text:
Jane Rogerson
Joint Managing Director
Jane's executive producer credits include documentary series Island Medics and Tiny Lives, fact-ent format Puppy School (winner, Most Inspiring TV Show at the NRTA Awards), and hit entertainment series Socially Distant with Susan Calman (commissioned, filmed and broadcast during lockdown).
Prior to co-founding Red Sky, Jane held senior roles at broadcasters and indies. She was Director of Commissioning at UKtv, Controller of Features at ITV and Creative Director at Mentorn, as well as deputy chair of the Edinburgh TV Festival.
Jacqui Hayden
Jacqui Hayden was previously Director of Development at Matchlight where she was responsible for developing successful returning series and critically acclaimed single documentaries including The Highland Midwife, Night Force, My Baby, Psychosis and Me, Transplant Tales, and Sold: Inside Christies.
As Head of Development for IWC Media, Jacqui developed a diverse range of series including Mountain with Griff Rhys Jones, Lost Kingdoms of Africa, Stephen Fry: The Secret Life of the Manic Depressive, Robbie Coltrane's B-Road Britain, and Extreme Fishing with Robson Green.
Kirsty Fraser
Assistant Producer
Kirsty has been with Red Sky since the start, moving from coordinator to researcher and now development assistant producer. She has been responsible for a raft of ideas that have resulted in commissions.
Before joining the company, Kirsty graduated from Queen Margaret University with a First Class Honours degree in Media. She was also a writer and digital content producer for Time Out Glasgow and WOW247.
Melissa McCreath
Having started as Red Sky's office coordinator, Melissa has effortlessly moved into supporting its senior management and many of the company's productions. These include RTS Scotland winner and BAFTA Scotland nominee Climategate, Jimmy's Big Bee Rescue and Saved & Remade (wt).
Melissa joined Red Sky from Channel 4's Nations and Regions team, where she helped coordinate and organise events all over the UK.
Ross Harper
Ross's credits as executive producer include Channel 4 hit Spring at Jimmy's Farm (commissioned, filmed and broadcast during lockdown), Climategate (RTS Scotland winner for Best Documentary, science), and acclaimed BBC Arts series The Art that Made Mexico.
Before Red Sky, Ross was executive producer at IWC Media responsible for a slate of critically acclaimed factual series including RTS Scotland award winner Robbie Coltrane's Critical Evidence, Slow Train Through Africa and The Inca: Masters of the Clouds.
Nan Gourlay
Production Executive
With over twenty years' experience in factual television, commercials and drama, Nan has managed productions large and small across the globe for BBC, ITV, Channel 4, CBBC, Discovery, Hulu and Netflix.
Her credits include Homes Under The Hammer, Slow Train Through Africa, Robson Green Extreme Fisherman, Leap to Freedom, Best Film Ever and Jimmy's Food Factory. Her drama credits include Harlots, The A List and Free Rein.
Claire Tippett
Since joining Red Sky as a Producer at the start of 2019, Claire has shot and produced content on factual entertainment/medical series Laid Bare for BBC One Scotland and campaign series Jimmy's Big Bee Rescue for Channel 4.
Now in development, she has worked up factual entertainment, specialist factual and documentary ideas for all the major UK broadcasters and forged positive relationships with commissioners. Most recently Claire nurtured an idea from initial concept to green light, resulting in a 20-part early peak commission for BBC Two (w/t Saved and Remade), which is currently in production and due to air in 2021
Sue Oriel
Business Affairs Adviser
Previously CEO of Firecracker Films, Sue brings her considerable commercial and business affairs acumen to Red Sky. As well as advising on strategy and management, Sue is charged with finding distribution partners to support Red Sky in its international ambitions.
Our Board & Investors
We are supported by our minority investors, the best in the business: Alex Graham, former CEO of Wall to Wall; David Liddiment, chairman of Fremantle; Jules Burns and John Pfeil, respectively former chief operating officer and former finance director of All3Media.
© 2020 Red Sky Productions


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Hey guys, it's that time of year again for the mobil 1 rebate. Makes the oil change come down to about $30 with 10 quarts of oil and a filter. I think it's $12 off of a 5qt jug of mobil 1, up to 10 qts. So if you go to wally world it's around $23 bucks a jug, and the rebate brings it down to 11. So $11+$11+ ~$10 for the filter. In my experience it's a lot easier if you buy the jugs in separate transactions and don't forget to circle the oil on the receipt. I've done this 3 times now, twice for my car, and once for my mom's E350 over the past couple years.
That's a good price. I picked up a jug for my other car.
the 5 jugs of either 0w-40 (M1 or German Castrol) are both under $23 as they sit on the shelf at the local wally's right now.
I'm not seeing Wal-Mart in the list of retailers at the bottom of the promo.... Does it definitely work purchasing from Wally?
Awesome deal, I'm on it tomorrow.
We are processing your request. If there are no problems (say what?) allow 6 to 8 weeks for your rebate check.
btw, if it does work, it says you can do two rebates.
I got mine yesterday as well, completely forgot about it. :) This is like a biannual thing, so keep a lookout lol.


If you are the studious type, you may have encountered these areas by their Sanskrit names: shila, samadhi, and prajña.
Shila is the ethical support for our practice; samadhi comprises all that relates to meditation, and finally there is prajña, insight or wisdom. Prajña is the fruit of the other two, and it is the gate to direct experience of the Ultimate Dimension, the kind of experience that defies verbal description. In fact, it is entirely beyond the limits of the intellectual mind and intellectual discourse.
Today, we want to zero in on just the first of those three great areas: Buddhist ethics. What does the Dharma have to say about Right Action? How shall we live?
And when we ask that question, we discover that there are no Buddhist commandments. Instead the Buddha invites us to apply mindfulness to five fields of human conduct. These fields are traditionally known as The Five Precepts, but Thây prefers to call them the Five Mindfulness Trainings; they are after all different from rules, laws, and commandments. For one thing, they are not based on divine revelation. They are teachings which we can use to examine our own lives to see where we are living up to the highest standard and where we still need to make improvements..
If we drastically abbreviate the Trainings, they refer to no killing, no stealing, no sexual misconduct, no lying, and no intoxicants. This highly condensed version is likely to lead to a serious misunderstanding: We learn only what we should not do, what constitutes Wrong Action. It is only by looking more closely at each of the Trainings that we discover the positive aspects embedded in them. Thus, "no killing" is the negative side of the coin. "Reverence for Life" is its positive counterpart. In a similar way, each of the five points contains a positive teaching that forms the antidote to the negative behaviours that are listed. With this understanding in mind, we see that each "prohibition" is in fact an invitation to strive for Right Action by abandoning Wrong Action.
Then, on further reflection, we recognize that "stealing" takes many different forms, including offenses far more damaging than straightforward thievery. There is, of course, the obvious kind of theft outlawed in the criminal code of Canada. But in our political and economic system, many forms of massive theft are deemed perfectly legitimate. Consider the wanton exploitation of irreplaceable natural resources at home and abroad. We are stealing the old-growth forests from our children and from the species that need these forests for the only habitat they can live in. We are stealing the childhood of boys and girls who are forced into child labour, and we are stealing the safety and even the lives of women in Bangladesh, forced into labouring in unsafe sweat shops for corporations that produce chic clothing for our children to wear on the first day of school. We are robbing future generations of air that is healthful to breathe, and of water that is non-toxic.
Inasmuch as these things are done by the society that we are part of, we also are part of these horrendous acts of exploitation. As a society, we are allowing corporations to ruin the planet for short-term gain, and it is our descendants and all living beings who will suffer the fatal consequences. We allow governments to favour the economy over the environment. The prevailing economic ideology teaches us at every turn that growth and increased consumption are good things. This message comes at us from all directions until we—and even our children—begin to believe in it and act upon it.
The looming environmental crisis is to a large degree the karmic consequence of flouting the second Mindfulness Training. When we sever the connection between economics and ethics, we create a monster that will eventually turn on us and on all life on earth. This monster is now stalking our planet. We have all seen disaster movies where some dreadful entity, usually from outer space, is threatening the Earth. But the very real monster that is now attacking the Earth does not hail from a distant galaxy. It was born and bred in our midst out of an economy that is devoid of ethics. One way to bring ethical conduct back into the global economy is to abandon the gospel of never-ending growth, and to replace it with policies that fairly distribute the wealth of the planet. An economy which operates in an ethical vacuum turns toxic. First it kills off those it exploits, and eventually it turns even on those who do the exploiting because it destroys the indispensible conditions in which homo sapiens and other high life forms can survive.
Bringing Right Action back into the economic sphere is not exclusively the moral duty of corporations and politicians. As individuals, we cannot actually extricate ourselves from the collective consequences created by the world-wide glorification and application of a rapacious system. The word karma means action, and the actions of our society are our actions, our karma. It does no good to bemoan the sickness of our society and the life-threatening diseases we have inflicted on the earth. When society is sick, we are sick. When society fouls the earth by extracting the most toxic fossil fuel from the tar sands in Alberta, our hands have tar all over them as well.
But is there anything we can do as a sangha or even as individuals?
resisting the speed, violence, and unwholesome ways of living that are prevalent in our society." By coming together as a sangha, we can consciously, mindfully, counteract and slow down the headlong rush into perdition. We are a community of resistance, we can do that by means of adopting a mindful lifestyle and responsible consumption.
There is also something else that we can do as mindful individuals. Allow me to take a wide swing at this important point. Imagine the consciousness of the cosmos, of the earth, and all of its inhabitants, human or otherwise, as a great underworld that holds many secrets in its depths, precious secrets as well as terrible secrets. In Buddhist psychology, this deep underworld is called store consciousness, and it is really an unconsciousness. It is somewhat similar to C.G. Jung's collective unconscious. Positive and negative seeds reside there.
And then there is our individual portion of store consciousness; it is intimately connected with the collective store consciousness. Every single time we look into our own depths, we can cause either positive or negative seeds to sprout in our individual mind consciousness. Mind consciousness is where our wakeful thinking and feeling happen. If something wholesome sprouts in our mind consciousness, we can water this sprout and strengthen it. If we discover, say, a feeling of selfless caring or of deep compassion, we can thank it for appearing in our mind consciousness, and we can look for ways in which we can grow this tender sprout.
This is part of meditation. Meditation is an activity; as such it may start with calming breath and body, and slowing the crossfire of automatic thoughts and feelings. That is a lovely stage of meditation, and we are entitled to enjoy it. But it is merely the preparation for the real work of meditation. If we do not move on from there to the active stage, we are not practicing mindfulness meditation. We may just be floating in mid-air without ever touching the ground to grapple with the down-to-earth job of dealing with our emotions, thoughts, and habit formations, including the three poisons which the Buddha identified as greed, anger, and delusion.
Some people strive to completely annihilate all mental processes while they meditate. They consider thoughts as unwelcome interferences and try to return to the blissful state as quickly as possible. But how can we possibly transform our mental formations if we just banish them? They've got nowhere to go; all they can do is drill themselves deeper into our alaya vijñana, our unconscious mind.
When mental formations arise, we have a choice. We can ask the formation to come back another time so that we can carry on with our pre-planned course of meditation. That is a legitimate option. Or we can take this opportunity to examine the formation right then and there. If it is a wholesome formation, we can strengthen it further. If it is of the unwholesome variety, we can observe its arising, its abiding, and its leaving. And while it is present, we can examine its roots and its consequences. Just shining the lamp of mindfulness on a difficult samskara already sets healing and transformation in motion. We need not try to repress the problematic formation. It is part of us and it is our responsibility to redeem it. So we welcome all visitors with a smile. When we look at our guest with compassion, we see how it suffers, how feverish it is, and we offer to cool its fever with a healing rain. Then, when the feeling has lost some of its heat, we thank it for its visit and we ask it to return to store consciousness and to continue its transformation there. If we are able to do this work of individual transformation, the whole cosmos smiles. Then a future is still possible. If all of the members of all of the sanghas and of other sincere spiritual groups engage in this transformative work, we can surely hope to make a difference. Through our individual and collective inner work we can create an enormous momentum to stem the destructive tide of greed.
One wise teacher said, "When you discover an addiction in yourself, do not be sad. Rejoice. You have discovered something that you have come to heal. This is the greatest spiritual work you can do in this life." These words apply not only to heavy-duty addictions, but also to the less spectacular afflictions and habit formations that live within us. They apply to all those dispositions that the Buddha called unskillful—such as anger or a hint of greed. Anger is the seed of killing. Greed is the seed of theft, exploitation, poverty, epidemics, mass starvation, and the ravaging of the environment. Transforming such dispositions is a hugely important and active part of meditation. And it is not—decidedly not—a narrow and selfish pursuit: What we are able to redeem in ourselves, we also redeem in the collective unconscious because our consciousness is not separate. Just as individual drops of water form the oceans, so our individual consciousnesses constitute world consciousness and world conscience. This is how seemingly individual transformation benefits the entire universe. As part of the network of meditators, we can tilt the scales of Right Thinking and Right Action in favor of restoring hope.
When Thây wrote his book about the Mindfulness Trainings, he titled it For A Future To Be Possible, the implication being that these Trainings and the transformation they encourage have global consequences, and that without the five pillars of ethics there can be no long-term future. That is a grim outlook. But the flip side is very promising: If we manage to bring the ethics the Buddha taught into our own lives and thus into into the global setting, then our personal transformation will form the ground from which global results arise. If enough of us practice with this global intent, we can still hope to reach the tipping point that stops the interconnected moral and environmental decline so evident all around us. It literally promises us and all species a future to look forward to. The Five Mindfulness Trainings can lead us into this future.
Second, Do What Is Good.
The Mindfulness Trainings start with "doing no harm," and then invite us to actively "do what is good." Abstaining from harm is a start, but it needs to be complemented by the second of the Buddha's admonitions.
The third point, "Purify the Mind" explains that Right Action requires a change of heart that flows from meditation and mindfulness.
The Five Mindfulness Trainings represent the Buddhist vision for a global spirituality and ethic. They are a concrete expression of the Buddha's teachings on the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path, the path of right understanding and true love, leading to healing, transformation, and happiness for ourselves and for the world.
A mindful and ethical way of life arises naturally out of our awakening, understanding, and love. When awakening and love are strong in you, you won't find it difficult to live according to these precepts. You won't have the feeling that you have to practice the Mindfulness Trainings; rather you enjoy practicing them. Practicing shila with a lot of struggling and effort, with self-recrimination and harshness, is not correct.
Perfecting the practice of the precepts is not accomplished through hard work or struggle, but through the energy of compassion in you…. Once love is in your heart, you don't have to do anything, you can practice the mindfulness trainings perfectly, very easily, without any struggle at all… It's like a miracle, not hard labour. (from "Opening the Mind of the Cosmos").


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Reentry Research at NIJ: Providing Robust Evidence for High-Stakes Decision-Making
NIJ is committed to promoting rigorous research on how best to successfully integrate individuals returning from jail or prison.
Marie Garcia
Reentry matters. Millions of American adults are incarcerated in local jails and state and federal prisons. Another several million are under criminal justice supervision in the community. As individuals serve their sentences and are released from custody, one thing is certain: The majority of them — approximately 95% — will return to their communities, families, and friends.[1] As they leave custody and become our neighbors, it is important that we invest in these individuals and help them succeed and contribute positively to their families and their communities. Many will leave the institutional setting with the skills necessary to become contributing members of our local neighborhoods. But, unfortunately, many will not. As an example, many individuals will return to custody. The Bureau of Justice Statistics found that 44% of individuals who left state prison were arrested [2] at least once in their first year after release.[3] Within nine years of release, 5 of 6 of those previously in state prison had been rearrested. The number of people who will reengage with the criminal justice system highlights the critical importance of reentry.
Why does reentry matter? Reentry is a critical transition for individuals returning to their communities, whether they have been away for decades or a matter of days. The difficulty, however, is that individuality can make this transition more complicated. People reentering have unique needs, and often these needs — for example, ongoing issues like mental and behavioral health — have not been addressed before release or during the reentry process. The reentry process and how long it lasts can vary from person to person.
Further complicating the matter is, at times, the inconsistent evidence for what helps individuals successfully reenter the community. The "what works in reentry" literature has consistently found that housing, employment, family unification, mental and physical health treatment, and other critical needs are vital to post-release success. [4] If people reentering are able to find housing and employment and address other critical needs, they are more likely to be successful in the community and not return to custody. But what works for whom and when?
Over the past several decades, the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) has been a leader in the study of reentry. Former NIJ Director Jeremy Travis helped popularize the term "reentry" in the late 1990s when he said that interest and progress in understanding "'prisoner reentry' has been nothing short of remarkable." [5] Since then, reentry has remained a priority for NIJ. In the 21st century, several federal reentry initiatives have invigorated the attention paid to the needs of persons who have been convicted of crimes as they return to society. Policymakers, practitioners, and community and criminal justice stakeholders, as well as others, have learned — and continue to learn — what works and what matters in the reentry process.
This article provides an overview of reentry, focusing on NIJ's contributions to the field and identifying gaps in our collective empirical knowledge. It starts by discussing what is known about common barriers to successful reentry and describing federal efforts to help state and local agencies address those barriers. It then highlights NIJ's efforts to advance sophisticated risk assessment algorithms and introduces NIJ's evaluations of graduated sanctioning programs. This article concludes with a discussion of NIJ's ongoing research evaluating local reentry programming.
Barriers to Reentry
Research has identified common barriers to successful reentry, including but not limited to the difficulty of obtaining gainful employment, stable housing, and education and strengthening prosocial support networks.[6] These factors represent barriers because they can inhibit treatment and the ability to overcome criminogenic needs (the triggers or situational factors that may lead someone at risk to commit a new crime).[7]
The federal government has initiated comprehensive programs to assist jurisdictions in addressing the needs of individuals returning from incarceration. The Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI) in 2003 and the Second Chance Act (SCA) in 2008 provided support to state, local, and tribal governments to address common reentry barriers. These large federal initiatives were complemented by smaller programs facilitated by individual agencies that helped address specific reentry issues.
These initiatives offered opportunities for program evaluations to generate research on how best to address criminogenic risk and needs. Findings from these evaluations also provide insight into desistance from crime and how to help individuals overcome substance use disorders, gain prosocial skills, and alter their attitudes toward crime and violence.
For example, evaluations of SVORI highlighted the different reentry risks and needs for males and females. NIJ-supported researchers found that men tend to benefit from programs that promote attitudinal change, such as treatments that address criminal attitudes and anger management and promote healthy personal relationships. Women, on the other hand, tend to respond better to practical skills training, such as having a reentry case manager and going through life skills training. The evaluations found that SVORI programs helped reduce rearrests and lengthened the time to arrest; however, SVORI participation did not reduce reincarceration. SVORI programming did appear to be more beneficial to participants as time went on. This may point to the possibility that SVORI participation offered some keys to long-term success in overcoming the difficult transition from prison to the community , which is usually seen early on in missed community supervision appointments and positive drug tests.[8]
Evaluations of the SCA found that, like SVORI, it did not reduce reincarceration. The SCA did, however, successfully provide participants with greater access to programs. It increased job placement and employment outcomes, but this did not seem to translate into recidivism reduction gains.[9] These findings suggest that the process of reentry is whether complex, and that helping individuals overcome reentry barriers may not on its own be enough to lower recidivism.[10]
No Reentry Panacea
Evaluating the success of national initiatives like SVORI and the SCA is difficult. These programs were able to provide individuals with services and educational, housing, and employment opportunities that may have been previously unavailable — y et their impact on recidivism, when taken as a whole, was limited. This could be due, in part, to the myriad and complex factors that can trigger incarceration, through the revocation of parole because of a violation of the conditions of their community sentence or because of committing a new criminal offense. An individual's needs may interact with the systemic disadvantages of the neighborhood and community to which they are returning. Understanding how a need will be met by a particular program or service is not straightforward, nor is knowing how the individual will respond to a program or even how open to change they may be.[11]
Reentry programs alone may not be adequate. In other words, a program needs to be delivered at the right time on the individual's trajectory of change to promote successful reentry.[12] For example, individuals may want to change, but they might have an underlying substance use disorder and inadequate skills to thrive on their own. A job services program alone would not address a substance use disorder issue; matching appropriate services with needs at the right time would likely be more effective. The likely inadequacy of addressing just one criminogenic need may speak to the popularity of case management as a reentry tool to help ensure that individuals receive tailored services to meet all of their unique needs. In fact, case management was the most common reentry service provided under the SCA.[13] However, this does not mean that case management is widely successful, as the evaluation of SCA programming showed that it largely did not produce an effect. [14] Although having a case manager seemed to increase the time to arrest for females, it seemed to shorten the time to reincarceration for males. The research team surmised that this may have been due to increased monitoring of those working with a case manager. [15]
There are a number of programs and services available to meet the needs of an individual returning from incarceration. A case manager can tailor these services to meet specific immediate needs, though this may not prevent recidivism unless the individual is ready to change and can persevere in spite of the significant barriers that often stand in the way of successful reentry.
Assessing Risk
Services should align with a person's criminogenic needs. In fact, a mismatch in services may inadvertently contribute to recidivism.[16] Smaller caseloads give community corrections officers a greater ability to accurately assess clients' needs and direct them to more beneficial treatment programs based on those assessments.[17] Unfortunately, even under the best conditions, a community corrections officer's caseload is about 50 people on probation or parole, which makes it difficult to understand each person's triggers and barriers to success.[18] Before individuals are placed on supervision, a number of decisions must be made about their potential risk of recidivating. In the past, practitioners relied on tacit knowledge to make professional judgments about the recidivism risk of an individual leaving prison and under community supervision. Today, there are more than 400 risk assessments in use across the criminal justice system.[19] These risk assessment tools can make actuarial predictions based on risk factors that are both static (factors not subject to change, such as age and criminal history) and dynamic (factors that are amenable to potential intervention, such as negative peer associations and substance use), while still incorporating the practitioner's professional assessment.[20]
Even with these advances, there are some critical limitations in how risk assessment tools can support reentry programming. Although more accurate than professional judgment alone, risk assessment tools may exacerbate bias and perpetuate racial and ethnic disparities. In other words, a risk assessment tool may create a negative feedback loop based on the tool's predictive indicators. In this case, individuals from marginalized communities, including communities of color, who are more likely to have early involvement with the criminal justice system will be indicated as posing a greater risk and thus receive more intensive supervision, which may lead to increased recidivism. As stated above, matching supervision style and programming with a person's criminogenic risk and need is critical to promoting positive reentry and reducing recidivism. In addition, using risk assessment tools that are accurate across race and gender is critical. Currently, common risk assessment tools predict risk most accurately for white men. [21] This may inhibit correctional agencies' ability to effectively meet the needs of all individuals under supervision.
Another limitation of risk assessment tools is their passivity. Risk assessment tools make important decisions based on probabilistic averages. On their own, the tools cannot replace a meaningful relationship between an individual and a community corrections officer. These tools can help triage community corrections' scarce resources and attempt to direct services and supervision to those who need it most, but they cannot by themselves effect change. (See the sidebar "Developing New Technology to Promote Reentry Outcomes" for more information on NIJ's efforts to advance risk assessments.)
Role of Sanctioning
The goal of community corrections is to ensure that individuals under community supervision comply with their conditions of supervision, do not commit new crimes, and are provided services that address their criminogenic needs to improve long-term outcomes. It is expected that missteps and minor violations will occur — reentry can be complex and nonlinear. The difficulty lies in deciding whether an individual may still be successful on a community sentence after a violation or whether the community sentence should be revoked. Many violations, by themselves, may not warrant the prison term that often results from revocation of a community sentence. If individuals accumulate multiple violations, however, officers may need to decide when it is time to call for revocation.
Hawaii created a probation model — Hawaii Opportunity Probation with Enforcement (HOPE) — in which every violation resulted in a short but swift sanction that did not remove the individual from probation. The theory behind HOPE was that the sanction would be severe enough to help modify behavior and introduce accountability, but it would not be as severe as revoking the probation sentence. Individuals would experience the sanction — typically a few days in jail — shortly after the violation was detected, thus reinforcing the link between the sanction and the behavior that led to the violation. This, in turn, would help promote behavioral change among those on probation and parole.[22]
Although initial findings suggested that the HOPE probation model was effective,[23] an NIJ multisite demonstration on the U.S. mainland was not able to replicate the initial successes. HOPE participants were found to have fewer arrests than those on regular probation in two of the four jurisdictions, but overall there was no difference in time-to-arrest or probation revocations.[24] Difficulties in organizational culture and communication among implementing partners, along with the model's statutory framework, made it challenging to implement HOPE consistently across the four sites, particularly in terms of achieving a uniform definition of probation failure and a return to prison.[25] The HOPE experience illustrates the challenges of adopting a community corrections or reentry program from another jurisdiction, even when the program has some initial indication of success.
Implementing an Effective Reentry Program
Effecting change is hard, especially for those involved with the criminal justice system. The reentry field has benefited from numerous program evaluations that show which interventions are promising and which may actually make matters worse.[26]
Deciding whether to implement a particular reentry program or use a suite of best practices is a difficult choice for criminal justice agencies. First, the agency must understand the conditions that led to the success of any program that it seeks to adopt. Not only must the agency decide if it can replicate the core components of the reentry program, it must also determine if the reentry program is well aligned with its environment or target population. To further complicate matters, the role of the environment and other contextual factors that contributed to the successful implementation may not be fully understood.
Should an agency decide to adopt a reentry program, staff buy-in is critical. An NIJ-funded project examining the implementation of an evidence-based program found that it was easier to change the language community corrections officers used to describe what they were doing than to actually modify what they were doing.[27] Research shows that building staff buy-in for a new approach, although difficult, is often much easier than ensuring that staff have adopted the necessary changes to how they do their jobs.[28] Not only must staff understand what to do, they also may have to approach their jobs in an entirely different way in order to implement the program with fidelity. This is a heavy lift for any community corrections agency to undertake.
The Need for Randomized Controlled Trials
The stakes are high in reentry decision-making. It is critical for jurisdictions to implement programs that work, assess risk, and assign appropriate programming to the right individual. Individuals face numerous hurdles upon release from prison or jail. Ineffective programs are not only a poor allocation of time and resources, they may also contribute to recidivism.[29] Sound evidence is needed about what programs are effective, for whom, and under what conditions. Several years ago, NIJ dedicated a research portfolio specifically to reentry programming that relies on evaluations using randomized controlled trials (RCTs). When implemented with rigor, RCTs offer the highest degree of confidence in study outcomes. Because these studies randomly assign participants into treatment groups (those who receive the specific program under study) and control groups (those who do not receive the program being evaluated), the research team is able to isolate the effect of the reentry program (or supervision strategy) on the participants in the treatment group. All other factors that likely influence an individual's success in reentry are cancelled out because all participants have an equal likelihood of being assigned to the treatment group or control group.[30]
In lieu of randomization, researchers often employ quasi-experimental designs, which use advanced analytical tools to mimic the treatment and control logic of an RCT by trying to compare program participants with similar individuals who did not receive the program. In some instances, program implementation can be so broad that there is no identifiable control group. Here, the research team may compare recidivism rates before and after program implementation to try to assess the program's overall impact.
Unfortunately, recent NIJ-funded research has shown that quasi-experimental designs in criminal justice research tend to overestimate the treatment effect.[31] In other words, quasi-experimental evaluations may show that a program has a significant impact on reentry outcomes when, in fact, the impact may be minimal. By the same token, this type of evaluation may show that a program has a moderate or minimal impact when it has no effect at all.
There are times when RCTs are not feasible. In these cases, many program evaluations are based on robust quasi-experimental designs. However, because the barriers to successful reentry are so great and the resources of community corrections agencies are so scarce, NIJ has made a commitment to support reentry evaluations that use RCT designs to provide practitioners and the individuals who rely on them with the soundest possible evidence to guide reentry programming.
In 2018, NIJ issued its first solicitation that prioritized RCT evaluations of promising reentry initiatives. Corrections researchers and practitioners responded overwhelmingly to the call, recognizing the critical need for sound research in this area. In the first year, NIJ funded five projects totaling more than $5 million. Given the success of the first year, NIJ quickly institutionalized this solicitation as a standing program. After three years of funding, the program has now grown to 13 ongoing research projects totaling approximately $17 million in research funding. To put this in context, over the same three-year period, NIJ funded 25 corrections-related research projects from four different portfolios (including reentry), representing an investment of approximately $27.7 million. Of this, the reentry portfolio represents more than half of the projects and 60% of the research investment.
Themes of Ongoing Reentry Research
NIJ's 13 ongoing reentry research projects can be grouped together under a few general themes. These projects were submitted independently of one another, and NIJ purposely offered significant flexibility to the field to guide the selection of topics. Thus, the themes of these projects can be considered a snapshot of the areas of critical research need in reentry today. The general themes include evaluations of:
Young adult reentry programs.
Treatment for individuals on parole with past traumatic brain injuries.
Risk-need-responsivity strategies.
Emerging technology.
Innovative treatment modalities.
Young Adult Reentry Programs
Three ongoing evaluations are examining interventions for moderate- to high-risk young adults.[32] One program seeks to address past trauma and its likely consequences, particularly impulsivity and aggression, among individuals released from prison. The remaining two programs focus on interventions for young adults in jail, mainly cognitive behavioral therapy with case management. One program also includes a subset of participants who will live together in a dedicated housing pod. With these projects, NIJ hopes to understand how treatment and dedicated housing interact to impact reentry outcomes.
The study of traumatic brain injury is an emerging area for NIJ. There is an increasing awareness that many individuals who are incarcerated suffer from past traumatic brain injuries, some unknowingly.[33] These injuries often make it more difficult to perform functions necessary for successful reentry, such as securing employment or building technological literacy. NIJ has two ongoing projects that focus on screening individuals for traumatic brain injury and providing tailored service— both case management and therapy — to meet their needs.[34]
Risk-Need-Responsivity Strategies
NIJ is supporting two projects that evaluate risk-need-responsivity strategies.[35] Both programs under evaluation seek to improve outcomes on the major post-release reentry barriers mentioned above. The first evaluation is taking place in a prison setting and examining a stand-alone 16-week curriculum administered to medium- and high-risk individuals before release. The second evaluation includes multiple treatment methods of a similar program given to individuals both pre- and post-release from jail, pre-release only, and post-release only, as well as no programming. Taken together, findings from these evaluations will provide critical evidence on the impact of continuity of programming pre- and post-release for individuals returning to the community.
NIJ is also supporting two projects that examine the use of technology to enhance reentry outcomes.[36] One is a virtual reality job interview program that seeks to enhance individuals' post-prison employment chances. The second will evaluate the impact of a web-based reentry planning and management tool. Medium- to high-risk individuals will receive a yearlong subscription to the web-based tool prior to their release from prison; their subscription will continue through early reentry. The study will assess how the web-based interactive tool can enhance standard reentry programming. At the conclusion of these projects, NIJ hopes to provide the field with evidence on the possibilities and limitations of advanced technological tools to aid conventional reentry programming. (See the sidebar "Developing New Technology To Promote Reentry Outcomes.")
Innovative Treatment Modalities
The remaining projects cover a variety of reentry topics. [37] The evaluations include studying how expungement affects employment outcomes, how restorative justice can enhance therapeutic community treatment for individuals with substance use disorders, and how parole officer home visits can be used as a rehabilitative tool and not just a surveillance strategy. These evaluations cut across the myriad functions community corrections agencies and their partners provide for individuals reentering their communities. These projects — coupled with those discussed above and corrections-related projects from other NIJ research portfolios — will provide robust evidence on how best to promote successful outcomes among individuals returning from jail or prison.
In this article, we discuss NIJ's investment in the field of reentry writ large, from evaluating federal initiatives, advancing risk assessments, and examining innovative programming such as HOPE, to evaluations of local reentry work. All of this work is aimed at helping individuals succeed during the reentry process. Reentry matters. How the criminal justice system addresses the risk and needs of individuals returning to our communities matters. We know there is a critical need to accurately align the community supervision strategy and reentry programming with the individual's criminogenic needs. We also know it is difficult to understand the factors that contribute to positive behavioral change on an individual basis, along with which carrots and sticks (including sanctioning) are available to correctional agencies. We know that assessing risk has the potential to exacerbate criminal justice biases and racial and ethnic disparities and thus potentially inhibit successful reentry. And importantly, we know it is difficult to find a program that works and to know how to implement it successfully.
Supporting the field of criminal justice by promoting rigorous research is critical to understanding what works for whom and under what circumstances. For more than three decades, NIJ has invested in reentry research in order to help the field answer these important questions — and it will continue to do so with a renewed focus on rigorous research designs. Understanding and building evidence about what works and what does not work in reentry programming and community supervision will enable the criminal justice system and its stakeholders to help individuals succeed when they return to the community.
This article was published as part of NIJ Journal issue number 284.
Sidebar: Developing New Technology to Promote Reentry Outcomes
While NIJ continues to pursue its research agenda of rigorously evaluating innovative reentry programming, the Institute is also actively engaged in technology development to improve reentry outcomes. NIJ facilitated the creation and application of enhanced artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning to refine our understanding of the risk of recidivism and to explore the possibilities of timely intervention with individuals who are most at risk for recidivating. NIJ's efforts began in 2019 with a solicitation seeking AI solutions to assist community corrections and continued in 2021 with a Challenge to develop enhanced risk assessment models. Both are discussed below.
Artificial Intelligence Technology Development
NIJ's 2019 solicitation Artificial Intelligence Research and Development To Support Community Supervision resulted in two funded research projects aimed at developing AI tools to improve reentry outcomes for individuals on community supervision. These projects mark an important step in fielding this technology to help community corrections officers positively intervene with individuals in their caseloads.
The first award, made to Purdue University, will facilitate the development of a new AI-based support and monitoring system (AI-SMS). The AI-SMS will consist of a deployed smartphone application distributed to and worn by a sample of individuals under parole supervision in Tippecanoe County, Indiana. This application is intended to allow community supervision officers to interact with individuals under parole supervision, augment their program, and send alerts to officers about individuals who are at risk of recidivating.
In the second project, RTI International — in partnership with Applied Research Services and the Georgia Department of Community Supervision — will implement the Integrated Dynamic Risk Assessment for Community Supervision, which will enhance risk assessments with dynamic, real-time risk factors and guide community supervision officers' interventions. For more information on these projects, see https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/tapping- artificial-intelligence .
Enhanced Machine Learning Predictive Tools
In fiscal year 2021, NIJ released the NIJ Recidivism Forecasting Challenge, which sought to promote the development of enhanced and accurate risk assessments in community corrections while, at the same time, mitigating potential racial bias and considering unique gender differences. Challenge participants used a de-identified dataset from the Georgia Department of Community Supervision to predict recidivism among individuals on parole over a 12-, 24-, and 36-month period. Participants were also encouraged to use other datasets or information deemed useful to predict recidivism.
The Challenge received more than 150 submissions forecasting recidivism for each year over a three-year period. In total, 28 teams won prizes. The winning teams submitted the most accurate models predicting male and female recidivism separately in each of the three years. Awards were also given to participants who created models that were equally accurate for both Black and white individuals under parole supervision. Challenge winners submitted papers to NIJ discussing their models and what information they deemed most useful or predictive of recidivism. Challenge winners also participated in a symposium on how to advance risk assessments so that community corrections can have a greater understanding of risk across race and gender. NIJ will provide information from the winners' papers and the symposium to the field in forthcoming publications.
For more information on the Challenge, go to https://nij.ojp.gov/funding/recidivism-forecasting-challenge .
Learn more about NIJ's reentry research at https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/corrections/reentry .
[note 1] Timothy A. Hughes and Doris James Wilson, Reentry Trends in the United States. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2004, https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/reentry.pdf.
[note 2] Arrest may not be the best indicator of failure, but it is the most consistently measured and reported indicator of reengagement with the criminal justice system.
[note 3] Mariel Alper, Matthew R. Durose, and Joshua Markman, 2018 Update on Prisoner Recidivism: A 9-Year Follow-Up Period (2005-2014), Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2018, https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/2018-update-prisoner-recidivism-9-year-follow-period-2005-2014.
[note 4] Andrew S. Denney, Richard Tewksbury, and Richard S. Jones, "Beyond Basic Needs: Social Support and Structure for Successful Offender Reentry," Journal of Quantitative Criminal Justice 2 no. 1 (2014): 39-67, https://epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1096&context=socs_fac; and Chantal Fahmy and Danielle Wallace, "The Influence of Familial Social Support on Physical Health During Reentry," Criminal Justice and Behavior 46 no. 2 (2019), 1738-1756, https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0093854819870268.
[note 5] Jeremy Travis, "Reflections on the Reentry Movement," Federal Sentencing Reporter 20 no. 2 (2007): 84-87, http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fsr.2007.20.2.84.
[note 6] Christine Lindquist et al., "Cross-Site Evaluation of the Bureau of Justice Assistance FY 2011 Second Chance Act Adult Offender Reentry Demonstration Projects: Final Report," Final report to the National Institute of Justice, award number 2012-RY-BX-0001, May 2018, NCJ 251703, https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/251703.pdf; and Tanya N. Whittle, "Felony Collateral Sanctions Effects on Recidivism: A Literature Review," Criminal Justice Policy Review 29 no. 5 (2018): 505-524, https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0887403415623328.
[note 7] Douglas B. Marlowe, "The Most Carefully Studied, Yet Least Understood, Terms in the Criminal Justice Lexicon: Risk, Need, and Responsivity," SAMHSA's Gains Center, July 17, 2018, https://www.prainc.com/risk-need- responsitivity/ and National Institute of Justice, An Overview of Offender Reentry, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 2017, https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/251554.pdf.
[note 8] Pamela K. Lattimore et al., "Prisoner Reentry Services: What Worked for SVORI Evaluation Participants?," Final report to the National Institute of Justice, award number 2009-IJ-CX-0010, April 2012, NCJ 238214, https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/238214.pdf.
[note 9] Ronald D'Amico and Hui Kim, "Evaluation of Seven Second Chance Act Adult Demonstration Programs: Impact Findings at 30 Months," Final report to the National Institute of Justice, award number 2010-RY-BX-0003, May 2018, NCJ 251702, https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/251702.pdf.
[note 10] An evaluation of the U.S. Department of Labor's Reintegration of Ex-Offenders Program (RExO) found that while employment opportunities improved with program participation, RExO did not bring about a corresponding recidivism reduction. See Andrew Wiegand et al., Evaluation of the Re-Integration of Ex-Offenders (RExO) Program: Two-Year Impact Report, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, 2015, https://clear.dol.gov/Study/Evaluation-Re-Integration-Ex-Offenders-RExO-program-Final-impact-reports-Wiegand-Sussell-2016.
[note 11] See Pamela K. Lattimore et al., "Evaluation of the Honest Opportunity Probation with Enforcement Demonstration Field Experiment (HOPE DFE)," Final report to the National Institute of Justice, award number 2011-RY-BX-0003, June 2018, NCJ 251758, 188-196, for a discussion on readiness for change. See Douglas B. Marlowe, "The Most Carefully Studied, Yet Least Understood, Terms in the Criminal Justice Lexicon: Risk, Need, and Responsivity," SAMHSA's Gains Center, July 17, 2018, https://www.prainc.com/risk-need-responsitivity/ for a discussion on the importance of understanding needs and responsivity and when to address criminogenic vs. noncriminogenic needs.
[note 12] Lattimore et al., "Prisoner Reentry Services."
[note 13] D'Amico and Kim, "Evaluation of Seven Second Chance Act Adult Demonstration Programs."
[note 16] Christopher T. Lowenkamp, Edward J. Latessa, and Alexander M. Holsinger, "The Risk Principle in Action: What Have We Learned From 13,676 Offenders and 97 Correctional Programs?" Crime & Delinquency 52 no. 1 (2006): 77- 93, https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0011128705281747; and Sarah Kuck Jalbert and William Rhodes, "Reduced Caseloads Improve Probation Outcomes," Journal of Crime and Justice 35 no. 2 (2012): 221-238, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0735648X.2012.679875.
[note 17] Jalbert and Rhodes, "Reduced Caseloads Improve Probation Outcomes."
[note 19] Jay P. Singh, Sarah L. Desmarais, and Richard A. Van Dorn, "Measurement of Predictive Validity in Violence Risk Assessment Studies: A Second-Order Systematic Review," Behavioral Sciences and the Law 31 no. 1 (2013): 55-73, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2053.
[note 20] Kirk Heilbrun, Rebecca Newsham, and Victoria Pietruszka, "Risk Communication," in International Perspectives on Violence Risk Assessments, ed. Jay P. Singh, Stål Bjørkly, and Seena Fazel (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016); Sarah L. Desmarais, Kiersten L. Johnson, and Jay P. Singh, "Performance of Recidivism Risk Assessment Instruments in U.S. Correctional Settings," Psychological Services 13 no. 3 (2016): 206-222, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ser0000075; and Jeremy F. Mills, "Violence Risk Assessment: A Brief Review, Current Issues, and Future Directions," Canadian Psychology 58 no.1 (2017): 40-49, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cap0000100.
[note 21] Desmarais, Johnson, and Singh, "Performance of Recidivism Risk Assessment Instruments." See also Richard Berk et al., "Fairness in Criminal Justice Risk Assessments: The State of the Art," Sociological Methods & Research 50 no. 1 (2018): 3-44, https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0049124118782533.
[note 22] Angela Hawken and Mark Kleiman, "Managing Drug Involved Probationers With Swift and Certain Sanctions: Evaluating Hawaii's HOPE," Final report to the National Institute of Justice, award number 2007-IJ-CX-0033, December 2009, NCJ 229023, https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/229023.pdf.
[note 23] Hawken and Kleiman, "Managing Drug Involved Probationers With Swift and Certain Sanctions."
[note 24] Pamela K. Lattimore et al., "Evaluation of the Honest Opportunity Probation With Enforcement Demonstration Field Experiment (HOPE DFE)," Final report to the National Institute of Justice, award number 2011-RY-BX -0003, June 2018, NCJ 251758, https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/251758.pdf.
[note 25] Gary Zajac et al., "All Implementation Is Local: Initial Findings From the Process Evaluation of the Honest Opportunity Probation With Enforcement (HOPE) Demonstration Field Experiment," Federal Probation 79 no. 1 (2015): 31-36, https://www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/probation_june2015_508_0.pdf.
[note 26] See CrimeSolutions.ojp.gov for a repository of criminal justice-related program evaluations.
[note 27] Jill E. Vigilone, "Bridging the Research/Practice Gap: Street-Level Decision Making and Historical Influences Related to Use of Evidence-Based Practices in Adult Probation," Final report to the National Institute of Justice, award number 2014-IJ-CX-0004, December 2016, NCJ 250424, https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/250424.pdf.
[note 28] Vigilone, "Bridging the Research/Practice Gap."
[note 29] Lowenkamp, Latessa, and Holsinger, "The Risk Principle in Action."
[note 30] Kristofer Bret Bucklen, Conducting Randomized Controlled Trials in State Prisons, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 2020, https://nij.ojp.gov/library/publications/conducting- randomized-controlled-trials-state-prisons.
[note 31] Mark W. Lipsey, "Rehabilitation Programs for Adult Offenders: A Meta-Analysis in Support of Guidelines for Effective Practice," Final report to the National Institute of Justice, award number 2014-IJ-CX-0021, January 2019, NCJ 252504, https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/252504.pdf; and Christopher Campbell and Ryan M. Labrecque, Panacea or Poison: Can Propensity Score Modeling (PSM) Methods Replicate the Results From Randomized Control Trials (RCTs)?, Portland, OR: Portland State University, 2018, http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.10505.29284.
[note 32] The NIJ awards described in this section are: "NIJ Rockdale County Emerging Adults," award number 2019-R2-CX- 0005, https://nij.ojp.gov/funding/awards/2019-r2-cx-0005; "Multi-site Randomized Controlled Trial of Comprehensive Trauma Informed Reentry Services for Moderate to High Risk Youth Releasing From State Prisons," award number 2019-MU-CX-0065, https://nij.ojp.gov/funding/awards/2019-mu-cx-0065; and "The Road to Reentry: A Randomized Control Trial of Young Adults in Custody From the Inside to the Outs," award number 2020-R2-CX- 0038, https://nij.ojp.gov/funding/awards/2020-r2-cx-0038.
[note 33] Eric J. Shiroma, Pamela L. Ferguson, and E. Elisabeth Pickelsimer, "Prevalence of Traumatic Brain Injury in an Offender Population: A Meta-Analysis," The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 27 no. 3 (2012): E1-E10, https://doi.org/10.1177/1078345809356538.
[note 34] The NIJ awards described in this section are: "Resource Facilitation: A Promising Initiative Shown To Decrease Recidivism in Exiting Offenders With Traumatic Brain Injury," award number 2019-R2-CX-0030, https://nij.ojp.gov/funding/awards/2019-r2-cx-0030; and "NeuroResource Facilitation for Improved Re-Entry Outcomes for Offenders With Brain Injury: A Multi-Site Randomized Controlled Trial," award number 2020-75-CX- 0007, https://nij.ojp.gov/funding/awards/2020-75-cx-0007.
[note 35] The NIJ awards described in this section are: "Cognitive Behavioral Interventions To Promote Successful Reentry: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Process Evaluation, and Cost-Benefit Analysis," award number 2019-RY-BX-0003, https://nij.ojp.gov/funding/awards/2019-ry-bx-0003; and "Adapted Risk-Needs-Responsivity Model To Reduce Recidivism in an Underserved Area: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Pre-Release and Post-Release Reentry Components," award number 2020-75-CX-0008, https://nij.ojp.gov/funding/awards/2020-75-cx-0008.
[note 36] The NIJ awards described in this section are: "Improving Employment and Reducing Recidivism Among Prison Offenders via Virtual Reality Job-Interview Training," award number 2019-MU-MU-0004, https://nij.ojp.gov/funding/awards/2019-mu-mu-0004; and "Using Technology To Facilitate Successful Reentry Outcomes: A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Web-Based Reentry Planning Tool," award number 2019-R2-CX-0023, https://nij.ojp.gov/funding/awards/2019-r2-cx-0023.
[note 37] The NIJ awards described in this section are: "The Final Stage Reentry Project: An RCT of Expungement and Its Effect on Recidivism, Housing, and Employment," award number 2019-RY-BX-0001, https://nij.ojp.gov/funding/awards/2019-ry-bx-0001;"Evaluation of Reentry-Based Restorative Justice: A Randomized Controlled Trial," award number 2019-RY-BX-0002, https://nij.ojp.gov/funding/awards/2019-ry-bx- 0002; "Experimental Test of Rehabilitative Field Work for Moderate-to-High Risk Adults," award number 2019-R2- CX-0012, https://nij.ojp.gov/funding/awards/2019-r2-cx-0012 and "A Randomized Controlled Trial of ACTV versus T4C for Community Reentry: Differential Efficacy and Mechanisms of Change," award number 2019-R2-CX-0013, https://nij.ojp.gov/funding/awards/2019-r2-cx-0013.
Eric Martin is a social science analyst in NIJ's Office of Research, Evaluation, and Technology.
Marie Garcia, Ph.D., is a senior social science analyst in NIJ's Office of the Director.
Eric Martin; Marie Garcia, "Reentry Research at NIJ: Providing Robust Evidence for High-Stakes Decision-Making," April 11, 2022, nij.ojp.gov:
https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/reentry-research-nij-providing-robust-evidence-high-stakes-decision-making
Research Criminal histories Treatment Prisons Second Chance Act (SCA) Randomized controlled trials Corrections Criminal justice systems Corrections research Adult correctional facilities Probation Justice system Recidivism Reentry Parole and probation Community corrections Evaluation Artificial Intelligence Program evaluation Research and development Criminal justice research

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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By WPED Staff | April 9, 2020
GlobalData expects manufacturing disruptions to significantly increase wind prices
The United States was the second-largest market for wind with a total cumulative installed capacity of 105.5 GW in 2019. Despite being the second-largest market, the United States depends on China for numerous components present inside the nacelle, such as transformers, converters and inverters, which is likely to cause prices to rise, according to GlobalData,…
By Michelle Froese | August 20, 2019
Renewables to double in total installed capacity in the U.S. by 2030, finds GlobalData
The contribution of renewable power to total installed capacity in the U.S. is expected to double from 15% in 2018 to 30% by 2030, reaching a total of 442.8 GW. Representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.3%, this projection can be attributed to more states adopting and updating renewable energy policies, as well as…
By Michelle Froese | August 5, 2019
Insurance industry's anti-coal stance to deliver long-term climate benefits, finds GlobalData
Insurers are providing cover less frequently for energy providers that remain committed to the use of coal to help reduce climate change and force the energy industry to embrace renewables. While insurers stand to lose business in the short term, the long-term benefits to the industry could be considerable, finds GlobalData, a leading data and…
By Michelle Froese | May 14, 2019
Global energy storage market expected to reach 22.2 GW in 2023, finds GlobalData
The energy storage market has caught the eye of a number of stakeholders involved in the power industry, leading to its considerable growth and opening the way for next energy revolution, says GlobalData, a leading data and analytics company. In its latest report, GlobalData has found that the energy storage market is nascent but fast-growing.…
Global battery storage market to reach $13.13bn by 2023, says GlobalData
The global battery energy storage market is forecast to grow to $13.13bn by 2023. Asia-Pacific (APAC) and EMEA will be the dominant markets for battery energy storage systems over the forecast period 2019-2023, according to GlobalData, a data and analytics company. The company's latest report Battery Energy Storage Market, Update 2019 reveals that the fall in…
By Michelle Froese | March 28, 2019
Vestas re-establishes leading position as global wind-turbine manufacturer, finds GlobalData
Vestas Wind Systems A/S has re-established itself as the leading manufacturer for wind turbines with over 10 GW, or 19.6% share, of global installations in 2018. This is according to new research from GlobalData, a leading data and analytics company. "Vestas has been among the top wind turbine manufacturers and has grown organically," said Ankit…
Microgrid investment in blockchain future of energy systems, says GlobalData
Blockchain microgrids have become a pivotal theme in the rapidly developing energy sector. Amit Sharma, Power Analyst at GlobalData, a global data and analytics company, offers his view on this development and what we can expect from blockchain microgrids in the future: "The global microgrid market size is estimated to grow at a compound annual…
U.S. among countries with strong market for wind-turbine gearbox refurbishments, finds GlobalData
Data and analytics company, GlobalData, has released its latest report, Wind Gearbox and Direct Drive, Update 2018, which reveals that the global trends of wind power are creating business opportunities for new and refurbishment markets. It states that prominent markets such as China, the U.S., and EU, which had made significant strides in the wind market, are…
Global IoT market to reach $318 billion by 2023, says GlobalData
The global market for Internet of Things (IoT) technology, which consists of software, services, connectivity, and devices, reached $130bn in 2018. According to data and analytics company, Global Data, it is projected to reach $318bn by 2023, at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 20%. While IoT devices and connectivity get a lot of…
By Michelle Froese | November 2, 2018
Global wind-turbine market value estimated at $47.83bn by 2022
According to a recent report by GlobalData, the global wind-turbines market is set to be valued at $47.83bn annually by 2022, with the Asia-Pacific region leading the way. This marks a global increase from 2017's figure of $44.75bn that is expected to be driven largely by onshore deployment. The report, entitled "Wind Turbines, Update 2018…
By Michelle Froese | October 31, 2018
Non-hydro renewables, particularly offshore wind, to dominate Germany's power sector
Phasing out nuclear energy in Germany by 2022 will set the way for non-hydro renewable technologies to dominate its power sector in the future, according to GlobalData, a data and analytics company. The company's latest report, "Germany Power Market Outlook to 2030, Update 2018 – Market Trends, Regulations, and Competitive Landscape'" reveals that the phasing out of the nuclear…
Companies spending more on IoT & digital twin technology, says GlobalData
New research from GlobalData reveals a significant shift toward Artificial Intelligence (AI) and big data platform spending among IT practitioners. Brad Shimmin, Service Director at GlobalData, a data and analytics company, offers his view on this finding and the future of digital transformation. "If the last few years has shown anything it's that the Internet of…
Global wind-turbine foundations market to reach $7.2 billion by 2022, says GlobalData
The global wind-turbine foundations market registered a market value of $5.7 billion in 2017 and is expected to reach $7.2 billion in 2022, largely driven by renewable energy auctions, supportive government policies, decreasing operations, and maintenance costs, and feed-in tariffs, according to GlobalData, a data and analytics company. The company's latest report: 'Wind Turbine Foundations, Update…
Siemens Gamesa led as top wind equipment manufacturer in 2017, surpassing Vestas
Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy (SGRE) claimed the top spot for the wind-turbine manufacturing sphere in 2017, managing to install an impressive 9.43 GW, according to GlobalData, a leading data and analytics company. This means SGRE overtook Vestas for the lead, which ranked second with 7.52 GW of installations in 2017, SGRE gained ground with a 26.4% rise…
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The global wind operations and maintenance (O&M) market is set to grow from just over $13.7 billion in 2016 to around $27.4 billion by 2025, representing a compound annual growth rate of 8.0%, according to research and consulting firm GlobalData. The company's latest report states that the O&M of a wind farm is essential as it contributes…
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Global wind O&M market set for growth to $17 billion by 2020, says GlobalData
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Q: Change to HTTPS links in the /users?tab=moderators page In the /users?tab=moderators page of all SE sites (SO too), there is a link to the election page under each moderator's profile but the links are HTTP. Please change them to HTTPS.
Reasons to post this question: https://meta.stackexchange.com/a/341428 and https://meta.stackexchange.com/posts/comments/1142248

A: Links to elections and appointments on the Users > Moderators page are now using the https protocol.

So when did that mod
win their election? A link!
h-t-t-p-s!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
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In 1965 a catastrophic blowout occurred at a depth of two kilometres during the drilling of a gas well at Sleen. Utrecht University and KWR have together researched the shallow groundwater at the location. The results show that the groundwater directly overlying the blowout site still contains high, but at the site, non-hazardous, concentrations of methane. The results have been published in the prestigious 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences' (PNAS).
Aerial photo of the mud pool created by the subsurface blowout at the 'SLN-02' natural gas well in 1965. A number of sunken trucks and trailers are still visible on the edge of the crater.
The blowout site, which is near the village of Sleen in Drenthe province, is located in a groundwater protection area of the Drenthe drinking water company WMD. The blowout occurred during the drilling of a natural gas well. Large amounts of gas escaped through the fractures in the subsurface created by the high pressures. As a result, a bubbling mud pool formed on the surface and the entire drilling rig and other elements disappeared into the ground. It took months for the mud pool to settle. This was achieved in part through the subsurface injection of large quantities of cement using a relief well.
Blowouts have been rare in the drilling history of the Netherlands, and this is the first time that the leakage of methane from a deep gas reservoir into shallow groundwater has been demonstrated. The methane concentrations in the groundwater close to the blowout are up to 50 times higher than those found in the groundwater in the area. Such high methane concentrations in the groundwater also occur naturally elsewhere in the Netherlands; in such cases, any drinking water production involves extra treatment.
Because the blowout occurred in the Valtherbos-Noordbargeres groundwater protection area, WMD has monitored the groundwater at the site for decades. When the KWR researchers found natural gas in 2015, in the framework of a water-sector exploratory research project, the decision was taken to carry out more extensive scientific research. Apart from showing the methane leakage, the researchers also studied the fate of the leaked methane in the groundwater. They found that, to a limited extent, the methane is degraded by microorganisms, which contains its further diffusion. Today, 50 years after the incident, the methane 'plume' has expanded by about 500 metres away from the blowout site. The highest methane concentrations from the gas reservoir are at the blowout site itself.
The research was carried out by Utrecht University doctoral candidate Gilian Schout in the framework of the KWR/NWO 'Shale Gas and Water' partner programme, together with WMD. The project was co-financed by the Brabant Water, Watermaatschappij Limburg and Oasen water companies. Schout conducted his research jointly with KWR researcher Niels Hartog, Majid Hassanizadeh (Utrecht University) and Jasper Griffioen (Utrecht University and TNO Geological Service).
Article "The impact of an historic underground gas well blowout on the current methane chemistry in a shallow groundwater system, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"


text:
Q: Unit test failing only when run on the build server To aid unit-testing we have wrapped up the DateTime class in a delegate so that DateTime.Now can be overridden in a unit-test.
public static class SystemTime
{
    #region Static Fields

    public static Func<DateTime> Now = () => DateTime.Now;

    #endregion
}

Here is an example of its use in an xunit unit-test:
[Fact]
public void it_should_update_the_last_accessed_timestamp_on_an_entry()
{
    // Arrange
    var service = this.CreateClassUnderTest();

    var expectedTimestamp = SystemTime.Now();
    SystemTime.Now = () => expectedTimestamp;

    // Act
    service.UpdateLastAccessedTimestamp(this._testEntry);

    // Assert
    Assert.Equal(expectedTimestamp, this._testEntry.LastAccessedOn);
}

The test runs fine locally, however it is failing on our build server as the datetimes differ in the Assert statement.
I'm struggling to think of a reason why it would fail given that the DateTime is mocked via the above mentioned delegate wrapper. I've verified there are no issues in the implementation of the UpdateLastAccessedTimestamp method and that the test passes when run locally.
Unfortunately I can't debug it on our build server. Any ideas why it would fail only when run on the build server?
Note that the implementation of UpdateLastAccessedTimestamp is as follows:
public void UpdateLastAccessedTimestamp(Entry entry)
{
    entry.LastAccessedOn = SystemTime.Now();
    this._unitOfWork.Entries.Update(entry);
    this._unitOfWork.Save();
}

The Entry class is just a simple POCO class that has a number of fields including the LastAccessedOn field:
public class Entry
{
   public DateTime LastAccessedOn { get; set; }

   //other fields that have left out to keep the example concise
}

A: Your issue could be due to multiple unit tests working with the static SystemTime.  If you were to for example have something like:
Unit test 1
[Fact]
public void it_should_update_the_last_accessed_timestamp_on_an_entry()
{
    // Arrange
    var service = this.CreateClassUnderTest();

    var expectedTimestamp = SystemTime.Now();
    SystemTime.Now = () => expectedTimestamp;

    // Act
    service.UpdateLastAccessedTimestamp(this._testEntry);

    // Assert
    Assert.Equal(expectedTimestamp, this._testEntry.LastAccessedOn);
}

public void UpdateLastAccessedTimestamp(Entry entry)
{
    entry.LastAccessedOn = SystemTime.Now();
    this._unitOfWork.Entries.Update(entry);
    this._unitOfWork.Save();
}

Unit test 2
[Fact]
public void do_something_different
{
    SystemTime.Now = () => DateTime.Now;
}

So let's assume that unit test 2 (it's entirety) fires off in between the lines in unit test 1 of:
SystemTime.Now = () => expectedTimestamp;

// Unit test 2 starts execution here

// Act
service.UpdateLastAccessedTimestamp(this._testEntry);

If this scenario were to occur, then your UpdateLastAccessedTimestamp would not (necessarily) have your expected DateTime value that you set at SystemTime.Now = () => expectedTimestamp;, as another test has since overwritten the function you have provided from unit test 1.
This is why I think you're probably better off either passing the DateTime in as a parameter, or using an injectable datetime as so:
/// <summary>
/// Injectable DateTime interface, should be used to ensure date specific logic is more testable
/// </summary>
public interface IDateTime
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Current Data time
    /// </summary>
    DateTime Now { get; }
}

/// <summary>
/// DateTime.Now - use as concrete implementation
/// </summary>
public class SystemDateTime : IDateTime
{
    /// <summary>
    /// DateTime.Now
    /// </summary>
    public DateTime Now { get { return DateTime.Now; } }
}

/// <summary>
/// DateTime - used to unit testing functionality around DateTime.Now (externalizes dependency on DateTime.Now
/// </summary>
public class MockSystemDateTime : IDateTime
{
    private readonly DateTime MockedDateTime;

    /// <summary>
    /// Take in mocked DateTime for use in testing
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="mockedDateTime"></param>
    public MockSystemDateTime(DateTime mockedDateTime)
    {
        this.MockedDateTime = mockedDateTime;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// DateTime passed from constructor
    /// </summary>
    public DateTime Now { get { return MockedDateTime; } }
}

Using this scenario, your service class could change from (something like) this:
public class Service
{
    public Service() { }

    public void UpdateLastAccessedTimestamp(Entry entry)
    {
        entry.LastAccessedOn = SystemTime.Now();
        this._unitOfWork.Entries.Update(entry);
        this._unitOfWork.Save();
    }
}

To this:
    public class Service
    {

        private readonly IDateTime _iDateTime;

        public Service(IDateTime iDateTime)
        {
            if (iDateTime == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(iDateTime));
            // or you could new up the concrete implementation of SystemDateTime if not provided

            _iDateTime = iDateTime;
        }

        public void UpdateLastAccessedTimestamp(Entry entry)
        {
            entry.LastAccessedOn = _iDateTime.Now;
            this._unitOfWork.Entries.Update(entry);
            this._unitOfWork.Save();
        }
    }

For the actual implementation of your Service you could new up like (or use an IOC container):
Service service = new Service(new SystemDateTime());

For testing you could either use a mocking framework, or your Mock class as such:
Service service = new Service(new MockDateTime(new DateTime(2000, 1, 1)));

And your unit test could become:
[Fact]
public void it_should_update_the_last_accessed_timestamp_on_an_entry()
{
    // Arrange
    MockDateTime mockDateTime = new MockDateTime(new DateTime 2000, 1, 1);
    var service = this.CreateClassUnderTest(mockDateTime);

    // Act
    service.UpdateLastAccessedTimestamp(this._testEntry);

    // Assert
    Assert.Equal(mockDateTime.Now, this._testEntry.LastAccessedOn);
}

A: You are just lucky it works local. To get this working you have to stub the place where your service gets its last access datatime and check against the time return there. At this moment you local machine is fast enough to return 2 times the same time on DataTime.Now and your build server is not.


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text:
Could the Chicago Teachers Strike Spread? Not Likely
A change in union leadership preceded Chicago's teacher strike, unlike other cities where labor disputes simmer.
by Dylan Scott | September 12, 2012 AT 4:00 PM
For full coverage of Chicago's teacher strike, click here.
All education eyes are on Chicago this week, where the public school teachers are on strike for a second consecutive day. While no end is in sight to the rift between the teachers union and Mayor Rahm Emanuel, there is a question bubbling under the surface in the minds of many: Could this happen elsewhere?
Not likely, according to analysts in other major cities where teachers unions have clashed with city leadership. Although Chicago's teachers are contesting issues with broader national implications, such as the use of data to evaluate performance, it could be a change in union leadership that has led to the showdown in the Windy City.
Why Public-Sector Strikes Are So Rare Chicago Teachers Get Wisconsin Unions' Support Chicago Teachers Strike: Full Coverage Chicago Teachers Strike for 1st Time in 25 Years
Gotham Schools, a widely respected news site that focuses on New York City schools, noted that Chicago's union saw a new regime sweep into power in 2010. Formerly a minority party, the Caucus of Rank and File Educators (CORE) has set firm goals of resisting certain education reforms, particularly those endorsed by Emanuel and the Obama administration, whereas national union leadership has expressed some willingness to work with policymakers.
"What drives school reform is a singular focus on profit," said Karen Lewis, the head of CORE in Chicago, during her acceptance speech last year. She told city leadership: "You've met your match."
Emanuel has proposed basing 40 percent of a teacher's evaluation on student performance, a strategy opposed by CORE. On a national scale, the White House's Race To The Top grant program has urged states to factor student test scores into teacher reviews. But when Emanuel's office offered "joint implementation" and flexibillity for the new teacher evaluations, the union still said no.
Teacher evaluations have also been a sticking point between New York's teachers union and Mayor Michael Bloomberg's office, Gotham Schools observed, but the city is missing some of the other variables that would make a strike more likely. For starters, the union leadership has stayed in tact, despite some surging of factions that are similar to Chicago's CORE. And while the city and union haven't reached a final agreement on including test scores in teacher evaluations, there has been a general consensus that they would have a place in the new system.
In Los Angeles, Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa and the city's teachers union have also sparred over new evaluations that include test scores. The issue went to court this summer when a group that represents parents and reform advocates sued the district for not including student performance in its evaluations, saying it violated state law. They were supported by Villaraigosa.
A judge ruled in the group's favor in June, according to the Los Angeles Times. In the meantime, about 100 schools and 700 teachers are participating in a voluntary program that includes test scores in teacher evaluations. The teachers union has also opposed that program, according to the Times, and its own evaluation system would use student performance to target areas that need to be improved, but not for individual teacher evaluations.
But the main difference between Chicago and Los Angeles could be one of structure, said Southern California Public Radio's education reporter Adolfo Guzman Lopez in a segment on the Chicago strike. Chicago's board and superintendent are appointed by the mayor, while the Los Angeles board is elected and then appoints a superintendent. That allows both sides, the mayor and the union, to push for their supporters to be placed on the board through the ballot box.
"It certainly gives the factions a seat at the table within the school district," Lopez said. "You could argue that it makes for smoother negotiations."
While conditions don't seem ripe for the Chicago teachers strike to spread, statements from national union leadership serve as a reminder that many teachers are unsatisfied with the education reform movement in the United States and feel marginalized by its portrayal of teachers. Randi Weingarten, president of the American Federation of Teachers, expressed solidarity with the Chicago teachers union in a Monday statement.
"The American Federation of Teachers and our members across the country stand firmly with the CTU, and we will support its members in their efforts to secure a fair contract that will enable them to give their students the best opportunities," Weingarten said. "CTU members -- the women and men who spend every day with Chicago's children -- want to have their voice and experience respected and valued. They want to be treated as equal partners in making sure every student in Chicago succeeds."
UPDATE: The Boston Globe reported Wednesday morning that the Boston city schools and teachers union, which have been negotiating a new contract for more than two years, have reached a tentative agreement that includes student test scores to evaluate performance. Teachers whose students perform poorly on standardized tests could be ineligible for a pay raise and be terminated more quickly than in the past.
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