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Know Thyself :: AGORA Share
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Subject: Re: Psychology 101 Thu Sep 06, 2018 6:46 am
Those who feel an injustice has been done to them, because they live in obscurity, will find in it a methodology to rise above it. In its freedom to pretend, it discovers the power of insinuation; the shadows a place to hide and to reshape their own reality, perhaps their own destiny; the stress of the unknown, lurking in the dark, a force to be used to convincingly promote a caricature. Obscurity becomes the foundation of their exposure: innuendos, vagueness, directing thought, implying what cannot be justified, impressing gullible minds with an appearance that is never present – the power of suggestion used to its fullest.
Then there are those who find in obscurity a place to hide, evading detection, masking their essence in plausible deniability, feeling insecure about being exposed – afraid of the disparity and the costs this will accrue, over time.
The former, often tries to pass itself off as the latter.
γνῶθι σεαυτόν
μηδέν άγαν
Psychotherapy fails to produce results, on the individual level, because it cannot correct centuries of accumulated past. It can only medicate it, chemically adjust it, reducing it to a level that can be socially managed. Its only pragmatic effect is on the group level, because there its insights do not insult the individual directly, manipulating the social instincts, through which the individual can wilfully, if not consciously, include and/or exclude itself. The individual's defensiveness, resisting one-on-one interventions, reduced by group dynamics. The individual becomes too skeptical and self-conscious when he knows he is being studied and, perhaps, manipulated, under the rubric of healing, or of intentionally correcting an undesirable behaviour. This, natural, defensiveness is reduced when he can either associate 'self' with otherness, losing himself in a crowd, or an abstraction, or find in it a distinction to exclude himself, preserving ego, while being swept along by the crowd.
OnWithTheirHead
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True. The meds never fulfill my ancient barbarian needs.
Slaughtz
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Subject: Re: Psychology 101 Thu Sep 06, 2018 2:17 pm
Only a quarter of people in University have 'inner speech', unable to talk to themselves in a back-and-forth dialogue.
Chris Heavey and I gave random beepers to a stratified random sample of 30 students from a large urban university and interviewed them about the characteristics of their randomly selected pristine experiences. Five main characteristics emerged, each occurring in about a quarter of all samples (many samples had more than one characteristic). Three of those five characteristics may not surprise you: inner speech occurred in about a quarter of all samples; inner seeing occurred in about a quarter of all samples; and feelings occurred in about a quarter of all samples. The other two phenomena occurred just as frequently but are not so well known.
Consider inner speech. Subject experienced themselves as innerly talking to themselves in 26% of all samples, but there were large individual differences: some subjects never experienced inner speech; other subjects experienced inner speech in as many as 75% of their samples. The median percentage across subjects was 20%.
Interesting content:
The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind by Julian Jaynes
Now we know why so many need constant attention, and constant company.
They are silent, inside....dead.
Nothing going on.
If not for others, they would have nothing to consider dialectically, and honestly.
Subject: Re: Psychology 101 Sat Sep 08, 2018 9:46 am
Just as imagination is the playground of a child, indulging in detached from reality fantasies that exaggerate the experienced real, so too is obscurantism the playground of the hypocrite, the coward and the narcissistic.
Hiding behind the necessity to evade persecution, or to express the complex so as to evade the necessity of dumbing-down language, the hypocrite uses it to hide his own inferiority, in clouds of convoluted language-games, and his ignorance in innuendos. It is a practice modern fArtist know all too well. Lacking talent they indulge in nonsense to imply what they cannot present.
What changes is the motive. In the first two motives the individual wishes to hide, or to discriminate among his peers. In the last the individual wishes to expose himself, and to distinguish himself from his peers. But there's an easy way to distinguish one from the others, and we can use painting as our medium.
A talented painter can proceed to offer a different style, expressing the complexity of his reaction to reality, only after he's gone through the phase of proving his quality by offering works that inspire and represent reality, proving not only his motives but also his talent. Only when such a display has been offered and appreciated can any subsequent art, using abstractions, be taken seriously.
If no such art can be produced, where even the simplest of minds can appreciate the talent before him, then the only motive that can be assumed is one of hiding a lack of talent, and an inability to perceive and to represent reality in detail.
We may tolerate the artist who having displayed his talent, in relation to reality, can proceed to experiment with presenting his reactions, his personal feelings, sensations, in regards to this reality, but what is intolerable is a pretentious talent-less hypocrite, unable to display his talent, because he has little of it, using abstractions to, and obscurantism, to sell himself as an artist of note.
Subject: Re: Psychology 101 Sat Sep 08, 2018 11:10 am
We can say that this detachment from reality is a symptom of aging, or of illness.
Art reflects man's psycho-synthesis, ion relation to the environment. His health.
Gradual detachment from the real, is a falling away, or into a coma - self-referential, pure subjectivity. The brain is cut-off from the world outside, and falls into sleep and dreams.
Art reflects this state of decline. Philosophy being the art of language, in relation to world.
The Greeks practiced it using poetry, rich in metaphors. A necessary aspect of the noumenon, which language mirrors, and phenomenon.
Also the risk of becoming trapped in linguistics, or confusing artistic representation for the actual.
Subject: Re: Psychology 101 Sat Sep 08, 2018 1:16 pm
What Obscurantism does is exploit our inability to accurately deduce motive.
The absence of absolutes forces us to approximate, and approach, through reasoning and perceiving patterns, the real, or what we call 'truth'.
Then we can evaluate our accuracy, after-the-fact, or by making predictions.
Hypocrites use this to imply that their motive is that of evading the wrath of the masses, or to engage a superior audience, and so it imitates obscurantism to hide ignorance, and feebleness
Placing the argument and the evidence in an internal, subjective, esoteric domain, there is no way to prove or disprove it, if the actor is motivated by a desire to impress and to hide his own motive.
When a theory is un-testable, it is also inapplicable....so it can claim all events, all outcomes, prove its veracity.
Making the argument internal, as well as the definitions of words, it can appropriate any, and all thinkers and thoughts, by simply altering the definition of words.
With no objective standard i.e. an external indifferent world, there is no restriction to re-interpreting and re-defining symbols.
Some signs may be a denial of understanding to those who criticize and reject, and a readiness to approve and to accept as profound understanding, those who flatter, or show a willingness to surrender authority, and to accept.
Unable to accurately judge motive, the individual uses its own motives as a measure and projects motive upon other.
Judging using patterns of behaviour over time, and with no objective standard outside self, the individual's only option is to use his understanding of himself, and his own motives, as an example.
This understanding is also incomplete and subjective, corrupted by ego and emotions; by the pleasure and death drive.
The typical individual (modern) presumes the most negative aspects of himself to belong to other, preserving the most flattering, positive ones, for himself. He/She unloads what he fears he is most guilty of, upon other.
Philosophy, and art, becomes a methods of manipulating psychology and selling itself to the gullible and the desperate. It becomes political.
Personal insecurity and weakness seeks power in and through otherness...but not otherness which is immune to linguistic manipulation, such as animals and inanimate matter, but only humans.....so world is redefined as humanity, extending the potential extent of power, or the cosmos is declared conscious, so as to make it vulnerable to semiotic manipulation.
It's a psychological word-game where one's own psychology is seeking refuge in other.
On the opposite side of the spectrum, denying all meaning, declaring language impotent, pure nihilism, is a way of reducing all to self - seeking parity of self with all.
It's the either/or of Nihilism.
Either all is free-willed, or all is determined.
Either all usage of words are meaningless, or all of them are meaningful.
Either all is ordered, or all is chaos.
Either morality is universal, or morality is a manmade construct.
Either the concept of God is absolute oneness....or it is absolute nil.
Pure vs Positive Nihilism = bipolar dualism, build on linguistics taken literally rather than as representations.
Within this absolutism bipolarity, duality, of nihilism the individual mind pretends to be thinking, and to be exploring world, seeking an approach to the real - it is, in fact, hiding from itself, in itself.
Absolute = indivisible, immutable, whole, one - singularity.
Psychosis of Political Left
Might through being wrong. MANifesto: Right<>Left Psychosis of Political Left
Strength through weakness – Orwellian newspeak for the post-modern age.
There is no error, no wrong choice, no bad judgment. An insinuation of correctness by avoiding the concept, pretending to not have it in mind, to be 'free' from its arrogant, authoritarianism – a non-concept concept.
Indirectly directing 'self' to the 'right' with a series of concentric 'left' turns, governed by an esoteric, occult rightness; right-brained artistry, pirouetting to confuse others and to dizzy the ego, so as to avoid shame and guilt.
For the post-modern Nietzsche has forever associated both shame & guilt Judeo-Christianity, offering them an excuse, an escape, on the grounds of a discredited Christian dogma. A psycho-sociological emotion was eliminated, liberating the mind to the opportunities of shameless irresponsibility, and guilt-less identification. Along with the herd the tribe was reduced to a remnant of primitive psychology to be overcome by an individual declaring his own values, and therefore his own righteousness. This is how Will to Power was redefined and integrated into the neo-Marxist dialectics of post-modernity.
Not God, not the State, the collective, but the individual was now the one and only authority, making compromises only for the sake of self-interests; a man-child, becoming a man-god, that could do no wrong, because in his subjective reality he could never be wrong. This is how perspectivism was reinterpreted – not as an admission of a prejudice, a weakness, but of an innate authority, a power that did not have to be earned but only acknowledged, and accepted as a given.
It is circling itself on its, usual, weakest side, the left side, using the 'right' side of the brain. Not to be 'right', in relation to reality, but to claim it indirectly, by eliminating the very idea of rightness – being 'right' by admitting to no 'wrong'.
A feminine word-game.
There is no 'might' to be found in being 'right', but only in being 'wrong' about it, like everyone else. With no right all error is, automatically, not-wrong, which is another way of implying that it is right – the individual can do no wrong, therefore he/she is always right – ego made mighty in its evasion of error. The epitome of subjectivity, reliant on mystical internal inversions, denials, circularity.
Fatalism, determinism, places reason upon what cannot be changed, nor resisted. One's actions are determined so he/she is never accountable. All choices have already been accounted for, and can never be the product of a wrong judgment, since there is no such thing. All behaviours are right, having been determined by secret forces, and unknown circumstances. Nobody is to blame, and certainly not the self that can do no wrong, but can only endure the rightness, and affirm it as another audience member in a play he cannot edit – he is not a director, not even an actor, but an observer of his own existence.
The feminized mind cannot claim to be right, when it will contradict its own idealistic ploy that there is no such thing as 'rightness', and no advantage to be gained from it, so she can only insinuate it, using humility as an argument, swaying judgment. She simply states that the very idea of correctness, of being right, is wrong, implying that there can be no wrong, so all judgments are right, except the one that contradicts this central idea(l); there can be no wrong action, behaviour, unless it threatens the central principle. This claim is declared 'right' by declaring all judgments as equally so. 'Rightness' is made into a universal absolute, but not directly, risking exposure, but through insinuations.
This is at the heart of determinism, or those who denounce free-will as either 'absolutely so' or 'absolutely not so', preferring the 'negative' since no absolute evidence for absolute freedom, or for anything, for that matter, can ever be given, since there are no absolutes – a negative with positive implicatinos.
Therefore, if there can be no absolute right, no God, no absolute freedom, free-will, it follows that there is absolute non-freedom, no right/wrong, no error – no inferior judgment and therefore, no inferior mind.
The feminine 'right-brain', artistically implies what it refuses to state clearly, because it would contradict itself, and expose a paradox of its own making – a linguistic hoax. By eliminating the external standard, one liberated himself/herself from its authority, and justified this by using esoteric validations that did not have to prove themselves to anyone, but only to self. A comforting solipsistic self-referential strategy, always finding in itself the reasons and the evidence in support of its own judgments.
But the psyche needs external validation. Humans are social creatures.
They must find support, validation, in and through others of their own kind, so the individual must seduce, coerce, convince multitudes to accept its own ploy as a universal truth that may not be called so, but only attained through the humble means of admitting to no untruths. It is a method that will seduce multitudes to its obvious utility.
What then, remains to use as justification other than feelings, sensations, pleasure?
The hoax is covered in sensationalism; hedonism softening skepticism, feminine games work on the hardest man.
Who can say no to pleasure? Who would doubt the feeling?
Motive shifts from 'truth' to what feels good.
What does it matter who was right and who was wrong when there's pleasure to be enjoyed? Immediate gratification, curbing reasoning, calming uncertainty.
Subject: Re: Psychology 101 Thu Sep 13, 2018 11:03 am
The underlying psychology is that of Abrahamism....Judeo-Christian-Islamic spirituality.
Using psycho-babble, they purport to present free-will as an accusation, the holding of others accountable when the reverse can also be claimed...that the denial of free-will, understood in absolutist, nihilistic, terms, is the holding nobody accountable.
The individual is absolved of all responsibility, and so is other, who is no longer responsible for anything he may do to him/her.
Trapped in Abrahamism they perceive shame/guilt in Judeo-Christian contexts.
Trapped in Nihilism, the either/or of noetic abstractions, represented in semiotics as literal, they cannot let go of the absolute.
God is dead, but he is not.
He's only changed names, or simply adopted one of his many monikers.
If not absolute Freedom, defining free-will, then absolute un-freedom.
Binary logic....dualism.
No subtly, no gradations, no approximation...no uncertainty.
Marxism secularizes this, absolving the individual of all natural identifiers, allowing him to become entirely determined by State, and then, after post-modern adjustments, upgrades, to be given entirely to the individual, as God in himself - subjectivity raised to the divine.
"I am whatever I say I am". I am God, as are all humans....Humanism, makes the Human God's other name.
Not 'man in god's image' but an inversion....'god in man's image'.
In both cases the world, the experienced, is left outside.
'Outside' signifies the noetic that usurps the phenomenal....the ideal usurping the real, the idea replacing the aesthetic, the empirical.
Now world must adapt to man's abstractions, his ideologies, his theories.
The exoteric usurped by the esoteric, requiring no evidence, other than feeling, conviction, belief, certainty.
The idea can never be disproved but only accused of being useless, or negative: hurtful, insulting, degradation, limiting, shaming.
Natural selection, selecting fit from unfit, can now be accused of being fascistic...to be overcome with confident proclamations, repeated and reaffirmed by a collective.
The individual is now both set-apart, in theory, and included, in practice - Americanism.
Stripped of his past he can reinvent himself, in his own mind, but this reinvention requires communal validation, otherwise it fails. The collective must affirm the lie, the pretence, for it to maintain the semblance of truth, and for ti to survive in a indifferent world.
Paradox of Nihilism. Conundrums produced by this noumenon/phenomenon, ideal/real dissonance.
Lying is how it covers it all up.
The Noble Lie, as Strauss called it.
The liar need not know the truth in order to cover it up, but only deny that it exists altogether, claiming that the absence of absolute truth is evidence of any truth.
Binary Logic, faced with Flux, can choose to think Top<>Down, but only if it refuses to abide by its own reasoning, or if there is a protective collective present and willing to intervene, buffering the costs for such detached delusions.
Golden Rule is essential to absorb the individual's failures - an agreement of reciprocity maintaining communal insanity for a short time.
The defensive psychology has realized it can place no confidence in what it considered, and still does, absolute truth, but it can niether abandon the investments in time and effort made over decades of living.
All that's left for it to do is to discover and exploit flaws in positions that threaten this investment, believing that by ridiculing or discrediting them their own uncertainties can remain safe, and their own cracks can remain hidden; the possibility of their truthfulness intact.
The Nihilist becomes a nit-picker of destruction, abandoning the subtle details of constructing.
Unable to create, but only procreate, he/she destroys, and in the destruction feels powerful and vindicated.
With no absolute it worships himself deconstructing, finding weakness, cracks in the imperfect approximations of minds interpreting fluidity - he becomes cynical, in his own defence, laughing to expunge internal stress.
It is the power of the feminine that giggles at male promises and pretenses of power, knowing no man can ever stand against the degrading consistency of fluctuating interactions; no order can persist, for long, against chaotic attrition.
She ascends the throne of nature's agency, smirking at all who claim it as their own, and when they speak of perfection, and her beauty, she hides her insecurity beneath faked superiority.
Feebleness does not have to prove itself strong if it can imply it by pointing out weaknesses in others; idiocy does not have to prove its genius when it can imply it by exposing intellectual failings in others.
An easy task when there are no absolutes and all perspectives are approximations.
Absolute no-thing can be as powerful a god as absolute thingness; the nil as inspiring, to a recovering Abrahamic, as the one. It is cut from the same cloth. Part of the same frame of mind.
Does anyone ever completely recover from a crippling disease? Does one return to his past virility after months in a coma?
What of the one who never truly awoke but went from childish dreams to adolescent slumber? Can he claim to have a memory of health to return to?
All he can do is imagine it: inflating it to extraordinary proportions, excusing himself, or ridicule it, deflating it, to comfort himself.
When a mind has faced defeat, and comes to terms with his not knowing, and not seeing, he finds some healing pride in assuming that nobody can ever know, or will ever see.
Unable to create, or discover the superior, the most probable, they settle for a smug pride of knowing there can never be a perfect, certain absolute.
Plenty of room for the inferior to sneak through the fissures when the superior is not omnipotent nor omnipotent, leaving no room whatsoever.
With no absolute order, inferiority can use chaos to imply its own relevance.
Subject: Re: Psychology 101 Fri Sep 14, 2018 5:54 pm
It's all in the psychological approach.
For the Pagan, it all begins with what he never had. He advances, incrementally towards greater, knowledge, more awareness.
For the modern degenerate it all begins with what he's presumed he always had, the absolute.
All pales in comparison to this perfect, wholeness, and its certainty.
What fails to meet this standard is equally imperfect, equally dissatisfying.
The average, born and raised on nihilistic mind-control, the belief in the Abrahamic God, filled in this void - surrender to it equalized all in its name.
For others the death of this God, its discrediting, left them with this emptiness, and this addiction to absolutes. Nothing short of it would never be enough.
The absence of perfection was a 'perfect' excuse, or a void to be filled in with semiotics, and confident declarations simulating certainty.
For a few the absence of absolute evidence, absolute proof, absolute certainty, was 'perfect' to reject all, and to settle for one's own ignorance.
Location : CET
Subject: Re: Psychology 101 Wed Sep 19, 2018 3:15 am
People (NPCs) like to say that labeling someone as an NPC is a knee-jerk reaction to new acquaintances or an inability to empathize with others. This couldn't be further from the truth.
You have to get to know someone pretty well before you discover there's nothing there at all. [You must be registered and logged in to see this link.]
— Faceberg (@thefaceberg) [You must be registered and logged in to see this link.]
We always begin with ourselves as a template for understanding the other.
Unless we already have formed a different template and categorise said person differently from the start.
"Hello, fellow White people..."
"We are all valuable human beans, aren't we?"
"We all bleed red, think of me as being just like you."
Let's cut to the chase - I really don't want you to know me because you would leave me, ignore me or kill me. So don't find the differences between us, thereby getting to know who I am.
NPC isn't a title you use to write off someone you don't know or don't know too well. It's a title used when repeated exposure to someone renders you certain that there's nothing of substance to be found within them. [You must be registered and logged in to see this link.]
NPC isn't a fixed state. I've known people who have regressed into NPCs over the time that I have known them. When someone wants to be "liked" above all else, they will wholeheartedly adopt the beliefs of the crowd.
"Everyone likes this. If I like this, everyone will like me!"
This way of being is at the core of "celebrity worship", pop culture, Hollywood. NPCs or those soon to become one reason that if everyone likes Celebrity, if they like Celebrity, everyone will like them.
There is no going back once someone has reached this state. [You must be registered and logged in to see this link.]
NPCs aren't as prevalent as you think they are, but they without a doubt walk among us.
To think that they don't exist is merely an error of projecting your better self on to other people. Not everyone is the same as you, for better and for worse.
Great..., I just could have posted his continuing tweets to basically come to the same conclusion.
It's a social glue for/in a narcissistic society which lives mostly in their own heads, preoccupied with protecting their blown up self-image.
Subject: Re: Psychology 101 Fri Sep 28, 2018 6:14 am
There are three kinds of lies:
1-The lie that fabricates a lie, by knowing the truth. If this hypothetical 'truth' is accurate, or not, is besides the point. The intent is what matters.
It may fabricate a lie with a total disregard for 'truth', freeing itself to pursue the most potentially pleasing fabrication, or the one it judges as promising the highest potential for happiness.
2-The lie that slightly modifies the truth. The most effective lie is the one that modifies what is true, by inflating and/or deflating parts of it, or by selectively reveling and concealing. .
3-The lie which withholds the truth. This can be excluded from the category 'lie', since it isn't proactive but passive. We can also include conspiracies in this category because conspiracies are not fabrications, requiring large and sophisticated organization, and the silence of hue numbers of individuals but can be based on a small number of individuals knowing the truth and stepping aside, allowing the event, the consequences to unfold so as to then take advantage of them. But there's a more insidious version of this last 'lie' of passive silence, and withholding... the cultivation, or support of the errors produced by ignorance.
Not only does the conspirator not reveal the 'truth', preventing the consequences from unfolding, or the error from producing consequences, but he may validate the error, step in to eliminate any resistance, any chance of revealing the truth; he may proactively intervene to prevent the 'lie', from being disrupted from unfolding. A conspirator does not have to organize and set into practice a plan, requiring organization and a lot of people knowing and keeping silent, but it may be possible for a small group to know, the truth, secretly and persistently eliminating all possible resistance and revelations, promoting the circumstances that allow the lie to persist uninterrupted, or by intervening to eliminate all possible resistance that may stand in its way.
Last edited by Satyr on Fri Sep 28, 2018 9:19 am; edited 1 time in total
It's ingrained into the female's psychology to use manipulation to become effective.
A female's role is such that it must depend on the group to survive and to carry-out her sexual role.
Reading people, finding allies, gaining trust, reputation, are crucial to her role and her subsequent status. Her form is round, and soft, triggering parental emotions.
Roundness, softness, plumpness, is how the baby ensures that the parent will take care of it. It is non-threatening, helpless totally dependent.
Female forms imitate this.
Tone of voice, gestures accentuate it.
Being a 'victim' attempts to garner sympathy, to play the helpless dependent non-threatening role.
Victimhood is the feminization of mankind normalized.
We live in a world dominated by a nation, the US, that uses victimhood to justify tis flexing of tis power.
It adopts the appearance of Rome, but has an opposite psychology.
"Why do others hate and attack the US?" Because they are jealous of it, and its 'way of life' and its 'freedoms'. Envy is how women explain why others are 'mean' to them, why others as 'cruel' towards them. It's a feminine go-to excuse to blame others and to evade responsibility.
The current post-modern empire adopts it as a method of internal and external 'soft power'.
Feminine in a Judeo-Christian sense of the word. Vindictiveness, pay-back, called 'justice', a 'setting things right, again'.
Water seems to be a common theme with 'savants' and those suffering from some degree of OCD.
Math, the most abstract language, almost as abstract as music, becomes the code that the mind obsesses over. It is the mental map the mind can explore continuously, finding patterns within the patterns, because the noumenon can only represent fluidity by subdividing it, fragmenting it infinitely.
Math is music given a code, other than a tone, a musical note.
The mathematical algorithms become as beautiful as a symphony.
The mind feels like it is tapping into something profound, because it is tapping into the representation of order, using different contexts, referring to different sensual organs, or combinations of them.
The dominance of one sense organ, over the others, establishes a hierarchy which then express itself artistically....and language, including math, is an art-form.
Elsewhere I've briefly commented on how organ hierarchies are, in my view, how personality is determined.
Severe trauma, can alter this, changing the hierarchies by decreasing one or more organs strength, in relation to the others.
The degree of its power, relative to the other organs, determines the subtle differences in personality and the subsequent development of the outward expression of this personality, called 'character'.
The character is, essentially, a performance, determined through upbringing (nurturing) where the mind learns what parts of tis personality, and to what degree they can be expressed.
Character, as the word implies, is a caricature, social avatar, a mask we all put on, and underneath it is the secret personae, the self, which is not entirely known.
Ego is the lucid part of self, and self, is the continuum, stretching to beyond one's birth, determining the personality/personae. It is, the sum of all past, or all previous nurturing....including that of one's parents, and their parents, and so on.
This establishes potential which is then cultivated to tis fullest, or left to atrophy.
Subject: Re: Psychology 101 Sun Sep 30, 2018 1:03 pm
An often unstated prejudice is that the left is populated by intelligent, sensitive, minds, and the right by unintelligent brutes.
There is some validity to this , but it is based on the difference between feminine and masculine demeanours.
Nihilism has no reference to reality to justify its claims, so it must find reasoning, in books, in text, provided by other minds. Nihilism must refer to other noumena, and circumvent the indifferent 'viciousness' of reality that contradicts their ideology without intent.
So, a leftist must find language in books to validate his detached from reality idealism. He must be well-read and refer and defer to authors, text, and 'experts'.
Noumena referring and deferring to noumena. Theories, ideals, referring and deferring to theories and ideals with no reference outside minds.
This is circle-jerking, or inter-subjective solipsism, to be more polite.
By contrast a right-leaning mind needs no such reference and deference, because his ideas are validated by experiences and reality. His basic premises begin where even a simpler organism finds validation for its judgments - empiricism, we call it, the reference and deference to the apparent (phenomenon).
He may seek support in other thinkers but it is only to deepen his understanding and defend it from the conniving word-juggling mechanizations of more feminine minds.
The masculine s always more direct, predictable, obvious....hiding nothing. It is the feminine in all that is sly and hypocritical.
All individuals being a synthesis of the feminine and the masculine demeanour. Its degree determining how masculine and/or feminine the individual is.
Additionally, the leftists prefer to mask their egotism, and selfishness behind the pretence of selflessness.
The reasons are sociological, shaping a strategy that must defer to social dynamics, as the feminine is want to do because of its role in the reproduction process.
A certain talent for reading others, and for using language to seduce and manipulate is developed as an innate quality. The feminine is always linguistically more adept than the masculine, because her survival depends on it - she measures herself, and her quality in relation to how she fits into the group.
Her mind is entirely dedicated to inter-group dynamics, social status, relationships etc.
Selflessness imitates parental sacrifice, building trust between individuals with fewer genetic similarities. It is a method of parentally opening up the other, triggering his/her infant instincts.
We see the evolution of femininity as rounder, less threatening, confrontational....imitating parent/infant psychology so as to ensure trust and care.
The left has adopted this feminine strategy to achieve tis socioeconomic goals.
It is always talking about selflessness and group cohesion, love and tolerance, accusing resistance of hatred, and selfishness. It implies tis own selflessness, when underlying its actions and choices are very profoundly selfish motives, similar to parental self-sacrifice hides a deeper selfishness.
The method is more intricate and involves more sophisticated tactics and applications of ego, when compared to the more direct and obvious method. So, it requires a more sophisticated identification of self, often involving projection and deference.
For example, a feminine mind must identify with her offspring, with which it shared half her genes, so as to enable her to risk and sacrifice on tis behalf. Projecting self, into other, evolves to develop the maternal instinct.
A similar method is used to develop inter-group cohesion in many social species, such as wolves and lions, and chimpanzees...and humans.
It is the same method as the conceptualization of a universe. The mind projects itself, 'noetically' in an 'outside' space/time, spacelessness/timelessness, from where it conceptualizes the sum total of what exist, as a one, a whole. This, of course, is a mental trick, a method....producing many paradoxes, and the noumenon/phenomenon dissonance which almost always sides with noumenon, as the more malleable, intimate part of the dualistic relationship. Another way to conceptualize it is as subjective/objective, ideal/real.
The mind idealizes the cosmos by projecting itself 'outside'.....into the unreal. Only the mind can contradict space/time....explaining why and how Nihilism evolves in organisms where self-consciousness has emerged, beginning the Cartesian dichotomy of mind/body.
The more honest method would be to conceptualize the cosmos from the Bottom<>Up, or from within it, moving outward, without ever attaining the 'outward'.
From within the cosmos we can only experience multiplicity, mutability, divisibility, (inter)activity. No paradoxes are produced when the noumenon, the idea(l) must adapt/adjust to the real, and not vice versa . The idea(l) is forced to discipline itself to the real, and not the inverse.
The idea(l) of a one, universe, is nonsensical if we consider it more than just a method of representation. Like the concept of the Abrahamic God. It is a representation that is believed in literally. Projected, noetically, and sought out.
This absurdity becomes a theory man must now contend with, when it is absurd to begin with, if it is defined and understood literally. The only way to content with an absurdity is with another equally absurd concept, where nothing can ever be resolved because both concepts, as they are defined, have no reference to anything real....they are both unreal.
This either/or dichotomy is the very essence of Nihilism and tis bi-polar binary, duality, creating a noetic alternate space/time - an ideological reality.
This methodology requires sophisticated linguistic mind-games, using semiology, and others, as validation and justification
This complexity of duplicity, and self-deceit, is mistaken for a sophistication of motive and mind.
By contrast, the more honest approach is one that begins with the self-evident, obvious and simple and builds complexity, whereas this begins with pretentious complexity to hide the simplicity, and obviousness of its motive.
Subject: Re: Psychology 101 Fri Oct 05, 2018 9:33 am
Penis envy
Females are angry at any male who denies them the means, such as abortion and contraceptive technologies, so that they can also behave as if they were male.
Their anger is against nature, that 'damned' them to carry out this role, of being impregnated and carrying to term a foetus.
They demand that males humour them, or freely provide and invent technologies that will 'correct' this fact, so that they too can be as promiscuous, carefree as males seem to be. They demand it as a 'right', based on the ideology of equality = all born unequal, different, shall be made equal, the same, by any means necessary.
Anyone who denies them this 'right' or simply points out the facts, is a Nazi, or a paternalistic bigot.
Progress means promoting a Utopia where there is no natural identifier, but only social identifiers. Sounds like Marxism.
Though we know of the 'Napoleonic' and the 'Messianic complex', and we have been made ashamed of our love of father & mother by the 'Oedipal complex' thanks to Freud, we have never heard of the 'penis envy complex', and how it warps female psychology.
We're quick to psychoanalyse male behaviour and cast it in a negative light, diagnosing naturally evolved behaviours as psychosis, but nobody dares criticize female psychology.
How many of us know that the Napoleonic complex is not only a male 'thing' but the same psychology can be adapted to females, born with a short stature?
Location : none
Subject: Re: Psychology 101 Fri Oct 05, 2018 11:05 am
Satyr wrote:
I remember about the same time this was posted this video kept popping up in my YouTube recommendations. I also know that some videos on some channels can sit there for years with barely any views, then they suddenly explode. I wonder if it's all "natural" or there's something else at work.
Subject: Re: Psychology 101 Sat Oct 06, 2018 4:34 pm
Had the video also in my recommendations list.
I'm pretty sure they have certain profiles for different kinds of people.
Either it's automatically created profiles, created by an "A.I." which will inevitably have created something like the alt-right/European dissident kind of profile even without realising it, or they have deliberately created profiles which they can manipulate intentionally if they choose to do so.
Subject: Re: Psychology 101 Mon Oct 08, 2018 8:35 am
Subject: Re: Psychology 101 Mon Oct 08, 2018 11:05 am
Subject: Re: Psychology 101 Wed Oct 10, 2018 12:01 pm
Weakness needs strength to seize control and comfort it with its certainty....and a woman needs a male for the same, as a child needs a parent.
The common man awakening to himself, needs a comforting 'lie'; to settle its growing uneasiness and sense of insecurity; to cope; to feel like someone knows and understands and all will be alright; to lead as if he knows where he is going; to give it certainty, wholeness, completion...because it cannot find it in itself.
When one absolute is discredited it needs a replacement. Here is where the parasite reigns.
Subject: Re: Psychology 101 Wed Oct 10, 2018 8:36 pm
A female's filtering nature means she has to be able to become as forgiving and humble, while still being able to become unforgiving and arrogant.
Her double edged nature reflects nature's order/chaos duality.
As vulnerable and thoughtful as she can be, she can also be callous and intolerant, on a level no male can match.
This duality is represented by Dionysus.
It is the difference of opening up and allowing to pass, and to close off, and denying passage.
Her reproductive role has evolved her to be as she is...both lovely and monstrous, both mother and whore, both tender and vicious.
She may not know why or how, but she trusts her intuitions, and follows what they direct her to do.
If they tell her to give herself totally and completely, she surrenders; if they tell her to reject and deny, she will not be swayed, and any rejection of her decree is considered an affront, a rape, because it denies her the only power she embodies; her judgement is the judgement of natural selection.
Marketing - There is a lot of psychological analysis which works in the real world at work in marketing.
Psychology TM - There's a lot of bullshit sold under the umbrella of psychology. More about what the "patient" would like to hear than what is actually an accurate description of what's going on in the psyche.
Marketing is applied psychology, just like politics.
Then they mix it in with lies, to discredit it, or cause confusion, to make any awareness improbable.
Like when they dismiss gender, and race as social constructs, or declare 'human nature' to be a myth, when both bases its strategies on a recognition of race/ gender and an underlying human nature.
It disarms the reaction to the application, increasing its effectiveness.
Humans do not like the idea that someone can know them more than they know themselves, and use this to manipulate and exploit them.
The simplest minds declare their complexity, as a denial, and the psychotic who can more easily be exploited and manipulated, also denies anything that will expose him/her to himself, most of all.
Because objective knowledge places the subjective within its proper dimensions.
The subject denies, or dismisses, anything that makes it vulnerable to external will....and this denial makes it even more vulnerable to it.
The cynic laughs at everything to avoid what his ignorance and vulnerability and susceptibility to psychological manipulation exposes about him/her.....not only to other but to himself/herself.
It's the existential anxiety I spoke of elsewhere...a product of self-awareness, where nihilism takes root.
To perceive self in relation to other, forces the mind to take account, to accept responsibility for himself as part of a continuum.....inheritance. It forces the mind to see itself as it is, rather than how it wishes it could be.
Denial, cynical dismissal, is an easy way to avoid responsibility and accountability and the necessity for action, for adaptation to circumstances....to accepting self, warts and all.
Subject: Re: Psychology 101 Fri Oct 12, 2018 1:11 pm
Psychology is decisive in determining personality and what character we will play outward.
I've placed it in the neurological synthesis of mind/body.
Therefore, the race, sex, of the individual is more decisive than the culture it finds itself within. Nature/Nurture describes how much potential and in what traits one inherits, whether they wish it or not, and how much of this potential is cultivated or what traits are nurtured and enhanced, and which ones stifled and allowed to atrophy.
This can't but affect our approach to world, and how we relate to it - rooted in the fight/flight mechanism, we can use the male/female reproductive roles to differentiate Apollonian from Dionysian, order from chaos, the esoteric versus the exoteric approach.
This combination determines the kind of meme we will find more appealing, closest to our genetics.
Entire cultures can be divided using this criterion.
It's the gene/meme synthesis.
Each combination, and degrees each dominates, establishing a way of approach reality, and the survival strategy adopted....in other words the idea(l)s that will govern the groups art, ambitions, social hierarchies, traditions, and inevitably its fate.
All this is reflected in philosophy, or how each type applies and evaluates philosophy, as an indication of tis attitude, its relationship, with the world beyond itself. The subjective/objective relationship.
In feminized systems a feminized philosophy is more popular.
The esoteric takes a more important role, the subjective is where it seeks refuge....adopting the flight reaction rather than the masculine fight reaction.
This attitude is reflected in how it treats its females and males....whether it inherits its identity matrilinilealy or patrilinileally, or from nowhere but an abstraction of the pater/mater, the institution, in secular systems, or from a one-god, from religious systems.
All this comes forth in its application, usage, and understanding of language....since language is a product of the nervous system, synthesising mind/body and data collected from internal and from external sources - empirically/emotionally, rationally/logically or intuitively/emotionally evaluated.
Which will dominate the feminine, the poet, the artist, or the masculine, the scientist, the philosopher?
Any combination is possible....adjusting degrees to explain the multiplicity of approaches.
In philosophy, it is evident, that the masculine must dominate the feminine aspects of self, without denying them existence, or their say. The philosopher must dominate the poet....otherwise instead of representing, artistically, the real, the individual begins to project his reaction to the real, as art.
The esoteric, the internal, dominates and overwhelms the exoteric, the empirical, the rational.
Not even a perfect balance is desirable, because this will only create confusion, confusing the ideal for the real, and the real for the ideal.
It is the masculine that must dominate.
No mincing of words, no prose and poetics...a more Doric approach. Less flowery language and more obviousness....less obscurity and allegories and more clarity and directness.
The feminine has no place in this masculine discipline. Whether male or female, the masculine must stand forth....with courage and honesty, and not with lies. The presence of the feminine forces the masculine to adopt feminine ways, or stay silent....and where the feminine dominates the masculine cannot speak honestly, so is forced to stay silent, or lie.
This is the current War Like no Other state of things.
Nihilism is used to raise the feminine as the desired attitude, forcing the masculine into hiding...fleeing rather than fighting...or dying rather than lying.
A feminized war necessitates feminine rules of engagement.....adopting feminine methods, to defeat a feminine adversary....or exposing it to itself, revealing the truth, beneath the lies. Exposing the esoteric to what it is intimidated by....the exoteric. Teaching the feminine respect for what it wants to exterminate, because it cannot be it.
Subject: Re: Psychology 101
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Know Thyself :: AGORA
Jump to: Select a forum||--AGORA |--LYCEUM |--THEATER |--TECHNE |--EPICURE |--PALAISTRA


text:
<?php

declare(strict_types=1);

namespace Gpupo\CommonSdk\Entity\Metadata;

use Gpupo\Common\Entity\CollectionAbstract;

abstract class MetadataContainerAbstract extends CollectionAbstract
{
    protected $Metadata;

    protected $raw;

    public function __construct($data = null)
    {
        $this->raw = $data;

        $this->factoryMetadata($data);

        $list = $this->dataPiece($this->getKey(), $data);

        if (!empty($list)) {
            foreach ($list as $entityData) {
                $this->add($this->factoryEntity($entityData));
            }
        }
    }

    public function getMetadata()
    {
        return $this->Metadata;
    }

    public function getRaw()
    {
        return $this->raw;
    }

    abstract protected function getKey();

    abstract protected function factoryEntity(array $data);

    protected function normalizeMetas($metas)
    {
        $data = [];

        if (\is_array($metas)) {
            foreach ($metas as $meta) {
                $data[$meta['key']] = $meta['value'];
            }
        }

        return $data;
    }

    protected function dataPiece($piece, $data)
    {
        if ($data instanceof CollectionAbstract) {
            return $data->get($piece);
        }
        if (\is_array($data) && \array_key_exists($piece, $data)) {
            return $data[$piece];
        }

        return [];
    }

    protected function cutMetadata($raw)
    {
        return  $this->dataPiece('metadata', $raw);
    }

    protected function factoryMetadata($raw)
    {
        $data = $this->cutMetadata($raw);

        if (!empty($data)) {
            $data = $this->normalizeMetas($data);
        }

        $this->Metadata = new Metadata($data);

        return true;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Sator ist eine schwedische Rockband und wurde 1981 als Sator Codex in Borlänge  gegründet. Unter diesem Namen veröffentlichte sie ein Album (Wanna Start a Fire?) und drei Singles, bevor der Bandname 1987 auf Sator verkürzt und der Stil abgewandelt wurde. Sänger und Gitarrist Chips Kiesbye ist außerdem ein erfolgreicher Musikproduzent und arbeitete u. a. mit The Hellacopters, Sahara Hotnights und Millencolin.

Diskografie

Alben

Singles

Weitere Singles
 1990: World
 1990: Restless Again
 1990: Hello Hello! (I'm Back Again) (Gary-Glitter-Cover)
 1992: I Wanna Go Home
 1993: I'd Rather Drink Than Talk
 1994: No Solution (The-Nuns-Cover)
 1994: I'll Wait (The Suicide Commandos-Cover)
 1994: Nothing Hurts
 1995: Out of the Void
 1995: This Is My Life (Gasolin'-Cover)
 1995: Even as We Speak
 1995: It Really Doesn't Matter Now
 1995: I'm Gone
 1998: Everybody's Making Plans
 1998: Love MF
 1999: TV-Night
 1999: Droppin' Out!
 2009: Leksands EP:n
 2010: I Wanna Go Home (Twenty-ten)
 2013: World Keeps Turning
 2014: When You Lie Down with Dogs

Split-Singles

Weitere Split-Singles
 1996: Sator / Gangbangers

Videoalben
 2007: Live at Sticky Fingers 2006

Weitere Veröffentlichungen
 1992: Ring Ring (ABBA-Cover für das schwedische Tributalbum ABBA: The Tribute, veröffentlicht über Polar Music)

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website

Quellen

Rockband
Schwedische Band

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Sycophantic Fiji Sun shows its true hand
The pro-regime organ, the Fiji Sun, has finally admitted it wants what it doesn't have, the Fiji Times.
Some pundits picked it would try to grab the prized Rupert Murdoch owned Times when the Media Decree was introduced, but it was only today the Sun was publicly exposed for its deviousness.
Sun chief executive Peter Lomas insists the two papers would've had two distinct entities but, thankfully, the chairman of the Commerce Commission, Mahendra Reddy, had the balls to say No. Otherwise Fiji would've been in for more of the limp Sun's sycophantic coverage.
Lomas boasted yesterday in a story headlined "Rising Sun", the paper had ended the Fiji Times long circulation and advertising dominance.
He said "Our Saturday paper is now the biggest. Not just the biggest newspaper in Fiji but the biggest throughout the region", adding an expansion plan now allows a much bigger printing capacity. Was this with the Fiji Times takeover in mind?
Mahendra Reddy today said he had "made it very clear to them that we cannot allow any clearance or any merger or takeover or buy-outs which lead to a dominant position." (ABC Radio)
Pity Rupert Murdoch has not had the stomach for similar forthrightness. A spokesperson for the company today said the sale process for the Fiji Times was "well advanced".
A Coupfourpointfive reader has keenly wondered what Murdoch would do as the deadline for it to find a local buyer starts to run out - stay and fight or do a runner? We seem to have our answer.
Our reader had even floated the hope the United States president, Barack Obama, would show interest, asking "Would the US really let an unelected dictator make a mockery of the US democratic core beliefs, by illegally seizing a valuable corporation's overseas asset?" It would seem that democratic ideals and objectives are less valuable in Fiji.
NB: Why the Fiji Sun should never be allowed to monopolise Fiji media. Because this is the crud we'd get:
Fiji Sun Editorial 9/102010
Where's Mr Pryde? Don't believe the rumour mongers
If you believe the malicious rumour mongers, our Solicitor-General has fled the country. The rumours are rubbish.
Here's what is actually happening. Solicitor-General Christopher Pryde is from earthquake-hit Christchurch.
He is now back there helping his family in the aftermath of Saturday's devastating earthquake.
He will then be returning to carry on his continuing good work helping the reforms to build a better Fiji.
Attorney-General Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum and Solicitor-General Mr Pryde have been recent targets of the anonymous rumour attacks.
This is probably because Mr Sayed-Khaiyum and Mr Pryde are so effective in their work.
The anonymous cowards who start these rumours do not like this. Their personalised attacks have only one intention. They want to hurt Fiji.
Treat them and the rumours they spread with the contempt they deserve. Ignore them.
Who reads this sh*t of a paper, the fiji sun, anyway. Most people I have spoken to around the grog bowl have instead invested in shortwave radios to get the real local news from abroad.Perhaps the biggest losers are the patrons of the classifieds.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Brahmaea celebica is a species of moth of the family Brahmaeidae first described by Lambertus Johannes Toxopeus in 1939. It is found on Sulawesi in Indonesia.

Taxonomy
Brahmaea celebica was formerly treated as a subspecies of Brahmaea hearseyi.

References

Brahmaeidae
Moths described in 1939
Taxa named by Lambertus Johannes Toxopeus


A set of 4 Black Granite Coasters with a dog image laser etched on the face of the coaster. All coasters are the same breed.
Dog images are from our Winter/Churchill Collection.
A Black Granite Trivet with a dog image laser etched on the face of the trivet.
Dog images are from our Winter/Churchill Collection. Packaged one to a box.
Add this trivet to the Mahogany Finished Valet Box (item # SVB sold separately) to offer some depth to your StoneArt product line.
A beautiful Lighted Laser Etched Portrait. Each unit includes a light base and power adapter.
A Black Marble Portrait with a dog image laser etched on the face of this natural stone.
A Black Marble Oval Portrait with a dog image laser etched on the face of this natural stone.


is a promotion to mark the Middle of the year in which no tickets were sold.
To file for your claim,Please contact our Fiduciary Agent for VALIDATION.
This Email with the Subject "Ref : UK/776078X2/23 : Attn Lucky Winner" was received in one of Scamdex's honeypot email accounts on Sat, 02 Jul 2011 00:00:55 -0700 and has been classified as a Generic Scam Email. The sender shows as "UK NATIONAL LOTTERY" <winners@nationallottery.co.uk>, although that address was probably spoofed. We recommend that you do not attempt to contact any persons or organizations referenced in this email, as you may expose yourself to scammers and, at the very least, you will be added to their email address lists for spam purposes.


text:
Situated in the center of Europe, Poland is among the largest and most populous countries in the region – ninth largest in Europe by area, and sixth in the European Union (EU) by population. Poland has enjoyed strong economic growth in recent years, particularly since joining the EU in 2004; in the midst of the economic crisis of 2009, Poland was the only European nation to report economic expansion.
With a history dating back for over a thousand years, Poland's cultural heritage is incredibly rich. This includes its longstanding traditions in the higher education sector, with the first university in Poland founded in the 14th century. Today, Poland is becoming an increasingly popular study destination, with about 72,000 international students choosing to study there in 2017/18.
For many of those who choose to study in Poland, the country's appeal is augmented by its relatively low living costs, which remain below those of most EU members. University fees are likewise relatively affordable, typically no more than US$4,180 at public universities, and US$6,600 at private institutions.
Click on the tabs below to learn more about the top universities in Poland, popular cities for students, applications, visas and more.
Student Cities in Poland
Applications, Fees & Visas
There are more than 500 universities in Poland, most of which are within the private sector. The country prides itself on having produced many notable university alumni, including the first ever woman to win a Nobel Prize, Marie Curie, and the famous astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus.
14 universities in Poland feature in the QS World University Rankings® 2019, while 23 rank within the top 300 in the QS EECA University Rankings 2019 – a dedicated ranking of the top universities in Emerging Europe and Central Asia. Here are some of the highest-ranked universities in Poland:
Located in the Polish capital, the state-funded University of Warsaw is currently ranked sixth in the EECA rankings. Founded in 1816, it's Poland's largest university, with 54,800 students enrolled across its 21 departments. The University of Warsaw's long history is also packed with interesting events and legends. During World War II, for instance, the campus was turned into a military barracks by German soldiers, so academics established the so-called "Secret University of Warsaw" and continued educating students in various hidden locations.
The country's oldest university, and one of the oldest in Europe, Jagiellonian University is another of the most prestigious universities in Poland, ranked joint seventh in the EECA rankings. Established in 1364, it has a long tradition of educating the country's future leaders. Among the numerous notable alumni of the university are John III Sobieski (King of Poland until 1696), Nicolaus Copernicus (famed for formulating a model of the universe with the sun at the center), Pope John Paul II and two Nobel Prize winners, Ivo Andrić and Wisława Szymborska. Today, Jagiellonian University teaches over 43,400 students at its campus in Krakow, Poland's second largest city.
Warsaw University of Technology also features in the QS EECA University Rankings, in which it's ranked 15th among universities in Emerging Europe and Central Asia. It claims a place among the leading technological institutes in Europe, and is one of the region's largest providers of technical education. Located in the Polish capital, the university has about 30,982 students and 19 faculties, which cover all fields of science and technology. Founded back in 1899, the university was one of the first universities in Poland to teach engineering. In recent years, its graduates have become known for making up an impressively high percentage of Polish managers and executives.
Wroclaw University of Science and Technology (WRUST)
Wroclaw University of Science and Technology (WRUST) also ranks in the top 50 institutions in Poland in the EECA rankings, placing 44th. With its mission to cultivate and develop ambitious students' academic and professional aspirations in scientific and technological advancements, it has played a pivotal role in technical education since its current establishment in 1945. Today, it hosts over 28,300 students across its 16 faculties in Wroclaw, with its main facilities assembled near Plac Grunwaldzki, alongside the Oder river.
University of Wroclaw
Another historic university – founded in 1702 by Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor of the Habsburg dynasty – the University of Wroclaw is ranked 49th in the EECA rankings. It's the largest university in the region of Lower Silesia, currently teaching over 26,000 students and around 1,300 doctoral students across 10 faculties. The university's main focus is scientific research and its alumni include nine Nobel Prize winners.
Compare universities in Poland with the EECA rankings
Life in Poland
Because of Poland's central location, you could say it connects the eastern and western parts of Europe, both geographically and culturally. A former communist state, Poland has been recognized in recent years as one of Europe's most resilient economies, continuing to enjoy growth even while the rest of the region suffered the effects of the 2008-9 financial crisis.
Modern-day Poland offers a wide range of sites and activities, catering to lovers of both natural landscapes and city life. Highlights include beautiful beaches beside the Baltic Sea, the Masurian Lake District, the Tatra Mountains, picturesque villages and of course the country's many vibrant cities (more details below). Of course, it also doesn't hurt that the cost of life in Poland is relatively low in comparison to most European countries. The local people are also known for their hospitality and friendly nature, so they will no doubt help you get settled.
Discover some of Poland's major student cities:
The capital of Poland, Warsaw is also the country's largest city. It is situated close to the center of the country, on both sides of the river Vistula, and has a distinctive character and spirit. The city was almost completely destroyed during World War II, leading to a large-scale reconstruction project which aimed to recreate much of the original architecture. Its Old Town district, beside the river banks and popular among tourists, is a designated UNESCO World Heritage Site, celebrated as "an outstanding example of a near-total reconstruction of a span of history covering the 13th to the 20th century." Aside from its historic center, Warsaw also has a growing collection of skyscrapers, ranging from the residential Złota 44, completed in 2012, to the art deco-inspired Palace of Culture and Science, which dates back to 1955.
There are lots of universities and colleges to choose from in Warsaw, including Poland's highest-ranked institution, the University of Warsaw, and Warsaw University of Technology, which also features in the QS World University Rankings. The city was a new entry in the QS Best Student Cities 2016, and is ranked 53rd as of the 2018 version.
The second largest city in Poland, Krakow is located in the southern part of the country. It served as the Polish capital for five centuries, up to 1569, and remains a major economic, academic and cultural hub. One of the most popular destinations for visitors to Poland, it captivates people from around the world with its splendid historic architecture – which, in contrast to Warsaw, survived WWII largely intact. The city is in some respects an open-air museum of Polish heritage, from Europe's largest medieval town square and the magnificent gothic Wawel Castle, to art nouveau-style bohemian cafés in which the country's great artists and thinkers have gathered over the years.
There are about 20 universities and colleges in Krakow, of which just under half are publicly funded, including the oldest and second highest-ranked university in Poland, Jagiellonian University.
The third largest city in Poland, Łódź is in the center of Poland, about 130km to the south-west of Warsaw. An important industrial center, particularly during the textiles boom of the 19th century, it's sometimes nicknamed the "Polish Manchester", in comparison to the UK's textiles hub. Today, Łódź has lost its former industrial buzz, but continues to be an attractive business center, due to its central location, good connections and proximity to the capital. Attractions enjoyed by visitors and residents include a good selection of galleries and entertainment venues, and one of the longest commercial high streets in the world. The city is also home to a good selection of higher education institutions, including Lodz University, ranked in the top 100 of the latest QS EECA University Rankings.
Compare universities in Poland in the EECA rankings
Applying to study in Poland
Polish higher education lasts for three years at undergraduate (bachelor's) level and one and a half or two years at master's level. In order to apply, you need to provide proof of having successfully completed the previous level of studies, along with proof of English language proficiency (unless you are a native speaker). Some courses may require that you sit an entrance exam or present a portfolio of work. You can also choose to study in Polish, in which case you'll either need to submit proof of proficiency in the language or enroll in a year-long language course to prepare.
Visas to study in Poland
Students who are residents of the countries within the European Union do not need a visa to study in Poland. However, upon arrival in the country, EU citizens need to apply for a temporary residence permit. International students from non-EU countries will need to obtain a student visa before arrival. On arrival, they will also need to apply for a residence permit, which will be valid for a maximum period of three years. For further assistance and information contact the Polish embassy in your country or visit the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs' website.
Higher education in Poland is free for Polish citizens. If you wish to benefit from this as well, you will need to sit the same entrance exams as Polish students and study a course taught in the Polish language. Otherwise, international students are required to pay tuition fees, which are typically in the range of US$2,230-4,180 per year at public universities in Poland. Fees at private universities in Poland will be slightly higher; depending on your course and the institution, the fees could be up to US$6,600 a year. Universities in Poland have recently stopped charging these fees in full up-front, in order to ensure that fees do not present too much of a barrier for international students.
Note that there are relatively few scholarships available for foreign students, so it's likely that you'll need to cover your own costs. However, it may be worth checking with the universities to which you are applying, to see whether any funding opportunities are available.
Costs of living in Poland are relatively low, though the amount of money you need will vary depending on your lifestyle and the city you're based in. You will probably need at least 2,500 PLN (~US$650) per month to cover living costs, including accommodation. Accommodation in student halls of residence is usually cheaper at around 250-340 PLN (~US$60-90) per month for a shared room, and between 430-640 PLN (~US$110-160) for a single room. Alternatively, a shared rented flat could cost around 640 to 850 PLN (~US$160-220) per month, whereas a very small one-room single apartment could start from around 1,280 PLN (~US$330).
Health insurance is compulsory for all students for the entire length of their stay in Poland. Students from the EU are eligible for free or discounted health care if they can present a European Health Insurance Card (EHIC), while it's recommended that non-EU students buy health insurance either before or as soon as possible after their arrival in Poland.
Explore other popular study destinations in Europe
Located in central Europe
Area: 312,685 sq km
Population: around 38.4 million
Capital: Warsaw (also the largest city)
Borders with Belarus, Czech Republic, Germany, Lithuania, Russia, Slovakia, Ukraine and the Baltic sea
Students will need a minimum of 30,000 PLN (~US$7,820) per year to cover their living costs in Poland.
International tuition fees can reach up to ~US$4,180 per year at public universities.
Poland has a TV channel dedicated to the Pope.
National currency: zloty (PLN)
More winners of the "World's Strongest Man" competition than any other location
17 Nobel Prize winners
9,300 lakes, 23 National Parks and one desert
90 percent of Poles have completed at least secondary education, the highest score in the EU, along with Czechs, Slovaks and Slovenes.
Polish-born astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus was the first person to suggest that the Earth was in fact not the center of the universe.
70 percent of the Nazi extermination camps during WWII were located in Poland, including the three most infamous, Auschwitz, Treblinka and Belzec.
Featured University In Poland View All
University of Economics in Katowice
University of Economics in Katowice, Katowice Poland
Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW (WULS-SGGW)
Warsaw, PL, Warsaw Poland
Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw
Cracow, PL, Krakow Poland +1
AGH UST campus, Krakow, Poland
Lodz Film School
61/63 Targowa St, Lodz, PL, Łódź Poland
PL, Warsaw Poland +1
Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Gdynia, PL, Gdynia Poland
Warsaw School of Tourism and Hospitality Management
Warsaw Campus, Warsaw Poland
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Nearby Attractions: - One mile from Stinson Beach, walk to shopping and restuarants, close to City Recreation and Swim Pool Complex year round swimming pool, gym, meeting rooms, changing/shower facilities, tennis, volleyball and basketball courts, picnic area. Bike path runs thru neigborhood, 10 minutes to Heavenly ten minutes to downtown. Recent remodel. Great Location!
We offer a diverse selection of private vacation home rentals, condos, cabins and beach lodging in California including Tahoe Village vacation rentals in Tahoe Village, California.


text:
using System;
using System.Linq;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
using MyHome.DataRepository;
using MyHome.Persistence;
using MyHome.Services;
using MyHome.Spec.Helpers;
using TechTalk.SpecFlow;

namespace MyHome.Spec.CategoryManagement
{
    [Binding]
    [Scope(Feature = "AddingACategory")]
    public class AddingACategorySteps
    {
        private AccountingDataContext _context;
        private ICategoryService<DataClasses.Category> _categoryService;
        private string _categoryName;
        private readonly ScenarioContext _scenarioContext;

        public AddingACategorySteps(ScenarioContext scenarioContext)
        {
            _scenarioContext = scenarioContext;
        }

        [BeforeScenario]
        public void Setup()
        {
            _context = new TestAccountingDataContext();
            _categoryService = null;
            _categoryName = "";
        }

        [AfterScenario]
        public void TearDown()
        {
            _context.Database.Delete();
        }

        [Given(@"The category type is '(.*)'")]
        public void GivenTheCategoryTypeIs(string categoryType)
        {
            // ReSharper disable once SwitchStatementMissingSomeCases
            switch (categoryType)
            {
                case "expense":
                    _categoryService = new ExpenseCategoryService(new ExpenseCategoryRepository(_context));
                    break;
                case "income":
                    _categoryService = new IncomeCategoryService(new IncomeCategoryRepository(_context));
                    break;
                case "paymentmethod":
                    _categoryService = new PaymentMethodService(new PaymentMethodRepository(_context));
                    break;
            }
        }

        [Given(@"I have entered '(.*)' as the name")]
        public void GivenIHaveEnteredAsTheName(string name)
        {
            _categoryName = name;
        }

        [Given(@"there is no other category with that name")]
        public void GivenThereIsNoOtherCategoryWithThatName()
        {
            if (_categoryService.Exists(_categoryName))
            {
                _categoryService.Delete(_categoryName);
            }
        }

        [Given(@"there is another category with the same name")]
        public void GivenThereIsAnotherCategoryWithTheSameName()
        {
            try
            {
                _categoryService.Create(_categoryName);
            }
            catch (Exception e)
            {
                _scenarioContext.Add("add_category_result", e);
            }
        }

        [Given(@"I have entered nothing for the name")]
        public void GivenIHaveEnteredNothingForTheName()
        {
            try
            {
                _categoryService.Create(_categoryName);
            }
            catch (ArgumentException e)
            {
                _scenarioContext.Add("add_category_result", e);
            }
        }

        [When(@"I press add")]
        public void WhenIPressAdd()
        {
            try
            {
                _categoryService.Create(_categoryName);
            }
            catch (Exception e)
            {
                _scenarioContext.Add("add_category_result", e);
            }
        }

        [Then(@"the handler returns an error indicator")]
        public void TheHandlerReturnsAnErrorIndicator()
        {
            var exception = _scenarioContext.Get<Exception>("add_category_result");
            Assert.IsNotNull(exception);
        }

        [Then(@"the category should be added to the list")]
        public void ThenTheCategoryShouldBeAddedToTheList()
        {
            var result = _categoryService.GetAll().FirstOrDefault(c => string.Equals(c.Name, _categoryName));
            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
        }
    }
}


text:
Lectures, Awards and Events
Office of Research on Women's Health
National Institute on Aging (NIA)
Neurodegenerative Disorder
2018 Alzheimer's Disease Research Summit
National Institutes of Health convened the 3rd Alzheimer's Disease (AD) Research Summit on March 1-2, 2018 in Bethesda, Maryland. The program built on the foundation laid by the 2012 and 2015 NIH AD Research Summits and the U.S. National Alzheimer's Project Act (NAPA)/National Plan to Address AD.
2017 National Research Summit on Dementia Care: Building Evidence for Services and Supports
On October 16-17, 2017, the National Advisory Council on Alzheimer's Research, Care and Services held a two-day Summit on the NIH campus entitled: National Research Summit on Dementia Care: Building Evidence for Services and Supports. The purpose of the Summit was to address the growing need for evidence that improves the quality of care and support provided to persons with dementia and their caregivers.
The Science of Caregiving, Bringing Voices Together
The National Institute of Nursing Research hosted a two-day Summit to gather a variety of stakeholder perspectives on the spectrum of caregiving issues and research for conditions and illnesses that may occur across the lifespan.
Cognitive Aging Summit III
Held in 2017, the Cognitive Aging Summit III will brought together experts in a variety of research fields to discuss the most cutting edge advances in our understanding of age-related brain and cognitive changes, with a particular focus on resilience and reserve.
2016 Alzheimer's Disease-Related Dementias (ADRD) Summit
The 2016 Alzheimer's Disease-Related Dementias (ADRD) Summit was hosted by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) in collaboration with the National Institute on Aging (NIA) and held March 29-30, 2016 at the Natcher Auditorium on the NIH Campus.
Go4Life
Go4Life is a signature public health campaign by the National Institute on Aging (NIA) to encourage older adults to get active and stay active.
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text:
You are here: Home / Accountable Care Organization / New Briefing Examines Progress in Medicare, Medicaid Changes Since Reform Was Enacted
New Briefing Examines Progress in Medicare, Medicaid Changes Since Reform Was Enacted
August 1, 2012 by Paul Clark
In the wake of the U.S. supreme Court decision in National Federation of Independent Business, et al v. Sebelius (No. 11-393) much attention has been focused on how different states are reacting to the decision. The Court limited the penalties a state faces if it doesn't expand its Medicaid program as provided under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (P.L. 111-148). In the first few days after the Court decision was announced, governors in five states–Florida, South Carolina, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Wisconsin–made it clear they do not plan to expand Medicaid. Governors in six other states–Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, and Texas– raised doubt as to wether they will participate. (See "States Elect Not to Implement Part of PPACA".)
Currently, only 10 states have affirmatively pledged to expand Medicaid.
Republicans in the House of Representatives have voted again to repeal the health reform law. The House Appropriations Subcommittee of the House Ways and Means Committee approved legislation that would cut off funding for implementation of the reform law. (See "House Appropriations Would Halt Most PPACA Implementation".)
While much of the media attention of the law has focused on changes in the private health insurance market, many of which do not go into effect until 2014, it is important to remember that the law has been in effect for over two years, and different federal agencies have been diligently turning out regulations and guidance relating to the law.
The health reform law has almost 500 changes or additions to Medicare and Medicaid law. Almost 50 final rules adding to or amending current regulations touching on Medicare and Medicaid and other insurance changes have been issued in th last two years.
WK Law & Business has prepared a briefing that focuses just on the changes in Medicare and Medicaid programs that have come about since March 2010. The briefing is arranged topically and is keyed to explanation paragraph numbers contained in the book "Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: Law, Explanation and Analysis. all references in the briefing to new laws, regulations, and other guidance are linked to the original source document. You can access this briefing here.
Health Reform Law Implementation Continues After Supreme Court Decision
Significant Medicare Cases: The Year In Review
Congress Passes Bill to Avoid "Fiscal Cliff," With Medicare Doc Fix, Other Medicare/Medicaid Extensions
Filed Under: Accountable Care Organization, Cases, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid, CHIPRA, Conditions of Participation, coverage, Drugs, Federal Trade Commission, Food & Drug Administration, Fraud & Abuse, Government Accountability Office, Health Care Compliance, Health care spending, HHS, IPPS, Legislation, Medicaid, Medicaid Expansion, Medicare, Office of Inspector General, OPPS, Part A, Part B, Part C, Patient Protection & Affordable Care Act, Prospective Payment Systems, Quality Reporting, SCOTUS, Skilled Nursing


1. What can I put in the Broken Hill Skip Bin?
You can place anything in the bin EXCEPT those materials prohibited by law or that pose a risk to safety and the environment (see What CAN'T I put in my Broken Hill Skip Bin?).
2. What CAN'T I put in my Broken Hill Skip Bin?
Car Batteries: We do not charge extra for including batteries; however, they must be placed on top of the load, and must not be leaking.
Weight allowance of 200kg per cubic metre applies to our General Waste Bins.
3. What's the deal with Asbestos?
Asbestos is a very dangerous product if not handled correctly, and may only be removed in accordance with current Regulations, and transported by persons with appropriate licences. You MUST NOT place asbestos in a Broken Hill Skip Bin. However householders may remove small amounts of asbestos and transport them to a licensed facility under certain circumstances. Please do not place your family or yourself at risk.
We are responsible for the safety and health of our employees, asbestos illegally placed in Broken Hill Skip Bins is a very serious issue. Our skips are numbered and tracked, so we can identify the source of asbestos. We charge a minimum of $500 if we discover asbestos in a Broken Hill Skip Bin.
4. What about hazardous or toxic waste?
Local Councils provide collection facilities for pesticides, herbicides and other toxic and hazardous household chemicals. Contact your local Council to find out where and when you can safely dispose of these items.
5. What should I do with old tins of paint?
If the paint is dried and hard, you can put the tin in your Broken Hill Skip Bin. However, it if it still liquid, you could leave the top off the can and let it solidify before including it with your rubbish. If there is a lot of paint, try filling a cardboard box or other unwanted container with scrunched paper and tip the paint in to make it spread out and dry quicker. Once dry, it can be disposed of in your normal rubbish or in your Broken Hill Skip Bin. There are very reasonably priced products now on the market to solidify old paint to make it environmentally safe.
6. Can I fill the skip bin with concrete or soil – is there a weight limit?
The 6 cubic metre Broken Hill Skip Bins can be filled to the rim with concrete and there is no weight limit for these sizes. Limitations apply to larger bins so please speak with us regarding your heave materials such as concrete, bricks, soil and tiles.
7. Where will the skip be placed?
Broken Hill Skip Bin trucks and bins are especially modified to manage bin placement on driveways or lawns. We do our best to maintain access for your car.
8. Will my driveway handle the weight of a loaded truck?
Be aware that the trucks are heavy, and will be heavier when collecting full skips. We don't want to risk damage, but if driveways are not well constructed or not built to handle heavy vehicles, you should consider alternative placement. Driveways, especially those paved with bricks or pavers leading onto soft lawns and gardens are vulnerable to damage if the truck needs to be near or cross over the edges. We cannot take any responsibility for driveway damage so please be careful when considering placement of your Broken Hill Skip Bin.
9. How much can I stack the skip bin up?
We are not allowed to carry unsafe load – so your bin must be safely stacked to the upper rim, so that is can be tied down and tarped. The contents of the skip should not be able to move in transit and must not hang over the sides.
10. What is a cubic metre?
A cubic metre is a standard unit of measurement. One cubic metre is the amount that would be held in a cube that is one metre wide by one metre high by one metre high by one metre deep.
11 How can I estimate what size skip bin I need?
Many customers like to use 'trailer loads' to estimate the size of bin required. On 6′ x 4′ trailer (loaded within legal limits and compliant with road laws) is approximately equal to one cubic metre. So if you think you have 4 trailer loads, then you probably need a 4 cubic metre Broken Hill Skip Bin.
If you are unsure speak with us. We want you to select the right bin for your job.
12. How long can I have the skip bin for?
We leave the skip bin with you over 6 nights or we can collect earlier if you wish. That is we deliver on day 1 and collect on day 7 so that you have a genuine six full days in between. This is ideal for weekend clean-ups! As a family friendly workplace, we don't collect on Sundays (or Public Holidays) so a skip delivered on a Thursday gets and extra day free! See the table below.
13. Can I get the skip bin collected earlier?
Yes, call the free call number to arrange an earlier collection 0447 888 441. Remember, we do not collect after lunch on Saturdays, or on Sundays and Public Holidays.
14. If I want the skip bin longer, is there an additional charge?
We charge a small fee per additional day if we cannot collect after the 6th night (on day 7) due to reasons that you control (e.g. locked gates, skip inaccessible or overfilled, skip not ready).
15. Can we get a Broken Hill Skip Bin delivered on a Saturday or Sunday?
To ensure a Saturday delivery, we recommend you book by close of business on the Friday. Please also be aware that during the winter months, we may not be open every Saturday.
16. How do I pay for the bin?
We can collect payment by cash or cheque at delivery, or you can pre-pay by electronic funds transfer when placing your order. Call 0447 888 441 if you prefer to arrange payment by electronic funds transfer.


text:
Home Page Authors Kadir Üstün
Kadir Üstün
Kadir Ustun is the Executive Director of the SETA Foundation in Washington, DC.
US-Iran Tensions: Trump Seeks a Deal of His Own
In the short and medium term, the interplay between Trump's need for a deal on his own terms and Iran's capacity to sustain the economic and political fallout from the U.S. maximum pressure campaign will determine the nature of the standoff.
Resolving the S-400 Standoff
Turkey has traditionally been a strong customer of the U.S. defense industry. However, in recent years, the negative environment in U.S. Congress has prevented Turkey from enjoying a strong defense partnership with the U.S.
Ending the Confusion over U.S. Withdrawal from Syria
Without admitting a policy failure, the U.S. will not be able to achieve meaningful cooperation with Turkey. That will neither accomplish security and stability on the ground nor help achieve U.S. policy goals in northern Syria.
Is the US Going to Withdraw from Syria or Not?
The U.S. administration has been persuaded to leave a residual U.S. force (400 soldiers), which would certainly make SDF happier than a sudden and full U.S. withdrawal. This is where the Turkish public opinion will be uneasy once again about the U.S. strategy. Leaving a residual force can easily look like the U.S. is more preoccupied with protecting the SDF forces rather than with precluding the return of Daesh.
A Safe Zone in Northern Syria is a Must for Turkey
If the U.S. and Turkey can work together on establishing a safe zone in northern Syria with the goal of achieving stability and security, it would go a long way in repairing years of mutual distrust.
Protecting the YPG Should not be a Goal of the US Withdrawal
Some argue that the U.S. should not abandon their allies on the ground and leave them to their fate, which would amount to a "betrayal of the Kurds." This line of thinking makes a couple of flawed assumptions starting with equating the PKK's Syrian affiliate the YPG with Syrian Kurds in general.
The Syria withdrawal decision is criticized on many fronts but most critics complain more about the style and timing than the substance of it. More importantly, they have failed to propose a realistic policy goal that justifies an indefinite U.S. presence.
Another Bumpy Week in US-Turkey Relations
The continued U.S. insistence on the use of the general category "Kurds" to describe the YPG forces in northern Syria is a major irritant for Turkey and a seemingly deliberate effort to legitimize the PKK.
US-Turkey Cooperation in Syria Requires Serious Strategy
Going forward, the central question will remain the same: what is the U.S. strategy in Syria? With or without U.S. troop presence on the ground, what is the main goal?
Can the US have its Cake and Eat it too in Syria?
The U.S. balancing act between supporting the PYD and providing reassurances to Turkey to be able to cooperate on the resolution of the Syrian conflict is not an easy one.
Total: 41 | Showing: 1 - 10
US-Turkey Ties on the Brink of Collapse?
Mixed Signals in US-Turkey Relations
The G20 Summit: A Lack of Leadership and Purpose
Walking Through the Minefields in the US-Turkey Relationship


The bladder is a hollow organ located within the lower pelvis. It has muscular walls that can expand to store urine and contract to expel the urine from the body through the urethra. Rarely, the specialized cells of the bladder can begin to grow at an unnatural and uncontrollable rate. Eventually, these abnormal cells can form tumors and spread throughout the body.
If you are exhibiting common symptoms of bladder cancer, please visit Orange County CyberKnife and receive our leading Phoenix bladder cancer treatment services. We recommend our bladder cancer screening services if you have had bladder cancer before, have bladder defects or are regularly exposed to chemicals that are known to contribute to cancer development.
In some cases, multiple treatment options may be recommended, depending on the type and severity of your bladder cancer. Our Phoenix bladder cancer treatment team will discuss your options with you and make sure you understand your treatment choices. You will be given time to carefully consider which treatment option(s) you want to receive and will be given detailed information regarding the possible side effects and risks associated with each one.
To schedule a consultation at our leading Phoenix cancer center, call us at 714-962-7100. You are also welcome to send us any questions you may have about our treatment options by filling out our online form. We look forward to providing you with quality, individualized care and meeting your bladder cancer treatment needs.


Assistance to smokers wanting to quit can be delivered through many different platforms. Telephone- and internet-based interventions offer enormous potential for the delivery of low cost and high reach cessation interventions.
A significant advantage of the Quitline is that it provides equity of access in regard to income, language, and location. For the price of a local landline telephone call, Quitline provides 24-hour access to confidential advice, support, courses, self-help resources, and telephone counselling for smokers who want to quit. Counsellors are non- or ex-smokers and usually have tertiary qualifications in psychology, counselling or related fields, as well as specialist training in smoking cessation. They provide tailored and evidence-based support throughout all stages of the quitting process, from thinking about quitting through to relapse prevention and maintaining abstinence. There are also specific programs for priority populations, such as people living with mental illness (especially depression), prisoners, pregnant women and partners, and cancer patients.
The overall impact of smoking cessation interventions in reducing smoking prevalence is a product of the interventions' reach and efficacy. Use of support services such as the Quitline continues to be low relative to their potential.99 Strategies that recruit more smokers to high-efficacy, low-cost services such as telephone- and internet-based interventions may help to increase the number of smokers who successfully quit.
26.	Quit Group. Review of Australian quitline services: Recommended standards and plan for implementation (unpublished, available from state Quit organisations) 2007.
27.	Quit Victoria. Calls to Australian quitlines June 2009 to June 2011, 2012.
31.	Baker J and Hayes L, 2010 quitline evaluation: Preliminary findings from the 1 month follow up. CBRC topline research report Melbourne, Australia: Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria; 2011.


(Botswana): National language. Vigorous. 150,000 second-language speakers. Used among the educated. Used more for spoken purposes than written. Officially used as language of instruction in grades 1 to 4 in all government primary schools.
In Botswana it is the 1981 Standard Setswana Orthography.
In South Africa there is standard written form of Setswana, as per Terminology and Orthography No. 4 of 1988.
Standard Latin fonts should suffice.
The South African language site "Batho Portal" http://www.sediba.org.za/ has a section on & in "Setswana."
The OpenOffice suite of software applications. See http://translate.org.za/content/view/17/54/ .
Not aware of any effort to localise Tswana software for a Botswana locale.
The Local Language Speech Technology Initiative (LLSTI) http://www.llsti.org/ has begun a text-to-speech (TTS) project with CSIR South Africa for Tswana.
This is a cross-border Southern African language that could have localized versions for Botswana as well as South Africa - though the differences apart from a few minor locale issues would probably be minor. In any event, if they are based on a common version - in this case the one done by Translate.org.za - that would make it easier for the broader user community.


The kidneys are a pair of fist-sized organs located outside the peritoneal cavity on each side of the spine. Together with the skin and the respiratory system, the kidneys are the body's primary excretory organs. The kidney is a highly specialized organ that maintains the internal environment of the body by selectively excreting or retaining various substances according to specific body needs. The importance of urine formation and excretion as a life-sustaining function is highlighted in situations in which kidney function is suddenly lost. Without at least one functioning kidney, death can occur within a few days.
Urine is a very complex fluid comprised of 95% water and 5% solids. The approximately one to one and one-half liters of urine excreted each day are the end product of metabolism carried out by billions of cells in the renal and urinary systems.
The nephron is the kidney's primary functional unit. Each kidney has about 1 million nephrons. Each nephron contains a filtering system known as a glomerulus, and a tubule, through which the filtered liquid passes. Each glomerulus consists of a capillary network surrounded by a membrane called Bowman's capsule. The afferent arteriole carries blood from the renal artery into the glomerulus, where it divides to form a circulatory network. At the distal end of the glomerulus, the capillaries rejoin to form the efferent arteriole through which blood leaves the glomerulus.
A large amount of circulating blood flows through the kidneys. Approximately 25% of the cardiac output or 1200 ml of blood per minute is received by the kidneys. One liter of urine is the end product of more than 1000 liters of circulating blood processed through the kidneys. Urine formation begins in the glomerular capillaries, with dissolved substances passing into the proximal tubule as a result of the force of blood pressure in the large afferent arteriole and the pressure in Bowman's capsule.
The renal tubule is responsible for reabsorption and secretion. Reabsorption is the process of moving solutes from the tubules and reabsorbing or returing them to the bloodstream. Some substances such as glucose and sodium are reabsorbed until the plasma level reaches a specific concentration known as the renal threshold. Secretion is the process of transporting solutes into the renal tubule so that they can be excreted in the urine. Secretion allows substances such as hydrogen ions to be eliminated at a rate that exceeds glomerular filtration. Both reaborption and secretion are controlled by the selective permeability of different areas of the renal tubule to water, sodium, and urea (a by-product of protein metabolism) and the response of the distal collecting tubules in the kidney to hormones such as aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and parathyroid hormone.
The kidney has a remarkable ability to dilute or concentrate urine, according to an individual's changing physiological needs, and to regulate electrolyte excretion. Impaired renal function has adverse effects on blood chemistry, blood pressure, fluid balance, nutrient intake, and the person's general state of health. When kidney function becomes compromised by disease, the processes of glomerular filtration and renal tubular reabsorption and secretion become affected. Blood and urine biochemical tests reflect the extent of this dysfunction. Renal function tests are used to screen for kidney disease, to help determine the cause of kidney disease, the to determine the extent of renal dysfunction.
Renal failure is a loss of renal function characterized by uremia, the retention of nitrogenous wastes in the blood. Acute renal failure is rapid in onset and can often be reversed. Acute renal failure is classified as prerenal, renal, and postrenal failure. Prerenal failure is caused by decreased blood flow to the kidneys, as occurs with congestive heart failure. Renal failure results from injury to the kidney's glomeruli and tubules. The most common causes of renal failure are glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, and tubular damage caused by drugs, heavy metals, and viral infection. Post renal failure is caused by obstruction in the urinary tract below the kidneys. This can occur from urinary tract stones, tumors, and anatomic obstruction due to benign prostatic hypertrophy. Chronic renal failure has a slow onset, may follow episodes of acute renal failure, and is not reversible. Chronic renal failure often results from acute glomerulonephritis or pyelonephritis. Other reasons for chronic renal failure include diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis of the renal blood vessels, hypertension, polycystic kidney disease, and kidney stones.
Reabsorption of water and physiologically necessary substances occurs in the renal tubules.