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Your source for books, pamphlets, articles, and more on oral history in practice and in theory.
Books & Pamphlets
(jump to articles)
Abrams, Lynn. Oral History Theory. New York: Routledge, 2010.
Allen, Barbara, and William Lynwood Montell. From Memory to History: Using Oral Sources in Local Historical Research. Nashville: American Association for State and Local History, 1981.
Angrosino, Michael V. Exploring Oral History: A Window on the Past. Long Grove: Waveland, 2008.
Barnickle, Linda. Oral History for the Family Historian: A Basic Guide. Carlisle, Pa.: Oral History Association, 2006.
Baum, Willa K. Transcribing and Editing Oral History. Nashville: American Association for State and Local History, 1977.
Boyd, Nan Alamilla and Horacio N. Roque Ramirez. Bodies of Evidence: The Practice of Queer Oral History. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Brecher, Jeremy. History from Below: How to Uncover and Tell the Story of Your Community, Association, or Union. New Haven, Conn.: Commonwork Pamphlets/Advocate Press, 1986.
Brown, Cynthia Stokes. Like It Was: A Complete Guide to Writing Oral History. New York: Teachers and Writers Collaborative, 1988.
Cave, Mark and Stephen M. Sloan. Listening on the Edge: Oral History in the Aftermath of Crisis. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.
Charlton, Thomas L., Lois E. Meyers, and Rebecca Sharpless, eds. Handbook of Oral History. Lanham, Md." AltaMira Press, 2006.
Cohen, Daniel I., and Roy Rosenzweig. Digital History: A Guide to Gathering, Preserving, and Presenting the Past on the Web. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005.
Davis, Cullom, Kathryn Back, and Kay MacLean. Oral History: From Tape to Type. Chicago: American Library Association, 1977.
DeBlasio, Donna, et al. Catching Stories: A Practical Guide. Athens, Ohio: Swallow Press, 2009.
Douglass, Enid H. "Oral History," in David F. Trask and Robert W. Pomeroy, eds., The Craft of Public History: An Annotated Select Bibliography. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1983.
Dunaway, David K., and Willa K. Baum, eds. Oral History: An Interdisciplinary Anthology. Nashville: American Association for State and Local History in cooperation with the Oral History Association, 1984.
Everett, Stephen E. Oral History Techniques and Procedures. Washington: Center of Military History, 1992.
Freund, Alexander and Alistair Thompson, eds. Oral History and Photography. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
Frisch, Michael. A Shared Authority: Essays on the Craft and Meaning of Oral and Public History. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990.
Gluck, Sherna Berger, and Daphne Patai, eds. Women's Words: The Feminist Practice of Oral History. New York: Routledge, 1991.
Grele, Ronald J., ed. Envelopes of Sound: The Art of Oral History. Revised edition. Westport, Conn.: Meckler, 1990.
Hamilton, Paula and Linda Shopes, eds. Oral History and Public Memory. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2008.
Handlin, Oscar. Truth in History. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979.
Hart, Cynthia, and Lisa Sampson. Tell Me Your Story: The Oral History Workshop. New York: Workman, 2009.
Henige, David. Oral Historiography. New York: Longman, 1982.
Hoffman, Alice M., and Howard S. Hoffman. Archives of Memory: A Soldier Recalls World War II. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1990.
Hoopes, James. Oral History: An Introduction for Students. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979.
Ives, Edward D. The Tape-Recorded Interview: A Manual for Fieldworkers in Folklore and Oral History. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1980.
Janesick, Valerie J. Oral History for the Qualitative Researcher: Choreographing the Story. New York: Guilford Press, 2010.
Jeffrey, Jaclyn, and Glenace Edwall, eds. Memory and History: Essays on Recalling and Interpreting Human Experience. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1994.
Lance, David. An Archive Approach to Oral History. London: Imperial War Museum, 1978.
Lanman, Barry A. and Laura M. Wendling, eds. Preparing the Next Generation of Oral Historians: An Anthology of Oral History Education. Lanham, Md.: AltaMira Press, 2006.
MacKay, Nancy, Mary Kay Quinlan, and Barbara W. Sommer. Community Oral History Toolkit. 5 volumes. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2012.
MacKay, Nancy. Curating Oral Histories: From Interview to Archive. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2007.
Matters, Marion. Oral History Cataloging Manual. Chicago: The Society of American Archivists, 1995.
Mishler, Elliot G. Research Interviewing: Context and Narrative. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986.
Moss, William W. Oral History Program Manual. New York: Praeger, 1974.
Nathan, Harriet. Critical Choices in Interviews: Conduct, Use, and Research Role. Berkeley, Calif.: Institute of Governmental Studies, 1986.
Neuenschwander, John A. A Guide to Oral History and the Law. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Neuenschwander, John A. Oral History and the Law. Los Angeles: Oral History Association, Pamphlet No. 1, 1985.
Oral History Evaluation Guidelines. Los Angeles: Oral History Association, Pamphlet No. 3, 1992.
Oral History Index. Westport, Conn.: Meckler, 1990.
Perks, Robert and Alistair Thompson, eds., Oral History Reader. Revised Edition. New York: Routledge, 2006.
Pollock, Della, ed. Remembering: Oral History Performance. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
Portelli, Alessandro. The Death of Luigi Trastulli and Other Stories: Form and Meaning in Oral History. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991.
Ritchie, Donald A. Doing Oral History: A Practical Guide. Revised Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.
Ritchie, Donald A., ed. The Oxford Handbook on Oral History. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Schorzman, Terri A., ed. A Practical Introduction to Video History: The Smithsonian Institution and Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Experiment. Malabar, Fla.: Krieger Publishing Co., 1993.
Schrag, Zachary. Ethical Imperialism: Institutional Review Boards and the Social Sciences, 1965-2009. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010.
Smith, Allen, ed. Directory of Oral History Collections. Phoenix, Ariz.: Oryz Press, 1987.
Sommer, Barbara W. and Mary Kay Quinlan. Oral History Manual. Revised Edition. Lanham, Md.: AltaMira, 2009.
Stielow, Frederick J. The Management of Oral History Sound Archives. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1986.
Stricklin, David, and Rebecca Sharpless, eds. The Past Meets the Present: Essays on Oral History. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1988.
Thompson, Paul. Oral History: The Voice of the Past. Revised Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
Vansina, Jan. Oral Tradition as History. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985.
Vansina, Jan. Oral Tradition: A Study in Historical Methodology. New Brunswick, NJ: Aldine Transaction, 2006.
Whitman, Glenn. Dialogue with the Past: Engaging Students & Meeting Standards Through Oral History. Walnut Creek, Calif.: AltaMira, 2004.
Yow, Valerie Raleigh. Recording Oral History: A Guide for the Humanities and Social Sciences. Revised Edition. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 2005.
Benison, Saul. "Reflections on Oral History." American Archivist 28 (January 1965): 71-77.
Blatz, Perry K. "Craftsmanship and Flexibility in Oral History: A Pluralistic Approach to Methodology and Theory." The Public Historian 12 (Fall 1990): 7-22.
Clark, E. Culpepper, Michael J. Hyde, and Eva N. McMahan. "Communication in the Oral History Interview: Investigating Problems of Interpreting Oral Data." International Journal of Oral History 1 (February 1980): 28-40.
Douglass, Enid H. "Oral History and Public History." Oral History Review 8 (1980): 1-5.
Frank, Benis M. "Oral History for the Military Collector and Historian." Military Collector & Historian 37 (Winter 1985):
Grele, Ronald J. "On Using Oral History Collections: An Introduction." The Journal of American History 74
(September 1987): 570-78.
Morrissey, Charles T. "Public Historians and Oral History: Problems of Concept and Methods." The Public Historian
2 (Winter 1980): 22-29.
Moss, William W. "Oral History: An Appreciation." American Archivist 40 (October 1987): 429-39.
Neuenschwander, John. "Remembrance of Things Past: Oral Historians and Long-Term Memory." Oral History Review
6 (1978): 45-53.
"OHR Cumulative Index, 1973-1995, Vols. 1-22." Oral History Review 23 (Summer 1996): 68-191.
Ritchie, Donald A., Holly Cowan Shulman, Richard S. Kirkendall, and Terry Birdwhistle. "Interviews as Historical Evidence:
A Discussion of New Standards of Documentation and Access." History Teacher 24 (February 1991): 223-38.
Rosenthal, Robert. "The Interview and Beyond: Some Methodological Questions for Oral Historians." The Public Historian
1 (Spring 1978): 58-67.
OHMAR Strategic Plan 2015-2020


When I was diagnosed with cancer in 2009, I had to cancel my participation in a mission trip to Egypt. I've always felt a little something special had been stolen from me. Last week I was given another opportunity to visit the nation that had slipped through my fingers.
I found Egypt to be full of great contrast.
We took a full day to experience the most famous attractions. We stood at the base of the great pyramid of Giza – the only remaining "wonder" of the ancient world. We bravely climbed aboard the back of camels and briefly experienced a mode of transportation completely foreign to our lives. We walked through a marble and granite temple devoted to mummification and stared at the famous sphinx and pondered its protective purpose. We walked through the halls of the Antiquities Museum and gazed upon the remnants of the life of a man called King Tut. Finally, we sailed the peaceful waters of the famous Nile.
All day long, I kept thinking of the Egyptian's fascination with all things spiritual, especially eternal life. Here you can see the plumb line of history where for thousands of years people devoted their resources, creativity, strength and intelligence to making sure they would be prepared for the "after life".
The ancient Egyptians were so close to the gift that has been so freely given to us.
While they either built or dug their own tombs in preparation for eternity, their very soil was being marked with the history of God's chosen people. While they looked to the sun-god for help, they became a nation of refuge for the "Son of Man". While they toiled to build monuments and memories that would mark their earthly existence for thousands of years, they missed the knowledge of the one true God.
God was among them but they did not know Him.
Everywhere we turned was a piece of history confirming this truth and begging to come alive through the pages of the bible: the stories of Moses and pharaoh; the amazing Exodus of the Hebrews, the parting of the Red Sea; their forty years in the wilderness; the entry into the promised land; the dreams of Joseph and his rise to power; the great escape of Mary and Joseph with baby Jesus; the visitation of the Magi and the ongoing spiritual significance of the nation throughout scripture reverberated throughout our visit.
As we traveled from Cairo to Minya to the local villages, I discovered that despite its ancient history and focus on false gods, the local church had taken root in this ancient land.
As I experienced the people of Egypt and not just their monuments and history, I found such beauty. Those who know Christ are like bright lights among those who know about Him. They are warm, passionate and builders of great communities. I met amazing moms with a very high value for family and a special love and hope for the future of their children. They are intelligent, industrious and kind. They have a natural hope and faith that carries them in spite of deep difficulty.
Although we saw tremendous needs like poverty, sickness, and persecution, we also saw deep faith, diligent prayer and unquenchable hope. I am not allowed to post pictures of the local believers or of those who work among them as representatives of the ministry, Healing Grace, due to potential persecution. If I could, I would show you their beautiful faces, acts of worship and places of community.
I hope we left some seeds of strength with those we served, that there was value in the teaching, prayer and prophetic ministry we poured on them, and that the individual families we visited and the children we blessed were strengthened and encouraged. The personal friendships we formed will bridge distance and time. I trust the investment we made to participate in the trip and the gifts we freely gave will bear eternal fruit.
But there is more than that. There is also what was given to us.
I have a fresh sense of the value of my personal salvation and all its benefits. I'm rubbed raw by the awareness that what I take for granted, others must believe for like manna in the desert and water from a rock. I am sensitive to the fact that you can easily live in a place that is pointing to the one true God, and totally miss Him.
I had forgotten I live under an umbrella of the most extraordinary favor and grace. I am free to worship without persecution. I live with virtually unlimited resources and education at my fingertips. My children sleep secure at night in a home that has food, electricity and running water.
I'm not just grateful, I'm mystified. I'm mystified by the hand of God in our lives. I'm mystified by His eternal purpose and plan. I'm mystified that He chooses to reveal himself both to me and to the beautiful young woman I now sponsor.
I'm bigger on the inside today than I was a week ago. Egypt worked its mystery in my heart.
Thanks Marsha Day for the "note a day" of encouragement.
Some things are the same in every nation!
You didn't think we would miss Starbucks, did you?
Weddings are a BIG deal in Egypt. This bride and her family asked us to take their photo. She was stunning.
No wedding is complete without a bridal party.
Rather than the Bible, I found a rug and Quran for daily prayer in my hotel room.
These are some powerful women -faithful and anointed.
I love these women so much. I'm grateful we get to work together.
Pastor Paul Rupert was our fearless leader. I love he and Leda. It was a honor to walk with them.
Had to take our picture looking so authentic.
The food and the fellowship were amazing!
I love you too! So glad we got to know each other more on this trip – and so glad I know where you sit at work!
Looked like an amazing trip, your photos of the bride and her beauty with the women covered in black but under was her bling touched me. The place looks so full of many mysterys. Thank you for sharing and so glad this trip was worth the wait, and your home safely.
I love that you noticed her beautiful jeweled dress underneath. I asked if she was the bride's mother and she laughed, lifted her veil and said no, she was the sister. She was equally stunning as the bride.
Jan, I love how you have captured so many facets of our experience in Egypt. Thank you for your reflections, for the memories, and for your discernment and importation that enriched all of our lives. What an honor and privilege to serve with you!
I love you Chiqui. Our time together was such a blessing. Our Egypt team was the best.


When María Vela y Cueto (1561–1617) declared that God had personally ordered her to take only the Eucharist as food and to restore primitive dress and public penance in her aristocratic convent, the entire religious community, according to her confessor, "rose up in wrath. " Yet, when Vela died, her peers joined with the populace to declare her a saint. In her autobiography and personal letters, Vela speaks candidly of the obstacles, perils, and rewards of re-negotiating piety in a convent where devotion to God was no longer expressed through rigorous asceticism. Vela's experience, told in her own words, reveals her shrewd understanding of the persuasive power of a woman's body.
"María Vela y Cueto was a controversial figure in Counter-Reformation Spain. Some of her contemporaries regarded the visions, voices, and strange maladies she received as signs of divine favor; others suspected her of fraud or even heresy. After her death, her account of her life and spiritual experiences was lost to posterity until the twentieth century. This volume allows English-readers to encounter the sometimes infuriating, always fascinating, María Vela in her own words. Susan Laningham's insightful introduction and notes, based on years of persistent scholarship, helpfully locate Vela in historical and historiographical context. Jane Tar's careful and sensitive translation renders the Spanish nun's writing accessible to a modern audience. This book will be of great interest to scholars and students of religion, gender, and the body in post-Tridentine Catholic culture."
SUSAN DIANE LANINGHAM is associate professor of European history at Tennessee Tech University.
JANE TAR is associate professor of Spanish at the University of St. Thomas in St. Paul, Minnesota.
Early Modern Women, 12.2 (2018), pp. 242–245. Reviewed by Horacio Sierra.
Renaissance & Reformation, 40.4 (2017), pp. 251–253. Reviewed by Nilab Ferozan.
Renaissance Quarterly, 71.1 (2018), pp. 302–303. Reviewed by Darcy Donahue.


Organizations use integrated reporting to communicate a clear, concise, integrated story explaining how all of their resources create value. Integrated reporting helps organizations think holistically about their strategy and plans, make informed decisions, and manage key risks to build investor and stakeholder confidence and improve future outcomes. It is shaped by a diverse coalition, including business leaders and investors, to drive a global evolution in corporate reporting. As business leaders, the accountancy profession and professional accountancy organizations (PAOs) play a key role in encouraging increasing numbers of organizations to realize the benefits of integrated reporting, as well as drive the production and assurance of integrated reports.
If you are a key staff member or volunteer involved with integrated reporting at your PAO, please join our discussion in LinkedIn and explore the valuable support resources available on the Global Knowledge Gateway.
IFAC and the IIRC have developed a set of exclusive resources to help our member organizations support more widespread adoption and implementation of integrated reporting, including their efforts to promote integrated reporting to their membership and stakeholders.
To request access to the resources, email Laura Leka (LauraLeka@ifac.org) with information about which organization you work or volunteer for or visit the Integrated Reporting PAO Network on the IFAC Extranet.
IFAC answers your burning questions on integrated reporting. Read the Q&A here!


The federal government's decisions about the amount of money it spends and collects in taxes to achieve a full employment and non-inflationary economy.
1. Nothing should be retroactive; rather, it should provide incentives or reduce disincentives.
2. Policy changes should have maximum effect in the short-run while reducing the long-run impact.
3. If the long-run outlook is strong, the fiscal stimulus should act to counter the economic shock that caused the slowdown or recession.
When deciding on a fiscal stimulus, there are several questions that need to be answered.
Tax cuts: Businesses or Individuals?
Any tax cuts for businesses ought to be aimed at stimulating investment. Retroactive tax reductions are NOT the way to do this. A tax credit or accelerated depreciation would be a better policy in the sense that the "bang for the buck" is much greater than a lump sum transfer of money to the companies.
If there are business that are viable in the long-run but are in danger of going out of business a helping hand would seem to make sense. The help given to the airline industry would be an example (however, it's not clear that all of the companies are economically viable given their financial situation prior to 9.11). Personally, I think that the financial help could have been better structured as an incentive to get people to fly – perhaps as a subsidy to the company for each passenger-mile flown. This would have reduced the ticket prices even further and gotten more people back in the air.
Tax cuts aimed at individuals should be structured in a similar way as well so as to reduce the work disincentive effect of taxation. A rate reduction might therefore be preferable to a rebate. However, it is unlikely to make much of a difference which method is chosen – if the downturn is due to a reduction in consumer spending, the problem is a reduction in demand for workers, not a problem of decreased labor supply.
In addition, since recessions impact different people in different ways, simple fairness would dictate that policy should be focused more on those affected by the recession. Extension of unemployment benefits seems like a sensible way to address this problem.
Prior to 9.11, the cause of the slowdown seemed to be a lack of business investment, so a policy to boost investment would have been warranted by principle #3 above. However, post 9.11, the slowdown is more a result of a decline in consumer activity, so perhaps spurring the consumer would make more sense now.
Tax cuts: Temporary or Permanent?
Conventional economic analysis suggests that a permanent change in income tax policy should have a larger impact on spending behavior than would a temporary change. The reason is that a temporary tax break will likely be saved in anticipation of a higher tax burden in the future.
However, to the extent that people do spend some of the tax cut, a temporary cut would still have an effect. It might make sense to target the policy towards those that are likely to be influenced by it. In particular, a tax cut for those most in need would be spent to a greater amount than a tax cut to those who would be more likely to save the money.
In addition, if a slowdown or recession is thought to be temporary, it makes sense that any policy that reacts to it ought to be temporary as well (provided of course that a temporary policy would have some effect).
The temporary policy would also minimize the chance that the timing of the policy would miss the point at which it was needed.
With regards to a policy to encourage investment, a temporary tax incentive can have a larger impact on investment than a permanent tax incentive. This is because firms would want to shift investment to the period in which the tax treatment of investment is more favorable. In addition, the temporary tax change would be cheaper in the long run.
This is a tough one. In principle, a well-designed tax stimulus would have similar effects on the short-run macroeconomy as a well-designed spending increase. Both policies would likely have a similar effect on the budget as well.
There is a difference in that tax cuts would increase the overall efficiency of the economy in addition to providing a macroeconomic stimulus. This would tend to cause us to lean towards a tax reduction.
However, if there are spending needs to be met, it would make sense to incorporate them into a stimulus package. For example, additional spending on airport security and defense is probably necessary – and this additional spending also serves to provide a boost to the economy at the same time.
For a micro perspective see: Tax Cuts Or Spending-Does It Make a Difference?
stimulate the economy. Predictably, Republicans and Democrats have different views on how best to do this – the Republicans favor primarily tax cuts to corporations and upper income households (via an acceleration of the previously enacted tax reductions and a capital gains tax cut), while Democrats would prefer to either increase spending (primarily by extending unemployment benefits) and to rebate taxes to lower income households.
While this fighting happens in Washington, the economy does not receive a needed boost. This extensive "inside lag" – that is, the time it takes for policymakers to enact policy to fight recessions – is why most economists think the Fed is a more effective recession fighter.
In fact, the current political process tends to prevent congress from being effective counter-cyclical policymakers for several reasons.
In addition to the delays, politicians tend to try to throw in their pet projects under the guise of an economic stimulus, regardless of their macroeconomic merit. Also, when was the last time the government reversed its tax cuts/spending increases once the recession was over? "Temporary" policies to fight a temporary problem have a long history of becoming permanent policies.
One solution to this problem would be to give the job of macroeconomic policymaking to a quasi-independent organization along the lines of the Federal Reserve System. Such an Authority would be given some leeway to alter spending and/or taxes in order to pursue macroeconomic stabilization.
The FPA, for example, could be allowed to increase (or decrease) the duration of unemployment benefits. The FPA could perhaps be allowed to make adjustments to other policies such as investment tax credits, depreciation schedules, or even marginal income tax rates.
If the FPA were structured in a similar way to the Fed – managed by relatively independent long-term appointees, and given a clear mandate and policy tools – the FPA could react quickly to a changing economic environment. In addition, they would be free of the partisan and interest group politics that so often gets in the way of effective policymaking. Their independence would also add an additional tool in the fight against inflation.
Such an administration would not have exclusive control over policy, but it would allow congress and the president to focus on the long-run health of the federal government and the economy.
Would such a major overhaul be possible? Why would congress and the president give up control to an independent body? There is a precedent in the 1913 act of congress that created the Fed. However, it would certainly be an uphill battle to get an FPA authorized.
Perhaps the current fight will leave enough scars that the two parties would be willing to put the task of macroeconomic stabilization in someone else's hands.


If you want your hairstyle to be a true reflection of your style as a modern bride, as well as be a detail of your wedding look that you can look back upon without regret, than these modern and chic hairstyle suggestions are for you.
Although an updo is a more classical hairstyle, it can also be very modern if you give it a look that is simple, bare and free of any adornment, seeing as this type of hairstyle is usually complemented by hair accessories such as tiaras, pins, veils or flowers. This option implies a simple and casual look: the updo is created so as to portray the effect that you just finished putting up your hair – however, be warned that creating a hairstyle that must look simple is more often than not very hard! If you're looking for a modern and simple look, this is an excellent option.
A more casual hairstyle should complement both the bride's personality, as well as the style of the wedding. This suggestion is a way of doing just that – adding a touch of modernity to the bride's look, but in a simple and elegant fashion.
A veil can be worn with any length of hair, including short ones. Because of its simplicity, short hair can be perfectly adorned with a traditional veil, which adds a very classic, chic and relaxed look to any bride with short hair.
Taking advantage of a short and bold hairstyle and adorning it with a small veil relives the classic and very feminine 40s and 50s, where Hollywood stars would shine at glamorous parties, a time when women were always feminine and elegant. This hairstyle could give a bride a simply unique and stunning style.
Medium length hair can be left alone in all its splendor, exclusively with a vintage look. This type of hairstyle, from the 1920s, is a very elegant and timeless hairstyle. If your hair and your personal style fit this description, than this may very well be the best hairstyle for you as a bride.
A more daring hairstyle can always include a classical touch – all you have to do is add a simple and classic veil. Even though the haircut and style are very bold, the veil gives the look a very classic and original feel.
A short hairstyle can simply be adorned with beautiful flowers. Just be sure they are securely fastened so that they don't get lost during the wedding… This casual and simple look allows the natural beauty of any bride with short hair to shine through.


text:
US courts system fears SolarWinds snafu could have let state hackers poke about in sealed case documents
Problems for charging spies in future? Probably not, says ex-NCSC chief
Gareth Corfield Fri 8 Jan 2021 // 19:30 UTC
The SolarWinds hack exposed sealed US court documents – which could have a serious effect on Western sanctions against state-backed hackers.
As well as the well-publicised effects on FireEye and Microsoft, the downstream impact of the SolarWinds supply chain attack also struck the American federal court system. Aside from the obvious embarrassment and embuggerance that caused, it also may have revealed several formerly sealed, or secret, criminal case documents.
Those documents could have revealed information about upcoming criminal charges against Russian hackers, potentially exposing titbits that could feed into a wider intelligence picture of how those people are identified.
Infosec journalist Brian Krebs reported a US Courts Administrative Office statement about the impact of the Russian-backed SolarWinds hack, quoting an anonymous source as saying that the agency was "hit hard".
Referring to the US federal courts' Case Management/Electronic Case Files system (CM/ECF), the body said in a statement that the SolarWinds hack had risked "compromising highly sensitive non-public documents stored on CM/ECF, particularly sealed filings," adding: "An apparent compromise of the confidentiality of the CM/ECF system due to these discovered vulnerabilities currently is under investigation."
That's important because US federal prosecutors and security agencies targeting state-backed hackers build their cases outside the public eye, under the cover of the court sealed case documents. In ordinary criminal cases this ensures crims aren't tipped off that they're about to be arrested or searched, for example.
Ciaran Martin, former head of Britain's National Cyber Security Centre, was cautious about the impact of the apparent compromise, warning that just because Russia touched the CM/ECF system didn't automatically mean documents had been stolen.
JetBrains' build automation software eyed as possible enabler of SolarWinds hack
"Don't jump to conclusions just because a particular customer of SolarWinds was targeted," he told The Register. "That implies very specific consequences. Also, don't assume that just because a specific SolarWinds customer has been targeted that anything other than espionage will have occurred."
Martin, now professor of practice in the management of public organisations at the University of Oxford, explained that a lot of state-sponsored hacking work consists in essence of picking the lock, opening the door, and then trying to figure out what you've just found. This contrasts with the popular view that fiendish adversaries pick their targets with ruthless precision and then execute a surgical cyber-strike to get what they're after.
"It's always possible that a compromise could lead to work on attribution or indictments but there are a lot of steps to take before arriving confidently at a conclusion," he added.
Over the past few years the US Department of Justice has adopted a policy of announcing domestic criminal charges against other countries' hackers, mostly (but not always) resulting in the names of individual Russians becoming known in the West.
While nobody really expects criminal charges against SVR (Russian Foreign Intelligence Service) hackers to result in a court trial on American soil, charging individuals serves two main purposes: it ensures they can never safely travel to (or through) a country that has a US extradition treaty; and it signals to non-aligned states what Western cyber-norms are.
Unfortunately, despite how it might look, the policy of attribution and charging has no real deterrent effect on countries that try to hack the West. ®

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Compile a COM (ActiveX) dll using .NET Core CLI (dotnet.exe) and register it with Regasm.exe I need to create a dll in C# to use in visual foxpro as COM object. I have Visual Studio Code installed with C# extension and the .NET Core Tools. The dll that I compile does not register accusing RegAsm : error RA0000. The procedure I took was as follow:
mkdir C:\Csharp\ComObject
cd C:\Csharp\ComObject
dotnet new classlib

In C:\Csharp\ComObject\Class1.cs I wrote:
using System;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;

namespace ComObject
{
    [ProgId("ComObject.ClassExample")]
    [Guid("e514c7d2-ed6d-44c6-a7e2-36a272a8ba76")]
    [ComVisible(true)]
    public class ClassExample
    {
        [ComVisible(true)]
        public int getpid(){
            System.Diagnostics.Process proc = System.Diagnostics.Process.GetCurrentProcess();
            return proc.Id;
        }
    }
}

The C:\CSharp\ComObject\ComObject.csproj file:
<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">

  <PropertyGroup>
    <TargetFramework>netstandard2.0</TargetFramework>
  </PropertyGroup>

</Project>

To compile and register I ran:
dotnet publish -c Release
C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v2.0.50727\Regasm.exe /codebase C:\CSharp\ComObject\bin\Release\netstandard2.0\publish\ComObject.dll

The output was:
Microsoft (R) .NET Framework Assembly Registration Utility 2.0.50727.8922
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation 1998-2004. Todos os direitos reservados.

RegAsm : error RA0000 : Falha ao carregar
'C:\CSharp\ComObject\bin\Release\netstandard2.0\publish\ComObject.dll' porque não é um assembly .NET válido

If I compile the file "Class1.cs" using csc.exe it works:
> C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v2.0.50727\csc.exe /t:library /out:ComObject.dll .\Class1.cs
> RegAsm.exe /codebase C:\CSharp\ComObject\ComObject.dll
Microsoft (R) .NET Framework Assembly Registration Utility 2.0.50727.8922
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation 1998-2004. Todos os direitos reservados.

(Warning about missing signature...)
Registro de tipos executado com êxito

What am I doing wrong using dotnet.exe?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Word problems for groups
Algebra index History Topics Index
Combinatorial group theory started with Walther von Dyck, who was a student of Felix Klein. The relevant paper was published in 1882 with a second paper in the following year. His aim was to study discrete groups of isometries of hyperbolic space. The 1882 paper Gruppentheoret5ische Studien Ⓣ contains the first appearance of a group presentation as we know it. He assumes (without rigorous justification) the existence of a free group of every finite rank and he gives a result (again not rigorously proved) that every m generator group can be obtained from the free group of rank m by adding relations. He knew intuitively how to tell whether a word in the free group is trivial - make all cancellations of aa-1 and a-1a for every generator a appearing in the word.
Heinrich Tietze published the paper Über die topologischen Invarianten mehrdimensionaler Mannigfaltigkeiten Ⓣ in 1908. The topological part of this paper was based on the notion of the fundamental group introduced by Poincaré in 1895. In the 1908 paper Tietze defined the fundamental group of a manifold and showed that it was a topological invariant. To do this he introduced Tietze transformations. He proved that any two finite presentations for the same group can be transformed to each other by applying finitely many Tietze transformations. He wrote:-
One observes at once that it may happen that two groups are isomorphic although they are defined using different systems of generators and defining relations. ... However, neither the general problem of characterising the totality of all abstract ways of generating a given group nor even the special problem of finding a method to decide whether two groups given by their presentations are isomorphic, have been solved.
In 1910 Max Dehn published Über die Topologie des dreidimensionalen Raumes Ⓣ. In this paper he considered the problem of when two knots are the same, building on the work of Poincaré. Here he dealt with the fundamental group as a key invariant and this group occurs naturally as given by a presentation. He quickly realised that the knot theory problems were special cases of much more general questions about finitely presented groups. He made the group theory problems explicit in his 1911 paper Über unendliche diskontinuierliche Gruppen Ⓣ. We quote from the paper giving Dehn's formulation of the word problem for groups:-
The general discontinuous group is given by n generators and m relations between them, as defined by Dyck (Math. Ann., 20 and 22). The results of those works, however, relate essentially to finite groups. The general theory of groups defined in this way at present appears very undeveloped in the infinite case. Here there are above all three fundamental problems whose solution is very difficult and which will not be possible without a penetrating study of the subject.
1. The Identity Problem [now called the Word Problem]: An element of the group is given as a product of generators. One is required to give a method whereby it may be decided in a finite number of steps whether this element is the identity or not.
2. The Transformation Problem [now called the Conjugacy Problem]: Any two elements S and T of the group are given. A method is sought for deciding the question of whether S and T can be transformed into each other, i.e. whether there is an element U of the group satisfying the relation S = UTU-1.
3. The Isomorphism Problem: Given two groups, one is to decide whether they are isomorphic or not (and further, whether a given correspondence between the generators of one group and elements of the other is an isomorphism or not).
These problems have very different degrees of difficulty. ... One is already led to them by necessity with work in topology. Each knotted space curve, in order to be completely understood, demands the solution of the three above problems in a special case.
Notice that there is a simple connection between the Conjugacy Problem and the Word Problem. If one can solve the Conjugacy Problem in a particular group then one can solve the Word Problem. For if a word w is conjugate to the identity, then it is equal to the identify of the group. Dehn also proved in this 1911 paper that a finitely presented group can have a subgroup which is not finitely presented. He also solved the isomorphism problem and the conjugacy problem for finitely presented groups with the property that each generator occurs at most twice in each of the defining relations.
In 1912 Dehn studied the word problem and the conjugacy problem for the fundamental groups of orientable closed 2-dimensional manifolds. These are 1-relator groups, that is groups with a presentation with a single defining relation. He showed in Transformationen der Kurven auf zweiseitigen Flächen Ⓣ (1912) that in special cases one could solve the word problem using a direct approach - called Dehn's algorithm today. In this case one could construct a finite list of words in the group generators, u1 , v1 , u2 , v2 , ... un , vn having the following properties. One has ui = vi as elements of the group, vi is shorter than ui for each i, and one has the property that if w is any word in the generators which represents the identity element, then at least one of the ui is a subword of w. When a list with these properties exists one can easily solve the word problem. For, given a word w one looks to see if it contains a ui . If it does not, then w is not the identity. If it does contain a ui then replace ui by vit o obtain a new word w'. Then continue the process, looking to see if w' contains a ui . The process must terminate in a finite number of steps, since each time a ui is replaced by a vi a shorter word is obtained.
Dehn knew that the word problem was difficult and posed an entirely new type of question in mathematics. He wrote:-
Solving the word problem for all groups may be as impossible as solving all mathematical problems.
Dehn solved the word problem for the trefoil knot group in 1914. He used his solution to show that right and left trefoils are distinct. We note, as an aside, that Waldhausen solved the word problem for all knot groups in 1968.
We now want to follow two routes forward, one for free groups and one for 1-relator groups. First note that the word problem in a free group is easily solved. As von Dyck noted, just use free reduction (but more is required for a rigorous proof which we will discuss below).
In 1921 Jakob Nielsen published Om Regning med ikke kommutative Faktoren og dens Anvendelse in Gruppeteorien Ⓣ. In this paper he showed how, given a set of words { u1 , u2 , ..., um } in a free group, one could construct a set of free generators for the subgroup they generate. In particular, he could deduce that a finitely generated subgroup of a free group was necessarily free. His work was motivated by the study of word problems. He also gave a method for solving the membership problem in free groups, that is an algorithm to determine whether a given word w in a free group was contained in the subgroup generated by { u1 , u2 , ..., um }.
A general statement of the membership problem was not given until 1958 by Mihailova:
Membership Problem: Let G = < X | R > be a finite presentation, and U a finite set of words { u1 , u2 , ..., um } in the alphabet X. Let H be the subgroup of G generated by U. Given a word w in the generators X, can one decide whether or not w is in H?
The Membership Problem is also called the generalised word problem when { u1 , u2 , ..., um } is a subset of X.
Otto Schreier attended a lecture by Kurt Reidemeister in Hamburg in January 1926. In this lecture Reidemeister described how to find a presentation for a normal subgroup of finite index in a finitely presented group. After the seminar, Schreier thought about Reidemeister's method and eventually saw how to extend the method to arbitrary subgroups of possibly infinite index in a countably generated group. With this method he was able to extend Nielsen's result on subgroups of free groups to prove that every subgroup of a free group is free. He published these results in 1927 and at the same time gave a simple rigorous proof of the solution of the word problem in a free group. In this 1927 paper he also introduced the notion of free products with amalgamation.
Nielsen returned to the problem of a free group of countable rank in 1955. He noted that if G = < X | R > and F is the free group on the set X, then one can define a natural homomorphism from F to G. Suppose K is the kernel of this homomorphism, so K is the normal closure of the set of words R in the free group F. Then the word problem for G is equivalent to the problem of deciding which elements of F belong to K. He wrote:-
If K is determined by a given infinite set S = { a1 , a2 , .... } of elements generating K, then there exists a function L(n) such that all elements of K of length not exceeding n are contained in the subgroup KL generated by the subset { a1 , a2 , ...., aL } of S; and for KL a basis can be constructed in a finite number of steps. However, the dependence of L on n cannot, in general, be determined unless some further information can be gained from the structure of S. It is therefore only for finitely generated groups K that the identification of their elements can be assured unconditionally in a finite number of tests.
In 1926 Emil Artin solved the word problem for braid groups.
Let us now look at 1-relator groups. The solution to the word problem for these groups began with Dehn who stated the Freiheitssatz:
Let G = < A | r = 1 > where r is freely and cyclically reduced. Let U be a subset of A with the property that not every generator appearing in r is in U. Then U freely generates a free subgroup of G.
Dehn wasn't happy with his proof of this result, so, having an excellent research student Wilhelm Magnus, he gave his student the task of giving a rigorous proof. Magnus solved the problem that Dehn had given him in 1930. Schreier had introduced the concept of free products with amalgamation and Magnus used these ideas but didn't base his proof on Schreier's results, rather preferring to reprove the special cases he needed. In the following year Magnus published a paper containing a special case of the word problem for 1-relator groups, then in 1932 he published a complete proof of the solution of the word problem for this class of groups.
We have given several examples of the word problem being proved for certain classes of groups, but said nothing about groups for which the word problem could not be solved. Until the 1950s only positive results could be obtained since totally new methods were needed even to state the problem of finding a group with insoluble word problem with the formal precision needed to give mathematicians a chance to come up with proofs. As Chandler and Magnus state:-
The answer to a decision problem is an algorithm or a general and effective procedure. All one could say about these concepts in the time of Hilbert and Dehn was that one knew one when one saw one.
However, if one only 'knew one when one saw one', how could someone possible prove that no such algorithm existed. It required computability theory and developments in mathematical logic to even make the questions precise, but these areas were to not only provide explicit questions, they also provided solutions to the questions.
In the 1930s Kurt Gödel investigated how symbolic manipulation in formal logic could be simulated by functions on the natural numbers. These functions were built up from simple functions. Independently of Gödel, Alonzo Church was developing the λ-calculus designed to clarify the foundations of mathematics, in particular the meaning of variables. This development was to lead to the study of recursive functions. Stephen Kleene was a doctoral student of Church at Princeton and he was given as a project the task of determining which functions were l-definable. At first Kleene could make no progress at all on this project, then one day he had to visit the dentist to get two wisdom teeth extracted. While sitting in the dentist's chair waiting for this unpleasant experience, inspiration struck and suddenly he saw the route to the solution. Within six months he had complete answers to the problem. In 1933 Church produced what today is called "Church's thesis" which states that l-definability is the precise notion of "computable function". This is not a theorem, it is simply saying that the vague notion of "computable function" can be given the rigorous definition of l-definability. In 1936 Alan Turing produced the notion of a Turing machine and proposed that a "computable function" was one which could be computed by a Turing machine. Quite quickly it was shown that a function was l-definable precisely when it can be computed by a Turing machine, so the two concepts are equivalent. This was enough for almost all mathematicians to accept that these equivalent concepts rigorously embodied the intuitive concept of "computable function".
Given a problem P where P is an infinite set of questions Qi , we say that P is solved if we can compute the function f : P → { Y, N } so that f(Qi) = Y if the answer to Qi is YES, and f(Qi) = N if the answer to Qi is NO. If we can show that no such function f can be computed by a Turing machine, then problem P is insoluble. Before continuing to describe the history, let us define some concepts.
A set S is recursively enumerable if there is an algorithm to list the elements of S, where we use the standard Turing machine model of computation.
A set S is recursive if both S and its complement are recursively enumerable.
All undecidable questions in mathematics are a result of the fact that there exist sets which are recursively enumerable but not recursive. For a finitely presented group all the decision problems we have described above - the word problem, the conjugacy problem, etc - are recursively enumerable but not recursive. By this we mean that, given any finitely presented group, we can set a procedure going which will say YES if the word we give it is equal to the group identity. However, it does not say NO if it isn't, so we sit waiting for a procedure to say YES but if nothing happens then we can't tell if the word is trivial or not. If it were possible to set a second procedure going which said NO if the word we give it is not equal to the group identity then we could set both procedures going and wait for the one to finish. However, since this problem is not recursive, there is no procedure which will say NO. Let us return to the history of the word problem for groups.
In 1938 Church proposed that the word problem for groups should be proved insoluble using the new rigorous definitions of computable. In 1946 and 1947 the first breakthrough was made by Emil Post. Now Post had been unbelievably unlucky. He had produced most of the ideas of Gödel and Church before they did, but his work had not been considered publishable. It is often the case that when someone comes up with a really revolutionary idea, the world is not ready for it and this seems to have been the case here. Post continued, despite the blow of failing to get his work published, and came up with the idea of a Turing machine at about the same time as Turing. However Turing's work was quickly published before Post who, given his bad experience with publishing, was not rushing into print. When Post did publish, five years after Turing, he gave what is today called the Post Correspondence Problem.
Post Correspondence Problem: Given an alphabet A = { a1 , a2 , ...., an} and an infinite set S of pairs of words ( ui , vi), where ui , vi are words in A. Determine if any pair in S has the two components equal.
Post proved that the Post Correspondence Problem was insoluble. Church saw Post's paper and suggested to him that he try to prove that the word problem for semigroups was insoluble. He succeeded, and published a proof that the word problem for semigroups was insoluble in 1947. However, again Post was unlucky - A A Markov published a proof of the same result in the same year having worked independently of Post.
If Post's semigroup had been embeddable in a group then the word problem for groups would have been solved in the negative at the same time. However, this was not the case and the word problem for groups remained open. Turing learnt about the word problem for groups after reading Post's paper. He thought about the problem for ten days, then declared he had solved it. He arranged to give a seminar describing the proof, but just before the seminar he found an error. He was left with something, however, he had proved that the word problem is insoluble for cancellative semigroups.
In 1954 Bill Boone published a paper in which he defined the quasi-Magnus problem and proved it insoluble.
Quasi-Magnus problem: Let a group G be given by a finite presentation < A | R > . Decide whether a word w in the alphabet A is equal, as an element of G, to a word u in A whose exponents are all positive (i.e. no inverses of generators appear in the word u).
Boone was a doctoral student of Church, and this result appeared in Boone's Ph.D. dissertation of 1952. By 1956 Boone had proved that the word problem for groups was insoluble. However, Petr Sergeevich Novikov had been working on the problem and announced in 1952 that he had a proof of the insolubility of the word problem for groups. Few believed him for although he was a well known mathematician he was 51 years of age and had published mostly in mathematical physics up to that time. Dehn did not live long enough to see his fundamental question solved. He died in 1952 shortly before Novikov announced his results. At that stage, however, Novikov did not publish a proof so Boone was happy to continue with his own eventually successful attempts.
However, a different approach was to prove highly significant. Graham Higman, Bernhard Neumann and Hanna Neumann introduced what is now called an HNN extension in 1949. Higman made a major breakthrough using HNN extensions. First a definition:
A finitely generated group G is recursively presented if it has a presentation < A | R > where R is a recursively enumerable set of words.
Higman proved the Higman embedding theorem in 1961:
Higman embedding theorem: A finitely generated group H can be embedded in a finitely presented group if and only if H is recursively presented.
This leads to a very different proof of the insolubility of the word problem. Take H(S) = < a, b, c, d | a-ibai = c-idci, i ∈ S > where S is a recursively enumerable set which is not recursive. Then H(S) is the free product of the free group < a, b > with the free group < c, d > with the subgroups < a-ibai | i in S > and < c-idci | i ∈ S > amalgamated. Then a-ibaic-id-1ci = 1 in H(S) if and only if i is in S. But this is not decidable. Hence H(S) has insoluble word problem. Finally use Higman embedding to embed H(S) in a finitely presented groups G(S) to obtain a finitely presented group with an insoluble word problem.
We note that Higman also used his embedding theorem to prove that there exists a finitely presented group U such that given any finitely presented group G then G is isomorphic to subgroup of U.
Sergei Ivanovich Adian, a student of Petr Sergeevich Novikov, proved a whole range of decision problems in 1957 and 1958 based on the idea of a Markov property.
Markov Property: An abstract property P of finitely presented groups is a Markov property if there are two finitely presented groups G(+) and G(-) such that
(a) G(+) has property P
(b) if G(-) is embedded in a finitely presented group G, then G does not have property P.
For example 'finite' is a Markov property - take G(+) to be the cyclic group of order 2 and G(-) to be the infinite cyclic group.
A abstract property P of finitely presented groups is recursively recognisable if, given an arbitrary finite presentation, it is computable (with a Turing machine) whether or not the group with this presentation has the property P. In other words there is an algorithm to determine whether the group with a given presentation satisfies property P.
Adian proved the following theorem in 1957:
Theorem:
If P is a Markov property of finitely presented groups, then P is not recursively recognisable.
This gives the following corollary:
Corollary:
The following properties of finitely presented groups are not recursively recognisable, namely being
(i) the trivial group;
(ii) finite;
(iii) abelian;
(iv) nilpotent;
(v) soluble;
(vi) free;
(vii) torsion free;
(viii) residually finite;
(ix) having soluble word problem;
(x) simple.
We note that although given a finite group presentation we cannot recursively recognisable whether the group is simple, if we know that a given presentation defines a simple group then that group has soluble word problem.
One also obtains as a corollary to Adian's theorem that the isomorphism problem is insoluble, since one cannot determine whether a group is isomorphic to the trivial group.
In 1959 Gilbert Baumslag, Bill Boone and Bernhard Neumann proved the following theorem:
There is a finite presented group G such that there is no algorithm to determine whether or not a word in the given generators represents
(i) an element of the centre of G;
(ii) an element which commutes with a given element;
(iii) an nth power, where n > 1 is fixed;
(iv) an element with finitely many conjugates;
(v) a commutator;
(vi) an element of finite order.
Finally let us note that Mihailova introduced the membership problem in 1958 and proved:
Let F be a free group of rank 2 and let G be the direct product of F with itself. Then G has a subgroup L for which the membership problem is insoluble.
Miller, in 1971, took the study of G = F × F further proving that one cannot decide whether L = G. Also he proved that G has a subgroup L with insoluble conjugacy problem. This gives groups with soluble word problem but insoluble conjugacy problem.
Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
History Topics Index
Algebra index
Main index Biographies Index
JOC/EFR July 2008
The URL of this page is:
https://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Word_problems.html


If you were to walk into a crowded shopping center, getting on the pa system and announce that you were struggling with back pains, absolutely every single shopper would stop in their tracks and nod their heads with empathy. That is because, at some point or another, everyone finds themselves dealing with back pains on some level or another.
Most of the time, trying to work out what caused your out-of-the-blue pains are limited to something pretty obvious, like the fact you were helping the removal men lift boxes into their van or because you were shovelling snow with the worst technique ever.
If, however, you are struggling with a more chronic condition, then you can find pinpointing the cause a lot harder and a lot more frustrating. All you know is: you can't stand upright or walk like normal. It's bizarre. You've been careful not to lift anything heavy and, even the stuff you have lifted, you did so with your knees and not your back. You haven't fallen or slipped on ice or decided to join a football team or anything like that. Your back just hurts.
We know from reading the biographies of supermodels that sacrifices have to be made in order to look that good, and a big part of looking a thousand bucks is walking around in high heels, but they throw off your center of gravity and that is not a sacrifice anyone should risk. Just think about how your posture changes when you wear heels: you're made to lean forward, your calves aren't quite fully extended and there is a whole lot more pressure on your feet, and not where there normally is. What all of this means for your back is pretty simple: added stresses and strains. Ergo pains. Of course, the idea of wearing flats for the rest of your life probably isn't too attractive. So, if you have to wear heels to work or on a date or to an event, then try packing a pair of flats into your bag and wearing these on the commute.
Skinny jeans have enjoyed a bigger comeback than Rita Ora over recent years, which is easy to understand. They look great on guys and girls. But they could also be the cause of your back pain. That's not just us clutching at straws either. That is the advice of the chief of spine surgery at a top New York spinal rehab centre. This is because skinny jeans are tighter and this can constrict your body's movement and blood flow. Of course, it isn't just skinny jeans to blame. It is pencil skirts,, belts done up too tight because the wearer has them on their hips and all sorts of other fashion statements. There is a solution for those that like wearing tight clothes, however, and that is picking a fabric with some stretch to it. Son long as you can easily get a finger between your skin and the waistband of your clothes you should be fine.
When you're back is hurting, all you want to do is stay at home, curl up under the covers and spend the next few days in bed. But what if your mattress is the cause? What if your mattress is actually making your back pains worse. That's right, not all mattresses are born equal and that is because not everyone has the same needs and not everyone sleeps in the same positions. There are soft, medium and firm mattresses, and then there are pocket spring mattresses, latex ones, memory foam options and geltex mattresses, all of which can make a big difference. Now, there is no mattress that will suit everyone but, as Mattress-Guides.net explains, if you do suffer from chronic back pain it could be worth getting an ergonomic mattress that helps you sleep in a better position. The kind that will encourage your muscles to relax a bit more and just generally improve the quality of your sleeps.
When we are stressed, this kind of uptight distress starts to manifest itself physically. It has to. Feeling stressed makes our bodies and muscles tighten and go all tense and, if we are like that for long periods of time, then this added tension can develop even further and become spasms and aches and all sorts of other pains. To go a little bit deeper into this, when stress starts to manifest physically, it tends to focus on a few specific areas, namely your lower back, your neck and your shoulders, as spine-health.com explains. If this has switched a light bulb on for you and you think stress is in fact the reason you have been in pain, what you need to do is start getting into the habit of performing relaxation techniques. The easiest of the lot is to take a deep breath, hold it for five seconds and then slowly exhale, counting to five as you do. If that fails, try walking it off or doing some yoga. They are pretty foolproof.
More than one in four people that complain of chronic back pains also complain of stomach cramps and whatnot, which is no coincidence. You see, having a poor diet is linked to back pains thanks to the inflammation it causes. To call out the major culprits, we're talking about sugary foods and drinks and those that are high in fat. Bad fat. Eat lots of these and it will be no wonder that your back is hurting. Cut them out of your diet and you will find your back pain starts to fade away too. What your body wants and needs is clean and wholesome foods, so stick to them. Eat lean meats, eat nuts, in brown rice and brown bread and ingest as many fruits and veggies as you can.


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Home Education Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham organizes 2-day Virtual Int'l Symposium
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham organizes 2-day Virtual Int'l Symposium
Delhi : Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, ranked 4th best overall university in India by NIRF 2020, organized a virtual two-day international symposium on Universities-SDG Performance & Ranking on August 3-4, 2021. Thought leaders in higher education and industry took part in meaningful discussions on SDGs in context of on-ground research, university strategies, funding perspectives, Government policies, and ranking impacts. Shri Amitabh Kant, IAS, CEO, NITI Aayog and Professor Anil D. Sahasrabudhe, Chairman, AICTE, were keynote speakers.
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) also known as Global Goals were adopted by the UN in 2015. These are the blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all where universities are key to the adoption and fulfilment of these SDGs
Speaking at the event, Professor Raghu Raman, Director, Rankings & Accreditation, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham said, "The inspiration for this international symposium comes from Chancellor Mata Amritanandamayi Devi (Amma). The New Education Policy (NEP) 2020 announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi had a focus on SDG4. It believes that free, equitable, and quality education while building on the country's traditional value systems forms the basis for sustainable development."
The highlight of the symposium was the presence of six women educational leaders in India, which is a rarity. Besides this, 23 speakers from nine countries including India shared their best practices. The speakers included Professor Sasmitarani Samanta, Pro-vice-chancellor, KIIT University; Professor Satheesh Kumar Bhandary, Vice-chancellor, NITTE University; Professor Bhavani Rao UNESCO Chair, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham; Professor Bipin Nair, Dean, School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham; Professor T. G. Sitharam, Director, IIT Guwahati, India; Professor Madhu Chitkara, Pro-chancellor, Chitkara University; Professor Asis Kumar Chattopadhyay; Pro-vice-chancellor, University of Calcutta, Professor Maneesha V. Ramesh, UNESCO Chair, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham; and Professor B. Suresh Prochancellor, JSS Academy of Higher Education.
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David R. Sutantyo
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The Two Faces of Institutional Innovation
Leonardo Avritzer
This book evaluates democratic innovations to allow a full analysis of the different practices that have emerged recently in Latin America. These innovations, often viewed in a positive light by a large section of democratic theorists, engendered the idea that all innovations are democratic and all democratic innovations are able to foster citizenship – a view challenged by this work. The book also evaluates the expansion of innovation to the field of judicial institutions. It will benefit democratic theorists by presenting a realistic analysis of the positive and negative aspects of democratic innovation. Learn More
2017 Hardback Price: $ 110.00 Web: $ 99.00
Morality and Power
Mike Berry
Offering a compelling critique of orthodox economic analysis in the public realm, Mike Berry exposes the lack of development in economic thinking in public policy since the economic crisis of 2008. Focusing on both the ethically unacceptable outcomes of recent public policy and the threat of populism and rising nationalism, this book offers noteworthy suggestions for an alternative social democratic future. Both students and practitioners of heterodox economics and public policy will find this a compelling insight into the ethical concerns and social impacts raised by the political ascendency of neoliberal policies in recent decades. Learn More
Digital Democracy in a Globalized World
Edited by Corien Prins, Colette Cuijpers, Peter L. Lindseth, Mônica Rosina
Whether within or beyond the confines of the state, digitalization continues to transform politics, society and democracy. Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have already considerably affected political systems and structures, and no doubt they will continue to do so in the future. Adopting an international and comparative perspective, Digital Democracy in a Globalized World examines the impact of digitialization on democratic political life. It offers theoretical analyses as well as case studies to help readers appreciate the changing nature of democracy in the digital age. Learn More
The Social Legitimacy of Targeted Welfare
Edited by Wim van Oorschot, Femke Roosma, Bart Meuleman, Tim Reeskens
This book addresses new perspectives on the perceived popular deservingness of target groups of social services and benefits, offering new insights and analysis to this quickly developing field of welfare attitudes research. It provides an up-to-date state of the art in terms of concepts, theories, research methods and data. The book offers a multi-disciplinary view on deservingness attitudes, with contributions from sociology, political science, media studies and social psychology. It links up with central welfare state debates about the allocation of collective resources between groups with particular needs, and wider categories of need. Learn More
Challenging Immigration Detention
Edited by Michael J. Flynn, Matthew B. Flynn
Immigration detention is an important global phenomenon increasingly practiced by states across the world in which human rights violations are commonplace. Challenging Immigration Detention introduces readers to various disciplines that have addressed immigration detention in recent years and how these experts have sought to challenge underlying causes and justifications for detention regimes. Contributors provide an overview of the key issues addressed in their disciplines, discuss key points of contention, and seek out linkages and interactions with experts from other fields. Learn More
Transitions to Good Governance
Edited by Alina Mungiu-Pippidi, Michael Johnston
Why have so few countries managed to leave systematic corruption behind, while in many others modernization is still a mere façade? How do we escape the trap of corruption, to reach a governance system based on ethical universalism? In this unique book, Alina Mungiu-Pippidi and Michael Johnston lead a team of eminent researchers on an illuminating path towards deconstructing the few virtuous circles in contemporary governance. The book combines a solid theoretical framework with quantitative evidence and case studies from around the world. While extracting lessons to be learned from the success cases covered, Transitions to Good Governance avoids being prescriptive and successfully contributes to the understanding of virtuous circles in contemporary good governance. Learn More
The U.S. Supreme Court and Racial Minorities
Leslie F. Goldstein
The U.S. Supreme Court and Racial Minorities offers an in-depth, chronologically arranged look at the record of the U.S. Supreme Court on racial minorities over the course of its first two centuries. It does not pose the anachronistic standard, "Did the Supreme Court get it right?" but rather, "How did the Supreme Court compare to other branches of the federal government at the time?" Have these Justices, prevented against removal from office by discontented voters (in contrast to the President and the members of Congress), done any better than the elected branches of government at protecting racial minorities in America? Learn More
Society, Regulation and Governance
Edited by Regine Paul, Marc Mölders, Alfons Bora, Michael Huber, Peter Münte
Society, Regulation and Governance brings together sociologists, political scientists, legal scholars and historians for an interdisciplinary critical evaluation of alleged 'new modes' of social change, specifically risk, publics and participation. The editors' aim is to refocus scholarly attention on the possibility of intentional social change in contemporary society which underpin all novelty claims in regulation and governance research and practice. This book gives significant insight into the new methods of social change, suiting a wide range of social science academics due to its collaborative nature. Learn More
Understanding Collective Decision Making
Lasse Gerrits, Peter Marks
One of the main challenges facing contemporary society is to understand how people can make decisions together. Understanding Collective Decision Making builds on evolutionary theories and presents an analytical tool to analyse and visualise collective decision making. By combining theoretical research with real world case studies, the authors provide a coherent and conclusive solution to the often fragmented and dispersed literature on the subject. Learn More
Law and Policy for a New Economy
Edited by Melissa K. Scanlan
This book makes the case for a New Environmentalism, and using a systems change approach, takes the reader through ideas for reorienting the economy. It addresses the laws and policies needed to support the emergence of a new economy across a variety of major areas – from energy to food, across common pool resources, and shifting investments to capitalize locally-connected and mission-driven businesses. The authors take the approach that the challenges are much broader than setting parameters around pollution, and go to the heart of the dominant global political economy. It explores the values needed to transform our current economic system into a new economy supportive of ecological integrity, social justice, and vibrant democracy. Learn More
Middle Powers and International Organisations
Aynsley Kellow, Peter Carroll
This book provides a unique examination of how a middle power uses international organisations to achieve greater global influence. The authors focus on the OECD, 'the rich man's club' of most of the world's wealthiest nations. It demonstrates how the decision by Australia to apply for membership was a long drawn out process, delayed by political factors. Eventually agreement was reached with assurances that membership would provide access to valuable and timely policy-related information, especially in relation to international trade and finance. In addition, membership would potentially increase influence by providing greater access to its powerful member states at an earlier stage in their policy discussions and agreements. Learn More
Critical Studies of Innovation
Edited by Benoît Godin, Dominique Vinck
Different theories, models and narratives of innovation compete for both legitimacy and authority. However, despite the variations, they all offer a consistent pro-innovation bias, dismissing resistance as irrational, and overlooking the value of non-users and collateral impacts. This book looks at innovation from a different perspective and asks, what has been left out? It offers a reflexive view and invites researchers to consider new avenues of research, through a critique of current representations of innovation. Learn More
Business, Organized Labour and Climate Policy
Peter J. Glynn, Timothy Cadman, Tek N. Maraseni
This impartial study analyses the role of employer's organisations and trade unions in climate change policy and its impacts on the labour market. The policies of government to manage greenhouse gas emissions will require business to change its product and service delivery arrangements, which in turn means labour requirements will also change. The book also considers whether labour market issues should be explicit in the theoretical framework of ecological modernisation as it guides the policy development process. Learn More
Public Policy Transfer
Edited by Magdaléna Hadjiisky, Leslie A. Pal, Christopher Walker
Contemporary policy making is deeply influenced by the borrowing, transfer and diffusion of ideas and models from other countries, levels of government and supranational institutions. This is the first book to analyze comparatively the micro-dynamics of transfer across regions, contrasting policy fields, multiple levels of governance, and institutional actors. Grounded in original research by specialists in the field, it provides fresh and arresting insights into competition among transfer agents, resistances, local coalitions, translation, and policy learning. This empirical depth informs a reinvigorated and nuanced theoretical framework on global policy transfer processes. Learn More
The Future of Federalism
Edited by Richard Eccleston, Richard Krever
The crisis and its aftermath had a dramatic short-term effect on federal relations and, as the twelve case studies in this volume show, set in place a new set of socio-political factors that are shaping the longer-run process of institutional evolution and adaptation in federal systems. This illuminating book illustrates how an understanding of these complex dynamics is crucial to the development of policies needed for effective and sustainable federal governance in the twenty-first century. Learn More
Cities as Political Objects
Edited by Alistair Cole, Renaud Payre
Focusing on the city's role as the nexus for new forms of relationships between politics, economics and society, this fascinating book views the city as a political phenomena. Its chapters unravel the city's plural histories, contested political, legal and administrative boundaries, and its policy-making capacity in the context of multi-level and market pressures. Learn More
Integration, Diversity and the Making of a European Public Sphere
Edited by Hakan G. Sicakkan
Based on an extended agonistic pluralism perspective, this book offers a novel notion of a transnational public sphere that goes beyond the questions of whether a European public sphere exists or is possible and instead provides a solid understanding of its key features. Learn More
Europe's Disappearing Middle Class?
Edited by Daniel Vaughan-Whitehead
While recent studies have highlighted the phenomenon and risks of increased inequalities between the top and the bottom of society, little research has so far been carried out on trends relating to the median income range that generally represents the middle class. This volume examines the following questions: what are the main transformations in the world of work over the last 20 years in terms of the labour market, social dialogue, and conditions of work, wages and incomes that may have affected the middle class? How has the middle class been altered by the financial and economic crisis? What are the long-term trends for the middle class in Europe? Learn More


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Oct 15, 2020 - 05:06 pm
Mitsubishi Eclipse Cross PHEV available in 2021
AustraliaEcplise CrossGermanyJapanMitsubishiNew ZealandPHEV
Mitsubishi has announced the redesigned Eclipse Cross, which will be offered in select markets in Asia, Europe and Australia for the first time as a plug-in hybrid with a modified version of the drive system from the Outlander PHEV.
Sales of the new model are scheduled to start in early 2021 in select markets, including Japan, Australia, New Zealand and Germany. At this point, there are no plans to bring the hybrid version of the vehicle to market in the USA. Mitsubishi does not provide any performance data, but since the Eclipse Cross PHEV basically takes over the drive system from the Outlander PHEV – albeit with modifications to match its own chassis – we at least indicate the performance of the new part-time electric motor. Since the model year 2019, the Outlander PHEV has had a 2.4-litre gasoline engine with an output of 99 kW and two electric machines (70 kW on the rear axle and 60 kW on the front axle). They receive their electrical energy from a 13.8 kWh battery. According to the manufacturer's specifications, the purely electrical power is capable of covering 45 kilometres according to WLTP and a top speed of 135 kph.
After all: Mitsubishi publishes the consumption data for the Eclipse Cross PHEV. According to this data, the combined power consumption should be 19.3 kWh per 100 kilometres and the combined fuel consumption 1.8 litres per 100 kilometres. The Japanese estimate the combined CO2 emissions at 41 grams per kilometre. The values were determined in the WLTP test cycle and converted to NEDC. The Outlander PHEV achieves analogous values of 14.8 kWh/100 km, 1.8 litres per 100 km and 40g CO2 per kilometre.
As usual, the new plug-in hybrid offers a choice of three driving modes (EV, serial hybrid or parallel hybrid), and the Eclipse Cross PHEV also features an on-board power outlet that delivers up to 1,500 watts of power from the on-board traction battery. What's more, the new model features Mitsubishi's own all-wheel-drive system, Super-All Wheel Control (S-AWC).
In the course of the change of vintage, the Japanese company also gave the model a new look in comparison to the current Eclipse Cross. The front end has been given new bumper protection and a refreshed light layout, and the tailgate features a sharp hexagonal design reminiscent of the company's characteristic rear spare tires. Altogether with the modifications, a "sleek sporty SUV appearance" is achieved, according to Mitsubishi. Information about the price is not yet available.
mitsubishi-motors.com
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Ein Kommentar zu "Mitsubishi Eclipse Cross PHEV available in 2021"
Mark Kaganovich
I am currently driving 2019 Outlander PHEV. I like the car, but EV driving range of 22 miles is not enough. I am leasing this car and have to return it in 2023. Will be very interested in purchasing/leasing of the new Eclipse PHEV.
When it will be available in US?
https://www.electrive.com/2020/10/15/mitsubishi-eclipse-cross-phev-available-in-2021/


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Q: WPF grid wive column header styles I have DataGrid in my wpf mvvm application. i am binding a data table as the data source from my view model. please tel me a way to bind DataGrid column header text with the underlying tada table column "Caption". (not the default column name). I create Datagrid columns automatically (AuotGeneratedColumns = true)

A: Similar solution here ...http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6928393/all-datagrid-headers-must-have-unique-names-how-to-work-around-it/6929089#comment-8293037
Let me know if this guides you in some direction?


It's summer vacation time again so let's head back to the lake, the mountains, the wildlife and the peace of it all. Welcome to "Back Up North"! We offer two individual scenes. The Lakehouse and Lean-To Point. Both are made with simple piecing, easy fusible web machine appliqué, and quilting as you go!
For those wanting to create a larger scene, we offer a three-in-one pattern called "Back Up North." It includes the Lakehouse & Lean-To Point, Plus the "Lakeside" scene.


Q-1). How many buses are operated between Valsad and Mumbai by Shreenath travelers?
A: There are 6 buses that are operated from Valsad to Mumbai by Shreenath travelers.
Q-2). What is the time taken by Shreenath travelers to complete the journey from Valsad to Mumbai?
A: The journey between Valsad to Mumbai is covered by Shreenath travelers in approximately 4 hours 9 mins.
Q-3). How many luxury buses are operated by Shreenath travelers between Valsad and Mumbai?
A: There are 4 luxury buses operated by Shreenath travelers between Valsad to Mumbai.
Q-4). When does Shreenath travelers first bus leave from Valsad ?
A: The first bus of Shreenath travelers leaves at 11:30 from Valsad.
Q-5). When does Shreenath travelers last bus depart from Valsad ?
A: The last bus of Shreenath travelers departs at 23:45 from Valsad.
Q-6). What are Shreenath travelers bus ticket fares from Valsad to Mumbai ?
A: The starting bus fare of Shreenath travelers is 450. The maximum bus ticket fare of Shreenath travelers is 650.
Keeping your accessibility and satisfaction of road journey in mind, Shreenath travelers offers a number of buses throughout day and night. It also grants great convenience for any kind of commuters like business or leisure travellers . Valsad to Mumbai is one of the major functioning routes of Shreenath travelers. The skilled drivers and staff ensures complete comfort of its passengers.
Shreenath travelers runs several types of buses from Valsad to Mumbai. Generally, AC/Non AC sleeper buses are prefered during night travel. Besides, travelers may opt for AC/Non AC Semi sleeper and AC/Non AC Seater buses while commuting during day hours. All categories of Shreenath travelers buses ensure a good travel experience.


Another way to maximize your time and your studies online is to make sure you take time everyday for some strenuous activity. Sports can be fun. You may also enjoy running by yourself. Playing ball with groups of people can help you find important social interaction. While going for a jog or other activity by yourself can give you time to think. We often get so busy these days that we have very little time to think and process what happens in our days. Either way, 20 to 30 minutes of strenuous exercise each day will sharpen your mind and help you think more clearly & stay focused in your studies. I highly recommend scheduling a little time to work out each day. I've found that breaking my online class schedule up with a workout in the middle is most beneficial. Doing so can refresh me for the second half of the day.
Learning can be truly exciting. As new concepts and ideas flow into your mind and you consider them it's very common to feel elation that's not felt in very many other places in life. However one thing that studies can lead to getting trapped inside your own head. Therefore, I would suggest some social time in between your studies. That social time can come in the form of dating, service, or just giving someone a call to see how they're doing. There's something important about our interaction we have with other people that sustains and lifts us in small but essential ways. A research study was done with people who spent long periods of time in isolation. Those people found it very difficult to maintain regular sanity. But when we have the opportunity to share our ideas with others, encourage them, listen to them or just be in their presence, we find something magical occurs. We should take those chances to replenish ourselves so our studies can be more effective.
If you look at all the suggestions I've mentioned so far in this series you'll note that many don't directly relate to studying or reading better, they are all things we can do to maintain a proper balance while we are taking online college courses. It would be unfair of me to teach about balance and fail to mention another vital component of balance and that is spirituality. Because we all come from different backgrounds and the word spirituality can mean different things to each of us I'd like to explain what I mean by it.
To some, spirituality is some mystical mumbo-jumbo about the universe, to others it's a punishment and guilt for moral shortfalls. Honestly, whatever your background and whatever your current disposition is toward spirituality let me take you on a little though journey. Think back to a time when you felt at peace completely; at peace and at one with all those around. You may have been with friends. You may have been working out or you may have just been reading a good book. I propose that these are little insights into what spirituality is. Taking time for spiritual things is slowing down to notice the very real connection with all that surrounds us. When we feel this connection with others and when our mind is at rest we find that our ability to focus is a stronger, our minds are clear and free to consider our studies much easier. This mental state is invaluable for anyone pursuing an online education. Education is meant to be exciting and when we feel harmony and balance that excitement is compound.
These are only some thoughts about how to prepare for taking online classes. The important thing to remember is that we each have our own insights and our own things that we learn about life. We need to learn to pay attention & trust those things. When we do, we will find the things that we need individually in order to succeed at any given task in life. By keeping your life in balance you are well on your way to setting the stage for a positive and successful learning experience in your online college education.


In a move to recover money of investors', the market regulator Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) in the Pancard Clubs case has sold properties of over Rs 2 crore.
According to two different SEBI orders, the property in Mumbai is sold at Rs 1.34 crore and Rs 68.09 lakh in Panvel.
Dilip Dipchand Manwani and Dimple Barola have purchased the properties in Panvel and Mumbai.
SEBI said Barola and Manwani have paid the full bid amount to regulator within the time frame.
Dimple Barola has paid the full bid amount of Rs 1.33 crore with 1 percent poundage fee, which comes to Rs 1.34 crore, it said.
Dilip Manwani has also paid the total amount 68.09 lakh including 1 percent poundage fee, it added.
The company via its illegal collective investment schemes from over 51,55,000 investors it mobilised over Rs 7,000 crore.
SEBI in February 2016 directed to repay money of investor in which it failed and in April 2018 SEBI issued the notice of sale of the firm properties.
SEBI has sold many properties of several firms to repay the money of investors.