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The Culture Crosser: Remembering C.P. Snow
The organizers of the Academy's "Two Cultures in the 21st Century" symposium consider C.P. Snow's 50-year-old lament that a divide between the sciences and the humanities impedes social progress.
Born in 1905 in Leicester, Charles Percy Snow grew up in a family that barely clung to the British middle class. His father taught piano lessons and clerked in a shoe factory. The family home didn't even have a real bathroom. But Snow would pull himself up through education: A prestigious science scholarship took him to Cambridge and gave him the opportunity to study physics at the famed Cavendish Laboratory alongside Ernest Ruth erford, who pioneered our understanding of the atomic nucleus.
Soon Snow launched what would become a highly successful career as a novelist, and then began to serve Her Majesty's government in a variety of science-related capacities. By 1959 he had already become Sir Charles and was en route to Lord Snow. Soon to leave government service, he began to punditize and pronounce in nonfiction format—to say what he really thought.
And so late in the day on May 7, 1959, Snow rose to a Cambridge lectern to deliver the yearly Rede lecture, a centuries-old affair, and an invitation to pontificate for someone deemed to have earned it. He was 53 years old and, as a contemporary put it, "a kindly looking, avuncular figure, who beams at the world out of a round face through round glasses in a way which inspires a belief in man's better nature and the benevolence of the universe." Snow had spent his life up to that point moving among two separate and atomized groups of very smart people: literary intellectuals on the one hand, and scientists on the other. Now he seized the occasion to address a problem that had been "on my mind for some time ... a problem I could not avoid just because of the circumstances of my life ... By training I was a scientist: by vocation I was a writer."
This pedigree gave Snow a natural credibility as he went on to describe a disturbing "gulf of mutual incomprehension" between these two intellectual groups. Soon he illustrated the point with a canonical example:
A good many times I have been present at gatherings of people who, by the standards of the traditional culture, are thought highly educated and who have with considerable gusto been expressing their incredulity at the illiteracy of scientists. Once or twice I have been provoked and have asked the company how many of them could describe the Second Law of Thermodynamics. The response was cold: it was also negative. Yet I was asking something which is about the scientific equivalent of: Have you read a work of Shakespeare's?
This tends to be how we think of Snow today: A man at a cocktail party, trying to broker a peace between warring tribes of eggheads. It's also how we tend to think about the "two cultures": A divide between people who do equations, and people who do Shakespeare.
Such interpretations aren't wrong, they're merely simplistic. They don't help us understand why Snow would later express the wish that he had titled his lecture "The Rich and the Poor," and suggest many had missed its central point. Snow cared a great deal about breakdowns between scientists and writers, but the reasons he cared are what ought to most concern us, because they still resonate across the 50-year remove that separates us from Snow's immediate circumstances. Above all, Snow feared a world in which science could grow divorced from politics and culture. Science, he recognized, was becoming too powerful and too important; a society living disconnected from it couldn't be healthy. You had cause to worry about that society's future— about its handling of the future.
For this lament about two estranged cultures came from a man who had not only studied physics and written novels, but who had spent much of his life, including the terrifying period of World War II, working to ensure that the British government received the best scientific advice possible. That included the secret wartime recruitment of physicists and other scientists to work on weapons and defenses, activities which put Snow high up on the Gestapo's Black List. So, no: Snow's words weren't merely about communication breakdowns between humanists and scientists. They were considerably more ambitious than that—and considerably more urgent, and poignant, and pained.
It helps to think of Snow as an early theorist on a critical modern problem: How can we best translate highly complex information, stored in the minds of often eccentric (if well meaning) scientists, into the process of political decision making at all levels and in all aspects of government, from military to medical? At best that's a difficult quandary; there are many ways in which the translation can go wrong, and few in which it can go right. Yet World War II had demonstrated beyond question that the nations that best marshal their scientific resources have the best chance of survival and success, making sound science policy an essential component of modern, advanced democracies.
The oft-told story of the atomic bomb, in which a letter from none other than Albert Einstein helped alert President Roosevelt to the danger, makes this point most profoundly. But in a lecture delivered at Harvard little more than a year after his "Two Cultures" address and entitled "Science and Government," Snow illustrated the same dilemma through the example of radar. He argued that if a small group of British government science advisers, operating in conditions of high wartime secrecy, had not spearheaded the development and deployment of this technology in close conjunction with the Air Ministry, the pivotal 1940 Battle of Britain—fought in the skies over his nation—would have gone very differently. And Snow went further, identifying a bad guy in the story: Winston Churchill's science adviser and ally F.A. Lindemann, who Snow described as having succumbed to the "euphoria of gadgets." Rather than recognizing radar as the only hope to bolster British air defenses, Lindemann favored the fantastical idea of dropping parachute bombs and mines in front of enemy aircraft, and tried (unsuccessfully) to derail the other, pro-radar science advisers. Churchill's rise to power was an extremely good thing for Britain and the world, but as Snow noted, it's also fortunate that the radar decision came about before Churchill could empower Lindemann as his science czar.
So no wonder Snow opposed any force that might blunt the beneficial influence of science upon high-level decision-making. That force might be a "solitary scientific overlord"—Snow's term for Lindemann—or it might be something more nebulous and diffuse, such as an overarching culture that disregards science on anything but the most superficial of levels, and so fails to comprehend how the advancement of knowledge and the progress of technology simultaneously threaten us and yet also offer great hope.
Such a culture is what Snow detected in Great Britain in 1959; such a culture is also, to a great extent, what we find in the United States today—albeit for very different reasons.
With this background in place, we can begin to understand and translate one of the more seemingly antiquated parts of Snow's lecture: His particular beef with literary intellectuals, who come in for by far the greatest thrashing in the speech. Nowadays, when the profession of academic literary criticism is "losing its will to live" (as one Yale English prof recently put it), it's hard to imagine a period when literary intellects virtually ran things. Yet that is what Snow claimed to observe around him, and what he was reacting to.
It's not that bookworms were directly controlling the British government. But Snow felt that his country's "traditional culture" strongly privileged training in literature and the classics, rather than in the sciences; the assumptions of this traditional culture then greatly influenced society and its institutions. As a consequence, much of the British intelligentsia failed to comprehend science and seemed to abhor its extension in the form of industrialization, technological advancement, and economic growth. For Snow, such an attitude was wrong-headed: Technological advancement held great hope for improving the health and welfare of the poor people of the world.
In a nod toward even-handedness, Snow delineated the faults of both intellectual groups treated in his lecture. But any one could see he did not regard those faults as entirely equal. His scientists come off as can-do men of great sympathy and optimism, albeit "self-impoverished" because of their inability to see the relevance of literature to their lives. But as for the other camp, the literati who fail to comprehend science, but enjoy sneering at it? "They are impoverished too—perhaps more seriously, be cause they are vainer about it." Snow even observed that while scientists have "the future in their bones," literary types respond "by wishing the future did not exist." They were, in Snow's words, "natural Luddites." Such a quality did not recommend itself at a time when science had begun to transform the world far more rapidly than ever before.
To the "two cultures" problem, Snow saw just one solution. England had the most specialized educational system in the world—one that separated students with scientific talent from those with humanistic leanings at an early age, and then funneled them in different directions—and for Snow it simply had to change. Otherwise, his country would remain ill-equipped to tackle the leading political problems of the day, especially the gap between the industrialized and developing world—an issue Snow thought the scientists understood best, and could best address by working to spread the benefits of technology abroad. Or as he put it:
For the sake of the intellectual life, for the sake of this country's special danger, for the sake of the western society living precariously rich among the poor, for the sake of the poor who needn't be poor if there is intelligence in the world, it is obligatory for us and the Americans and the whole West to look at our education with fresh eyes.
Seen through an adequate lens, then, Snow's "Two Cultures" lecture, his "Science and Government" speech, and in fact all of his other major addresses reduce to the same point: Let's align our intellectual resources so science can achieve its full world changing potential. Let's not let anything get in the way of the translation of scientific knowledge into social relevance and action—not petty rivalries and egos, not scientific overlords and their pet theories and gadgets, and not disciplinary divides or cultural disconnects. Because it's simply too important.
Today, Snow's point is more poignant than ever. Innovative scientific and technological solutions are the key to meet the 21st century's economic, environmental, public health, and security challenges that transcend political borders. Just 50 years ago, Snow probably could not have foreseen global threats such as climate change, bird flu, or bioterrorism. But his vision of the need to unify the disparate intellectual camps in order to achieve the world-changing potential of science was prescient.
Chris Mooney is a science and political journalist and the author of The Republican War on Science. Sheril Kirshenbaum is a marine biologist and author at Duke University. Mooney and Kirshenbaum's forthcoming book, Unscientific America: How Scientific Illiteracy Threatens Our Future, will be published in the summer of 2009.


text:
Such are the debts among men; they're paid with songs and bullets.
Hi all, long time no see.
As anyone following this blog may have guessed I've struggled to find time to post this past year. That's somewhat ironic given I have more free time than before, but I have less dead time (the civil service turns out to be a lot more efficient than corporate law, who knew?). However, if there's any time that's ripe for an update it's the end of the year. Here then are my personal books of the year for 2019. (Actually, the picture is mostly books I haven't read yet so expect to see some of them on my best of the year for 2020 all going well.)
Best western: This has to be West, by Carys Davies. I thought I'd previously written this up but I read it shortly after my April-onwards blogging hiatus. It's a marvellous short form but wide screen western.
I enjoyed West for its prose, its strong grasp of story and its sense of the vastness of the old west. The parallel narrative strands both worked well for me – the man searching for giant animals in the far west (he read about their bones being found in a Kentucky swamp) and his 10-year-old daughter doing her best to get by at home while waiting for his unlikely return. There's a tremendous sense of scale here both physical and temporal against which the small human tales of greed, loyalty and folly play out.
Best and boldest short story collection: I wrote about Fen, by Daisy Johnson, in my January writeup, here. Nearly a year on from reading it I still remember the physicality of it and the sense of the mythic oozing into the present. It's a fabulous short story collection, in every sense.
Best why didn't I read this sooner? (also strongly presented in the Best Gothic Horror category): This is the marvellous We Have Always Lived in the Castle, by Shirley Jackson. This had been widely recommended to me, and no wonder. It's dark, slippery, and undeniably powerful. I wrote about it in my February roundup here. Looking back, I'd be hard pressed to say whether I preferred this to The House on Haunted Hill (with its incredible opening paragraph). Both books are exceptional. If anyone has any recommendations for more Jackson this time I'll listen sooner.
Best semi-autobiographical military fiction: not that Cartucho, by Nellie Campobello and translated by Doris Meyer (subtitled Tales of the Struggle in Northern Mexico), is really military fiction in any usual sense. Rather it's a collection of linked vignettes capturing her childhood experience of the Mexican Revolution, written by her as an adult in 1931. It's fair to say my knowledge of the Mexican Revolution is near non-existent (and reading Wikipedia while reading the book didn't help much – people seem to have changed sides a lot).
Why read a quasi-fictional memoir of a child's experience of a war I'm utterly ignorant of? Partly for the writing of course, and partly because I'd become aware that while I was reading a lot of Mexican fiction very little of it was by women. Cartucho (cartridges), paints a picture of brave young men (terribly young) and the ease with which they lose their lives. It's a book filled with the romance of war and yet at the same time its terrible waste.
Cartucho divides into three sections: Men of the North; The Executed; and Under Fire. Here's a fairly typical chapter from Men of the North:
El "Kirili"
Kirili wore a red jacket and yellow leather chaps. He liked to show off his singing voice because people would say, "Kirili, what a fine voice you have!" On his little finger he wore a wide ring that he'd taken off a dead man back in Durango. He courted Chagua, a lady with tiny feet. Whenever fighting broke out, Kirili would pass through Segunda del Rayo often so folks could see him firing shots. He walked with a swagger and an easy smile, like a buttonhole, on his face.
Whenever he set to talking about combat, he'd say that he had killed nobody but generals, colonels and majors. He never killed foot soldiers. Sometimes Gándara and El Peet told him not to be such a liar. Doña Magdalena, his mother, loved him a lot and admired him.
Off they went to Nieves. Kirili was taking a bath in a river when someone told him the enemy was coming, but he didn't believe it and didn't get out of the water. They arrived and killed him right there, in the river.
Chagua dressed in mourning, and not long after that she became a streetwalker.
Doña Magdalena, who no longer has any teeth and wears eyeglasses for reading, cries for him every day in a corner of his house in Chihuahua. But El Kirili lay there in the water, his body turning cold, the tissue of his porous flesh clutching the bullets that killed him.
In the UK Cartucho only comes in a Kindle edition as part of a double edition with Campobello's later work My Mother's Hands (which I was less taken by).
Best novel with an utterly exhausted protagonist: this is one of the surprise hits of my year and is The Hours Before Dawn, by Celia Fremlin. Guy Savage wrote about it here. It's a crime novel, but not really. The main character Louise is a young mother with two girls and a new baby boy, Michael. Michael won't sleep. Her husband blames Louise, the district nurse is patronisingly unhelpful, and Louise hasn't had a decent night's sleep now in a very long time.
When a new lodger seems to have a background that doesn't add up and behaviours that don't quite make sense Louise becomes suspicious, but is she just paranoid from exhaustion? I've made it sound like a thriller, but actually the crime is the least of it. What's brilliant here is the exploration of what it can be like to be mother to a small baby that just won't stop crying. Everything Louise does, every investigative path she walks, she's accompanied by at least one child needing her attention. Her husband means well, but just adds to her burden.
I've recommended Hours widely and it's been well received every time. If you read one book from this list that you haven't before this would be a good choice.
Best folk horror: is of course Ghost Wall, by Sarah Moss. This is what I used to call an espresso novel – short and intense. Jacqui writes about it here as have many others (Lonesome Reader's review here is also good). It starts out with teenage Silvie on an archeological holiday in Northern Ireland with her amateur-expert father, browbeaten (and more…) mother and an archaeology professor and his grad students.
There's nothing supernatural here, just human ugliness and the seductive power of other people's narratives. Best read in one or two sittings if you can.
Best slice of life novel: is The Waitress was New, by Dominique Fabre and translated by Jordan Stump. This quiet novel of a day-in-the-life of a middle-aged barman has stayed with me right through the year. It's another of Guy Savage's discoveries (here) and explores a drama that's nothing in terms of most fiction but that would be huge in one's personal life – the owner of the bar has disappeared for the day on some personal business and barman Pierre finds himself trying to hold things together with a new waitress and short handed in the owner's absence.
It's a small, quiet novel but very well observed. As the day goes on regulars come and go and we get glimpses of other lives, but like Pierre we never know too much about them. Life goes on. Highly recommended.
Best novel about an "It" girl: not that she really is, but this is of course The Artificial Silk Girl, by Irmgard Keun and translated by Kathie von Ankum. Keun is hugely overlooked talent but thanks to Penguin that looks like being corrected with several of her back-catalogue coming back into print.
Here Doris is a girl about town, modelled to a degree on the characters in Anita Loos' Gentlemen Prefer Blondes but Artificial is much the better book. It's funny, well written and has a streak of darkness coming both from Doris's dependency on men to survive and on the wider times in which she lives (Weimar Germany). Another strong candidate for my end of year list. Grant reviewed it here and Jacqui here.
Best science fiction not involving spaceships: because science fiction really doesn't have to you know. Anyway, it's The Last Children of Tokyo, by Yoko Tawada and translated by Margaret Mitsutani. This is a wonderfully melancholic novel in which the ageing (but not dying) inhabitants of a future Japan look after their enfeebled grandchildren. It's a quiet apocalypse, but not utterly without hope. This got lots of attention when it came out and hardly needs more from me but I can't deny its surprising power and gentleness. I wrote more about it in my January roundup here and there's a typically excellent review from Tony's Reading List here.
Best novel so gossamer-light it's almost not there: is The Revolt, by Nina Berberova and translated by Marian Schwarz. This is a slim novel of roads not taken and the risks of rediscovering old love. It's genuinely excellent and I've read more (also very good) Berberova since. A writer well overdue a Penguin Classics reissue. I wrote a bit more about it in my March roundup here.
Best comic novel by a writer I now plan to read everything by: is Excellent Women, by Barbara Pym. This is a wonderfully observed comedy in classic Pym territory featuring curates, country fairs and the possibility of romance. That makes it sound dreadful, but then if you summarised Jeeves & Wooster it would be a series of escapades of a nice-but-dim young man and his highly intelligent valet which doesn't sound that great either.
Mildred Wright is one of those excellent women on whom the 1950s Church of England depends: unmarried, capable and intelligent. When a glamorous couple move in downstairs Mildred finds herself pulled into their orbit, disrupting her cosy life with the local vicar and his sister.
The characterisation is spot on, Mildred is marvellous and Pym avoids the obvious simply by making Mildred too sensible to fall into the expected traps. Emma at Bookaround wrote this up in much more detail here and again it's highly recommended.
Drumroll please!
Best novel of the year for 2019 (and most surprising read of 2019): is Tentacle, by Rita Indiana and translated by Achy Obejas. I wrote about this back in January here and Grant wrote about it in more detail here. I don't honestly know if it is better than the Fremlin or the truly excellent Keun, but it was so unexpectedly fun I thought it deserved the place. It's transgender SF involving time travel and a psychic anemone and it's brilliant. I got it due to my subscription to And Other Stories and I'm glad I did as I'd never have bought it.
And that's it! Sorry I've been so quiet online. I have started commenting on other people's blogs again, intermittently but more than during the middle of the year. I also have many other end of year lists to read through. Before I go though, there's just time for a couple of honorary mentions – these are the books that if I'd typed this up on another day might well have made the list: Station Eleven, by Emily St. John Mandel (tremendous post-apocalypse novel. Surprisingly quiet in tone and with a nice examination of what gets remembered by history); The Spoilt City, by Olivia Manning (welcome return to Manning's Balkan trilogy with some very impressive moments and lovely characterisation); and A Scream in Soho by John G. Brandon (simply a hugely fun wartime thriller).
Finally, in case anyone's curious, here's my total list of everything I've read this year. If there's any there you're curious about (whether what I think of them or why they didn't make my list) please feel free to ask in the comments.
Semiosis, Sue Burke
The Fungus, Harry Adam Knight
Last Children of Tokyo, Yoko Tawada
Three Horses, Erri de Luca
Tentacle, Rita Indiana
Rustication, Charles Palliser
Fen, Daisy Johnson
The Ivory Grin, Ross Macdonald
Europe at Dawn, Dave Hutchinson
Nomads, Dave Hutchinson
We Have Always Lived in the Castle, Shirley Jackson
Slimer, Harry Adam Knight
Lady and the Little Fox Fur, Violette Leduc
Fell, Jenn Ashworth
The Revolt, Nina Berberova
Waitress was New, Dominique Fabre
After Supper Ghost Stories, Jerome
Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, Anita Loos
The Cowboy Bible, Carlos Velasquez
A Scream in Soho, John G. Brandon
A Dedicated Friend, Shirley Longford
Mildew, Pauline Jonguitude
West, Carys Davies
Zima Blue, Alastair Reynolds
Glaxo, Hernán Ronsino
Roseanna, Sjöwall and Wahlöö
Amok and Other Stories, Stefan Zweig
The Remainder, Alia Zéran
The Old Jest, Jennifer Johnston
The Night Visitors, Jean Ashworth and Richard Hirst
Holiday, Stanley Middleton
Empty Words, Mario Levrero
Station Eleven, Emily St. John Mandel
The Watchtower, Elizabeth Harrower
Jagua Nana, Cyprian Ekwensi
Hotel du Lac, Anita Brookner
The Hours Before Dawn, Celia Fremlin
Man who would be Kling, A. Roberts
Pattern Recognition, William Gibson
More Far Eastern Tales, Maugham
1913: The Eve of War, Paul Ham
The Last Summer, Ricarda Huch
Die, My Love, Ariana Harwicz
The Appointment, Herta Müller
Cartucho, Nellie Campobello
Walking to Aldebaran, Adrian Tchaikovsky
Silver in the Wood, Emily Tesh
The Artificial Silk Girl, Irmgard Keun
My Mother's Hands, Nellie Campobello
The Dark Defiles, Richard Morgan
Murd.Molly Southborne, Tade Thompson
Ghost Wall, Sarah Moss
Delirium Brief, Charles Stross
Permafrost, Alastair Reynolds
The Spoilt City, Olivia Manning
Ladies fr. St Petersburg, Nina Berberova
Survival M Southborne, Tase Thompson
The Beauty, Aliyah Whitely
No Good frm a Corpse, Leigh Brackett
The Taiga Syndrome, Christina Rivera Garza
The Labyrinth Index, Charles Stross
Excellent Women, Barbara Pym
Spook Country, William Gibson
We were slim and pleasing, like people in a picture.
A Certain Smile, by Françoise Sagan and translated by Irene Ash
A while back now I read and loved Françoise Sagan's Bonjour Tristesse. Come the searing summer heat of 2018 and it seemed a good time to return to Sagan.
A Certain Smile is the story of Dominique, an attractive young law student, and her affair with an older man Luc. Dominique already has a boyfriend, the perfectly likeable Bertrand. Luc is married to a kind and generous woman, Françoise. The story is entirely, and intentionally, unoriginal. Here's the opening paragraph:
We had spent the afternoon in a café in the Rue Saint-Jacques, a spring afternoon like any other. I was slightly bored, and walked up and down between the juke-box and the window, while Bertrand talked about Spire's lecture. I was leaning on the machine, watching the record rising slowly, almost gently, like a proffered cheek, to its slanting position against the sapphire, when, for no apparent reason, I was overcome by a feeling of intense happiness, a sudden realization that some day I would die, that my hand would no longer touch that chromium rim, nor would the sun shine in my eyes.
There's a lot packed in there. The narrator, who we're yet to learn is named Dominique, is "slightly bored". That will matter, because the story is in part driven by her desire to alleviate that casual boredom.
The language is deeply sensual. The record rises "like a proffered cheek", already introducing a hint of sex, but it's not just that. The whole description of something as mundane as playing a record on a jukebox is suffused with languorous desire.
Suddenly the narrator is overcome by "intense happiness", but it's irrevocably linked to mortality and to her realisation that one day she won't be there to experience moments like this. She isn't happy despite the prospect of death. The happiness is born of the joy of the moment and her awareness of its transience.
In a sense the whole book is there, and for that I think it's a pretty much perfect opening paragraph. Soon we learn that the narrator is Dominique and that she's a law student and that it's summer, but from these opening words we already know much more profound things about her than those quotidian facts.
Dominique and Bertrand make a good couple. They laugh together, make love, care about each other. Still, he's her first serious boyfriend and for most people those first relationships tend not to last. Even had Bertrand not introduced Dominique to his uncle, Luc, there would always eventually have been a Luc of one sort or another.
Luc and Françoise are older, already settled in life and with each other. They have no children and Françoise becomes almost a proxy-mother to Dominique, buying her clothes and feeding her dinners. Luc takes a different sort of interest.
Dominique is flattered by his attention and more by the frank way in which he tells her he wants to sleep with her but that he will never love her and this will be just a pleasant interlude in their lives. He makes her feel grown up, adult, knowing. She believes she can be like him, dispassionately passionate. She ignores the signs that she's wrong:
Already there was something that seemed to race like a hurricane when Luc was there. Afterwards time suddenly dropped back to normal, and once more there were minutes, hours, and cigarettes.
Plotwise I don't have much more to say. Luc takes Dominique to the French Riviera for a few days in a nice hotel with a sea view. It's almost like he's done this before…
Of course, things aren't quite as simple as Dominique expects. People get hurt, including her. As I said at the outset, in terms of story this is intentionally unoriginal.
So why read it? Partly because Sagan is so good on the experience of being Dominique: on her evolving and conflicting feelings; her discovery of love and her worse discovery of unreciprocated love; the sheer pleasure of being young and alive. Nothing Dominique experiences is new, except to her which is all that truly matters.
Sagan writes with extraordinary clarity. Just look at that first paragraph again: it's luminous. The whole book is like that, but at the same time it's succinct with no wasted or unnecessary detail. Reading it I could picture every scene, but when I looked back on it prior to writing this I realised that Sagan achieves that impact often with only the barest of descriptions.
Sagan can also be very funny when she feels like it and seemingly effortlessly cool. The book is full of small sly asides (the cigarettes line above is a great example). Here's one final quote that I just couldn't resist including:
I was back in the Champs-Élysées with the taste of a strange mouth on my lips, and I decided to go home and read a new novel.
It seems a sensible response.
I wrote a little about this in my June roundup here. Otherwise, two reviews that I particularly want to note. The first is this great review by Jacqui at Jacqui Wine's Journal. Rereading it I see that Jacqui used exactly the same phrase as I did to describe Françoise – "kind and generous". Clearly Sagan painted the character clearly.
The second, here, is a contemporaneous review by The Spectator. I don't usually include non-blog reviews, but I think it's pretty much spot on and it's interesting to see one which treats this as a new novel by a young writer rather than an old novel by a famous name.
Filed under Sagan, Françoise, Uncategorized

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Chairman of the Tulcea County (eastern Romania) Council Victor Tarhon starting on Sunday will participate in the works of the Political Bureau of the Conference of Peripheral Maritime Regions (CRPM) in Europe, representing the five Romanian counties members of this international body.
According to a press release of the Tulcea County Council (CJ), Victor Tarhon became a full member of the Political Bureau of CRPM following elections in October 2008 at the General Assembly held in Bayonne, France. The five Romanian counties members of this body are Caras Severin, Calarasi, Constanta, Galati and Tulcea.
'The agenda of this week's meeting of the Political Bureau of CRPM includes such topics of a general interests for the newly European structure, like the EU budget and the future of European cohesion, participation of the regions in development policies after 2014, external cooperation at European level and worldwide.
Also, during the two days of debate, the members of the Political Bureau will discuss topics of interest for the European regions such as energy and environment, agriculture, maritime challenges, the synergy between regional policy and EU policies on innovation and research,' reads the aforementioned release.
Also, Victor Tarhon will present the activity of the Balkan and the Black Sea Regional Commission, which functions under the CRPM. Tulcea became a member of CRPM since 2001, when it joined such other 161 regions in 28 countries.


On Monday, February 26, 2018, twenty states, led by the attorneys general of Texas and Wisconsin, sued officials of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), alleging that the law revoking the penalty aspect of the ACA's individual mandate rendered the entire ACA unconstitutional. The lawsuit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas.
The crux of the allegations is that since the decision of the U. S. Supreme Court in 2012 upholding the constitutionality of the mandate was based upon Congress' taxing authority, the elimination of the penalty provision of the mandate by statute rendered the mandate unconstitutional as well as the entire ACA.
Questions arise as to the reaction of the Justice Department to the lawsuit and whether preliminary issues of legal standing and other jurisdictional matters will be addressed.


text:
Večer criticises doctors for condoning politicians
Ljubljana, 1 December - The newspaper Večer criticises doctors for "covering" decision-makers over their bad decisions in the management of the epidemic in Wednesday's commentary in response to the death of a 20-year-old woman in September that has now been confirmed to have been linked to the J&J/Janssen vaccine.
Dec 1, 2021, 01:00 ep/zm
Publish time: Dec 1, 2021, 01:00
Category: Politics / Health, environment, science
Keywords: PRESS, CORONAVIRUS, VACCINE, DEATH, POLITICS
Author: ep/zm
Nov 30, 2021, 17:13 // Health, environment, science
Young woman's death confirmed to be related to Janssen vaccine (adds)
Oct 22, 2021, 08:35 // Health, environment, science / Politics
Slovenia to donate over 610,000 Janssen vaccine doses to COVAX
Oct 20, 2021, 18:35 // Health, environment, science
Slovenia's Covid death toll passes 5,000 (adds)
Oct 18, 2021, 18:18 // Politics / Health, environment, science
Opposition wants minister to resign over vaccination death, he sees no reason to do so
Oct 8, 2021, 15:00 // Health, environment, science
Task force reportedly recommends priority use of mRNA vaccines (adds)
Sep 29, 2021, 16:30 // Health, environment, science
Slovenia suspends use of J&J coronavirus vaccine (adds)


text:
AARP AARP Blogs Thinking Policy
Health Provision in New Tax Bill: Higher Premiums and Loss of Health Coverage for Older Adults
By Jane E. Sung, Olivia Dean, November 21, 2017 02:40 PM
Thought the debate over the health law was over? Not quite. Yes, Congress has shifted its focus from health care to tax reform over the past couple months. But health care faces new threats under the latest proposed tax legislation.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act as reported by the Senate Finance Committee on Nov. 16, 2017 includes a new provision that would both reduce health care coverage and increase costs for millions of Americans. Older adults ages 50-64 would be at particularly high risk under the proposal, facing average premium increases of up to $1,500 in 2019 as a result of the bill.
Older Adults Would Face Higher Premiums
The new provision in the Senate tax bill effectively eliminates the current health law's requirement that most people have health insurance coverage. Lawmakers are inserting this change into the tax debate to help pay for other changes they want to make to the tax code.
Unfortunately, this change will mean higher premiums for everyone who needs to purchase coverage on the individual (non-group) health insurance market. The non-partisan Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates that premiums will increase by an average of 10 percent, thanks to the pool of people continuing to purchase health insurance coverage being less healthy on the whole.
The impact will be especially hard on older adults, who will see the largest price increases even though they already pay premiums up to three times higher than others. As a result of the tax bill, for federal Marketplace coverage in 2019*:
Premiums for 50-year-olds could increase by an average $890, rising to $9,780 a year.
Premiums for 55-year-olds could increase by an average $1,110, rising to $12,200 a year.
Actual premium increases will vary by state, with some states seeing much higher increases for older adults. In Maine, a typical 64-year-old could see her premiums increase an average $1,750 a year (to $19,230), while in Alaska, she could see her premiums increase an average $2,150 a year (to $23,650) .
13 Million Fewer Americans Would Have Health Insurance Coverage
Eliminating the health care coverage requirement would also mean that millions more Americans will become uninsured. CBO has estimated that 4 million people under age 65 would no longer have health insurance coverage as early as 2019 if this provision is enacted. By 2027, that number would rise to 13 million people left without coverage.
Since enactment of the ACA, the uninsured rate for 50- to- 64-year-olds has fallen significantly, from 15% in 2013 to 9% in 2016**. The Senate tax bill provision threatens to reverse these critical coverage gains, meaning a harmful step backward for older adults.
The bottom line – the new health care provision in the Senate tax bill will increase premiums for older adults and lead to millions more uninsured.
PDF of state-level increases here: Premium Increases under Tax Bill
* Calculations by AARP Public Policy Institute
** AARP Public Policy Institute calculations from American Community Survey (ACS) 2013-2016
Jane Sung is a senior strategic policy adviser with AARP's Public Policy Institute, where she focuses on health insurance coverage among adults age 50 and older, private health insurance market reforms, Medicare Advantage, Medigap, and employer and retiree health coverage.
Olivia Dean is a policy analyst with the AARP Public Policy Institute. Her work focuses on a wide variety of health-related issues, with an emphasis on public health, health disparities, and private coverage.
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The Trump administration announced new tariffs on imported steel and aluminum on Thursday, despite resistance from the United States oil industry, Republicans leaders in Congress, and key international trading partners, according to a report by the Washington Post.
The Dow Jones industrial average fell by 586 points, or 2 points, on Thursday as investors factored in the cost of the tariffs on their existing businesses.
The oil industry's main concern? The burden that it will place on companies that use pipelines. Refineries and petrochemical plants also rely largely on steel. For now, that reliance is on cheap, imported steel.
"The Administration had taken meaningful steps to improve the current permit review process for natural gas infrastructure and it would be unfortunate if their steel tariffs created new and different barriers to projects," Charlie Riedl, executive director of the Center for Liquefied Natural Gas. Other outspoken opponents of the tariff was the American Petroleum Institute.
The Commerce Department earlier released a report saying rising imports of steel threatened national security. Trump used an obscure provision of existing trade laws to enact the tariffs, which are expected to be challenged in international courts in the coming months.
Automakers and other manufacturers had advised Trump against the tariffs, warning that higher prices would hurt sales and lead to layoffs nationwide. The Bush administration was the last to enact steal tariffs, which allegedly led to 200,000 job losses in 2002.
The existing trade tax code taxes 169 types of steel products that are imported for manufacturing purposes on a daily basis. The new measures are slated to pit steel jobs against other manufacturing jobs.


Lithium has literally been everywhere forever, because it is among the 3 components created within the Big Bang. generally decided on. Epidemiological proof SB 216763 manufacture correlating different markers of sociable dysfunction and disease vs. lithium level in normal water suggest great things about moderately raised lithium in comparison to average degrees of lithium intake. As opposed to additional biologically significant ions, lithium is definitely unusual in devoid of its focus in liquids of multicellular pets carefully controlled. For hydrogen ions, sodium ions, potassium ions, calcium mineral ions, chloride ions, and magnesium ions, bloodstream and extracellular liquid concentrations are carefully and necessarily governed by systems of extremely selective stations, and principal and secondary energetic transporters. Lithium, whilst having solid natural activity, is normally tolerated over body liquid concentrations varying over many purchases of magnitude. Having less natural legislation of lithium shows up due to insufficient lithium-specific binding sites and selectivity filter systems. Rather lithium exerts its myriad physiological and biochemical results by contending for macromolecular sites which are fairly specific for various other cations, especially for sodium and magnesium. This review will think SB 216763 manufacture about what is well known about the type of the competition and recommend using and increasing this understanding towards the HESX1 purpose of a unified knowledge of lithium in biology and the use of that understanding in medication and diet. Electronic supplementary materials The online edition of this content (10.1007/s00232-017-9998-2) contains supplementary materials, which is open to authorized SB 216763 manufacture users. solid course="kwd-title" Keywords: Ion stations and transporters, Magnesium-dependent enzymes, Physical properties of natural membranes Organization of the Paper SB 216763 manufacture We are going to initially explain the roots of lithium and cite the data that lithium is normally readily carried across membranes however, not carefully governed in body liquids. We are going to further be aware the lack of proof for particular lithium transporters or stations, or as a particular cofactor for natural molecules. Proof for transport as well as for various other natural results, combined with insufficient proof for specificity, means that lithium exerts its results by contending with governed cations for permeation and binding sites. We will review and discuss books explaining lithium competitive association and its own natural significance in the next contexts: Roots of lithium in the surroundings Physical commonalities and distinctions between lithium as well as other biologically essential cations Significance and systems for lithium passing across natural membranes Lithium connections with membranes Lithium competition with magnesium Lithium and mitochondria Lithium being a nutrient along with a toxin Lithium and affective disorders Lithium, GSK3, and BDNFConnecting the dots between lithium, tension, affective disorders, and neurodegenerative disease Lithium and cancers Lithium within the model eukaryote Fungus Roots and progression of lithium in biology Due to the broad range of the review, the citation list is going to be representative instead of exhaustive. An email on terminology: All natural activity that people know of, and it is described within this paper as well as the cited documents, has been the ion Li+. It is becoming common practice within the natural literature to utilize the phrase lithium when explaining the natural activity of Li+, using the ionic type understood within the context from the biology. Within this review, we adopt this practice except when citing particular documents that utilize the Li+ notation. Roots of Lithium in the surroundings Lithium was among the three components produced in the original condensation of matter from energy rigtht after the best Bang (Areas and Olive 2006). It really is broadly and unevenly distributed over the surface area of the planet earth both in igneous and sedimentary rock and roll (Turekian and Wedepohl 1961). Its focus in water is normally governed by way SB 216763 manufacture of a stability between weathering from stones into waterways and deposition from drinking water into sediments. Seawater is normally well blended with respect to lithium; the focus is fairly uniform at typically around .025?mM (Schwochau 1984). Lithium amounts in freshwater are less than in seawater and extremely variable from area to location. For instance, in well drinking water in america, lithium concentrations change from significantly less than .00014?mM to higher than .007?mM (Ayotte et al. 2011). This variability is because of the variants from spot to place and throughout evolutionary and geologic period of weathering.


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text:
Marketing News & Strategy
McDonald's fires CEO Steve Easterbrook after employee relationship revealed, replaces him with Chris Kempczinski
The ousted chief 'violated company policy and demonstrated poor judgment,' the company says
By Jessica Wohl. Published on November 03, 2019.
Retail media networks attract 'reluctant buyers,' ANA finds
Chris Kempczinski.
Credit: McDonald's via PR Newswire
McDonald's has fired President and CEO Steve Easterbrook after learning of a recent relationship he had with an employee, swiftly replacing him with McDonald's U.S. president Chris Kempczinski.
Easterbrook "has separated from the company" after the board determined that he "violated company policy and demonstrated poor judgment involving a recent consensual relationship with an employee," McDonald's said in a statement on Sunday afternoon.
Easterbrook, in an email sent to McDonald's employees, acknowledged the relationship and that it violated company policy. "This was a mistake. Given the values of the Company, I agree with the Board that it is time for me to move on. Beyond this, I hope you can respect my desire to maintain my privacy," he wrote in the email.
Easterbrook had been McDonald's president and CEO since March 2015 after serving as its chief brand officer. Now it is up to Kempczinski, who has been with McDonald's just four years, to keep the turnaround rolling at the world's largest restaurant company. Joe Erlinger, McDonald's president of international operated markets, was named the president of McDonald's U.S. business, taking that role from Kempczinski effective immediately.
Easterbrook had overseen a variety of changes at the fast feeder including the introductions of all-day breakfast, fresh beef quarter pounder patties and delivery in the U.S., areas in which Kempczinski has also been a key leader. Third-quarter sales were strong, with U.S. same-store sales up 4.8 percent and global comparable sales up 5.9 percent. Still, visits to McDonald's longstanding U.S. locations remain in negative territory, a continued issue of stress for the company and its franchisees, who need to see visits tick up for stronger sustained growth.
A comment from Kempczinski included in the McDonald's statement made sure to mention the partners he and other McDonald's executives are working to improve relationships with, including its franchisees, who have been pushing for more of a say in the company's decision-making.
"I'm thrilled to be leading this incredible company," Kempczinski said. "Working alongside our talented team, our board, our franchisees and suppliers, I am committed to upholding our rich heritage of serving our customers and driving value for our shareholders and other stakeholders."
In an email to employees, Kempczinski also discussed the importance of what McDonald's refers to as a three-legged stool of the company, franchisees and suppliers. He also thanked Easterbrook.
"Steve brought me into McDonald's and he was a patient and helpful mentor," Kempczinski said in the email. "I wish him all the best in his future endeavors."
Easterbrook's departure was briefly addressed in the company's statement, which went on to detail the myriad reasons it plucked Kempczinski for the elevated role.
"In particular, Chris was instrumental in the development of the company's strategic plan, which has enabled global growth and leadership, and has overseen the most comprehensive transformation of the U.S. business in McDonald's history," Enrique Hernandez Jr., chairman of McDonald's board, said in the company's statement.
McDonald's is in a much better position now than it was in 2015 when Easterbrook took over from Don Thompson amid weak results, and when Easterbrook hired Kempczinski as executive VP of strategy, business development and innovation. Kempczinski, who was previously at Kraft Heinz, joined McDonald's in 2015 in the executive VP role and became president of McDonald's U.S. business at the beginning of 2017.
Easterbrook's departure is the latest in a series of C-level exits at the Golden Arches. Chief Marketing Officer Silvia Lagnado announced in July that she'd be leaving in October, and then Chief Communications Officer Robert Gibbs departed.
Steve Easterbrook at the Allen & Co. Media and Technology Conference in Sun Valley, Idaho on July 9.
Credit: Patrick T. Fallon/Bloomberg
Jessica Wohl
Jessica Wohl is Ad Age's senior editor. She was most recently a senior reporter covering the food and restaurant industries for Ad Age. She also is one of the hosts of the Marketer's Brief podcast and Creativity Top 5 Live. Jessica previously reported for the Chicago Tribune and Reuters.
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text:
Early Travelers and Explorers to the Pyramids, Part I
About Egyptian Pyramids
By Jimmy Dunn writing as Alan Winston
Between the 9th and 16th centuries we have little information about the pyramids, with the exception of some mostly Arab travelers. One of the earliest was Abd al-Latif, a 12th century scholar. He describes the pyramids as being covered with indecipherable writing, probably the graffiti of visitors, but his observations imply that much of the casing at Giza was still intact when he visited. However, even then the pyramids were being systematically quarried for building stone. He reports the destruction of a number of small pyramids by Emir Karakoush during the reign of Saladin. He also mentions bats as large as pigeons in the Great Pyramid of Khufu, a theme often repeated by future travelers who entered the pyramids.
While many fanciful stories came about during this period, another scholar, Edrisi, wrote a "History of the Pyramids" that seems to have been a bit more factual than many other accounts of his day.
European travel to Egypt, particularly to see the Great Pyramids at Giza, seems to have been inspired by the Crusaders who returned home with intriguing tales of what they had seen. Soon afterwards a trickle of pilgrims became a stream of travelers.
One of the domes of St. Mark's in Venice has a 12th century mosaic of the pyramids as Joseph's granaries, an idea first suggested by the 5th century AD Latin writers Julius Honorius and Rufinus. This image was repeated by many early visitors, even though direct observation should have convinced them otherwise. In fact, some of the supposedly informed guides to Egypt were concocted by people who had never even visited Egypt. Those who could not visit Egypt themselves still wrote about it, depending on their imaginations rather than their actual experiences.
The Renaissance saw renewed interest in the pagan past. It was known that behind the greatness of Rome was that of Greece, and with early travel reports came the realization that behind the greatness of Greece lay that of the Near Eastern civilizations, and particularly that of Egypt.
Then, when Egypt came under Turkish rule in 1517, travel became safer. Sultan Selim I provided protection for French traders and pilgrims, and then when the printing press was invented in the mid 15th century, details and images of travelers became more widely disseminated, encouraging more people to make the voyage to Egypt.
Eventually, these visitors became "antiquaries" who, in the 16th century, began to retrieve artifacts and ancient manuscripts for the growing number of European collectors and for libraries and museums. These were not informed scholars for the most part, but rather treasure hunters.
Many of these early antiquaries, such as Kircher, considered by some as "the Father of Egyptology", even though he apparently never visited Egypt, promoted the idea, still potent today, that the pyramids contained some mystic significance. However, while these fanciful notions were still current, some early visitors such as George Sandys who visited the pyramids in 1610, accepted the idea that the pyramids were the tombs of kings.
These reports of early travelers, though ambiguous at times, are useful in determining the condition of the pyramids over time. For example, in 1546, Pierre Belon observed that the third pyramid at Giza was in perfect condition, as if it had just been built. Jean Chesneau mentioned that the other two pyramids at Giza were not "made in degrees". Did this mean that their inner, stepped core were not exposed? Also, Prosper Alpinus, one of the first Europeans to attempt an accurate measurement of the pyramids, wrote in 1591 that the viceroy of Egypt, Ibrahim Pash, enlarged the entrance to the Great Pyramid "so that a man could stand upright in it". This must have indicated a widening of the passage of al-Mamun.
In the midst of the quirky illustrations and odd ideas of the 17th century, however, came the first scientific reports about the Great Pyramid of Giza.
John Greaves (1602-1652), professor of astronomy at the University of Oxford, first reviewed the existing literature and then went to Egypt to study the pyramids for himself. He dismissed all the accounts of the Giza pyramids having been built by biblical figures or legendary kings. From the classical sources, it was he who concluded that these monuments were erected by Cheops (Khufu), Chephren (Khafre) and Mycerinus (Menkaure), as tombs for the security of the body because of an ancient Egyptian conviction that this would ensure the endurance of the soul.
Greaves set out to produce detailed measurements of Khufu's pyramid with the best available instruments and a rigorously scientific approach. He calculated that the Great Pyramid had a perpendicular height of 152 meters (now known to be 146.5 meters). He made many other measurements inside and out, including counting the steps, and he even noted the basalt pavement east of the pyramid that hinted at the existence of the mortuary temple.
He also provided some clues about the other pyramids at Giza. He noted that the stones in Khafre's pyramid were not as large or as regularly laid as in the Great Pyramid, but that the surface was smooth and even free of inequalities or breaches except on the south side.
Another scholar, Benoit de Maillet, the French Consul-General in Egypt between 1692 and 1708, visited Khufu's pyramid over forty times while he was in Egypt. His plan and section of the superstructure are not as good as those of Greaves, but his drawing of the passages and chambers is more accurate. The lengths and proportions of the Ascending Passage and the Grand Gallery are nearly correct, as are the different parts of the well shaft. At that time, the Descending Passage was still unknown beyond its juncture with the Ascending Passage.
Apparently, between 1639, when Greaves was at Giza, and 1692, when Benoit de Maillet first visited Giza, the second pyramid must have been stripped to its present condition, because de Maillet mentions that the casing stones remained only at the top. It was also Maillet who called for a survey to produce an accurate map and documentation of all the ancient Egyptian sites, which the Napoleonic Expedition executed a century later.
Throughout the 18th century, travelers poured into Egypt, not only to describe what they saw but also sometimes to make accurate records. Simple travelogues evolved into geographical catalogues, and included the ancient sites and monuments. One of the earliest 18th century travelers was a Jesuit priest named Claude Sicard, who visited Egypt between 1707 and 1726. He documented 20 of the major pyramids, 24 complete temples and over 50 decorated tombs.
However, foremost among the 18th century antiquaries were the Englishman Richard Pococke and the Dane Friderik Norden. Both visited Egypt in 1737. Pococke made a map of Giza that was extremely schematic, while his profile of the Great Pyramid was borrowed from de Maillet. He seems to describe Khufu's causeway, describing it as being seven meters wide and 914 meters long, built of stone and reinforced by 61 circular buttresses. Of course, this bears no resemblance to Khufu's causeway. It turns out that he was describing the arches in the floodplain north of Khufu's pyramid built under Saladin from blocks taken from the Giza pyramid.
He also thought that the pyramids were made by encasing natural mounds of rock, an idea also asserted by another 18th century traveler, Scot James Bruce, who stated that, "anyone who will take the pains to remove the sand will find the solid rock there hewn into steps". In fact, Bruce and Pococke must have noticed that the bedrock is left in the cores at the northeast corner of Khufu's pyramid and in the northwest corner of the one belonging to Khafre.
Norden's Travels, published in 1755, marks a great advance in documentation, no doubt owing to his profession as an artist and naval marine architect. he was sent to Egypt by King Christian VI of Denmark and he traveled as far south as Derr in Nubia.
Another English diplomat and traveler, Nathaniel Davison, also visited the pyramids later during the 18th century. He is credited, probably incorrectly, with being the first to enter the lowest of the five stress-relieving chambers above the King's Chamber in the Pyramid of Khufu. This chamber, which he entered on July 8th, 1765, now bears his name. Recent rains had also washed away some of the sand and debris choking the Descending Passage, and Davison saw that it sloped away into the bedrock beneath. He followed it into the darkness for 39.6 meters before finding it sealed off by debris. He also investigated the well shaft, descending from the bottom of the Grand Gallery to a depth of 47.2 meters where it, too, was closed off with rubble.
Of course, some of the most important early visitors to Egypt came with the Napoleon Expedition at the end of the 18th century, but that is a story all to itself. However, the artists of the commission with Napoleon created precise views of many of the pyramids in Egypt. Colonel Coutelle and the architect J.M. Lepere undertook a detailed study of the interior of Khufu's pyramid while the surveyor E. F. Jomard and engineer and artist Cecile re-measured the superstructure, including event he height of each course of stones.
It is perhaps ironic that with the massive scholarly French effort was soon followed by the era of plunder, destruction and non-systematic excavations that were a hallmark of the Egyptian archaeology and pyramid exploration of the 19th century.
Early Pyramid Travelers and Explorers, Part I
Early Pyramid Travelers and Explorers, Part II
Early Pyramid Travelers and Explorers, Part III
Title Author Date Publisher Reference Number
Complete Pyramids, The (Solving the Ancient Mysteries) Lehner, Mark 1997 Thames and Hudson, Ltd ISBN 0-500-05084-8
Illustrated Guide to the Pyramids, The Hawass, Zahi; Siliotti, Alberto 2003 American University in Cairo Press, The ISBN 977 424 825 2
Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, The Redford, Donald B. (Editor) 2001 American University in Cairo Press, The ISBN 977 424 581 4
Pyramids, The (The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments) Verner, Miroslav 2001 Grove Press ISBN 0-8021-1703-1
Treasures of the Pyramids, The Hawass, Zahi 2003 American University in Cairo Press, The ISBN 977 424 798 1
Pyramids in General
Pyramid Intro
Pyramid Overview
General Mythology
Abu Rowash
Ahmose I - Abydos
Flinders Petrie
Major Pyramid Fields
Abusir
Dahshur
Fayoum Region
Saqqara Proper
Saqqara South
Abusir Pyramids
Khentkaues
Neferefre
Neferirkare
Niuserre
Sahure
Unattested of Abusir
Abu Rowash Pyramids
Djedefre
Lepsius Pyramid #1
Dahshur Pyramids
Amenemhet II
Amenemhet III
Ameny Kemau
Senusret III
Snefru - Bent
Snefru - Red
Amenemhet I - Lisht
Amenemhat III - Labyrinth
Snofru - Meidum
Senusret I - Lisht
Senusret II - Lahun
Cheops (Khufu)
Chephren (Khafre)
Menkaure
Djoser - Step
Iput I & Khuit
Sekhemkhet
Teti
Userkaf
Anonymous Pryamid
Khendjer
Djedkare
Merenre
Pepi I
Pepi II
Pepi I's Queens
Pepi II's Queens
Unknown Queen
Small, Stepped
Deir el-Medina
Ibi, Khui & Others
Near Zawiyet el-Aryan
Mazghuna
Nubian Pyramids
Pyramid Construction
Orientation, Layout
Foundation Deposits
Giza Worker's Village
Kuhun Worker's Village
Pyramid Religion
Why Pyramids
Pyramid Text
Pyramid Legends
Crackpots and Pyramidiots
Other Pyramid Topics
Pyramid Tours
Imhotep, Architect
Pyramid Evolution
Early Travelers
Great Pyramid Expeditions
Pyramidions
Temple Related
Temples Overview
Egyptian Columns
Location and Orientation
Offering Rituals
Grand Festivals
Colors in Art


Fans of the '80s have a hard time when it comes to seeing their favorite songs live. If you go out to see, say, A Flock of Seagulls or Modern English, odds are you're going to wait all night to hear "Space Age Long Song" or "Melt With You". It's depressing for the bands, sure, but let's be real, the majority want the songs they've been singing their whole lives.
Lost 80s Live gets real with those fans by giving them exactly what they want. For years, they've been offering stacked lineups, filled with their favorite one-hit wonders, who all can be found on Spotify playlists dubbed "Super '80S PLAYLIST" or "Stranger things – 80s Songs." It's a win-win for the acts, too, as they're playing bigger and better venues.
This year is no exception and the tour has coddled together a who's who of favorites, specifically A Flock of Seagulls, When in Rome UK original members Farrington & Mann, Boys Don't Cry, The Vapors, Real Life, and John Parr will be at every show. A few lucky fans might get to also see Bow Wow Wow and Wang Chung. A couple of the nights vary.
In other words, you'll get to hear "I Ran (So Far Away)", "The Promise", "I Wanna Be a Cowboy", "Turning Japanese", "Send Me An Angel" (a personal favorite), and "St. Elmo's Fire". What's more, as Rolling Stone points out, these bands won't play long, which means you get right to "the good stuff" and can keep shuffling in the comforts of nostalgia.
Sound good to you? Grab your Farrah Fawcett Hair Spray, toss on that Member's Only jacket, and polish off those Ray-Bans because Lost 80s Live begins this summer. Consult the full itinerary below and plan accordingly, aka find a convertible. You can score tickets here.


Milwaukee 8977-20 Heat Gun Manual. View the Milwaukee 8977-20 Heat Gun manual. A Milwaukee heat gun is a device used to emit a stream of hot air. The temperatures between 2001000 F. Milwaukee heat guns are used in engineering, physics, materials science, chemistry, laboratory and workshop settings. They can be used strip paint, shrink heat shrink tubing, shrink film, and shrink wrap packaging, dry out damp wood, bend and weld plastic, soften adhesives, and thaw frozen pipes. You are viewing the manual and parts listings for the Milwaukee 8977-20 Heat Gun.