text:
Gwyneth Paltrow Wants to Teach You How to Use the Goop Vibrator
The actress is partnering with Rakuten, and she shared her best summer shopping tips (and then some).
by : Justine Carreon- May 14th, 2021
Gwyneth Palthrow has never shied away from, well, anything. The actress is now her lifestyle brand goop, the one-stop destination for reaching peak Gwyneth-ness, jade egg and all. But despite controversial Hollywood wellness trends (many of which I myself have delved into), one thing is clear: she helped normalize talking about your vagina in a way that maybe we needed, even if we didn't ask for a candle that smelled like it.
As an influencer who influenced before influencers were a thing, the actress and entrepreneur is doing us one more solid: Gwyneth is partnering with Rakuten to celebrate its Big Give Week, their biggest shopping event of the year. The e-commerce platform is known for its program that lets members shop hundreds of brands and automatically get cash back. This week, until May 17, you'll be able to make up top 15 percent cash back whenever you shop from its hundred of retailers, goop included (Levi's, Intermix, Mejuri, are some more, to name a few).
In other words, you've already been tempted to buy the goop vibrator, so now's your chance to make some money while doing it. ELLE caught up with Gwyneth over the phone and we probed her for tips on how to actually use the sex toy, what coffee she travels with, and what's sitting in her shopping cart.
A post shared by Gwyneth Paltrow (@gwynethpaltrow)
Goop just launched its first vibrator. Do you have any tips on using it for someone who's brand new to the world of sex toys?
I think the tips are, follow your own lead. Trust yourself!
Is there anything in your cart, right now, that you haven't pulled the trigger on yet?
Let me see, I'm going to my goop cart actually right now. Because, there are things in my cart. I know that I have a new vitamin C serum thing, that goop makes. Hold on let me look at my cart, here… Yeah. So I have in there, the GOOPGLOW Hyaluronic, and I have, oh, this Kosas Air Brow Clear Lifting Treatment. I want to try that. Yeah. And, I also have a super serum skin, SPF, a foundation from Ilia. I want to try that, too. I'm about to pull the trigger, but I was seeing if there's any… I'm sort of in the mood for something maybe short or floral, something a little optimistic for spring.
Are there any other summer trends that you're excited to test out? Summer, Spring, anything like that?
I've been very excited for some bold, as I said, bold prints or color. I'm feeling, even though I'm wearing sweat pants right now, I feel really, really, really ready to never see a pair of sweatpants for quite a while. And then, I'm sort of feeling excited about actual shoes. I found a pair from Gabriela Hearst.
What's your worst shopping habit?
My worst shopping habit is I just get too generalized. I'll be like, maybe, okay I'll go on because I need a specific thing. And then I'll be like, "Well, maybe I need it in three other flavors, too?" Or maybe, I need to try something else. And so I'll buy too much and have to return a bunch of stuff.
I feel around COVID, and during COVID I got so conscious of how much stuff is in our homes and apartments that we don't need. And I was doing major clean-outs, giving away a ton of stuff, selling stuff on The RealReal and trying to really streamline. So now, I'm trying to be really conscious of not accumulating things without really thinking about it.
What's the thing in your kitchen that you've been loyal to for decades?
I always have to have coffee. That's a big one for me. I always have to have Brooklyn Roasting. I think, Brooklyn Roasting Company. It's my favorite coffee in the whole world. I travel with it, I always take it everywhere with me. Yeah. I mean, I get it shipped weekly. And then, I always have to have our GOOPGENES Face Oil, which is my obsession. That I always have to have.
Here's the ultimate beauty question: What is your favorite lip balm?
My favorite lip balm is, I'm sorry to say it, our goop lip balm. It's so good. And it's non-toxic, and it's cushiony, and it's totally fantastic. It took me three years to get the formula perfect. And I think it's an amazing product.
Who makes the best pair of basic underwear?
Baserange! That's my favorite. I also really love The Kit, which is new.
What's the best no-fuss gift that you can keep in your closet for anybody?
I always think candles are great. I always have a cupboard full of candles, and Posters Gift, or just little gifts because everybody always loves a candle. You can't go wrong. Sometimes you buy wine for someone and they don't drink or it's the wrong size, wrong grape, or whatever. So, I think candles are, it's pretty good.
I really like, kind of, woodsy, more musky scents. I always like a more, sort of, masculine smell, like sandalwood and that kind of thing. Spice.
What is the best $10 that you can spend as a gift that's always worth it?
I feel it's always great to buy something that enhances your wellness, a little bit, right? So, whether it's a kind of a hydration pack, that you can add to water, that will encourage you to drink more water, or maybe subscribe to a meditation app or something like that. Assuming it's $10 of disposable income, something to treat them.
Do you have any favorite meditation apps, that you've been using?
My favorite is called Insight Timer, and I really love it. There are great courses on it, which I've gotten really into, over COVID. But, I also love Headspace. I think that's great and really good for beginners.
Wellness is something that has been top of mind for many during the pandemic. But for somebody that's never done it before, what's an item or a book or anything that can help beginners?
I mean, any book that sort of talks about the importance of being in the present, and how to get there. Whether it's that old favorite, The Power of Now, or something slightly more academic by Osho, who was an amazing teacher. There are so many great books. I think anything that sort of gives you a roadmap into how to be present. I would start there.
Are there any books that you're currently reading?
Yes, I'm reading a bunch of, I always have a couple on the go. Right now, I'm reading a book called, I started yesterday, called The Sum of Us by Heather McGhee. I'm interviewing her for our podcast soon. So, I'm reading that. And then, what else am I reading? I have a novel that I'm reading… The Parable of the Sower. It's an old one, but a good one. It kind of depends on what you're in the mood for that particular day, right?
This story originally appeared on ELLE US
Gwyneth Paltrow's Goop Launches Its First-Ever Vibrator on Valentine's Day
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Including no-fuss eyeliner, a must-have brightening serum and a lightweight SPF facial oil.
by : Mariève Inoue- Jan 31st, 2023
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Treat yourself to pampering, exquisite scents and chic items that will arouse all your desires.
by : Cynthia Quellet and Pénélope Diamant- Jan 25th, 2023
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text:
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Runtime;

namespace System.ServiceModel.Channels
{
    internal delegate IAsyncResult ChainedBeginHandler(TimeSpan timeout, AsyncCallback asyncCallback, object state);
    internal delegate void ChainedEndHandler(IAsyncResult result);

    internal class ChainedAsyncResult : AsyncResult
    {
        private ChainedBeginHandler _begin2;
        private ChainedEndHandler _end1;
        private ChainedEndHandler _end2;
        private TimeoutHelper _timeoutHelper;
        private static AsyncCallback s_begin1Callback = Fx.ThunkCallback(new AsyncCallback(Begin1Callback));
        private static AsyncCallback s_begin2Callback = Fx.ThunkCallback(new AsyncCallback(Begin2Callback));

        protected ChainedAsyncResult(TimeSpan timeout, AsyncCallback callback, object state)
            : base(callback, state)
        {
            _timeoutHelper = new TimeoutHelper(timeout);
        }

        public ChainedAsyncResult(TimeSpan timeout, AsyncCallback callback, object state, ChainedBeginHandler begin1, ChainedEndHandler end1, ChainedBeginHandler begin2, ChainedEndHandler end2)
            : base(callback, state)
        {
            _timeoutHelper = new TimeoutHelper(timeout);
            Begin(begin1, end1, begin2, end2);
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        protected void Begin(ChainedBeginHandler begin1, ChainedEndHandler end1, ChainedBeginHandler begin2, ChainedEndHandler end2)
        {
            _end1 = end1;
            _begin2 = begin2;
            _end2 = end2;

            IAsyncResult result = begin1(_timeoutHelper.RemainingTime(), s_begin1Callback, this);
            if (!result.CompletedSynchronously)
            {
                return;
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            if (Begin1Completed(result))
            {
                Complete(true);
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        }

        private static void Begin1Callback(IAsyncResult result)
        {
            if (result.CompletedSynchronously)
            {
                return;
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            ChainedAsyncResult thisPtr = (ChainedAsyncResult)result.AsyncState;

            bool completeSelf = false;
            Exception completeException = null;

            try
            {
                completeSelf = thisPtr.Begin1Completed(result);
            }
            catch (Exception exception)
            {
                if (Fx.IsFatal(exception))
                {
                    throw;
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                completeSelf = true;
                completeException = exception;
            }

            if (completeSelf)
            {
                thisPtr.Complete(false, completeException);
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        }

        private bool Begin1Completed(IAsyncResult result)
        {
            _end1(result);

            result = _begin2(_timeoutHelper.RemainingTime(), s_begin2Callback, this);
            if (!result.CompletedSynchronously)
            {
                return false;
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            _end2(result);
            return true;
        }

        private static void Begin2Callback(IAsyncResult result)
        {
            if (result.CompletedSynchronously)
            {
                return;
            }

            ChainedAsyncResult thisPtr = (ChainedAsyncResult)result.AsyncState;

            Exception completeException = null;

            try
            {
                thisPtr._end2(result);
            }
            catch (Exception exception)
            {
                if (Fx.IsFatal(exception))
                {
                    throw;
                }

                completeException = exception;
            }

            thisPtr.Complete(false, completeException);
        }

        public static void End(IAsyncResult result)
        {
            AsyncResult.End<ChainedAsyncResult>(result);
        }
    }

    internal class ChainedCloseAsyncResult : ChainedAsyncResult
    {
        private IList<ICommunicationObject> _collection;

        public ChainedCloseAsyncResult(TimeSpan timeout, AsyncCallback callback, object state, ChainedBeginHandler begin1, ChainedEndHandler end1, IList<ICommunicationObject> collection)
            : base(timeout, callback, state)
        {
            _collection = collection;

            Begin(BeginClose, EndClose, begin1, end1);
        }

        public ChainedCloseAsyncResult(TimeSpan timeout, AsyncCallback callback, object state, ChainedBeginHandler begin1, ChainedEndHandler end1, params ICommunicationObject[] objs)
            : base(timeout, callback, state)
        {
            _collection = new List<ICommunicationObject>();
            if (objs != null)
            {
                for (int index = 0; index < objs.Length; index++)
                {
                    if (objs[index] != null)
                    {
                        _collection.Add(objs[index]);
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                }
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            Begin(BeginClose, EndClose, begin1, end1);
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        private IAsyncResult BeginClose(TimeSpan timeout, AsyncCallback callback, object state)
        {
            return new CloseCollectionAsyncResult(timeout, callback, state, _collection);
        }

        private void EndClose(IAsyncResult result)
        {
            CloseCollectionAsyncResult.End((CloseCollectionAsyncResult)result);
        }
    }

    internal class ChainedOpenAsyncResult : ChainedAsyncResult
    {
        private IList<ICommunicationObject> _collection;

        public ChainedOpenAsyncResult(TimeSpan timeout, AsyncCallback callback, object state, ChainedBeginHandler begin1, ChainedEndHandler end1, IList<ICommunicationObject> collection)
            : base(timeout, callback, state)
        {
            _collection = collection;

            Begin(begin1, end1, BeginOpen, EndOpen);
        }

        public ChainedOpenAsyncResult(TimeSpan timeout, AsyncCallback callback, object state, ChainedBeginHandler begin1, ChainedEndHandler end1, params ICommunicationObject[] objs)
            : base(timeout, callback, state)
        {
            _collection = new List<ICommunicationObject>();

            for (int index = 0; index < objs.Length; index++)
            {
                if (objs[index] != null)
                {
                    _collection.Add(objs[index]);
                }
            }

            Begin(begin1, end1, BeginOpen, EndOpen);
        }

        private IAsyncResult BeginOpen(TimeSpan timeout, AsyncCallback callback, object state)
        {
            return new OpenCollectionAsyncResult(timeout, callback, state, _collection);
        }

        private void EndOpen(IAsyncResult result)
        {
            OpenCollectionAsyncResult.End((OpenCollectionAsyncResult)result);
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
\section{Introduction}

Fault tolerance plays a significant role in the design of safety-critical systems
as it enables a system to continue functioning in the presence of faults.
The key underlying technique to achieve fault tolerance is provided by \emph{redundancy},
i.e., mechanisms to discover and evaluate faults depending on the behaviors
of replicated system components.
For instance, components can be protected by \emph{triple modular redundancy (TMR)}
where the component is triplicated and their results are processed through
a majority voting mechanism into a single output.
Though protecting components reduces the overall probability of failure, it increases
costs in terms of, e.g., the systems packaging size, energy consumption,
production costs, or execution time. These costs hinder to apply the naive approach
of protecting all system components to maximize reliability and motivate the task of
protecting only some components towards a good tradeoff between reliability and costs.
However, the number of possible protection combinations grows exponentially in the
number of components, which renders the design of redundancy systems a challenging task:
Systems designers might have to model and analyze a huge amount of protection
combinations before they find a combination that achieves a satisfactory tradeoff.
As even the (tradeoff) analysis of a single protection combination can take
a significant amount of time, this iterative development cycle is likely to exceed
time constraints. Furthermore, one might be not interested in a protection
combination that is only satisfactory but optimal with respect to the tradeoff,
rendering an exhaustive analysis of all combinations inevitable.

To tackle the aforementioned challenges when modeling and analyzing redundancy systems,
we propose to use \emph{family-based approaches}~(see, e.g., \cite{Thum14,DBK15,CDKB16,BD18})
where a single \emph{family model} comprises the behaviors of all protection combinations.
First, such approaches avoid modeling each protection combination individually
and to use an automated generation of any combination out from the family model.
Thus, the design process of redundancy systems turns from alternating modeling
and analyzing phases to a single modeling phase followed by an analysis phase
those results yield suitable protection combinations.
Second, family-based approaches enable an \emph{all-in-one analysis} where the family
model is analyzed in a single run instead of analyzing each family member
in isolation. This allows for exploiting commonalities between the family members
using symbolic representations and analysis operations, e.g., by
\emph{binary decision diagrams} (BDDs, cf.~\cite{McMillan,BK08}).
In the feature-oriented systems domain~\cite{Thum14}, such symbolic
techniques have shown drastic speedups for quantitative analyses~\cite{DBK15}
especially when family members share lots of behaviors.
As redundancy mechanisms introduce several identical components in the system,
redundancy systems are naturally eligible for such a concise model
representation and analyses using symbolic methods.
Especially when one is interested in \emph{optimal} protection combinations for
which an exhaustive analysis of all family members can hardly be avoided,
such an all-in-one analysis might mitigate the limits induced by the
combinatorial blow-up in the number of system components.

We demonstrate the benefits of family-based approaches for the modeling and
analysis of redundancy systems by a tool chain where redundancy mechanisms
are introduced in $\textsc{Simulink}$ models and a family-based analysis is
performed on discrete Markov chain (DTMC) families using the symbolic
probabilistic model checker $\textsc{Prism}$~\cite{prism40}.
Our $\textsc{Simulink}$ models with redundancy
are obtained by an annotative approach where $\textsc{Simulink}$ blocks
following the model-based redundancy technique ($\textsc{MoRe}$, cf. \cite{more}).
Specifically, we consider $\textsc{Simulink}$ redundancy design patterns
such as \textit{comparison}, \textit{voting} (i.e., TMR), and \textit{sparing}
that replace $\textsc{Simulink}$ blocks amendable for protection in combination with a probabilistic
error model. For the automated generation of the DTMC family model, we employ $\textsc{SimPars}$ and
$\textsc{OpenErrorPro}$~\cite{morozov2016stochastic}.

As illustrative case studies we issue two control loops modeled in $\textsc{Simulink}$:
a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller and a
velocity control loop (VCL) of an aircraft velocity model borrowed from the
$\textsc{Simulink}$ example set~\cite{aircraft}. While the PID family comprises
64 members with comparably small model sizes %
the VCL has 65\,536 family members those state space exceeds $10^{11}$ states,
making symbolic methods for their analysis inevitable.
First, we synthesize protection combinations in the PID example
that are optimal with respect to tradeoffs expressed through
\emph{quantiles}~\cite{BDKDKSW14,BDKL14}, i.e.,
maximizing the number of control loop rounds where the probability of
failure is guaranteed to be below a given threshold. This example shows
that our approach can be used to investigate properties that can hardly
be analyzed using de-facto standard simulative approaches.
Second, we determine protection combinations in the VCL model that
are Pareto-optimal with respect to the probability of failure within two rounds
of the control loop and its execution time, solving the following problems:
\begin{enumerate}
	\item minimize the probability of failure while staying within a given execution time, and
	\item minimize execution time while not exceeding a certain probability of failure.
\end{enumerate}
We show that for the VCL model an all-in-one
analysis gains a speedup in three orders of magnitude compared to the
one-by-one analysis. In particular, the presented all-in-one analysis manages
to obtain results in less than 5~hours while a one-by-one analysis would
require around 250~days of computing time, clearly exceeding acceptable
time constraints in systems design.

\paragraph{Outline.}
Section~\ref{sec:relatedwork} discusses
related work and techniques used in the paper. The general approach
towards $\textsc{Simulink}$ family models with redundancy and their translation
into DTMC families is described in Section~\ref{sec:approach_PID}.
In Section~\ref{sec:breakinglimits} the analysis of PID and VCL families
is carried out and optimal protections are synthesized.
We close our paper and discuss further work in Section~\ref{sec:conclusion}.
 %

\section{Related Work and Concepts}\label{sec:relatedwork}

\paragraph{Probabilistic Model Checking.}
For the analysis of Markovian stochastic models, probabilistic model
checking (PMC, cf.~\cite{BK08}) is an automated technique
that has been successfully applied to numerous real-world case
studies to analyze systems performance and Quality of Service.
We rely on \emph{discrete Markov chains (DTMCs)} as stochastic model,
i.e., state-transition graphs where the transitions are purely probabilistic.
\emph{Symbolic methods} can compete with the well-known state-space explosion
problem by concise model representations, e.g., through \emph{binary decision diagrams}
(BDDs, cf.~\cite{McMillan,BK08}).
The prominent PMC tool $\textsc{Prism}$~\cite{prism40} uses
\emph{multi-terminal BDDs}~\cite{FMcGY97,BFGHMPS97}
for a purely symbolic analysis without the use of an enumerative model representation.
It is well-known that the size of symbolic representations by BDDs is sensitive
to the so-called \emph{variable order}.
In~\cite{KBCDDKMM16}, variable-reordering techniques towards a compact state-space
representation have been introduced for $\textsc{Prism}$. This enabled the analysis of
large-scale systems and speedup their analysis, e.g.,
for the all-in-one family-based analysis of feature-oriented systems~\cite{DBK15,CDKB16}.
Family-based synthesis using symbolic PMC towards optimal
system configurations has been detailed in \cite{BD18}.

\paragraph{Reliability Analysis and Variability in $\textsc{Simulink}$.}
Reliability analysis of $\textsc{Simulink}$ using verification techniques has been considered
in~\cite{Joshi2005}, where a handcrafted tool chain from $\textsc{Simulink}$ to the
programming language \textsc{Lustre} in combination with the \textsc{Scade}
design verifier has been used. The \textsc{ModIFI} approach presented
in~\cite{svenningsson2010modifi} implements fault-injection capabilities in
$\textsc{Simulink}$ to evaluate error handling mechanisms. However, their error model
is non-probabilistic and their analysis method is based on simulations --
an extension of this work towards a stochastic reliability analysis thus
is not as easy. In \cite{Beer2013ModelBasedQS} a transformation of $\textsc{Simulink}$
models to continuous-time Markov chains is presented, used to perform
dependability analysis using the model checker $\textsc{Prism}$.
Variability modeling in $\textsc{Simulink}$ has been considered in \cite{Haber2013},
using a direct implementation of a delta-oriented approach.
As we will show, we do not have to rely on this powerful formalism
to model families of redundancy systems. However, their approach
could possibly be combined towards a family-based analysis
of a great variety of $\textsc{Simulink}$ models.

\paragraph{DEPM and $\textsc{OpenErrorPro}$.}
The \emph{Dual-graph Error Propagation Model}~(DEPM, \cite{morozov2015errorpro})
comprises a state-based model of the control- and data-flow,
both linked to a stochastic error model.
In contrast to (static) fault-tree analysis~\cite{Mattarei16}, DEPMs can capture
recurrent and hierarchical behaviors.
$\textsc{OpenErrorPro}$ is a tool that provides the automated generation from DEPMs to its
DTMC semantics in terms of $\textsc{Prism}$ code, enabling the analysis of DEPMs for
manifold properties by a great variety of tools.
Also due to $\textsc{OpenErrorPro}$'s support of many base-line formalisms that can be translated
to DEPMs, they are well-suited for the reliability analysis of safety-critical systems.
For instance, $\textsc{Simulink}$ models can be translated to DEPMs using $\textsc{SimPars}$~\cite{morozov2016stochastic}.

\paragraph{Further Methods in Reliability Analysis.}
Simulation-based approaches are the usual method for reliability analysis.
However, as faults are usually \emph{rare events} with a relatively
small probability, sufficient confidence in analysis results
are difficult to achieve. We are aware of techniques that could
circumvent these issues (see, e.g., \cite{LegayST16} for an overview)
but their implementation would have went far behind the purpose
of this paper and such approaches would not allow for a tradeoff
analysis in terms of quantiles.

Symbolic techniques for the reliability analysis of safety-critical
systems have been first and foremost applied to tackle the state-space
explosion system, e.g., in the field of fault-tree analysis
(see, e.g., \cite{Mattarei16}). We are not aware of any application
that uses such techniques also to compete with the combinatorial
blowup in the number of system configurations such as protection
mechanisms we deal with in this paper.

 %

\section{From $\textsc{Simulink}$ to DTMC Families}\label{sec:approach_PID}
The core of our approach towards a family-based analysis of $\textsc{Simulink}$
models with various protection combinations lies in the generation
of $\textsc{Simulink}$ models with redundancy that can be transformed
into DTMC families. We illustrate the modeling and the step by step
transformation using the $\textsc{Simulink}$ model of a
proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller.
A PID is one of the most important and widely used
feedback controllers to apply accurate and responsive correction
to a control function, essential for many industry areas such as aerospace,
process control, manufacturing, and robotics.
\begin{figure}[ht]
	\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{graphics/pid}
	\caption{\label{fig:pid} PID controller is designed $\textsc{Simulink}$ with separate blocks for the P, I, and D terms.}
\end{figure}
Figure~\ref{fig:pid} shows the $\textsc{Simulink}$ PID controller
using separate blocks for the P, I, and D terms.

\begin{figure*}[ht]
	\centering
	\subfloat[comparison]{\includegraphics[width=.31\textwidth]{graphics/compare}}\hspace{1em}
	\subfloat[voting]{\includegraphics[width=.31\textwidth]{graphics/voting}}\hspace{1em}
	\subfloat[sparing]{\includegraphics[width=.31\textwidth]{graphics/sparing}}
	\caption{\label{fig:redundancy} Redundancy mechanisms for $\textsc{Simulink}$ blocks,
		illustrated for a P element}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{Protecting $\textsc{Simulink}$ Blocks}\label{ssec:protections}
To introduce redundancy mechanisms into $\textsc{Simulink}$ models, we consider
syntactic transformation rules that describe how to obtain protected
blocks from non-protected ones.
Specifically, we consider here the following three redundancy mechanisms:
\begin{description}
	\item[(comparison)] The block is duplicated and both outputs are compared.
		In case their output differs a dedicated failure state is reached.
		Otherwise, the output is the one of both blocks.
	\item[(voting)] Following the triple-modular-redundancy principle (TMR),
		the block is triplicated and the output is based on
		a majority decision.
	\item[(sparing)] One block is operational and the remaining two blocks serve as spares.
		If an error in an active block is detected by a built-in error detection unit,
		a spare block takes over.
\end{description}
Figure~\ref{fig:redundancy} illustrates how to obtain protections from a given
block, exemplified by the P term of the PID controller.
Note that these patterns are modeled in such a way that that they share most of the
behaviors by using multiple times the original block, %
compare block, and switch block.

\subsection{$\textsc{Simulink}$ Models with Redundancy}\label{ssec:simulinkredundancy}
The general workflow of our approach towards a DTMC family and their
analysis out from $\textsc{Simulink}$ models is depicted in Figure~\ref{fig:schema}
using the PID example.
\begin{figure*}[hbtp]
	\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{graphics/schema}
	\caption{\label{fig:schema} Schema of the approach, obtaining DTMC
		families from annotated $\textsc{Simulink}$ models}
\end{figure*}
First, blocks in the base-line model are annotated with the types
of protections that should be considered, e.g., comparison, voting, and sparing.
In Figure~\ref{fig:schema}, we annotated voting protections for the P and D term
in the PID example (indicated by shaded blocks).
Then, the annotated base-line model is transformed to
a $\textsc{Simulink}$ model that includes redundancies by replacing every block \textbf{x}
with a switch block \textbf{x\_s} those purpose is to select the
protection mechanism, followed by the redundancy blocks illustrated in the
Figure~\ref{fig:redundancy} according to the type annotations.
The switch depends on a free variable \textbf{x\_pm}
that stands for the kind of protection chosen -- the output of the switch connect
to the inputs of the selected mechanism \textbf{x\_pm}.
Thus, by setting the variable \textbf{x\_pm}, e.g., to ``no'' or
``voting'', the control flow of the model either follows no protection
or the voting protection, respectively. The final $\textsc{Simulink}$ model with redundancy
resulting from the PID controller possibly protecting the P and D term with
the voting pattern is depicted in the center of Figure~\ref{fig:schema}.
Note that this model stands for a family of controllers comprising four
family members that can be selected by setting variables \textbf{p\_pm} and
\textbf{d\_pm} to either ``no'' or ``voting''.
Hence, a redundancy systems designer does not have to model each protection
combination in isolation but only has to specify the syntactic protection
rules and annotate blocks for protection -- the resulting $\textsc{Simulink}$
model with the desired protections can easily be selected through
choosing the switch variables.

\subsection{DTMC Families}
Having obtained the $\textsc{Simulink}$ model with redundancy that stands for a
family of models with different protection combinations, we use $\textsc{SimPars}$
to generate a Dual-graph Error Propagation Model (DEPM)~\cite{morozov2016stochastic}
preserving the switch variables \textbf{x\_pm} as data elements.
For this, we employ an error model that assigns to each $\textsc{Simulink}$ block
the probability for some fault occurring in this block. This
simple error model could also imagined
to involve further $\textsc{Simulink}$ blocks or statistical data about faults.
In the last step towards DTMC families, $\textsc{Prism}$ code representing
the family of DTMCs that models the control flow and fault propagation
is automatically generated using the tool $\textsc{OpenErrorPro}$~\cite{morozov2015errorpro}.
Also in this step, switch variables are maintained such
that also single family members can be extracted from the DTMC family member
by choosing protection mechanisms in the switch variables of the $\textsc{Prism}$ model. %
\newcommand{{\color{red}\textbf{?!?}}}{{\color{red}\textbf{?!?}}}
\newcommand{\res}[4]{#1&#2&#3&#4}
\begin{table*}[h]
	\tbl{\label{tab:pidpfail} PID analysis results for \textbf{(pfail)} with $n=10$ and \textbf{(qround)} with $\theta=3{\cdot}10^{-4}$}
	{\tabcolsep5pt
	\begin{tabular}{@{}r|cccc|cccc|cccc|cccc@{}}\toprule
		&\multicolumn{4}{c|}{D:--}&\multicolumn{4}{c|}{D:c}&\multicolumn{4}{c|}{D:v}&\multicolumn{4}{c}{D:s}\\
		I&P:--&P:c&P:v&P:s&P:--&P:c&P:v&P:s&P:--&P:c&P:v&P:s&P:--&P:c&P:v&P:s\\\colrule
		--&\res{$6.1$}{5.2}{5.2}{6.1}&\res{3.5}{2.6}{2.6}{3.5}&\res{3.5}{2.6}{2.6}{3.5}&\res{$6.1$}{5.2}{5.2}{6.1}\\
		c&\res{4.4}{3.5}{3.5}{4.4}&\res{1.8}{0.9}{0.9}{1.8}&\res{1.8}{0.9}{0.9}{1.8}&\res{4.4}{3.5}{3.5}{4.4}\\
		v&\res{4.4}{3.5}{3.5}{4.4}&\res{1.8}{0.9}{0.9}{1.8}&\res{1.8}{0.9}{0.9}{1.8}&\res{4.4}{3.5}{3.5}{4.4}
		\\\multirow{-4.2}{*}{\begin{sideways}\textbf{(pfail)} in $10^{-5}$\end{sideways}}\hspace{1em}s&\res{$6.1$}{5.2}{5.2}{6.1}&\res{3.5}{2.6}{2.6}{3.5}&\res{3.5}{2.6}{2.6}{3.5}&\res{$6.1$}{5.2}{5.2}{6.1}\\\colrule
		--&\res{43}{50}{50}{43}&\res{75}{100}{100}{73}&\res{75}{100}{100}{75}&\res{43}{50}{50}{43}\\
		c&\res{60}{75}{75}{60}&\res{150}{300}{300}{151}&\res{150}{300}{300}{151}&\res{60}{75}{75}{60}\\
		v&\res{60}{75}{75}{60}&\res{149}{299}{299}{151}&\res{149}{299}{299}{151}&\res{60}{75}{75}{60}
		\\\multirow{-4}{*}{\begin{sideways}\textbf{(qround)}\end{sideways}}\hspace{1em}s&\res{43}{50}{50}{43}&\res{75}{100}{100}{73}&\res{75}{100}{100}{75}&\res{43}{50}{50}{43}\\\botrule
	\end{tabular}}
\end{table*}
\begin{table*}[ht]
	\tbl{\label{tab:analysis}Statistics to the analysis experiments}
	{\tabcolsep4pt
	\begin{tabular}{@{}l|ll|c|cc|cc@{}}\toprule
		case study&property&parameter&states&\multicolumn{2}{c|}{all-in-one analysis}&
		\multicolumn{2}{c}{one-by-one analysis}\\
		&&&&nodes&time [s]&$\Sigma$ nodes&time [s]\\\colrule
		PID&\textbf{(pfail)}&$n=10$&6\,781\,782&16\,935&12.9&240\,946&37.8\\
		&\textbf{(qround)}&$\theta=0.0003$&"&"&6\,693.1&"&2\,531.4\\\colrule
		VCL&\textbf{(pfail)}&$n=2$&$4.7{\cdot}10^{13}$&1\,949\,466&17\,344.1&$\approx\!1.2{\cdot}10^{12}$&$\approx\!2.2{\cdot}10^7$\\
	\end{tabular}}
\end{table*}
\begin{figure*}[hbtp]
	\includegraphics[width=.95\textwidth]{graphics/aircraft_color.png}
	\caption{\label{fig:velocity} The $\textsc{Simulink}$ aircraft velocity control loop (VCL) model,
		blocks to be protected highlighted}
\end{figure*}
\begin{figure}
	\begin{tikzpicture}
	\footnotesize
        \begin{axis}[
          width=\linewidth, height=20em,
          ymin=0.00014, ymax=0.00023, ystep=0.00005,
          xmin=55, xmax=210, xstep=20,
          xlabel={execution time per round}, ylabel={probability of failure},
          x label style={at={(axis description cs:0.5,0.03)}},
          y label style={at={(axis description cs:0.07,0.45)}},
          axis x line=bottom, axis y line=left]

          \addplot[opacity=0.03,only marks] table [col sep=comma]
          {data/air_costprob3.txt};

          \addplot[red,opacity=0.8,thick,mark=x,mark size=2.0pt] table [col sep=comma]
          {data/air_pareto3.txt};
        \end{axis}
      \end{tikzpicture}
	\caption{\label{fig:pareto} Configurations Pareto optimal with respect
		to execution time and probability of failure within two rounds}
\end{figure}

\section{Family-based Analysis of Redundancy Systems}\label{sec:breakinglimits}
The DTMC families generated using the approach we sketched
in the last section enable a family-based reliability analysis.
We illustrate the benefits of such analyses for the PID example and
a large-scale family of a protected aircraft velocity control loop (VCL).
Both model a control loop that operates in \emph{rounds}, i.e.,
starting with initial values of data at the beginning,
each round is considered to start when the values of data modified in the
last execution of the control loop is fed again as input.
For an analysis using the symbolic probabilistic model checker $\textsc{Prism}$~\cite{prism40}
we then considered the following reliability properties:
\begin{description}
	\item[(pfail)]\!What is the failure probability in $n$ rounds?
	\item[(qround)] What is the maximal number of rounds in which the system can
		guarantee a failure probability below some threshold $\theta$?
\end{description}
The first property is a standard reliability property while
the second is a \emph{quantile}~\cite{BDKDKSW14,BDKL14}.
We rely on an error model that assigns a
fault probability of $10^{-5}$ to each $\textsc{Simulink}$ block.
Throughout presenting the results we abbreviate the redundancy mechanisms
for $\textsc{Simulink}$ blocks as follows: ``--'' stands for no protection,
``c'' for comparison, ``v'' for voting, and ``s'' for sparing.
All experiments were carried out\footnote{Hardware setup:
Intel Xeon E5-2680@2.70GHz, 128 GB RAM; Turbo Boost and HT disabled;
Debian GNU/Linux 9.1} using $\textsc{Prism}$ supporting
variable reordering techniques~\cite{KBCDDKMM16}.\\

\subsection{Analysis of the PID Controller}
For the analysis of the PID controller, we annotate
the PID $\textsc{Simulink}$ model of Figure~\ref{fig:pid}
with all the protection mechanisms explained in Section~\ref{ssec:protections}.
Applying the three redundancy mechanisms thus yields a $\textsc{Simulink}$ model with redundancy
that depends on the choice of three switch variables selecting the protection combinations.
Hence, after the automated translation of the model using $\textsc{SimPars}$ and $\textsc{OpenErrorPro}$,
we obtain a DTMC family comprising $4^3=64$ protection combinations.
We then analyzed the \textbf{(pfail)} property with a parameter of $n=10$.
The results provided in Table~\ref{tab:pidpfail} show that the comparison and
voting patterns have higher impacts to protect blocks with a slight advantage for
voting. This is even more apparent when considering the \textbf{(qround)} property,
also depicted in Table~\ref{tab:pidpfail}. Here, for guaranteeing a failure probability
below $\theta=3{\cdot}10^{-4}$, a PID that is fully protected by comparison or
voting ``survives'' seven times longer than an unprotected or with sparing protected
PID. For obtaining these results, we performed both, a naive one-by-one analysis
where every member of the family is analyzed in isolation and an all-in-one analysis.
However, due to the small number of family members, the all-in-one analysis has only
slight advantages to the one-by-one analysis.

\subsection{The Velocity Control Loop Model}
To illustrate our approach on a large-scale family of $\textsc{Simulink}$ protections,
we issue a velocity control loop (VCL) of an aircraft model.
Our model is a simplified version of the aircraft model borrowed from the $\textsc{Simulink}$
example set~\cite{aircraft} that itself is based on a long-haul passenger aircraft
flying at cruising altitude and speed, adjusting the fuel flow rate to control the aircraft velocity.
Figure~\ref{fig:velocity} shows the  $\textsc{Simulink}$ model where the eight blocks amendable
for protection mechanisms are shaded.
Note that the VCL also includes the PID controller from the previous example.
On each of these blocks we applied the redundancy mechanisms comparison, voting, and sparing
as described in Section~\ref{ssec:simulinkredundancy}, resulting in $4^8=65\,536$ combinations
of protections. After applying the transformations of Section~\ref{sec:approach_PID},
we first analyzed the generated DTMC family against the \textbf{(pfail)} property.
Here, we used both, an all-in-one approach
performing the analysis on a single family model, and (partially)
a one-by-one approach, checking each combination of protections separately.
We can already observe from the statistics in Table~\ref{tab:analysis} that the generated
DTMC family model requires symbolic techniques to be analyzed by an all-in-one analysis due
to the massive size of the state space.
To estimate the sizes of models and analysis times
for a one-by-one, we considered 655 randomly generated instances of the family
(i.e., around 1\% of the family members) as analyzing all family members in isolation
clearly would have exceeded time constraints.
This fact is already underpinned by the size and and analysis times for the randomly
generated instances, ranging up to %
$1.6\cdot 10^{11}$ states requiring $5\,093.922$ seconds of analysis time.
As even single instances have this magnitude of model sizes and symbolic representations,
one can already estimate that our approach exploiting redundancy through symbolic representations
is viable.
The one-by-one analysis of all 655 randomly generated family members took around 60.4 hours
such that we estimate the whole analysis for all 65\,536 protection combinations would take
more than 250 days of computation time. This demonstrates a speedup of three orders of magnitude
an all-in-one analysis yields compared to an exhaustive one-by-one analysis.

\subsubsection{Synthesis of Optimal Tradeoff Protections}
To investigate the tradeoff between execution time and reliability,
we measured the impact of protection mechanisms on the execution time
of one round~\cite{more}. Without any protection, each round required 61 time units
to be executed, increased by timings for each protection shown in Table~\ref{tab:time}.
\begin{table}
	\tbl{\label{tab:time}Impact of protections on one-round execution time}
	{\tabcolsep11pt
	\begin{tabular}{@{}lccc@{}}\toprule
		block&comparison&voting&sparing\\\colrule
		P term &10&15&9\\
		I term &15&23&14\\
		D term &14&22&13\\
		Signal Builder &10&15&9\\
		Fuel Mass&10&15&9\\
		Subtract&12&18&13\\
		Vehicle Mass&10&15&9\\
		vCruise&10&15&9\\\botrule
	\end{tabular}}
\end{table}
As the all-in-one analysis provided the results for each protection combination
in the family model, we hence can easily compute the execution time per round
for each combination and relate them to their reliability properties.
Figure~\ref{fig:pareto} depicts for each family member the probability of failure
within two rounds (property \textbf{(pfail)}) and its costs in terms of execution time.
The line at the left indicates the Pareto front, which directly yields the
optimal protection combinations when either fixing constraints on the probability
of failure or execution time. Pareto-optimal configurations are shown in
Table~\ref{tab:pareto}, where the protection combinations correspond to
the chosen protections for the blocks in the order of Table~\ref{tab:time}, i.e.,
the combination ``\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{s}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{-}''
stands for protecting the D term block with comparison and the Fuel Mass block
with sparing.
\begin{table}
	\tbl{\label{tab:pareto}Pareto-optimal protection combinations}
	{\tabcolsep10pt
	\begin{tabular}{@{}lcc@{}}\toprule
		combination&exec. time&prob. of failure\\\colrule
	\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{s}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{s}&150&$1.4995{\cdot}10^{-4}$\\
\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{-}&132&$1.4997{\cdot}10^{-4}$\\
\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{s}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{-}&131&$1.5994{\cdot}10^{-4}$\\
\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{-}&117&$1.5997{\cdot}10^{-4}$\\
\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{s}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{-}&116&$1.6994{\cdot}10^{-4}$\\
\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{-}&105&$1.6997{\cdot}10^{-4}$\\
\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{s}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{-}&104&$1.7994{\cdot}10^{-4}$\\
\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{-}&95&$1.7997{\cdot}10^{-4}$\\
\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{-}&85&$1.8997{\cdot}10^{-4}$\\
\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{s}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{-}&84&$1.9994{\cdot}10^{-4}$\\
\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{-}&83&$1.9997{\cdot}10^{-4}$\\
\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{-}&75&$1.9998{\cdot}10^{-4}$\\
\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{c}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{-}&71&$2.0997{\cdot}10^{-4}$\\
\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{s}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{-}&70&$2.1994{\cdot}10^{-4}$\\
\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{-}\makebox[.7em]{-}&61&$2.1998{\cdot}10^{-4}$\\\botrule
	\end{tabular}}
\end{table}
Similar to the plain PID example, we observe that protection with comparison
has great impact on the probability of failure, appearing in most of
the Pareto-optimal combinations. Voting does not show up in optimal
combinations (although possibly as good as comparison by means of
gained fault tolerance) due to its comparably high
execution time (see Table~\ref{tab:time}).
Sparing does not reduce the probability of failure  as much as comparison and voting,
but has good timing characteristics such that it appears at some
occasions in the Pareto-optimal combinations.

\paragraph{Remarks on Limitations.}
Whereas impossible for the quantile property, the standard reliability
property asking for the probability of failure within a fixed
number of rounds could also be evaluated using simulation-based
approaches. However, due to  the relatively
small probability of faults in each P, I, or D term,
we were not able to perform statistical model checking with
sufficient confidence in either the PID and VCL model.
We also performed analyses for the quantile property
\textbf{(qround)}, but due to the size of the models already single instances
of the DTMC family could not be analyzed within a week of computation such
that we dropped an exhaustive study of this property for the VCL model.\\[.1em]

\subsubsection{Further Techniques Applied}\label{ssec:opti}
As usual, automatically generated models for $\textsc{Prism}$ do not admit
a good variable ordering for their concise symbolic representation via MTBDDs
and thus require post-processing steps to be amendable for a formal analysis
(see, e.g., \cite{KBCDDKMM16,CDKB16}). Within our tool chain, things
were actually worse as even single instances of the $\textsc{OpenErrorPro}$ generated
DTMCs could not be built without either running out
of memory or taking several days before interrupting the building
process. To enable an analysis of our models, we had to apply the
following post-processing steps on the generated VCL model.

\paragraph{Reset Value Optimization.}
Thanks to the control- and data-flow models in the DEPM meta model, we used standard
graph algorithms applied for each data element to determine those control-flow
locations where the data is never read before it is written again.
For the minimal control-flow locations (with respect to the control-flow order) we
reinitialized the value of the data storage to the value it has at the initial control-flow location.
The ratio behind this optimization is that the state-space is reduced by joining
naively bisimilar states where data values do not have impact on the
future behaviors.

\paragraph{Iterative Variable Reordering.}
We exploited further the sensitivity of MTBDD represented models
to its variable ordering. For this, we successively built subfamily
models, iteratively adding protection mechanisms to each
block and performing variable reordering \cite{KBCDDKMM16}
to determine a suitable variable order.  %

\section{Discussion and Further Work}\label{sec:conclusion}
We proposed to use family-based approaches for the modeling and analysis
of redundancy models to overcome limitations imposed by the
combinatorial blowup that arises when protecting system components.
To illustrate the approach, we presented a tool chain that enables reliability analysis
of $\textsc{Simulink}$ models with redundancy.
In future, we aim at further automating the handcrafted steps in this tool chain,
e.g., incorporating the optimizations done in Section~\ref{ssec:opti} into $\textsc{OpenErrorPro}$.

Note that although presented in the specific setting for $\textsc{Simulink}$ designs,
our approach is applicable to many redundancy system models.
In particular, the tool chain we present enables to use many base-line
models supported by the tool used for
the automated translation towards DTMC families, e.g., by $\textsc{OpenErrorPro}$~\cite{morozov2015errorpro},
and the full analysis power of properties that can be checked for DTMCs
using, e.g., by symbolic probabilistic model checkers such as $\textsc{Prism}$~\cite{prism40}.
\paragraph{Acknowledgments.}
This work is supported by the DFG through
the Collaborative Research Centers CRC 912 (HAEC) and
TRR 248 (see {\footnotesize\url{https://perspicuous-computing.science}}, project ID 389792660),
the Cluster of Excellence EXC 2050/1 (CeTI, project ID 390696704, as part of Germany's Excellence Strategy),
the Research Training Groups QuantLA (GRK 1763) and RoSI (GRK 1907),
projects JA-1559/5-1, BA-1679/11-1, BA-1679/12-1, and the 5G Lab Germany.

\bibliographystyle{abbrvnat}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
UPI Korea chooses Branded Mini-Games for Pixels
Branded Mini-Games to be advergame partner for upcoming Hollywood movie Pixels.
By Puteri Nur Emilia Bte Samian
Branded Mini-Games Pixels Universal Pictures International UPI
Universal Pictures International (UPI) Korea has chosen to partner with Branded Mini-Games to promote their movie Pixels in Korea. Using the Branded Mini-Games platform, UPI Korea will employ a customised, signature mini-game to create interest and hype in the marketing and promotions for the Hollywood movie. Due for its United States release in July, the movie is headlined by leading Hollywood stars including Adam Sandler, Kevin James and Peter Dinklage.
Pixels is a film by Sony Pictures and released by UPI in South Korea. Pixels is a story about aliens intercepting video feeds of classic arcade games from earth and misreading them as a declaration of war, leading to an invasion of earth using these arcade games as models. In the movie, the United States President has to enlist the help of a ragtag team consisting of veteran arcade game players and a military strategist to fend off the aliens and save the planet.
"This is a milestone for Branded Mini-Games as it validates the power and success of Advergames in brand building, marketing and promotions. This is a perfect fit as Advergames are an ideal platform to promote movies, particularly one based on video games," said Massoud Loodin, Head of Business, M-BIZ Global.
The Branded Mini-Games platform is the ideal channel for UPI to promote the movie through engaging and interacting with consumers by incorporating elements of the story line with classic arcade games, educating and reminding viewers of their childhood and younger days.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


European College – EC Business School is the EU Group's campus in Barcelona. The EU Group is a network of internationally-accredited business schools that combine North American and European business education models by applying classroom theory to professional skills.
Established in 1973, the EU Group delivers exceptionally comprehensive business education in competitive and international learning environments. It is recognized for the academic excellence of its faculty and student body and for the professional success of its alumni. The EU Group has a global network of campuses, and we encourage students to participate in intercampus exchanges both internally and with partners institutions around the world.
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We continuously explore affiliation opportunities with world-class universities. These give students the opportunity to participate in programs with the University of Roehampton in London and the University of Derby and earn U.K. state-recognized degrees on our Barcelona campus. Partnerships with Shinawatra University in Bangkok, Pace University in New York and the University of California, Riverside, among others, offer students the chance to study a further qualification in diverse and enriching environments.
Our pragmatic approach to business education along with an emphasis on case studies to resolve real-world business issues is proven to effectively prepare students for leadership positions in business and industry.


text:
Mutual Fund Basics
SIP / STP / SWP
home knowledge center faqs
What are the different types of mutual fund schemes?
Schemes according to Maturity Period:
A mutual fund scheme can be classified into open-ended scheme or close-ended scheme depending on its maturity period.
Open-ended Fund/ Scheme
An open-ended fund or scheme is one that is available for subscription and repurchase on a continuous basis. These schemes do not have a fixed maturity period. Investors can conveniently buy and sell units at Net Asset Value (NAV) related prices which are declared on a daily basis. The key feature of open-end schemes is liquidity.
Close-ended Fund/ Scheme
A close-ended fund or scheme has a stipulated maturity period e.g. 5-7 years. The fund is open for subscription only during a specified period at the time of launch of the scheme. Investors can invest in the scheme at the time of the initial public issue and thereafter they can buy or sell the units of the scheme on the stock exchanges where the units are listed. In order to provide an exit route to the investors, some close-ended funds give an option of selling back the units to the mutual fund through periodic repurchase at NAV related prices. SEBI Regulations stipulate that at least one of the two exit routes is provided to the investor i.e. either repurchase facility or through listing on stock exchanges. These mutual funds schemes disclose NAV generally on weekly basis.
Schemes according to Investment Objective:
A scheme can also be classified as growth scheme, income scheme, or balanced scheme considering its investment objective. Such schemes may be open-ended or close-ended schemes as described earlier. Such schemes may be classified mainly as follows:
Growth / Equity Oriented Scheme
The aim of growth funds is to provide capital appreciation over the medium to long- term. Such schemes normally invest a major part of their corpus in equities. Such funds have comparatively high risks. These schemes provide different options to the investors like dividend option, capital appreciation, etc. and the investors may choose an option depending on their preferences. The investors must indicate the option in the application form. The mutual funds also allow the investors to change the options at a later date. Growth schemes are good for investors having a long-term outlook seeking appreciation over a period of time.
Income / Debt Oriented Scheme
The aim of income funds is to provide regular and steady income to investors. Such schemes generally invest in fixed income securities such as bonds, corporate debentures, Government securities and money market instruments. Such funds are less risky compared to equity schemes. These funds are not affected because of fluctuations in equity markets. However, opportunities of capital appreciation are also limited in such funds. The NAVs of such funds are affected because of change in interest rates in the country. If the interest rates fall, NAVs of such funds are likely to increase in the short run and vice versa. However, long term investors may not bother about these fluctuations.
The aim of balanced funds is to provide both growth and regular income as such schemes invest both in equities and fixed income securities in the proportion indicated in their offer documents. These are appropriate for investors looking for moderate growth. They generally invest 40-60% in equity and debt instruments. These funds are also affected because of fluctuations in share prices in the stock markets. However, NAVs of such funds are likely to be less volatile compared to pure equity funds.
Money Market or Liquid Fund
These funds are also income funds and their aim is to provide easy liquidity, preservation of capital and moderate income. These schemes invest exclusively in safer short-term instruments such as treasury bills, certificates of deposit, commercial paper and inter-bank call money, government securities, etc. Returns on these schemes fluctuate much less compared to other funds. These funds are appropriate for corporate and individual investors as a means to park their surplus funds for short periods.
Gilt Fund
These funds invest exclusively in government securities. Government securities have no default risk. NAVs of these schemes also fluctuate due to change in interest rates and other economic factors as is the case with income or debt oriented schemes.
Index Funds replicate the portfolio of a particular index such as the BSE Sensitive index, S&P NSE 50 index (Nifty), etc These schemes invest in the securities in the same weightage comprising of an index. NAVs of such schemes would rise or fall in accordance with the rise or fall in the index, though not exactly by the same percentage due to some factors known as "tracking error" in technical terms. Necessary disclosures in this regard are made in the offer document of the mutual fund scheme.
There are also exchange traded index funds launched by the mutual funds which are traded on the stock exchanges.
Net Asset Value (NAV) of a scheme?
The performance of a particular scheme of a mutual fund is denoted by Net Asset Value (NAV).
Mutual funds invest the money collected from the investors in securities markets. In simple words, Net Asset Value is the market value of the securities held by the scheme. Since market value of securities changes every day, NAV of a scheme also varies on day to day basis. The NAV per unit is the market value of securities of a scheme divided by the total number of units of the scheme on any particular date. For example, if the market value of securities of a mutual fund scheme is Rs 200 lakhs and the mutual fund has issued 10 lakhs units of Rs. 10 each to the investors, then the NAV per unit of the fund is Rs.20. NAV is required to be disclosed by the mutual funds on a regular basis - daily or weekly - depending on the type of scheme.
What are sector specific funds/schemes?
These are the funds/schemes which invest in the securities of only those sectors or industries as specified in the offer documents. e.g. Pharmaceuticals, Software, Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG), Petroleum stocks, etc. The returns in these funds are dependent on the performance of the respective sectors/industries. While these funds may give higher returns, they are more risky compared to diversified funds. Investors need to keep a watch on the performance of those sectors/industries and must exit at an appropriate time. They may also seek advice of an expert.
What are Tax Saving Schemes?
These schemes offer tax rebates to the investors under specific provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961 as the Government offers tax incentives for investment in specified avenues. e.g. Equity Linked Savings Schemes (ELSS). Pension schemes launched by the mutual funds also offer tax benefits. These schemes are growth oriented and invest pre-dominantly in equities. Their growth opportunities and risks associated are like any equity-oriented scheme.
What is a Load or no-load Fund?
A Load Fund is one that charges a percentage of NAV for entry or exit. That is, each time one buys or sells units in the fund, a charge will be payable. This charge is used by the mutual fund for marketing and distribution expenses. Suppose the NAV per unit is Rs.10. If the entry as well as exit load charged is 1%, then the investors who buy would be required to pay Rs.10.10 and those who offer their units for repurchase to the mutual fund will get only Rs.9.90 per unit. The investors should take the loads into consideration while making investment as these affect their yields/returns. However, the investors should also consider the performance track record and service standards of the mutual fund which are more important. Efficient funds may give higher returns in spite of loads.
A no-load fund is one that does not charge for entry or exit. It means the investors can enter the fund/scheme at NAV and no additional charges are payable on purchase or sale of units.
Can a mutual fund impose fresh load or increase the load beyond the level mentioned in the offer documents?
Mutual funds cannot increase the load beyond the level mentioned in the offer document. Any change in the load will be applicable only to prospective investments and not to the original investments. In case of imposition of fresh loads or increase in existing loads, the mutual funds are required to amend their offer documents so that the new investors are aware of loads at the time of investments.
What is a sales or repurchase/redemption price?
The price or NAV a unitholder is charged while investing in an open-ended scheme is called sales price. It may include sales load, if applicable.
Repurchase or redemption price is the price or NAV at which an open-ended scheme purchases or redeems its units from the unitholders. It may include exit load, if applicable.
What is an assured return scheme?
Assured return schemes are those schemes that assure a specific return to the unitholders irrespective of performance of the scheme.
A scheme cannot promise returns unless such returns are fully guaranteed by the sponsor or AMC and this is required to be disclosed in the offer document.
Investors should carefully read the offer document whether return is assured for the entire period of the scheme or only for a certain period. Some schemes assure returns one year at a time and they review and change it at the beginning of the next year.
Can a mutual fund change the asset allocation while deploying funds of investors?
Considering the market trends, any prudent fund managers can change the asset allocation i.e. he can invest higher or lower percentage of the fund in equity or debt instruments compared to what is disclosed in the offer document. It can be done on a short term basis on defensive considerations i.e. to protect the NAV. Hence the fund managers are allowed certain flexibility in altering the asset allocation considering the interest of the investors. In case the mutual fund wants to change the asset allocation on a permanent basis, they are required to inform the unitholders and giving them option to exit the scheme at prevailing NAV without any load.
Can non-resident Indians (NRIs) invest in mutual funds?
Yes, non-resident Indians can also invest in mutual funds. Necessary details in this respect are given in the offer documents of the schemes.
How much should one invest in debt or equity oriented schemes?
An investor should take into account his risk taking capacity, age factor, financial position, etc. As already mentioned, the schemes invest in different type of securities as disclosed in the offer documents and offer different returns and risks. Investors may also consult financial experts before taking decisions. Agents and distributors may also help in this regard.
When will the investor get certificate or statement of account after investing in a mutual fund?
Mutual funds are required to despatch certificates or statements of accounts within six weeks from the date of closure of the initial subscription of the scheme. In case of close-ended schemes, the investors would get either a demat account statement or unit certificates as these are traded in the stock exchanges. In case of open-ended schemes, a statement of account is issued by the mutual fund within 30 days from the date of closure of initial public offer of the scheme. The procedure of repurchase is mentioned in the offer document.
How long will it take for transfer of units after purchase from stock markets in case of close-ended schemes?
According to SEBI Regulations, transfer of units is required to be done within thirty days from the date of lodgment of certificates with the mutual fund.
As a unitholder, how much time will it take to receive dividends/repurchase proceeds?
A mutual fund is required to despatch to the unitholders the dividend warrants within 30 days of the declaration of the dividend and the redemption or repurchase proceeds within 10 working days from the date of redemption or repurchase request made by the unitholder.
In case of failures to despatch the redemption/repurchase proceeds within the stipulated time period, Asset Management Company is liable to pay interest as specified by SEBI from time to time (15% at present).
Can a mutual fund change the nature of the scheme from the one specified in the offer document?
Yes. However, no change in the nature or terms of the scheme, known as fundamental attributes of the scheme e.g.structure, investment pattern, etc. can be carried out unless a written communication is sent to each unitholder and an advertisement is given in one English daily having nationwide circulation and in a newspaper published in the language of the region where the head office of the mutual fund is situated. The unitholders have the right to exit the scheme at the prevailing NAV without any exit load if they do not want to continue with the scheme. The mutual funds are also required to follow similar procedure while converting the scheme form close-ended to open-ended scheme and in case of change in sponsor.
How will an investor come to know about the changes, if any, which may occur in the mutual fund?
There may be changes from time to time in a mutual fund. The mutual funds are required to inform any material changes to their unitholders. Apart from it, many mutual funds send quarterly newsletters to their investors.
At present, offer documents are required to be revised and updated at least once in two years. In the meantime, new investors are informed about the material changes by way of addendum to the offer document till the time offer document is revised and reprinted.
How to know the performance of a mutual fund scheme?
The performance of a scheme is reflected in its net asset value (NAV) which is disclosed on daily basis in case of open-ended schemes and on weekly basis in case of close-ended schemes. The NAVs of mutual funds are required to be published in newspapers. The NAVs are also available on the web sites of mutual funds. All mutual funds are also required to put their NAVs on the web site of Association of Mutual Funds in India (AMFI) www.amfiindia.com and thus the investors can access NAVs of all mutual funds at one place.
The mutual funds are also required to publish their performance in the form of half-yearly results which also include their returns/yields over a period of time i.e. last six months, 1 year, 3 years, 5 years and since inception of schemes. Investors can also look into other details like percentage of expenses of total assets as these have an affect on the yield and other useful information in the same half-yearly format.
The mutual funds are also required to send annual report or abridged annual report to the unitholders at the end of the year.
Various studies on mutual fund schemes including yields of different schemes are being published by the financial newspapers on a weekly basis. Apart from these, many research agencies also publish research reports on performance of mutual funds including the ranking of various schemes in terms of their performance. Investors should study these reports and keep themselves informed about the performance of various schemes of different mutual funds.
Investors can compare the performance of their schemes with those of other mutual funds under the same category. They can also compare the performance of equity oriented schemes with the benchmarks like BSE Sensitive Index, S&P CNX Nifty, etc. On the basis of performance of the mutual funds, the investors should decide when to enter or exit from a mutual fund scheme.
How to know where the mutual fund scheme has invested money mobilised from the investors?
The mutual funds are required to disclose full portfolios of all of their schemes on half-yearly basis which are published in the newspapers. Some mutual funds send the portfolios to their unitholders.
The scheme portfolio shows investment made in each security i.e. equity, debentures, money market instruments, government securities, etc. and their quantity, market value and % to NAV. These portfolio statements also required to disclose illiquid securities in the portfolio, investment made in rated and unrated debt securities, non-performing assets (NPAs), etc.
Some of the mutual funds send newsletters to the unitholders on quarterly basis which also contain portfolios of the schemes.
Is there any difference between investing in a mutual fund and in an initial public offering (IPO) of a company?
Yes, there is a difference. IPOs of companies may open at lower or higher price than the issue price depending on market sentiment and perception of investors. However, in the case of mutual funds, the par value of the units may not rise or fall immediately after allotment. A mutual fund scheme takes some time to make investment in securities. NAV of the scheme depends on the value of securities in which the funds have been deployed.
If schemes in the same category of different mutual funds are available, should one choose a scheme with lower NAV?
Some of the investors have the tendency to prefer a scheme that is available at lower NAV compared to the one available at higher NAV. Sometimes, they prefer a new scheme which is issuing units at Rs. 10 whereas the existing schemes in the same category are available at much higher NAVs. Investors may please note that in case of mutual funds schemes, lower or higher NAVs of similar type schemes of different mutual funds have no relevance. On the other hand, investors should choose a scheme based on its merit considering performance track record of the mutual fund, service standards, professional management, etc. This is explained in an example given below.
Suppose scheme A is available at a NAV of Rs.15 and another scheme B at Rs.90. Both schemes are diversified equity oriented schemes. Investor has put Rs. 9,000 in each of the two schemes. He would get 600 units (9000/15) in scheme A and 100 units (9000/90) in scheme B. Assuming that the markets go up by 10 per cent and both the schemes perform equally good and it is reflected in their NAVs. NAV of scheme A would go up to Rs. 16.50 and that of scheme B to Rs. 99. Thus, the market value of investments would be Rs. 9,900 (600* 16.50) in scheme A and it would be the same amount of Rs. 9900 in scheme B (100*99). The investor would get the same return of 10% on his investment in each of the schemes. Thus, lower or higher NAV of the schemes and allotment of higher or lower number of units within the amount an investor is willing to invest, should not be the factors for making investment decision. Likewise, if a new equity oriented scheme is being offered at Rs.10 and an existing scheme is available for Rs. 90, should not be a factor for decision making by the investor. Similar is the case with income or debt-oriented schemes.
On the other hand, it is likely that the better managed scheme with higher NAV may give higher returns compared to a scheme which is available at lower NAV but is not managed efficiently. Similar is the case of fall in NAVs. Efficiently managed scheme at higher NAV may not fall as much as inefficiently managed scheme with lower NAV. Therefore, the investor should give more weightage to the professional management of a scheme instead of lower NAV of any scheme. He may get much higher number of units at lower NAV, but the scheme may not give higher returns if it is not managed efficiently.
How to choose a scheme for investment from a number of schemes available?
As already mentioned, the investors must read the offer document of the mutual fund scheme very carefully. They may also look into the past track record of performance of the scheme or other schemes of the same mutual fund. They may also compare the performance with other schemes having similar investment objectives. Though past performance of a scheme is not an indicator of its future performance and good performance in the past may or may not be sustained in the future, this is one of the important factors for making investment decision. In case of debt oriented schemes, apart from looking into past returns, the investors should also see the quality of debt instruments which is reflected in their rating. A scheme with lower rate of return but having investments in better rated instruments may be safer. Similarly, in equities schemes also, investors may look for quality of portfolio. They may also seek advice of experts.
Are the companies having names like mutual benefit the same as mutual funds schemes?
Investors should not assume some companies having the name "mutual benefit" as mutual funds. These companies do not come under the purview of SEBI. On the other hand, mutual funds can mobilise funds from the investors by launching schemes only after getting registered with SEBI as mutual funds.
If mutual fund scheme is wound up, what happens to money invested?
In case of winding up of a scheme, the mutual funds pay a sum based on prevailing NAV after adjustment of expenses. Unitholders are entitled to receive a report on winding up from the mutual funds which gives all necessary details.
How is the income earned from mutual fund investments distributed?
The income earned by the investments of the scheme, net of recurring expenses, subject to a maximum ceiling of 2.5% in equity schemes and 2.25% in debt schemes, is shared by way of dividends or capital gains by the unitholders of the scheme proportionately. These recurring expenses include asset management fees not exceeding 1.25%, it also is due to other expenses such as Trustee Fees, Registrar Fees and Marketing expenses etc.
Capital Gain: Capital gain is the profit, which you earn if you sell the units at a high NAV than the original cost. Units held for more than 12 months and sold thereafter will attract Long Term Capital Gains while units that are held for less than 12 months will attract Short Term Capital Gains tax.
Dividend: When a fund makes a profit on its investments, this profit may be in form of dividends. You can either invest your dividend in the fund or receive it in the form of cash.
Aren't mutual funds risky investments?
Mutual funds offer a variety of schemes ranging from relatively safe debt funds and gilt funds to very risky sectoral funds. Investors can choose schemes best suited to their risk appetite. Debt funds and gilt funds, which invest only in fixed-income instruments, are relatively safe and offer returns equivalent to returns on pure Debt instruments, when held for atleast a year. Sectoral funds, such as IT Funds, Pharma Funds, etc can offer very high returns when the stock markets are bullish, but these are high risk products and can also result in a loss on capital when the markets are bearish.
How can the investors redress their complaints?
Investors would find the name of contact person in the offer document of the mutual fund scheme whom they may approach in case of any query, complaints or grievances. Trustees of a mutual fund monitor the activities of the mutual fund. The names of the directors of asset management company and trustees are also given in the offer documents. Investors can also approach SEBI for redressal of their complaints. On receipt of complaints, SEBI takes up the matter with the concerned mutual fund and follows up with them till the matter is resolved.
The Mutual funds are required to despatch certificates or statements of accounts within six weeks from the date of closure of the initial subscription of the scheme. In case of close-ended schemes, the investors would get either a demat account statement or unit certificates as these are traded in the stock exchanges. In case of open-ended schemes, a statement of account is issued by the mutual fund within 30 days from the date of closure of initial public offer of the scheme. The procedure of repurchase is mentioned in the offer document.
What is entry load and exit load?
The entry load is the premium charged on the NAV on entry in the scheme. The exit load is the discount charged on NAV on exit from the scheme.
The impact of the loads on the re-issue price & repurchase price is calculated as under:
Sales Purchase = Applicable NAV x ( 1 + Sales Charge )
Repurchase Price = Application NAV x ( 1 - exit load)
What are the advantages of investing in a Mutual Fund?
You'll receive several benefits from investing in mutual funds.
Professional expertise: Fund managers in mutual funds are professionals who track the markets on a minute-to-minute basis. With their mix of professional qualification and market knowledge, they are better placed than the average investor to understand the markets.
Diversification: Since a mutual fund scheme invests in a number of stocks or debentures, the attendant risks are greatly reduced. Even if the stock price of one of the companies goes down or company defaults on payment of interest, it does not result in a substantial loss to the investor, as the other holdings of the fund can compensate for this fall.
Relatively inexpensive: When compared to direct investments in the capital market, mutual funds cost less. This is due to savings in brokerage costs, demat costs, depository costs, etc.
Liquidity: Investments in mutual funds are completely liquid and can be redeemed at NAV related prices on any working day. Since these are bought back by the mutual fund itself, there is no risk of not finding a buyer. Besides redemption money can be received by the investor within a week.
Transparency: You will always have access to up-to-date information on the value of your investment in addition to the complete portfolio of investments that have been made by your scheme, the proportion allocated to different assets and the Fund Manager's investment strategy.
Flexibility: Through features such as regular investment plans, regular withdrawal plans and dividend reinvestment plans, you can systematically invest or withdraw funds according to your needs and convenience. These are called Systematic Investment Plans (SIP) and Systematic Withdrawal Plans (SWP).
SEBI regulated: All mutual funds are registered with SEBI and function within the provisions and regulations that protect the interests of investors.
What is Systematic Withdrawal Plan ?
Systematic Withdrawal Plan (SWP) lets you automatically redeem a prearranged amount of your mutual fund holdings each month. SWPs are an ideal way to supplement your monthly cash flow, meet minimum withdrawal requirements, or move assets between the funds.
SWP is a no-charge service. When you set up your SWP, cash proceeds from each redemption (minimum balance maintained @ 25% of the holding at any given point of time) are given to you in the form of post-dated cheques (six monthly cheques at par, which enables you to get the funds lodged).
But mutual funds only invest in stock markets. And I do not want to be exposed to the volatility of the stock markets.
Mutual Funds offer a wide variety of schemes. Many of these schemes such as 100% Debt scheme, only invest in debt instruments like company debentures and Bonds, Government Securities and money market instruments. Such schemes offer a relatively safer investment alternative for your hard-earned money. In fact, both internationally and in India, mutual funds manage more money in debt schemes than in equity schemes.
How long will it take to receive an account statement after the purchase of units or the cheque in case of sale of units?
The account statement cheque will be mailed to you normally within five working days from receipt of the purchase/sales request.
How long it will take to receive the redemption cheque?
Normally your redemption cheque will be mailed to you within three working days of our receiving your request.
What is the procedure for switching over from one scheme/plan to another?
You will have to fill up a switch-over request form, which will be sent to you alongwith your statement of account. You will also have to fill in a fresh application form for the scheme you switch-over into and send it to the nearest Investor Service Centre or the concerned Registrar.
Should all the unitholders sign for any request like, additional purchase, redemptions, change of address, etc?
For all such requests only first holder or survivor can sign on behalf of all unitholders.
What documents do I have to submit for change of address, if I am not a KYC-compliant Mutual Fund investor ?
In case existing investors of the Mutual Fund who are not KYC compliant and wish to register a change of address, they will be required to submit a copy of any of the following self attested document evidencing the proof of address :
List of documents admissible are ( *Documents having an expiry date should be valid on the date of submission.) :
1. Passport/Voters Identity Card/Ration Card/Registered Lease or Sale Agreement of Residence/Driving License/Flat Maintenance bill/Insurance Copy.
2. Utility bills like Telephone Bill (only land line), Electricity bill or Gas bill (Not more than 3 months old ).
3. Bank Account Statement/Passbook -Not more than 3 months old.
4. Self-declaration by High Court and Supreme Court judges, giving the new address in respect of their own accounts.
5. Proof of address issued by any of the following: Bank Managers of Scheduled Commercial Banks/Scheduled Co-Operative Bank/ Multinational Foreign Banks/Gazetted Officer/Notary public/ Elected representatives to the Legislative Assembly or Parliament/ Documents issued by any Govt. or Statutory Authority.
6. Identity card/document with address, issued by any of the following: Central/State Government and its Departments, Statutory/Regulatory Authorities, Public Sector Undertakings, Scheduled Commercial Banks, Public Financial Institutions, Colleges affiliated to Universities and Professional Bodies such as ICAI, ICWAI,ICSI,Bar Council etc.,to their Members.
7. For FII/sub account, Power of Attorney given by FII/sub-account to the Custodians (which are duly notarized and/or apostiled or consularised) that gives the registered address should be taken.
8. The proof of address in the name of the spouse may be accepted.
If any of the documents (including attestations/ certifications) submitted by NRI / PIOs towards proof of address is in a foreign language, they have to be translated to English for submission. The documents can be attested, by the Consulate office or overseas branches of scheduled commercial banks registered in India.
What are the KYC Requirements for Eligible Foreign Investors (EFIs) / Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs)
In consultation with the market participants, certain clarifications are being issued with respect to KYC requirements for EFIs/ FPIs as prescribed by SEBI vide circular no. CIR/MIRSD/07/2013 dated September 12, 2013. Intermediaries may rely on the below mentioned Guidance for KYC requirements with respect to EFIs / FPIs.
1. For the purpose of these FAQs
New EFIs / FPIs / new clients shall mean EFIs which have been registered with SEBI / Designated Depository Participants (DDPs) after September 12, 2013.
Existing clients / existing EFIs shall mean all EFIs which were registered with SEBI / Qualified Depository Participants up to September 12, 2013.
2. KYC requirements for new client
Intermediaries which on boards New EFI / FPI, is required to comply with the KYC requirements as prescribed by SEBI and upload the same on the KRA system.3. KYC requirements for existing clients
The existing EFIs applying for conversion as FPIs from June 1, 2014 (as provided in the SEBI (Foreign Portfolio Investors) Regulations, 2014) shall also update their KYCs, as required, at the time of submission of documents to the DDPs.
Considering the initial phase of new FPI regime, the existing EFI clients applying for conversion as FPIs between June - December, 2014 shall update their KYCs latest by December 31, 2014. However, from January 1, 2015, all EFIs, coming up for conversion as FPI, must update their KYCs at the time of submission of documents to the DDPs.
All such updated information in KYCs shall also be uploaded on the KRA system.
In the event of non-submission of KYC documents, as stated above, no further transactions shall be permitted to such clients.
The intermediaries shall develop their systems and procedures to implement the above in coordination with other intermediaries including the KRAs.
4. Documents that may be collected in lieu of Board Resolution
In lieu of Board resolution provided by EFIs / FPIs for trading in securities market, the intermediary may rely on any of the following documents:
i) Power of Attorney granted to Global Custodian / Local Custodian.
ii) Prospectus/ Information Memorandum/ Offer Document/ Investment Management Agreement/ Regulatory Filings.
5. Reliance on information available from reliable public sources.
In addition to information provided by the client, the intermediaries can rely on documents / information available from reliable public sources (for e.g. websites of Regulators, Exchanges, SROs, Registrars) while collecting documents / information required for an EFI / FPI. However, it shall be ensured that copies of such documents are sent to the EFI to revert in case of any changes / modifications. Attestation of these documents (by way of mentioning the source of the document and signature against the same) may be carried out by a duly authorized official of the Intermediary.


text:
#pragma once

#include <string_view>

#include "Runtime/GCNTypes.hpp"
#include "Runtime/rstl.hpp"
#include "Runtime/Camera/CGameCamera.hpp"

#include <zeus/CVector3f.hpp>

namespace metaforce {

enum class ESpindleInput {
  Constant,
  HintToBallDist,
  HintToBallVOff,
  HintBallAngle,
  HintBallRightAngle,
  HintBallLeftAngle,
  HintDeltaDist,
  HintDeltaVOff
};

struct SSpindleProperty {
  u32 x0_flags;
  ESpindleInput x4_input;
  float x8_lowOut;
  float xc_highOut;
  float x10_lowIn;
  float x14_highIn;

  explicit SSpindleProperty(CInputStream& in);
  void FixupAngles() {
    x8_lowOut = zeus::degToRad(x8_lowOut);
    xc_highOut = zeus::degToRad(xc_highOut);
  }
  float GetValue(float inVar) const;
};

class CScriptSpindleCamera : public CGameCamera {
  /*
   * 0x1: Look toward hint
   * 0x2: Flat look delta
   * 0x8: force minimum-clamp ball-to-cam azimuth
   * 0x10: minimum-clamp ball-to-cam azimuth
   * 0x20: Enable clampedAzimuthFromHintDir
   * 0x40: Enable distOffsetFromBallDist
   * 0x80: Use ball pos for cam pos Z (vs. hint pos)
   * 0x100: Enable deltaAngleScaleWithCamDist
   * 0x200: Use ball pos for look pos Z (vs. hint pos)
   * 0x400: unused
   * 0x800: Variable hint-to-ball direction
   * 0x1000: Damp look azimuth with hint ball-to-cam azimuth < 10-degrees
   * 0x2000: Enable deleteHintBallDist
   * 0x4000: Ignore ball-to-cam azimuth sign
   */
  u32 x188_flags;
  rstl::reserved_vector<float, 8> x18c_inVars;
  float x1b0_hintToCamDistMin;
  float x1b4_hintToCamDistMax;
  float x1b8_hintToCamVOffMin;
  float x1bc_hintToCamVOffMax;
  SSpindleProperty x1c0_targetHintToCamDeltaAngleVel;
  SSpindleProperty x1d8_deltaAngleScaleWithCamDist;
  SSpindleProperty x1f0_hintToCamDist;
  SSpindleProperty x208_distOffsetFromBallDist;
  SSpindleProperty x220_hintBallToCamAzimuth;
  SSpindleProperty x238_unused;
  SSpindleProperty x250_maxHintBallToCamAzimuth;
  SSpindleProperty x268_camLookRelAzimuth;
  SSpindleProperty x280_lookPosZOffset;
  SSpindleProperty x298_camPosZOffset;
  SSpindleProperty x2b0_clampedAzimuthFromHintDir;
  SSpindleProperty x2c8_dampingAzimuthSpeed;
  SSpindleProperty x2e0_targetHintToCamDeltaAngleVelRange;
  SSpindleProperty x2f8_deleteHintBallDist;
  SSpindleProperty x310_recoverClampedAzimuthFromHintDir;
  float x328_maxAzimuthInterpTimer = 0.f;
  bool x32c_outsideClampedAzimuth = false;
  zeus::CVector3f x330_lookDir;
  bool x33c_24_inResetThink = false;

  float GetInVar(const SSpindleProperty& seg) const { return x18c_inVars[int(seg.x4_input)]; }

public:
  CScriptSpindleCamera(TUniqueId uid, std::string_view name, const CEntityInfo& info,
                       const zeus::CTransform& xf, bool active, u32 flags, float hintToCamDistMin,
                       float hintToCamDistMax, float hintToCamVOffMin, float hintToCamVOffMax,
                       const SSpindleProperty& targetHintToCamDeltaAngleVel,
                       const SSpindleProperty& deltaAngleScaleWithCamDist,
                       const SSpindleProperty& hintToCamDist,
                       const SSpindleProperty& distOffsetFromBallDist,
                       const SSpindleProperty& hintBallToCamAzimuth,
                       const SSpindleProperty& unused,
                       const SSpindleProperty& maxHintBallToCamAzimuth,
                       const SSpindleProperty& camLookRelAzimuth,
                       const SSpindleProperty& lookPosZOffset,
                       const SSpindleProperty& camPosZOffset,
                       const SSpindleProperty& clampedAzimuthFromHintDir,
                       const SSpindleProperty& dampingAzimuthSpeed,
                       const SSpindleProperty& targetHintToCamDeltaAngleVelRange,
                       const SSpindleProperty& deleteHintBallDist,
                       const SSpindleProperty& recoverClampedAzimuthFromHintDir);

  void Accept(IVisitor& visitor) override;
  void AcceptScriptMsg(EScriptObjectMessage, TUniqueId, CStateManager&) override;
  void Think(float, CStateManager&) override;
  void Render(CStateManager&) override;
  void Reset(const zeus::CTransform& xf, CStateManager& mgr) override;
  void ProcessInput(const CFinalInput& input, CStateManager& mgr) override;
};

} // namespace metaforce


Our waiting time is almost over. We end it with two stories of exception.
Isaiah is called by the king. The King is worried. Like many of us he is worried about the wrong things. He has been focused on issues that are transitory and missed the bigger problem waiting there in the future of his kingdom.
Isaiah tells him to use the waiting time to change his vision. To become a king that cares for the people. He has a gift of time to rearrange his priories and if he does not use that gift of time then bigger problems will come. For at the edge of his perception is the gathering of the forces of destruction. The question is whether he will use that time?
It is a story of focus, about what is important. A story of looking for a new path. It is about finding the vision and courage to leave behind dead end ideas. Isaiah is pointing to the power of dreams and visions that bring hope. A vision to work for a better world. It is to be in harmony with the aim of God which is directed to the well being of creation. It is to take this dream seriously, that we can change and respond to real issues rather than those surface and trivial problems. It is to ask what is really important.
Then there the Joseph story. As Leonard Cohen put it, some Joseph slouching toward Bethlehem. This story is full of unhappy campers - Joseph being one. When we read behind the lines, we see how the Gospel writer made Joseph every man. He had to come to terms with the demand placed on him. He didn't ask for this.
This feeling is very understandable for all around us are reminders of the count down to Christmas - only 11 more shopping days. As well our church history tells us much about our Advent preparation. In the old blue hymn book there were only 2 advent hymns and now in VOICES UNITED we have 34. There is a good rationale for waiting.
Here we go again. Didn't we hear a similar passage last week? It is because we have. We begin this Advent season with one more mini apocalyptic passage. It seems to be in the air for there are several end of the world stories in the movies and TV this Advent season. In unsettled times we get the theme of the times being out of joint.
Christmas pageants. We love them. We know the way we do them brings together many diverse traditions. Shepherds and Magi in one story, for we collapse Matthew and Luke into one narrative. We create one story out two different traditions. They work because we engage in what is called suspicion of disbelieve. We do not worry about the problem of facts - we let go of the view of fact fundamentalism - as this is the way it happened. Instead we feel the story. We let the story as story inform us, and carry us. We watch in the same way we look at all dramas. We watch in the same way we go to movies, read fiction, watch TV; and we know these stories are more true than reality TV. For they tell us a truth deeper than we can imagine. Pageants are enjoyed, for they touch us and take us into a narrative about God loving this world. For that is the truth of them.
Fear. The word keeps coming up our discussions these days. Fear of crime. Fear about the loss in our RRSPs. Fear of terrorists. It seems we have become afraid of life itself. Fear is used to demonize those different from us. We hear in the rhetoric of politics in the use of the words "controlled by the separatists." Fear causes us to retreat from life and it is a mind killer. It paralyzes us. It prevents us from acting. It isolates us from others.
Isaiah gives us dramatic and beautiful images of peace that comes from God. In the metaphors of the valleys joining the mountains is the affirmation of the presences of God in the world. The mountains made low is a metaphor that God has come down from home of the gods to be the God of this world.
Isaiah gives us a picture that no place is God forsaken. The highway through the desert is the metaphor of God claiming this earth as the place of God's love. For the desert is metaphorically the place that is full of terror and chaos - it is seen as God forsaken. So the highway carries the people through times of chaos and terror. God is on the journey with the people as guide and support. There is nothing outside God's shalom, God's peace.
Did you have a conflicted reaction to the readings? On the one hand they are so timely in November - a sense of absence and starkness. A sense of ennui and estrangement seems to penetrate us. We wonder if our best days are behind us as we experience our current economic and global crises. Yet here we are at the beginning of Advent which is the season of preparation - to prepare ourselves for in-breaking light and hope.