text:
Sa Pa goes to town on status upgrade
Travel guide, Vietnam Travel Guide -
Sapa is famous for its rugged scenery and rich cultural diversity. Photo by Shutterstock/John Bill
Sa Pa District, a tourism hotspot in northern Vietnam, is set for an administrative upgrade to become a town.
Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc had a meeting late last week with related state agencies on the administrative upgrade that will establish Sa Pa Town in the northern mountainous province of Lao Cai.
It was the second meeting of government leaders in the last two years on upgrading Sa Pa from a district to a town.
The Sa Pa town referred to in most reports is a subdivision of Sa Pa District. In Vietnam there are several such instances of small towns in a district.
Sa Pa is famous for its rugged scenery and rich cultural diversity. Last year, more than 2.5 million people visited SaPa. Over the last three decades, the district has developed exponentially, primarily as a tourist destination.
Sa Pa currently has nearly 600 hotels and 34 travel firms. It is home to many any big projects including entertainment areas, the Fanxipan cable car and the Sa Pa cultural park.
But it has many infrastructural problems to address, including transportation, electricity, water and telecommunication systems.
Furthermore, ever since the Hanoi – Lao Cai expressway opened for traffic, SaPa has become more accessible and more popular, and the issues of security and order as also environmental protection have become more pressing.
An official of the Ministry of Home Affairs said that in order for SaPa District to become a key urban area with national defense and security implications given its location on the Vietnam-China border corridor, it is essential that it becomes a town.
Becoming a town would change the management model from that of local government in rural areas to that of an urban authority, the official said.
Ethnic minority vendors sell souvenirs in front of Sa Pa's stone church. Photo by Le Dang Khoa
Phuc agreed that the proposal to establish the Sa Pa Town should be submitted to the National Assembly Standing Committee. He stressed that Lao Cai Province must preserve the culture of ethnic minorities and protect the natural beauty of the locality.Leaders of Lao Cai Province attending the meeting concurred, saying the upgrade would allow the administration apparatus to handle the rapid development of SaPa.
"Without the culture of the ethnic minorities, Sa Pa will lose its attractiveness entirely," the PM said, asking provincial leaders to build a civilized and courteous tourist destination that will "leave a long-lasting impression on visitors."
Viet Tuan – VmExpress.net
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
kitchen assistant
Le Creuset Is Releasing a New Line for Disney-Lovers
This magical apple will cast a spell on you, but it will be a good one!
By Melissa Locker
While normally being Sneezy or Dopey in the kitchen are frowned upon, soon Disney lovers are going to want to spend a lot of time doing just that. Le Creuset is has just announced two limited edition lines of Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs themed cookware that is both durable and adorable.
The beloved French cookware brand has teamed up with Walt Disney Motion Picture Studios for a new line of movie inspired dishes, as a tribute to the 80th anniversary of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. The enchanting (get it?) cookware will go on sale on November 17.
WATCH: Enjoy a Very Walt Disney Christmas with This New Holiday Package
One set features a giant cast iron cocotte (that's basically a fancy word for a casserole dish) in the shape of a red apple that would surely tempt Snow White. Rounding out the set are a Snow White charm and red and white tea towel decorated with Snow White and all of your favorite dwarves. The set costs $230, so maybe put it on your Christmas wish list. If you're looking for a more affordable option, pick the second set, which has all the same magic, but a slightly smaller, yet still tempting, red apple cocotte for $55.
The Snow White themed dishes aren't Le Creuset's first foray into adding a little Disney magic into their cookware. In February, they teamed up with Williams Sonoma to offer fans a limited-edition cobalt cast iron soup pot, decorated with perfect roses as a tribute to the live-action Beauty and the Beast. Then they released a brilliant yellow Dutch oven intended as an homage to Belle's dress from the same film. The lid came topped with the phrase "Be Our Guest" that is guaranteed to make fans burst into song—or at least try to compete with the culinary skills of Chef Bouche, the Beast's very own stove/cook.
To pick up the latest Disney collaboration, visit LeCreuset.com and saks.com beginning November 17.


The Hybrid duty cycle. It's a well-known term to those within the confines of Formula One engineering rooms. But outside of those bubbles, it's not something you'll often hear mentioned in the paddock. The advent of the Hybrid Formula One Power Unit in 2014 introduced MGU-H, MGU-K and ERS to the F1 lexicon – but 'Hybrid duty cycle' never quite went mainstream as turbo power returned to the grid.
The basic principle of the Hybrid system is to utilise the full potential of the energy available from the fuel while harnessing energy from the MGU-H and MGU-K to propel the car around the race track as quickly and efficiently as possible. And it is each team's job to optimise this combination at every track, so that the car can deploy the harvested energy for as long as possible around a lap while achieving the maximum available power from the ICE.
However, the nature of a lap varies significantly from one venue to the next. Circuit length and layout, quantities of slow and fast corners, altitude and elevation changes, driving style and tyre condition… all of these have an impact on how the Hybrid energy is harvested and deployed. This is what the Hybrid duty cycle refers to – how a car efficiently cycles energy through its ERS system and ICE.
The ERS system itself comprises the two motor generator units – the MGU-K and MGU-H – in addition to the Energy Store and Control Electronics. Drivers are permitted to harvest a maximum of 2MJ per lap of energy into the Energy Store via the MGU-K, which is measured by FIA homologated sensors as it enters the batteries. Energy can also be recovered via the MGU-H (heat energy from the ICE that would otherwise go to waste). Over a single lap, the maximum amount of energy that may be deployed from the Energy Store to the rear wheels is 4MJ – which provides an additional 161 hp for approximately 33 seconds per lap.
While drivers are allowed to recover the same amount of energy at every circuit, each track has different power sensitivities, fuel consumption levels and harvesting opportunities. At longer circuits such as Spa or Baku, for example, the necessary harvesting can be completed comparatively easy. On a shorter layout, however, it can be much tougher to complete a full harvest – and teams must work that bit harder on the efficiency of their Hybrid duty cycle.
Spielberg, the next stop on the F1 calendar, presents one of the toughest of those challenges. The Austrian circuit is very short – just 4.309km in length – but also very high on ERS duty. It's a high power sensitivity circuit, with a low number of corners, multiple straights and several acceleration and braking events – a configuration that increases fuel consumption. But the real trick here is getting the Hybrid energy system to maximise the harvesting and deployment potential.
In Spielberg, the drivers need to harvest at every opportunity. But they're deploying it just as regularly. With 33.3 seconds of boost to be used in a 68 second lap, they can take advantage of that extra power for almost 50% of the lap – if they get it right. And with lap times set to fall yet further under the new regulations introduced for 2017, that percentage will rise yet further.
In the on-track battle, managing this correctly could make all the difference when attacking or defending. The first sector in particular, with the long climb up to Turn 3, is an area for which the driver must ensure they have sufficient Hybrid power to optimise their speed. Too little electrical energy at this point would leave them highly vulnerable to attack.
Furthermore, this particular circuit sits at higher altitude than most which, owing to the low atmospheric pressure, places a different kind of strain on the Power Unit and impacts its overall efficiency. While altitude has a notable effect on baseline ICE performance, electrical power is not adversely affected – making the Hybrid element of the Power Unit all the more potent and that Hybrid duty cycle all the more crucial.
On a typical lap of Spielberg, the MGU-K and MGU-H are both pretty busy, increasing the ERS duty. As a result, the batteries in the Energy Store get hot, meaning there is an additional cooling requirement to consider too. What's important to understand here is that each circuit has its own specific requirements and limitations, which is why so much work goes on back at Brackley and Brixworth ahead of each race to ensure that the duty cycle is optimised for that particular Grand Prix weekend.


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A wide variety of hose arrestor options are available to you, such as free samples, paid samples.
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Carbon Doomsday is a real-time API and chart of worldwide carbon dioxide levels. Developed as a community project, its goal is to be an open-source platform for climate data. Data for the API and chart comes from NOAA's Earth System Research Lab in Mauna Loa, Hawaii. The project is rooted in principles of free software, open data access and a willingness to contribute to further education on the global climate issue.
The project was initiated out of frustration by the lack of any authoritative and user-friendly CO2 emissions tracker available online.
no one really gives a f--k about climate change. If they did, there would be a reasonable tracker, charter, and map of historic events that was easily discoverable with a simple Google Search.
Jankowski followed with a callout to the technology community and a proposal to start collaborating on solutions. He offered a list of requirements that the desired platform should provide. The blog post was submitted to HackerNews, a vastly popular community driven technology website. Within weeks, a small community including developers from Germany, Ireland, and the United States began to form and build the first prototype.
Image: The current team of volunteers.
In order to build the tracker, an open data source was required. An investigation into available open data sources discovered that the majority of scientific bodies used free access licenses but distributed their sources in inconvenient formats and fragmented across various access portals. This raised problems for the use and adaptation of the data.
To overcome this, the disparate sources were unified under a common data format and a centrally accessible web portal was created. A data processing channel was set up to ensure new measurements would be accessible under this new portal.
The volunteers realised that the proposed platform could also provide a reliable and convenient open source resource for the climate data community. Work shortly began on the first open access data web API for CO2 emission measurements. The data is based on the widely reputed Mauna Loa Observatory's measurements, which goes back to 1956. Raw data from Mauna Loa is available through the Carbon Doomsday API platform here. The chart graphing the data since 1958 is available here.
Image: Tito Jankowski presenting our initial beta release on site at Mauna Loa Observatory, standing next to the original monitoring instrument that monitored the "Keeling Curve" from 1958 - 2005.
Once the tracker has been completed, volunteers are hoping to attract members of the wider climate data community for further collaboration. The project is open to contributors of all skill level and interest. Please find out more by joining the public chat room or reading the contribution guide.
The project has been featured on HackADay and New Context Conference.
Luke Murphy is a Software Engineer based in the Netherlands. He is the lead back-end developer of Carbon Doomsday, and a member of the technology worker cooperative Aptivate, developing software for the international development sector.
A beta version of the tracker is available for you to explore here.


I would never know, because I never had one. Though looking at their recent projects made me want to move.
BRIA prides itself in making high quality homes that are easy on the pocket. A friend told me about it and no wonder Golden Bria Holdings Inc. is successful these past few years after putting up about 50 developments across the country.
They are affordable and price packages as low as 1,897 pesos a month. They also constuct homes very fast, known for on time turn overs but structures remain strong and withstand time. Their homes are also modernly designed, architects make sure they stay on latest trends and design. Their service after turnovers are also worth it, they make sure you settle in nicely and introduce you to the community amenities and shops, so you're sure to live in a great neighborhood. Their properties are also set up in strategic points so you continue to live in a place with available jobs, easy to go to lifestyle amenities like malls and shops without going too far from home.
That's how it is in Bria, maybe if you want to take a look you can check out Bria Official on their social media channels, or 09662775944 because that's how they live in Bria Homes.
Wish I had one there.


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A: The below one worked for me.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Chapter 24. The Secret Cave.
The sun had nearly reached the meridian, and his scorching rays fell full on the rocks, which seemed themselves sensible of the heat. Thousands of grasshoppers, hidden in the bushes, chirped with a monotonous and dull note; the leaves of the myrtle and olive trees waved and rustled in the wind. At every step that Edmond took he disturbed the lizards glittering with the hues of the emerald; afar off he saw the wild goats bounding from crag to crag. In a word, the island was inhabited, yet Edmond felt himself alone, guided by the hand of God. He felt an indescribable sensation somewhat akin to dread -- that dread of the daylight which even in the desert makes us fear we are watched and observed. This feeling was so strong that at the moment when Edmond was about to begin his labor, he stopped, laid down his pickaxe, seized his gun, mounted to the summit of the highest rock, and from thence gazed round in every direction.
But it was not upon Corsica, the very houses of which he could distinguish; or on Sardinia; or on the Island of Elba, with its historical associations; or upon the almost imperceptible line that to the experienced eye of a sailor alone revealed the coast of Genoa the proud, and Leghorn the commercial, that he gazed. It was at the brigantine that had left in the morning, and the tartan that had just set sail, that Edmond fixed his eyes. The first was just disappearing in the straits of Bonifacio; the other, following an opposite direction, was about to round the Island of Corsica. This sight reassured him. He then looked at the objects near him. He saw that he was on the highest point of the island, -- a statue on this vast pedestal of granite, nothing human appearing in sight, while the blue ocean beat against the base of the island, and covered it with a fringe of foam. Then he descended with cautious and slow step, for he dreaded lest an accident similar to that he had so adroitly feigned should happen in reality.
Dantes, as we have said, had traced the marks along the rocks, and he had noticed that they led to a small creek. which was hidden like the bath of some ancient nymph. This creek was sufficiently wide at its mouth, and deep in the centre, to admit of the entrance of a small vessel of the lugger class, which would be perfectly concealed from observation.
Then following the clew that, in the hands of the Abbe Faria, had been so skilfully used to guide him through the Daedalian labyrinth of probabilities, he thought that the Cardinal Spada, anxious not to be watched, had entered the creek, concealed his little barque, followed the line marked by the notches in the rock, and at the end of it had buried his treasure. It was this idea that had brought Dantes back to the circular rock. One thing only perplexed Edmond, and destroyed his theory. How could this rock, which weighed several tons, have been lifted to this spot, without the aid of many men? Suddenly an idea flashed across his mind. Instead of raising it, thought he, they have lowered it. And he sprang from the rock in order to inspect the base on which it had formerly stood. He soon perceived that a slope had been formed, and the rock had slid along this until it stopped at the spot it now occupied. A large stone had served as a wedge; flints and pebbles had been inserted around it, so as to conceal the orifice; this species of masonry had been covered with earth, and grass and weeds had grown there, moss had clung to the stones, myrtle-bushes had taken root, and the old rock seemed fixed to the earth.
Dantes dug away the earth carefully, and detected, or fancied he detected, the ingenious artifice. He attacked this wall, cemented by the hand of time, with his pickaxe. After ten minutes' labor the wall gave way, and a hole large enough to insert the arm was opened. Dantes went and cut the strongest olive-tree he could find, stripped off its branches, inserted it in the hole, and used it as a lever. But the rock was too heavy, and too firmly wedged, to be moved by any one man, were he Hercules himself. Dantes saw that he must attack the wedge. But how? He cast his eyes around, and saw the horn full of powder which his friend Jacopo had left him. He smiled; the infernal invention would serve him for this purpose. With the aid of his pickaxe, Dantes, after the manner of a labor-saving pioneer, dug a mine between the upper rock and the one that supported it, filled it with powder, then made a match by rolling his handkerchief in saltpetre. He lighted it and retired. The explosion soon followed; the upper rock was lifted from its base by the terrific force of the powder; the lower one flew into pieces; thousands of insects escaped from the aperture Dantes had previously formed, and a huge snake, like the guardian demon of the treasure, rolled himself along in darkening coils, and disappeared.
Dantes approached the upper rock, which now, without any support, leaned towards the sea. The intrepid treasure-seeker walked round it, and, selecting the spot from whence it appeared most susceptible to attack, placed his lever in one of the crevices, and strained every nerve to move the mass. The rock, already shaken by the explosion, tottered on its base. Dantes redoubled his efforts; he seemed like one of the ancient Titans, who uprooted the mountains to hurl against the father of the gods. The rock yielded, rolled over, bounded from point to point, and finally disappeared in the ocean.
On the spot it had occupied was a circular space, exposing an iron ring let into a square flag-stone. Dantes uttered a cry of joy and surprise; never had a first attempt been crowned with more perfect success. He would fain have continued, but his knees trembled, and his heart beat so violently, and his sight became so dim, that he was forced to pause. This feeling lasted but for a moment. Edmond inserted his lever in the ring and exerted all his strength; the flag-stone yielded, and disclosed steps that descended until they were lost in the obscurity of a subterraneous grotto. Any one else would have rushed on with a cry of joy. Dantes turned pale, hesitated, and reflected. "Come," said he to himself, "be a man. I am accustomed to adversity. I must not be cast down by the discovery that I have been deceived. What, then, would be the use of all I have suffered? The heart breaks when, after having been elated by flattering hopes, it sees all its illusions destroyed. Faria has dreamed this; the Cardinal Spada buried no treasure here; perhaps he never came here, or if he did, Caesar Borgia, the intrepid adventurer, the stealthy and indefatigable plunderer, has followed him, discovered his traces, pursued them as I have done, raised the stone, and descending before me, has left me nothing." He remained motionless and pensive, his eyes fixed on the gloomy aperture that was open at his feet.
"Now that I expect nothing, now that I no longer entertain the slightest hopes, the end of this adventure becomes simply a matter of curiosity." And he remained again motionless and thoughtful.
"Yes, yes; this is an adventure worthy a place in the varied career of that royal bandit. This fabulous event formed but a link in a long chain of marvels. Yes, Borgia has been here, a torch in one band, a sword in the other, and within twenty paces, at the foot of this rock, perhaps two guards kept watch on land and sea, while their master descended, as I am about to descend, dispelling the darkness before his awe-inspiring progress."
"But what was the fate of the guards who thus possessed his secret?" asked Dantes of himself.
"The fate," replied he, smiling, "of those who buried Alaric."
"Yet, had he come," thought Dantes, "he would have found the treasure, and Borgia, he who compared Italy to an artichoke, which he could devour leaf by leaf, knew too well the value of time to waste it in replacing this rock. I will go down."
Then he descended, a smile on his lips, and murmuring that last word of human philosophy, "Perhaps!" But instead of the darkness, and the thick and mephitic atmosphere he had expected to find, Dantes saw a dim and bluish light, which, as well as the air, entered, not merely by the aperture he had just formed, but by the interstices and crevices of the rock which were visible from without, and through which he could distinguish the blue sky and the waving branches of the evergreen oaks, and the tendrils of the creepers that grew from the rocks. After having stood a few minutes in the cavern, the atmosphere of which was rather warm than damp, Dantes' eye, habituated as it was to darkness, could pierce even to the remotest angles of the cavern, which was of granite that sparkled like diamonds. "Alas," said Edmond, smiling, "these are the treasures the cardinal has left; and the good abbe, seeing in a dream these glittering walls, has indulged in fallacious hopes."
But he called to mind the words of the will, which he knew by heart. "In the farthest angle of the second opening," said the cardinal's will. He had only found the first grotto; he had now to seek the second. Dantes continued his search. He reflected that this second grotto must penetrate deeper into the island; he examined the stones, and sounded one part of the wall where he fancied the opening existed, masked for precaution's sake. The pickaxe struck for a moment with a dull sound that drew out of Dantes' forehead large drops of perspiration. At last it seemed to him that one part of the wall gave forth a more hollow and deeper echo; he eagerly advanced, and with the quickness of perception that no one but a prisoner possesses, saw that there, in all probability, the opening must be.
However, he, like Caesar Borgia, knew the value of time; and, in order to avoid fruitless toil, he sounded all the other walls with his pickaxe, struck the earth with the butt of his gun, and finding nothing that appeared suspicious, returned to that part of the wall whence issued the consoling sound he had before heard. He again struck it, and with greater force. Then a singular thing occurred. As he struck the wall, pieces of stucco similar to that used in the ground work of arabesques broke off, and fell to the ground in flakes, exposing a large white stone. The aperture of the rock had been closed with stones, then this stucco had been applied, and painted to imitate granite. Dantes struck with the sharp end of his pickaxe, which entered someway between the interstices. It was there he must dig. But by some strange play of emotion, in proportion as the proofs that Faria, had not been deceived became stronger, so did his heart give way, and a feeling of discouragement stole over him. This last proof, instead of giving him fresh strength, deprived him of it; the pickaxe descended, or rather fell; he placed it on the ground, passed his hand over his brow, and remounted the stairs, alleging to himself, as an excuse, a desire to be assured that no one was watching him, but in reality because he felt that he was about to faint. The island was deserted, and the sun seemed to cover it with its fiery glance; afar off, a few small fishing boats studded the bosom of the blue ocean.
Dantes had tasted nothing, but he thought not of hunger at such a moment; he hastily swallowed a few drops of rum, and again entered the cavern. The pickaxe that had seemed so heavy, was now like a feather in his grasp; he seized it, and attacked the wall. After several blows he perceived that the stones were not cemented, but had been merely placed one upon the other, and covered with stucco; he inserted the point of his pickaxe, and using the handle as a lever, with joy soon saw the stone turn as if on hinges, and fall at his feet. He had nothing more to do now, but with the iron tooth of the pickaxe to draw the stones towards him one by one. The aperture was already sufficiently large for him to enter, but by waiting, he could still cling to hope, and retard the certainty of deception. At last, after renewed hesitation, Dantes entered the second grotto. The second grotto was lower and more gloomy than the first; the air that could only enter by the newly formed opening had the mephitic smell Dantes was surprised not to find in the outer cavern. He waited in order to allow pure air to displace the foul atmosphere, and then went on. At the left of the opening was a dark and deep angle. But to Dantes' eye there was no darkness. He glanced around this second grotto; it was, like the first, empty.
The treasure, if it existed, was buried in this corner. The time had at length arrived; two feet of earth removed, and Dantes' fate would be decided. He advanced towards the angle, and summoning all his resolution, attacked the ground with the pickaxe. At the fifth or sixth blow the pickaxe struck against an iron substance. Never did funeral knell, never did alarm-bell, produce a greater effect on the hearer. Had Dantes found nothing he could not have become more ghastly pale. He again struck his pickaxe into the earth, and encountered the same resistance, but not the same sound. "It is a casket of wood bound with iron," thought he. At this moment a shadow passed rapidly before the opening; Dantes seized his gun, sprang through the opening, and mounted the stair. A wild goat had passed before the mouth of the cave, and was feeding at a little distance. This would have been a favorable occasion to secure his dinner; but Dantes feared lest the report of his gun should attract attention.
He thought a moment, cut a branch of a resinous tree, lighted it at the fire at which the smugglers had prepared their breakfast, and descended with this torch. He wished to see everything. He approached the hole he had dug. and now, with the aid of the torch, saw that his pickaxe had in reality struck against iron and wood. He planted his torch in the ground and resumed his labor. In an instant a space three feet long by two feet broad was cleared, and Dantes could see an oaken coffer, bound with cut steel; in the middle of the lid he saw engraved on a silver plate, which was still untarnished, the arms of the Spada family -- viz., a sword, pale, on an oval shield, like all the Italian armorial bearings, and surmounted by a cardinal's hat; Dantes easily recognized them, Faria had so often drawn them for him. There was no longer any doubt: the treasure was there -- no one would have been at such pains to conceal an empty casket. In an instant he had cleared every obstacle away, and he saw successively the lock, placed between two padlocks, and the two handles at each end, all carved as things were carved at that epoch, when art rendered the commonest metals precious. Dantes seized the handles, and strove to lift the coffer; it was impossible. He sought to open it; lock and padlock were fastened; these faithful guardians seemed unwilling to surrender their trust. Dantes inserted the sharp end of the pickaxe between the coffer and the lid, and pressing with all his force on the handle, burst open the fastenings. The hinges yielded in their turn and fell, still holding in their grasp fragments of the wood, and the chest was open.
Edmond was seized with vertigo; he cocked his gun and laid it beside him. He then closed his eyes as children do in order that they may see in the resplendent night of their own imagination more stars than are visible in the firmament; then he re-opened them, and stood motionless with amazement. Three compartments divided the coffer. In the first, blazed piles of golden coin; in the second, were ranged bars of unpolished gold, which possessed nothing attractive save their value; in the third, Edmond grasped handfuls of diamonds, pearls, and rubies, which, as they fell on one another, sounded like hail against glass. After having touched, felt, examined these treasures, Edmond rushed through the caverns like a man seized with frenzy; he leaped on a rock, from whence he could behold the sea. He was alone -- alone with these countless, these unheard-of treasures! was he awake, or was it but a dream?
He would fain have gazed upon his gold, and yet he had not strength enough; for an instant he leaned his head in his hands as if to prevent his senses from leaving him, and then rushed madly about the rocks of Monte Cristo, terrifying the wild goats and scaring the sea-fowls with his wild cries and gestures; then he returned, and, still unable to believe the evidence of his senses, rushed into the grotto, and found himself before this mine of gold and jewels. This time he fell on his knees, and, clasping his hands convulsively, uttered a prayer intelligible to God alone. He soon became calmer and more happy, for only now did he begin to realize his felicity. He then set himself to work to count his fortune. There were a thousand ingots of gold, each weighing from two to three pounds; then he piled up twenty-five thousand crowns, each worth about eighty francs of our money, and bearing the effigies of Alexander VI. and his predecessors; and he saw that the complement was not half empty. And he measured ten double handfuls of pearls, diamonds, and other gems, many of which, mounted by the most famous workmen, were valuable beyond their intrinsic worth. Dantes saw the light gradually disappear, and fearing to be surprised in the cavern, left it, his gun in his hand. A piece of biscuit and a small quantity of rum formed his supper, and he snatched a few hours' sleep, lying over the mouth of the cave.
It was a night of joy and terror, such as this man of stupendous emotions had already experienced twice or thrice in his lifetime.


It all started when I was on the opposite side of this spiritual journey, when I myself suffered the untimely loss of a loved one. I was searching for the answer to why things happen, could I have done something to change the situation and is my loved one alright?
All of these questions led me to my own journey, though I'd had some psychic experiences as a child, for a long time I never put the pieces together. Sure I was receiving signs that we all do – a thought, a song, the cold spots and even dream visitations.
It wasn't until I had a psychic medium come to my house in a group setting that all things just came together. With the encouragement of my wonderful wife, I attended classes with this respected medium. When I first met my teacher I was a skeptic searching for answers, until she had brought through my grandfather whom I had never met in this lifetime and he told her that I see the dark ones. During those prior few years with self-help books and tapes for psychic development, I was seeing people in my minds eyes – mangled, burnt and disfigured. It scared me and I never spoke about that to anyone but here she was validating something that I held closely inside. I was a skeptic when I came to her, but I was like no way could she have picked up on these things…to say mind-blowing and life altering does not even do it justice!
My teacher recognized my healing ability and during this time my natural gifts unfolded, my healing abilities exploded and a new John was born.
Through the years of being taught the safe ways to bring in spirit by my teacher, I was also being taught by spirit and realized that I was so different from many of my classmates. I have natural abilities for psychic clairvoyance and bi-location which is great tool for remote viewing, protection, healing and energy work. Spirit has given me the tasks of 'Gatekeeper", "Master/Teacher" and inducted into "The Brotherhood of Light". I see all things as energy and how it relates to itself and each other.
I see all things as energy and how it relates to itself and each of us. In the past few years, many people have "found" me which I found odd, because I never publicly came out on the healer market. As I have experienced, when spirit is at work on our behalf they will bring people to you and put you in service.
Along with the gift of clairvoyance, healing is my main strength followed with mediumship, protection, soul crossing and energy attunements. I am able to project myself in spirit form to help evolve current mediums and clairvoyants to the world that sits just beyond their third eyes and further their education. The days of sitting back only to meet in the middle with spirit are long gone and I hope to change that in my approach to healing, and in helping other lightworkers to evolve. I am the founder of the LIPMC facebook page that has evolved into this forum Energy Flows, and I currently teach and help develop their gifts.


I am new to the group. I discovered shakuhachi over 40 years ago after buying a double LP record with Olivier Messiaen's Turangalila Symphonie and Takemitsu's November steps on the other. So my interest in Messiaen is as old as my interest in the shakuhachi. And now finally, after a long period of gestation, I have something to show for it!


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Q: EnhanceWithin() is not working am trying to populate a list view via ajax and jquery. after i have populated the data. the enhancement doesnt show.
this is what i did.
Fiddle Result
var poss_ans = "6,4,8,2";
var possibleAnswers = poss_ans.split(","); //poss_ans is string containing all the answer from the database

$(document).on("pagecreate", "#page1", function () {

    var $posans = $('#poss_ans');
    for (var i = 0; i < possibleAnswers.length; i++) {
        var label = possibleAnswers[i];
        $radio = $('
', {
            id: 'rad' + i,

            text: possibleAnswers[i],
        });
        var $label = '

Dynamic

To Peter Griffin
Ah, Mr. Griffin, Im not quite sure how to say this. Kim Bassinger? Bass singer? Bassinger?

';

        $posans.append($label);
    }
        $posans.enhanceWithin().closest("fieldset").controlgroup("refresh");

});

now in the result pane(inside my fiddle) are two different results. the first result labeled " Static".is what i want to acheive when i receive the data. and the second to the last one is  what am getting instead.
when i inspect the element in the browser there is a new class(ui-link) that is been added to the . i tried to remove it but its not working.
i dont know why the enhanceWithin() is not working. could some please help me out.

A: Just change the last line to
$posans.listview("refresh");

API DOC: http://api.jquerymobile.com/listview/#method-refresh

Updated FIDDLE


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the saab 9000 is an executive car that was produced by the swedish company saab from 1984 to 1998. representing the company's foray into the executive car scene, it was developed as a result of the successes of the turbocharged 99 and 900 models. the 9000 remained in production until it was replaced by the saab 9-5 in late 1997, although some final cars were produced into 1998.
foto prijs datum locatie; suzuki overige suzuki werkplaatshandboek 1980 - 2009 (no: 2 . motorparts-online item: suzuki overige suzuki werkplaatshandboek bouwjaar van tot: 1980 - 2009 schadeomschrijving: gebruikt onderdeel.
the lancia delta is a small family car produced by italian automobile manufacturer lancia in three generations. the first generation produced between 1979 and 1994, the second generation from 1993 to 1999, and the third generation from 2008 to 2014. the delta was first shown at the frankfurt motor show in 1979. the delta dominated the world rally championship during the late 1980s and early 1990s.
motor trend reviews the 2007 pontiac vibe where consumers can find detailed information on specs, fuel economy, transmission and safety. find local 2007 pontiac vibe prices online.
ferrari 348 primer for new owners. just behind you, your ears reward you with the warm low tones of your factory tuned exhaust.


These last few years the forest resource is increasingly prized especially due to important needs in wood energy. Traditional crops are widely used, however an important resource such as stumps or difficult trunks (knotty, large diameter) are few or not valued. Splitting the wood is the way to value this unused resource. Especially as splitting wood, allows fast and natural wood drying. It also gives to firewood better quality and guarantees superior combustion.
Axe has been the one and only tool used to cut firewood since earlier times. It is a work which requires skill and strength. There are many firewood depots in the country where the wood is cut using axe. Even in this era of LPG cooking the demand for firewood has not come down. Firewood is not only used for cooking but also for boiling water. Gas/Electric Geysers are used in the urban areas but firewood is still extensively used in villages for boiling water. Splitting of firewood using axe is tedious job. After the advent of hand held chain saw, the process of cutting wood into smaller lengths has become easier and faster. But for lengthwise splitting of wood, chain saw cannot be used when the wood is for firewood. Cutting wood using chain saw makes the surface of wood smooth. Firewood surface should have sharp edges or splinters in order to catch fire easily. Hence if a machine has to be designed for log splitting, it should split log such that the effect is similar to that of splitting using axe.
In the present design, the aim is to speed up the process of splitting logs and reduce the effort and cost. A mild steel cone having v-thread on its surface (Taper thread) is used as a tool for splitting firewood. The tool is fit to a shaft driven by an electric motor. Log is fed such that longitudinal axis of wooden log is perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the tool. The speed of the motor is reduced by using the v-belt drive and torque is increased to suit the requirement. A three phase AC induction motor is used so that the direction of rotation can be reversed if the tool gets jammed in the wood.
1. To split wooden logs for firewood purpose.
2. To split logs in such a way that it catches fire easily.
7. To avoid the use of skilled labour.
10. To split all kinds of logs- dry, wet, with knots etc.
Horizontal wood splitters are the most common style and generally include tires along with a tongue to hook to a trailer hitch so you can pull them around from place to place.
They can also be stationary and be set up to run mass amounts of wood through them.
With horizontal wood splitters you simply lay the log down on the track and allow the hydraulic ram to force the splitter head into the log as it splits the log in half. Choose one of our horizontal wood splitter plans. o use a horizontal log splitter, you pick up the logs and lay them on the log splitter i-beam or tray system for splitting.


An extension for the Taurus TCP .380 ACP. This extension replaces the magazine floor plate providing extra gripping surface for better control and comfort without altering the capacity of the factory magazine. Extensions are packaged one per pack. NOTE: This extension only works with Taurus magazines made in Brazil with the metal internal locking plate.


To complement your free Kasasa Cash® checking, we also offer a free savings account that pays you high rates — Kasasa Saver® earns 0.50% APY* monthly!
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*APY=Annual Percentage Yield. APYs accurate as of 9/15/2014. Rates may change after account is opened. For Kasasa Cash, if qualifications are met each monthly qualification cycle: (1) Domestic ATM fees incurred during qualification cycle will be reimbursed and credited to account on the first Business Day of each month; (2) balances up to $10,000 receive APY of 2.00%; and (3) balances over $10,000 earn 0.25% dividend rate on the portion of the balance over $10,000, resulting in 2.00% - 0.41% APY depending on the balance. If qualifications are not met on Kasasa Cash all balances earn 0.05% APY. Qualifying transactions must post to and settle Kasasa Cash account during monthly qualification cycle. Transactions may take one or more banking days from the date transaction was made to post to and settle account. ATM-processed transactions do not count towards qualifying debit card transactions. "Monthly Qualification Cycle" means the current statement cycle. The advertised Kasasa Cash APY is based on compounding dividends. Dividends earned in Kasasa Cash are automatically transferred to Kasasa Saver each statement cycle and does not compound. Actual dividend amount paid may be less than advertised Kasasa Cash APY. The Kasasa Saver APYs may be less than Kasasa Cash APYs. If qualifications in Kasasa Cash are met each monthly qualification cycle: (1) balances up to $10,000 in Kasasa Saver receive an APY of 0.50%; and (2) balances over $10,000 in Kasasa Saver earn 0.25% dividend rate on portion of balance over $10,000, resulting in 0.50% - 0.27% APY depending on the balance. If qualifications are not met on Kasasa Cash, all balances in Kasasa Saver earn 0.05% APY. Limit one account per SSN. ATM receipt must be presented for reimbursement of an individual ATM fee of $5.00 or higher. Dividends will be credited to the account on the first Business Day of each month. To be eligible for this account, members must be 16 years of age or older with a minimum credit score of 560 OR no established credit. For members under 18, a parent or legal guardian must be a joint owner.


text:
home > Articles > God Speed
He is the working class lad from Stevenage who rose through the racing ranks to become Formula One World Champion three times (and counting) but no matter the glory he basks in, Lewis Hamilton never loses his grace.
By Karen Anne Overton
When he was ten years old, Lewis Hamilton – by then Britain's youngest-ever Cadet Class Karting Champion — famously walked up to McLaren chief Ron Dennis to ask for an autograph and told him, "I want to race for you one day." Dennis replied, "Phone me in nine years" and recalls that even at ten, Hamilton was confident but there was no trace of arrogance. Only three years later, Dennis made Hamilton the youngest driver ever to land a Formula One contract, signing him to apprentice in McLaren's young driver development programme and the rest, as they say, is history.
It would be easy to credit his phenomenal success to luck, but undeniably, for the most part, it is pure hard graft. Hamilton, though, is not the kind of man to brag about his achievements or even play the hard-done-by card, and when he won the Drivers' Championship for the second time, he declared: "I can't really explain how much this means. It means even more than the first one. It feels like it's the first time. I feel so blessed. Adding that it was the best day of his life, Hamilton said: "It's the greatest feeling ever. I'm grateful to God; I'm grateful for my car finishing and really, to everyone, thank you so much, everyone. Thank you."
For Hamilton, his faith is as instinctive and ingrained as his ability to drive; intrinsically connected, his devotion to both have led him to an extraordinary life. To some his candour is surprising, and it does seem unusual to meet a Formula One driver who is so open about his faith; many, after all, are keen to extol their virtues, but Hamilton has thrived on defying expectations. The mixed-race kid from Stevenage with a fifth-hand go-kart who went on to become a racing superstar… A man who stands by his faith yet is immersed in sport's most scientific, leave-nothing-to-chance environment.
Much of this is certainly a product of his background, which has none of the privilege often associated with the sport. Born to a white mother and black father in Stevenage, Hertfordshire, Hamilton's parents split when he was two years old. Though he lived with his mother, and two half-sisters, Nicola and Samantha, until he was 12, it was his father who noticed his young son's potential when he gave him a remote-controlled car, and sought to nurture it. For Anthony Hamilton, whose parents moved to the UK from Grenada in the 1950s, this was a chance to give his son the life he never had, and over the years would make great sacrifices, even at one point holding down three jobs, to further his son's development.
By 1991, Hamilton was already taking part in remote-controlled car races and winning against adults. When he was six, his father gave him his first go-kart, the caveat being that he would work hard at school. He later attended the John Henry Newman secondary school, a voluntarily aided Roman Catholic school. To maintain this delicate balance required discipline, and both Hamilton and his father learned the sacrifices that come with making a champion. For Hamilton, this meant foregoing all the usual fun of teenage life, as any spare time was spent on the racing track, and for his dad this meant quitting his job in IT and finding any means possible to fund what was by now a shared dream of driver son and would-be manager father.
One of the more surprising aspects of being a professional racing driver is the level of fitness required. The 2013 film Rush about the rivalry between Niki Lauda and James Hunt may have painted the sport as a debauched champagne and cocaine-fuelled party circuit, but that was the 70s, and these days, F1 drivers are highly conditioned athletes. Their bodies must be at their peak as they manoeuvre 691kg cars at top speeds of 300kph, endure forces of 5g, burn 1,400 calories and lose up to 3kg of body weight in sweat during a race. What's more, they do it 19 times over an eight-month period.
Maintaining weight and fitness is vital, and Hamilton admits that though his favourite foods are pizza and a good burger, he hasn't had either for a while, instead sticking to a strict diet that's high in protein and fresh fruits and vegetables. If deprivation is a means to holiness, then Hamilton has long suffered for his profession. He is also well-known to say grace before every meal and has been noted for his impeccable table manners! Call him old-school.
In spite of his many admirable talents and virtues, Hamilton is far from perfect, and over the years he has come under fire for different aspects of his lifestyle. Particularly his style, his relationships and his many tattoos. Unlike most of his peers, who are not known for their antics off the track, Hamilton has embraced the celebrity aspect of his work and is known for hanging out with rock stars, supermodels and actresses. He famously dated Pussycat Dolls singer Nicole Scherzinger for seven years, and was rumoured to have had a fling with Rihanna last year. There had been many times when it looked like Hamilton may go off the rails, as in 2010 when he relieved his father of management duties, instead signing a contract with Simon Fuller's more celebrity orientated XIX Management (he has since ceased working with XIX). More recently, former F1 driver turned TV analyst David Coulthard speculated about the effect Hamilton's taste for the good life might have on his performance this season. Hamilton has acknowledged that he stands apart from today's crop of calmer, more robotic drivers:
"I try to find a balance in my life … the lifestyle that I live is different to the other drivers. But who says that it has to be the way they are doing things? My style works perfectly for me. It is all about enjoying every moment. Maybe before you know it my Formula One career will be over and I want to make sure that I look back and can say that I lived it to the maximum, maximum, maximum! That is what I try to do. I enjoy my life. I move as much as I can – get to places and experience as many things as I can – and do my job in the best way I can."
His work and celebrity status have certainly led him to some interesting places. Hamilton is often seen at the most exclusive celebrity parties, sporting his trademark diamond earrings and tailored suits. When it comes to style, Hamilton rarely errs on the side of subtle and frequently displays his love of fashion on the most high-profile front rows at shows like Balmain and Louis Vuitton. Though certainly interesting, his fashion choices have sometimes landed him in hot water; for example, when he was turned away from centre court at Wimbledon last year for failing to adhere to the strict dress code. Foregoing the requisite jacket and tie for a floral shirt and trilby, Hamilton's seat in the royal box at the showdown between Djokovic and Nadal was left empty.
It is his huge array of body art which draws the most reactions, both positive and negative. For Hamilton, his tattoos are an integral part of who he is, and also act as a reminder of his faith. "I love my ink," Hamilton told Men's Health. "They all have a meaning. I'm very strong in my faith, so I wanted to have some religious images. I've got Pietà, a Michelangelo sculpture of Mary holding Jesus after he came off the cross, on my shoulder. A sacred heart on my arm. Musical notes, because I love music. The compass on my chest is there because the church is my compass."
He continued: "Family is everything for me, so I have 'family' written on the top, across my shoulders. 'Faith', obviously. And I have 'powerful beyond measure' written on my chest – it's a short bit I took out of a quote, from the writer Marianne Williamson. On my back I have the cross and angel wings: rise above it, no matter what life throws at you. And also, you know, Jesus rose from the grave."
Tattoos depicting religious icons are not uncommon these days, especially among famous sportsmen (mostly thanks to David Beckham), but the difference with Hamilton is his general openness about God and Christianity. "The way I look at it," he says of his faith, "Formula One is dangerous. People have died in this sport. So I stay strong with my faith. I've come from nowhere. I feel blessed to be here. I think there's a reason I'm here."
Though Formula One is by and large a much safer sport than it used to be, serious accidents do still happen. In 2009, Felipe Massa suffered a skull fracture that needed urgent surgery when a spring, which had become detached from the rear suspension of Rubens Barrichello's Brawn, struck Massa on the head as he reached 175mph on one of the fastest sections of the Hungarian Grand Prix. The most recent, and tragic, though, occurred at the Japanese Grand Prix in October 2014. Under intermittent heavy rainfall caused by the approaching typhoon Phanfone and in fading daylight, the drivers began the race as usual; on the 45th lap, though, as the cars chicaned around the seventh corner, Marussia driver Jules Bianchi swerved off course and hit a recovery vehicle. Despite being rushed to hospital and receiving emergency surgery to reduce swelling in his brain, Bianchi remained comatose until his death in July 2015. The race was immediately stopped and Hamilton, who was leading, declared the winner, but the Frenchman's death resonated deeply. After all, there was little difference between Hamilton and Bianchi, who was only 25; two ambitious and determined young men, one tragically killed and one crowned champion.
With the 2016 season of Formula One underway, hopes are high that Hamilton will once again conquer the odds to win his third consecutive title (fourth overall). Looking stronger than ever in the cockpit, he is arguably the fastest of the so-called 10/10ths drivers, the term that F1 boss Bernie Ecclestone uses to describe racing's elite cadre. This year, he is also nominated for the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year Award, the prestigious international event that recognises achievement in the world of sports. Laureus is a foundation who believe in 'Using the power of sport as a tool for social change' through their various projects and sports academies around the world, and given his own background, it's no wonder Laureus is close to Hamilton's heart.
With all this success, though, is there any real fear than Hamilton will lose his way and give in to the glamour and excesses that surround him? And does he even consider himself a celebrity? "I am pretty sure – and I know a lot of celebrities – that none of them would ever say that they are a celebrity. You don't wake up in the morning, brush your teeth, look in the mirror and say: 'Good morning, you celebrity!" jokes Hamilton.
"In the end, I am just a normal person who is doing something that happens to be in the spotlight. My life revolves around .. .my dogs, good food, great company, great friends, family, music, kids, seeing life, feeling life. Mostly we go through life without stopping for a second to look at what surrounds us. I made it a habit to do it every single day – even if it literally is one second – and absorb. There are such beautiful things to watch: when I am flying it's the earth below me, or a beautiful beach, or a colourful bird. I take pictures in my mind."
Quite simply, Hamilton is not concerned. He is aware of the work that must be put in every season and he is aware of how far he has come. He also understands the dangers of his chosen profession and how quickly and easily it could be taken away. So with the tarmac beneath him and the Lord above him, Hamilton just sits back and enjoys the ride.


text:
Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water
Groundwater is water located beneath the ground surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock...
from an area. Many agricultural soils need drainage to improve production or to manage water supplies.
The ancient Indus systems of sewerage and drainage that were developed and used in cities throughout the civilization were far more advanced than any found in contemporary urban sites in the Middle East
The ancient Near East was the home of early civilizations within a region roughly corresponding to the modern Middle East: Mesopotamia , ancient Egypt, ancient Iran The ancient Near East was the home of early civilizations within a region roughly corresponding to the modern Middle East: Mesopotamia...
and even more efficient than those in some areas of modern Pakistan and India today. All houses in the major cities of Harappa
Harappa is an archaeological site in Punjab, northeast Pakistan, about west of Sahiwal. The site takes its name from a modern village located near the former course of the Ravi River. The current village of Harappa is from the ancient site. Although modern Harappa has a train station left from...
and Mohenjo-daro
Mohenjo-daro
Mohenjo-daro is an archeological site situated in what is now the province of Sindh, Pakistan. Built around 2600 BC, it was one of the largest settlements of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, and one of the world's earliest major urban settlements, existing at the same time as the...
had access to water
and drainage facilities. Waste water was directed to covered drains, which lined the major streets.
Drainage in the 19th century
From the 1881 Household Cyclopedia
Household Cyclopedia
The Household Cyclopedia was an American guide to housekeeping published in 1881.- External links :**...
This operation is always best performed in spring
Spring (season)
Spring is one of the four temperate seasons, the transition period between winter and summer. Spring and "springtime" refer to the season, and broadly to ideas of rebirth, renewal and regrowth. The specific definition of the exact timing of "spring" varies according to local climate, cultures and...
or summer
Summer is the warmest of the four temperate seasons, between spring and autumn. At the summer solstice, the days are longest and the nights are shortest, with day-length decreasing as the season progresses after the solstice...
, when the ground is dry. Main drains ought to be made in every part of the field where a cross-cut
Fill may refer to:*Fill dirt, soil added to an area.*Fill , a short segment of instrumental music.*In textiles, the filling yarn is the same as weft, the yarn which is shuttled back and forth across the warp to create a woven fabric....
or open drain was formerly wanted; they ought to be cut four feet (1.2 m) deep, upon an average. This completely secures them from the possibility of being damaged by the treading of horse
The horse is one of two extant subspecies of Equus ferus, or the wild horse. It is a single-hooved mammal belonging to the taxonomic family Equidae. The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 million years from a small multi-toed creature into the large, single-toed animal of today...
s or cattle
Cattle are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae, are the most widespread species of the genus Bos, and are most commonly classified collectively as Bos primigenius...
, and being so far below the small drains, clears the water finely out of them. In every situation, pipe-turfs for the main drains, if they can be had, are preferable. If good stiff clay
Clay is a general term including many combinations of one or more clay minerals with traces of metal oxides and organic matter. Geologic clay deposits are mostly composed of phyllosilicate minerals containing variable amounts of water trapped in the mineral structure.- Formation :Clay minerals...
, a single row of pipe-turf; if sandy, a double row. When pipe-turf cannot be got conveniently, a good wedge drain may answer well, when the subsoil is a strong, stiff clay; but if the subsoil be only moderately so, a thorn drain, with couples below, will do still better; and if the subsoil is very sandy, except pipes can be had, it is in vain to attempt under-draining the fiel d by any other method. It may be necessary to mention here that the size of the main drains ought to be regulated according to the length and declivity of the run, and t eihther it can be he quantity of water to be carried off by them. It is always safe, however, to have the main drains large, and plenty of them; for economy here seldom turns out well.
Having finished the main drains, proceed next to make a small drain in every furrow of the field if the ridges formerly have not been less than fifteen feet (4.6 m) wide. But if that should be the case, first level the ridges, and make the drains in the best direction, and at such a distance from each other as may be thought necessary. If the water rises well in the bottom of the drains, they ought to be cut three feet (1 m) deep, and in this ease would dry the field sufficiently well, although they were from twenty-five to thirty feet (8 to 10 m) asunder; but if the water does not draw well to the bottom of the drains, two feet (0.6 m) will be a sufficient deepness for the pipe-drain, and two and a half feet (1 m) for the wedge drain. In no case ought they to be shallower where the field has been previously leveled. In this instance, however, as the surface water is carried off chiefly by the water sinking immediately into the top of the drains, it will be necessary to have the drains much nearer each other—say from fifteen to twenty feet (4.6 to 6 m). If the ridges are more than fifteen feet (4.6 m) wide, however broad and irregular they may be, follow invariably the line of the old furrows, as the best direction for the drains; and, where they are high-gathered ridges, from twenty to twenty-four inches will be a sufficient depth for the pipe-drain, and from twenty-four to thirty inches for the wedge-drain. Particular care should be taken in connecting the small and main drains together, so that the water may have a gentle declivity, with free access into the main drains.
When the drains are finished, the ridges are cleaved down upon the drains by the plough
The plough or plow is a tool used in farming for initial cultivation of soil in preparation for sowing seed or planting. It has been a basic instrument for most of recorded history, and represents one of the major advances in agriculture...
; and where they had been very high formerly, a second clearing may be given; but it is better not to level the ridges too much, for by allowing them to retain a little of their former shape, the ground being lowest immediately where the drains are, the surface water collects upon the top of the drains; and, by shrinking into them, gets freely away. After the field is thus finished, run the new ridges across the small drains, making them about ten feet (3 m) broad, and continue afterwards to plough the field in the same manner as dry land.
It is evident from the above method of draining that the expense will vary very much, according to the quantity of main drains necessary for the field, the distance of the small drains from each other, and the distance the turf is to be carried.
The advantage resulting from under-draining, is very great, for besides a considerable saving annually of water furrowing, cross cutting, etc., the land can often be ploughed and sow
Sow may refer to:* Sowing seed* Female animals: badger, bear, pig family* Shape in which metal is cast* Type of siege engine* River Sow, England* "Sow", a poem by Sylvia Plath* Sow , the band/spoken word project comprising Anna Wildsmith-People:...
n to advantage, both in the spring and in the fall of the year, when otherwise it would be found quite impracticable; every species of drilled crops, such as beans, potatoes, turnips, etc., can be cultivated successfully; and every species, both of green and white crops, is less apt to fail in wet and untoward seasons.
Wherever a burst of water appears in any particular spot, the sure and certain way of getting quit of such an evil is to dig hollow drains to such a depth below the surface as is required by the fall or level that can be gained, and by the quantity of water expected to proceed from the burst or spring
Spring (hydrosphere)
A spring—also known as a rising or resurgence—is a component of the hydrosphere. Specifically, it is any natural situation where water flows to the surface of the earth from underground...
. Having ascertained the extent of water to be carried off, taken the necessary levels, and cleared a mouth or loading passage for the water, begin the drain at the extremity next to that leader, and go on with the work till the top of the spring is touched, which probably will accomplish the intended object. But if it should not be completely accomplished, run off from the main drain with such a number of branches as may be required to intercept the water, and in this way disappointment will hardly be experienced. Drains, to be substantially useful, should seldom be less than three feet (1 m) in depth, twenty or twenty four inches thereof to be close packed with stones or wood, according to circumstances. The former are the best materials, but in many places are not to be got in sufficient quantities; recourse therefore, must often be made to the latter, though not so effectual or durable.
It is of vast importance to fill up drains as fast as they are dug out; because, if left open for any length of time, the earth is not only apt to fall in but the sides get into a broken, irregular state, which cannot afterwards be completely rectified. A proper covering of straw or sod
Sod or turf is grass and the part of the soil beneath it held together by the roots, or a piece of thin material.The term sod may be used to mean turf grown and cut specifically for the establishment of lawns...
should be put upon the top of the materials, to keep the surface earth from mixing with them; and where wood is the material used for filling up, a double degree of attention is necessary, otherwise the proposed improvement may be effectually frustrated.
The pit method of draining is a very effectual one, if executed with judgment. When it is sufficiently ascertained where the bed of water is deposited, which can easily be done by boring with an auger, sink a pit into the place of a size which will allow a man freely to work within its bounds. Dig this pit of such a depth as to reach the bed of the water meant to be carried off; and when this depth is attained, which is easily discerned by the rising of the water, fill up the pit with great land-stones and carry off the water by a stout drain to some adjoining ditch or mouth, whence it may proceed to the nearest river.
Current practices
Modern drainage systems incorporate geotextile
Geotextiles are permeable fabrics which, when used in association with soil, have the ability to separate, filter, reinforce, protect, or drain...
filters that retain and prevent fine grains of soil
Soil is a natural body consisting of layers of mineral constituents of variable thicknesses, which differ from the parent materials in their morphological, physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics...
from passing into and clogging the drain. Geotextiles are synthetic textile fabrics specially manufactured for civil
Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works like roads, bridges, canals, dams, and buildings...
Environmental engineering is the application of science and engineering principles to improve the natural environment , to provide healthy water, air, and land for human habitation and for other organisms, and to remediate polluted sites...
applications. Geotextiles are designed to retain fine soil particles while allowing water to pass through. In a typical drainage system they would be laid along a trench which would then be filled with coarse granular material
Granular material
A granular material is a conglomeration of discrete solid, macroscopic particles characterized by a loss of energy whenever the particles interact . The constituents that compose granular material must be large enough such that they are not subject to thermal motion fluctuations...
: gravel
Gravel is composed of unconsolidated rock fragments that have a general particle size range and include size classes from granule- to boulder-sized fragments. Gravel can be sub-categorized into granule and cobble...
, sea shells, stone
Rock (geology)
In geology, rock or stone is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloids.The Earth's outer solid layer, the lithosphere, is made of rock. In general rocks are of three types, namely, igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic...
or rock
. The geotextile is then folded over the top of the stone and the trench is then covered by soil. Groundwater
seeps through the geotextile and flows within the stone to an outfall. In high groundwater
conditions a perforated plastic (PVC
Polyvinyl chloride, commonly abbreviated PVC, is a thermoplastic polymer. It is a vinyl polymer constructed of repeating vinyl groups having one hydrogen replaced by chloride. Polyvinyl chloride is the third most widely produced plastic, after polyethylene and polypropylene. PVC is widely used in...
or PE
Polyethylene or polythene is the most widely used plastic, with an annual production of approximately 80 million metric tons...
) pipe is laid along the base of the drain to increase the volume of water transported in the drain.
Alternatively, prefabricated plastic drainage systems made of HDPE called SmartDitch, often incorporating geotextile, coco
Coco, CoCo, Co-Co or similar can mean:*Co-Co locomotives, a code for a locomotive wheel arrangement with two six-wheeled bogies with all axles powered, with a separate motor per axle*Co-Co , a British pop group...
fiber or rag filter
Filter (water)
A water filter removes impurities from water by means of a fine physical barrier, a chemical process or a biological process. Filters cleanse water to various extents for irrigation, drinking water, aquariums, and swimming pools.-Methods of filtration:...
s can be considered. The use of these materials has become increasingly more common due to their ease of use which eliminates the need for transporting and laying stone drainage aggregate which is invariably more expensive than a synthetic drain and concrete liners.
Over the past 30 years geotextile and PVC filters have become the most commonly used soil filter media. They are cheap to produce and easy to lay, with factory controlled properties that ensure long term filtration performance even in fine silty soil conditions.
21st century alternatives
Seattle's Public Utilities created a pilot program called Street Edge Alternatives (SEA Streets) Project. The project focuses on designing a system "to provide drainage that more closely mimics the natural landscape prior to development than traditional piped systems".
The streets are characterized by ditches along the side of the roadway, with plantings designed throughout the area.
An emphasis on non curbed sidewalks allows water to flow more freely into the areas of permeable surface on the side of the streets. Because of the plantings the run off water from the urban area does not all directly go into the ground but can also be absorbed into the surrounding environment.
According to the monitoring by Seattle Public Utilities, they report a 99 percent reduction of storm water leaving the drainage project
Drainage in construction
The civil engineer
A civil engineer is a person who practices civil engineering; the application of planning, designing, constructing, maintaining, and operating infrastructures while protecting the public and environmental health, as well as improving existing infrastructures that have been neglected.Originally, a...
or site engineer is responsible for drainage in construction projects. They set out from the plans all the road
A road is a thoroughfare, route, or way on land between two places, which typically has been paved or otherwise improved to allow travel by some conveyance, including a horse, cart, or motor vehicle. Roads consist of one, or sometimes two, roadways each with one or more lanes and also any...
s, street gutter
Street gutter
A street gutter is a depression running parallel to a road designed to collect rainwater flowing along the street and divert it into a storm drain. Where a curbstone is present, a gutter may simply be formed by the convergence of the road surface and the vertical face of the sidewalk; otherwise, a...
s, drainage, culvert
Culvert
A culvert is a device used to channel water. It may be used to allow water to pass underneath a road, railway, or embankment. Culverts can be made of many different materials; steel, polyvinyl chloride and concrete are the most common...
s and sewers involved in construction
In the fields of architecture and civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the building or assembling of infrastructure. Far from being a single activity, large scale construction is a feat of human multitasking...
operations. During the construction of the work on site he/she will set out all the necessary levels for each of the previously mentioned factors.
Site engineers work alongside architect
An architect is a person trained in the planning, design and oversight of the construction of buildings. To practice architecture means to offer or render services in connection with the design and construction of a building, or group of buildings and the space within the site surrounding the...
s and construction managers, supervisors, planners, quantity surveyor
A quantity surveyor is a professional working within the construction industry concerned with building costs.The profession is one that provides a qualification gained following formal education, specific training and experience that provides a general set of skills that are then applied to a...
s, the general workforce, as well as subcontractors. Typically, most jurisdictions have some body of drainage law
Drainage law
Drainage law is a specific area of water law related to drainage of surface water on real property. It is of great importance in areas where freshwater is scarce, where flooding is common, or where water is in high demand for agricultural or commercial purposes.-Drainage law in the United...
to govern to what degree a landowner can alter the drainage from his parcel.
Green Drain
Enzymatic drain cleaners can be a safer alternative to chemical drain cleaners, and are easier on the environment. They use bacteria or enzymes, which naturally feed on organic waste, such as hair and food waste that often block drains. These tiny organisms, then digest the waste and to recreate beneficial bacteria and enzymes throughout the septic system. In fact, drain cleaners enzyme originally used to clean septic tank
A septic tank is a key component of the septic system, a small-scale sewage treatment system common in areas with no connection to main sewage pipes provided by local governments or private corporations...
s and sewage. Enzymatic drain cleaners are better for the environment because they prevent hazardous chemicals that may leak into soil and water from spreading.
Reasons for artificial drainage
Wetland soils may need drainage to be used for agriculture
Agriculture is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi and other life forms for food, fiber, and other products used to sustain life. Agriculture was the key implement in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the...
. In the northern USA
and Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
, glaciation created numerous small lake
A lake is a body of relatively still fresh or salt water of considerable size, localized in a basin, that is surrounded by land. Lakes are inland and not part of the ocean and therefore are distinct from lagoons, and are larger and deeper than ponds. Lakes can be contrasted with rivers or streams,...
s which gradually filled with humus to make marsh
In geography, a marsh, or morass, is a type of wetland that is subject to frequent or continuous flood. Typically the water is shallow and features grasses, rushes, reeds, typhas, sedges, other herbaceous plants, and moss....
es. Some of these were drained using open ditch
A ditch is usually defined as a small to moderate depression created to channel water.In Anglo-Saxon, the word dïc already existed and was pronounced 'deek' in northern England and 'deetch' in the south. The origins of the word lie in digging a trench and forming the upcast soil into a bank...
es and trenches to make muckland
Muck (soil)
Muck is a soil made up primarily of humus from drained swampland. It is known as black soil in The Fens of eastern England, where it was originally mainly fen and bog. It is used there, as in the United States, for growing specialty crops such as onions, carrots, celery, and potatoes...
s, which are primarily used for high value crops such as vegetable
The noun vegetable usually means an edible plant or part of a plant other than a sweet fruit or seed. This typically means the leaf, stem, or root of a plant....
The largest project of this type in the world has been in process for centuries in the Netherlands
The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...
. The area between Amsterdam
Amsterdam is the largest city and the capital of the Netherlands. The current position of Amsterdam as capital city of the Kingdom of the Netherlands is governed by the constitution of August 24, 1815 and its successors. Amsterdam has a population of 783,364 within city limits, an urban population...
, Haarlem
Haarlem is a municipality and a city in the Netherlands. It is the capital of the province of North Holland, the northern half of Holland, which at one time was the most powerful of the seven provinces of the Dutch Republic...
and Leiden was, in prehistoric times swampland and small lakes. Turf cutting (Peat
Peat is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation matter or histosol. Peat forms in wetland bogs, moors, muskegs, pocosins, mires, and peat swamp forests. Peat is harvested as an important source of fuel in certain parts of the world...
Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, from an ore body, vein or seam. The term also includes the removal of soil. Materials recovered by mining include base metals, precious metals, iron, uranium, coal, diamonds, limestone, oil shale, rock...
), subsidence
Subsidence is the motion of a surface as it shifts downward relative to a datum such as sea-level. The opposite of subsidence is uplift, which results in an increase in elevation...
and shoreline erosion
Erosion is when materials are removed from the surface and changed into something else. It only works by hydraulic actions and transport of solids in the natural environment, and leads to the deposition of these materials elsewhere...
gradually caused the formation of one large lake, the Haarlemmermeer
Haarlemmermeer is a municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. It is a polder, consisting of land reclaimed from water, and the name Haarlemmermeer means Haarlem's Lake, still referring to the body of water from which the region was reclaimed in the 19th century.Its main...
, or lake of Haarlem. The invention of wind
Wind is the flow of gases on a large scale. On Earth, wind consists of the bulk movement of air. In outer space, solar wind is the movement of gases or charged particles from the sun through space, while planetary wind is the outgassing of light chemical elements from a planet's atmosphere into space...
powered pump
A pump is a device used to move fluids, such as liquids, gases or slurries.A pump displaces a volume by physical or mechanical action. Pumps fall into three major groups: direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps...
ing engines in the 15th century permitted drainage of some of the marginal land, but the final drainage of the lake had to await the design of large, steam powered pumps and agreements between regional authorities. The elimination of the lake occurred between 1849 and 1852, creating thousands of km² of new land.
Coastal plains and river deltas may have seasonally or permanently high water table
Water table
The water table is the level at which the submarine pressure is far from atmospheric pressure. It may be conveniently visualized as the 'surface' of the subsurface materials that are saturated with groundwater in a given vicinity. However, saturated conditions may extend above the water table as...
s and must have drainage improvements if they are to be used for agriculture. An example is the flatwoods citrus
Citrus is a common term and genus of flowering plants in the rue family, Rutaceae. Citrus is believed to have originated in the part of Southeast Asia bordered by Northeastern India, Myanmar and the Yunnan province of China...
-growing region of Florida
Florida is a state in the southeastern United States, located on the nation's Atlantic and Gulf coasts. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. With a population of 18,801,310 as measured by the 2010 census, it...
. After periods of high rainfall, drainage pumps are employed to prevent damage to the citrus groves from overly wet soils. Rice
Rice is the seed of the monocot plants Oryza sativa or Oryza glaberrima . As a cereal grain, it is the most important staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and the West Indies...
production requires complete control of water, as fields need to be flooded or drained at different stages of the crop cycle. The Netherlands has also led the way in this type of drainage, not only to drain lowland along the shore, but actually pushing back the sea until the original nation has been greatly enlarged.
In moist climates, soils may be adequate for cropping with the exception that they become waterlogged
Waterlogging
Waterlogging or water logging may refer to:* Waterlogging , saturation of the soil by groundwater sufficient to prevent or hinder agriculture...
for brief periods each year, from snow
Snow is a form of precipitation within the Earth's atmosphere in the form of crystalline water ice, consisting of a multitude of snowflakes that fall from clouds. Since snow is composed of small ice particles, it is a granular material. It has an open and therefore soft structure, unless packed by...
melt or from heavy rain
Rain is liquid precipitation, as opposed to non-liquid kinds of precipitation such as snow, hail and sleet. Rain requires the presence of a thick layer of the atmosphere to have temperatures above the melting point of water near and above the Earth's surface...
s. Soils that are predominantly clay
will pass water very slowly downward, meanwhile plant roots suffocate because the excessive water around the roots eliminates air movement through the soil.
Other soils may have an impervious layer of mineralized soil, called a hardpan
In soil science, agriculture and gardening, hardpan or ouklip is a general term for a dense layer of soil, usually found below the uppermost topsoil layer. There are different types of hardpan, all sharing the general characteristic of being a distinct soil layer that is largely impervious to water...
or relatively impervious rock layers may underlie shallow soils. Drainage is especially important in tree fruit
A fruit tree is a tree which bears fruit that is consumed or used by people — all trees that are flowering plants produce fruit, which are the ripened ovaries of flowers containing one or more seeds. In horticultural usage, the term 'fruit tree' is limited to those that provide fruit for...
production. Soils that are otherwise excellent may be waterlogged for a week of the year, which is sufficient to kill fruit trees and cost the productivity of the land until replacements can be established. In each of these cases appropriate drainage carries off temporary flushes of water to prevent damage to annual
Annual plant
An annual plant is a plant that usually germinates, flowers, and dies in a year or season. True annuals will only live longer than a year if they are prevented from setting seed...
or perennial
A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives for more than two years. The term is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter lived annuals and biennials. The term is sometimes misused by commercial gardeners or horticulturalists to describe only herbaceous perennials...
crops.
Drier areas are often farmed by irrigation
Irrigation may be defined as the science of artificial application of water to the land or soil. It is used to assist in the growing of agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes, and revegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall...
, and one would not consider drainage necessary. However, irrigation water always contains minerals and salt
In chemistry, salts are ionic compounds that result from the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base. They are composed of cations and anions so that the product is electrically neutral...
s, which can be concentrated to toxic levels by evapotranspiration
Evapotranspiration is a term used to describe the sum of evaporation and plant transpiration from the Earth's land surface to atmosphere. Evaporation accounts for the movement of water to the air from sources such as the soil, canopy interception, and waterbodies...
. Irrigated land may need periodic flushes with excessive irrigation water and drainage to control soil salinity.
Deep drainage
Drain (plumbing)
A drain is the primary vessel for unwanted water to be flumed away, either to a more useful area, funnelled into a receptacle, or run into the sewers as waste.-Waste versus re-circulated drains:...
Drain commissioner
A drain commissioner is an elected official in counties of the U.S. state of Michigan with a population over 12,000. In counties with a population under 12,000, the statutory duties and responsibilities of the drain commissioner are performed by the county's board of road commissioners.The office...
A drainage basin is an extent or an area of land where surface water from rain and melting snow or ice converges to a single point, usually the exit of the basin, where the waters join another waterbody, such as a river, lake, reservoir, estuary, wetland, sea, or ocean...
or watershed
Drainage by wells
Well drainage
Well drainage means drainage of agricultural lands by wells. Agricultural land is drained by pumped wells to improve the soils by controlling water table levels and soil salinity.-Introduction:...
Drainage divide or watershed
Drainage equation
A drainage equation is an equation describing the relation between depth and spacing of parallel subsurface drains, depth of the watertable, depth and hydraulic conductivity of the soils. It is used in drainage design....
Drainage research
Drainage research is the study of agricultural drainage systems and their effects to arrive at optimal system design.- Aspects to be covered :...
Drainage system (agriculture)
An agricultural drainage system is a system by which the water level on or in the soil is controlled to enhance agricultural crop production.-Classification:Figure 1 classifies the various types of drainage systems...
Geomorphology is the scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them...
Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP)
Hydrology is the study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability...
John Johnston, who introduced land drainage to the United States
Plumbing is the system of pipes and drains installed in a building for the distribution of potable drinking water and the removal of waterborne wastes, and the skilled trade of working with pipes, tubing and plumbing fixtures in such systems. A plumber is someone who installs or repairs piping...
Potable cold and hot water supply
Sewage traps, drains, and vents
Plumbing drainage venting
In modern plumbing, a drain-waste-vent is part of a system that removes sewage and greywater from a building and regulates air pressure in the waste-system pipes, facilitating flow. Waste is produced at fixtures such as toilets, sinks and showers, and exits the fixtures through a trap, a dipped...
Sewage collection and disposal
Sewage collection and disposal systems transport sewage through cities and other inhabited areas to sewage treatment plants to protect public health and prevent disease. Sewage is treated to control water pollution before discharge to surface waters....
Soil salinity control by subsurface drainage
Tile drainage
Tile drainage is an agriculture practice that removes excess water from soil subsurface. Whereas irrigation is the practice of adding additional water when the soil is naturally too dry, drainage brings soil moisture levels down for optimal crop growth...
A trench drain is a specific type of floor drain containing a dominant through- or channel-shaped body. It is used for the rapid evacuation of surface water or for the containment of utility lines or chemical spills...
Trencher (machine)
A trencher is a piece of construction equipment used to dig trenches, typically for laying pipes or cables, or for drainage. Trenchers may range in size from walk-behind models, to attachments for a skid loader or tractor, to very heavy tracked heavy equipment.-Types:Trenchers come in different...
Watertable control
Watertable control is the practice of controlling the water table in agricultural land by subsurface drainage with proper criteria to improve the crop production.- Description and definitions :...
American Wick Drain- Manufacturer of prefabricated sheet drain
International Geosynthetics Society, information on geotextiles and geosynthetics in general.
WebCom Systems, software created for designing soakaways and filter trenches.
DRAINMOD, software created for modeling agricultural tile and ditch drainage.
Drainage Systems, drainage systems revealed, drainage tips and guide, plans and photos.
River water higher than land
NDS, drainage calculator.
Ancient drains, a series of images of the earliest drainage systems in the ancient Indus city of Mohenjo daro
Draining for Profit, and Draining for Health by George E. Waring, 1867, from Project Gutenberg
Project Gutenberg is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works, to "encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks". Founded in 1971 by Michael S. Hart, it is the oldest digital library. Most of the items in its collection are the full texts of public domain books...
Drainage Channel, Information on drainage systems for commercial use
Drainage Resources, Systems and Technology, Specification Drainage Resources
Drainage photos
Stormwater Drainage Design information on stormwater design, drainage and on-site detention
Waterlogging, free downloads of articles and software on agricultural land drainage.
ADS-Pipe Drainage Calculators, web based and MS Excel drain calculators.
Principles of Exterior Drainage, installation guide.
SmartDitch, Drainage Control System
Sustainable Residential Design: Improving Water Efficiency Resource Guide