Searchdaimon is a open source search engine for corporate data and websites. It is as simple to use as your favorite Internet search engine, yet it has the added power of delivering results from numerous systems with standardised attribute navigation. Searchdaimon is easy to install, open and scalable.
Run it for free as a VMware/Xen/VirtualBox Virtual appliance.
Run it for free on your own server.
Run it in the Amazon cloud.
...or buy it as an appliance from us.
Index Microsoft® Exchange, SharePoint®, files and databases. Optional connection to Microsoft® Active Directory to maintain existing permissions.
Suited for the cloud and SaaS.
Write your own data connectors.
Get search results as XML or OpenSearch.
The Searchdaimon Enterprise Search (ES) aims to be an Plug'n'Play open source solution for information retrieval for websites and companies.
Our solution comes complete with operating system and software as an virtual appliance. It can be installed on a standard Intel server, on a VMware/Xen/VirtualBox platform, in the Amazon cloud, or you can get it as a Search Appliance on a server supplied from us.
Searching is ofcourse the most important aspect of the ES. A clean and simple user interface gives you search results in seconds, and the advanced functions such as filtering and sorting are there when you need them.
You can restrict your search to type of document, data source, date and meta-information such as contacts, customers, sales and projects. You can also sort on date or relevancy.
Structured data can be presented as a table among the results. Often you'll see the information you need in the user interface, without having to open the data source itself.
Here you see a hit from a SharePoint list of contacts. Notice how the email address is directly visible in the results.
Query words are suggested as you type.
The ES can propose correctly spelled words if you have misspelled a word. For example correcting "enterprie serch" to enterprise search. As for Suggest, the dictionary is built from indexed documents.
Searching for "car" also shows documents containing "cars", etc.
Searchdaimon ES can easily be integrated with you existing systems. It will let you search information from documents, e-mail, attachements, customer relation systems and other content sources. Everything is done from a intuitive web user interface, and can be compared with using Google, only on your company's content.
Support indexing of common enterprise systems like Windows file shares, Microsoft Exchange, intranet and external websites and Microsoft Sharepoint. You may also write your own connectors directly from our administration interface.
Everything can be controlled from the web based administration panel.
Easily follow user behavior and system performance.
As mentioned above the ES can be installed on a standard Intel server, on a VMware/Xen/VirtualBox platform, in the Amazon cloud, or you can get it as a Search Appliance on a server supplied from us.
The ES can be run at Amazon Web Services. AWS is the world`s largest cloud computing platform. With data center locations in the U.S., Europe, Brazil, Singapore, and Japan, AWS provides a highly reliable, scalable, low-cost cloud computing platform that powers hundreds of thousands of businesses in 190 countries around the world.
The ES can run as a virtual machine on a VMware/Xen/VirtualBox system. Basic virtualization software is free, and exist in both desktop and server versions.
The ES can also be delivered as a physical Search Appliance.
In Searchdaimon we have been working on cloud computing and virtualization for a long time. Already in 1998, for our Internet search engine boitho.com we developed one of the first truly fully distributed, shared nothing, file systems called "bfs". We did setup our first MPI cluster in 1999.
Searchdaimon has had an account on Amazon Web Services sins September 19, 2006. That's when it was still in limited beta, and you had to provide a small essay about what exciting things you would use it for.
Searchdaimon is a VMware Technology Alliance Partner. We have extensively VMware experience, and run many of our own internal servers, customer demos and other development servers on our own internal ESX cluster.
Personnel from Searchdaimon participate in two VirtualBox related projects; Portable-VirtualBox and VBoxVmService.


Co-organized with the Baltimore Museum of Art, this exhibition features more than 90 paintings and drawings by Henri Matisse (1869-1954) and Richard Diebenkorn (1922-1993) that illustrate the French modern master's enduring influence on the post-war American painter. Diebenkorn's long engagement with Matisse's work is among the most productive instances of one painter looking at another's paintings in the history of 20th-century art. This exhibition presents the trajectory of Diebenkorn's long and successful career with some of the powerful works by Matisse that the younger artist would have seen.
This exhibition is also on view at the Baltimore Museum of Art (October 23, 2016 – January 29, 2017).


He represents six generations of a Family which had dedicated their lives, energies and passion to the Magic of Glass.
It's the same curiosity that, when he was a child, put him to know this mysterious material able to change shape and color according to the Master's will: that same curiosity that, today, makes Massimiliano Schiavon the passionate and creative Master the world knows.
He started working at the family's Factory, improving, getting better, learning new secrets day by day. What makes him special are the drawing skills together with the knowledge of materials, colors, chemicals and characteristics of different type of glass. All this allows Massimiliano to be able to forge any kind of creation he's able to imagine.
He's also familiar with the grinding techniques and almost each piece of art is decorated with precise cuts and engravings.
He specialized in creating artistic items, actually as Unique Piece, coming with a Certificate of Guarantee signed by the Artist and marked 1/1.
Several Art Galleries all over the world have shown a large interest in Massimiliano's talent and he's now profitably collaborating with Germany, Russia, United States and Canada. Certainty that "the best publicity is the well-made work", Massimiliano continued to invent new Collections and together with the Maestri that today work with him, knew to offer always a unique product than is not subjected to competition. His strenght is the hand free work, without any support of mold and thanks to a continuous search for novelty.
A great commendation therefore to Claudio Zama, Giorgio Valentini, Wili Bardella and opening our new furnace, also to Luca Bardella.
This carried to increase their visibility to Europe, to the United States market, to Australia, Canada and Russia.
The production of "artistic vases", today goes at the same pace with the production of chandeliers. These too are recognized like "unique pieces" for color, composition and dimension.
It is this continuous search and desire to realize ideas, that droved Massimiliano to seek a larger location for his business, a place more consistent with him where to develop his Art Team.
The project of re-opening his grandfather's Factory, closed for more than ten years, was born from a real requirement to expand the actual entrepreneurial activity in a more spacious environment and more consistent with the present productive reality of this young Company which is already establishing its logo in strategic market and internationals Art Galleries.


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Breaking Down Barriers to Work for Military Families — and All Americans
Heather Curry, Heather Curry
Pathways to OpportunityStrong CommunitiesVeterans
While politicians of all stripes talk of the need to create more jobs, about one in four jobs in America requires an occupational license, a government permission slip to work. These licenses are expensive, demand time-consuming training and are subject to requirements that vary from state to state. The Goldwater Institute has a solution that breaks down barriers to work, and it's already been enacted by 18 states in just a few short years, helping to put thousands of Americans back to work. As we approach Veterans Day, we should look to raise awareness of this important issue that affects military families and many others.
Imagine spending 1,000 hours of your life pursuing the skills and experience necessary to obtain a license to work in your dream job. Now, imagine relocating from one state to another only to find that all that hard work was for nothing. Your license, your time and all of your efforts are suddenly worthless. In fact, you may have to start all over again, rebuilding your career from scratch to match your new state's requirements. Unfortunately, this is the reality facing the many Americans who work in one of many careers that require an occupational license.
Americans face government-imposed barriers to work in a wide range of professions, including as barbers, plumbers, real estate agents, sign language interpreters, florists, landscapers, coaches and interior designers. No matter an individual's qualifications, he or she must reapply for permission to work in these fields and many others when moving to a new state. That's a costly and unnecessary barrier for countless Americans who are trying to earn a living.
One group of Americans is particularly hard hit by occupational licensing requirements: military families. The average military family moves every two to three years, packing up the contents of their lives and getting adjusted to new neighborhoods, new schools and new routines. For military spouses, these frequent relocations can mean major disruptions in their careers. Those who work in fields that require occupational licenses often have to invest more time and more money simply to continue doing their jobs in their new state of residence.
By the time a military spouse completes paperwork and testing, obtains a license and finds a job, new orders likely will come through that direct their family to move again—and the process for work certification will need to start anew. At some point, these military spouses may begin to ask when it will be their turn to put their careers first.
The cost of occupational licensing for low-income Americans is also especially hard to bear. Low-income Americans are those least able to afford the time and money needed to get re-licensed each time an opportunity across state lines arises. They pay the price as consumers of services too. Current estimates find that consumers spend $203 billion per year on burdensome occupational licensing requirements. For a family of four making less than $40,000 per year, these costs are not easily ignored.
The Goldwater Institute's Breaking Down Barriers to Work Act helps military spouses — and all Americans with occupational licenses — to keep working. Instead of asking licensed professionals to jump through expensive, time-consuming and redundant hoops, this law directs state governments to issue licenses to new residents who apply and meet simple, commonsense criteria. The legislation breaks down barriers to work, and allows licensed professionals, including members of the military, veterans and their families the freedom to pursue the American Dream.
In 2019, Arizona became the first state to enact universal recognition, and since then, more than 4,000 workers have applied for and been granted an Arizona license to work based on out-of-state training and qualifications. These success stories represent more than the successful implementation of a transformative idea; they represent the families, careers and communities that benefit when government steps out of the way of Americans who are skilled, ready and willing to work. Other states are following suit. In addition to the 18 states that already have enacted a version of the Breaking Down Barriers to Work Act, more than 25 others introduced the law this year as well. The Goldwater Institute won't stop fighting for this critical reform until it is enacted in all 50 states.
Heather Curry is the director of strategic engagement at the Goldwater Institute, where she leads the institute's national legislative affairs efforts. Additionally, she directs the Breaking Down Barriers to Work initiative, a multi-state effort to advance Goldwater's latest flagship reform, the universal recognition of out-of-state occupational licenses.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Sorry, bad pun… but I couldn't resist with this post featuring the cutest orange print tie front top! This shirt just screams summertime! I love the bright colors and print, and the tie front is a really big trend this season. When I saw this shirt I just had to buy it! No, this isn't a sponsored post! I just thought it was that stinkin' cute.
Shop this cute Orange Print Tie Front Top!


Carnival Spectacular is this year's colourful theme for Government House Gala Ball.
As one of the most prestigious dry season charity events, this black tie evening will be one to remember.
Tickets priced at $250pp include a 3 course meal and quality wines and beer. Tables of 10 available.
Special guest Andre Rieu's Australian Angel Soprano/Singer Mirusia Louwerse and local Darwin band "The Kicks" will entertain you throughout the night as you enjoy the ambience of this stunning venue…Government House.


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The Qantas Australian Rugby Sevens program is delighted to announce the signing of Bradley Wilkin, effective from January 2015.
The Queensland Reds Elite Development flanker, who turned 19 earlier this month, arrives at Sevens HQ in Narrabeen with a wealth of experience under his belt having represented Australian Schoolboys, Queensland Schoolboys and Brisbane City in the Buildcorp National Rugby Championshiip.
Wilkin has previous experience playing Rugby Sevens after representing Australia in the Youth Olympic Festival in January 2013.
Bradley Wilkin said: "I'm really excited to be given this opportunity. It's a brilliant chance for a new experience and to learn new skills and develop my game. I had a chat with [former Australian Sevens representative] Liam Gill at the Reds and he told me that Geraint [John] was a very, very good coach who I can learn a lot from.
Despite impressive performances in the Dubai and Port Elizabeth legs of the 2014/15 HSBC Sevens World Series from his side, Australian Men's Head Coach Geraint John was keen to add to his stocks in the forwards.
Geraint John said: "Brad is a player that comes highly recommended. He will complement the players we have in the group already with his height and physicality. Brad is an athletic forward and will give us that extra edge at the breakdown which is so crucial in the Sevens World Series these days. From my discussions with him, he is hungry and keen to learn - I'm looking forward to working with him day-to-day at our centralised program and watching him develop as a player.
Wilkin will re-locate to Sydney's Northern Beaches in the New Year and will commence training with the Sevens program on 5 January.


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John Hodgman explains what's wrong with "Meh"
Cory Doctorow 10:30 am Tue Feb 24, 2009
Waxy's got a reprint from John Hodgman's Twitter feed yesterday, a 140-char-at-a-time masterful rip into the most odious of Internet jargon: "Meh."
hodgman: Did I ever tell you people how much I hate the word "meh"? Nothing announces "I have missed the point" more than that word.
hodgman: It is the essence of blinkered Internet malcontentism. And a rejection of joy. Also: 12 hive mehs in the replies SO FAR
hodgman: By definition, it may mean disinterest (although simple silence would be a more damning and sincere response, in that case)
hodgman: But in use, it almost universally seems to signal: I am just interested enough to make one last joyless, nitpicky swipe and then disappear
John Hodgman on "meh"
Apple's head of security indicted in iPads-for-gun-licenses bribery case
Apple's Chief Security Officer Thomas Moyer was charged with bribery Tuesday after allegedly giving 200 iPads to local officials in exchange for concealed-carry gun licenses for Apple's security team. The Morgan Hill Times reports that others indicted included Santa Clara County Sheriff's Office Undersheriff Rick Sung, Capt. James Jensen, and local businessman Harpreet Chadha, also… READ THE REST


It is summer time and I am seeing a lot of pregnant women walking around. Maybe it is just because people are less clothed, but I always see so many more pregnant women in the summertime than other times of year. In honor of all the summer babies I am having a sale on all my animal lovey patterns this week on my Craftsy store (affiliate link). Loveys are a perfect baby shower gift -- every baby needs a lovey friend to cuddle with at night! They are easier to make than you might think and only take a couple hours to sew.
Also this week I am participating in Stitch Swap - a fun event where bloggers are assigned another blogger, secret santa style, to whom they send a yard of fabric. The recipient sews up something with the fabric they have received and blogs about it. I wanted to participate because I always love getting surprises in the mail and I liked the idea of being challenged to sew something with a fabric that I might not have necessarily picked out myself.
So from my partner I got this cool Velocity print in blue, which I found for sale here, in case you want some too.


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Ron Borland received the 2020 John Slade Award
We are pleased to announce that Professor Ron Borland is the recipient of the 2020 John Slade Award. This highly prestigious award is bestowed by the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco and honours a senior researcher who has made outstanding contributions to public health and tobacco control through science-based public policy and public advocacy.
Professor Ron Borland PhD joined the Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences in July 2019. For the previous 33 years he has been a researcher at the Cancer Council Victoria, most recently as the Nigel Gray Distinguished Fellow in Cancer Prevention (since 2004). He is recognized internationally for his work, especially in tobacco control, and has served on National Committees and provided several consultancies for WHO. He has published more than 400 peer-reviewed papers. He is listed in the Web of Science list of the World's most influential scientists. He is one of the Principal Investigators of the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project: an international collaboration that is analysing the impact of policies on smoking behavior. His work has led to better understanding of the challenges of preventing relapse.
He has developed a range of mass-disseminable, smoking-cessation interventions, including the QuitCoach which he has shown to be effective in randomized trials. He is also currently researching harm minimization strategies and strategies to assist highly disadvantaged, high risk prevalence groups of smokers. He has written extensively on systems approaches and ways of integrating individual level and population-focussed change. He is the developer of CEOS theory: a comprehensive theory of Hard to Maintain Behaviour Change.
Ron's long-standing contributions to tobacco research clearly epitomise this extremely well-deserved achievement.


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Home / Shop / ARTISTS / Robert Taylor / THE DOOLITTLE TOKYO RAIDERS Giclée on Canvas
THE DOOLITTLE TOKYO RAIDERS Giclée on Canvas
Col. "Jimmy" Doolittle leaves the heaving deck of the carrier USS Hornet while another B-25 launches behind him on the morning of April 18, 1942.
SKU: N/A Categories: Canvas Giclées, Robert Taylor Tags: B-25 Mitchell, Doolittle Raid, Maritime, Pacific Theater, US Navy, USS Hornet
75Giclee Studio Proofs $795.00 Stretched canvas Giclée
THE DOOLITTLE TOKYO RAIDERS Giclée on Canvas quantity
Commemorating the 70th Anniversary of the most audacious raid carried out in the Pacific during World War II – the famous 'Doolittle raid.'
On the morning of April 18th, 1942, just four months following the devastating surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, sixteen Army Air Force B-25 bombers under the command of Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittle engaged in a daring aerial raid to strike back at the enemy's capital of Tokyo. For his role, Doolittle was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor.
Robert Taylor's classic masterwork was created with the technical assistance of Jimmy Doolittle himself, and portrays the moment that Doolittle leaves the heaving deck of the carrier USS Hornet while another B-25 launches behind him. The original print edition, signed by Doolittle and thirteen of his men, is now a rarity highly sought on the secondary market. Thanks to the Giclée process, collectors can now complement those high value signed prints with the release of these Studio Proofs.
Produced and printed onto fine canvas under the direct supervision of the artist to match his original painting, and then mounted on to high-quality stretchers from the Military Gallery studio, each of these carefully crafted Giclée Studio Proofs is fully authorized and personally hand-signed by the artist Robert Taylor.
Exclusively limited to just 75 copies worldwide, each canvas Giclée is stamped on the back, hand-numbered and issued with a highly informative Certificate of Authenticity.
Giclée on canvas
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GUNFIGHT OVER RABAUL
PACIFIC AIRBASE
BEACH HEAD STRIKE FORCE
SEMPER FI SKIES


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Two-storey Buildings in Herculaneum
View of the Decumanus Maximus (main east-west axis) of Herculaneum with the House of the Black Hall on the left and the House of the Bicentenary on the right.
Original image byCarole Raddato. Uploaded by Carole Raddato, published on 21 January 2020 under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms.
Images90
Herculaneum
Herculaneum, located on the Bay of Naples, was a Roman town which...
Two-storey Building, Herculaneum
A two-storey building at Herculaneum. The town was buried under...
Renaissance architecture originated in Italy and superseded the...
A Visitor's Guide to Oplontis, Stabiae & Boscoreale
More than 2,000 years ago, extremely wealthy Romans lived on the...
Pompeii was a large Roman town in Campania, Italy which was buried...
Prodigies: Earthquake Perception from Julius to L'Aquila
The beauty of being an archaeologist is having the good fortune...
Raddato, C. (2020, January 21). Two-storey Buildings in Herculaneum. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/image/11748/two-storey-buildings-in-herculaneum/
Raddato, Carole. "Two-storey Buildings in Herculaneum." World History Encyclopedia. Last modified January 21, 2020. https://www.worldhistory.org/image/11748/two-storey-buildings-in-herculaneum/.
Raddato, Carole. "Two-storey Buildings in Herculaneum." World History Encyclopedia. World History Encyclopedia, 21 Jan 2020. Web. 17 Jan 2022.


Our OCHO Dark Chocolate Caramel Mini combines classic dark chocolate with creamy caramel for a rich and subtly salted finish. We craft our own small-batch caramel syrup, then add milk, cane sugar and fresh organic butter for this tasteful delight.
Not only did we come up with what we think is the perfect chocolate and caramel combination, but we took our time and did it right. That's why these chocolate mini candies are non-GMO, gluten-free and, as always, organic.
Happy Camper! Great find for me.
It's just a tad too sweet. I like caramels when they have some chewiness to them, like when you bite into them and they separate from your mouth there is a stringy goodness that you have to pull apart…you know what I mean. I still like it…it's a "delicate" texture.
Bought the huge size of dark chocolate caramels… felt a little nutty buying sooo much, but i cant find these near me and they keep me from eating too much sugar… one or two are all you need when that sweet tooth calls❤ Organic and incredibly delicious. Nothing else compares!
Dark chocolate with caramel is awesome!
I enjoyed the dark chocolate with sea salt. They are very good.
It is so nice to find a caramel that isn't sweet, just flavorful and sooooo good!!! Love dark chocolate and these are just great. I hide them from my husband..
These are absolutely delicious! I wish I could find them at every supermarket. I go through the pack so quickly!
I hope they stock them everywhere!
I recently was diagnosed with a soy intolerance. Soy is in practically all chocolate and caramel. I found this after three months of no caramel. I'm in love. The flavor is amazing. It is the best chocolate caramel candy I have ever had.
I love your coconut bar! Organic dark chocolate filled with coconut and not too sweet, yum!
ORGANIC DARK CHOCOLATE (ORGANIC CACAO BEANS, ORGANIC EVAPORATED CANE SUGAR, ORGANIC COCOA BUTTER, SUNFLOWER LECITHIN), ORGANIC TAPIOCA SYRUP, ORGANIC CANE SUGAR, ORGANIC SWEETENED CONDENSED MILK (ORGANIC MILK, ORGANIC SUGAR), ORGANIC BUTTER (ORGANIC CREAM, SALT), WATER, SEA SALT, AND ORGANIC VANILLA EXTRACT.


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There's a big surprise for the Shelter Pet Squad: A group of sato puppies has arrived! Satos are homeless dogs—of various breeds—from Puerto Rico. The kids will help them settle in until they are ready for adoption.
Suzannah plays with a pup named Paloma until the little dog falls asleep in her lap. It's puppy love!
That's why it's hard, the next week, when a line of people forms at the shelter to adopt the satos. Suzannah should be happy that Paloma will soon have a new home. The only problem is... she's not ready to let the dog go.
Is there any way for Paloma to get adopted without breaking Suzannah's heart?
Animal lovers will adore this third book in the irresistible Shelter Pet Squad series by Newbery Honor author Cynthia Lord.


The beach road has seen must change in its lifetime, with some goodbyes as well as hellos to new faces in small business. Two stand out businesses that have debuted in the past few years are Surfin' Spoon Frozen Yogurt Bar and Seagreen Gallery, both in Nags Head. The local community and visitors alike have welcomed these two with open arms since their beginnings. Seagreen Gallery opened in 2011 and Surfin' Spoon in 2012, both at milepost 10.5. Both the owners of Seagreen Gallery and Surfin' Spoon decided to reuse and revive older Nags Head buildings instead of destructing and building new, what great examples of recycling!
As a local, I can guarantee you that Surfin' Spoon will be the best frozen yogurt you can find on the beach, they even offer a variety of mouth watering sorbets for our dairy-free friends. The topping bar is always diverse and super fresh, sometimes with hand-picked strawberries from across the bridge. If you've been coming to the Outer Banks long enough, you may recognize Seagreen Gallery's space as the old Musicana and before that, Gray's department store. Seagreen Gallery has become anothe favorite of mine for gifts and decorations you won't find anywhere else. Gallery owners have most certainly mastered "the fine art of reuse" in their products, my favorites being the turntable wall clocks and assortment of beach glass and coral jewelry.
To top it all off, the two are neighbors so if you're driving through Nags Head go grab some froyo and checkout the unique and recycled finds at the gallery right next door!


Andii. Age: 20. I am just looking for friends to talk with. If the occasional cup of coffee is involved, so much the better!
I had no idea that I could play movies on my Android through Google Play. I thought it was just the App store. By Icent Posted on October 22, Wha not download the video my phone.
I let it pop in pretty often.... but never a full on close-up and never for very long. I just never imagined people would care what my face looked like.


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Bolivia sent a delegation to compete at the 2008 Summer Olympics, held in Beijing, China. The South American country's delegation was the fifteenth Summer Olympic team and seventeenth overall Olympic team overall sent by the country. Bolivia's National Olympic Committee sent seven athletes–three women and four men–across five sports and seven distinct events. A substantial number of the athletes originated in southern Bolivian cities, most notably Santa Cruz de la Sierra. All athletes except for cyclist Horacio Gallardo finished their events, although no medals were won by the country at these Games (or at any Games up to this point, summer or winter). Trap shooter César Menacho was the Bolivian flag bearer at the ceremonies.

Background
Bolivia is a landlocked, predominantly mountainous nation in central South America that is inhabited mainly by Amerindian peoples. The nation of 10 million people lies to the southwest of Brazil, to the northwest of Paraguay, to the north of Argentina and of Chile, and to the east of Peru. Bolivia was originally colonized by the Spanish, and broke away from the Spanish Empire in 1825. The nation endured a period of instability that consisted of nearly 200 coups between then and 1982, when a popularly elected democratic government came into power. The first Bolivian delegation to the Olympics appeared 46 years before the arrival of democracy in Bolivia, when two men competed at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Nazi Germany. However, Bolivian athletes did not return to the Olympics afterwards until the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. The size of the Bolivian delegation has increased steadily since that time, and has peaked several times—most notably at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, when 13 athletes arrived to represent their country across six sports. The first female Bolivian Olympian competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, USA. Bolivian athletes competed at fifteen Summer Olympic games (and seventeen Olympic games of any kind) by the end of the Beijing games, missing the 1948–1960 and 1980 games.

Seven athletes competed in the Beijing Olympics on Bolivia's behalf. More than half the delegation was more than 30 years old, with the eldest athlete being trap shooter César Menacho at age 43 and the youngest being 26-year-old swimmer Miguel Navarro. Four of the athletes were male and three were female, and the athletes competed across five distinct events (track and field, cycling, shooting, swimming, weightlifting). In its history up to and including Beijing's Olympic games, there has been no Bolivian athlete who has won a medal in any event. Menacho was selected as flagbearer for the ceremonies.

Athletics

Fadrique Ignacio Iglesias Mendizábal competed in the men's 800 meters races at Beijing while representing Bolivia. Born in Cochabamba, a major Bolivian city in the center of the country, Iglesias was 23 years old when he competed in the same event at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. During the qualification round of the men's 800 meters, which took place on August 20, Iglesias competed in the sixth heat against seven other athletes. He finished the race in 1:50.57, placing seventh in his heat. Yemen's Mohammed Al-Yafaee placed immediately behind Iglesias (1:54.82), while Canada's Achraf Tadili placed sixth (1:48.87) in a heat led by Morocco's Amine Laalou (1:47.86) and Uganda's Abraham Chepkirwok (1:47.93). Of the 58 athletes who finished the event, Fadrique Iglesias placed 53rd. He did not advance to later rounds.

Sonia Calizaya Huanca competed on Bolivia's behalf in the women's marathon, and was the only female Bolivian track athlete at the Beijing games. Born in the de facto Bolivian capital of La Paz, Calizaya competed in Beijing at the age of 32. She had not previously competed at any earlier Olympic games. During the course of the marathon, which took place on August 16, Calizaya competed against 81 other athletes. Of those, 68 finished. Calizaya finished the race in 2 hours, 45 minutes and 53 seconds, placing 59th out of the 69. In comparison, gold medalist Constantina Diță of Romania finished the race in 2 hours, 26 minutes and 44 seconds, and 69th place finalist Oksana Sklyarenko of the Ukraine completed the marathon in 2 hours, 55 minutes and 39 seconds.

Men

Women

Cycling

Horacio "Torpedo" Gallardo Burgos competed in the Beijing Olympics on Bolivia's behalf as its only road cyclist. He competed in the men's individual road race. Born in the southern town of San Bernardo de la Frontera de Tarija, Gallardo was 27 years old at the time of his competition in Beijing. Gallardo had not previously competed at any Olympic games. He competed in the men's individual road race, which took place on the 8th of August. The competition included 143 cyclists, with 90 finishing the race; Gallardo was one of the 53 competitors who did not finish the race.

Shooting

César David Menacho Flores was the sole Bolivian competitor in shooting events at the Beijing Olympics. A competitor in men's trap shooting, Menacho was born in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, and was 43 years old at the Beijing Games. Menacho had not previously competed in any Olympic events. On August 9, during the event's preliminary round, Menacho faced 34 other athletes. The preliminary round consisted of five rounds, with Menacho scoring 24; 22; 21; 18; and 21, respectively, during these rounds. He did not advance to the final, posting a total point score was 106, placing Menacho in 34th place between last-place finalist Eric Ang of the Philippines and 33rd place finalist Alberto Fernandez of Spain at the 2008 Summer Olympics, both of whom also finished with a score of 106. In comparison, the Czech Republic's gold medalist David Kostelecky finished the final round at 146 points.

Men

Swimming

Katerine Moreno de Quintanilla competed on Bolivia's behalf in the women's 50 meters freestyle. Born in the metropolis of Santa Cruz de la Sierra in the central-southern region of the country, Moreno first competed at the Olympics at age 14 in the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea, where she competed in the women's 50 meters freestyle, 100 meters freestyle, 100 meters backstroke and 100 meters breaststroke. She later qualified for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, in the women's 100 meters breaststroke. Moreno returned in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece in the same event. The Bolivian swimmer was 34 when she raced in Beijing, marking her fourth Olympic appearance and seventh Olympic competition. During the preliminary round, Moreno competed in heat four against seven other athletes. She finished fourth with a time of 29.05 seconds, placing ahead of Mongolia's Dashtserengiin Saintsetseg (29.63 seconds) and behind American Samoa's Virginia Farmer (28.82 seconds), in a heat led by Mozambique's Ximene Gomes (28.15 seconds) and Swaziland's Senele Dlamini (28.70 seconds). Of the 90 finishing athletes, Moreno placed 64th. She did not advance to later rounds.

Miguel Ángel Navarro competed on Bolivia's behalf in the men's 100 meters freestyle event. Born in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Navarro competed in Beijing at the age of 26. He had not previously competed at any Olympic games. During the course of the event's preliminary round, which took place on August 12, Navarro competed in the first heat against two other athletes. He completed the event in 56.96 seconds, placing second between the heat winner Emile Rony Bakale of the Republic of the Congo (55.08 seconds) and last placed Sofyan El Gadi of Libya (57.89 seconds) Overall Navarro ranked 63rd of 64 competitors that competed in the event. Therefore, he did not progress further.

Men

Women

Weightlifting

María Teresa Monasterio competed in the middleweight class (63 kilograms or less) of weightlifting on Bolivia's behalf  during the Beijing Olympics. Monasterio was Bolivia's only weightlifter during these Olympics. Born in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Monasterio entered the Beijing competitions at the age of 38. The female competition for Monasterio's weight class took place on August 12 between 20 competitors. During snatches, the Bolivian successfully lifted 60 kilograms on her first attempt and 63 kilograms on her second, and unsuccessfully attempted 65 kilograms on her third. She then successfully lifted 75 kilograms and 78 kilograms in her first two clean and jerk attempts, and unsuccessfully attempted 80 kilograms on her third and final try. Her final score, the combination of her highest snatch and clean and jerk weights, was 141 kilograms. 17 athletes successfully finished, with the Bolivian athlete finishing last of those. Tunisia's Hanene Ourfelli ranked immediately ahead of Monasterio (175 kilograms). In comparison, gold medalist Pak Hyon Suk of North Korea lifted 241 kilograms.

See also
 Bolivia at the 2007 Pan American Games

References

Nations at the 2008 Summer Olympics
2008
Olympics

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Tag: air pollution
Bjorn Lomborg: Renewable energy is Africa's poverty trap
The bulk of Africa's energy comes from renewables, that's the problem. To reduce poverty the continent needs more fossil fuels.
Africa is the world's most "renewable" continent when it comes to energy. In the rich world, renewables account for less than a tenth of total energy supplies. The 900 million people of sub-Saharan Africa (excluding South Africa) get 80 per cent of their energy from renewables.
A person in Europe or North America uses 11,000 kilowatt-hours per year on average (much of it through industrial processes), while a person in Sub-Sahara Africa uses only 137kWh – less than a typical American refrigerator uses in four months. More than 600 million people in Africa have no access to electricity at all.
All this is not because Africa is green, but because it is poor. Some 2 per cent of the continent's energy needs are met by hydro-electricity, and 78 per cent by humanity's oldest "renewable" fuel: wood. This leads to heavy deforestation and lethal indoor air pollution, which kills 1.3 million people each year.
What Africa needs, according to many activists, is to be dotted with solar panels and wind turbines. But when US President Barack Obama hosted a summit of African leaders in 2014, most said they wanted more fossil fuels. In the words of Tanzanian Minerals and Energy Minister Sospeter Muhongo: "We will start intensifying the utilisation of coal. Why shouldn't we use coal when there are other countries where their CO₂ [carbon dioxide] per capita is so high?. We will just go ahead."
Europe and North America became rich thanks to cheap, plentiful power. In 1800, 94 per cent of all global energy came from renewables, almost all of it wood and plant material. In 1900, renewables provided 41 per cent of all energy; even at the end of World War II, renewables still provided 30 per cent of global energy. Since 1971, the share of renewables has bottomed out, standing at around 13.5 per cent today. Almost all of this is wood, with just 0.5 per cent from solar and wind.
The International Energy Agency estimates that if all countries fulfil the pledges made at the Paris climate change conference last month, the proportion of renewables could increase slightly in the next 25 years, to 18.7 per cent. In the International Energy Agency's more likely scenario, the share will reach just 15.4 per cent.
COW MANURE AND WOOD
Most of that "renewable" energy will still come from crop residue, cow manure, wood, and biofuels. While a solar panel can provide energy for a light bulb and a charge for a cell phone, it does little to help run stoves to avoid indoor air pollution or fridges to keep vaccines and food fresh, much less power agriculture and industry. By 2040, in the IEA's optimistic scenario, solar power in sub-Saharan Africa will produce 14kWh per person per year, less than what is needed to keep a single two-watt LED permanently lit. The IEA also estimates that renewable power will still cost more, on average, than any other source – oil, gas, nuclear, coal, or hydro, even with a carbon tax.
Few in the rich world would switch to renewables without heavy subsidies, and certainly no one would cut off their connection to the mostly fossil-fuel-powered grid that provides stable power on cloudy days and at night (another form of subsidy). Yet Western activists seem to believe that the world's worst-off people should be satisfied with inadequate and irregular electricity supplies.
In its recent Africa Energy Outlook, the IEA estimates that Africa's energy consumption will increase by 80 per cent by 2040; but, with the continent's population almost doubling, less energy per person will be available. Although nearly 1 billion additional people will gain access to electricity by 2040, 530 million will still be cut off.
But the IEA outlines another possible future – what it calls the "African Century" – in which Africa's governments and donors invest an extra $US450 billion ($640 billion) in energy. This would sharply increase the use of fossil fuels, reduce much of the most polluting renewables, and provide energy access to 230 million more people. Providing more – and more reliable – power to almost two billion people will increase GDP by 30 per cent in 2040. Each person on the continent will be almost $US1000 better off every year.
In Western countries, environmental campaigners would focus on the downside – 300 million tonnes of additional CO₂ emissions in 2040, and higher outdoor air pollution from greater reliance on coal power – and ask why anyone would want to increase CO₂ and air pollution. But let's look at the costs and benefits.
The almost 4 billion extra tonnes of CO₂ emitted over the next 25 years would cause about $US140 billion in damage from global warming, using the US official (though, likely somewhat exaggerated) social cost figure. The increase in coal use would lead to more air pollution, costing about $US30 billion during this period.
One day, innovation could drive down the price of future green energy to the point that it lifts people out of poverty more effectively than fossil fuels do. Globally, we should invest much more in such innovation. But global warming will not be fixed by hypocritically closing a path out of poverty to the world's poor.
Source: afr
Posted in Energy ArticlesTagged air pollution, biofuels, Coal, cow manure, fossil fuels, renewables, Sospeter Muhongo
No Easy Answers When Disposing of Oil and Gas Wastewater
We all want easy answers. And often times the harder the question, the easier we want the answer to be.
Increased natural gas use, for example, can help decrease U.S. greenhouse gas emissions as it has a lower carbon content compared to coal or oil. Natural gas also can help transition our energy mix to more renewable energy sources. This is because properly designed, gas-fired generation can respond quickly to pick up the slack if the wind suddenly dies or clouds unexpectedly roll in. But, these benefits mean nothing if the communities where gas is produced suffer air and water pollution, or if methane – a powerful global warming pollutant that is the primary ingredient in natural gas – is allowed to leak into the atmosphere unchecked.
We all should be worried about global warming and the role that sloppy oil and gas production and distribution practices contribute to the problem. But communities where oil and gas development is taking place are also worried about how oil and gas drilling is impacting their water supplies. This is a key issue and one aspect of the groundwater contamination concerns, rightfully gaining attention in these communities, is how and where toxic wastewater is disposed of that is produced along with oil and gas. But here, too, the answers don't come easy.
The basic regulatory framework
More than 25 percent of the country's approximately 700,000 injection wells handle produced water from oil and gas operations. The quantities are huge – at least 2 billion gallons per day. And this fluid is not harmless. Produced water from oil and gas operations is usually much saltier than sea water (it will kill plants and can ruin soil) and is often laced with heavy metals and radionuclides that are naturally present in the formation being drilled. In addition, this produced water can contain hundreds of toxic chemicals – anti-freeze to name just one example. The current standard practice for addressing this potential environmental hazard is through injection of the water into geologic formations suited to permanent disposal.
The 1974 Safe Drinking Water Act gave the EPA oversight of underground wells injected with chemical-laden fluids for disposal and other purposes. In most cases, EPA delegates the authority to state agencies, but in some states, such as Pennsylvania, EPA regulates the wells itself.
EPA's Underground Injection Control (UIC) program generally has received high marks. In fact, many environmental advocates believe it is important to expand the program to include hydraulic fracturing of oil and gas wells, which was largely excluded from UIC regulation by the "Halliburton loophole" passed by Congress in 2005.
Challenges with existing methods
For all its high marks, the UIC program also has its problems. For starters, it is uncertain whether all states are following EPA's definition of "Underground Source of Drinking Water"– the water that is supposed to be protected.
Leaks sometimes occur from storage tanks at UIC wells.
Other challenges include: inadequate investigations in some jurisdictions of the surrounding disposal area to make sure no unplugged wells or natural faults allow wastewater to migrate into water supplies; not always assuring that pressures during injection are held low enough to avoid breaks in caprock that protect aquifers; failing to make sure that injection is always limited to permitted intervals; and responding to the increasing number of small and medium size earthquakes that are linked to injections.
Underfunding of regulatory programs compounds the problem, making it harder to provide the public with assurance that their water quality is protected from oil and gas development.
Wastewater Recycling: Buyer Beware
Recycling oil and gas wastewater for reuse in hydraulic fracturing operations is on the rise. The challenge, however, is that recycling requires storage and transport, and almost always requires some sort of treatment. How new residual waste streams are dealt with that carry far more toxic and concentrated substances than the water treated is a major environmental concern as companies jump on the recycling trend. Growing interest in the Appalachian Basin to treat oil and gas wastewater and discharge it into surface streams has heightened attention on these matters. Right now, these discharges are subject to EPA's National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), but as EPA recently noted in its Preliminary 2014 Effluent Guidelines Program Plan, "current regulations may not provide adequate controls for oil and gas extraction wastewaters."
Recycling wastewater does reduce the need for freshwater and reduce the volumes that need to be disposed, but it can make disposal much more challenging – particularly when we don't know enough about the treatment process and resulting waste products.
Diligent oversight needed
Permanent storage using underground injection wells remains by far the most common disposal method. At this point, it also appears to be the least risky, not to be confused with "unrisky".
But there are things that can be done right now to help us begin to minimize these risks, such as updating requirements for the installation and maintenance of pits and tanks, assessing risks posed by new forms of transport and adopting appropriate risk controls, and doubling down on efforts to identify and remediate leaks and spills.
Bottom-line: none of this is simple. And questions about management of this produced water from drilling operations further demonstrates why we need to stay vigilant in better understanding the environmental impacts of oil and gas development. Having worked most of my career on these issues, it is clear to me that incremental but near-constant improvements are essential to minimize risks and protect communities.
Source: The Energy Collective
Posted in Energy Articles, Waste Articles, Water ArticlesTagged air pollution, disposal, freshwater, global warming, greenhouse gas emissions, natural gas, pollution, produced water, Recycling, Renewable Energy, waste, waste streams, wastewater, water, water pollution, water quality


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Finding Scholarly Articles plus
Intergovernmental Organizations [IGOs]
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Unrepresented Peoples
Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. "Covers the modern history of the Middle East and North Africa, with major sections on Colonialism and Imperialism, the World Wars, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the United Nations' involvement in the region." Rutgers-restricted Access
Dictionary of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. "Covers the history of the conflict, going back to the birth of Zionism at the end of the 19th century. The two-volume set covers five Arab-Israeli wars, and provides biographies of political personnel in Syria, Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Jordan and the occupied territories. " Rutgers-restricted Access
Regional Studies: The Middle East
RAMBI: Index to Articles on Jewish Studies
Index to selective articles relating to Jewish studies and Israel. From the Jewish National and University Library. 1966- Rutgers-restricted Access
UNISPAL: UN Information System on the Question of Palestine
Search or browse a large collection (30,000+) of current and historical United Nations documents concerning the question of Palestine and related issues since 1946.
Middle East Maps
From the Perry-Castaneda Library Map Collection at the University of Texas at Austin.
Natalie Borisovets
John Cotton Dana Library
Newark, N.J. 07102
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text:
\section{Introduction}

\narrowtext

\section{Introduction}

The Kondo lattice model is one of the simplest two-band lattice models
of  correlated electrons.  It is   widely used to model heavy  fermion
materials  where weakly interacting   electrons in wide  bands coexist
with almost localized electrons   in unfilled orbitals of actinide  or
rare-earth elements.  In heavy fermion  materials a remarkable variety
of different   phases can be  found  at low temperatures: paramagnetic
metal with   large    quasiparticle  mass,   anti-ferromagnetic    and
ferromagnetic  phases, unconventional superconductivity, etc.  In most
of  this  cases,    strong electron  correlations    represent the key
ingredient  of the theory  that explains the  rich variety of physical
phenomena.

In this work we investigate the Kondo  lattice model, defined on small
two dimensional square lattices  with periodic boundary conditions. We
use the  finite-temperature Lanczos  method \cite{jaklic}.  The  model
can be written as
\begin{equation}
H = -t\sum_{<{\bf ij}>s} c^\dagger_{\bf {i}s} c_{\bf{j}s} + {\rm H.c.} +
J\sum_{\bf{i}} {\bf S_i}{\bf s_i}
\label{kondo}
\end{equation}
where   ${\bf    s_i}   =  \sum_{s  s^\prime }   c^\dagger_{is^\prime}
{\bf\sigma}_{s^\prime s} c_{is}$ and  summation $<{\bf  ij}>$ runs over
nearest neighbors.  There are two distinct types of degrees of freedom
in this model: free electrons described by $c$ operators and localized
spins described by ${\bf S}$.  In the limit when $J=0$ the two systems
are decoupled which leads  to a large degeneracy of  the states due to
noninteracting  spins.  At finite Kondo coupling  $J\not =  0$ the two
systems interact.  It is believed, that the  interplay between the two
degrees of freedom represents the most important physical mechanism of
the heavy Fermion materials.  Associated with the two distinct systems
are   two competing   interactions  that govern   the  low-temperature
physics.    Finite   Kondo  coupling  leads   to   formation  of Kondo
spin-singlets between the conducting electrons and the localized spins
which screens  the moments  of   localized spins.  Singlet   formation
competes with band propagation   of electrons in the  conduction band.
Coupling  between  kinetic energy  of  band electrons and  local Kondo
coupling  leads to  formation  of  the  Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yoshida
(RKKY) interaction between localized spins. The Kondo screening on the
one hand and  the RKKY  interaction on   the other are  in many  cases
competing interactions.  Conditions,  under   which one or  the  other
prevails depend  mostly  on the  strength of  the  Kondo coupling, the
electron filling and the dimensionality of the system.

A  number of  theoretical approaches  has  been  applied to the
investigation  of the Kondo lattice  model \cite{tsune}. In the strong
coupling     regime     perturbation    theory   can    be     applied
\cite{sigrist}. Large-$N_f$ expansion can be used in the case of large
localized spin-degeneracy   $N_f$ \cite{read}.   Slave-boson  approach
\cite{read}, Gutzwiller    variational treatments   \cite{coleman} and
recently developed   strong coupling    method \cite{eder}   have been
successful in predicting  the heavy  mass  of the quasiparticles,  the
phase  diagram and the properties of  the spectral  functions.

Numerical calculations have  been  mostly limited to one   dimensional
systems where  various   well developed techniques  are available  and
finite-size effects can  be easily controlled.   Calculations on small
systems have demonstrated   that at half-filling the  one  dimensional
Kondo  lattice  model is  a   spin-liquid  with   a  finite  spin  gap
\cite{tsunegap}.   Density-matrix      numerical-renormalization group
(DMRG)  calculations  \cite{white}, provided accurate determination of
the   spin  and charge gaps   as   a function  of   the Kondo coupling
\cite{yu,shibata}. Recently, a powerful finite-temperature DMRG method
\cite{shibata1,wang} have provided  reliable results for thermodynamic
\cite{shiba2,tsune1,shiba} and dynamic  properties \cite{shiba,shiba1}
of the model at $T>0$.

While there  are many reliable  numerical results of the Kondo lattice
model in  1D, much  less  is known  about the model  in two  or  three
dimensions. Based on theoretical considerations conceptually different
physical  behavior is expected    in higher  dimensions.   Spin-charge
separation     exists in  1D models    as   a  consequence of   strong
correlations.  It is reflected in different  energy scales that govern
the low-energy  behavior of spin and charge  excitations  leading to a
difference  between the spin  and  the  charge velocities.   Luttinger
liquid parameters define power-law  behavior of  correlation functions
in  1D while in higher dimensions  exponential behavior of correlation
functions is expected unless   long-range order exists.  The  lack  of
long-range order in 1D is  responsible for Kondo screening to overcome
the RKKY  interaction  for any finite  $J$.   In two  dimensions there
exists a   critical value of $J_c/t\sim   1.4$ \cite{wang1,shi,assaad}
below  which  RKKY   interaction     prevails and  system       orders
antiferromagnetically  in the case  when  the  conduction band is  half
filled.

The main purpose  of this work  is to explore thermodynamic properties
of   the  2D Kondo  lattice  model.    We focus  our investigations to
intermediate and high temperatures and  try to identify various  energy
and temperature scales that govern the spin and the charge response of
the   system.  Due to  small  system size  we are not  able to explore
extremely  low temperatures since  in  this regime strong  finite-size
effects emerge.   For the same  reason we  limit our  calculations to
intermediate and strong  coupling regime where physics is sufficiently
local  so  that our  results remain  valid   even in the thermodynamic
limit.

\section{Results}

Our   numerical  calculations  are    performed  by recently developed
finite-temperature  Lanczos  method   \cite{jaklic}.  We   investigate
square lattices of $N=8$ and $10$ sites. Most of the results presented
are   for   the   $N=10$   case.    Standard  zero-temperature   exact
diagonalization  results on  small  clusters are generally plagued  by
strong   finite-size  effects.   Performing    calculations at  finite
temperatures and within the grand-canonical ensemble gives us not only
the thermodynamical properties of  the  system, but  most  importantly
diminishes   finite-size effects   for   $T>T^*$  \cite{jaklic}.  This
temperature depends  primarily on  the   number of low  lying  excited
states  in the system.  The $T^*$  can be very   small when the system
possesses either: a) a large number  of low-lying energy states, or b)
if physics is sufficiently local.   Local physics is expected at large
Kondo coupling where the size of the Kondo singlet is  of the order of
a few lattice spacings.   We  present results for half-filled  conduction
band    case $n_c=1$  and   at   finite  doping  $\delta$  defined  by
$n_c=1-\delta$.   Due  to particle-hole   symmetry only  $\delta>0$ is
considered.  In this work  we  restrict calculations to  thermodynamic
quantities as are the chemical   potential $\mu$, spin  susceptibility
$\chi_s=<{S^z_{tot}}^2>/T$,            charge           susceptibility
$\chi_c=-d\delta/d\mu=(\langle n_c^2\rangle  -\langle n_c\rangle^2)/T$
and the  specific heath $c_v=-T \partial^2   F/\partial T^2$.  Despite
small system   size we can   compute  thermodynamic quantities at  any
doping $\delta$ simply  by choosing the appropriate chemical potential
\cite{jaklic}.

\subsection{The chemical potential $\mu$}

In Fig.~(\ref{mu}a) we show chemical potential $\mu$  as a function of
temperature for small doping values and $J/t=2.5$.  Due to particle-hole
symmetry the relation $\mu(\delta=0)=0$ is  valid at any  temperature.
At   high temperature  and  finite doping   the chemical  potential
approaches a simple expression (faint dotted lines), calculated by the
finite-temperature expansion
\begin{equation}
\mu = T\left ( \log{1-\delta\over 1+\delta} -
{\delta\over 2T^2}\left({3J^2\over 8}+8t^2\right)
\right ).
\label{muft}
\end{equation}
While the first term is model independent,  the second term represents
the  first nontrivial finite-temperature correction. Numerical results
start  deviating significantly  from the  hight-temperature expression
below $T/t\sim 2$. At small temperatures chemical potential approaches
a finite value even in the limit $\delta\to 0$.  Infinitesimally small
doping away  from the half-filled conduction  band  leads to an abrupt
change  of the chemical potential.   Such behavior indicates formation
of the  quasiparticle  gap  $\Delta_{qp}$ also  found in  the  1d DMRG
calculations  \cite{tsune1}.  To investigate the  quasiparticle
gap in more  detail, we  present in  Fig.(\ref{mu}b)  $\mu/J$ at fixed
doping for different  choices of  the  Kondo  coupling strength  on  a
system of $N=10$ sites. We  find that the quasiparticle gap  increases
almost linearly with  the   Kondo  coupling $J$ in  the   intermediate
coupling  range, {\it i.e.} for  $J/t=1.6,2.0$  and 2.5.  Extrapolated
values of the quasiparticle gap in the limit $T\to 0$ are presented in
table (\ref{gaps})   for systems  of  $N=8$  and $10$  sites. Results,
obtained   from   the two systems    agree    reasonably well in   the
intermediate coupling  range. The lack of  finite-size effects  in the
limit   when  $T\to  0$   is   attributed  to   the existence  of  the
quasiparticle gap.  Near   the  strong coupling limit, $J/t=10$,   the
extrapolated values  for  the quasiparticle gap  agree  well with  the
strong coupling  result $\Delta_{qp}={3\over  4}J  -2t +  {13\over  6}
t^2/J=5.72 $\cite{tsune}.

\begin{figure}[tb]
\begin{center}
\epsfig{file=f1.eps,height=80mm,angle=-90}
\end{center}
\caption{ Chemical potential $\mu$ as a function of temperature $T$;
a) at different dopings $\delta$ and fixed $J$, b) at fixed doping
$\delta$ and different couplings $J/t$. }
\label{mu}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Spin and charge susceptibilities}

\subsubsection{Strong coupling (atomic) limit}

At large  values  of Kondo coupling,  $J/t=10$,  physics of the  Kondo
model becomes local.   We support   our   claim by results shown    in
Fig.~(\ref{strong})  where we present comparison  of spin (and charge)
susceptibility for $J/t=10$  and analytical  results obtained within
the   atomic limit of   the Kondo  model.    In  this limit the  grand
canonical sum can be calculated as
$Z=\sum_{j=1}^8 e^{-\beta (E_j^{at}-\mu N)},$
where $\beta$ is the  inverse temperature and only  8 states are taken
into account: the singlet state  with the energy $E^{at}_{S=0}=-3J/4$,
the  three-fold  degenerate  triplet   state  $E^{at}_{S=1}=J/4$  both
containing  one  conduction electron and  four-fold  degenerate states
$E^{at}_{S=1/2}=0$ consisted  of   an  empty  and a   doubly  occupied
conduction level each of  them with two different spin configurations.
Values of spin,  quasiparticle and charge  gap are in this limit given
by $\Delta_s/J=1,~\Delta_{qp}/J=3/4,$ and $\Delta_c/J=1.5 $. At zero
doping $(\delta=0)$ spin and charge susceptibility are given by simple
expressions
\begin{eqnarray}
\chi_s &=& \beta {1+2 e^{-\beta J/4}\over 4 + 3 e^{-\beta J/4}
+ e^{3\beta J/4}},\\
\chi_c &=& \beta {4 \over 4 + 3 e^{-\beta J/4} + e^{3\beta J/4}},
\label{chistr}
\end{eqnarray}
where   $\beta$  is     the   inverse    temperature and      $\mu=0$.
Susceptibility, Eq.~(\ref{chistr}) presented in  Fig.~(\ref{strong})
follow $1/T$ law at high temperatures.  At lower temperatures we see a
peak, marked by arrows. We introduce  two temperature scales that mark
the peak  positions:  $T_s/J=0.453$ and $T_{qp}/J=0.386$ for  spin and
charge  susceptibility   respectively.    Given values  were  obtained
analytically.  At low temperatures both susceptibilities approach zero
at $\delta=0$  which is consistent with the  existence of a gap in the
excitation spectrum.  Low-temperature  behavior is in both cases given
by $\chi_{c,s}\propto \beta~{\rm Exp}\left[{-3\beta J/4}\right]$ which
leads  us   to a conclusion,  that   the quasiparticle  (smallest) gap
$\Delta_{qp}/J=3/4$  governs  the   low-temperature  behavior of  both
susceptibilities.  This  is possible since  a quasiparticle excitation
modifies the charge configuration  and  also changes the spin  quantum
number by $\pm 1/2$. Even though  both susceptibilities share a common
gap, they reach a maximum at slightly different temperatures $T_s$ and
$T_{qp}$  which is due to  different nature  of the excitation spectra
above the gap.

We see that numerical  calculations at large $J/t=10$,  also presented
in Fig.~(\ref{strong}),  agree reasonably well with analytical results
at  zero and  finite doping.   Agreement  at finite doping is somewhat
surprising since in the atomic limit  only a single  site of the Kondo
lattice  is taken into account.   To understand the divergence of spin
and charge susceptibilities at low temperatures  and finite doping, we
perform low-temperature expansion which gives us
\begin{eqnarray}
\mu &=& -{3\over 4}J + T\ln\left({2(1-\delta)\over\delta}\right),\\
\chi_s &=& {\delta\over 4 T},\\
\chi_c &=& {\delta(1-\delta)\over T}.
\end{eqnarray}
Divergence  at low  temperatures is in   the strong coupling regime  a
consequence of a degenerate level system.  At even lower temperatures,
numerical results should saturate towards finite values in both cases,
the spin and the charge susceptibility. In the  later case a deviation
from the predicted $1/T$ law can be seen in Fig.~(\ref{strong}b) while
in the   former   case such deviation  is   expected  at  even   lower
temperatures.
\begin{figure}[tb]
\begin{center}
\epsfig{file=f2.eps,height=80mm,angle=-90}
\end{center}
\caption{ Spin a) and  charge  b) susceptibilities $\chi_s$,  $\chi_c$
vs.   $T/J$ calculated numerically at   $J/t=10$  (full lines). Dashed
curves represent results  obtained  in the atomic limit.  Positions of
the peaks $T_s$ in a) and $T_{qp}$ in b)  in the atomic limit and zero
doping are indicated with arrows.}
\label{strong}
\end{figure}

\subsubsection{Zero doping}

In Fig.~(\ref{chi}a) we  present spin susceptibilities $J \chi_s(T/J)$
at  zero   doping,  $\delta=0$  for  different   values  of the  Kondo
interaction J.  At  high temperature  $(T>J)$  numerical results agree
with the high-temperature expansion,
\begin{equation}
\chi_s = {3-\delta^2\over 8T}\left[1-{1-\delta^2\over 3-\delta^2}{J\over 2T}
\right],
\label{chis}
\end{equation}
performed  to  the  first  nontrivial   order.  In  the   intermediate
temperature regime we  find   rather  surprising result.  All   curves
merge on a single curve for $T/J>T_c/J\sim  0.6 $.  It could be argued
that this is because  the high-temperature result in Eq.~({\ref{chis})
scales  with  $J$,  {\it     i.e.}    the function $J\chi_s(J/T)$   is
independent of $J$.  However, the agreement with  the Eq.~{\ref{chis})
is only within $10\%$ up to $T/J\sim  1$ (see Fig.~(\ref{chi}a)) while
the overlap of susceptibilities calculated for  a wide range of $J/t$
is within a few percents.
At  low temperature, spin susceptibility reaches  a maximum at $T=T_s$
and then approaches zero. In  the strong coupling   limit spin gap  is
larger than the quasiparticle gap however at  smaller $J/t$ this is no
longer true. In the region of small  $J/t\sim 1.4$ spin gap approaches
zero due to formation   of AFM order \cite{assaad}.   Low  temperature
behavior of spin susceptibility in the intermediate coupling regime is
thus governed by the  spin gap.  There are  two possible approaches to
estimate  the  spin gap  using   our method.  In the  zero-temperature
approach the spin gap equals  the energy difference between the lowest
$(S=0)$  and the first excited  $(S=1)$ state.  At finite temperature,
the spin gap  is roughly proportional to the  position of the peak  in
$\chi_s(T)$ given by the  activation  temperature $T_s$.  We  believe,
that the  second method, even though indirect,  gives results that are
closer to the thermodynamic limit.
\begin{figure}[tb]
\begin{center}
\epsfig{file=f3.eps,height=80mm,angle=-90}
\end{center}
\caption{ Spin a) and charge  b) susceptibilities $J\chi_s$, $J\chi_c$
vs.  $T/J$  at  zero   doping.  Faint   dashed line in    a) represent
high-temperature  expansion result,  Eq.~(\ref{chis}).  Legends, given
in a) apply also  for b) and the inset  in b). In the  inset in b) all
six different curves for $J/t=1.2\dots 10$ are presented. All, except
for  $J/t=10$  appear as a   single line. Legend  FT   in a) indicates
analytical result in Eq.~(\ref{chis}).}
\label{chi}
\end{figure}

Values of $T_s$  are  presented in Table~(\ref{gaps}).  As   seen from
Fig.~(\ref{chi}a) with increasing coupling $J$, low-temperature peak
in  spin  susceptibility moves toward  higher  values  of $T/J$.  $T_s$
therefore does not scale linearly with  $J$ for small  $J$ as does the
quasiparticle gap (see also Table~(\ref{gaps})). This points towards a
non-linear  dependence  of spin-gap   vs.   $J/t$  that  is  found  in
one-dimensional system \cite{tsune}  and also  recent calculations in
the  2D system \cite{assaad}.  A qualitatively  good agreement is also
found between  $T_s$  and the   spin  gap obtained by  the  projection
quantum Monte Carlo simulations  \cite{assaad}.

At small values of the Kondo coupling $J/t<1.4$ gapless AFM long range
order  develops on  an  infinite  lattice as  a   consequence of  RKKY
interaction \cite{shi,assaad}.    Uniform spin susceptibility  in this
case saturates  around the temperature  which   is given by  the  RKKY
interaction between localized spins. Our results in this regime become
less reliable at low temperature due to strong finite-size effects.

The charge susceptibility $\chi_c$    shows in sharp contrast  to  the
strong  coupling limit in   many respects different  behavior than the
spin susceptibility.    Starting  from the  high-temperature limit  we
first  present    the  high-temperature     result for     the  charge
susceptibility
\begin{equation}
\chi_c = {1-\delta^2\over 2T}\left[1-{1+\delta^2\over 8T^2}
\left({3J^2\over 8}+8t^2\right)
\right].
\label{chic}
\end{equation}
Note  that  in contrast to  spin  susceptibility, the first nontrivial
correction in the inverse  temperature  is $1/T^3$.  The  agreement of
numerical results with the high-temperature expansion strongly depends
on $J$.   In Fig.~(\ref{chi}b) we show $J  \chi_c(T/J)$ at zero doping
and a wide range of $J$. At large  $J/t=10$, where $J$ is the dominant
energy  scale  in   the   system, numerical  results agree   with  the
analytical result, given by Eq.~(\ref{chic}),  down to $T/J=0.4 $.  At
smaller $J$ high-temperature limit is reached above $T/J > 2$.

The charge susceptibility  is governed by a  single energy scale, {\it
i.e.} the  quasiparticle  gap  $\Delta_{qp}$.   This is  reflected  in
nearly perfect  scaling of $J\chi_c(T/J)$ for the  $N=8$ system in the
intermediate coupling  region  $1.2\le J/t\le  2.5$ (see  the inset of
Fig.~(\ref{chi}b)). Scaling is due to  the fact that the quasiparticle
gap  scales nearly linearly   with $J$, {\it i.e.}  $\Delta_{qp}\simeq
0.3J$ in this regime.  The  quasiparticle  gap remains finite even  at
small $J\sim 1.2$ where the spin gap disappears.  The scaling does not
persist up  to the strong coupling limit,  $J/t=10$ due to a crossover
regime where the  spin gap becomes  larger than the quasiparticle gap.
The  location of   the peak at   $T=T_{qp}$  seen  in the  temperature
dependence of  the charge susceptibility  curves matches  the value of
the quasiparticle gap  $T_{qp}=\Delta_{qp}$ obtained from measurements
of  the    doping    dependence of   the   chemical   potential   (see
table~(\ref{gaps})).  Despite a smaller  system size we  believe, that
near or at  zero doping, $N=8$  system shows less  finite-size effects
then the $N=10$    when calculating quasiparticle   properties  of the
system. The reason is that the $N=8$ noninteracting fermion system has
a  six-fold degenerate level  at zero energy  which  overlaps with the
value of  the chemical potential   at zero doping.  In  contrast,  the
$N=10$ noninteracting system has a large gap at $\mu$.  The scaling is
therefore  less obvious for  the $N=10$ system size, however locations
of  the peaks  nevertheless approximately   scale  with $J$  and  peak
positions $T_{qp}$ approximately match the quasiparticle gaps obtained
from the chemical potential curves for $J=1.6, 2.0,$ and $ 2.5$.

\subsubsection{Finite doping}

Spin and charge  susceptibilities,  presented in Fig.~(\ref{chidop}a),
at small doping $\delta=0.1$ show similar high-temperature behavior as
in  the zero doping   case.    At high-temperature,  $\chi_s$  follows
Curie-like $1/T$ behavior, predicted by the high-temperature expansion
given by Eq.~(\ref{chis}).  As in the zero-doping case, susceptibility
curves   calculated   for    different   $J/t$   show   scaling  above
$T/J>T_c/J\sim 0.6$.  With  decreasing temperature $\chi_s$  reaches a
peak  at $T=T_s$ where $T_s$  is close to its  $\delta=0$ value.  Even
though the spin gap disappears  at finite doping and zero temperature,
at finite temperature remains of the spin  gap can be observed even at
finite  doping.   Similar results  were   observed in  one-dimensional
calculations   \cite{tsune1}.    With  further   decreasing  of    the
temperature $\chi_s$  first decreases  and then sharply   increases at
even lower  temperature.  In this  region the susceptibility curve can
be fitted to  a simple form  $\chi_s = \delta  C /T$.  This Curie-like
form suggests that finite doping produces nearly free localized spins.
In contrast to one-dimensional   results \cite{tsune1}, we  found that
for intermediate values of the Kondo coupling $J/t=1.6, 2.0$ and $2.5$
the local  moment is reduced and  equals $C\sim 0.18$.   In the strong
coupling limit, $J/t=10$,  the local moment  reaches its maximum value
$C = 0.25$.  In the extreme  low-temperature limit spin susceptibility
should saturate either due to RKKY  interaction between localized spin
for small values of $J/t$ or due to Kondo screening effects for larger
$J/t$.   This  effect  can  be seen  in  the  case   of larger doping,
$\delta=0.2$, where   for  intermediate  Kondo coupling,  {\it   i.e.}
$J/t=1.6,2.0$  and   2.5  susceptibility curves show    less divergent
behavior as in the $\delta=0.1$ case.
\begin{figure}[tb]
\begin{center}
\epsfig{file=f4.eps,height=80mm,angle=-90}
\end{center}
\caption{ Spin  a) and charge   b) susceptibilities $J\chi_s$, $J\chi_c$
vs. $T/J$  at $\delta=0.1$ and 0.2.  Legends, given in b) apply also
for a) and both insets. }
\label{chidop}
\end{figure}
The    charge   susceptibility      at  $\delta=0.1$,  presented    in
Fig.~(\ref{chidop}b),   follows  $1/T$ behavior  at  high-temperature,
predicted by the high-temperature expansion given by Eq.~(\ref{chic}).
Susceptibility  reaches a local  maximum around  $T=T_{qp}$. For small
doping $T_{qp}$ overlaps with its value at $\delta=0$. At even smaller
temperature  we     observe a   sharp   increase   in   $\chi_c$.   At
zero-temperature charge   susceptibility should equal   the density of
states at the  Fermi  energy which is    further proportional to   the
quasiparticle mass.  The sharp increase of $\chi_c$ therefore suggests
that quasiparticles are massive.

\subsection{Specific heat}
Results for the specific heat  $c_v$ are shown in Fig.~(\ref{cv})  for
various values  of  $J/t$.  In  Fig.~(\ref{cv}a)  we show  $c_v$  as a
function of $T/t$. At $J/t=0$, $c_v$ has a peak at finite temperatures
which originates from the specific  heat of free conduction electrons.
The contribution of localized  noninteracting spins is nonanalytic and
proportional to   $T\delta(T)$ where $\delta(x)$  is a delta-function.
At small  values of Kondo coupling,  {\it e.g.   } $J/t=0.8, 1.2, 1.6$
and 2.0  we   observe  two    peaks  in  the    specific heat.     The
low-temperature peak that has emerged from the nonanalytic function at
$J/t=0$  is a contribution  of  the spin excitations.  With increasing
$J/t$ it   shifts  towards higher  temperatures    and broadens.   The
broadening is due to the spin excitation spectrum that has a bandwidth
of some effective  $J_{eff}$ which increases with  the strength of the
Kondo coupling.   The  broad peak,  that   originated  from the   free
electron  band at  $J/t=0$,   shifts towards higher temperatures  with
increasing  $J/t$   and becomes  even broader.   This   is due  to the
interplay of  band   effects and the  charge   gap that develops  with
increasing $J/t$.  The two  peaks above $J/t=2.5$  merge into a single
peak which in the strong coupling limit  scales linearly with $J$.  At
$J/t=10$  specific    heat   closely  follows   analytical  prediction
calculated  within the atomic  limit as seen in Fig.~(\ref{cv}b) where
$c_v$ is presented as  a  function of  $T/J$.    Our results for   the
two-dimensional lattice  are in many respects   similar to results for
the   one-dimensional   lattice   obtained     by  the   DMRG   method
\cite{shiba2,shiba}.
\begin{figure}[tb]
\begin{center}
\epsfig{file=f5.eps,height=80mm,angle=-90}
\end{center}
\caption{  Specific heat at   $\delta=0$ $c_v$  a)  vs. $T/t$   and b)
vs. $T/J$ calculated  on a system of $N=10$.    The faint dashed  line
represents  the free  electron result a)   and result  obtained in the
atomic limit b).  }
\label{cv}
\end{figure}

At finite doping, $\delta=0.1$ shown in Fig.~(\ref{cvf}a), small peaks
due to the spin gap are  still visible at  small temperatures. At even
larger  doping,  $\delta=0.2$ shown  in  Fig.~(\ref{cvf}b), new  peaks
emerge   at  very  small  temperatures    (see also    the  inset  of
Fig.~(\ref{cvf}b)). This  peaks shift towards larger temperatures with
increasing Kondo coupling.   The shift is approximately  quadratic  in
$J$.  We  believe that the  same low  energy scale  that gives rise to
these peaks is responsible for saturation of spin susceptibility seen
in the intermediate coupling $J/t$ and $\delta=0.2$.
\begin{figure}[tb]
\begin{center}
\epsfig{file=f6.eps,height=80mm,angle=-90}
\end{center}
\caption{ Specific heat $c_v$  $T/t$ at a) $\delta=0.1$ and b)
$\delta=0.2$ calculated
on a  system  of $N=10$. The inset  represents the expanded
low-temperature region in b). }
\label{cvf}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusions}

We have  investigated   finite-temperature  properties  of   the Kondo
lattice model on small square lattices.  The chemical potential at low
temperatures shows nonanalytic behavior as a  function of doping.  The
jump in the  chemical potential is  a consequence of the quasiparticle
gap at  zero  doping.    The quasiparticle gap   scales  approximately
linearly  with the  Kondo    coupling, $\Delta_{qp}\sim 0.3J$ in   the
intermediate coupling regime, {\it i.e.} $1.6 \le J/t\le 2.5$. Similar
scaling  was  recently   found  by  quantum  Monte   Carlo simulations
\cite{assaad} which furthermore show  that scaling persists even below
the  transition to the  AFM state, {\it   i.e.} $J/t\sim 1.4$.  In the
strong   coupling regime the  quasiparticle  gap again scales linearly
with $J$ as $\Delta_{qp}\sim 0.75J$  which is not too surprising since
in this  case physics becomes local  and  $J$ is then the  only energy
scale in  the  system. The  crossover  between the two  linear regimes
occurs when the spin gap overcomes  the quasiparticle gap, {\it. i.e.}
at $J/t>2.5$. Interestingly, calculations   in one dimension show  two
distinct linear regimes for the charge gap vs.  $J/t$ \cite{shibata}.

Two temperature scales   govern  the temperature  dependence  of  spin
susceptibility in   the intermediate coupling  regime.    One scale is
given by $T_c/J\sim 0.6$ above which we find almost perfect scaling of
curves calculated for a wide  range of  coupling  strengths $J$.   One
possible explanation of this unusual scaling is that $T_c$ is governed
by  the charge gap $\Delta_c$.  We  have shown in the previous section
that  the quasiparticle gap at  intermediate  coupling scales linearly
with  $J$    as $\Delta_{qp}\sim  0.3J$.     Assuming $\Delta_c   =  2
\Delta_{qp}$ we get a linear scaling for the charge gap, $\Delta_c\sim
0.6J$, which agrees with the value for  $T_c$.  At lower temperatures,
$T\sim  T_s$,  physics at zero  doping  is  governed  by the  spin gap
$\Delta_s$.     This      remains      true     as         long     as
$\Delta_s<\Delta_{qp}$.  Near   the   strong coupling  regime the
opposite becomes true,   then the  quasiparticle  gap  determines  the
low-temperature physics of the spin susceptibility.

The charge susceptibility shows  substantially different behavior than
the spin susceptibility. On a smaller system of  $N=8$ we found almost
perfect scaling  with $J$ in  the  whole temperature  range within the
intermediate Kondo coupling region. This result suggests that a single
energy scale,  identified  as  a quasiparticle  gap   $\Delta_{qp}\sim
0.3J$, governs the physics of the charge response of the system.

At finite doping  we  found  a new  energy scale.  It is reflected
in the  saturation of  divergent $1/T$  behavior in  $\chi_s(T)$ at
small temperatures and in the appearance of low-temperature peaks in
the specific   heat $c_v$    at $\delta=0.2$.   Approximate  quadratic
scaling of the position of the peaks in $c_v$ with the Kondo coupling
strength suggests,  that this energy scale  could be attributed to the
RKKY interaction between uncompensated spins at finite doping.

One of the authors, J.B. is grateful for the hospitality and financial
support of Los Alamos National Laboratory  where part of this work was
performed. We also acknowledge the support of Slovene-American grant by
the Slovene Ministry of science.

\begin{table}[tb]
\caption{The   quasiparticle  gap $\Delta_{qp}/J$  and  peak positions
$T_{qp}/J$ and  $T_s/J$ both presented  in units of the Kondo coupling
$J$.  Quasiparticle  gaps were obtained  from the limit $\mu(\delta\to
0,T\to 0)$.  Spin susceptibilities  $\chi_s$ can be in the temperature
interval $T/J<0.6$ and  for  $J/t\leq 2.5$ well  fitted  to a simple  form
$\chi_s = C/T  \exp(-T_s/T) $ where the effective  moment $C  $ varies
from $0.25$ for small $J/t$ to $0.5$ at large $J/t$.  Estimated errors
where not otherwise specified are within 5\%.}
\begin{tabular}{|c|ccc|}
$J/t$ $(N=8)$&  $\Delta_{qp}/J $ &$ T_{qp}/J$ & $T_s/J$\\ \hline
 1.2  & 0.27 & 0.31  & 0.08 $\pm$ 0.04\\
 1.6  & 0.28 & 0.30  & 0.13 $\pm$ 0.03\\
 2.0  & 0.30 & 0.31  & 0.18 $\pm$ 0.03\\
 2.5  & 0.32 & 0.31  & 0.31 $\pm$ 0.03\\
10.0  & 0.56 & 0.38  & 0.47 $\pm$ 0.04
\end{tabular}
\begin{tabular}{|c|ccc|}
$J/t$ $(N=10)$&   $\Delta_{qp}/J $&$T_{qp}/J$ & $T_s/J$\\ \hline
 1.2   & 0.40 & 0.49  & 0.09 $\pm$ 0.04  \\
 1.6   & 0.30 & 0.35  & 0.15 $\pm$ 0.03  \\
 2.0   & 0.29 & 0.32  & 0.23 $\pm$ 0.03  \\
 2.5   & 0.31 & 0.32  & 0.30 $\pm$ 0.03  \\
10.0   & 0.56 & 0.38  & 0.47 $\pm$ 0.04
\end{tabular}
\label{gaps}
\end{table}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Higham on the Hill. Stock GV pic for The Hinckley Times. Taken September 2013.
Residents pleaded with drivers to avoid a village near Hinckley as traffic calming works closed a main road.
Drivers faced frustration around Higham on the Hill as Nuneaton Lane closed for a week from today (Monday September 11).
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The World Cup kicks off in Japan on Sept. 20 and England's first game in Pool C is two days later against Tonga in Sapporo.


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text:
Journey to Yes 1-6
Journey to Yes 7-12
Journey to Yes 13-18
As more Scots who voted No to independence reconsider their decision, we follow their journey to Yes and self-determination for Scotland.
Journey to Yes #7 - Erin
Unlike UK General Elections and Brexit, 16 and 17 year olds were empowered with a vote in the Scottish independence referendum. Erin was 13 at the time and was still too young to participate but would have voted No.
Erin found herself caught up in the post-indyref fightback and became an active member of the SNP Youth movement. She represents a new generation of politically aware young activists who demand greater representation in Scottish politics. Erin talks about aspects of youth vote in Scotland, opportunities, barriers and how vital it is that young people engage in decisions that will shape their own future. Erin will be 16 this September and is voting Yes at the next independence referendum.
Journey to Yes #8 - Elizabeth, small-business owner
Scotland is a small business nation. There are around 350,000 Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) operating in Scotland, providing an estimated 1.2 million jobs. Elizabeth owns a cosmetics business that depends on exports and the EU single market. Her decision to vote no was guided by fears that Scotland might not gain membership of the EU.
The election of a Conservative majority in the 2015 made Elizabeth begin to reflect on her vote. Originally from Alabama, Elizabeth's childhood experiences of segregation instilled a deep distrust of divisive politics. Brexit and rise of increasingly right-wing Tory party caused Elizabeth to reject UK politics and fully rethink her position on independence. Brexit now represents a real and present threat to Elizabeth's business and the workers she supports. Elizabeth explains the barriers to trade that hard Brexit will bring including loss of access to vital EU single market and customs union at the hands of a UK Conservative Govt that does not understand the scale and complexity of Brexit. Scotland is now in a unique position to escape the economic damage Elizabeth believes will diminish the UK economy and can build a new and extraordinary independent nation.
Journey to Yes #9 - Mark from London
Londoner and businessman Mark followed Scotland's first independence debate closely and had been inspired by the Yes campaign with its progressive and inclusive values. After the Brexit result, Mark was impressed by Scotland's pro-EU vote and the Scottish Government's handling of events. In November 2016 Mark sold his London home and moved with business and family to set-up in Scotland and join the Yes campaign. Mark reflects on the UK Government's handling of Brexit and Scotland's huge potential as an enlightened, open and independent nation.
Journey to Yes #10 - Jackie Kemp, author
Jackie says Yes. As more Scots who voted No to independence reconsider their decision, we follow their journey to Yes and self-determination for Scotland. Jackie Kemp is a writer living in Edinburgh and author of 'Politics on the Hill, an Edinburgh View', a stunning essay reflecting on Scotland's changing post-Brexit identity that has resonated with people across the political spectrum.
Jackie campaigned against independence in 2014 alongside long-serving Scottish Labour politician Tam Dalyell who himself described devolution as "a motorway without exit to a Scottish state". Jackie reflects on her disillusion with the UK's current constitutional settlement (England has left us) and how Brexit has altered her view of independence which she now sees as vital to maintaining Scotland and Edinburgh's ancient links with Europe.
Journey to Yes #11 - Kathi
Kathi left East Germany when the wall fell to study in Scotland . She now works as a language teacher and lives with her British family in the Scottish Borders. Kathi and her family are just one of many who now face the agonising wait to see what their post-Brexit future in Scotland will be. Kathi discusses ideas of nationalism and her experience of Scotland as an open and international country where anyone can be Scottish if they choose.
After voting No in the first independence referendum, Brexit proved to be the catalyst for Kathi to find out more about the viability of an independent Scotland. Kathi began to distrust her traditional news choices in favour of The National and new media Wings Over Scotland and Bella Caledonia . Kathi has reached the view that Scotland can be a successful country and needs to go in its own direction unhampered by Westminster. Kathi has become increasingly active politically and now runs the twitter operation of Germans for Independence https://www.facebook.com/GermansForSc... at Germans for ScotRef https://twitter.com/Germans4indyref. In a short time Kathi has built a strong online community of Germans, Europeans and Internationals who have embraced the idea of self-determination for Scotland. EU Nationals' voice may prove vital in the next referendum. After a year since the Brexit vote, the UK Govt and Ruth Davidson's Scottish Tories have provided no guarantees for EU Nationals and the attempt to move the next referendum beyond the EU exit date will deny the voices of 160,000 of our EU friends.
Journey to Yes #12 - Professor Sophie Grace-Chappell
Sophie Grace-Chappell is a highly regarded Professor of Philosophy at The Open University and lives in Dundee. Professor Grace-Chappell is transgender and has a particular interest in how power structures impact the society we live in. The idea of internationalism, tolerance and a more caring society is fundamental to her philosophy.
The promise of a federal UK through which Scotland's democratic defecit would be addressed encouraged Professor Grace-Chappell to vote No. The series of democratic betrayals since 2014 and outcome of the Brexit vote gradually convinced Sophie that independence is now the correct moral action for Scotland. Professor Grace-Chappell also discusses the rise of the Tory right-wing authoritarian government and disturbing implications for the LGBT community. A safer and better future awaits if Scotland chooses a different path.