text:
Home Perspectives Blocking "The Passion" Film Could Backfire
Blocking "The Passion" Film Could Backfire
William Hughes
Charles Bronson, the actor, died the other day. In one of his "Death Wish" films, I remember Bronson confronting a supposed "bad guy," in a New York City subway station. He asked his victim, who was wearing a necklace, with a crucifix on it, "Are you a Christian?" The man answered "Yes." Bronson, the revenge-seeking vigilante, then shot him dead!
You could interpret that movie, produced by Jews, as giving someone a license to kill in cold blood a Christian, who just happened to wear a cross around their neck, if their death made the shooter feel righteous. Now, just try and imagine the outcry if the shooting victim had been a Jew, who was wearing a yarmulke! If it were the latter, that would have been, surely, Bronson's, and the producer?s, last movie in LaLaLand.
Enter celebrated actor/producer Mel Gibson, and his soon to be released film, "The Passion." His movie, based on the gospels, is slated for release in April, 2004. It focuses on the last 12 hours in the life of Christ, his trumped up trial, and his agonizing crucifixion in Jerusalem.
I checked out a trailer for movie on its web site. It's going to be an artistic, visually impressive and moving classic that Gibson, a Catholic, and also the film's director, can be very proud of. Some in the Jewish community, however, like Abe Foxman of the ADL, and the Simon Wiesenthal Center in LA, without even seeing a preview of it, disagree. They have condemn the film as "anti-Semitic." Jewish leaders in NYC, according to published reports, are planning "to hinder its distribution."
I can't even begin to count how many Hollywood films, that I have seen, produced by Jews, that have been demeaning to Christians and to Christianity. I recall one particularly disgusting movie, which opened with a scene set in a church showing a couple having sex up in the choir loft, while a Christian prayer service was being performed below by the clergy. Talk about vulgarism. This was truly obscene and grossly offensive.
Movies with bloody shoot outs and murderous mayhem in a church, Catholic and Protestant alike, are legion, too. Strange, however, considering how many films have been made in old Tinseltown, but I don't ever recall seeing one, where a couple had sex in a synagogue and/or there was a shoot out in a Jewish house of worship. I wonder, why not? Could there be a double standard?
Hollywood's stereotyping of African-Americans, Arabs, and Islam, too, has an even longer and uglier history (See for the details on its degrading portrayal of Arabs, Jack Shaheen's groundbreaking "Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilifies a People"). That's another alarming story about the racial, ethnic and religious bigotry of some of the West Coast moguls. But, here's the question: Where were the "Tolerance Brigade" from the Simon Wiesenthal Center in LA, and Abe Foxman, when all of those Christian, African-American and Arab bashing flicks were being put out by Hollywood? Huh!
Thankfully, there is Michael Medved. He is one of my favorite people. He's Jewish, a gutsy film critic, and the former president of his synagogue. He has dared to criticize Jewish-dominated Hollywood for being "anti-religious," citing Miramax's film "Priest" as an example of its bias. Medved has seen a preview of "The Passion," and he thinks Foxman & Co. are being "unfair and inappropriate." Way to go Michael Medved!
The Jewish critics of "The Passion," are playing by the rules whey they complain about the movie's supposed content, its potential meaning and effect on a diverse audience, and even when they plan to picket and/or boycott the film when it hits the theater market. This is how the First Amendment works.
However, any attempt by Jewish leaders to interfere with the distribution of "The Passion" could backfire. We just saw an example, where some swollen egos (Bill O' Reilly, please copy) from Fox News had tried to block a new book by comedian Al Franken that mocked the network. It failed miserably in court. Franken's book then hit the top of the best sellers' list. The same thing could happen to the popularity of Gibson's movie.
America is still a predominately deeply Christian country. I'm convinced that its members will bitterly resent an elitist Jewish clique, via their huge commercial power, censoring and/or blocking them, from seeing a movie of their choice. This will be especially so, since the disputed film, "The Passion," is about the founder of THEIR religion!
Christians will be even more outraged when they find out that the heavy censoring hand comes from a coterie within the Jewish community, that has also been silent about the contents of other movies that have for so long viciously disparaged Christianity. Finally, keep in mind, that anyone attempting, within a Constitutional Republic, to curtail the liberties of a free people, does so at their own risk.
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text:
Middleton Park School shortlisted for prestigious national award
Middleton Park School has been shortlisted for an award in the prestigious Learning Technologies Awards.
The glittering awards ceremony which takes place on Wednesday 30 November at The Park Plaza Westminster Bridge Hotel in London celebrates the best in learning technologies both in the UK and worldwide.
Middleton Park has been shortlisted for its Live Learning tool which uses videos created by the pupils to share with other children and their parents, not only in the school but beyond.
Head Teacher Jenny Watson, said: "We are thrilled to be short listed for this prestigious award. Our Live Learning is pupil led – they create, film and edit the content of the films. It is a very effective way of both developing and sharing their learning. Our pupils really like that their films are shared with not only their families but with a growing global audience. Live Learning has certainly raised the profile of our school!"
Parent, Sheila Lang, said, "Live learning is a fantastic tool that has been used very effectively in Middleton Park for a number of years. It allows children to share their learning opportunities with parents and carers and in doing so the children feel a sense of pride in their achievements. Our family watch the live learnings with interest each week as they give us a really good feel for what is being taught throughout the whole school and we learn a few things along the way!"
The school is in the running or one of 53 gold, silver and bronze awards recognising innovative use of technology in learning.
Councillor Angela Taylor, Education and Children's Services Committee Convener, said: "It's fantastic news that the creative approach to learning by Middleton Park School's pupils and teachers is being recognised at UK-wide level at such a prestigious event. The video approach to shared learning is clearly one that has caught the imagination if the children and their parents alike.
"I'd like to wish Mrs Watson and everyone at Middleton Park School good luck for Wednesday."


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Isn't it fascinating how life gives us opportunities to practice our own teachings?
When I submitted my latest article for review, I had no idea, that as it was published earlier this week on Lifehack.org, I would find myself stuck in a world of uncertainty as the devastating Woolsey Fire continues to burn in Southern California.
Six days ago, my family and I had to leave our home under mandatory evacuation, and are not yet able to return. (I'm extremely grateful that we are safe, staying with family in San Diego, and that our home and neighborhood have remained untouched).
As my family, friends and I (and so much of California) are enduring the challenges associated with the physical fires in our lives, I know there are many of you who may be experiencing various 'fires' of your own that are leaving you feeling stuck, frustrated, hopeless, confused and unable to move forward.
I hope that no matter what type of fire you have going on in your life right now, these strategies help you to step back, sort out the thoughts in your head and create a clear path to move forward.
Sometimes all we need is the wind to shift, a moment of calm, or a new perspective to get unstuck and moving forward again.
So whether you feel just a 'little stuck' or like you're stuck in dry concrete; trying to make a small or big decision; wondering what you're doing with your life, feeling trapped in a job, overwhelmed by debt, unhappy in a relationship or life that isn't the one you want to live, these 10 strategies can help you move forward again.
Check out the full article here: 10 Strategies To Keep Moving Forward When You're Feeling Extra Stuck.
P.S. My thoughts and prayers go out to everyone affected by these fires. I feel for so many who have lost so much. If you'd like to provide help and support, please consider donating to the disaster relief fund here.


text:
\section{Introduction}

In modern elementary particle physics one often needs to
evaluate thousands and millions of Feynman integrals.
An already classical approach is to apply the so-called
\textit{integration by parts (IBP) relations}~\cite{Chetyrkin:1981qh}
(see Chapter~6 of \cite{Smirnov:2013ym} for a recent review)
and reduce all integrals to a smaller set,
the \textit{master integrals}\footnote{It has been shown in \cite{Smirnov:2010hn} that the number of master integrals is
always finite, so theoretically, this approach should be successful.}.

There are multiple programs performing the task of Feynman integral reduction,
one of those presented by the author of this paper a few years ago.
The initial version of {\tt FIRE}~\cite{Smirnov:2008iw,Smirnov:2013dia} was written in
{\tt Wolfram Mathematica}.
For other public products see
\cite{Anastasiou:2004vj,Studerus:2009ye,vonManteuffel:2012np,Lee:2008tj,Lee:2012cn,Lee:2013mka}

The goal of this paper is to present the {\tt C++} version of {\tt FIRE} --- a powerful program for Feynman integral reduction.
Recently {\tt FIRE} was able to perform a reduction with about 3 billion integrals involved.
It was successfully applied in \cite{Baikov:2009bg,Lee:2010cga,Lee:2010ik,Lee:2011jf,Lee:2011jt,Eden:2012fe,
Lee:2013sx,Drummond:2013nda,Grigo:2013rya,Henn:2013tua,Henn:2013woa,
Bern:2013uka,Henn:2013nsa,Henn:2014lfa,Caola:2014lpa} as well as in several pending projects.

\section{Basic definitions}

This section almost entirely copies the similar section from the previous paper on {\tt FIRE4}.
However, the following definitions should be given to make the paper
self-consistent.

Let us consider a family  of Feynman integrals as
functions of $n$ integer variables (indices),
\begin{eqnarray}
  F(a_1,\ldots,a_n) &=&
  \int \cdots \int \frac{\mbox{d}^d k_1\ldots \mbox{d}^d k_h}
  {E_1^{a_1}\ldots E_n^{a_n}}\,,
  \label{eqbn-intr}
\end{eqnarray}
where the denominator factors $E_i$ are linear functions with respect to
scalar products of loop momenta $k_i$ and external momenta $p_i$, and dimensional regularization with
$d=4-2\epsilon$ is applied.

The integration by parts relations~\cite{Chetyrkin:1981qh}
\begin{eqnarray} \int\ldots\int \mbox{d}^d k_1 \mbox{d}^d k_2\ldots
\frac{\partial}{\partial k_i}\left( p_j \frac{1}{E_1^{a_1}\ldots E_n^{a_n}}
\right)   =0   \label{RR-intr}
\end{eqnarray}
can be rewritten in the following form:
\begin{equation}
\sum \alpha_i F(a_1+b_{i,1},\ldots,a_n+b_{i,n})
=0\,.
\label{IBP-intr}
\end{equation}
where $b_{i,j}\in \{-1, 0, 1\}$ and $\alpha_i$ are linear functions of $a_j$.

A classical approach is to separate all possible sets of indices into so-called sectors. Choosing a sector (one out of $2^n$) defines
for each index $a_i$ whether it is positive or non-positive.
In fact, there are less than $2^n$ sectors --- indices corresponding to irreducible numerators are always non-positive.
A \textit{corner integral} in a sector is the one with indices equal to $0$ or $1$; each sector has a unique corner integral.

A sector is said to be \textit{lower} than another sector if all indices of the corner integral in the first one are smaller that corresponding
indices of the corner integral in the second one. Normally one tries to reduce Feynman integrals to those corresponding to lower sectors.
The reason for such a choice is that positive shifts always come
with multiplication by the corresponding index, therefore relations written in sectors with negative values of indices do not
depend on integrals with positive values of those indices. Moreover, integrals are simpler if more indices are non-positive.

The complexity of each integral corresponding to a given family (\ref{eqbn-intr}) is basically defined by
the number of positive indices, and then the two non-negative numbers $N_+=\sum_{i\in \nu_{+}} (a_i-1)$
(the number of \textit{dots})
and
$N_-=-\sum_{i\in \nu_{-}} a_i$, where $\nu_+$ ($\nu_-$) are sets of positive (negative) indices.

A sector is called \textit{trivial} if all integrals corresponding to sets of indices in this sector are equal to zero. The sector
with all non-positive indices is always trivial. The conditions determining whether a sector is trivial are called
\textit{boundary conditions}.

A \textit{Laporta algorithm}~\cite{Laporta:2001dd} in a given sector is solving IBPs with a Gauss elimination after choosing an ordering.
The ordering choice and all details of the algorithm can be modified by the algorithm implementer.

\section{Installation}

There are two ways to get {\tt FIRE5} --- one can either download a binary package from \url{http://git.sander.su/fire/downloads} or build it from sources.
The binary package is not guaranteed to work at a particular machine.
To build {\tt FIRE5} from sources one has to

1) clone it with {\tt git} (it should be done in a folder that has no space symbols in its full path)

{\tt git clone https://bitbucket.org/feynmanIntegrals/fire.git}

2) install the libraries {\tt FIRE5} requires system-wide or build them from sources.
{\tt FIRE} comes with the database engine {\tt kyotocabinet 1.2.76} and compression library {\tt snappy 1.1.1}.

{\tt make dep}

3) build the {\tt FIRE} binaries

{\tt make}

Do not forget to change the current directory to {\tt fire/FIRE5} before giving those commands.
To build {\tt FIRE} and the depending libraries faster, add {\tt -j n} to the {\tt make} commands
as usual, where {\tt n} is the number of kernels on the computer in use.

To test whether the binaries were compiled properly run

{\tt make test}

If one is compiling {\tt FIRE} at a cluster and is going to use only the {\tt C++ FIRE}, it can be compiled it with

{\tt make nomath}

To get the latest development version of {\tt FIRE}, one should switch to the {\tt dev} branch and compile {\tt FIRE} again:

{\tt
git checkout --track -b dev origin/dev
}

{\tt
make
}

{\tt FIRE5} comes with the external program {\tt fermat} performing polynomial algebra. The only copyright statement of {\tt fermat} on the web-page says
``Fermat is free--ware. Those who have grant money are requested to contribute \$60 per installed machine.''
Those who are not sure how this applies to them should not use {\tt FIRE} before consulting with the {\tt fermat} author (\url{https://home.bway.net/lewis/}).
The version shipped with {\tt FIRE} is the 64-bit version 5.16 for {\tt Linux}.

As for other operating systems, {\tt FIRE} works at {\tt Linux 32bit}, but one should replace the {\tt fermat} binary.
It should also be possible to build {\tt FIRE} at {\tt MAC OS X}, but there might be some problems during the installation.
If one is interested in building it at {\tt MAC OS X} please contact the author of the paper, and perhaps we will work out
the best way to do it, so that these instructions are included in the next release.
And I do not think it is possible to make the {\tt C++ FIRE} work under {\tt Windows}.

\section{Usage of {\tt FIRE}}

All the syntax of {\tt FIRE5} is made backward-compatible with the syntax of the previous versions. This might look old-fashioned and the syntax is sometimes weird, however there are too many people who have been using {\tt FIRE} for quite some time.

\subsection{Preparing a start file}

The first thing one needs to do to work with {\tt FIRE} is to prepare a start file containing the information on a given diagram. To do this, one needs to load {\tt FIRE}, define the internal (loop) and external momenta, the propagators, the replacements (values of kinematic invariants). If one is going to use {\tt C++},
it is important to have all variables corresponding to kinematic invariants to have no capital letters in their names (due to the restrictions of the {\tt fermat} program).

If one is loading {\tt FIRE} from {\tt Ma\-the\-ma\-tica}, it should either be loaded with

{\tt SetDirectory[<path to FIRE>]; Get["FIRE5.m"];}

or

{\tt FIREPath=<path to FIRE>; Get[FIREPath<>"FIRE5.m"];}.

Do not load {\tt FIRE} by simply specifying a full path to it, might fail to work properly.

The basic syntax to create a start file is the following: one has to give proper values to the following variables:

\begin{itemize}
 \item {\tt Internal} --- the list of internal momenta, for example, \{k\};
 \item {\tt External} --- the list of external momenta, for example, \{p1, p2, p4\};
 \item {\tt Propagators} --- the list of propagators, for example, \{-k$^2$, -(k + p1)$^2$, -(k + p1 + p2)$^2$, -(k + p1 + p2 +
       p4)$^2$\};
 \item {\tt Replacements} (optional) --- the list of replacement rules for kinematic invariants, for example, \{p1$^2$ -> 0, p2$^2$ -> 0, p4$^2$ -> 0, p1 p2 -> s/2,
   p2 p4 -> t/2\};
 \item {\tt RESTRICTIONS} (optional) --- list of boundary conditions. For example if this list has an element {\tt \{-1, -1, -1, 0\}}, this means that the integrals are equal to zero if the first three indices are non-positive;
 \item {\tt SYMMETRIES} (optional) --- list of symmetries (permutations of indices not changing the integrals); in older versions one had to provide the whole symmetry group, but currently it is enough to provide the generators; for example,  if this list has an element {\tt \{3, 2, 1, 4\}}, this means that {\tt F[a,b,c,d]=F[c,b,a,d]}.
\end{itemize}

After executing these commands one should run {\tt PrepareIBP[]} and then {\tt Prepare{}} or, preferably, {\tt Prepare[AutoDetectRestrictions -> True]}
to automatically detect boundary conditions (in both cases the conditions provided by the {\tt RESTRICTIONS} setting are taken into account).
However if one is planning to use {\tt LiteRed} \cite{Lee:2008tj,Lee:2012cn,Lee:2013mka} (see section \ref{LiteRed}), then {\tt FIRE} will read boundary conditions from {\tt LiteRed} output later,
so it is not obligatory to provide them at the current stage.

In older versions one also had to give a value to the {\tt startinglist} variable to provide the list of IPBs.
It is still possible, however is not obligatory. If the {\tt startinglist} is skipped, the code
uses all IBP relations, where
one multiplies by an internal or external momenta and differentiates in an internal momenta,
and then replacements are applied. Internally it uses the following construction:

{\tt
startinglist =
  Flatten[Outer[(IBP[\#1, \#2] //.Replacements) \&, \\Internal,
    Join[Internal, External]], 1];
}

Now a start file can be saved with {\tt SaveStart["filename"]}. It is recommended to quit the kernel afterwards.

For example, for a massless double box diagram one has:

\tt
FIREPath = <path to the folder with FIRE>;

Get[FIREPath<>"FIRE5.m"];

Internal = \{k1, k2\};

External = \{p1, p2, p3\};

Propagators = \{-k1$^2$, -(k1 + p1 + p2)$^2$, -k2$^2$, -(k2 + p1 +
       p2)$^2$, -(k1 + p1)$^2$, -(k1 - k2)$^2$, -(k2 - p3)$^2$, -(k2 +
       p1)$^2$, -(k1 - p3)$^2$\};

Replacements = \{p1$^2$ -> 0, p2$^2$ -> 0, p3$^2$ -> 0, p1 p2 -> s/2, \\
   p1 p3 -> t/2, p2 p3 -> -1/2 (s + t)\};

PrepareIBP[];

Prepare[AutoDetectRestrictions -> True];

SaveStart["doublebox"];

Quit[];

\normalfont

As a result one has a file {\tt "box.start"} containing all the required information to proceed.

\subsection{Reduction in {\tt Wolfram Mathematica}}

To perform the reduction by {\tt Mathematica} (or to load tables at a later stage) one has to load
a start file. This is done by the {\tt LoadStart} command. For example,

\tt
FIREPath = <path to the folder with FIRE>;

Get[FIREPath<>"FIRE5.m"];

LoadStart["doublebox", 1];

Burn[]
\normalfont

The second argument in {\tt LoadStart} is some positive integer number less than $1000$ that is assigned to the current family of Feynman integrals.
If the problem has multiple families, it is recommended to enumerate them and use different numbers for different families.

Now one can perform the reduction with

\tt

F[1, \{1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1\}]

\normalfont

Here {\tt F} is a call to perform the reduction, {\tt 1} is the same number as in {\tt LoadStart} and {\tt \{1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1\}} is the set of indices.
As a result one has something like

\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{3}{2} s G(1,\{1,1,1,1,1,1,1,-1,0\}) +\frac{1}{2} s t G(1,\{1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0\}) +\ldots \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}

In the resulting expression {\tt G} follows the same notation as {\tt F} but is treated as an irreducible (master) integral and does not lead to new reduction.

Alternatively one can use the {\tt EvaluateAndSave} command, which has two arguments --- the list of integrals that has
to be reduced and the file where to save tables. For example, to reduce two integrals by this command one should run

{\tt EvaluateAndSave[\{\{1, \{1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1\}\},\\ \{1, \{1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, -2\}\}\},"doublebox.tables"]}

This is the recommended way to run {\tt Mathematica FIRE} if
the reduction takes long enough, however it is even better to use the {\tt C++ FIRE} which is a direct
replacement to the {\tt EvaluateAndSave} command.

In complicated situation {\tt Burn[]} might work slowly. Hence one can run
{\tt SaveData["filename"} after {\tt Burn[]}, then quit the kernel and later
load everything with {\tt LoadData["filename"]} (without {\tt LoadStart} and {\tt Burn}).

\subsection{Finding equivalents between master integrals}

As one can clearly see from the last example, the integrals that {\tt FIRE} claims to be irreducible can be symmetric and thus equivalent.
Normally this happens with integrals from different sectors of same level --- {\tt FIRE} cannot find equivalents between them during the reduction
run. However, there is an alternative method that can find the missing relations.

If in the last example one gives the {\tt MasterIntegrals[]} command, the result is:

{\tt
\noindent
\{\{1, \{0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0\}\}, \{1, \{0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, \\
   0\}\}, \{1, \{0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0\}\}, \{1, \{0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0,
    0\}\}, \{1, \{0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0\}\}, \{1, \{1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0,
   0, 0\}\}, \{1, \{1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0\}\}, \{1, \{1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1,
    0, 0\}\}, \{1, \{1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0\}\}, \{1, \{1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,
   0, 0, 0\}\}, \{1, \{1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0\}\}, \{1, \{1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
    1, -1, 0\}\}\}
}

It is easy to see that some of the integrals in lower sectors are equivalent.
This can be found with

\tt

Internal = \{k1, k2\};

External = \{p1, p2, p3\};

Propagators = \{-k1$^2$, -(k1 + p1 + p2)$^2$, -k2$^2$, -(k2 + p1 +
       p2)$^2$, -(k1 + p1)$^2$, -(k1 - k2)$^2$, -(k2 - p3)$^2$, -(k2 +
       p1)$^2$, -(k1 - p3)$^2$\};

Replacements = \{p1$^2$ -> 0, p2$^2$ -> 0, p3$^2$ -> 0, p1 p2 -> s/2, \\
   p1 p3 -> t/2, p2 p3 -> -1/2 (s + t)\};

FindRules[MasterIntegrals[]]

\normalfont

or saved to a file with

{\tt
WriteRules[MasterIntegrals[], \\ FIREPath <> "examples/doublebox"];
}

The command {\tt MasterIntegrals} by itself is a replacement for the old {\tt GetII /\& IrreducibleIntegrals[]}
and produces the list of integrals that {\tt FIRE} found to be irreducible.

Then if one loads the rules after {\tt Burn[]} with

{\tt
LoadRules[FIREPath <> "examples/doublebox", 1];
}

\noindent and performs the reduction again, there will be only $8$ master integrals instead of $12$.

The file with rules consists of {\tt Mathematica} rules, however the right-hand side should be not a linear combination,
but a list of pairs --- coefficients and integrals (in order to simplify parsing in {\tt C++}). In our examples the file has $4$ lines, and they look like

{\tt G[1, \{0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0\}] -> \\\{\{1, G[1, \{1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0\}]\}\};}

{\tt G[1, \{1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0\}] -> \\\{\{1, G[1, \{0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0\}]\}\};}

{\tt G[1, \{1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0\}] -> \\\{\{1, G[1, \{0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0\}]\}\};}

{\tt G[1, \{1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0\}] -> \\\{\{1, G[1, \{0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0\}]\}\};}

If one knows some relations between master integrals, they can also be added manually to the file with rules \cite{Smirnov:2013dia}.

\subsection{{\tt C++} reduction}

The main power of {\tt FIRE} comes with the {\tt C++} part of the program.
It uses the same start and rules files as input and saves table files as a result
so that they can be loaded into {\tt Mathematica} afterwards.

To run the {\tt C++} version, one has to create a configuration file (with the {\tt config} extension).
Let us illustrate the syntax with this example:

\tt
$\#$threads           4

$\#$variables         d, s, t

$\#$start

$\#$folder            examples/

$\#$problem           1 doublebox.start

$\#$integrals         doublebox.m

$\#$output            doublebox.tables
\normalfont

The number of space symbols in this file in unimportant. Each line should start from $\#$.
The $\#${\tt threads} command specifies the number of threads that can work in parallel,
$\#${\tt variables} is important and should list all variables that can appear, if variables
are set incorrectly, the reduction will freeze.
These (and some other optional directives listed in section~\ref{config}) should be followed by the $\#${\tt start} command.

The next part of the configuration file is related to a specific diagram.
$\#${\tt folder} is optional and provides a path to a folder where other files can reside.
If the folder instruction is missing, the paths are considered absolute or from the ``current'' directory.
$\#${\tt problem} followed by the number corresponding to the current family of Feynman integrals and the path to a start file.
$\#${\tt integrals} points to a file
containing a list of integrals that have to be reduced and $\#${\tt output} points to a file where
the resulting tables are to be saved. The input is a {\tt Mathematica} list of pairs, for example,
{\tt \{\{1, \{1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1\}\}, \{1, \{1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, -2\}\}\}}.

Now one can launch the reduction with

{\tt bin/FIRE5 -c examples/doublebox}

It should be stated once more that this reduction does not need {\tt Ma\-the\-ma\-ti\-ca}. As a result one gets a file with tables.
While the {\tt Mathematica} reduction took $1453$ seconds on my laptop ($1386$ seconds with rules), the $\tt C++$ reduction took only $92$ seconds.
And for diagrams having more loops the difference can be much more significant.

This reduction can also make use of the rules previously saved in a file. To do that, add the following line to the configuration file:

{\tt $\#$rules         doublebox.rules}

This example also shows that the choice of master integrals might be different in different versions of {\tt FIRE}.
The {\tt C++ FIRE} tends to prefer integrals without negative indices, because it is impossible to find equivalents
in case of irreducible numerators. However in this particular example the choice
{\tt \{\{1, \{1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 0, 0\}\}\}} instead of {\tt \{\{1, \{1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, 0\}\}\}} makes the answer
more complicated. One can make {\tt FIRE} do another choice by means of the preferred list. To do that, one should add

{\tt $\#$preferred         doublebox.preferred}

to the configuration file, where this file contains a {\tt Mathematica} list of preferred master integrals.
In this example this file contains one element,  {\tt \{\{1, \{1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, 0\}\}\}}.
Now if one runs

{\tt bin/FIRE5 -c examples/doubleboxrp}

the job will take only $62$ seconds.

\subsection{Loading the tables}

The tables obtained with the {\tt C++} reduction (or with the {\tt EvaluateAndSave} command in {\tt Mathematica}) can be loaded into {\tt Mathematica}.

\tt
FIREPath = <path to the folder with FIRE>;

Get[FIREPath<>"FIRE5.m"];

LoadStart["doublebox", 1];

Burn[];

LoadTables["doublebox.tables"];
\normalfont

Now a call to {\tt F} will not need a new reduction, but take the result from tables.
However, sometimes this can be slow because {\tt FIRE} tries to factorize coefficients in order to present a
nice-looking result. This behavior can be switched off by {\tt FactorCoefficients = False}.

\subsection{Using {\tt LiteRed} rules in {\tt Mathematica}}

\label{LiteRed}

{\tt LiteRed} is a program by Lee \cite{Lee:2008tj,Lee:2012cn,Lee:2013mka} that aimes on solving the IBP relations
before the substitution of indices. If the program succeeds, the reduction can be significantly more effective and fast.
But even if reduction rules cannot be constructed everywhere, it makes sense to use a part of them in order to
speed up the reduction, or at least the information on boundary conditions and symmetries.

Currently {\tt FIRE} comes shipped with the version {\tt 1.6} of {\tt LiteRed}. If one wishes to upgrade to the most recent
version of {\tt LiteRed} without waiting for an update of {\tt FIRE},
it can be downloaded from \url{http://www.inp.nsk.su/~lee/programs/LiteRed/}.

{\tt LiteRed} starts with finding symmetric sectors. Two sectors are considered symmetric,
if integrals from one of the sectors can be represented as linear combinations of integrals in the other. {\tt LiteRed} is quite effective
in finding symmetries between sectors and this procedure does not take much time. So even if one is working with
complicated diagrams where the solution of IBPs cannot be performed, the symmetries should be taken into account.

{\tt FIRE} is capable of loading {\tt LiteRed} rules. To do this, one has to construct them first using {\tt LiteRed}.
There are multiple examples shipped with the {\tt LiteRed} package, but in the contextity of {\tt FIRE} it is convenient to do with

\tt

FIREPath = <path to the folder with FIRE>;

SetDirectory[FIREPath <> "extra/LiteRed/Setup/"];

Get["LiteRed.m"];

SetDim[d];

Declare[\{l, r, p, q\}, Vector];

p$\cdot$p = 0; q$\cdot$q = 0; p$\cdot$q = -1/2;

NewBasis[v2, \{-sp[l - r], -sp[l], -sp[r], -sp[p - l], -sp[q - r], -sp[p - l + r],  -sp[q - r + l]\}, \{l,
  r\}, \\ Directory -> FIREPath <> "temp/v2.dir"];

GenerateIBP[v2];

AnalyzeSectors[v2, \{0, \_\_\}];

FindSymmetries[v2,EMs->True];

SolvejSector /@ UniqueSectors[v2];

DiskSave[v2];

Quit[];

\normalfont

Here a two-loop non-planar massless vertex figure is considered.
There is a different syntax in {\tt LiteRed} when compared with {\tt FIRE}.
{\tt SetDim[d]} chooses {\tt d} as dimension of space-time;
{\tt Declare[\{l, r, p, q\}, Vector]} defines the listed variables as momenta;
the centered dot stands for the scalar product and is equivalent to {\tt sp}
(in case of one argument {\tt sp} is treated as the scalar square).
{\tt NewBasis} creates a new {\tt LiteRed} bases has the following arguments:
a label for the current family of Feynman integrals, a list of propagators,
a list of loop momenta and some options such as directory choice.

However, it is possible to translate one input into another. The code above is equivalent
(both can be used but the second variant allows one to provide input only in the style of {\tt FIRE}) to

\tt

FIREPath = <path to the folder with FIRE>;

SetDirectory[FIREPath <> "extra/LiteRed/Setup/"];

Get["LiteRed.m"];

Get[FIREPath <> "FIRE5.m"];

Internal = \{l, r\};

External = \{p, q\};

Propagators =
  (-Power[$\#\#$, 2]) \& /@ \{l - r, l, r, p - l, \\ q - r, p - l + r, q - r + l\};

CreateNewBasis[v2, Directory -> FIREPath <> "temp/v2.dir"];

GenerateIBP[v2];

AnalyzeSectors[v2, \{0, \_\_\}];

FindSymmetries[v2,EMs->True];

SolvejSector /@ UniqueSectors[v2];

DiskSave[v2];

Quit[];

\normalfont

Note: {\tt CreateNewBasis} is a not a command of {\tt LiteRed}, it is a command in {\tt FIRE} that translates {\tt FIRE} input into {\tt LiteRed} input.

The {\tt AnalyzeSectors} command finds trivial sectors, the {\tt FindSymmetries} finds symmetric sectors,
{\tt SolvejSector} builds reduction rules in sectors.
{\tt SolvejSector} might take too long or even fail to complete in complex situations,
but even the usage of {\tt AnalyzeSectors} and {\tt FindSymmetries} can speed up the reduction
significantly.

As a result one gets a folder with many files containing information on the diagram.
Now one is ready to load those rules into the {\tt Mathematica FIRE}. Suppose a start file already exists
(this example among others can be found in the examples folder). Then one can do the following:

\tt

FIREPath = <path to the folder with FIRE>;

Get[FIREPath <> "FIRE5.m"];

LoadStart[FIREPath <> "examples/v2", 2];

LoadLRules[FIREPath <> "temp/v2.dir", 2];

Burn[];

\normalfont

The {\tt LoadLRules} command reads the directory with {\tt LiteRed} rules and loads
everything it can use out of there. Then the reduction can be performes as before: {\tt F[2, \{-1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1\}]}.

\subsection{Using {\tt LiteRed} rules in {\tt C++}}

As mentioned before, the {\tt C++} reduction is much faster than the {\tt Mathema\-tica} one.
However the files created by {\tt LiteRed} are in such a format, that they cannot be used directly
in the {\tt C++} version and hence a convertion is necessary:

\tt

FIREPath = <path to the folder with FIRE>;

Get[FIREPath <> "FIRE5.m"];

LoadStart[FIREPath <> "examples/v2"];

TransformRules[FIREPath <> "temp/v2.dir", FIREPath <> \\ "examples/v2.lbases", 2];

SaveSBases[FIREPath <> "examples/v2"];

\normalfont

The start file is loaded without a diagram number here.
As a result of the {\tt TransformRules} the files in the {\tt "temp/v2.dir"} folder
are transformed and saved in {\tt "v2.lbases"} file.
The number {\tt 2} corresponds to the current family of Feynman integrals, it is stored inside the lbases file and should
be also used when the file is being loaded later. The {\tt SaveSBases} command
saves information similar to the start file in {\tt "v2.sbases"}.
It is important to use the sbases file afterwards instead of the start file since
it stores some orderings that were used by {\tt LiteRed} and so should be used by {\tt FIRE} as well.

Afterwards a configuration file for the {\tt C++} reduction might look like:

\tt
$\#$threads           4

$\#$variables         d

$\#$start

$\#$folder            examples/

$\#$problem           2 v2.sbases

$\#$lbases            v2.lbases

$\#$integrals         v2.m

$\#$output            v2.tables
\normalfont

In this case the reduction works much faster than the one without {\tt LiteRed} rules.

\subsection{{\tt C++ FIRE} and databases}

To run an efficient reduction it is important to understand how the {\tt C++ FIRE} works with databases.
It uses the {\tt kyotocabinet} database engine
to store them either in RAM or on disk.
There is a database for each sector (storing relations) and one more ``common'' database
(enumerating integrals).

If working in the ``RAM mode'', {\tt FIRE} keeps the common database and a number of sector databases (maximally equal to the number of threads) in RAM.
When the forward reduction in a sector is over, the database snapshot is saved to disk. It is be loaded back to RAM later at the substitutions stage.

If working in the ``disk mode'', all the databases are files on the disk. The disk access is much slower, however
if one is using a local disk, then normally the operating system efficiently caches those files with the use of RAM.
When {\tt FIRE} finishes reduction in a sector, it explicitly instructs the operating system to stop caching that particular file,
hence the cache is spent only for databases that are currently needed.

It is hard to say which option is preferable, this depends on the configuration of the current computer in use.

There is also one more option that should be explained --- the size of the bucket array. The bucket array is some sort
of index used by database engines. The bigger this index is, the more efficient the database is, however
the more RAM is needed to store the bucket array. The {\tt bucket} option is treated exponentially ---
for example, the default value $20$ corresponds to about one million of entries in the bucket array.

For the hash database stored on disk (the sector databases are of this type) it is recommended that the number of entries in the database
should not be greater than $4$ times the number of entries in the bucket array. The tree database (the ``common database'' is of this type)
and the RAM databases have lighter restrictions.

The footprint of each record is $10$ bytes. For example, if one is using the ``disk mode'' and a bucket value of $27$ and is running $8$ threads at the same time,
then one needs about $2.5$GB for the bucket array.

\section{Additional options}

\subsection{Options in Mathematica}

{\tt FIRE} has some options that can be used in {\tt Mathematica}.

\begin{itemize}
 \item {\tt DatabaseUsage} --- a number from $0$ to $4$, by default equal to $0$. If it is different from $0$,
 {\tt FIRE} stores some information in a database. Hence in order for it to work, one needs working binaries.
 By default it uses the {\tt QLinkPath = bin/KLink} binary for data access and stores data in the {\tt temp} folder (all paths are
 considered relative to the value of {\tt FIREPath}. If these files are on a network drive,
 it might make sense to provide another {\tt DataPath};

 \item {\tt MemoryLimit} (in megabytes) --- an alternative to {\tt DatabaseUsage} that makes {\tt FIRE} increase the
 database usage (even if the initial value is {\tt 0}) upon reaching the memory limit;

 \item {\tt UsingFermat} --- a boolean option, {\tt False} by default. If set to {\tt True}, makes {\tt FIRE} use the external
 {\tt fermat} program for algebraic simplifications. Since {\tt FIRE} comes now shipped with {\tt fermat}, there is probably
 no need to edit the {\tt FermatPath = extra/ferl64/fer64} and the {\tt FLinkPath = bin/KLink} for the intermediate binary.

 \item {\tt FactorCoefficients} --- a boolean option, {\tt True} by default. If set to {\tt False}, {\tt FIRE} won't apply
 {\tt Factor} to coefficients when producing the final output;

\end{itemize}

\subsection{Config files for C++}

Let us explain in details the syntax of the configuration files (note: the order of some of the commands is important,
so to be safe it is recommended to keep the order as listed in this section).
\label{config}

\begin{itemize}

 \item {\tt $\#$fermat} (optional) --- the path to the {\tt fermat} binary. By default the binary shipped with {\tt FIRE} is used, but one might wish to change it, for example if {\tt Mac OS X} is used;
 \item {\tt $\#$threads} --- the number of threads launched for parallel reducing in sectors of same level;
 \item {\tt $\#$fthread} (optional) --- the number of {\tt fermat} processes launched. By default it is equal to the number of threads, but it might make sense to increase it;
 \item {\tt $\#$variables} --- comma-separated list of variables used during the reduction;
 \item {\tt $\#$database} (optional) --- path to the place where {\tt FIRE} will store the data; by default it points to the {\tt temp} directory relative to the current folder, but this can be changed; it is especially important to be sure that this setting does not point to a network drive in case you do not use the {\tt memory} setting;
 \item {\tt $\#$bucket} (optional) --- an integer number equal to $20$ by default and related to the database engine; small values will make {\tt FIRE} auto-increase the bucket during the reduction, and this can slow things down, large values can make {\tt FIRE} use too much RAM; for complicated tasks consider a bucket value equal to $27$--$30$;
 \item {\tt $\#$memory} (optional) --- if this line exists, {\tt FIRE} will use ``disk mode'' instead of ``RAM mode'' --- it will store active databases in RAM; this setting makes {\tt FIRE} use more RAM, but it becomes less vulnerably to freezing because of network drives;
 \item {\tt $\#$start} --- just a command following the previous lines;
 \item {\tt $\#$folder} (optional) --- if this path is given, all following paths will be considered relative to this folder unless they are absolute paths (starting with {\tt /});
 \item {\tt $\#$problem} --- the instruction to load a start or sbases file; the syntax is {\tt $\#$problem pn path} or {\tt $\#$problem pn |maxpos|path} or {\tt $\#$problem pn |minpos,maxpos|path}; {\tt pn} here is the diagram number; if {\tt maxpos} is provided, then indices bigger than {\tt maxpos} cannot be positive; if {\tt minpos} is provided, then indices smaller than {\tt minpos} cannot be positive;
 \item {\tt $\#$rules} (optional) --- a command to load a file with rules for some integrals;
 \item {\tt $\#$lbases} (optional) --- a command to load with {\tt LiteRed} rules obtained by {\tt TransformRules};
 \item {\tt $\#$output} or {\tt $\#$masters} --- the path where {\tt FIRE} will store the resulting tables; if one chooses the {\tt $\#$masters} syntax, then {\tt FIRE} only aims at finding master integrals, and this can be much faster than the whole reduction; this might be needed to find master integrals, then one can use {\tt WriteRules} to find equivalents between them, so that afterwards the full reduction can be run with the use of those rules;
 \item {\tt $\#$preferred} (optional) --- this file can list integrals that will be preferred as master-integrals; this might be needed if you do not like the automatic choice; however, keep in mind that it is just a hint for {\tt FIRE};
 \item {\tt $\#$integrals} --- the file with integrals to be reduced.

\end{itemize}

The package contains a number of examples, that are described in the {\tt README} file.

\section{Optimization hints}

Here are some hints on how to optimize {\tt FIRE} performance:

\begin{itemize}
 \item Reduction should be performed by the {\tt C++} version of {\tt FIRE}, it is significantly faster; even a sample integral in the doubebox example in this paper
 gave us a speedup by a factor of $20$, and the more complicated the reduction is, the more significant this speedup is;
 \item Pay attention to the correct input. One should either list boundary conditions manually, or rely on {\tt AutoDetectRestrictions->True}, or use {\tt LiteRed} (at least the {\tt AnalyzeSectors} part); missing boundary conditions might reduce speed a lot;
 \item It is recommended to use {\tt LiteRed}, at least to reveal the symmetries with the {\tt FindSymmetries} command, however the {\tt SolvejSector} can decrease performance sometimes;
 \item Even after that one can have redundant master integrals; if the substitution stage runs too long, it makes sense to run the partial reduction only to reveal master integrals, find equivalents between them with the {\tt WriteRules} command and use them for the final reduction; some extra rules can be inserted manually;
 \item {\tt FIRE} normally prefers master integrals with denominators, but the command {\tt WriteRules} can find equivalents only for integrals without denominators, so to have them as masters (in cases when there are many masters in a single sector), one can use the {\tt preferred} option;
 \item Use parallelization via the {\tt threads} and {\tt fthreads} settings. Raise {\tt threads} as high as the number of kernels on your machine, but if that results in high RAM usage, {\tt threads} should be set to a smaller value but {\tt fthreads} can be left higher;
 \item It is highly recommended to have {\tt db} point at a directory located at a fast local hard disk or even an SSD (and for complicated cases one might need a TB of space or more), that is cached properly by means of the operating system; If it is not the case, the only option is to use the {\tt memory} option, however this results in greater RAM usage;
 \item Have enough RAM; swapping will most probably make reduction fail, but even if the RAM usage is far from the limit in the ``disk mode'', it is normally used for the cache (automatically, by means of the operating system), so a good amount of free RAM speeds the process a lot (without the {\tt memory} setting);
 \item Try to play with the {\tt bucket} setting --- a value from $27$ to $30$ is advised for complicated settings; a higher value speeds up the databases but gets the problem require more RAM (just for the ``bucket array'');
 \item If the {\tt Mathematica FIRE} takes too long to produce results loaded from tables, set {\tt FactorCoefficients=False}.
\end{itemize}

There are some more suggestions on what can be done if something is working to slow:

\begin{itemize}
 \item If {\tt Prepare} is working slow, then probably too many {\tt RESTRICTIONS} have been set for individual sectors. Try to use boundary conditions for sets of sectors or rely on {\tt AutoDetectRestrictions->True} or {\tt LiteRed} in detecting them; also the {\tt Parallel->True} option speeds up this procedure (use a number instead of {\tt True} to specify the number of cores);
 \item {\tt F} or {tt EvaluateAndSave} is working slow, then one should move to the {\tt C++} reduction;
 \item {\tt Burn[]} is working slow, then one can run it once and save results with {\tt SaveData[filename]}, then it can be loaded with {\tt LoadData[filename]} afterwards;
 \item The substitution stage of the {\tt C++} reduction (sectors counted upwards) is working too slow. It probably means that one has too many equivalent master integrals; equivalents should be revealed by {\tt LiteRed} or the {\tt FindRules} command after the run to detect irreducible integrals;
 \item The first part of the {\tt C++} reduction works too slowly; this may be due to different reasons but the first things to check are whether the database is located on a local disk (if not, the {\tt memory} option is obligatory), if one has enough RAM (and preferably enough RAM for caching the local databases), if one used a high enough number of threads; having located equivalent master integrals also helps at this stage; missing information on boundary conditions or symmetries slows things down; if the processor load is low, it mostly indicates disk or RAM problems.
\end{itemize}

\section{Conclusion}

The {\tt C++} version of {\tt FIRE} was presented--- a powerful program for Feynman integral reduction.
This version is backward-compatible with all the previous {\tt Mathematica} versions,
moreover the tasks are prepared in {\tt Mathematica} and the results can be read into
{\tt Mathematica} as well. However the reduction itself can be now run in {\tt C++} with
a tremendous speedup when being compared with previous versions.

\section*{Acknowledgements}

This work was supported by DFG through SFB/TR 9.
I would like to thank R.~Lee, P.~Marquard, A.~Pak and M.~Tentyukov for useful advices and discussions
and V.~Smirnov and M.~Steinhauser for ongoing support as well as the careful reading of the draft of this paper.

\bibliographystyle{model1-num-names}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Final Book, to my Crescent Moon saga. Crescent Moon was just your average urban girl, until she moved to New Orleans. Now she is a girl destined for greatness, but can she handle the pressure? From finding Yang and now searching for Yin, her life has now become busier than ever and her boss, Lance isn't helping either. Not to mention her secret relationship with her knightly-butler. How long can their relationship stay quiet while her friend Sasha comes for a week long visit. New enemies a rise as Lo'Gan finally makes his move on our next Moon Priestess. Crescent must now fight harder than ever to claim her throne on Halloween night, but will she make it out a live or will the pressure submerge her completely? Contains explicit content as you read!


text:
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Seattle Newspapers' Support for FDR during the 1932 Election
by Nicholas Taylor
Like the Seattle Times and Post-Intelligencer, The Seattle Star enthusiastically backed Franklin Roosevelt. This front page of the March 4, 1933 shows the newspaper's faith in the new President on the eve of his inauguration.
In the three years leading up to the presidential election of 1932, there was little to assist Herbert Hoover's re-election to office. The country was in turmoil and desperate for a way out of economic and social trouble. The Great Depression had wrecked the economy, and the damage was compounded by the ill-conceived attempts of Hoover's administration to help control the downward slide. By the time Americans went to the polls in their thirty-seventh presidential election, industrial production was at a low ebb, unemployment was widespread, and the farmers of the country were facing ruin.
By 1932, millions of people across the country were condemning Hoover and the Republican Party. This trend of disapproval, which led to a landslide win for Franklin Delano Roosevelt, was evident in Seattle. A survey of The Seattle Daily Times, Seattle Post Intelligencer, and University of Washington Daily demonstrate the negative public opinion of the time. In Seattle, discontent with the Republican Party was expressed in Seattle Times and The Seattle PI. Curiously. the University of Washington Daily showed a more conservative view, reporting that the majority of the students favored Hoover for re-election. Looking into the views of such widely circulated public propaganda shows how desperate the nation was for a change of leadership.
Before delving into the election and the Seattle newspapers, it is crucial to first understand the climate of the country before the election, which was the driving force in the overwhelming Democratic Party victory. By spring of 1932, living conditions in the United States reached what was seen to be an "intolerable impasse."[1] Unemployment had risen to between a quarter and a third of the workforce. Not only did the people of the country feel the strain of the Depression in almost all areas of life but they also felt a strain from the inadequacy of government efforts to save the country. Despite the overwhelming evidence that it was unrealistic and almost certainly doomed to fail, President Hoover continued to, in the words of historian Thomas Cochran, "adhere to his theory that the primary obligations for relief rested upon the family, the neighbor, the landlord, and the employer—in that order."[2] By the time of the election, Hoover's efforts to lend money to banks, industries, and state local governments had "failed to stem the tide of disaster."[3] This is where the Republican Party stood before the 1932 election, an election that was characterized by the public's hope for a leader who could pull the hard-working American citizens out of poverty.
• Politics in Washington during the Depression
• Everyday Life during the Depression
The climate in America at the time the Republican National Convention met on June 14, 1932, made the nomination decision a difficult one. Despite his seemingly disastrous first term, Hoover felt obligated to run again to vindicate himself and his policies. Republicans also felt his nomination was necessary, not because of their belief in his policies or the President in general, but because denying his re-nomination would be admitting failure. Therefore, by the time the convention had concluded on June 16, Hoover and his Vice-President Charles Curtis had been re-nominated. At the convention, Hoover and Curtis received "no spontaneous demonstrations, colorful eulogies, or triumphant parades"; the delegates did not even bother posting pictures of the president around the convention hall.[4] The unenthusiastic tone of the convention carried through to the campaign that won Hoover only six states in November.
The Democrats, on the other hand, were in an excellent position to take the presidency. Because this was common knowledge at the Democratic National Convention, which met on June 27, 1932, it made the race for the nomination a great prize and "the battle to win it in some ways more exciting than the campaign that followed."[5] Franklin D. Roosevelt was the frontrunner and finally, after much deliberation, was nominated to run for the next president of the United States alongside running mate John Garner. Roosevelt projected "confidence, energy, compassion, even joyfulness" in contrast with the "dour president," and after being stricken with polio, he seemed even "more in tune with the struggling of the people."[6] Roosevelt went with his party's platform, based on reducing federal expenditures, a balanced budget, and the repeal of prohibition. In his address to the people after his nomination, the Governor from New York roused the audience to cheers with his promise: "I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people."[7] This "new deal" that Roosevelt spoke of came to be the foundation of his campaign. He campaign hard despite media expectations that the battle was, for the most part, already won. Garner himself referenced this when he advised the president to "sit down—do nothing—and win the election."[8] Hoover made this even easier when he used military force against peaceful protesting war veterans in Washington--the Bonus Marchers--after Congress rejected a bill which would have allowed veterans to borrow up to fifty percent of their service benefits. The violent expulsion of the Bonus Marchers, peaceful veterans who had served their country, gave the public one more reason to prefer the charismatic Roosevelt.
The landslide victory in November of 1932 for the Democratic Party,--which won Roosevelt 42 states and 57 percent of the popular vote-- was mirrored in the state of Washington, where votes for the Democratic candidates tallied well over 57 percent. The ballot box numbers demonstrate consistency with the nation's support for Roosevelt, and local newspapers reflected this political bias. The use of headlines, rhetoric and diction in the articles was a powerful tool of support for Roosevelt and opens a window into the mind of Seattleites during the election.
FDR in Seattle, 1932. Click image to enlarge. (Courtesy of the Museum of History and Industry)
The Seattle Daily Times had long been Seattle's most conservative newspaper, but in 1932 it joined the other dailies in supporting the Democrat candidate. The Times first started reporting on the election with the June 1932 nomination of President Hoover by referring to the "party's Chieftains" as not being ecstatic over the victory and that they embarked on the "1932 campaign with extra caution."[9] The rest of the coverage was based around the Republican stance on prohibition and the easy nomination victory Hoover received. While the paper was indeed reporting the news from the Republican convention, it showed its lack of excitement in its word choice, leaving the news lame and uninteresting.
The dull coverage of Hoover was contrasted by the exuberance with which newspaper greeted Roosevelt's nomination. The front-page headline of The Times on July 3, 1932 read, "Roosevelt Means Prosperity! Like Moses, He Leads Us Out Of Wilderness: Good Times Are Here Again!"[10] As if the newspaper's stance was not obvious enough, the opening statement in the article about Roosevelt's speech made their preference quite clear:
[T]he speech of Franklin D. Roosevelt accepting the Democratic nomination for the Presidency rings out over the country with the full clear tone of an unmistakable sincerity and a lofty purpose. It is a speech from the heart of a sound American, coined into convincing words and phrases in the mind of one whose capacity for public service has been amply demonstrated… It is in all respects a great speech.[11]
Not only was Roosevelt applauded for his speech, but the article emphasized the importance of printing candidate's nomination speech, even when Hoover's speech of less than a month earlier was not printed. It was obvious that the editors of The Times were ready for change, even without a firm understanding of what that would bring.
The Seattle Post-Intelligencer had traditionally been a more moderate newspaper. Owned by the Hearst newspaper chain, it usually endorsed Democratic Party presidential candidates, following the political convictions of owner, William Randolph Hearst. The PI coverage of Hoover's nomination during the Republican convention was very similar to that of The Times: showcasing the same un-enthusiastic rhetoric and headlines in regards to President Hoover. Much of the coverage reports on the convention's goals in reference to the prohibition and warns that the party's effort to straddle the issue will be "not a very successful attempt."[12]
As in The Times, the PI showed a contrasting eagerness in the articles about Roosevelt. The newspaper published opinion piece by William Randolph Hearst proclaiming that Roosevelt will "make a great President," and that both men—Roosevelt and Garner—"are eminently qualified for these positions by long years of skillful public work and faithful public service," and that it will be "an enormous benefit to this nation of ours to have two such men in commanding positions."[13] By running this article, the PI allowed Hearst to speak for them and explicitly declare their support for Roosevelt. In comparing the attitudes of the Times and the PI, two papers that usually differed when it came to partisan politics, we can see an overwhelming consensus of support for Roosevelt in the Seattle.
Evidently, college students, both in Seattle and nationally, did not share in this consensus. The UW Daily conveys the impression that students favored Hoover overwhelmingly. Because the Daily was not published during the summer months when school was not in session, it is difficult to gain their views of the National Convention nominations. However, in the days before the November1932 election, a straw poll was taken on campuses across the country to determine how college students felt about the election. On November 8, 1932, The Daily came out with findings that paralleled the national poll, reporting that Herbert Hoover had won the majority of votes in the straw poll.[14] At UW the Hoover margin was larger than the national poll. Sixty percent of those participating in the unscientific poll at UW said they supported Hoover.[15] It is not clear that this was an accurate reading of student opinions since students had to make an effort to participate in the straw poll. But the results are still important, demonstrating that despite the huge victory for the Democrats, there was still a decent amount of support in the city.
The Times continued its support for Roosevelt on the eve of the election, though at this point the newspaper restrained its previous exuberance for the Democratic Party. On November 9, after Roosevelt's victory, the editor took space on the front page to congratulate the president-elect but also apologized if The Times does not "at once join in the tumult of rejoicing won in the name of the Democratic Party," because of its "long held faith in the fixed principles of the Republican Party to be carried away by a shift of breeze in the public opinion."[16] The statement shows how far the Times had strayed from its usual political position. The Seattle Times had crossed party lines in 1932.
The PI did not have to make such a distinction, and on the eve of the election referred to the "humble" nature of Roosevelt's speech. The PI also highlighted a comment made by Hoover that underscored his violent actions against the protesting war veterans in Washington: Hoover stated that he was glad "we still have a government in Washington that knows how to deal with a mob."[17] The writer for the PI used strong language to emphasize the distaste Americans should have for the departing President after this last act, and referred to Hoover's comment as "cold and calculated venom." The author went on to say that there is nothing any President has said which can compare with this, which made millions of Americans reel back as if "under a blow in the face."[18] This was not the first time a PI reporter had highlighted Hoover's inadequacies to promote Rooseveltian sympathy; however, this was the most blatant.
By looking at how these three different Seattle-area newspapers covered the 1932 presidential election, one can begin to define not only the papers' political hopes for new leadership during depths of the Depression, but also the mood of the people. The University of Washington Daily's undergraduate base simply represented a demographic that was a small minority in Seattle supporting President Hoover. However, it is in the widely circulated major newspapers that we find a better representation of the majority opinion, and the true atmosphere of Seattle. Though they often were opposed in issues of partisan politics, the consensus of support for Roosevelt among the PI and the Seattle Times shows how desperately the Seattle public and the nation were looking for a change in leadership during the Depression.
Copyright (c) 2009, Nicholas Taylor
HSTAA 105 Winter 2009
[1] Thomas C. Cochran. The Great Depression and World War II: 1929-1945. (Scott, Foresman and Company: Glenview, 1968) pp. 14.
[2] Ibid. pp.17.
[3] Paul F. Boller, Jr. Presidential Campaigns: from George Washington to George W. Bush. (Oxford University Press: New York, 2004). pp.231.
[4] Paul F. Boller, Jr. Presidential Campaigns: from George Washington to George W. Bush. (Oxford University Press: New York, 2004). pp. 232.
[5] Ibid. pp. 232.
[6] David F. Burg. The Great Depression. (Facts on File, Inc.: New York, 2005) pp.78.
[7] Boller. Presidential Campaigns. pp. 233.
[9] "Rival for Presidency Ousted." Seattle Daily Times. June 16, 1932.
[10] "Roosevelt Means Prosperity! Like Moses, He Leads Us Out Of Wilderness: Good Times Are Here Again!" Seattle Daily Times. July 3,1932.
[11] Seattle Daily Times. July 3,1932.
[12] "Hoover and Curtis Renominated" The Seattle Post Intelligencer. June 17, 1932.
[13] "Roosevelt Smashes Traditions and Pledges a New Deal for America: Garner Nominated Running Mate" The Seattle Post Intelligencer. July 3, 1932.
[14] "Poll Of University Will be Evaluated in Elections Today." UW Daily. November 8, 1932.
[15] "Hoover wins on U.S. Campaign." UW Daily. October 28,1932.
[16] "The President Elect." The Seattle Daily Times. November 9,1932.
[17] "Hoover's Latest Insult to Veterans." The Seattle Post Intelligencer. November 8,1932.
©2009-present; | How to cite and copyright information | About project | Contact James Gregory | Civil Rights and Labor History Consortium | University of Washington


text:
Zyzzyva är ett släkte av skalbaggar. Zyzzyva ingår i familjen vivlar.

Kladogram enligt Catalogue of Life:

Källor

Vivlar
Zyzzyva

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: The fucntion is still running even thought it has called another function I have a code
function Search(){
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    map.on('zoomend', function(){
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}

function myZoomHandler(prov) {
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function SearchPer(){
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}

If I first call the Search() function and then I call the SearchPer() function, all goes as expected, but if I first call SearchPer() and then I call Search() a problem will occur that is in this part of the Search() function:
map.on('zoomend', function(){
myZoomHandler(prov);
});

which is still running.
How to stop that part when SearchPer() is called?

A: Move zoomend event handler out of Search function to the place where you initialize the map.
As whenever you run Search it will and a new event handler
Update
As I see you have defined prov variable somewhere in an outer scope so zoomend handler should be located in that scope to use it from closure.
So when the zoomend event triggered it will grab prov value that is currently there

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


1 Apr A SLIGHTLY DICEY BUSINESS. H. W. ARTHURS*. I. INTRODUCTION. Between the "Rule of Law" and what is called "administrative law". According to Dicey, Administrative Law is that portion of a nation's legal system which determines the legal status and liabilities of all state officials and defines. 11 Dec after this case that Dicey realized the presence of Administrative Law in a. 3 M.P JAIN, S.N. JAIN, Principles of Administrative Law, Wadhwa.
The irony further is that the dicey on administrative law of dicey on administrative law is now an important part of modern Administrative Law.
The legislature provides the broader framework of the law with necessary objectives and directions and the technical details are left to the executive to fill in. This involves legislature enabling or legitimising administration to make laws and in that gives the rules and regulations how the administration is to go about it. Subscribe to this journal. In rare instances, a publisher has elected to have a "zero" moving wall, so their current issues are available in JSTOR shortly after publication.
Asian Discourses of Rule of Law.
He was firm proponent of the oaw and very influential thinker of his times. Human Rights and Rule of Law: There are two specific provisions in the Rules of Procedure, which are concerned with delegated legislation. Albert Venn Dicey, the great Dicey on administrative law constitutional scholar of the 19th century, is best known in the field of administrative law for his denial of even the possibility of administrative law in common-law countries.
The members can only be removed on grounds of proven misbehaviour by the president.
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The Dicey in particular opposed the principle of French system of Droit Administratif. Last modified on Wednesday, 02 May There is a body of comparative studies from which it may be possible to discover dicey on administrative law and generalities that transcend national boundaries and peculiar historical experiences.
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So,therefore UK was practising administrative law already. Diicey of Law and Modern Administrative Law. Download Citation If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article dicey on administrative law data to the citation manager of your choice. This is to mean that the function purpose of administrative law should be the underlying element of any definition. Though the first two adminixtrative are still in almost every legal system of world, the third principle was protested many of jurists of that time.
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The Central Administrative Tribunal has been established for adjudication of disputes with respect to recruitment and conditions dicey on administrative law service of persons appointed to public services adminiwtrative posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or other local authorities within the territory of India or under the control of Government of India and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. It studies the controlling mechanism of power. In his view, the sovereign power shall be exercised either directly by the monarch or indirectly by the subordinate political superiors to whom portions of those powers are delegated or committed in trust.
Administrative law is a negation of rule of law; discretionary powers are dicey on administrative law to civil servants to advantage of few sections. For Details Click Here Purpose of Administrative Law What sort of powers does the administration exercise What procedures do administrative authorities follow in the exercise of the powers of the administration What are the limits on the powers of the administration What are the ways in which the administration is kept within those limitations What remedies are available for the individual against the illegal actions of administrators.
Journals that are combined with another title. Dicey supported Rule Of Law where dicey on administrative law in a State everybody shall be subjected to some common law and no official irrespective of his dicey on administrative law and authority shall be kept outside the purview of Rule Of Law. Everyone is equal before the law. For Details Click Here. In some cases, the procedure may be provided as a codified act applicable to all administrative agencies. Local Government Board v. It came into response to modern day changes.
The solution to problems of administrative law lies in effective implementation of rule of law and effective reduction in discretionary power of officials.
The Rule of Law and the Importance of Procedure. Govin July 11, at 7: Moving walls are generally represented in years. I found this post very nice.
For administrative members 5 years or retirement upon 65 years whichever is earlier. Though the first two principles are still in almost every legal system of world, the third principle was protested many of jurists of that time. All these tribunals are setup dicey on administrative law appointments are made by the president. Print Email Be the first to comment!


text:
Update: Employer Obligations under Recently Enacted NYS and NYC Sexual Harassment Prevention Laws
As reported in our previous Employment Note, earlier this year, both New York City and New York State enacted significant legislation to address the issue of sexual harassment in the workplace. Specifically, on April 12, 2018, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo signed the Budget Bill ("Budget Bill"), which included an omnibus anti-sexual harassment legislative package. Similarly, on April 11, 2018, the New York City Council passed the "Stop Sexual Harassment in NYC Act" ("NYC Act"), a package of bills that imposes new requirements for employers aimed at combating sexual harassment, which was signed into law by Mayor Bill de Blasio on May 9, 2018. Notably, both the New York State and City legislation will require (among other things) employers to conduct annual sexual harassment prevention trainings for their employees. New York State's training requirement goes into effect October 9, 2018, and the City's training requirement takes effect April 1, 2019.
Employers have been patiently waiting since the passing of this legislation for further guidance and clarification. Recently, both New York State and New York City have made publicly available certain materials that will help employers comply with their obligations under these new laws. As set forth in greater detail below, New York State has issued proposed guidance regarding its legislation's training and written policy requirements, and the New York City Commission on Human Rights (the "Commission") has made available certain notices that must be displayed in the workplace and provided to employees under the NYC Act. The following is an overview of noteworthy provisions from these two legislative packages and the recent guidance and materials issued by New York State and the City as well as the legislation's potential impact on employers.
New York State Budget Bill
Effective April 12, 2018, the Budget Bill expanded protections against workplace sexual harassment under the New York State Human Rights Law to "non-employees," including contractors, subcontractors, vendors, consultants, and anyone else providing services pursuant to a contract. Accordingly, employers should ensure its employees do not engage in unlawful conduct against third parties who may be present in the workplace, such as clients and customers.
As of July 11, 2018, New York State law prohibited all employers in the State (whether or not in New York City) from using confidentiality or nondisclosure clauses in settlements or agreements relating to claims of sexual harassment, unless the complainant expresses a preference for confidentiality[1], and from enforcing mandatory arbitration clauses when dealing with claims of workplace sexual harassment.[2]
Beginning October 9, 2018, the Budget Bill requires employers to conduct annual sexual harassment prevention training for their employees and to distribute an anti-harassment policy to employees. The training and policy requirements apply to all New York State employers regardless of the number of employees and regardless of whether or not they have employees or an office in New York City.
Starting on January 1, 2019, employers that submit bids for state contracts will be required to include language in their bid affirming that they have implemented a written anti-harassment policy and that they provide annual anti-sexual harassment training.
Recent guidance
The State of New York has recently published a number of materials regarding its new sexual harassment laws, including a model written sexual harassment policy, a model internal complaint form, minimum standards for sexual harassment prevention policies, a model sexual harassment prevention training, minimum standards for sexual harassment prevention training, and Combating Sexual Harassment: Frequently Asked Questions. Notably, these materials are in "draft" form, and the State accepted comments on these materials and guidance from the public through September 12, 2018. The State is now tasked with reviewing the comments and determining whether any revisions to the substance of these materials are warranted. We expect the finalized guidance and materials will be released in the near future.
Model Training
In its current form, the model sexual harassment prevention training materials clarify that the training must be "interactive" and include some level of participation by the employees being trained – but this does not necessarily mean that the training must be live or conducted in-person. According to the proposed New York State guidance, trainings should include as many of the following elements as possible: (i) be web-based, with questions asked of employees as part of the program; (ii) accommodate questions asked by employees; (iii) include a live trainer made available during the session to answer questions; and (iv) require feedback from employees about the training and the materials presented. While the guidance states that trainings should include as many of the foregoing as possible, it does not expressly require that all of such elements be incorporated. Moreover, the guidance provides that employers should provide employees with training in the language that is spoken by their employees.
The current materials also provide for a number of available training elements, including a script for in-person group training, a PowerPoint to accompany the script, a video presentation, and FAQs. At minimum, the training must meet the current "Minimum Standards for Sexual Harassment Prevention Training," which means the training must:
be interactive;
include an explanation of sexual harassment consistent with guidance issued by the New York Department of Labor in consultation with the New York State Division of Human Rights;
include examples of conduct that would constitute unlawful sexual harassment;
include information concerning the federal and state statutory provisions concerning sexual harassment and remedies available to victims of sexual harassment;
include information concerning employees' rights of redress and all available forums for adjudicating complaints; and
include information addressing conduct by supervisors and any additional responsibilities for such supervisors.
Currently, New York State's proposed guidance mandates that employees receive their first training by January 1, 2019, and thereafter all employees must complete an additional training at least once per year, which may be based on the calendar year, anniversary of each employee's start date, or any other date the employer chooses. Moreover, the proposed guidance provides that all new employees (including temporary and transient employees) must be trained within 30 calendar days of starting their job.
One unanswered question is whether non-exempt employees must be paid for time spent completing the trainings. Without further guidance from New York State, employers should assume that non-exempt employees must be paid for the trainings as employees will be satisfying requirements of their job imposed by their employer (even if such requirement is mandated by law). This begs another question – what wage must such employees receive for the training? Subject to satisfaction of employer obligations under the New York Wage Theft Prevention Act and other payment and legal requirements, employers may be able to pay their employees an alternate wage (e.g., minimum wage) for completion of the training requirements.
It is also unclear what ramifications an employee may face for failing to complete the training despite the employer's best efforts to make it available. The proposed FAQs provide that employers are required to ensure that all employees receive training on an annual basis and may take "appropriate administrative remedies" to ensure compliance. If the employee is employed on an at-will basis and fails to complete the training for inexplicable reasons despite the employer's directives, the employer can likely discipline the employee (including terminate the employee).
Remember, however, these requirements are part of the proposed guidance, and thus there is the potential for change following the State's review of public comments.
Model Policy
New York State has also issued a model sexual harassment prevention policy to comply with the requirement that a written policy, inclusive of certain specific information, be provided to employees, which may be included in an employee handbook or distributed electronically if employees are able to access the policy on a computer supplied by the employer during work time and are able to print a copy of the policy for their records. The current FAQ guidance states that employers are not required to obtain a signed acknowledgment of the policy from employees, but it is encouraged. Moreover, the policy must be provided in the language that is spoken by the employee.
Employers that do not utilize New York State's model policy must ensure that their policy meets or exceeds the following minimum standards – the policy must:
prohibit sexual harassment consistent with guidance issued by the New York Department of Labor in consultation with the New York State Division of Human Rights;
provide examples of prohibited conduct that would constitute unlawful sexual harassment;
include information concerning the federal and state statutory provisions concerning sexual harassment, remedies available to victims of sexual harassment, and a statement that there may be applicable local laws;
include a complaint form;
include a procedure for the timely and confidential investigation of complaints that ensures due process for all parties;
inform employees of their rights of redress and all available forums for adjudicating sexual harassment complaints administratively and judicially;
clearly state that sexual harassment is considered a form of employee misconduct and that sanctions will be enforced against individuals engaging in sexual harassment and against supervisory and managerial personnel who knowingly allow such behavior to continue; and
clearly state that retaliation against individuals who complain of sexual harassment or who testify or assist in any investigation or proceeding involving sexual harassment is unlawful.
Stop Sexual Harassment in NYC Act
As of April 1, 2019, the NYC Act requires employers with 15 or more New York City employees to conduct annual anti-sexual harassment training for their employees. However, it is important to note the New York State requirement of annual anti-harassment training referred to above covers all employers regardless of the number of employees. Specifically, training under the NYC Act[3] must include the following:
an explanation of sexual harassment as a form of unlawful discrimination under local law;
a statement that sexual harassment is also a form of unlawful discrimination under state and federal law;
a description of what sexual harassment is, using examples;
any internal complaint process available to employees through their employer to address sexual harassment claims;
the complaint process available through the Commission, the New York State Division of Human Rights and the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, including contact information;
the prohibition on retaliation including examples;
information concerning bystander intervention, including but not limited to, resources that explain how to engage in bystander intervention; and
the specific responsibilities of supervisory and managerial employees in the prevention of sexual harassment and retaliation, and measures that such employees may take to appropriately address sexual harassment complaints.
Employers must keep a record of all trainings, including a signed employee acknowledgement of completed training, which may be electronic. Employers must maintain such records for at least three years and such records must be made available to the Commission for inspection upon request.
Pursuant to the NYC Act, the Commission will develop an online interactive training module that may be used by employers to satisfy the training requirements above, which will allow for the electronic provision of certification each time any such module is accessed and completed. Such training module should provide greater clarity and guidance on the required contents of NYC's training requirement.
Like the State law, training under the NYC Act must be interactive – the NYC Act specifically provides that the training is not required to be live or facilitated by an in-person instructor to satisfy the "interactive" requirement. All existing employees, including supervisory and managerial employees, must be trained. Such training shall be required after 90 days of initial hire for all employees who work more than 80 hours in New York City in a calendar year, regardless of whether they are full time or part time. Nevertheless, New York City employers will still need to comply with the currently proposed New York State guidance, which (in its proposed form) requires training within 30 days of starting work.
Posting and Notice Requirements
As of September 6, 2018, New York City employers are required to conspicuously display in the workplace a poster published by the Commission setting forth employees' rights and employers' responsibilities under the NYC Act. Employee breakrooms and other common areas where employees gather are ideal locations for the poster, which must be at least 8.5 by 14 inches with a minimum 12 point type. The poster must be displayed in both English and Spanish.
The NYC Act also requires that employers provide individual employees with a factsheet regarding the NYC Act at the time of hire, which may be included in an employee handbook.
Other Provisions
The NYC Act expanded the definition of "employer" under the New York City Human Rights Law to cover employers with less than four employees for purposes of gender based harassment claims, and increased the time within which aggrieved individuals may file a complaint of gender based harassment with the Commission from one year to three years.
In light of these enactments and proposals, employers should begin preparing to come into compliance with the sexual harassment prevention training and policy requirements and be on the lookout for finalized New York State guidance and materials. In addition, NYC employers should think about and discuss with employment counsel efficient ways to implement sexual harassment prevention trainings that address both New York State and New York City requirements in one all-encompassing training program.
Employers covered by the NYC Act should also monitor the Commission's website for updates to the poster and factsheet and for guidance on compliant training programs, and should be sure to contact employment counsel with questions and issues regarding the NYC Act and its interaction with New York State requirements.
Once the New York State guidance and materials are finalized, we will provide further information regarding uniform compliance with both New York State and New York City obligations.
[1] Recent changes in federal tax law make the deductibility of settlement payments for such claims where the settlement agreement contains a confidentiality clause questionable at best.
[2] The authors are skeptical as to the enforceability of the prohibition on mandatory arbitration clauses for claims of workplace sexual harassment as it will likely be preempted by the Federal Arbitration Act.
[3] Assuming the NYS guidance and materials are adopted, NYC-based employers will need to review their training program to ensure it complies with both the NYS and NYC requirements, albeit it can be one training regimen.
For more information on the topic discussed, contact:
Joel A. Klarreich | jak@thsh.com | 212-508-6747
Jason B. Klimpl | klimpl@thsh.com | 212-508-7529
Andrew W. Singer | singer@thsh.com | 212-508-6723
Stacey A. Usiak | usiak@thsh.com | 212-702-3158
Andrew P. Yacyshyn | yacyshyn@thsh.com | 212-508-6792
Employment Notes, a newsletter produced by Tannenbaum Helpern Syracuse & Hirschtritt LLP's Employment Law practice, provides insights on recent employment caselaw, legislation and other legal developments impacting employer policies, human resource strategies and related best practices. To subscribe to the newsletter, email marketing@thsh.com.
09.01.2018 | PUBLICATION: Employment Notes | TOPICS: Employment