As the sixth largest city in Italy, Genoa can often be overlooked by tourists with only a weekend to spare. But, nicknamed la Superba ('the Superb one') thanks to its stunning landmarks, the city is well worth a visit. You can wander the maze of narrow alleyways, called vicoli, that make up the medieval heart of Genoa – the birthplace of Christopher Columbus. Young people on bikes and scooters dart by, old women carrying bags full of groceries bargain with fishmongers and chatty students walk towards the university – the place really is the quintessential port city, bustling with life.
The thriftiness of the people here is often more of a façade than genuine meanness, but when it comes to money, no one can take on the Genoese – banking has a long tradition here. The city's Bank of Saint George was founded in 1407, making it one of the oldest in the world.
Take the Art Nouveau-style lift from Piazza del Portello to the Castelletto, a big esplanade that overlooks the centre. From here Genoa looks like a tangle of stone and concrete, with the bell tower of the Cathedral of San Lorenzo rising above the rest, and the city's most iconic landmark, the Lighthouse of Genoa (or La Lanterna) looming in the distance.
On Friday evening, the alleys quickly fill up with people in the thousands getting ready for a long evening of al fresco drinking and dining. Don't miss The Bigo, Genoa's beloved panoramic lift, as its centrepiece. This was originally a crane mounted on cargo ships, and now the 40m-high lift features a rotating see-through cabin, enabling visitors to get the best views over the harbour.
To get a real feel for what laid-back Cagliari (Castle' in Italian) has to offer, make the journey up the grand stairs of the 400-year-old Bastion of Saint Remy to reach Terrazza Unberto I, a terrace known for having simply glorious views. It's worth taking your time here to study the scenery of this ancient city, which includes the pretty harbour, ponds where bright-pink flamingos feed and the mountain which is known as Devil's Saddle, due to it shape.
The temperature reaches a scorching 35C outside. You can take shade in the Cathedral of Santa Maria, and admire its stunning neo-Gothic façade and artworks inside, such as the marble sculptures and grand 15th-century paintings. A few blocks from here is the medieval Tower of The Elephant, an imposing limestone structure built by the Pisans in 1307 that represents the entrance to the Castello neighbourhood.
White limestone was also used to build the city's walls, and the striking effect of the bright sunshine reflecting off them once prompted DH Lawrence to describe Cagliari as a "white Jerusalem" after his visit here in the early 1920s.
With its vibrant history, start your tour by making your way up the steep alleys leading to the hilltop San Giusto, where you will be rewarded with breathtaking views of the history-rich city below. A giant crane, symbolising Trieste's naval heritage, is the most prominent figure in the harbour, while to the right, a grey dome stands out against the backdrop of rooftops and mountains. This belongs to the beautiful Serbia-Orthodox church, San Spiridione. A few steps away from here is the elegant colonnade of the Catholic church of Sant'Antonio Taumaturgo. Also nearby is one of Europe's largest places of Jewish worship, the Synagogue of Trieste.
This city's diversity is in part due to its proximity to the Slavic world and its past as the Austro-Hungarians' only port on the Mediterranean. Walk in the footsteps of intellectuals and the literati, such as James Joyce, at the famous Caffe San Marco. The Mittel-European ambience and its décor haven't changed in almost a century, nor have the way cafes such as this are used as places for people to meet and discuss culture and politics and gesticulate over a cup of joe.
Trieste is known as the capital of coffee and locals even have their own vocabulary for the black stuff. If you want an espresso, make sure you ask for a nero – in the rest of Italy, it's still an espresso. A macchiato is a capo, but if you want it served in a glass, as for a capo in b.
From Caffe San Marco, walk and admire the Neoclassical buildings of Piazza della Borsa, enrute to Piazza Unità d'Italia, the main town square – the buildings' golden decorations shine in the sun as passers-by stroll around the vast square overlooking the Adriatic Sea. From the tip of the Molo Audace, a pier stretching from the waterfront, you can look back inland and admire the city, and see why Trieste has bewitched so many writers and travellers.
Trieste has its very own Grand Canal which is a more humble version of Venice's famous waterways – perfect for an afternoon stroll as you check out the boats.


Category Archives for "Facebook advertising"
What is the #1 priority for a local Chiropractor's business?
The main goal of a service based business like a chiropractor's and doctor's office is to service existing clients and attract new ones.
To grow, and to stay financially healthy, it's all about a creating steady stream of quality paying clients and to help them solve back pain issues and joint problems.
The chiropractor provides total relief along with education and support. You help your patients get back to wellness and enjoying their lives.
The inbound traffic activity can be done in many ways, we'll talk about Facebook ads in this article.
A predictable way to generate leads is what you need. If you don't have the lead flow, you are a month or two away from being out of business.
While Facebook can drive traffic and leads, you also need to show up as an authority chiropractor and doctor. That means you provide value first, even if they don't buy on the first touch point.
Adding more content to a blog or page may be fine, but it's not where you win. Rather, think of the new way of serving online as "context". And, how you present your messages. Create client magnets that add value, and drives results for your business. Communicate your narrative that offers solutions, but give you the benefit – without the audience knowing it.
Don't just be another service provider where you compete on price or being cute with flashy graphics.
Too many chiropractors focus on selling "the thing". Instead, think about this concept: "If somebody is looking for a mattress, don't sell them a mattress. People are looking for a better night's sleep." So, instead of focusing on the what, focus on the why.
Fear of loss is a great motivator for a health-care practice marketing and messaging approach. This chart displays four quadrants. It shows that people generally move away from something (loss), or towards something (pleasure). For you, that means focusing on your messaging on the right side. Sell solutions, not prevention, a much harder sell.
Quadrant Figure: Writing copy for your prospect's why. Who are you to them under this model?
Expert Chart: Serve above the green line!
With Facebook ads it's easy to get this framework started.
But, as you've seen – you must work towards becoming an expert authority, and that means the traditional ways of promoting, is just a temporary solution.
You must fully understand them, "I know how you feel". Educating, engaging and inspiring your market helps create a "know, like, trust" factor that is needed for easier selling.
As we move into the more technical aspects of this, your practice's website must become "the hub" of acquiring traffic and controlling user activity when using Done For You Facebook ads for Chiropractors.
The struggle to acquire new clients and retain existing ones is not a straight path – and especially when considering growing competition and an increasingly crowded marketplace.
Facebook ads are like Google Adwords in that they both display ads.
However, the underlying technology works differently. Adwords is more focused on keywords searched (intent driven), whereas Facebook ads places your ads in front of people who weren't necessarily searching for you. It's "interest" based. With Facebook ads, you can place ads in front of people that didn't even know they needed your services.
You can also promote your practice and place ads in front of people who already "like" and "follow" you, visited your website, etc. That includes targeting and finding people who like other pages and resources that are related to your business.
With Chiropractors and related practices in the local services based, health-care industry, we see a high under-utilization of one of the most powerful tools in the Facebook Ads Platform, the "pixel".
We researched 10 local chiropractors in the Torrance region in Los Angeles, and NONE were using the Facebook pixel at the time of writing!
Using this pixel code, you can make use of actions and usability patterns from your website to make Facebook ads more efficient and effective.
Improve your audience by finding new clients and retargeting visitors that already found your website.
Make use of automatic Dynamic Ads (multiple products lists) to increase relevancy, and lowering click costs from reaching specific goals, like link clicks or conversions – and ultimately, sales.
Once installed (either directly on your website, or as part of Google Tag manager (recommended)) – you'll track data to understand how people are behaving on your website. It's like Google Analytics in that way, but for Facebook, you can see data points inside the platform, and easily see how many conversions were reported from your campaigns.
Incoming calls for information, appointments and credit card processing options are the only things you need to care about. These bring in the revenue.
Ad campaign structure, Facebook For Business: Campaign, Ad sets, ads.
Figure Sales Funnel: Moving a person from cold prospect to paying client.
Important: It's about the right click, not "lots of clicks". That means the first touch point and message should be congruent all the way to the final transaction. Congruence and relevancy is essential for success with Facebook ads. The copy is important, as is the creatives (images, videos).
New Facebook ads will on average take 24-48 hours of run time before you can check if the ads are working or not.
Sure, bigger daily ad spends will get you data faster, but most don't want to invest a lot day one.
The ads and the targeting take some time to mature and for the Facebook ads algorithm to work. We recommend 2-3 days before tuning and tweaking a new Facebook ads campaign in local markets. Then, you can decide if you copy and paste campaigns (never delete) and begin to change images or drill down with "flex targeting".
TIP: If doing this yourself, be aware of mind tricks. Emotions and mindset has ruined many potentially good Facebook ad campaigns. Simply because you or your ads manager killed the ads too fast!
Check to see if you or somebody else on your web team has installed the pixel already. You can use and check with the Chrome plugin from here: https://developers.facebook.com/docs/facebook-pixel/pixel-helper – it works in the background to review websites code that show if you have the pixel installed or not – and if there are any errors.
Log in to your Facebook ads manager at https://www.facebook.com/ads/manager/ and select "Pixels" under the "Assets" menu (exposed from the top left) menu bar.
Click "Set Up Pixel" and select the best option for you. (You have three options, but select "Manually Install the Code Yourself" for this example).
Once placed, refresh the page to make sure it works, and see the point #1 above to make sure it's recording correctly. Inside the Facebook Ads Manager, you'll see the event recorded as "Active". It may take a few minutes, so please be patient before refreshing again.
Now that you have everything installed and configured – you can let data accrue from organic visitors (SEO) and paid traffic ads.
If you find yourself caught with the shiny object syndrome and need help, learn more below.
Get Leads From Facebook In 7 Days, Without Doing All The Work?
CLICK HERE >> Get an online appointment.
First question: Has Mr. Donald Trump, multi-billionaire real-estate mogul begun to teach businesses about Facebook Advertising now?
Second question: What can he teach business owners (that's you!) about using Facebook Ads, "dark posts" and creating engaging conversation online?
Third question: Did Mr. Trump recently say that "you are fired" if you don't run Facebook ad campaigns a certain way?
I'll address those questions below. But first – do I have your attention now? Good! As you'll see – any one of these 5 Facebook advertising insights will help you become better with Facebook ads in 10 minutes or less.
Facebook advertising is highly cost effective when done properly, but it also can seem rather complicated and confusing if you are a beginner with this type of social media advertising method.
Facebook has established a system that gives you greater flexibility and control over your advertising campaigns. While this system is beneficial to those who are experienced with it and knowledgeable with the campaign structures, it is best to take time to learn more about the campaigns before you jump head first into your first one.
With some research and insight about these campaigns and the Facebook advertising system, you can achieve better results right from the start.
One of the best steps to follow when you are creating a new Facebook advertising campaign is to determine what your goals are, and this step should be taken before you start to prepare your campaigns with Facebook.
You may have a desire to boost sales with existing Facebook followers or to expand your reach. You may want to promote a seasonal sale or announce a big promotion. The fact is that you may have multiple things to say to or share your audience, and you may have different things to say to separate niches within your target audience.
By defining these goals up front, you can better determine if you need to create one campaign or several to communicate your messages in the most cost-effective manner.
For example, at the ad set level, you can set a target budget and define an advertising schedule for a group of ads. At the ad level, you can control the image and message for your ads with unique results.
With the customization features in place for Facebook ad campaigns, you will be able to customize a unique campaign for each goal that you want to achieve. Within each campaign, you can create small goals that will help you to achieve your milestone accomplishments.
You will be able to review analytics for each ad set and ad, and you can turn the ads or the entire ad set off and on at your leisure to control costs. The sets can be customized to run indefinitely or for a specific range of dates, which gives you greater control over your campaigns.
Before you run your campaigns, you will need to make a few final decisions. For example, you will need to define how much money you want to spend on each one, and you will need to determine the placement of the different ads. Facebook gives you flexibility over placement so that you have greater ability to reach your target audience.
In addition, you can set the range of dates for when you want to run your ad. For each ad set, you can analyze results and can fine tune your ad sets and ads to achieve better results going forward.
With your Facebook ads and campaigns, you will have complete control over your results, and the best way to ensure that you enjoy the best results for your advertising budget is to test and re-test your ads. You can review your results with the built-in analytical features, and you can fine tune the ad sets and ads.
Compare the different results between the changes that you make to determine which ads and ad sets give you the best overall results, and you can have better control over the results. These changes may be changes in wording, images, placement, size and other factors. By manipulating these features,, you can improve your results dramatically.
There are many reasons why businesses today overwhelmingly choose to spend at least a portion of their advertising budget on Facebook advertising campaigns. This is a highly effective way to reach out to your target audience, and Facebook is an expansive enough social media platform that most target audience niches can be reached through it.
More than that, with the ability to customize campaigns, ad sets and ads, you can easily have as expansive of a reach within the website as you desire. While there is a lot to learn about starting your first Facebook advertising campaign and you can learn a lot as you go, these tips can help you to fine tune your first campaign so that you enjoy the best overall results.
I hope you enjoyed this post, and sorry if the headline was a tad bit sensational. (Donald Trump has not sponsored this post. And, while he's not teaching Facebook ads in a traditional classroom setting, he displays his own personal approach to creating engagement and positioning, the importance of brand building … and being DIRECT).
This article is meant to serve you. First, to get your attention – and then help you understand. Finally, help you take action to get started on changing the way you run your Facebook ad campaigns.
CONGRATULATIONS! You're on your way to up-leveling the way you advertise and market your business (and on Facebook) this year!
If you want to learn more, join our DFY page where we break down the details for Facebook ad campaigns to avoid making mistakes with your FB ads.
Are You Making These Mistakes in Your Facebook Advertising?
You're trying to drive more leads and revenue into your business. You are familiar with the massively popular Facebook ad platform.
But, as you begin setting up campaigns and spending your ad money with Facebook advertising, you realize (after a while) that you've spent hundreds or thousands of dollars but with low click through rates and poor conversions. Your cost per lead is more than the average order value of your products or services, and you cannot see how the average lifetime value of the customer will yield proper ROI.
Like any other advertising method, Facebook comes with its own risks and pitfalls.
If you've lost all hope, you might be interested to know that many marketing professionals and business owners experience a great amount of success using the Facebook advertising system.
What are you trying to accomplish with your Facebook advertising campaign? While the obvious bottom line for every business is to make money, your advertising goals should be directed at smaller, more manageable goals that ultimately lead to an increase in revenue.
Website Clicks – When using this goal, you need to measure the cost per click.
Page Likes – If your goal on Facebook is to increase your fan base (not recommended), then you need to measure how much it costs to obtain every like.
Page Post Engagement (PPE) – Engagement is crucial on Facebook, especially when trying to spread a message or piece of content. You can measure engagement by dividing the total cost of one advertisement by the amount of shares it received.
Setting and tracking every goal correctly will help you measure your success, help you manage your ad spend and respond effectively to any campaigns that are ineffective.
Business owners who only create one advertisement will likely fail and lose potentially big dollars over time.
Not every ad you create will work. While there are proven ad formats and direction you can take, ads must be tested, and against each other.
In fact, the majority of your ads will likely generate less than 10 percent of your conversions.
The easiest way to solve this issue is to create between 2-4 different ads and let Facebook perform A/B testing on them. This will allow you to determine the handful of ads that net you the greatest return.
Watching metrics like ad frequency, relevance score, CTR vs CR, number of leads, ad performance by placement, clicks by interest, video views, etc – should be reported on and it's impact. For example, you may see a low relevance score, but if it's converting, don't touch it!
And, don't forget – using creatives that support the ad copy is ESSENTIAL, and testing different formats, placements (newsfeed, sidebar, instagram, etc) and types is a MUST. (video, photo, stories, messenger, carousel, etc).
This is easy enough to do this in Facebook, but be clear on your outcomes before just modifying another checkbox, creative or type. This year, testing videos will be key to your success! And, Facebook now allows slideshow ads to create animated effects for those who cannot budget professionally produced videos.
Have you ever dealt with a car salesman that took you on a test drive and then never asked you to buy a car? He did all the hard work but never asked for your business.
The same principle can be used in Facebook advertising. You created so much hype for your product with your awesome advertisements and then led potential customers to a horrible landing page and with no clear call-to-action.
The best solution to this problem is to create a Facebook approved landing page or squeeze page. IMPORTANT: Make sure that you have implemented the Facebook Pixel on your pages. Your entire website should have this little snippet of code applied, so you can track conversion points and add valuable data points to custom audiences.
Squeeze pages are there simply to provide value, benefits and asking a prospect to perform an action.
Whether it be an email opt in or to enter information to receive a free e-book or special whitepaper – your landing page must directly ask the customer to complete one simple task, or your clicks will be wasted. Note: a customer journey engagement map should be developed, so that you build multiple landing pages and interaction points based on cold, warm and hot (buyer) traffic.
Facebook geographical targeting tools (Insights) are available for a reason.
If you create an advertising campaign and then simply let Facebook show it to every single person in the United States, or men and women between 18 and 65+ you're going to waste a lot of money with no real results.
Facebook advertising isn't the same as broad-based television or radio advertising. That's "branding" money tax for big budgets. You are smarter than that.
You must perform research on customers who you think (survey your list!) might be interested in your product and use that information to geographically locate your demographics and more.
While your total overall reach is much smaller, your CTR and conversion rates will dramatically increase – and they will/should respond better to your advertising and offers. Building custom audiences from traffic, engagement, video % watched and email lists (segmented by buyers and subscribers) is something not to be missed as you build out your campaign goals and business strategies.
Add to the audience strategies, "exclusions" – that help further narrow down your audience for better ad traction and clarity.
Never set your campaigns up and then forget about them.
As a general rule, you should check your Facebook campaigns at least twice per week to see how they are performing, and more often during the initial setup of any new campaigns. If one ad is failing (no return, high cost, etc), replace it with another set of ads and continue to test the ads and your landing pages (A/B testing).
If you have a larger daily spend, you should check it daily (several times when you are first starting out) to make sure you're money isn't being wasted and that your information is truly serving your audience. Tip: What can help you as you start to see it working, is to established RULES (either via Facebook internally) or from tools like Revealbot, that can help automate ads and campaigns.
TIP: A strategy that you can use, is to allocate advertising dollars towards your articles or blog posts. Then, create call-to-action buttons/links on those pages. More trust, good will and engagement will be had, and Facebook and your users will love you for it too! Plus, you'll be able to retarget them later, and build audiences for up to 180 days.


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President Xi Jinping Holds Talks with Crown Prince and Prime Minister Mohammed bin Salman of Saudi Arabia
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China
At the noon of December 8 local time, President Xi Jinping held talks with Crown Prince and Prime Minister Mohammed bin Salman of Saudi Arabia at al-Yamamah Palace in Riyadh.
On behalf of King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman extended a warm welcome to President Xi, and expressed sincere congratulations on the success of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and on Xi's re-election as General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee.
President Xi noted that Saudi Arabia is an important member of the Arab and Islamic world. It is also a key and independent force in the multipolar world and China's important strategic partner in the Middle East. In recent years, China-Saudi Arabia relations have maintained high-level growth. The international and regional situation is undergoing profound and complex changes, making the strategic and overarching importance of China-Saudi Arabia relations more prominent. China takes the development of its relations with Saudi Arabia as a priority in its overall foreign relations, in particular its diplomacy in the Middle East. China will work with Saudi Arabia to achieve each other's national rejuvenation, forge stronger synergy between development initiatives, deepen practical cooperation in all areas, increase communication and coordination in international and regional affairs, and achieve even greater progress in the China-Saudi Arabia comprehensive strategic partnership.
President Xi stressed that China firmly supports Saudi Arabia in upholding its sovereignty, security and stability, and supports Saudi Arabia in pursuing a development path suited to its national conditions. China supports Saudi Arabia's major development initiatives such as Vision 2030 and the Middle East Green Initiative, and will actively participate in Saudi Arabia's industrialization and contribute to the diversified development of its economy. The two sides need to earnestly synergize China's Belt and Road Initiative and Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030, and work for more outcomes in bilateral cooperation in all areas. China will increase communication and coordination with Saudi Arabia on energy policy, expand the scale of crude oil trade, enhance cooperation on exploration and development, and deliver on the Sino-Saudi Gulei Ethylene Complex Project and other large-scale energy cooperation projects. China will deepen industrial and infrastructure cooperation with Saudi Arabia, advance the development of the China-Saudi Arabia (Jizan) Industrial Park and the construction of major infrastructure projects, level up trade, investment and financial cooperation, expand cooperation in such areas as e-commerce, digital economy, clean energy, high technology and space research and development, and enhance cooperation in law-enforcement, counter-terrorism and deradicalization. President Xi noted that not long ago, over 100 Saudi learners of Chinese language jointly wrote to him in Chinese, expressing their passion for Chinese language, and he was very delighted for that. China will work with Saudi Arabia to further advance cooperation on Chinese language education. China has decided to designate Saudi Arabia as a tourist destination for Chinese group visitors, so as to expand mutual visits and people-to-people exchange between the two sides.
President Xi pointed out that China supports Saudi Arabia in playing a bigger role in international and regional affairs, and will step up communication and coordination with Saudi Arabia at the UN, the G20 and other multilateral platforms. Under the current situation, to convene the first China-Arab States Summit and the first China-GCC Summit is of special significance and will play a strategic role in spearheading China-Arab relations and China-GCC relations in the next stage. China looks forward to working with Saudi Arabia and Arab states to turn the two summits into milestone events in the history of China-Arab relations and China-GCC relations, and bring these relations to new heights.
Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman noted that Saudi Arabia and China enjoy very close and friendly relations, and Saudi Arabia is China's comprehensive strategic cooperative partner in the Middle East. The Chinese economy has maintained robust growth, and Saudi Arabia is striving to realize its Vision 2030. Saudi Arabia looks forward to working with China to enhance mutual support, and jointly elevate their comprehensive strategic partnership to a higher level. It is believed that President Xi's visit will become an important milestone in the history of this relationship. It will help secure more achievements of bilateral cooperation in various areas, deliver more benefits to the two peoples, and facilitate the common development and prosperity of the two countries. Saudi Arabia firmly supports the one-China principle, firmly supports China in safeguarding its own sovereignty, security and territorial integrity, firmly supports China's measures and efforts for deradicalization, and firmly rejects interference in China's internal affairs by any external forces under the excuse of human rights or any other. Saudi Arabia will continue to actively engage in Belt and Road cooperation with China and expand trade and two-way investment. It welcomes more Chinese companies to take an active part in the industrialization process of Saudi Arabia, including the construction of major infrastructure and energy projects, and enhance cooperation in such areas as automobile industry, science and technology, chemical industry and mining. Saudi Arabia appreciates China's support for its Middle East Green Initiative, and will work with China to strengthen cooperation on areas such as clean energy and green development and to increase mutual visits and cultural exchanges. It hopes that China will continue to help it enhance its Chinese language teaching capacity. It also appreciates China for supporting Saudi Arabia to become a dialogue partner of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and will increase communication and coordination with China on multilateral occasions such as the G20 and BRICS. It will work with China to jointly respond to challenges such as energy security, food security and climate change, maintain close dialogue and cooperation on major regional hotspots, and jointly contribute to upholding regional peace, security and stability, and achieving common security in the region. Saudi Arabia will play an active role for the development of relations between Arab states and China and between GCC countries and China. And the Crown Prince expressed his full confidence in the future of Saudi Arabia-China relations.
The two sides agreed to upgrade the China-Saudi Arabia High-level Joint Committee to the prime minister's level.
The two leaders attended the ceremony for exchanging documents on Belt and Road cooperation, judicial, education, hydrogen energy, investment and housing cooperation, among others.
The two sides issued the Joint Statement Between the People's Republic of China and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
After the talks, President Xi attended the welcome banquet hosted by the Crown Prince on behalf of King Salman.
Ding Xuexiang, Wang Yi and He Lifeng were present at the events.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Youth delegates on the Road to the UN2023 Water Decade Conference
On 24th October 2022, leaders of the Global Youth Movement for Water participated in the stakeholder consultation on the preparation of the United Nations 2023 Water Conference, alongside an estimated 1200 other stakeholders from across the water arena, in person and online. Held at the UN Headquarters in New York, the stakeholder dialogue aimed at developing a set of game-changing ideas for policy makers to consider and implement. Leaders of the Global Youth Movement were present at this meeting to ensure youth had a vested stake in this dialogue.
The day of discussions was opened by Li Junhua, UN Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs and Secretary of the Conference of the UN Water 2023 Conference. Mr Junhua made a call to action, reminding all attendees of the need to increase current efforts four-fold if the world is to achieve its 2030 goals. Several other high-level speakers followed, with President of the UN General Assembly Mr Csaba Korosi also calling for the deeper integration of water and climate.
Two youth representatives made statements at the opening session. Lindsey Blodgétt, youth representative of the World Meteorological Organization's Water and Climate Coalition Leaders Panel – and former World Youth Parliament for Water President-, called for collective action and commitments from water leaders. She called for water leaders to work together in harmony, not in competition, as we work to reach SDG 6. Blodgett called for this collective action to resemble a symphony for water. Keziah Theresee Gerosano, Partnerships Lead of the United Nations International Federation of Youth (UN1FY) for the very same Water and Climate Coalition, called for 15% of the annual budget of every UN body to be dedicated to water and climate.
Following the opening ceremony, the 1200 stakeholders broke into 5 roundtable discussions for the day, each centered around important areas of progression for the water sector. Topics included:
The capacity building roundtable discussed the role of youth in the water sector at length, with one stakeholder highlighting the lack of recruitment and retention of young people in the water sector. Lindsey Blodgett also pointed to the lack of confidence young professionals have in obtaining their desired water job because of universities not providing the necessary skills needed from today's water sector job market. Game changers were suggested to overcome these issues, such as the establishment of a global system of water training centers and networks for inclusive education and capacity development.
The governance roundtable encouraged participants to identify new water management approaches for national-to-regional governance, the integration of programs for water monitoring and use, and more transparent stakeholder participation pathways. Moderator Dr. Susanne Schmeier asked for new ideas and contributions to recognize water's cultural and environmental value, and for more equitable pathways to involve those affected by local and global water challenges. USA Co-President of the North American Youth Parliament for Water, Lynn Porta
President of the World Youth Parliament for Water, Carolina Tornesi Mackinnon, moderated the roundtable on data and information, where she brought attention to the need of financing for youth. Furthermore, stakeholders agreed that an open global water information system and platform that integrates physical and societal data was necessary for the water sector to achieve SDG6. Importantly, such data must be freely accessible, consistent, comparable, and interoperable at scale.
The voice of youth featured strongly throughout the day's events, with these game changers and many more being delivered to the preparatory meeting for the UN 2023 Water Conference held the next day. In her statement to United Nations Member States as Global Focal Point on SDG6 for the Major Group for Children and Youth, Amy Syvrud called on all to designate a youth representative to their national delegation to the conference in March and to consider how youth perspectives can be integrated into each dialogue theme and associated sessions.
The strong influence and positioning of the youth voices over these two days was in no small part due to the dialogues organized by the Global Youth Movement for Water both preceding and during the stakeholders meeting in New York. The Movement facilitated the unity of attending youth organizations under a set of common messages, creating a strong and consistent youth voice at the conference.
This article was written by members of the Global Youth Movement for Water: Alex Whitebrook (Water & Climate Coalition Leaders and former World Youth Parliament for Water VP), Amy Svyrud (United Nations Major Group for Children & Youth) , Carolina Tornesi MacKinnon (World Youth Parliament for Water – President), Lindsey Blodgett (Water & Climate Coalition Leaders and former World Youth Parliament for Water President), Erica Lynn Porta (North American Youth Parliament for Water) and Keziah Gerosano (UNIFY).
About the Global Youth Movement for Water
The Global Youth Movement for Water, a coalition of youth-led organisations and organisations working with youth, was launched during the 9th World Water Forum in Dakar, Senegal. The Movement is working together to influence decision making and stimulate action at all levels. More specifically, the Movement is working to mobilise & empower youth on the Road to the UN2023 Water Decade Conferencce, advocate for bold, ambitious and impactful commitments reflecting the priorities of youth and connect the local to the global. The Movement is supported by the International Secretariat for Water, the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation & the Netherlands Government.
To stay informed about ISW activities and the Global Youth Movement for Water, you can subscribe to our newsletter and follow us on social media !


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Public Programme
Talent and Skills Development
About Threshold
Threshold Team
Cultural Equity Statement
Threshold Studios wins National Lottery support for new community-led heritage project in Lincoln.
This Is Us – the past, present and future of Sincil Bank, Lincoln
We are delighted to announce that we have received a National Lottery grant of £56,800 for an exciting community-led engagement project, This Is Us. The project will take place in Sincil Bank, one of the most culturally diverse areas of Lincoln. Made possible by money raised by National Lottery players, the project focuses on the changes in industry and migration in the area through the history of locally-based engineering firm Robey & Co Ltd (Est 1854 to 1988) and its workers.
Supported through the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF), This Is Us has been created in consultation with local residents, community organisations, support services for young people and heritage organisations in Sincil Bank and Lincoln. The project will enable young people, families and diverse communities in the area to explore the history of industry and migration around Sincil Bank and Park Ward through photography and storytelling. A Community Ambassadors programme will offer training in archiving and recording oral histories to portray the story of the place and its people.
The Community Ambassadors will use these oral history interviews to create a new documentary film. This Is Us will also host a series of pop up screenings showing relevant historical films and produce a book about the project.
Commenting on the award, Threshold Studios' Creative Engagement Manager Boseda Olawoye said:
"We are thrilled to have received support thanks to National Lottery players and are excited to be working with the people of Sincil Bank, Lincoln. This Is Us will present a true picture of Sincil Bank communities who have made hugely positive contributions to the past, present and future of Lincoln's industrial success."
Jonathan Platt, Head of HLF East Midlands, added:
"This project will bring local workers' experiences to life through film and photography and help younger generations to understand their heritage and learn new skills. Through our new Working Lives campaign, we're inviting other groups in Lincolnshire and across the East Midlands to apply for funding for more projects like This is Us which focus on the working lives of local people. If you have an idea for a project like this, then please do get in touch with us."
Look out for updates on This Is Us coming soon – follow us on social media or sign up to our newsletter for more details of this and other exciting projects and opportunities.
To find out more about HLF funding visit www.hlf.org.uk.
Copyright 2019 : Terms : Privacy : Credits


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Кайинди — річка, притока Тургаю
 Кайинди — село, Аркалицька міська адміністрація, Костанайська область
 Кайинди — село, Зерендинський район, Акмолинська область
 Кайинди — аул, Казталовський район, Західноказахстанська область
 Кайинди — село, Катон-Карагайський район, Східноказахстанська область
 Кайинди — село, Курчумський район, Східноказахстанська область
 Кайинди — село, Мугалжарський район, Актюбинська область
 Кайинди — село, Самарський район, Східноказахстанська область
 Кайинди — село, район Турара Рискулова, Жамбильська область
 Кайинди — село, Урджарський район, Абайська область

Див. також
 Каїнди
 Мамай-Кайинди
 Шолак-Кайинди

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Thursday Morning Notes
By Seth C Mar 29, 2007, 5:51am CDT
Share All sharing options for: Thursday Morning Notes
Some of you may have noticed the lack of in-depth analysis in recent weeks. It's not you, it's me. Spring has sprung and since I didn't do any yard work during the winter (i.e. rake leaves or remove large tree from backyard for months on end) I'm paying for it now. For those of you who aren't homeowners, celebrate. There will be no mowing of yards or fertilizing or aerating of soil for you. Just relaxing on the couch, enjoying some baseball and thinking to yourself that training camps and football season is just right around the corner. For those of you who do own homes convince yourselves that mowing is fun and weed-eating is awesome and that by owning a home you have equity, but never consider the ad valorem taxes you pay each year as a part of that loss of equity. I haven't forgotten you, I promise.
Lets get to some news.
Texas Tech Football:
Hat-tip to loyal DTN reader HubCityRaider for breaking down the changes made at the wide-receiver position. I thought it best to move that type of content to the front page where it belongs. You'll see it below this morning's notes.
Stephen Hamby will be the starting right guard according to Don Williams and will replace Josh Aleman. In addition to Aleman, guard Ofa Mohetau is currently out of the program. Jack Bicknell had this on Hamby:
"Stephen Hamby will be the guy,'' line coach Jack Bicknell Jr. said after Wednesday's practice. "He's doing a great job. Tough kid. He's very intelligent. He's ready to play. I've been impressed by him.''
Although I had not looked back at the offensive line depth (I wasn't going to do that until after spring practice), Tech is playing with only 7 scholarship players:
Eleven blockers that Tech signed from 2003-06 are no longer with the team, and now it's starting to show. The offensive line is practicing right now with only seven scholarship players, plus walk-ons.
"We're a small group,'' sophomore left tackle Marlon Winn said, "but everybody's excited to go out there and do their job. We'll give a hundred percent and just try to fill in those spots that we've got empty now.''
Also check out Don's Texas Tech Football Notebook, with news about former Tech quarterback, Kliff Kingsbury signing with CFL's Montreal Alouettes. The biggest news is that about 35 punter hopefuls are scheduled for a tryout at 2:00 p.m. on Friday. There's also a few notes from yesterday's practice.
Don and Jeff Walker also Huddles Up With offensive tackle Rylan Reed. I had no idea that Rylan was a former minor league baseball pitcher and has had cancer. That's amazing. Don Also breaks down the following:
The backup quarterback position
DE Brandon Williams stellar play
FS Franklin Mitchem injured
NCAA Tournament:
Jay Jackson will be competing in the National Association of Basketball Coaches Three-Point shooting contest. The three-point shooting contest will be at 6:00 p.m. CST. Not only that, Jay will also be competing in the National Association of Basketball Coaches All-Star game on Friday, March 30th. Here's the PDF roster.
DMN's Rachel Cohen writes this morning that Coach Gillispie will be staying at A&M. Where there's smoke there's fire. Gillispie may not take the Arkansas job, but I'd bet his time at A&M is limited and he's just waiting for the right job. The Kentucky job was probably too big right now and the Arkansas job wasn't a big enough jump.
Texas Tech Baseball:
The Red Raiders travel again to face Kansas State beginning Friday. Below are the dates, times and starting pitchers (Notice how Colt Hynes and Aaron Odom aren't scheduled to starts, Hayes may be tired of their inconsistency):
Friday 3/30 at 6:30 p.m.: A.J. Ramos (Texas Tech) v. Brad Hutt (K-State)
Saturday 3/31 at 2:00 p.m.: Josh Scofield (Texas Tech) v. Chase Bayuk (K-State) ---- Programming note, this game should be on television on Fox Sports Southwest.
Sunday 4/1 at 1:00 p.m.: TBA (Texas Tech) v. Ben Hornbeck (K-State)
LAJ's George Watson previews the Kansas State Wildcats.


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Sanofi launches NextGen scholarship program to boost diversity in healthcare
By Disability Insider January 23, 2023
Sanofi announces at the 53rd Annual Meeting of the World Economic Forum in Davos the launch of the Sanofi NextGen Scholarship, its first global higher education scholarship program for people from numerous communities underrepresented in healthcare professions.
The program will help pay tuition and other expenses at institutions of higher education for students who are part of their nation's ethnic minority groups, women, people with disabilities and members of the LGBTQ+ community who wish to pursue careers as doctors, nurses, scientists, researchers and other healthcare-related professions.
The Sanofi NextGen Scholarship program will work hand-in-hand with leading higher education institutions across the world to annually identify up to 100 new talented students from underrepresented populations to become Scholars. Students will be able to apply for the scholarship program via university portals. Once selected, Scholars will be awarded funding covering partial university and living costs. In addition to financial aid, Sanofi will offer Scholars development support, mentorship and internship opportunities, and potential employment opportunities once they graduate. The program will expand to other countries in coming years.
The launch of the Sanofi NextGen Scholarship program follows the results of a global survey of underrepresented groups' trust in healthcare, the first of its kind. Sponsored by Sanofi, the survey showed diminished trust in healthcare systems among underrepresented communities, with nearly 75% of people from underrepresented populations saying they have suffered trust-damaging healthcare experiences. The survey underscored that, when it comes to trust in healthcare, 59% of patients from underrepresented communities would like access to providers from diverse backgrounds.
"As an innovative global healthcare company, we have a role to play in responding to the destabilizing situation underrepresented populations are in when they need care. We aim to help build the next generation of diverse healthcare leaders. By also working to build trust through conversation and dialogue between underrepresented communities and healthcare stakeholders, we can help improve engagement and health outcomes for all." said Paul Hudson, Chief Executive Officer, Sanofi
The Sanofi NextGen Scholarship program is part of 'A Million Conversations', Sanofi's broader €50 million initiative that aims to create greater trust between underrepresented communities and healthcare stakeholders by 2030. 'A Million Conversations' will run hundreds of dialogue events in communities in the first five countries of the initiative – Brazil, France, Japan, the UK and the U.S. These events will convene three groups: people who have experienced discrimination in healthcare, representatives from local health organizations (including governments and nonprofits) and Sanofi employees, with the aim of changing policy and attitudes within the broader healthcare industry. Participants will also carry out further research into the causes of the 'trust gap' in the hope they can prevent it from widening. Sanofi will capture stories and feasible solutions in an annual Trust and Inclusion Report that will measure the progress of the project toward its 2030 goal.
New blood test more accurate in identifying osteoarthritis progression
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Study finds reorganization of anatomical structures in the brains of blind people
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Bulgarian Defence Minister has held talks with Russia on overhaul of MiG-29s
Written by The Sofia Globe staff on July 21, 2017 in Bulgaria - Comments Off on Bulgarian Defence Minister has held talks with Russia on overhaul of MiG-29s
Bulgarian Defence Minister Krassimir Karakachanov has held talks with Russia's RSK MiG about possible costs of the company overhauling 15 of the Bulgarian Air Force's Soviet-made MiG-29 jet fighters.
Karakachanov, who is also one of the deputy prime ministers in the third Boiko Borissov government, was reported by Bulgarian National Radio as saying that his idea was for specialists from RSK MiG to come from Russia to assess what the cost of an overhaul project would be.
He said that no matter what conclusion the parliamentary ad hoc committee investigating the jet fighter acquisition came to, the timeframe for payments for the acquisition would have to be re-examined by the National Assembly.
Karakachanov added that he was also looking at options for overhauling the Bulgarian Air Force's Russian-made Su-25 aircraft. The Air Force has about 12 to 14 of these, dating back to the 1980s.
A Bulgarian Air Force Su-25 'Frogfoot'. Photo: Krassimir Grozev.
The Defence Minister's statements are among the latest twists in the prolonged saga of the state of Bulgarian military aviation.
For years, the Russian company was contracted to maintain and service the MiG-29 engines. But at the time of the second Borissov government, the business was transferred to Poland, much to the chagrin of Moscow. The defence minister of the time, Nikolai Nenchev, currently is facing criminal charges in connection with the handling of the MiG-29 overhaul contracts. Nenchev denies wrongdoing.
In 2016, Bulgaria moved to shift the MiG-29 engine overhaul business back to Russian hands.
A Nato member since 2004, Bulgaria has not yet finalised the process of acquiring new fighter aircraft that would meet the alliance's standards, though the issue has passed from the hands of one government to another over the years.
A main reason for the MiG-29 engine overhaul projects, which come at very high cost, is to keep existing aircraft serviceable for air policing of Bulgaria's borders. Currently, other allied forces also assist, such as Italian Eurofighters.
In 2016, Bulgaria issued a formal call for bids to supply new jet fighters. It received three, one from Sweden to supply made-to-order new Gripens, while Italy offered second-hand Eurofighters and Portugal offered second-hand US-made F-16s.
A report by an interdepartmental expert committee ranked the Swedish Gripen bid as the best, placed Italy's Eurofighter bid second and disqualified the Portuguese offer on financial grounds.
This report was presented to the January/May 2017 caretaker government, but subsequently, on the return to power of Boiko Borissov, his GERB party has initiated a parliamentary inquiry into the handling of the process. GERB parliamentary leader Tsvetan Tsvetanov has publicly alleged that Radev interfered in the process.
The parliamentary ad hoc committee has until about September to complete its work, and Defence Minister Karakachanov has said that no steps will be taken in the process until the committee announces its conclusions. This has happened in spite of Borissov having said several weeks earlier that negotiations would go ahead with Sweden and with Italy, though he later also said that the country would negotiate with all bidders.
/Politics
Bulgaria's ultra-nationalist parties mulling deal ahead of July elections
US, Bulgaria sign 10-year road map for military co-operation
Bulgaria among 11 founders of Nato Flight Training Europe initiative


Fabulous yet Affordable Reversible Omega Necklaces in 18 Karat Gold. A versatile Jewelry Wardrobe essential for a tailored classic necklace look. Perfect for Slides and Pendants too. Other gauges and lengths available. Matching bracelets sold separately.


Poor Cecily! She wants some action so bad!
Re:She wants some action so bad!
Rent a Chuck Norris movie but whatever you do,do not let her escape the mansion.
Name the day and the time and I shall make an appointment with the vet.
Yup, LilacsInMarch, you're on the money.
...even if what she says *does* make sense, poor Cecily.
This cultural difference vis-a-vis neutering continues to confuse the heck out of me.


The Asia Future Fellows program is a once-in-a-lifetime experience that provides Griffith University and Peking University students the opportunity to experience each culture, expand their knowledge and understanding of the Sino-Australian relationship, and build long-lasting friendships and networks. One of the greatest highlights of the program for me was being able to write a collaborative research paper with both my fellow Griffith University students and the Peking University students. The time spent coordinating across countries, cultures and disciplines to write a paper taught me vital skills that can be transferred to the workplace and provided me with an excellent addition to my resume. My personal experience with the program is one of unforgettable memories and amazing opportunities that extend beyond the program to strengthen my international network and professional development.
My plan for the final trimester followed a tight schedule: spend a week in Beijing for the Asia Future Fellows program, spend two months in Shanghai undertaking an internship, and then one month in South Korea for short-term study. During the final week of the program in Beijing, the Fellows attended a dinner that gave us the opportunity to network with members of the Australia-China Youth Association (ACYA) as well as some New Colombo Plan students and previous Fellows. As an ACYA member myself, I found it extremely valuable to be able to meet the members in China and was fortunate enough to talk with the China Manager of ACYA. The following day, I was invited to be fully sponsored by ACYA and the Australian Embassy to attend the 6th Foundation for Australian Studies in China Conference (FASIC6) in Chengdu. This was an amazing experience, as the conference was directly related to my degree and helped me to expand my networks in China even further. Without the Asia Future Fellows program, I never would have had the opportunity to attend such an important event and meet leading researchers in the Australia-China space.
During the conference, I was able to meet the ACYA Shanghai Manager and other members that lived in Shanghai, and had many recommendations and tips provided to me. When I was trying to find a place to stay for a few nights before I would be able to move into my internship accommodation, the Shanghai Manager found an ACYA member in Shanghai that was happy to let me stay with her and her family. Staying with a local Chinese family made my experience even more enriching and unique, more so than if I had stayed in a hotel by myself. Even after the conference in Chengdu, I was able to meet with numerous ACYA China executives and further improve my connections to China.
The Asia Future Fellows program enabled me to meet many wonderful people and have such amazing experiences that would not have been possible without it. The connections and relationships I have built during my time with the program will stay with me well into the future, and the skills I have learnt will aid me in any work I do. I highly recommend that all Griffith students apply for this program, even if they don't have an interest in China or think that the program is not relevant to them. This is a wonderful opportunity that should not be missed, and you never know what may come of it.
Article by Darcie Fisher, Bachelor of Business and Asian Studies student and President of ACYA Griffith Chapter.


On Tuesday, Dec. 12, start the holiday season by joining us for a reunion of correspondents who have been based in Hong Kong and China. Enjoy storytelling and meet the new Hong Kong representative to New York, Joanne Chu. The event will include drinks and appetizers, and is co-sponsored by the Overseas Press Club and the Hong Kong Trade & Economic Office.
Attendance is limited to Hong Kong and China hands.
Clement Leung, Hong Kong Commissioner to the United States, will attend.
Confirmed attendees: Richard Bernstein, Yvonne Dunleavy, Dinda Elliott, Tim Ferguson, Michael Forsythe and Mary Kissell.
Organizing committee: Bill Holstein (chair), Jan Alexander, Pete Engardio, Stacy Mosher, Gary Silverman and Minky Worden.
There is no charge, but RSVPs are required.


Better documentation for software products.
DocGen is a static website generator that's ideal for making technical user guides for software products.
Creates a static website that works on any server, or as local files (CD, shared drive etc).
Also publishes the website content as a single PDF, using wkhtmltopdf.
Write in plain text, or the human-friendly CommonMark format (Markdown).
Easily version control software documentation in sync with its product.
Automatically creates tables of contents, with links and PDF page numbers.
Automatically highlights code blocks, using Highlight.js, with language detection.
Displays mathematical expressions without plugins, using either KaTeX or MathJax.
Easily brand with a logo, attribute ownership, and attach release notes.
DocGen makes it easy for anyone to create high-quality technical documentation.
"You write in plain text or human-friendly CommonMark"
"DocGen styles and publishes all your content as a website"
"DocGen also creates an equivalent PDF copy"
DocGen is probably not the right tool for precision PDF layout. Or for product configurators which need to output variants based on a common template. Docgen is intended more for free-form, human generated content which is regularly updated and refactored, and standardised for each product release.
Output created by DocGen works in modern browsers (desktop and mobile devices).
See the installation guide for more detailed instructions.
Version 2.1.3 released on 29/05/2015.
MIT License. Created by DocGen 2.1.3 on 29/05/2015 at 13:57:42.


On 25 June the High Court refused Stuart Wheeler's claim that the government had breached his legitimate expectation by refusing to hold a referendum on the Lisbon Treaty. He was refused permission to appeal to the Court of Appeal.
Wheeler said that the denial of an appeal "is not unusual and we have informed the government that we shall apply to the Court of Appeal for permission to appeal".
He added, "Solicitors for the Prime Minister refused, on technical legal grounds, to produce documents which would, I feel sure, show that the only reason the PM is refusing a referendum is that he believes that he would lose it."
This point may be important in gaining the right to appeal, and it may be provable without the documents.
Games - even those determining the fate of nations - can be won in overtime.
They often turn on character. Mr Brown's actions show fear. Mr Wheeler's express fortitude in the face of adversity.


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3D mural downtown celebrates Indianapolis' Black artists and entrepreneurs
The "Keepers of Culture" mural is a 3D display dedicated to eight Hoosier artists and visionaries who have helped shape the culture of Indianapolis.
WRTV/Shakkira Harris
INDIANAPOLIS — A new 3D mural was unveiled in downtown Indianapolis Wednesday in honor of Hoosier cultural leaders and the Indiana Avenue Cultural District.
The "Keepers of Culture" mural on the Stutz Building, located at 1060 North Capitol Avenue, depicts eight Black Hoosier artists and entrepreneurs — Vivica A. Fox, Mike Epps, Rob Dixon, Amos Brown, LaDeana Brown, Mariah Ivey, Deborah Asante and Maxie.
Painted by the artist Ashley Nora, the mural's unveiling comes in conjunction with the official announcement of a new fine art fair called BUTTER, founded by Indy-based cultural development firm "GANGGANG." The fair will feature works by more than 30 Black artists from across the country over Labor Day Weekend, beginning Thursday.
"As a lifelong Hoosier, I've seen our community grow and evolve. As we move forward, we can never forget our past," U.S. Rep. André Carson, D-Indianapolis, said during the mural's dedication ceremony. "The art we see today is helping to lift all voices."
At the corner of Senate Avenue and 11th Street, the mural spans the entire northwest wall of a former warehouse in the Stutz building. That warehouse will also be the location of the BUTTER art fair.
A dedication ceremony was held for the "Keepers of Culture" mural created by Ashley Nora in celebration of "BUTTER," a new Indianapolis art fair on Wednesday, Sept. 1, 2021.
GANGGANG, an Indianapolis-based cultural development firm, is hosting its first art fair over Labor Day Weekend. Photo was taken Wednesday, Sept. 1, 2021.
All of those being honored in the mural were present for the ribbon-cutting ceremony except for Mike Epps. The wife of the late Amos Brown attended on his behalf.
Vivica A. Fox was the only person of the honorees to speak during the ceremony, and she let everyone know what Indy can do, especially a girl from Arlington High School.
"I'm still good 'ole Angie Fox from 38th and Emerson," Ms. Fox said to a cheering crowd.
The vibe GANGGANG curated for the official kick-off of BUTTER was locked in with music from DJ Lady Locks and the presence of dozens of local artists and creatives.
"This is what it's about — Community," Ashley Nora, the mural artist behind the piece, said to the crowd on Wednesday. She was honored with a standing ovation and cheers from all in attendance.
"It was so important to me. I gave it everything I had. I hope that you feel it," she continued. "I hope you feel the love."
GANGANG's BUTTER art fair runs Thursday through Sunday with live music, Q&As, and, of course, art.
Watch the dedication ceremony live:
https://t.co/y9zgioXpzo
— WRTV Indianapolis (@wrtv) September 1, 2021
Courtesy of GANGGANG
Artist Ashley Nora working on the "Keepers of Culture" mural.
WRTV/Dave Franklin


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You are here: Home / Openness / Open Data and Land Ownership - Environment Scan
Open Data and Land Ownership - Environment Scan
Posted by Sumandro Chattapadhyay at Feb 12, 2018 10:30 AM | Permalink
Filed under: Land Records, Open Government Data, Openness, Open Data
The State of Open Data is an ambitious research project reflecting on 10 years of action on open data and providing a critical review of the current state of the open data movement across a range of issues and thematic areas. This environment scan represents the first step in gathering information to support a review of the state of open data with regard to land ownership, and in refining the focus of a chapter. The lead author for this chapter is Sumandro Chattapadhyay.
Comments and suggestions: Environment Scan (Google Drive)
State of Open Data: Join the Investigation!
State of Open Data on Twitter: @stateofopendata
[Gap] Land Ownership data is mostly closed
Land Ownership data ranks as the least likely data to be available in an open format and under open license (across the world) among the fifteen types of data tracked by Global Open Data Index developed by Open Knowledge International. Similarly, the latest Global Report of the Open Data Barometer initiative of World Wide Web Foundation finds Land Ownership to be the least open of different categories of data that are essential for ensuring government accountability – only 1% of countries surveyed were found to open up Land Ownership data as opposed to 10% of countries opening up Budget data, and 11% of countries opening up Election Results data (http://opendatabarometer.org/4thedition/report/#table7). Both these findings indicate that Land Ownership data is among the most closed categories of data that are needed globally for ensuring accountability and transparency, as well as for tracking shifts in the distribution of national wealth.
[Gap] Global paucity of reliable information about cross-border investments in and shifts in ownership of land
While initiatives like Land Matrix have spearheaded greater availability of open data about global cross-border investments in land and resulting shifts in ownership patterns, researchers have pointed out the limited accuracy and methodological reflexivity in the production of such data sets, and highlighted the possibility of them representing "an instance of 'false precision'". A recent article in Financial Times notes that "[t]here is plenty of debate over the accuracy of this [open-source data of agricultural land sales]. Official data sources vary widely from country to country, while land deals themselves are notoriously opaque and fluid. Media reports about the leasing or buying of land often lack clairity."
[Progress] Collaborative and incremental development of extensive and intensive monitoring of openness of land ownership data across countries
There are several recent examples of collaborative efforts to better collect, organise, and recognise open land ownership data, which indicate at a growing momentum to address this critical weak link in the global open data agenda. Key initiatives include the GODI Fellowship established by Cadasta Foundation and Open Knowledge International, a focus on Land Use and Productivity Data as part of the Agricultural Open Data Package of the International Open Data Charter, and the work of Land Portal in the Mekong region to develop a common land information vocabulary, especially in a region marked by "its disparate languages and range of national priorities [and] the need to communicate effectively about complex land issues across borders and between individuals with different skill sets".
[Progress] Success of the Access Land campaign in California, USA:
"Access Land is a coalition of 50+ organizations committed to increasing access to our public land through open data. This summer, both the Federal Government and California State Parks released reservation contracts that require open data and plans to engage third party partners – redefining how the public accesses their land forever. Unlocking park data empowers entrepreneurs of all backgrounds to build unique applications that better connect the public to their land. By reaching a wider and more diverse demographic, visitation to our parks will rise, boosting revenue and ensuring the future relevance and sustainability of our public land. Open data is the key to inspiring the next generation of park supporters."
[Progress] HM Land Registry, Government of UK, publishing Commercial and Corporate Ownership Data and Overseas Companies Ownership Data for free
On November 7, 2017, the land records authority of UK (HM Land Registry) started free sharing of two of its land ownership data sets: the Commercial and Corporate Ownership Data and Overseas Companies Ownership Data, which "contain more than 3 million rows of data and include the address, company's name, price paid and country of incorporation along with other useful information." The decision is expected to "support growth in the property technology (PropTech) sector and among small and medium-sized enterprises."
Who?: Stakeholders, networks, community
Cadasta Foundation
"Develops and promotes the use of simple digital tools and technology to help partners efficiently document, analyze, store, and share critical land and resource rights information. By creating an accessible digital record of land, housing and resource rights, we help empower individuals, organizations, communities, and governments with the information they need to make data-driven decisions and put vulnerable communities and their needs on the map… Cadasta is dedicated to working in such settings to help partners use simple, low-cost, high-tech tools to efficiently and effectively document their land and resource rights — incrementally strengthening their rights to land. This documentation creates an evidence base and advocacy case for vulnerable communities' claims to the land. Such documentation can make it less likely that communities will be displaced and can serve to support demands for compensation should communities be displaced. We use and create versatile digital tools for a myriad of purposes from certifying sustainable agricultural production to creating a digital land registry that secures land rights for millions of people."
"Cadasta Foundation is developing an open platform, informed by the Social Tenure Domain Model, for documenting land and resource rights. Through the development of an ecosystem of partners, technology and data, the platform is designed to allow the direct capture and documenting of land rights through a global open platform that is secure, cost effective and transparent. The foundation's perspective is informed by years of experience working with formal land administration processes and national-level land information systems, as well as working with volunteered geographic information to develop robust and upto-date datasets. At Cadasta, the focus is twofold – providing the repository and tools necessary to document the rights of those left out of the formal system, while also serving as a portal for open datasets in land and other resources, such as extractives, forestry and agricultural investment concessions, where they exist."
Supported by the Department for International Development of Government of UK and the Omidyar Network
Website: http://cadasta.org/
Global Land Alliance
"The mission of Global Land Alliance is to enable the prosperity of people and places by advancing learning and practice to achieve land tenure security and the efficient, inclusive and sustainable use of land and natural resources. We aim to accelerate quality development by resolving land issues with new paradigms of participation and accountability… Global Land Alliance takes the traditional think tank model a step forward, not only producing new understanding and recommendations based on on-the-ground perspectives of citizens, community leaders and businesses, but also channeling those learnings toward practical implementation at scale. By scaling and speeding up resolution of land issues, we can scale up and speed up improved results in the big issues of our time: urbanization, food security, environmental sustainability and peace."
"PRIndex, the Global Property Rights Index, is a collaborative initiative between Global Land Alliance and the Overseas Development Institute to develop and roll out the first global measurement of peoples' perceptions of their property rights. PRIndex is establishing a global and national-level baseline of perceptions of land tenure security. This baseline will provide the grounding for a global conversation and movement around securing the property rights of billions who currently lack them."
Supported by Inter-American Development Bank, Omidyar Network, Department for International Development of Government of UK, the World Bank, Overseas Development Initiative, and others
Website: http://www.globallandalliance.org/
Global Land Tool Network
"The Global Land Tool Network (GLTN) is an alliance of international partners committed to increasing access to land and tenure security for all, with a particular focus on the poor and women. The Network's partners include international civil society organizations, research and training institutions, bilateral and multilateral organizations, and international professional bodies… GLTN develops, disseminates and implements pro-poor and gender-responsive land tools. These tools and approaches contribute to land reform, good land governance, inclusive land administration, sustainable land management, and functional land sector coordination."
"Throughout the world, land provides a primary source of income, food security, cultural identity and shelter. It also serves as a fundamental asset for the economic empowerment of the poor and provides a safety net in times of hardship. To enhance access to information and awareness by land and data community and the wider stakeholders around land indicators in the SDGs and related processes for their monitoring, GLTN in collaboration with Land Portal Foundation produced the Land and SDGs dashboard."
Facilitated by UN-Habitat; currently implementing programmes supported by Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Government of Norway, SIDA, Government of the Netherlands, and UN-Habitat
Website: https://gltn.net/home/
"A global alliance of civil society and intergovernmental organisations working together to put people at the centre of land governance. The shared goal of ILC's over 200 members is to realise land governance for and with people at the country level, responding to the needs and protecting the rights of women, men and communities who live on and from the land."
Supported by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development of Government of Germany, EU, IFAD, Irish Aid, American Jewish World Service, Belgian Fund for Food Security, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, SIDA, and others.
Website: http://www.landcoalition.org/
Land Matrix
"A global and independent land monitoring initiative. Our goal is to facilitate an open development community of citizens, researchers, policy-makers and technology specialists to promote transparency and accountability in decisions over land and investment... [The website functions as a] Global Observatory - an open tool for collecting and visualising information about large-scale land acquisitions."
Supported partly by the internal resources of the partner organisations, and partly by Oxfam, SDC, Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, BMZ and European Commission; designed and developed by Sinnwerkstatt in partnership with Tactical Studios at Tactical Technology Collective.
Website: http://landmatrix.org/en/
Land Portal Foundation
"Works to create a better information ecosystem for land governance through a platform based on cutting-edge linked and open data technologies. We help partners to create, curate and disseminate land governance data and information to become part of a more inclusive information landscape. Current information sources are often fragmented, represent a restricted set of perspectives, and are not structured, curated and licensed in ways that support maximum discovery, engagement and reuse."
The Foundation is hosted by University of Groningen, The Netherland; supported by the Department for International Development of Government of UK, International Land Coalition, and the Global Land Tool Network.
Website: https://landportal.org/
Open Land Contracts
"An online repository of publicly available contracts for large-scale land, agriculture, and forestry projects. The repository includes the full text of contracts; plain language summaries (also referred to as "annotations") of each contract's key social, environmental, human rights, fiscal, and operational terms; and tools for searching and comparing contracts. Launched in October 2015, OpenLandContracts.org promotes greater transparency of land-based investments, facilitates a better understanding of the contracts that govern them, and provides useful tools for governments, communities, companies, and other stakeholders."
An initiative of the Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment (CCSI), a joint center of Columbia Law School and the Earth Institute at Columbia University, USA; supported by UKaid from the Department for International Development, Government of UK.
Website: http://www.openlandcontracts.org/
"Radiant launched operations in August 2016 to answer the call for open access to geospatial data, with analytical tools for global development practitioners designed to improve decision-making, and to foster entrepreneurship worldwide. Radiant's geospatial technology platform will permit users to illuminate earth, literally, to allow everywhere to be "seen"; to turn the telescopes back on human activity as we enter the Anthropocene period; and to give decision-makers a scientific window into understanding global activity better. Providing the global community with these tools and data can create powerful insights and accelerate greater catalytic, evidence-based support for change."
Supported by Omidyar Network and Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
Website: https://radiant.earth/
Cotula, Lorenzo, and Thierry Berger. 2017. Trends in global land use investment: Implications for legal empowerment. London, UK: IIED. Accessed from http://www.landcoalition.org/sites/default/files/documents/resources/12606iied.pdf
This report takes stock of trends in land use investments and legal empowerment responses, with a view to informing next steps for legal empowerment agendas. Drawing on a review of the available literature and global datasets, it discusses evolving patterns in land use investments, developments in investment frameworks, and implications for legal empowerment initiatives.
Ferris, Lindsay, Frank Pichel, and Neil Sorensen. 2016. Land Debate on Open Data and Land Governance. Cadasta Foundation and Land Portal. December. Accessed from https://landportal.org/pt/library/resources/report-debate-open-data-and-land-governance
Across most contexts, government data sources on land are largely inaccessible, from land administration data, such as parcel data and ownership information to land investments, contract data and even policy information. In considering data on property ownership specifically, the latest version of the Open Data Barometer shows only two countries, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, obtained a full 100% score on the topic of Land Ownership. When this land administration data is made available, it is commonly made public via a web portal rather than as open data. However, governments are not the sole sources of land data. For example, international organizations such as World Bank, the United Nations and numerous bi-lateral donor organizations publish land related data, while countless NGOs may participate in community mapping and policy analysis. Beyond EU Directives for geospatial datasets, common principles and processes are lacking for determining what data should be open, with often differing interpretations among EU Directives. Finally, questions of how to tackle privacy and security risks to vulnerable populations remain disputed, leading NGOs, governments and international institutions to dismiss open data entirely. However, with an ambitious 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, there is an increasing need to pool data resources toward solving global challenges -- while protecting the rights of vulnerable populations. In September 2016, Cadasta Foundation and the Land Portal Foundation teamed up to facilitate a conversation on these issues. Our aims were to better understand the current landscape, potential impacts as well as illustrate the unique challenges in opening land data in order to begin figuring out the solutions. Within the Land Portal platform, we heard the points of view of 26 participants from government land agencies, international institutions and NGOs. Throughout this report, we've summarized the main themes that surfaced throughout the three-week Land Debate.
Ferris, Lindsay. 2017. Outputs for the Cadasta GODI Fellowship. Links to four outputs accessed from https://blog.okfn.org/2017/06/09/what-data-do-we-need-the-story-of-the-cadasta-godi-fellowship/
Throughout the fellowship, Lindsay conducted interviews with land experts, NGOs and government officials as well as on-going desk research on the land data publication practices across different contexts. She established 4 key outputs: 1. Outlining the challenges of opening land ownership data… 2. Mapping the different types of land data and their availability… 3. Assessing the privacy and security risks of opening certain types of land data… 4. Identifying user needs and creating user personas for open land data… Throughout the GODI process, our aim is to advocate for datasets that different stakeholders actually need and that make sense within the context in which they are published. For example, one of the main challenges in land ownership is that data is not always recorded or gathered by the federal level, and is collect in cities and regions. One of the primary users of land ownership data are other government agencies. Having a grasp of this type of knowledge helped us better define the land ownership dataset for the GODI. Ultimately, we developed a thoughtful definition based on these reflections and recommendations.
Hogge, Becky. 2015. "HM Land Registry: The UK's trading funds, and two futures for open data". In Open Data: Six Stories About Impact in the UK. November. Omidyar Network. Pp. 17-24. Accessed from https://www.omidyar.com/sites/default/files/file_archive/insights/Open%20Data_Six%20Stories%20About%20Impact%20in%20the%20UK/OpenData_CaseStudies_Report_complete_DIGITAL_102715.pdf
HM Land Registry began a phased release of its data on property transactions – the Price Paid Dataset – in March 2012, and by November 2013 the entire historic record dating back to 1995 was released. The data provides much-needed transparency in a historically "murky" business, and is already being used extensively by some traditional players in the property market. Additionally, new players are consolidating around the field of proptech, developing digital tools to bring buying and selling property "out of the Stone Age". Proptech startups attracted an estimated $1.4 billion in investment globally in 2014. PI Labs, an incubator for proptech startups, opened in London in late 2014.
Raman, Bhuvaneswari, and Zainab Bawa. 2011. Citizens Participation and Technology Interventions in Government Programmes: The Case of Nemmadi Kendras in Bangalore. SIRCA Report. Janastu. Accessed from http://tgc.janastu.org/2011/06/raman-bawa/
Our findings on Nemmadi corroborates Benjamin et al (2005) suggestion that transparency of land information in contexts such as Bangalore can accentuate existing social and economic inequalities and can weaken the claims on land of relatively weaker groups in society. The reflection of the activist from Dalit Sangarsh Samithi quoted above draw attention to the fact that despite the apparent myth of uniform access to information, there are differences in terms of their ability to capture this information. Specifically, when it comes to land, it is not only about having information but also the power to displace / disposses current occupiers. Thus, power between different users affect their ability to capture this information to their advantage but more importantly, such visibility can pose new risks to the claims of relatively weaker groups. Proponents of data transparency fail to make the distinction between access to and the capture of information and the risk posed by opening up certain types of data. Based on our preliminary observations we suggest that there is need to differentiate between the types of data that is made public and the political economic context in which such information is made public. Our findings suggest the usefulness of further research on this aspect.
International workshop on Open Land Data: Mobile Apps and Geo-services for Open Soil Data
Hosted by Tom Hengl and Rik van den Bosch (ISRIC – World Soil Information), and Jeff Herrick (U.S. Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, New Mexico State University), July 2-4, 2017, Wageningen University, the Netherlands, http://gsif.isric.org/doku.php/wiki:workshop_2017
Responsible Land Governance: Towards an Evidence Based Approach
Annual Word Bank Conference on Land and Poverty, Washington DC, USA, March 20-24, 2017, https://www.conftool.com/landandpoverty2017/index.php?page=browseSessions&form_session=555&presentations=show
Workshop on Open Data and Land Governance: Moving Towards an Information Ecosystem
Land Portal Foundation and Cadasta Foundation, March 20, 2017, OpenGov Hub, Washington DC, USA, https://landportal.org/event/2017/03/open-data-and-land-governance-moving-towards-information-ecosystem
Resources and funding
Department for International Development, Government of UK: Land Governance for Economic Development
"DFID will pursue actions globally to improve land rights protection to: help ensure women and men enjoy legally recognised, secure property and tenure rights. To Improve information and knowledge to facilitate the provision of clear, transparent land related information and knowledge, enabling rights to be identified, understood and protected. To improve private sector investment through the development and rollout of a standardized investment risk assessment methodology and implementation of best practice in land governance."
Website: https://devtracker.dfid.gov.uk/projects/GB-1-204252/
Omidyar Network – Property Rights
"We know why this matters: Strengthening rights to land, natural resources, and other assets empowers people to decide, based on their tacit and local knowledge, how best to use their assets. Add in increased decision-making authority with legal rights to benefit from valued uses of property, and you get improved incentives to invest in families, children, farms and businesses. It is worth underscoring that the poor – whether informal urban entrepreneurs or smallholder farmers – are by far the largest group of businesspeople in the world. And, as highlighted in the recent report Accelerating Entrepreneurship in Africa, improving property transfer procedures will strengthen business opportunities..."
Website: https://www.omidyar.com/investees?initiative=Property+Rights®ion=All&search=#filter and https://www.omidyar.com/blog/why-property-matters
World Bank – Land
"The World Bank is increasingly working to open land and geospatial datasets for acceleration of growth through businesses, and improving own source local revenue creation, location-based analysis and decision-making, urban management, climate change responses, and resilience… The World Bank recognizes that national land administration systems and spatial data infrastructure are fundamental to disaster risk reduction and response by the provision of historical repository of pre-disaster land use and occupancy, location-based information as well as a unified geospatial platform for planning, monitoring, and implementing responses… The World Bank is working on land tenure as well as land and geospatial infrastructure and systems in 48 countries, with a current investment of approximately $1 billion in commitments, impacting millions of land holders in Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East and North Africa."
Website: http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/land#2
Land Records, Open Government Data, Openness, Open Data
Sumandro Chattapadhyay
As a Director at CIS, I co-lead the [email protected] programme, and engage with academic and policy research on data governance and digital economy. I can be reached at sumandro[at]cis-india[dot]org.


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City to Hire Police Oversight Auditor
Ekene Ikeme
At its Nov. 1 meeting, the City Council voted, 4-1, in favor of hiring a full-time Police Auditor/Advisor (PAA) to handle oversight of the Alameda Police Department. Vice Mayor Malia Vella was the lone dissenting vote.
The PAA will also work to ensure the police department achieves and maintains accreditation from the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA). The CALEA is a credentialing authority whose primary mission is to accredit public safety agencies, namely law enforcement agencies.
According to the staff report, CALEA accreditation is a two to three-year process. In order to achieve accreditation, agencies must demonstrate their ability to meet professional standards that include internal accountability systems, policy development, informed decision making, preparedness in natural/human made critical incidents, legitimate crime fighting efforts, community relationship building, and independent reviews by subject matter experts.
The PAA will be a full-time position independent of the police department. They will report to the City Attorney, not the City Manager like the Police Chief. They will offer timely recommendations to the Police Chief on how to implement best practices to the department.
The council heard six different police oversight options. City staff recommended the option the City Council approved. Other options included a police commission appointed by City Council, an advisory commission made up of volunteers, or having the Chief of Police retain oversight power.
City Staff and Alameda Chief of Police Nishant Joshi preferred the PAA and CALEA accreditation option.
"The auditor seems to be a good fit because this is a full-time position where the police department can receive timely recommendations on best practices, and I think it's a way to install accountability that the community is looking for," said Joshi.
About two dozen community members spoke at the meeting. Opinions were mixed with some supporting the hiring of a PAA and others wanting to have community members provide police oversight.
"As a council you need to follow through on a commitment you made to the community in March 2021," said resident Savanna Cheer to the Council. "The five of you unanimously agreed to advance the recommendations from the steering committee. You agreed to advance that group's recommendation on oversight of the police department. That recommendation was explicit. Embark on a police oversight effort that is independent, inclusive and does not include the police."
However, Councilmember Trish Herrera Spencer was skeptical most Alameda residents want a community-based police oversight committee.
"As much as I respect members of the community who volunteered in the steering committee, to me, that is one part of our community, it is not representative of our community at large," said Herrera Spencer.
Vella voted against hiring the new position because she thought the city could use resources more efficiently.
"I feel like this is a fairly large investment into a position and I don't know how much benefit we're going to get out of it," said Vella. "I rather see investment in proactive services. We have funded the CARE Team. I would like to see more investment in that line."
The city will begin its search for the PAA position on Jan. 1, 2023, with the hope of hiring the position in June. Funds for new position is already included in the fiscal year budget. Once the position is hired, staff will return to City Council for direction on the work plan.
Police Auditor/Advisor


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The Nuke Review, November 26 – December 3
by Mitchell Freddura | Dec 3, 2012 | Monitor |
IAEA chief "unable to report any progress" with Iran
Speaking before the IAEA governing board Yukiya Amano, head of the U.N. nuclear agency, stated that he is "unable to report any progress on clarifying the issues relating to possible military dimensions to Iran's nuclear program." Amano focused specifically on the Parchin military complex, stating that "extensive activities" have impeded the agency's inquiry. The IAEA chief did reaffirm his desire to "seize the opportunity for a diplomatic solution" with Iran.
Dubious diagram
A diagram purported to show computer simulations of a nuclear detonation augmented international suspicions that Iran was seeking to develop a nuclear weapon. Allegedly created between 2008 and 2009 the diagram illustrates an explosion three times as powerful as the nuclear weapon detonated on Hiroshima. Independent analysts however, doubt the authenticity of the diagram. Two such experts suggest that the diagram indicates "either slipshod analysis or an amateurish hoax" and compare it to work found in an undergraduate-level physics course. As they write, "the world can keep calm and carry on." The Associated Press did issue a correction of their original story.
IAEA hacked
The IAEA reported last week that information was stolen from of one of its old servers and posted online. It was not immediately clear who was responsible for the hacking. During a press conference IAEA head Yukiya Amano called the incident "regrettable" but assured the public "We believe confidential safeguards information has not been compromised."
North Korea constructing new nuclear reactor
According to the IAEA, North Korea has continued to construct a new "light water reactor." IAEA director Yukia Amano has stated that the agency "remains unable to determine the reactor's design features or the likely date for its commissioning." The IAEA has been monitoring the construction of this facility for some time and this summer noted that "significant progress" had been achieved. Amano told the IAEA governing board that he is "seriously concerned" about the North Korean nuclear program.
North Korea to launch rocket
North Korea reportedly plans to launch a long-range rocket in mid-December. As of Monday the first stage of the rocket was already positioned on the Sohae launch pad. China and Russia have voiced their concerns and urged the North to forgo the launch. The planned launch precedes the December 19 presidential elections in South Korea, in which two candidates have campaigned on increased engagement with the North. The North maintains that the launch is strictly "peaceful" and "scientific."
Nuclear Strategy
Symposium celebrates 20 years of Nunn-Lugar program
A symposium will be held at the National Defense University on Monday marking twenty years of the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction program. President Obama will provide the keynote address which "will note the extraordinary progress that's been made in securing nuclear material." Senators Richard Lugar and Sam Nunn will receive the Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service.
Brzezinski on containing Iran
Last week Zbigniew Brzezinski called a military strike on Iran "the worst option" and "an act of utter irresponsibility." Brzezinski suggested that a policy "modeled on" a containment strategy may prove a more prudent course of action, noting that it was "the least bad" option should negotiations fail. The former national security advisor also reaffirmed his support for a diplomatic solution to the standoff with Iran.
DoD to upgrade nuclear bomb
Recently the Department of Defense agreed to a 3 year, $178 million contract with Boeing to upgrade the tail of the B61 nuclear bomb. The total cost for modernizing the entire weapon is estimated to be $10 billion. This, as Noah Shachtman of Danger Room notes, as "the Pentagon is facing its worst cash crunch in more than a decade."


This is a direct quote of Proverbs 30:4-5 in the original language (hebrew) and then the translation is also sung in english.
It features Jamie Hilsden on vocals and some fabulous singers from King of Kings Church in Jerusalem, Israel.
Who has bound up the waters as a garment?
Who has established the ends of the earth?
What is his name and what is His Son's name?
Tell me if you can tell.
Ki tedah, ki tedah, ki tedah….