainly associated with the induction of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and matrix metalloproteinases that leads pathological bone and/or cartilage damage [89, 93, 94].
Our recent data revealed that higher levels of IL-1β, IL-17, and IL-22, associated with the Th1, Th17, and Th22-pattern of immuno-inflammatory response, were detected in TMJ-OA as compared with DDWR. Increased cytokine levels significantly correlated with an enhancement of RANKL expression and the detection of imagenological signs of articular bone degeneration [95]. IL-22 plays a proinflammatory role through the synergistic activity with IL-1β and TNF-α [96, 97, 98] and IL-22 can indirectly induce osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption by the induction of Th17 lymphocyte activity and IL-17 production [99]. In fact, previous reports have detected over-expressed levels of IL-22 in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts, demonstrating a pathogenic role of IL-22 in the rheumatic joint inflammation and destruction through the modulation of the IL-1β and IL-17R expression [100, 101]. In general terms, we believe that the Th1/Th17/Th22 immuno-inflammatory cell pathways, associated with the production of IL-1β, IL-17, and IL-22, play a central role in the pathogenesis of the TMJ-OA. Similarly, the role of the Th2/Th9/T regulatory cell pathways, responsible for the production of IL-4, IL-9, and TGF-β1, respectively, could be associated with TMJ-OA disease healing.
7. Therapeutic potential of T regulatory lymphocytes in TMJ-OA
At the beginning of 1980s, the existence of a suppressor T cell population was proposed, suggesting that these T cells restrict the induction or expression of effector T cells and thereby prevent and control exaggerated immune response and autoimmune disease development [102]. The modern view of suppressor cells began with the observation that the transfer of T cells depleted of the IL-2Rα+ (CD25+) cell subpopulation induced multiorgan autoimmunity in recipient mice [103]. Nowadays, suppressor T cells have been renamed and are currently known as T regulatory cells (Tregs). These cells have been isolated from mice and humans and their regulatory functions have been demonstrated not only in vitro but also in vivo. It has also been established that several types of cells carry out regulatory activities. These include IL-10-secreting CD4+ T regulatory-1 (Tr1) cells, TGF-β1-secreting CD4+ Th3 cells, NKT cells, CD8+CD28−Foxp3+ cells, γ/δ TCR cells, and CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ T cells, the last one widely accepted as "professional Tregs" or naturally occurring Tregs [104, 105].
Natural Tregs are CD4+ T cells that develop and mature in the thymus carry out their regulatory function during normal surveillance of self-antigens [106]. On normal individuals, they represent 5–10% of the peripheral CD4+ T cell population and are characterized by the constitutive expression of high levels of CD25 and low levels of CD45RB [107]. In turn, adaptive Tregs represent CD4+ T cells that acquire their regulatory activity during activation [106]. Unlike natural Tregs, which came out from the thymus as CD4+CD25+ cells, adaptive Tregs originate from peripheral naïve T cells [106]. They are derived from CD4+CD25− T cells and show variable expression of CD25 during their mature phenotype, depending on the disease and the site of regulatory activity [108] Induced Tregs require TCR stimulation for induction of regulatory functions and have demonstrated limited proliferation in vitro [109].
Although induced Tregs and effector Th17 cells play different roles during the immunity, reciprocal developmental pathways have been demonstrated for their generation. Naïve T cells exposed to TGF-β1 up-regulate Foxp3 and become induced Tregs; however, when cultured with TGF-β1 and IL-6, naïve T cells generate IL-17 secreting Th17 cells with pathologic activities [110, 111]. Thus, when the immune response is not activated, TGF- β1 favors the generation of induced Tregs, which suppress inflammation; however, when the inflammatory process is established, IL-6 is synthesized during the innate immune response, inhibiting the generation of Tregs and inducing the differentiation of proinflammatory of Th17 cells in presence of TGF-β1 [112]. Thus, induced Tregs and Th17 lymphocytes may arise from the same precursor cell and selective differentiation would depend on the local cytokine milieu, which would determine the predominance of either Tregs with suppressor activity or Th17 cells with pathologic activities, determining the outcome of the disease [112].
The therapeutic potential of Tregs has created a lot of expectations and a large number of publications have assayed their properties either in vitro or in experimental models. Tregs suppress in vitro proliferation and cytokine production from co-cultured effector T cells [113]. Tregs suppressed autoimmune diabetes and altered the course of lupus in a TGF-β1-dependent manner [114]. Additionally, induced Tregs have been successfully used to prevent organ graft rejection [115]. A model of Treg therapy aimed to induce tolerance and restoration of function might show promising results during treatment of TMJ-OA, but additional research is necessary for a better understanding of Treg physiology and to solve several yet unanswered aspects associated to their therapeutic potential in humans.
2.Temporomandibular joint: anatomical characteristics
3.Temporomandibular joint: physiological characteristics
4.TMJ-OA: clinical classification and diagnosis
5.TMJ-OA: imagenological characteristics
6.Role of the immuno-inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of the TMJ-OA
7.Therapeutic potential of T regulatory lymphocytes in TMJ-OA
Gustavo Monasterio, Francisca Castillo, Daniel Betancur, Arnoldo Hernández, Guillermo Flores, Walter Díaz, Marcela Hernández and Rolando Vernal (December 20th 2017). Osteoarthritis of the Temporomandibular Joint: Clinical and Imagenological Diagnosis, Pathogenic Role of the Immuno- Inflammatory Response, and Immunotherapeutic Strategies Based on T Regulatory Lymphocytes, Temporomandibular Joint Pathology - Current Approaches and Understanding, Yusuf Emes, Buket Aybar and Gühan Dergin, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.72496. Available from:
Temporomandibular Joint Pathology
Edited by Yusuf Emes
Benign Tumors of Temporomandibular Joint
By Mehmet Emre Yurttutan, Ayşegül Tüzüner Öncül and Hakan Alpay Karasu
Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and OptoelectronicsEdited by Bishnu Pal
Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics
Edited by Bishnu Pal
By Bishnu Pal


Additional time for "After the fact tax planning". You could be eligible to save some serious tax dollars by contributing to an IRA or retirement account through the business such as an SEP or accruing certain expenses such as staff bonuses. Filing early gives you more time to make these decisions and to save for these contributions.
If you have any questions, please contact us as soon as possible. We look forward to supporting you this tax season!
This year, the optional standard mileage rate used to calculate the deductible costs of operating an automobile for business increased by 3.5 cents, to the highest level since 2008. As a result, you might be able to claim a larger deduction for vehicle-related expense for 2019 than you can for 2018.
You can also visit our Client Center and download a helpful individual or business tax preparation checklist.


text:
Q: Why when i run my JDA application, i got a "permission_overwrites" error? I create a bot Discord for my server with JDA API, but, when i run the programme, i got a lot of this error :
Received a channel for a guild that isn't a text or voice channel. JSON: {"permission_overwrites": /*other*/}

And a stack trace :
Encountered an exception:
java.lang.RuntimeException: Got permission_override for unknown channel with id: 361465678508851200
    at net.dv8tion.jda.core.entities.EntityBuilder.createGuildChannelPass(EntityBuilder.java:394)
    at net.dv8tion.jda.core.entities.EntityBuilder.createGuildFirstPass(EntityBuilder.java:281)
    at net.dv8tion.jda.core.handle.GuildCreateHandler.handleInternally(GuildCreateHandler.java:39)
    at net.dv8tion.jda.core.handle.SocketHandler.handle(SocketHandler.java:38)
    at net.dv8tion.jda.core.requests.WebSocketClient.handleEvent(WebSocketClient.java:770)
    at net.dv8tion.jda.core.requests.WebSocketClient.onTextMessage(WebSocketClient.java:500)
    at net.dv8tion.jda.core.requests.WebSocketClient.onBinaryMessage(WebSocketClient.java:803)
    at com.neovisionaries.ws.client.ListenerManager.callOnBinaryMessage(ListenerManager.java:368)
    at com.neovisionaries.ws.client.ReadingThread.callOnBinaryMessage(ReadingThread.java:270)
    at com.neovisionaries.ws.client.ReadingThread.handleBinaryFrame(ReadingThread.java:990)
    at com.neovisionaries.ws.client.ReadingThread.handleFrame(ReadingThread.java:749)
    at com.neovisionaries.ws.client.ReadingThread.main(ReadingThread.java:108)
    at com.neovisionaries.ws.client.ReadingThread.runMain(ReadingThread.java:64)
    at com.neovisionaries.ws.client.WebSocketThread.run(WebSocketThread.java:45)

I run my application like this :
JDABuilder builder = new JDABuilder(AccountType.BOT);
builder.setToken("Token");
builder.setAutoReconnect(true);
builder.setStatus(OnlineStatus.DO_NOT_DISTURB);
jda = builder.buildBlocking(); //With try and catch block

the bot still works normally, but it's strange.

A: I followed a tutorial and I got the same result, that the channel categories were breaking JDA.
I had to look on the JDA Github and change my pom to match the newest version.
Change the version of JDA to 3.3.1_313. This is the latest version at the time of this writing. That should fix it, as channel categories are fairly recent. If you aren't using maven, just redownload the jar


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Every writer needs the perfect environment in which they can get their imagination flowing, and this includes investing in the right equipment that can help you to research your novels, write towards deadlines, and draft your next masterpiece. For writers, their laptop is their constant companion, and necessary if you want to edit work quickly, communicate with clients and work from multiple locations.
At www.choosist.com, their intelligent wizard can help you to find the best laptop for your writing needs through answering a few questions about your writing routine and usage, which can then help Choosist to establish the right laptop for your purposes. Then, you will be able to get the equipment necessary to have not only inspired but productive and reliable writing sessions.
For most writing careers, simply being good at writing is not enough. You should aim to gather relevant writing experience if you want to achieve your goals of being a writer.
For instance, you should contact your local newspaper and look for publishing work experience schemes which can help you to garner more of an insight into the writing world and get the skills that you will need to succeed. You should also consider writing for voluntary newspapers or starting a blog, as this will not only get you experience, but these will make the basis of excellent portfolios which you can show to potential employers. You may also want to consider writing courses which can help you to draw out your skills and help you to understand the publishing industry and the different career paths.
Becoming a writer does not always mean publishing your novel, and there are many alternative careers that allow you to both write and make a consistent wage. For instance, you should consider the most popular options such as editing, publishing, and journalism alongside less common options such as content writing and marketing. These sectors all need writers to help them to advertise their products, research new ideas and draw on the best of other people's talents. Even if you do not want to do these as a career, these are great options to get experience while dreaming up your big break.
The benefits of freelancing are extensive, with the opportunity to work alongside your own projects and the ability to manage your own time. There are many different ways of finding work as a writing freelancer and freelancing websites such as Upwork make this option relatively simple. All you have to do is sign up and bid to work on certain projects, and employers can even find you, ensuring that you can work on a project-by-project basis that enables you to become a writer while working towards your won creative projects.


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Do Family Transition Programs really make a lasting difference?
Buckner Family Transition Programs are residential programs for single-parent families who are seeking education and self-sufficiency. Families live in an apartment or duplex on a Buckner campus and attend school full-time while also receiving services such as counseling, parenting education, budget training, mentorship and more.
These programs were designed to break the cycle of struggle and poverty that many single-parent families face… but do they work?
Brenda Dunn, program manager of Buckner Family Place in Lufkin, recently reported the following:
"We at the Lufkin Family Place looked at the number of former residents (18 people) who had children old enough to be in higher education. To our pleasant surprise, we discovered there are a total of 23 children who are of age to be in higher education. Of these 23, 21 children, or 91%, are enrolled in or have completed higher education!
"The Family Place program has indeed accomplished what it was established for: ending the cycle of poverty and abuse. Single parents are empowered through education, which in turn provides a path for them to secure a professional career."
Check out the latest Family Transition Program stories below, and please take a moment to pray for the single parents who are currently in a Buckner Family Transition Program in seven locations across Texas.
Melody's story - Family Place in Lufkin
Sandy's story - Family Place in Amarillo
Margarita's story - Family Pathways in Dallas
Elizabeth's story - Family Place in Amarillo


After a 15-month investigation, Reading Criminal Investigator Keith W. Merkel, charged a Florida man and two Reading men with several felony counts each of washing vehicle titles and mail fraud.
Delby Diaz, 37, of North Front Street turned himself in after cooperating with investigators. He was committed to Berks County Prison in lieu of $20,000 bail following arraignment before Senior District Judge Thomas H. Xavios in Reading Central Court.
The other Reading man, Jon Julye, 33, of Lackawanna Street, is serving a state prison term for a Wyomissing robbery. He hasn't been arraigned yet in the vehicle fraud case.
Reading police also have an arrest warrant for Jomar Reyes, 45, who has multiple addresses in Florida and New York, on those and other charges, including receiving stolen property. He remains at large.
In order to sell stolen cars, many of which are stolen in Florida, then shipped to Caribbean countries, thieves scrub off information such as the vehicle identification number and replace it with information from another vehicle, often from Canada. The process is known as cloning.
Then they pay individuals to take the phony titles to a notary, often in Pennsylvania.
This scheme unraveled when the notary at Peter Auto Sales noticed something was wrong with the titles brought in by Julye. When the notary called Julye to come back for his paperwork, the call was answered by another man who identified himself only as Church. Police later identified Church as Diaz and learned he had three vehicles registered to him, all with cloned vehicle identification numbers.
During the investigation, Merkel received a call from U.S. Homeland Security Immigration and Custom Enforcement informing him that the Jeep for which Julye held a fake title was found at the Miami Airport Cargo Center to be shipped to the Dominican Republic.
Several days later, Merkel was asked to contact Bay Harbor Islands Police Department in southern Florida because officers had stopped a 2016 Mercedes CLS 400 that Merkel had also reported as stolen. The real identification number was found and showed the vehicle to be a 2015 Mercedes stolen Nov. 5, 2017, from Fort Lauderdale and valued at $47,100.
Merkel and another member of the auto unit, interviewed Julye in the county prison. He told them a man who went by the name of Church – whom police identified as Diaz – asked him to sign paperwork for him at the notary. Diaz told him that he was transferring the vehicle for a friend in New York who had a dealership. Diaz said he had already transferred so many vehicles that he needed someone else to do the next three. Julye admitted to signing the paperwork.
When Diaz was interviewed at his residence, he said a man at a corner store asked him if he wanted to make easy money and connected him to a man in Miami, who turned out to be Reyes. Diaz said Reyes sent him vehicle titles that already had his name on them. He agreed to wire Diaz $500 for each title transfer he completed.
It took more than a year to complete the investigation because investigators needed to get search warrants to document the Western Union transfers proving Reyes wired money to Diaz to do the fraudulent title transfers.
Three of the six stolen vehicles in the case haven't been recovered. Two, including a Corvette, are believed to have been shipped out of the country.


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Another thing that I discovered to be extremely sweet is to take on your partner in kindness. If you radiate genuine compassion and love, your guy or lady will not desire anything else. These virtues help reflect the type of mindset one may have. If you are married to someone who is constantly unfavorable and downhearted, you will have no motivation in the marriage. If you are married to someone of the opposite attitude, your very own attitude will become better. Windsor escorts said that people are trying to find virtues and having goodness in your heart assists your marriage move to great heights. Have a method when dealing with marital issues. Being quiet or maltreating your partner is only going to create enmity in your home. Every issue needs to be challenged with a view of discovering a friendly solution. You can not escape forgiveness in marriage.


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Here's the latest evidence that the so-called War on Drugs simply can't be won: Narco subs.
Here's the latest evidence that the so-called War on Drugs simply can't be won: Narco subs.
"Several decades ago, Samsonite suitcases and underwear refashioned with hidden pockets enabled upstart smugglers to carry drugs across borders. Today, narco-subs are at the cutting edge of smuggling technology," VBS.TV recently reported. Narco what? Yes, drug traffickers have jerry-rigged artisanal submarines to smuggle their cargo out of Colombia.
"Despite being built off the grid, having a ramshackle appearance, and occasionally malfunctioning at sea, narco-subs are increasingly used by traffickers to carry millions of dollars of illicit cargo, while evading some of the world's most technologically advanced military equipment," according to VBS.TV.
As Sanho Tree asked in his OtherWords op-ed back in October: The Drug War has Failed. What's Next?
The Drug War has Failed. What's Next?


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Home News Dynamic Rating Extended Trial
Dynamic Rating Extended Trial
During April and May 2018, BritNed conducted a series of trials offering additional capacity in the daily implicit auction utilising our dynamic rating capability.
This dynamic rating capability allows BritNed to operate between 1000 and 1100 MW for a limited duration subject to operational parameters being met. In the past, this capability was used for short duration changes in capacity to facilitate frequency response support.
The trials aimed to establish how much additional capacity could be made available and for how long. Various capacity profiles between 50 and 75 MW for duration's between 6 and 15 hours per day were offered and the technical data has indicated that 60 MW of additional capacity could be offered for up 12 hours per day. This is an encouraging result but there is further work required to understand the longer-term impact on the asset if this capacity was offered regularly.
With this in mind, BritNed is going to conduct a trial for the remainder of 2018 to investigate the impact of a regularly offering an additional 60MW in the daily implicit auction. From 01 July 2018, this additional capacity will be offered for the following hours:
Start time (CEST)
End time (CEST)
Additional Capacity
01:00 05:00 60 MW
We will continue to closely monitor our asset performance during this period and may need to suspend or amend the trial at short notice. If we need to make any changes during the extended trial, we will publish a notice on our website.


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Q: kendo UI grid master/detail using angular I'm trying to implement a Kendo UI master/detail grid using the kendo angular directives:

        <kendo-grid options="gridOptions">

                   ???

        </kendo-grid>

In the controller, I've configured gridOptions on $scope to retrieve data from a rest service. This works fine. The grid displays this data. Now upon expanding a row, in detailInit function (defined on $scope.gridOptions) I make a second rest request to retrieve the child data associated with the expanded record. I want to display this data in the detail template.
My question is, how do I bind the HTML in the k-detail-template to the data returned from the second request? I tried assigning this data to $scope but then if I expand one row and then another row, both rows render the same detail. This is understandable as both detail rows will be bound to same scope.
In the following example on the Telerik website they bind to the dataItem.FieldName, but I don't think this is appropriate for me as I am not displaying a grid in the detail template.
http://demos.telerik.com/kendo-ui/grid/angular
I'm a newbie to Angular so apologies if I'm missing something obvious. Please let me know if you have any suggestions.
Thank you.


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German audio brand Sennheiser along with technology company Continental has unveiled their speakerless audio system for the vehicle interior at CES 2020.
"We are delighted to bring our audio expertise and AMBEO Mobility software into the pioneering Ac2ated Sound system from Continental, calibrating and fine-tuning the sound quality to deliver a completely immersive and natural sound experience that opens new audio perspectives and realities," Andreas Sennheiser, co-CEO of Sennheiser said in a statement on Tuesday.
The two partners are integrating Sennheiser's patented AMBEO 3D audio technology with Continental's Ac2ated Sound system.
Combined with Sennheiser's AMBEO Mobility, the concept achieves a breathtaking 3D sound reproduction that envelops passengers in a detailed and vivid soundscape.
According to the company, in comparison to the conventional audio systems, Ac2ated sound enables a reduction of weight and space of up to 90 per cent. In this way, the system not only produces the highest audio quality, but is also perfectly suited for electric vehicles, where saving space and weight is a high priority.
The invisible audio technology gives vehicle designers and manufacturers the freedom to do more with an automobile's interior, as they no longer need to account for large speaker faces taking up valuable space.
With Ac2ated Sound, many components are unnecessary because the surface in the vehicle vibrate just like the speaker diaphragms.
CES 2020Consumer Electronics Show 2020SennheiserAMBEO MobilityAMBEO 3D audioelectric vehicles


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Tag: Mitchell Tolman
Tyler Gaffney Promoted to Altoona; Mitchell Tolman Returns to Action
The Pittsburgh Pirates have promoted outfielder Tyler Gaffney to the Altoona Curve on Saturday. Mitchell Tolman, whose 50-game suspension ended yesterday, has been assigned to Bradenton. No word yet on who Gaffney will replace on the Altoona roster. They just placed Elvis Escobar on the disabled list, so there is room in the outfield, but […]
Morning Report: Suspended Players are Able to Return Shortly for Pirates
The Pittsburgh Pirates saw a rash of suspensions over the off-season. The main one was to Nik Turley, who got an 80-game suspension. They also had three minors leaguers receive 50-game suspensions in reliever Montana DuRapau, infielder Mitchell Tolman and shortstop Andrew Walker. Turley still has over a month before his suspension is up, but […]
Mitchell Tolman Receives 50 Game Suspension
John Dreker - February 10, 2018
Major League Baseball announced today that second baseman Mitchell Tolman has been suspended 50 games for his second positive test for a drug of abuse. He's the third Pittsburgh Pirate suspended in the last few weeks, with right-handed pitcher Montana DuRapau receiving a 50-game suspension and left-handed pitcher Nik Turley receiving an 80-game suspension. Turley […]
Pirates Saw Some Strong Pitching Performances from Their Prospects in the...
John Dreker - November 19, 2017
The Arizona Fall League season wrapped up on Thursday for the seven Pittsburgh Pirates in the league. The Pirates sent one of their best groups of prospects to the league, taking their top prospect in the system, along with six players who rank among the top 50 prospects in the system. Usually there are a […]
Mitchell Tolman Trying to Make the Adjustments For His Jump to...
Tim Williams - November 18, 2017
GLENDALE, Ariz. – At quick glance, Mitchell Tolman's stats don't look bad. He hit for a .267/.364/.393 line in the very pitcher friendly Florida State League. That includes good secondary ratios, with an 11.7% walk rate, a 17.2% strikeout rate, and a .125 ISO, which is good for a middle infielder in the FSL. But […]
AFL Recap: Mitch Keller Keeps Glendale's Playoff Hopes Alive in His...
Glendale came into Wednesday's game needing victories in their final two regular season games to have a shot at the AFL title game on Saturday. They also needed two losses from first place Peoria for that to happen. Peoria has a night game tonight, so all Glendale had to worry about in today's afternoon game […]
AFL Recap: Mitchell Tolman Homers, Drives In Four Runs in Glendale...
Glendale came into Monday's action riding a three-game winning streak and they need to win every game this week for a chance at the playoffs. Coming into the day, they trailed first place Peoria by three games, with four games left on the schedule. Mitchell Tolman was in the lineup on Monday and Brandon Waddell […]
AFL Recap: Hearn Throws Three Shutout Innings; Tolman and Hill Provide...
Glendale needs a late run to make the playoffs this season and they are doing their part over the last three games. After dropping to a 9-14 record on Tuesday, they have won three straight games, including a 12-7 victory on Saturday over Scottsdale. Taylor Hearn made his third AFL start and the entire batting […]
AFL Recap: Mitch Keller Throws Four Shutout Innings
The Glendale Desert Dogs need to go on a run over the final six games of the AFL season to get a playoff spot. They tried to start the run on Friday with Mitch Keller on the mound, making his first start since the Fall-Stars game over the weekend. Mitchell Tolman was the only Pittsburgh […]
AFL Recap: Brubaker Pitches Well; Keller Named Pitcher of the Week
John Dreker - November 7, 2017
The Glendale Desert Dogs came into Tuesday's action with a 9-13 record, giving them eight games left in the fall season to make up a four-game deficit in the standings. Mitchell Tolman was the only Pirate in the starting lineup, while JT Brubaker came out of the bullpen. Glendale lost 6-1, with five of those […]