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classification of fish and shellfish
Shellfish are among the most common food allergens. Cartilaginous fish includes shark, skate, and ray, containing no ossified bones. Image Guidelines 5. Dublin Bay Prawns are actually langoustine, related to lobsters. Species of fish and shellfish. Fish and Shellfish• Two types of water animals eaten as food – FISH • Live in fresh or salt water • Have FINS and BACKBONES – SHELLFISH • Have SHELLS instead of backbones 3. Vertebrate or Invertebrate saltwater or freshwater lean or fatty. Octopuses are a class of shell-less mollusks called cephalopods and there are about 300 varieties found in most of the world's oceans. * eviscerate, clean, skin, and fillet fish. Unlike mussels and oysters that attach themselves to rocks and reefs, clams bury themselves in sand or sediment.Clam species are divided into hard-shell and soft-shell varieties. Today because of pressure on cod populations from overfishing in New England and North Sea fisheries, the amount of catch is severely limited. The texture and flavor is similar to calamari. Seafood is any form of sea life regarded as food by humans. Dover sole, considered a highly prized fish, are found off the eastern Atlantic Ocean, the Baltic and Mediterranean Seas and average 24-28 oz./700-800 g.Flatfish are white fleshed and lean, with a mild, sweet taste and a large flake. Adding to the challenge is a common problem of mislabeled fish that creates opportunities of economic fraud on uninformed buyers (only 2% of all imported fish is inspected by the FDA). Crustaceans including lobster, shrimp, and crab have exoskeletons with hard outer shells protecting their bodies. It takes 6-7 years for a lobster to reach edible size of 1-2 Lb. Crustaceans include lobster, shrimp, crab, and fresh-water varieties including crawfish. As part of this assessment, identify and evaluate contamination sources which could adversely affect the water quality of the shellfish harvest area. * prepare a variety, of fish cuts. MOLLUSC Shellfish which do not have a jointed body like crustaceans, but have either a hard external shell (bivalves and gastropods) or an internal bone or quill. Broaden your horizons, and you'll be delighted with the variety and flavor of some unexpected treats from the sea. Classifications are awarded according to the FSS Protocol for Classification and Management of E.coli results. They live as long as 24 years, and mature between 9-11 years with females weighing as much as 88 lb./40 kg while males are about half that size. Shellfish are divided into two general categories that include crustaceans and mollusks Crustaceans are arthropods, related to the insect family, and easily identified by their hard, segmented bodies. /4.5-6.8 K with a leg span of 5 ft. /1.5m. Writing Tips Begin with an introduction that defines the broad topic. Types of classification are shown in section 2.0 and details of the classification process are outlined in section 3.0. Bass are versatile fish, firm yet delicate flesh, medium-flavored, and are suitable for almost any cooking method from grilling, to sautéing, and poaching. The cuttlefish adopts the color of its environment as camouflage. Fish is composed of 70-80% water, 15-20% proteins, 1-13% fat, and 1% minerals. Fish are defined as aquatic vertebrates with fins and gills. As the name suggests, shellfish are animals that dwell in water and have a shell or shell-like exterior. Scallops are commonly processed for their abductor meat although in some markets they are sold with the roe intact. Shellfish include various species of molluscs (e.g. Seafood is any form of sea life regarded as food by humans. STUDY. A typical crayfish ranges from 3 to 6 inches in length and is dark brown, green or sandy in color. They are also known as univalves. For ordinary purpose, however, the […] Fishes poses notochord, tubular nerve chord, paired gills, segmentation of the body parts, post anal tail, ventral heart, and an endoskeleton to be the member of the Chordata. The proteins in fish are different from meats because rather than bundles of muscle wrapped in connective tissue they are instead layered with collagen creating a "W" or wave-like appearance that creates a flaking effect when cooked. Food Standards Scotland is responsible for ensuring that shellfish from designated harvesting areas meet the health standards laid down in EC Regulation 853/2004. The salmon family also includes trout and char.There are differences in flavor between salt water and freshwater fish. FISH. Perch varieties including tilapia are known for their firm yet tender meat and delicate flavor suitable for frying, sautéing, broiling, baking, and poaching. These mollusks, because of their connective tissue, can be very tough when cooked. Zander is native to Eurasia and also known as pikeperch. Bivalves: These shellfish are covered by two shells or valves. shrimp, crabs, and lobster), and echinoderms (e.g. Poaching, steaming, sautéing, and pan-frying are the best methods. The sea urchin is found in most seas, but many of the almost 500 species are inedible and some emit poisonous venom. They have large tails and long spiny antenna but lack the large claws of the American Lobster. The yield from a pound of fresh blue crab is about 14% which equates to about 2.25 oz./68 g per pound /450 g of whole shell-on crab. Salmon, are found wild in northern oceans, while trout and char are found in freshwater lakes and streams. They are relatively fatty making them versatile for a variety of cooking methods including grilling, broiling, sautéing, and roasting, and are also served raw, cured, or smoked. Turbot average about 10-20 lb./4-9 kg and are found in the Mediterranean, the Baltic Sea, the Black Sea, and the North Atlantic. Classification and description Shellfish are invertebrate aquatic creatures belonging to the Arthropod group; they are equipped with articulated appendages dedicated to movement, while the body is provided with a resistant casing composed of a matrix based on calcareous salts and is called carapace. Permitted levels of E. coli. Caribbean warm-water tails have distinct yellow spots and a yellow band across the tail. Monkfish inhabit the northern Atlantic coasts of North America and Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, and the coasts of China and Japan. Lobsters are crawling crustaceans that live on the ocean floor. Fish is also a very widely traded commodity. Shellfish Crustacean Mollusk. Indonesia, is a large producer of snails along with Greece, Turkey, and Nigeria. Some of the common gastropods are listed in Table 13.4: 2. Crustaceans are a dark green-to-blue color that blends in with their environment, but when cooked turn a bright orange or red color from carotenoid pigments caused by the plankton in their diet. Salinity, mineral, and nutrient variations in the water influences their flavor profile. Fish and Shellfish• Two types of water animals eaten as food – FISH • Live in fresh or salt water • Have FINS and BACKBONES – SHELLFISH • Have SHELLS instead of backbones 3. Related to squid and popular in the Mediterranean and Asia, the cuttlefish is a cephalopod mollusk with a flatter body than that of the squid, a closely related species. 3. The fish should be trimmed of the bloodline and connective tissue surrounding the fillets before cooking. Fish are generally divided into different categories depending on their family and species, whether they are fresh or saltwater fish, by their body shape (if they are round, flat, or cartilaginous fish), by fat content, whether they are fatty or lean fish, and if they are cold- or warm-water fish. Harvesting is done by removing one or both of the claws from the live animal and returning them to the ocean where they can regrow their lost limbs. It is popular in the Florida Keys, Puerto Rico, and other Caribbean islands. The bloodline is a good indicator of freshness, which is bright pink or red when fresh but turns brown as the fish ages. Crabs vary from very small to quite large in size and weight. Vertebrate or invertebrate: Vertebrate fish or finfish have fins and internal skeletons; invertebrate fish, or shellfish (mollusks and crustaceans), have external skeletons. Octopus is an exception as it does not contain any cartilaginous bone but has eight sets of tentacles. Write a classification of different types of fish or shellfish that you know, as an introduction to the subject. Food Standards Scotland is responsible for ensuring that shellfish from designated harvesting areas meet the health standards laid down in EC Regulation 853/2004. Fish that are in colder waters tend to be fattier than warm water fish. Ther are over 30,000 species of fish. The skeletal structure, along with the size of the fish, determines how fish are filleted. Purchasing fish from a reputable supplier will help to prevent this type of fraud. Although I know for my shellfish allergy that I can not touch any shellfish because it can make rashes on my skin or hives. Cold-water fish are from the deep waters or colder areas of the oceans and have characteristics that include firm flesh and higher levels of fat. Stone Crabs are found off the east coast of North America from Connecticut down to Belize, South America, and in the Gulf of Mexico. Seafood. They measure 6-6 in./9.5-15 cm and weigh up to 3 lbs. Show how to select fresh fish and shellfish. For the most current classification and closure information, harvesters should contact your local town shellfish constable. Fish categories in this section are grouped according to their families, and in some cases paired with varieties from other families that possess a similar structure, texture, and fat content, or if they are fabricated and cooked in like ways. Soft-Shell Crabs are molting blue crabs available in the spring months and are meant to be eaten whole. Unlike fish, shellfish do not have any cuts associated with them. Historically, sea mammals such as whales and dolphins have been consumed as food, though that happens to a lesser extent in modern times. 3 classification schemes. Today, the Council agreed on fishing opportunities for 2021 for the fish stocks managed by the EU, based on a proposal made by the Commission. 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classification of fish and shellfish 20/12/2020

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The fasciated wren (Campylorhynchus fasciatus) is a species of bird in the family Troglodytidae. It is found in Ecuador and Peru.

Taxonomy and systematics

The fasciated wren has two subspecies, the nominate Campylorhynchus fasciatus fasciatus and C. f. pallescens.

Description

The fasciated wren is approximately  long; one female weighed . Both sexes of the nominate have a gray crown, grayish supercilium, and dark gray shoulders, back, and rump. The shoulders have whitish speckles and the rump whitish bars. The tail is barred off-white and blackish brown. The chin is off-white with darker streaks. The whitish chest and belly have heavy dark gray spots and the flanks are barred with dark gray. C. f. pallescens is paler with less distinct markings on the underside. The juvenile also has less well defined markings on its underside.

Distribution and habitat

The nominate fasciated wren is found in coastal Peru from the Department of Piura south to the Department of Lima and also inland Peru from the departments of Cajamarca and Amazonas south to the Department of Huánuco. C. f. pallescens is found from southwestern and southern Ecuador into Peru's departments of Tumbes and Piura.

The fasciated wren primarily inhabits arid and semi-arid landscapes such as thorny scrublands. It also occurs in citrus orchards and other areas that humans have heavily modified. In Ecuador it uses more humid habitat including deciduous forest. In elevation the species is usually found between sea level and  but can be found as high as .

Behavior

Feeding

The fasciated wren's diet is principally invertebrates but also includes some vegetable matter. It forages in groups, mostly in bushes and shrubs but sometimes on the ground.

Breeding

The fasciated wren's breeding season extends from May to August in most areas, but active nests have been noted in February and March in Ecuador. The species is a cooperative breeder, with groups of up to 10 individuals including a dominant pair. Its nest is a dome with a side entrance, constructed of grass and lined with feathers. It is sited in several species of trees and cactus. It also frequently uses an old mud nest of the pale-legged hornero (Furnarius leucopus).

Vocalization

The fasciated wren is a duet or group singer. Its song is "a series of harsh churring notes interspersed with gurgling notes" . Its call is "a harsh 'churr'" .

Status

The IUCN has assessed the fasciated wren as being of Least Concern. It "[s]eems to adapt well to highly modified habitat, provided that sufficient bushes are left."

References

fasciated wren
Birds of Ecuador
Birds of Peru
fasciated wren
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Nothing spells ease like an instant pot! And nothing tastes better than this instant pot minestrone soup recipe, especially on a cold winter day it's warming and comforting.
Nothing and I mean n-ooo–thhh–iiiiing spells ease like an Instant Pot! Yep, I am in love. I mean, if you can be in love with a kitchen appliance, this would be it! You will see why once you try my Instant Pot Minestrone Soup!
Seriously, I am not kidding you – this thing is fast.
I have been a devout crock pot cooker for years and I love the way you just put everything in it, turn it on and forget about it. But, the Instant Pot is a bird of a different color. Watch the video and see for yourself and then I will tell you more about it.
I love knowing what other people use and why they like it. Here are the things you see me using in the video. The links will lead to Amazon and a couple to eBay .
Instant Pot – I am totally in love with my Instant Pot and will tell you more about it below.
Polish Pottery – I bought most of my Polish Pottery when we lived in Switzerland for John's job – we were there 4 years and I found quite a bit, to say the least! When I am looking for a new piece or need to replace a broken one, I shop eBay.
Le Creuset Spoon Spatula – This is definitely my go-to spatula. Shaped like a spoon it is great for scooping and the silicone allows it to get the very last drop when you are scraping a dish.
Half Gallon Jars – I love these jars because they are wide mouth, easy to clean and just great for storage. I use these to store my bone broth, soups, sauerkraut…you name it.
Bread Board – While this particular one is no longer available, you can check eBay – it is made by Europe2You.
If you are not familiar with an Instant Pot, let me tell you about it. Think pressure cooker, crock pot, saute-r (I don't think that is a word but you get my drift) – you name it and it will most likely do it. You can even cook rice and yogurt with the preset settings not to mention the thousands of things you can make with the other settings.
Did you catch the pressure cooker part? That is the part that cuts your time down amazingly. I have always been afraid of pressure cookers but the Instant Pot has new safety features that has alleviated even my fears about them.
Just one time making Instant Pot Minestrone Soup and you are going to be hooked foreeeevaa. The following recipe was adapted from a slow cooker/crock pot recipe that my sister had.
To save time, chop all ingredients while onions are sauteing and ground beef is browning.
This can be refrigerated and even frozen so make a pot full!
Other ingredients can also be added like yellow squash and even small pasta noodles.
Don't have an Instant Pot? You can still make this Instant Pot Minestrone Soup recipe in your crock pot. Just brown the ground beef and put it into your crock pot.
Then, saute your onions, carrots and celery until they are just tender. Finally, add the sauteed veggies along with all the other ingredients to the crock pot and cook for about 6 hours on high or 8 hours on low. Add the zucchini the last 30 minutes.
One of my favorite things about this Instant Pot Minestrone Soup recipe, besides the great taste, is that it is GAPS legal. But, don't think you can't have this soup if you are not doing the GAPS diet.
It is healthy for everyone and has that extra oomph of flavor that the homemade bone broth gives.
If you've tried this instant pot minestrone soup recipe or any other recipe on Cultured Palate please take a minute to rate the recipe and leave a comment letting me know how you liked it. I love hearing from you! You can also FOLLOW ME on PINTEREST, FACEBOOK, INSTAGRAM, YouTube and TWITTER.
Nothing says yum like a hearty bowl of Minestrone Soup. Combine the great taste with the speed of using an Instant Pot and it is a win-win.
With Instant Pot on "Saute", saute onions in a small amount of oil until transluscent.
Add other ingredients to Instant Pot and turn on "Manual" for 8 min.
Use the quick release to let the steam out. Be patient because this can take a few minutes but its important.
Brown ground beef and put in crock pot.
Saute the onions, carrots and celery until they are just tender.
Add sauteed veggies along with all the other ingredients except the zucchini to slow cooker.
Add the squash during the last 30 mins. if cooking on high or, the last 1 hour if cooking on low.
This recipe is awesome! I hope to see more instant pot recipes soon!
Tina, you will – this mamma loves her Instant Pot!
I think you've just convinced me to get an instant pot, they sound great and this soup sounds delicious!


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Over the years, freight forwarding has been used as the method of transporting goods both in local and international. As a freight forwarding company, it is essential to have a partner that can cover you up from liabilities that may arise during the transportation—a freight forwarder insurance. Choosing the right freight forwarder insurance is like choosing the right supplier and the right cargo. Therefore, look for the best freight forwarder insurance company that can cover you from legal liabilities such as cargo damage, physical loss, damages to a vessel owned by sub-contractors and that will also help you optimize your supply chain so that you can provide efficient services to your customers. Here, the experts of Back Office Offshoring Solutions and Back Office Offshoring Services covered a few tips on what you should consider if you want to get the best freight forwarder insurance.
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Experience the insurance coverage offered by the insurer.
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When you avail insurance, it is important to check the list on what is included in the policy. And that's what most of us commonly do when we purchase or avail something. But little do we know it is also important to understand what is excluded in the policy you avail. You might not want to face a situation when you approach the insurer after the loss and unable to do anything about it because the insurer neglects your request due to the reason that the insurance you avail refuses to settle your claim because it falls under the exclusion list.
Moreover, if you are anticipating a loss—which is possible in every business venture—and if that risk possibly falls under the exclusion head, you can choose another freight forwarder insurance company, or you might want to approach the insurer to cover that by paying the extra premium.
There are various insurance companies that offer freight insurance policies and it would be great for you who are in need of freight insurance to familiarize and understand these companies and compare each other to find out which one offers the best freight insurance quotes. Make sure that when you examine their company you pay special attention to their different features. Furthermore, you should be wary about the claim process and should fully understand it in order to avoid any delay during the claim.
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Take the help of insurance experts.
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text:
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Legacy Collection)
Publication Date: Aug 1, 2010
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text:
City Hall (1996)
One seemingly routine morning, a little boy is shot dead in the cross fire btw a drug dealer and a narcotics detective in a predominantly black New York City neighborhood. John Pappas (Al Pacino), the idealistic mayor of the city, cleverly prevents a race riot, and everything seems to be OK. However, things get complicated again when Kevin Calhoun (John Cusack), Pappas's loyal chief of staff, who is even more idealistic than Pappas himself, begins to wonder why the drug dealer, who just happens to be the son of the local Mafia boss, was out on the streets in the first place after receiving a sentence of five year's probation for a conviction which would normally warrant a 10 to 20-year jail term. Further complicating matters is Marybeth Cogan (Bridget Fonda) who represents the widow of the narcotics detective. She is trying to find out why the pension for the cop is being withheld and she brings Calhoun deeper into a scandal that makes him take a second look at what he once took for granted.
Booth Theatre, 222 west 45th street and 7th Avenue, Manhattan.
Mayor's Office, 51 Chambers Street and Centre Street, Manhattan.
Shore Pkwy (near Verrazano-Narrows Bridge) Brooklyn.
The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge is a double-decked suspension bridge that connects the boroughs of Staten Island and Brooklyn in New York City at The Narrows, the reach connecting the relatively protected upper bay with the larger lower bay.
Gracie Mansion, East End Avenue and 88th Street, Manhattan.


text:
Chad of Mercia (died 2 March 672) was a prominent 7th-century Anglo-Saxon Catholic monk who became abbot of several monasteries, Bishop of the Northumbrians and subsequently Bishop of the Mercians and Lindsey People. He was later canonised as a saint.

He was the brother of Cedd, also a saint. He features strongly in the work of the Venerable Bede and is credited, together with Cedd, with introducing Christianity to the Mercian kingdom.

Sources

Most of our knowledge of Chad comes from the writings of the Venerable Bede. Bede tells us that he obtained his information about Chad and his brother, Cedd, from the monks of Lastingham, where both were abbots. Bede also refers to information he received from Trumbert, "who tutored me in the Scriptures and who had been educated in the monastery by that master", i.e. Chad. In other words, Bede considered himself to stand in the spiritual lineage of Chad and had gathered information from at least one who knew him personally.

Early life and education

Family links
Chad was one of four brothers, all active in the Anglo-Saxon church. The others were Cedd, Cynibil and Caelin. Chad seems to have been Cedd's junior, arriving on the political scene about ten years after Cedd. It is reasonable to suppose that Chad and his brothers were drawn from the Northumbrian nobility. They certainly had close connections throughout the Northumbrian ruling class. However, the name Chad is actually of British Celtic, rather than Anglo-Saxon origin. It is an element found in the personal names of many Welsh princes and nobles of the period and signifies "battle".

Education
The only major fact that Bede gives about Chad's early life is that he was a student of Aidan at the Celtic monastery at Lindisfarne. In fact, Bede attributes the general pattern of Chad's ministry to the example of Aidan and his own brother, Cedd, who was also a student of St. Aidan.

Aidan was a disciple of Columba and was invited by King Oswald of Northumbria to come from Iona to establish a monastery. Aidan arrived in Northumbria in 635 and died in 651. Chad must have studied at Lindisfarne some time between these years.

Travels in Ireland and dating of Chad's life
A number of ecclesiastical settlements were established in 7th century Ireland to accommodate European monks, particularly Anglo-Saxon monks. Around 668, Bishop Colman resigned his see at Lindisfarne and returned to Ireland. Less than three years later he erected an abbey in County Mayo exclusively for the English monks in Mayo, subsequently known as Maigh Eo na Saxain ("Mayo of the Saxons").

Chad traveled to Ireland as a monk, before he was ordained a priest. One of his companions was Ecgberht of Ripon. Egbert was of the Anglian nobility, probably from Northumbria. Bede places them among an influx of English scholars who arrived in Ireland while Finan and Colmán were bishops at Lindisfarne. This suggests that they left for Ireland some time after Aidan's death in 651. They went to Rath Melsigi, an Anglo-Saxon monastery in County Carlow, for further study. In the controversy over the keeping of Easter, Rath Melsigi accepted the Roman computation.

In 664 the twenty-five year old Egbert barely survived a plague that had killed all his other companions. Chad had by then already left Ireland to help his brother Cedd establish the monastery of Laestingaeu in Yorkshire.

The Benedictine rule was slowly spreading across Western Europe. Chad was trained in an entirely distinct monastic tradition that tended to look back to Martin of Tours as an exemplar. The Irish and early Anglo-Saxon monasticism experienced by Chad was peripatetic, stressed ascetic practices and had a strong focus on Biblical exegesis, which generated a profound eschatological consciousness. Egbert recalled later that he and Chad "followed the monastic life together very strictly – in prayers and continence, and in meditation on Holy Scripture". Some of the scholars quickly settled in Irish monasteries, while others wandered from one master to another in search of knowledge. Bede says that the Irish monks gladly taught them and fed them, and even let them use their valuable books, without charge. Since books were all produced by hand, with painstaking attention to detail, this was astonishingly generous.

Founding of Lastingham

King Oswiu of Northumbria appointed his nephew, Œthelwald, to administer the coastal area of Deira. Chad's brother Cælin was chaplain at Œthelwald's court. It was on the initiative of Cælin that Ethelwald donated land for the building of a monastery at Lastingham near Pickering in the North York Moors, close to one of the still-usable Roman roads. Caelin introduced Ethelwold to Cedd. The monastery became a base for Cedd, who was serving as a missionary bishop in Essex.

Bede says that Cedd "fasted strictly in order to cleanse it from the filth of wickedness previously committed there". On the thirtieth day of his forty-day fast, he was called away on urgent business. Cynibil, another of his brothers, took over the fast for the remaining ten days. The incident indicates the brothers ties with Northumbria's ruling dynasty. Laestingaeu was clearly conceived as a base for the family and destined to be under their control for the foreseeable future – not an unusual arrangement in this period. Cedd was stricken by the plague, and upon his death in 664, Chad succeeded him as abbot.

Abbot of Lastingham
Chad's first appearance as an ecclesiastical prelate occurs in 664, shortly after the Synod of Whitby, when many Church leaders had been wiped out by the plague – among them Cedd, who died that year at Lastingham. On the death of his elder brother, Chad succeeded to the position of abbot.

Bede tells us of a man called Owin (Owen), who appeared at the door of Lastingham. Owin was a household official of Æthelthryth, an East Anglian princess who had come to marry Ecgfrith, Oswiu's younger son. He decided to renounce the world, and as a sign of this appeared at Lastingham in ragged clothes and carrying an axe. He had come primarily to work manually. He became one of Chad's closest associates.

Chad's eschatological consciousness and its effect on others is brought to life in a reminiscence attributed to Trumbert, who was one of his students at Lastingham. Chad used to break off reading whenever a gale sprang up and call on God to have pity on humanity. If the storm intensified, he would shut his book altogether and prostrate himself in prayer. During prolonged storms or thunderstorms he would go into the church itself to pray and sing psalms until calm returned. His monks obviously regarded this as an extreme reaction even to English weather and asked him to explain. Chad explained that storms are sent by God to remind humans of the day of judgement and to humble their pride. The typically Celtic Christian involvement with nature was not like the modern romantic preoccupation but a determination to read in it the mind of God, particularly in relation to the last things.

Rise of a dynasty
In fact, it is possible that he had only recently returned from Ireland when prominence was thrust upon him. However, the growing importance of his family within the Northumbrian state is clear from Bede's account of Cedd's career of the founding of their monastery at Lastingham in North Yorkshire. This concentration of ecclesiastical power and influence within the network of a noble family was probably common in Anglo-Saxon England: an obvious parallel would be the children of King Merewalh in Mercia in the following generation.

Cedd, probably the elder brother, had become a very prominent figure in the Church while Chad was in Ireland. Probably as a newly ordained priest, he was sent in 653 by Oswiu on a difficult mission to the Middle Angles, at the request of their sub-king Peada, part of a developing pattern of Northumbrian intervention in Mercian affairs. After perhaps a year, he was recalled and sent on a similar mission to the East Saxons, being ordained bishop shortly afterwards. Cedd's position as both a Christian missionary and a royal emissary compelled him to travel often between Essex and Northumbria.

Bishop of the Northumbrians

Need for a bishop
Bede gives great prominence to the Synod of Whitby in 663/4, which he shows resolving the main issues of practice in the Northumbrian Church in favour of Roman practice. Cedd is shown acting as the main go-between in the synod because of his facility with all of the relevant languages. Cedd was not the only prominent churchman to die of plague shortly after the synod. This was one of several outbreaks of the plague; they badly hit the ranks of the Church leadership, with most of the bishops in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms dead, including the archbishop of Canterbury. Bede tells us that Colmán, the bishop of the Northumbrians at the time of the Synod, had left for Scotland after the Synod went against him. He was succeeded by Tuda, who lived only a short time after his accession. The tortuous process of replacing him is covered by Bede briefly, but in some respects puzzlingly.

Mission of Wilfrid

The first choice to replace Tuda was Wilfrid, a particularly zealous partisan of the Roman cause. Because of the plague, there were not the requisite three bishops available to ordain him, so he had gone to the Frankish Kingdom of Neustria to seek ordination. This was on the initiative of Alfrid, sub-king of Deira, although presumably Oswiu knew and approved this action at the time. Bede tells us that Alfrid sought a bishop for himself and his own people. This probably means the people of Deira. According to Bede, Tuda had been succeeded as abbot of Lindisfarne by Eata, who had been elevated to the rank of bishop.

Wilfrid met with his own teacher and patron, Agilbert, a spokesman for the Roman side at Whitby, who had been made bishop of Paris. Agilbert set in motion the process of ordaining Wilfrid canonically, summoning several bishops to Compiègne for the ceremony. Bede tells us that he then lingered abroad for some time after his ordination.

Elevation

Bede implies that Oswiu decided to take further action because Wilfrid was away for longer than expected. It is unclear whether Oswiu changed his mind about Wilfrid, or whether he despaired of his return, or whether he never really intended him to become bishop but used this opportunity to get him out of the country.

Chad was invited then to become bishop of the Northumbrians by King Oswiu. Chad is often listed as a Bishop of York. Bede generally uses ethnic, not geographical, designations for Chad and other early Anglo-Saxon bishops. However at this point, he does also refer to Oswiu's desire that Chad become bishop of the church in York. York later became the diocesan city partly because it had already been designated as such in the earlier Roman-sponsored mission of Paulinus to Deira, so it is not clear whether Bede is simply echoing the practice of his own day, or whether Oswiu and Chad were considering a territorial basis and a see for his episcopate. It is quite clear that Oswiu intended Chad to be bishop over the entire Northumbrian people, over-riding the claims of both Wilfrid and Eata.

Chad faced the same problem over ordination as Wilfrid, and so set off to seek ordination amid the chaos caused by the plague. Bede tells us that he travelled first to Canterbury, where he found that Archbishop Deusdedit was dead and his replacement was still awaited. Bede does not tell us why Chad diverted to Canterbury. The journey seems pointless, since the archbishop had died three years previously – a fact that must have been well known in Northumbria, and was the very reason Wilfrid had to go abroad. The most obvious reason for Chad's tortuous travels would be that he was also on a diplomatic mission from Oswiu, seeking to build an encircling alliance around Mercia, which was rapidly recovering from its position of weakness. From Canterbury he travelled to Wessex, where he was ordained by bishop Wini of the West Saxons and two British, i.e. Welsh, bishops. None of these bishops was recognised by Rome. Bede points out that "at that time there was no other bishop in all Britain canonically ordained except Wini" and the latter had been installed irregularly by the king of the West Saxons.

Bede describes Chad at this point as "a diligent performer in deed of what he had learnt in the Scriptures should be done." Bede also tells us that Chad was teaching the values of Aidan and Cedd. His life was one of constant travel. Bede says that Chad visited continually the towns, countryside, cottages, villages and houses to preach the Gospel. Clearly, the model he followed was one of the bishop as prophet or missionary. Basic Christian rites of passage, baptism and confirmation, were almost always performed by a bishop, and for decades to come they were generally carried out in mass ceremonies, probably with little systematic instruction or counselling.

Removal
In 666, Wilfrid returned from Neustria, "bringing many rules of Catholic observance", as Bede says. He found Chad already occupying the same position. It seems that he did not in fact challenge Chad's pre-eminence in his own area. Rather, he would have worked assiduously to build up his own support in sympathetic monasteries, like Gilling and Ripon. He did, however, assert his episcopal rank by going into Mercia and even Kent to ordain priests. Bede tells us that the net effect of his efforts on the Church was that the Irish monks who still lived in Northumbria either came fully into line with Catholic practices or left for home. Nevertheless, Bede cannot conceal that Oswiu and Chad had broken significantly with Roman practice in many ways and that the Church in Northumbria had been divided by the ordination of rival bishops.

In 669, a new Archbishop of Canterbury, Theodore of Tarsus, sent by Pope Vitalian arrived in England. He immediately set off on a tour of the country, tackling abuses of which he had been forewarned. He instructed Chad to step down and Wilfrid to take over. According to Bede, Theodore was so impressed by Chad's show of humility that he confirmed his ordination as bishop, while insisting he step down from his position. Chad retired gracefully and returned to his post as abbot of Lastingham, leaving Wilfrid as bishop of the Northumbrians at York.

Bishop of the Mercians

Recall
Later that same year, King Wulfhere of Mercia requested a bishop. Wulfhere and the other sons of Penda had converted to Christianity, although Penda himself had remained a pagan until his death (655). Penda had allowed bishops to operate in Mercia, although none had succeeded in establishing the Church securely without active royal support.

Archbishop Theodore refused to consecrate a new bishop. Instead he recalled Chad out of his retirement at Lastingham. According to Bede, Theodore was greatly impressed by Chad's humility and holiness. This was displayed particularly in his refusal to use a horse: he insisted on walking everywhere. Despite his regard for Chad, Theodore ordered him to ride on long journeys and went so far as to lift him into the saddle on one occasion.

Chad was consecrated bishop of the Mercians (literally, frontier people) and of the Lindsey people (Lindisfaras). Bede tells us that Chad was actually the third bishop sent to Wulfhere, making him the fifth bishop of the Mercians. The Kingdom of Lindsey, covering the north-eastern area of modern Lincolnshire, was under Mercian control, although it had in the past sometimes fallen under Northumbrian control. Later Anglo-Saxon episcopal lists sometimes add the Middle Angles to his responsibilities. They were a distinct part of the Mercian kingdom, centred on the middle Trent and lower Tame – the area around Tamworth, Lichfield and Repton that formed the core of the wider Mercian polity. It was their sub-king, Peada, who had secured the services of Chad's brother Cedd in 653, and they were frequently considered separately from the Mercians proper, a people who lived further to the west and north.

Monastic foundations
When Chad was made Bishop of Mercia in 669, he moved his see from Repton to Lichfield, possibly because this was already a holy site, as the scene of martyrdoms during the Roman period.  Wulfhere donated land at Lichfield for Chad to build a monastery. It was because of this that the centre of the Diocese of Mercia ultimately became settled at Lichfield. The Lichfield monastery was probably similar to that at Lastingham, and Bede makes clear that it was partly staffed by monks from Lastingham, including Chad's faithful retainer, Owin. Lichfield was very close to the old Roman road of Watling Street, the main route across Mercia, and a short distance from Mercia's main royal centre at Tamworth.
It was because of this that the ecclesiastical centre of Mercia became settled as the Diocese of Lichfield.

Wulfhere also gave Chad land for a monastery at Barrow upon Humber in North Lincolnshire. He traveled about on foot until the Archbishop of Canterbury gave him a horse and ordered him to ride it, at least on long journeys. Chad's shrine at Lichfield was destroyed in 1538.

Wulfhere also donated land sufficient for fifty families at a place in Lindsey, referred to by Bede as Ad Barwae. This is probably Barrow upon Humber: where an Anglo-Saxon monastery of a later date has been excavated. This was easily reached by river from the Midlands and close to an easy crossing of the River Humber, allowing rapid communication along surviving Roman roads with Lastingham. Chad remained abbot of Lastingham throughout his life, as well as heading the communities at both Lichfield and Barrow.

Ministry among the Mercians
Chad then proceeded to carry out much missionary and pastoral work within the kingdom. Bede tells us that Chad governed the bishopric of the Mercians and of the people of Lindsey 'in the manner of the ancient fathers and in great perfection of life'. However, Bede gives little concrete information about the work of Chad in Mercia, implying that in style and substance it was a continuation of what he had done in Northumbria. The area he covered was very large, stretching across England from coast to coast. It was also, in many places, difficult terrain, with woodland, heath and mountain over much of the centre and large areas of marshland to the east. Bede does tell us that Chad built for himself a small house at Lichfield, a short distance from the church, sufficient to hold his core of seven or eight disciples, who gathered to pray and study with him there when he was not out on business.

Chad worked in Mercia and Lindsey for only two years before he too died during a plague. Yet St. Bede could write in a letter that Mercia came to the faith and Essex was recovered for it by the two brothers Cedd and Chad. In other words, Bede considered that Chad's two years as bishop were decisive in Christianising Mercia.

Death
Chad died on 2 March 672, and was buried at the Church of Saint Mary which later became part of the cathedral at Lichfield. Bede relates the death story as that of a man who was already regarded as a saint. In fact, Bede has stressed throughout his narrative that Chad's holiness communicated across boundaries of culture and politics, to Theodore, for example, in his own lifetime. The death story is clearly of supreme importance to Bede, confirming Chad's holiness and vindicating his life. The account occupies considerably more space in Bede's account than all the rest of Chad's ministry in Northumbria and Mercia together.

Bede tells us that Owin was working outside the oratory at Lichfield. Inside, Chad studied alone because the other monks were at worship in the church. Suddenly Owin heard the sound of joyful singing, coming from heaven, at first to the south-east, but gradually coming closer until it filled the roof of the oratory itself. Then there was silence for half an hour, followed by the same singing going back the way it had come. Owin at first did nothing, but about an hour later Chad called him in and told him to fetch the seven brothers from the church. Chad gave his final address to the brothers, urging them to keep the monastic discipline they had learnt. Only after this did he tell them that he knew his own death was near, speaking of death as "that friendly guest who is used to visiting the brethren". He asked them to pray, then blessed and dismissed them. The brothers left, sad and downcast.

Owin returned a little later and saw Chad privately. He asked about the singing. Chad told him that he must keep it to himself for the time being: angels had come to call him to his heavenly reward, and in seven days they would return to fetch him. So it was that Chad weakened and died after seven days – on 2 March, which remains his feast day. Bede writes that: "he had always looked forward to this day – or rather his mind had always been on the Day of the Lord". Many years later, his old friend Egbert told a visitor that someone in Ireland had seen the heavenly company coming for Chad's soul and returning with it to heaven. Significantly, with the heavenly host was Cedd. Bede was not sure whether or not the vision was actually Egbert's own.

Bede's account of Chad's death strongly confirms the main themes of his life. Primarily he was a monastic leader, deeply involved in the fairly small communities of loyal monks who formed his mission teams, his brothers. His consciousness was strongly eschatological: focussed on the last things and their significance. Finally, he was inextricably linked with Cedd and his other actual brothers.

Cult and relics

Chad is considered a saint in the Roman Catholic, the Anglican churches, the Celtic Orthodox Church and is also noted as a saint in a new edition of the Eastern Orthodox Synaxarion (Book of Saints). His feast day is celebrated on 2 March.

According to St. Bede, Chad was venerated as a saint immediately after his death, and his relics were translated to a new shrine. He remained the centre of an important cult, focused on healing, throughout the Middle Ages. The cult had twin foci: his tomb, in the apse, directly behind the high altar of the cathedral; and more particularly his skull, kept in a special Head Chapel, above the south aisle.

The transmission of the relics after the Reformation was tortuous. At the dissolution of the Shrine on the instructions of King Henry VIII in about 1538, Prebendary Arthur Dudley of Lichfield Cathedral removed and retained some relics, probably a travelling set. These were eventually passed to his nieces, Bridget and Katherine Dudley, of Russells Hall. In 1651, they reappeared when a farmer Henry Hodgetts of Sedgley was on his death-bed and kept praying to St Chad. When the priest hearing his last confession, Fr Peter Turner SJ, asked him why he called upon Chad. Henry replied, "because his bones are in the head of my bed". He instructed his wife to give the relics to the priest, whence they found their way to the Seminary at St Omer, in France. After the conclusion of penal times, in the early 19th century, they found their way into the hands of Sir Thomas Fitzherbert-Brockholes of Aston Hall, near Stone, Staffordshire. When his chapel was cleared after his death, his chaplain, Fr Benjamin Hulme, discovered the box containing the relics, which were examined and presented to Bishop Thomas Walsh, the Roman Catholic Vicar Apostolic of the Midland District in 1837 and were enshrined in the new St Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham, opened in 1841, in a new ark designed by Augustus Pugin.

The relics, some long bones, are now enshrined on the Altar of St Chad's Cathedral. They were examined by the Oxford Archeological Laboratory by carbon dating techniques in 1985, and all but one of the bones (which was a third femur, and therefore could not have come from Bishop Chad) were dated to the seventh century, and were authenticated as 'true relics' by the Vatican authorities. In 1919, an Annual Mass and Solemn Outdoor Procession of the Relics was held at St Chad's Cathedral in Birmingham. This observance continues to the present, on the Saturday nearest to his Feast Day, 2 March.

Chad is remembered in the Church of England and the Episcopal Church on 2 March.

Portrayals of St Chad

There are no portraits or descriptions of St Chad from his own time. The only hint that we have comes in the legend of Theodore lifting him bodily into the saddle – possibly suggesting that he was remembered as small in stature. All attempts to portray him are based entirely on imagination, and nearly all are obviously anachronistic, with a heavy stress on vestments from other periods.

Notable dedications

Churches
Chad gives his name to Birmingham's Roman Catholic cathedral, where there are some relics of the saint: about eight long bones. It is the only cathedral in England that has the relics of its patron saint enshrined upon its high altar. The Anglican Lichfield Cathedral, at the site of his burial, is dedicated to Chad, and St Mary, and still has a head chapel, where the skull of the saint was kept until it was lost during the Reformation. The site of the medieval shrine is also marked.

Chad also gives his name to a parish church in Lichfield (with Chad's Well, where traditionally Chad baptised converts: now a listed building).

Dedications are densely concentrated in the West Midlands. The city of Wolverhampton, for example, has two Anglican churches and an Academy dedicated to Chad, while the nearby village of Pattingham has both an Anglican church and primary school. Shrewsbury had a large medieval church of St Chad which fell down in 1788: it was quickly replaced by a circular church in Classical style by George Steuart, on a different site but with the same dedication. Parish Church in Montford, built in 1735-38, site of the graves of the parents of Charles Darwin. Parish Church in Coseley built in 1882. In Rugby, Warwickshire, an Orthodox Church is named for him. Further afield, there is a considerable number of dedications in areas associated with Chad's career, like the churches in Church Wilne in Derbyshire, Far Headingley in Leeds, the Parish Church of Rochdale, Greater Manchester, and the Church of St Chad, Haggerston in London, as well as some in the Commonwealth, like Chelsea in Australia. There is also a St Chad's College within the University of Durham, founded in 1904 as an Anglican hall.

In Canada, St Chad's Chapel and College was built in 1918 in Regina, SK. Originally, it was a Catholic church and boys' school. In 1964, it became an Anglican school for girls, called St. Chad's Girls' School. Today, it is a protected historic building in Regina, and serves as a multi-use space.

The Principal Parish of the Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross is named the Church of St Ninian and St Chad.

The chapel of Brasenose College, Oxford is named the Chapel of St Hugh and St Chad.

Toponyms

There are many place names containing the element chad or something similar. In many cases, reference to the early forms of the name suggests that the derivation is not from the name Chad, but from some other word. It is possible that even where a name might reasonably be thought to derive from Chad that the individual is some other of the same name. Hence great caution needs to be exercised in explaining ancient toponyms by reference to St Chad.

That being said, a township located outside Ladysmith, Kwa-Zulu Natal is named St. Chad's after an Anglican Mission in the area.

One toponym with a good claim to derivation from the saint's name is Chadkirk Chapel in Romiley, Greater Manchester, which dates back to the 14th century – although the site is much older, possibly dating back to the 7th century when it is believed St Chad visited to bless the well there. Kenneth Cameron points out that -kirk toponyms more frequently incorporate the name of the dedicatee, rather than the patron, so there is every reason to believe that Chadkirk really was dedicated to St Chad in the Middle Ages. It is not so certain that Chadsmoor in Staffordshire, Chadwich in Worcestershire, or Chadwick in Warwickshire, were named after the saint.

St Chad's Well near Battle Bridge on the river Fleet in London was a celebrated medicinal well and had a new pump house built in 1832. It was destroyed by the Midland Railway company, and is remembered in the street name of St Chad's Place. There is no independent evidence of Chad's visiting the site, but it clearly is named after him, and he certainly did travel in southern England. His association with wells seems ancient, and no doubt stems from the St Chad's Well at Lichfield, visited by pilgrims and probably the water supply of his monastery. This is the most likely explanation of the name.

Numerous place-names like Cheadle and Cheddleton, in the Midlands suggest a link with Chad. However "suggestions" based on late forms of the name count for little: a hypothesis should be framed instead from documentary and topographical evidence. Mostly names of this sort are derived from other Celtic roots, generally ced, cognate with modern Welsh coed, signifying a wood or heath. Cheadle, for example, is generally reckoned a tautonym, with the Old English leah, also meaning a wood, glossing the original Celtic term. This means that the origins of its name are closely related to those of Lichfield (originally derived from the Celtic for "grey wood"), to which it bears little superficial resemblance, rather than Chad or even his brother, Cedd.

There is a village in Northamptonshire called Chadstone, after which the (rather larger) suburb of Chadstone in Melbourne Australia is named.

Kidderminster, in Worcestershire, is sometimes said to be a corruption of the name of 'St Chad's Minster'.  However, place-names do not "corrupt" randomly, but evolve according to principles inherent in the history of the language. Chad or Ceadda would not normally evolve into Kidder. The existence of a minster dedicated to Chad in this town seems to be a legend traceable to Burton's 1890 History of Kidderminster, in which the author acknowledges that the only evidence for such a place is the name of the town. Later writers seem to assume the existence of the monastery and then explain the name of the town from it – a circular argument that collapses if a plausible alternative explanation is available for the name. A grant of land by Æthelbald of Mercia in 736 to one Cyneberht is generally accepted as the origin of the settlement. Cameron suggests that the minster was named after a lay benefactor (normal with -minster formations) and hypothesises Cydela, a suggestion that has found general acceptance. Another possibility might be the later Mercian dux Cydda. Certainly it seems that there was a dynasty of Mercian noblemen, all with similar names beginning Cy and connected to the area. These provide a more plausible explanation for the name of the town than St Chad or his non-existent minster.

The settlement of St Chad's (population 57) in Newfoundland was previously named "St Shad's" (after originally being "Damnable"), but was renamed after postal confusion with nearby "St Shott's" .

Schools

Denstone College in the Village of Denstone, Uttoxeter, in Staffordshire was founded by Nathaniel Woodard as the Flagship Woodard School of the Midlands. The school was founded as St Chad's College, Denstone. The School's Chapel is named as the Chapel of St Chad with depictions of him around the Chapel's Narthex. The students of the school wear the famous cross of St Chad which is the school's logo. The motto of the School is 'Lignum Crucis Arbor Scientae' which is Latin for 'The Wood of the Cross is the Tree of Knowledge'. There are also depictions of him in the School's Quadrangle.

Chad as a personal name

Chad remains a fairly popular given name, one of the few personal names current among 7th century Anglo-Saxons to do so. However, it was very little used for many centuries before a modest revival in the mid-20th century. Not all of its bearers are named directly after Chad of Mercia. Perhaps the best-known Chad of modern times who was so-named was Chad Varah, an Anglican priest and social activist, whose father was vicar of Barton-upon-Humber – the probable site of Chad's monastery in the north of Lindsey.

Patronage
Due to the somewhat confused nature of Chad's appointment and the continued references to 'chads' – small pieces of ballot papers punched out by voters using voting machines – in the 2000 US Presidential Election, it has been jocularly suggested that Chad is the patron saint of botched elections. In fact there is no official patron saint of elections, although the Church has designated a later English official, Thomas More, the patron of politicians.

The Spa Research Fellowship states that Chad is the patron saint of medicinal springs, although other listings do not mention this patronage.

St. Chad's Day (2 March) is traditionally considered the most propitious day to sow broad beans in England.

Legacy
St. Chad's College is a college of Durham University.

Notes

References

Further reading
Bassett, Steven, Ed. The Origins of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms. Leicester University Press, 1989. .
Fletcher, Richard. The Conversion of Europe: From Paganism to Christianity 371–1386. HarperCollins, 1997. .

Rudolf Vleeskruijer The Life of St.Chad, an Old English Homily edited with introduction, notes, illustrative texts and glossary by R. Vleeskruyer, North-Holland, Amsterdam (1953)

External links

7th-century births
672 deaths
Anglo-Saxon bishops of Lichfield
Bishops of York
Mercian saints
Northumbrian saints
Miracle workers
Yorkshire saints
7th-century English bishops
7th-century Christian saints
Burials at Lichfield Cathedral
People from Ryedale (district)
Anglican saints


Housing starts were lower by 2.80 percent in October at a seasonally-adjusted rate of 1.01 million against an expected reading of 1.03 million and September's reading of 1.04 million homes started.
October's reading was affected by a 15.50 percent drop in multi-family construction, but single-family home construction increased by 4.20 percent. Analysts noted that the multi-family sector is notoriously volatile.


text:
DIY16: 2019 - Call for Proposals
From DIY15: Art & the Self: What did Narcissus see? Led by Nando Messias (image by Holly Revell)
Professional development projects BY artists FOR artists.
LADA invites artist proposals for DIY workshops as part of DIY16: 2019.
Selected projects will take place between June and November 2019.
We plan to support 24 DIYs in 2019 with project awards of £1,600 each.
We have increased the DIY budget to £1,600 to include a £100 minimum allocation for participant expenses.
More information on this year's DIY programme.
Please read the DIY guidelines/FAQs carefully before submitting your proposal.
Deadline for applications: 12noon, Tuesday 19 March. Applications are now closed for this oppurtunity.
I can't quite describe how profound this experience was.– Nwando Ebizi (DIY lead artist, 2018)
Please keep running DIY, it is essential that artists get this kind of time and space outside usual contexts to share and make work together. It is a rare and original programme, we need these spaces to keep breathing! – Helena Hunter (DIY lead artist, 2018)
We continue to find that conceiving and running DIY projects creates a space unlike any other in our year for creative investigation, making meaningful connections with other artists, experimentation and celebration outside of the structures of larger project. DIY's allow us to pick up on ongoing and underlying concerns around our practice that might not otherwise be addressed…..these opportunities are even more critical for those of us who live in "NotLondon". - Etherige and Persighetti (DIY lead artists 2018)
DIY workshops have been incredibly important in my career. I say this from the perspective of a workshop leader as well as a workshop participant. As well as an amazing source of support and growth, these workshops are also fantastic ways of meeting new artists and collaborators. - Nando Messias (DIY lead artist, 2018)
About DIY
DIY is an opportunity for artists working in Live Art to conceive and run unusual research, training and professional development projects for themselves and other artists.
DIY understands that the development of a Live Art practice is as much about the exploration of ideas, methodologies and experiences as training in skills and techniques, and past DIY projects have proved to be invaluable experiences for project leaders, participants and partner organisers alike.
DIY is all about creating spaces to explore new ideas and test new methodologies. We want to hear from you if have an idea for an exciting, innovative and idiosyncratic Live Art professional development project that offers something different and is geared to the eclectic and often unusual needs of artists whose practices are grounded in challenging and unconventional approaches, forms and concepts.
We particularly welcome proposals led by or addressing underrepresented artists, practices, and territories.
DIY projects may take any form and can be based anywhere in the UK. Each DIY project is placed with a partner organisation and this year's partners are detailed below. If a partner organisation has a regional remit your DIY project will happen in that region, if it has a national remit it can happen anywhere. Please make clear in your application your preferred location(s), although we do encourage you to be flexible (once we have selected the final projects we may ask some proposals to be relocated to ensure a good spread of projects across the country.)
DIYs can be about anything you want, but some DIY partners have written specific briefs for artists to respond to, which cover an exciting and diverse range of themes with opportunities for Trans, non-binary and intersex artists, D/deaf and disabled artists and many others – see below for full details.
DIY16 will also include three DIYs supported by Live Art UK's Diverse Actions initiative, specifically supporting artists of colour.
DIY awards
Wherever possible, artists' participation in DIY projects should be free. Lead artists are encouraged to think about the needs of their participants when drawing up a budget, and many lead artists allocate some of their award budget to help with participant expenses. However, with projects taking place all over the country, and transport costs going up all the time, we are some way off being able to completely cover all the costs of taking part in a DIY.
In recognition of this, and as a gesture of our commitment to making DIYs as accessible as possible, in 2019 we have increased each DIY award to £1,600. We expect that £100 of this increased award will go directly towards helping participants cover travel, accommodation or other access costs where possible and appropriate.
We realise that this is unlikely to cover every expense – some participants may still have to pay something, and lead artists are still encouraged to further consider participant expenses within their main budget where appropriate – but we hope this extra money will help open up the DIY programme to a greater number of artists.
Further Information for Applicants
LADA's Frequently Asked DIY Questions page has been updated for 2019. Please read these notes carefully before applying.
If you have questions which are not answered by the FAQ, if you would like to discuss an idea before applying, or if you have any specific access requirements please contact Finn.
DIYs this year are supported by: Artsadmin (London), Artshouse (Jersey), BUZZCUT (Glasgow), Cambridge Junction (Cambridge), Colchester Arts Centre (Colchester), DaDa Fest (Liverpool), Dance4, International Centre for Choreography (Nottingham), Heart of Glass (St Helens), Home Live Art (Hastings), HOME (Manchester) LADA (London), Live Art Bistro (Leeds), Folkestone Fringe (Folkestone), Lancaster Arts (Lancaster), Live Art UK (national), Marlborough Pub & Theatre (Brighton), National Theatre (London), ]performance s p a c e[ (Folkestone), Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), Scottish Sculpture Workshop (Aberdeenshire), Snape Maltings (Suffolk), Tate Liverpool (Liverpool), Whitstable Biennale (inviting proposals for Swale and Medway).
Specific briefs
DIYs can be about anything, but we also have a number of specific briefs to respond to:
1. Live Art and Bethnal Green (LADA)
In Bethnal Green, in the East End of London, enormous wealth co-exists with great poverty, traditional cultures and ideas sit shoulder-to-shoulder with tech start-ups, while hyper-diversity and waves of migration continue to bring new communities to the borough. For DIY16 LADA will support a DIY that explores this vibrant, challenging and changing part of London.
While we are open to DIY proposals which interpret Bethnal Green in multiple ways, we encourage proposals which focus on one or more elements of:
the history and community of The Garrett Centre, LADA's home on Mansford Street, an ex-Unitarian church managed with a socially engaged mission and ethos.
the rapidly shifting social and economic dynamics of the area – subjects such as migration, gentrification, homelessness, commerce – and the people who live and work here.
For further information about this brief, please contact Finn.
2. Live Art and Collaborative and Socially Engaged Practice (Tate Liverpool)
Tate Liverpool invites proposals for a DIY workshop that investigates socially engaged and collaborative practice.
Tate Liverpool has been developing projects in partnership with artists, local groups and communities across the North West since it opened in 1988. In the last three years Tate Liverpool has embedded collaborative practice in its programme as part of the Collaborate Arts Partnership Programme (CAPP). For this DIY the lead artist will have the opportunity to develop a workshop that manifests both in and outside of the building, including its Tate Exchange space and Clore Studio. We are particularly interested in proposals that develop collaborative strategies and encourage artists in the region to expand their skills.
For more information please contact Michael.
3. Live Art and DaDaFest
DaDaFest aims to produce and promote the work of D/deaf and disabled artists, widen audiences for this work and change people's understanding of disability as a social issue.
DaDafest invites DIY proposals from artists identifying as disabled or D/deaf or living with a long-term condition or illness.
We are keen to work with artists at the start of their career or established artists who are interested in supporting the development needs of those at the start of their career.
We are particularly interested in proposals which investigate or consider approaches to creative access for audiences.
For more information or if you have any questions please contact Rachel.
4. Live Art and Diverse Actions (Live Art UK) – three DIY projects
Diverse Actions is a Live Art UK initiative which champions culturally diverse ambition, excellence and talent in Live Art. Diverse Actions builds on Live Art's vital role as a practice of artistic innovation and a space to express complex ideas of cultural identity. Running for three years, and supported by Arts Council England's Ambition for Excellence programme, Diverse Actions will support three DIYs in 2019.
We invite proposals for these projects led by artists of colour, and while no limitations are placed on subject matter, activity, or approach, proposals which explore complex ideas of cultural identity, or which have been specifically designed for participants of colour, are encouraged.
Partner organisations for the three Diverse Actions DIYs are:
BUZZCUT: a collective based in Glasgow, hosting events and festivals which encourage formal experimentation in an accessible, community-focused environment.
Live Art Bistro: an artist-led "engine room" for Live Art practices in Leeds and the wider region of Yorkshire.
]performance s p a c e[: an artist-led organisation based in Folkestone, cultivating performance work which pushes the boundaries of body, time and space.
For more information about these opportunities, please contact Finn.
5. Live Art and the Library of Performing Rights (LADA)
The Library of Performing Rights (LPR) was originally created in 2006 (by Lois Weaver of Queen Mary University London in collaboration with LADA) as a unique resource containing materials that examined the intersection between performance and human rights and were submitted by artists, activists and academics from around the world.
Having travelled the world for over a decade, in August 2017, the LPR was reimagined and reactivated by LADA, Lois Weaver, Elena Marchevska and the Study Room In Exile, as a concept or approach to research and practice, rather than a distinct collection. It is available as a place of action, a place of knowledge exchange, and a repository of experience, and with that in mind, we now invite proposals for the second in an annual series of LPR DIYs. These might respond to or utilise the LPR collection in multiple ways, but we are equally interested in projects which advance approaches to, understandings of, and practices related to issues of human rights, social and environmental justice.
If you have any questions about this brief please contact Finn.
6. Live Art and Managing the Radical (LADA) – two DIY projects
Managing the Radical (MtR) is a collaborative research project which aims to rethink, reposition and reimagine how art that operates and thinks 'differently' is created, produced, peopled, funded, represented and contextualised.
We invite proposals for two DIYs from artists who want to explore how experimental performance-based practices might be managed and organised differently, how power and ethics impact on an artistic practice and how the people involved might be cared for better. This could involve drawing on ways of doing things developed by artists past and present, by activists or organisations in other areas (such as housing, environmental activism, critical care), or experimenting in as yet unimagined ways.
Managing the Radical is the focus of LADA's fifth Restock, Reflect, Rethink programme, an ongoing series since 2006 mapping underrepresented artists, practices and histories. MtR (2019-2021) is a collaborative research project between LADA; Amit Rai of the School of Business and Management and Nick Ridout of the Drama Department at Queen Mary University of London; producers Orlagh Woods and Gini Simpson; and Cecilia Wee of Artsadmin.
The two MtR DIYs are supported through the Collaborations Fund of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences at Queen Mary University of London.
7. Live Art and the National Theatre New Work Department
At the National (https://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/about-the-national-theatre/new-work) we make world class theatre that is entertaining, challenging and inspiring, and we make it for everyone. We invite DIY proposals which take advantage of our resources in order to reimagine histories and design new futures. Based at the National Theatre Studio in Waterloo, London, the New Work Department has access to a range of costumes, props and period furniture from past NT productions, as well as three workshop spaces equipped with lighting rigs, sound equipment, video projectors and other technical resources.
For more information about this brief, including resources/spaces available, please contact Stewart.
8. Live Art and Scottish Sculpture Workshop
As artists' labour and practice is increasingly harnessed for wider society's wellbeing, we look to focus DIY proposals on artists' wellbeing. We call out for playful and poignant DIY proposals which foreground your #wellness and #bliss.
In addition to the budget SSW can offer self-catered accommodation on site at SSW between:
Tuesday 16 July — Friday 26 July 2019
Friday 11 October — Monday 14 October 2019
SSW are seeking proposals from artists based throughout the UK but advise that the call for participants should be open to Scotland-based artists only in order to support participant travel.
Scottish Sculpture Workshop (SSW) is a unique site of collective learning and making in rural Aberdeenshire, Scotland set up to enable artists in the research and realisation of their ideas through residency, projects and a public programme.
2019 marks SSW's 40th anniversary.
For more information or if you have access or childcare needs, please contact Jenny.
9. Live Art Took the Money and Ran (Artsadmin)
This year Artsadmin and LADA are hosting a series of events exploring the ethics of fundraising, corporate sponsorship and cultural values following the Take the Money And Run symposium they convened in 2015, with Home Live Art and Platform London.
As part of Artsadmin's continued research and commitment to this area, we invite proposals for DIY project by artists (and possibly artists working in collaboration with activists, researchers and organisers) that respond to issues of ethical funding, alternative economics, the Commons and cooperative resource allocation. What could Live Art create if it "Took the Money and Ran"? Could learning from Live Art offer new forms of independence and resistance?
We welcome critical, imaginative and irreverent interrogations of these themes. We particularly encourage applications that aim to centre underrepresented perspectives, positions or groups.
For more information please contact Ceclia.
10. Live Art and Trans Pride (The Marlborough Pub & Theatre)
The Marlborough is a performance space, artists' residence and also a buzzing pub for Brighton's LGBTQ+ community. Every year we collaborate with Trans Pride Brighton to present a programme of trans, non-binary and intersex artists throughout Trans Pride at the end of July. This year also marks 50 years since the Stonewall riots and feels like an opportunity to reflect on and celebrate the trans, non-binary and intersex activists that have come before us and continue to fight for our equality and liberation. We want to hear from trans, non-binary and intersex (live) artists who are interested in responding to our community's past, present and future activism.
For more information please contact Lee.


The General Electric D11 steam turbine was brought down for a scheduled outage. GE power and water outage services required a tops on tops off alignment of the High Pressure and Intermediate Pressure sections of the turbine. Laser was the preferred choice for alignment due to its benefits for the unit and the outage timeframe.
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