dc.identifier.citation Di Battista, J. and Wakefield, C. and Moore, G. and Bunce, M. and Williams, A. and O'Malley, J. and Humphreys, R. et al. 2018. Genomic and life-history discontinuity reveals a precinctive lineage for a deep-water grouper with gene flow from tropical to temperate waters on the west coast of Australia. Ecological Genetics and Genomics. 9: pp. 23-33.
© 2018 Elsevier Inc. We address a critical knowledge gap for the Eightbar Grouper, Hyporthodus octofasciatus, one of the largest groupers targeted in mostly tropical, deep-water fisheries, using genetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA; N = 248) and age and growth information (N = 727) from specimens collected from the eastern Indian Ocean to the western central Pacific Ocean. We additionally used a genotype-by-sequencing approach on a subset of these samples (N = 94) to determine the extent of egg and larval dispersal between tropical and temperate regions along the west coast of Australia (WA). Discontinuity in mtDNA and nuclear genomes, and marked variation in growth trajectories and longevity revealed a distinct, non-interbreeding cryptic lineage in WA. The WA lineage appears to be geographically isolated from the oceanic Indo-West Pacific (IP) lineage and precinctive to a single continuous coastline from tropical to temperate waters (covering > 2200 km and ~20° of latitude). The Hyporthodus phylogeny reveals a possible allopatric speciation scenario with sister lineages endemic to the east (i.e. H. ergastularius) and west (i.e. WA lineage of H. octofasciatus) coasts of Australia, each diverging from a broader IP distributed ancestor (i.e. IP lineage of H. octofasciatus) in the early Pleistocene Epoch. Sustainable management of these species therefore needs to consider their evolutionary distinction, in addition to aspects of their life-history strategies and limited geographic distribution that infers high vulnerability to fishing at relatively low levels of exploitation.


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Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
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Medically reviewed by Emmy Ludwig, MD on August 05, 2016
Emmy Ludwig, MD, is board-certified in gastroenterology and hepatology. She practices at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York.
Emmy Ludwig, MD
Kris Anapong Detraphiphat / Getty Images
An intestinal pseudo-obstruction is an uncommon condition where the intestines have all the signs of being obstructed, but there is not a true mechanical obstruction present. Unlike a true bowel obstruction, there is no actual blockage of the intestinal tract in a pseudo-obstruction. This is why it is known as a "pseudo" obstruction: pseudo means "artificial" or "mock." This is not to say that it is not a real condition, or that it is something that a person makes up. It is a very real problem.
The cause is not understood, but there are some known risk factors. With a pseudo-obstruction, the small or the large intestine are not moving food and waste material through as they do when the gastrointestinal tract is healthy.
Many of the signs and symptoms of a pseudo-obstruction are similar to those that occur with other digestive diseases. It is important to see a physician if any of the following signs or symptoms are severe, or if you have been diagnosed with a pseudo-obstruction in the past.
Abdominal pain, which may be crampy in nature
Abdominal swelling or distention
Constipation, which is fewer than 3 bowel movements in a week
Unintentional weight loss
A pseudo-obstruction is more common in the very young and the very old, but it can happen to just about anyone. When it comes on suddenly, it is known as "acute," and when it happens more slowly or repeatedly, it is called "chronic." There are a few known risk factors for pseudo-obstruction:
Nervous System Disease: A disease such as cerebral palsy that affects the nervous system can interfere with the motility of the digestive tract.
Immobility: Being unable to get out of bed and move around is another risk factor for pseudo-obstruction.
Pain Medications: Certain pain medications, specifically narcotics, can alter the functioning of the intestines.
First, a physician must rule out a more common cause to explain the symptoms, such as a physical obstruction or a tumor. Testing will usually begin with blood tests and may next move on to x-ray studies, such as a plain x-ray or computed tomography (CT). Depending on the specific symptoms and results, further testing beyond these is sometimes necessary, but as its name suggests, pseudo-obstruction is not associated with more typical reasons for the symptoms.
Medical treatment of pseudo-obstruction can include drugs that stimulate the colon to move the waste material along, such as certain antibiotics, dopamine antagonists, and somatostatin analogs. Other medications may be given to help relieve the associated symptoms of nausea, vomiting, and pain. Any underlying vitamin and mineral deficiencies that were caused by the pseudo-obstruction will also require treatment.
In some cases, enteral nutrition (nutrients are given via a nasogastric (NG) tube may be needed until a patient can eat solid food again. Decompression, to let trapped air out of the intestinal tract either through a nasogastric (NG) tube or colonoscopy, may also be used as a treatment. If the pseudo-obstruction is caused by a medication, stopping that medication will help in getting the intestines moving again.
In some rare cases, surgery might be necessary. Surgery will usually involve removing a section of the intestine. This might not cure the problem, because a pseudo-obstruction typically affects the entire small or large intestine. This is why surgery is not typically used.
Primary intestinal pseudo-obstruction, acute colonic ileus, colonic pseudo-obstruction, idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction, Ogilvie's Syndrome
Gas pain? Stool issues? Sign up for the best tips to take care of your stomach.
Bharucha AE, ed. "Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction." National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). 26 Feb 2014. 1 Oct 2015.
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According to the CIPD/KPMG survey of employers' the jobs market in the UK is getting rapidly worse. This should not come as too much of a surprise.
It should be remembered though that this survey is now a bit historic and was undertaken in a period of particularly bad economic and financial market news. I would suggest that this news is slightly redundant (excuse the pun) and we should look to more recent indicators as a better reflection of what is going on.
The survey asks respondents their plans for recruitment and redundancies in the first quarter of 2009. It seems strange to me then that they would release this information on 9 February when we are already half way through the quarter.
"The latest quarterly CIPD/KPMG survey of employers' recruitment and redundancy plans indicates that UK job prospects are deteriorating 'at an alarming rate' while the size of average pay rises is shrinking.
The winter Labour Market Outlook (LMO) survey of 892 UK employers, conducted by Ipsos Mori at the turn of the year, finds that more than one in three (36%) plan to cut jobs in the first quarter of 2009 – double the proportion expecting to make job cuts at the time of the previous LMO survey last autumn.
The LMO records a negative balance of -9 percentage points between the proportion of employers planning to cut jobs (36%) and the proportion planning to hire additional staff (27%). This is the first such negative balance recorded in the five years since the LMO survey began in 2004.
The latest LMO survey also finds that employers intend to keep a much tighter rein on pay increases in the coming months. Those who plan pay reviews expect staff pay to increase on average by 2.6%, much lower than the 3.5% average increase expected last autumn. But as many as one in eight employers don't intend to conduct a pay review at all in 2009."
Unemployment continues to grow across the globe, with no countries remains unaffected by the global recession. In the Unites States the unemployment rate reached 7.2 per cent in December, its highest level since 1992. This followed a loss of almost 600,000 jobs in the month, the largest drop in over thirty years. Unemployment will continue to rise in most countries for the majority of 2009.
Nevertheless for the first time in quite a few months the latest economic data has started to show some glimmers of hope. This is not to say that there has been a dramatic improvement in the global economy, but there are perhaps some signs that the rate of economic contraction is decelerating. Although this means that the economy is still shrinking it could be the first steps towards reaching a trough.
Earlier this week the Purchase Manager Indices (PMI) figures for manufacturing and services showed an improved economic environment in both the UK and Europe. It showed that manufactures were benefiting from lower input prices, whilst those in the UK were starting to be helped by the rapid weakening of the pound. Services in the UK and Europe were also buoyed as lower interest rates and government intervention increased the outlook for the sector.
Later in the week the US ISM survey of non-manufacturing businesses improved for the second month in a row. It indicated that business conditions were improving, despite new orders continuing to fall. The US PMI manufacturing survey also increased in the month. Again both indices were improved but implied further economic contraction.
It should be remembered that these figures are indicating changes in the month, and therefore it is dangerous to read too much into them. It should also be noted that the employment parts of these surveys continue to deteriorate, representing an acceleration of unemployment.
Nevertheless the stage is being set for what will be a long crawl back to positive economic growth. Inflation continues to fall in Europe and the US, giving policy makers the room to cut interest rates further or to use monetary stimuli such as quantitative easing. Falling inflation will also help to boost real incomes, whilst reducing the attractiveness of savings, providing a much needed boost to consumer spending.
On top of this, lower interest rates and rising unemployment will provide benefits to business. Although, banks remain unwilling or unable to increase lending to businesses, there are early signs that the bond market is starting to re-open (although at a high price), whilst some bank facilities have become significantly less expensive. In addition, being able to cut jobs has enabled some companies to reduce costs, increase productivity and adapt to the changing business environment.
A return to normal economic conditions remain a long way away, even positive quarterly economic growth is unlikely in a number of countries until 2010. However, should the latest economic indices continue to improve then perhaps we are seeing a light at the end of the tunnel. The tunnel is likely to be quite long, but now could be the best time to start preparing for the upturn.


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Plum Creek, Castle Rock, Colorado - Golf course information and reviews.
No beverage cart on front nine, only time saw her was on hole 12. Course was in average shape, greens were good, very fast though.
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Chosen by Roberta Bacic
A case where nonviolence has worked in 2007
A 2008 Ekta Parishad (Gandhian organisation) calendar came to our home mid December. What a powerful cover and with such bright and lively colours it is!
A warm feeling came at first glance and when going through it seemed so relevant and connected to what we had been doing as INNATE during the year. Promoting International Nonviolence day and debating on the ways it can be sometimes make to work. As it links so directly with the debate we had with Suman Aggarwal and Tony Kempster in November, decided to share it with our readers. Here goes the cover page that explain this study case and says where we people there are at now.
Janadesh: The People's verdict http://www.janadesh.net
In a country that more than one billion people call home, 25,000 may not seem like a very large number, but for years this seemingly small group worked together for something that could change the lives of millions of India's poor; the lives of those for whom "development" has meant suffering and "progress" has meant injustice. When we hear of India, we hear only of its leaps and bounds towards progress: its growing industries, its open markets and its steadily growing middle class. What we don't hear about are the people who pay for these changes with their land. They pay with their homes and their livelihoods and sometimes with their lives.
On October 2nd, 2007, twenty-five thousand people representing communities from all over India gathered in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh to begin what proved to be the largest non-violent movement for land reform in the country's history. Its commencement marked the United Nations' International Day of Non-Violence and the birthday of Mahatma Gandhi. Janadesh, or "the People's Verdict", was the result of years of protest falling on deaf ears. The requests of the people were simple and fair: a National Land Authority must be established to clearly identify land for redistribution; a Fast Track Court system has to be available to settle land claims; and a Single Window system is necessary for the landless people of India to be able to settle land issues without having to travel long distances, wasting what little time and money they have.
To witness communities united in a display of non-violent civil disobedience evoked memories of the satagrahis of Gandhi that inspired civil rights movements throughout the world. On October 29th, 2007 the Satagrahis of Janadesh were finally given the answer they had walked so far to get. The government of India was ready to establish a National Land Reforms Committee with 50% of the new committee's members coming from social and civil society organisations involved in the land rights movement. The news was met with cries of "Jai Janadesh!" and the crowd sang and danced in celebration through the night. The success of this historical display of non-violent action gives us all a reason to celebrate, but we must remember that the struggle is not over. The promises made on October 29th must be followed through and we all must be prepared to continue in this struggle for justice for the people.
Each month in the calendar brings a powerful note of people known to be devoted to promote change by means of nonviolence. Let's take just 4.
January: " Washing one's hands of the conflict between the powerful and powerless means to side with the powerful, not to be neutral." Brazilian educationalist Paulo Freire
April: "The pursuit of peace and progress, with its trials and its setbacks, can never be relaxed and never abandoned". Dag Hammarskjold
September: "Nonviolence is not a weapon of the weak. It is a weapon of the strongest and bravest". Mahatma Gandhi.
October: "The more we sweat in peace, the less we bleed in war" Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit
Gandhi Bhavan, Shyamla Hills, Bhopal-462002, Madhya Pradesh, India
Ph: 0091 (0) 755-4223821, 2661800
E-mail: ektaparishad@gmail.com, ektaparishad@yahoo.com


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Q: Chi-Square Density Graph in R How can I plot a chi-square density graph in R?
I got the following codes but I'm not sure how to manipulate them:
curve( dchisq(x, df=28), col='red', main = "Chi-Square Density Graph",
          from=0,to=60)
xvec <- seq(7.5,60,length=101)
pvec <- dchisq(xvec,df=28)
polygon(c(xvec,rev(xvec)),c(pvec,rep(0,length(pvec))),
        col=adjustcolor("black",alpha=0.3))

Could someone explain what the codes mean?

A: The package ggplot2 provides an easy way to plot Chi square distributions. You have to simply specify a stat_function with dchisq as your function and then a list to args that indicates the degrees of freedom.
For example, here is sample code for a Chi square distribution for 4 degrees of freedom:
library(ggplot2)

ggplot(data.frame(x = c(0, 20)), aes(x = x)) +
     stat_function(fun = dchisq, args = list(df = 4))

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Stockholm programme can help EU 'meet future challenges'
The wide gap between adopted EU rules and their implementation at national level must be a political priority, says Luigi Berlinguer.
By Luigi Berlinguer MEP
The Stockholm programme sets out the European Union's priorities for the area of justice, freedom and security for the period 2010-14. Building on the achievements of its predecessors the Tampere and Hague programmes, it aims to meet future challenges and further strengthen the area of justice, freedom and security.
Now that the Stockholm programme has passed the half-way mark, the committees on legal affairs, on civil liberties, justice and home affairs and on constitutional affairs have decided to evaluate the progress which has been made so far, with a view to identifying steps that remain to be taken as well as possible priorities for the successor of the Stockholm programme.
Concerning those areas which come under the remit of the committee on legal affairs, we can say that very promising legislation has been adopted, but that, owing to the length of legislative and implementation periods, very little of it is already being applied and that a considerable number of legislative proposals are still being considered by the co-legislators.
For the future it is crucial to assure more consistency between rules adopted and, above all, to address the issue of their implementation which must be a political priority in the view of the wide gap that is often observed between policies adopted at EU level and their implementation at national level.
In this regard, any future strategic guidelines for legislative and operational planning should depend on all institutions involved in the ordinary legislative procedure which must collaborate in a loyal manner, draw from the experience of past implementation and not consist merely on a long list of objectives and priorities. Those guidelines should be concise and be adopted once the new parliament and the commission have taken office; the treaty does not in fact set any timing for their adoption and it would be important to allow all institutions and the civil society to adequately take part in this process.
In more general terms, it will be important to further facilitate the free movement of European citizens, a pillar of EU integration, by defending and respecting all the rights deriving from a European area of justice and, in particular, by strengthening judicial cooperation.
Mutual recognition of legal situations, judgements and documents play a very important role in this respect, as it leaves the legal systems of member states unchanged, but reduces the inconvenience which differences in regulation cause for individual citizens.
Mutual recognition, however, requires that citizens and legal professionals trust each other's legal institutions. The strengthening of a truly European legal culture that is fully respectful of the principles of subsidiarity and of judicial independence and the establishment of common standards and an understanding of other legal systems play, therefore, a very relevant role in underpinning mutual recognition and trust. This common judicial culture should therefore be developed and deepened, in particular through the training of judges and other legal practitioners.
[pullquote]It is also increasingly important to ensure that European citizens see the practical benefit of the European Union in their daily lives[/pullquote].
Citizens and SMEs are not well aware of the issues dealt with at EU level which address numerous situations they are confronted with in their everyday lives, in particular when they are moving from one member state to another.