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The College of William & Mary (also known as William & Mary, W&M, and officially The College of William and Mary in Virginia) is a public research university in Williamsburg, Virginia. Founded in 1693 by letters patent issued by King William III and Queen Mary II, it is the second-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and the ninth-oldest in the English-speaking world.[9]
Latin: "Collegium Gulielmi et Mariae"
Royal college (1693-1776)
Private college (1776-1906)
Public research university (1906-present)
February 8, 1693; 328 years ago (1693-02-08)[1][2]
Sea-grant
Space-grant
$1.3 billion (2021)[3]
Katherine Rowe
Peggy Agouris[4]
John E. Littel[5]
738 full-time, 183 part-time[6]
8,817 (Fall 2019)[6]
37°16′15″N 76°42′30″W / 37.27083°N 76.70833°W / 37.27083; -76.70833Coordinates: 37°16′15″N 76°42′30″W / 37.27083°N 76.70833°W / 37.27083; -76.70833
College Town, 1,200 acres (4.9 km2)
The Flat Hat
W&M Green & Gold[7]
Sporting affiliations
NCAA Division I FCS – CAA
EIGL
The Griffin[8]
www.wm.edu
William & Mary educated American presidents Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and John Tyler. It also educated other key figures pivotal to the development of the United States, including the first President of the Continental Congress Peyton Randolph, the first U.S. Attorney General Edmund Randolph, the fourth U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall, Speaker of the House of Representatives Henry Clay, Commanding General of the U.S. Army Winfield Scott, sixteen members of the Continental Congress, and four signers of the Declaration of Independence. This earned it the nickname "the Alma Mater of the Nation".[10] A young George Washington also received his surveyor's license at the college in 1749 and he would become the college's first American chancellor in 1788. The position was long held by Bishops of London and Archbishops of Canterbury, though in modern times has been held by U.S. Supreme Court Justices, Cabinet Secretaries, and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. Benjamin Franklin received William & Mary's first honorary degree in 1756.[11]
William & Mary is notable for its many firsts in American higher education. The F.H.C. Society, founded in 1750, was the first collegiate fraternity in the United States, and W&M students founded the Phi Beta Kappa academic honor society in 1776, the first Greek-letter fraternity. W&M was also the first school of higher education in the United States to install an honor code of conduct for students, dating back to 1736.[12] It was the first and only American university issued a coat of arms by the College of Arms in London.[13] The establishment of graduate programs in law and medicine in 1779 makes it one of the first universities in the United States. The Marshall–Wythe School of Law is the oldest law school in the United States, and the Sir Christopher Wren Building, attributed to the famed English architect, is the oldest academic building in continuous use in the United States.[14]
In addition to its prestigious undergraduate program, W&M is home to several top-ranked graduate programs and four professional schools.[15] In his 1985 book Public Ivies: A Guide to America's Best Public Undergraduate Colleges and Universities, Richard Moll included William & Mary as one of the original eight "Public Ivies". It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High Research Activity".[16]
1.1 Colonial era: 1693–1776
1.2 Revolution and transition
1.3 Civil War, Reconstruction, and the early 20th century
1.4 1930–present
2 Campus
3 Organization and administration
4 Academics
4.1 Academic departments
4.2 Learning environment
4.3 Student body and admissions
4.4 Public service
4.5 Rankings
4.6 Publications
5 Faculty
6 Student life
6.1 Campus activities
6.2 Honor system
6.3 Student Code of Conduct
6.4 Traditions
6.5 Fraternities and sororities
6.6 The Queen's Guard
6.8 Comedy groups
8 Alumni
Main article: History of the College of William & Mary
Colonial era: 1693–1776Edit
James Blair, founder of William & Mary
A school of higher education for both Native American young men and the sons of the colonists was one of the earliest goals of the leaders of the Colony of Virginia. The college was founded on February 8, 1693, under a royal charter (legally, letters patent) to "make, found and establish a certain Place of Universal Study, a perpetual College of Divinity, Philosophy, Languages, and other good arts and sciences ... to be supported and maintained, in all time coming."[17] Named in honor of the reigning monarchs King William III and Queen Mary II, the college is the second oldest college in the United States. The original plans for the college date back to 1618 at Henrico but were thwarted by the Indian Massacre of 1622, a change in government (in 1624, the Virginia Company's charter was revoked by King James I and the Virginia Colony was transferred to royal authority as a crown colony), events related to the English Civil War, and Bacon's Rebellion. In 1695, before the town of Williamsburg existed, construction began on the College Building, now known as the Sir Christopher Wren Building, in what was then called Middle Plantation (Virginia). It is the oldest college building in America. The college is one of the country's nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution. The Charter named James Blair as the college's first president (a lifetime appointment which he held until his death in 1743). William & Mary was founded as an Anglican institution; students were required to be members of the Church of England, and professors were required to declare adherence to the Thirty-Nine Articles.[18]
In 1693, the college was given a seat in the House of Burgesses and it was determined the college would be supported by tobacco taxes and export duties on furs and animal skins. The college acquired a 330 acres (1.3 km2) parcel for the new school,[19] 8 miles (13 km) from Jamestown. In 1694, the new school opened in temporary buildings.
Territorial annexations made by W&M alumni
Williamsburg was granted a royal charter as a city in 1722 by The Crown and served as the capital of Colonial Virginia from 1699 to 1780. During this time, the college served as a law center and lawmakers frequently used its buildings. It educated future U.S. Presidents Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and John Tyler. The college has been called "the Alma Mater of a Nation" because of its close ties to America's founding fathers, as well as figures pivotal to the development and expansion of the United States. A 17-year-old George Washington received his surveyor's license through the college and would return as its first American chancellor. William & Mary is famous for its firsts: the first U.S. institution with a royal charter, the first Greek-letter society (Phi Beta Kappa, founded in 1776), the first collegiate society in the country (F.H.C. Society, founded in 1750), the first student honor code and the first collegiate law school in America.[a][20]
Revolution and transitionEdit
See also: History of the College of William & Mary § Slavery and William & Mary
Thomas Jefferson, 3rd President of the United States was a W&M alumnus
James Monroe, 5th President of the United States, was an alumnus
During the period of the American Revolution, freedom of religion was established in Virginia notably with the 1786 passage of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom. Future U.S. President James Madison was a key figure in the transition to religious freedom in Virginia, and Right Reverend James Madison, his cousin and Thomas Jefferson, who was on the Board of Visitors, helped the College of William & Mary to make the transition as well. In 1779 the college became the first American university with the establishment of the graduate schools in law and medicine.[clarification needed] As its president, Reverend Madison worked with the new leaders of Virginia, most notably Jefferson, on a reorganization and changes for the college which included the abolition of the Divinity School and the Indian School and the establishment of the first elective system of study and honor system.[21]
The College of William & Mary is home to the nation's first collegiate secret society, the F.H.C. Society, popularly known as the Flat Hat Club, founded November 11, 1750. On December 5, 1776, students John Heath and William Short (Class of 1779) founded Phi Beta Kappa as a secret literary and philosophical society. Other secret societies known to currently exist at the college include: The 7 Society, 13 Club, Alpha Club, Bishop James Madison Society, The Society, The Spades, W Society, and Wren Society.[22][23]
Thomas R. Dew, professor of history, metaphysics, and political economy, and then president of William & Mary from 1836 until his death in 1846, was an influential academic defender of slavery.[24]: 21–47
In 1842, alumni of the college formed the Society of the Alumni[25] which is now the sixth oldest alumni organization in the United States. In 1859, a great fire destroyed the College Building. The Alumni House is one of the few original antebellum structures remaining on campus; notable others include the Wren Building, the President's House, the Brafferton, and Prince George House.
Civil War, Reconstruction, and the early 20th centuryEdit
College Building, 1859–1862
At the outset of the American Civil War (1861–1865), enlistments in the Confederate States Army depleted the student body; and on May 10, 1861, the faculty voted to close the college for the duration of the conflict. General Charles A. Whittier reported that "thirty-two out of thirty-five professors and instructors abandoned the college work and joined the army in the field".[26] The College Building was used as a Confederate barracks and later as a hospital, first by Confederate, and later Union forces. The Battle of Williamsburg was fought nearby during the Peninsula Campaign on May 5, 1862, and the city was captured by the Union army the next day. The Brafferton building of the college was used for a time as quarters for the commanding officer of the Union garrison occupying the town. On September 9, 1862, drunken soldiers of the 5th Pennsylvania Cavalry set fire to the College Building,[27] purportedly in an attempt to prevent Confederate snipers from using it for cover. Much damage was done to the community during the Union occupation, which lasted until September 1865.
Following the restoration of the Union, Virginia was destitute from the War. The college's 16th president, Benjamin Stoddert Ewell, finally reopened the school in 1869 using his funds but the college closed in 1882 due to lack of funds. In 1888, William & Mary resumed operations under an amended charter when the Commonwealth of Virginia passed an act[28] appropriating $10,000 to support the college as a teacher-training institution. Lyon Gardiner Tyler (son of US President and alumnus John Tyler) became the 17th president of the college following President Ewell's retirement. Tyler, along with the 18th president J. A. C. Chandler, expanded the college into a modern institution. In March 1906, the General Assembly passed an act taking over the grounds of the colonial institution, and it has remained publicly supported ever since. In 1918, William & Mary became one of the first universities in Virginia to admit women and become coeducational.[29] During this time, enrollment increased from 104 students in 1889 to 1269 students by 1932.
The college, c. 1902
Largely thanks to the vision of a William and Mary instructor, Reverend Dr. W. A. R. Goodwin, the College Building, the President's House and the Brafferton (originally the Indian School) were restored to their 18th-century appearance between 1928 and 1932 with substantial financial support from John D. Rockefeller, Jr. and his wife, Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. Together, they led the establishment and beginnings of Colonial Williamsburg.
1930–presentEdit
In 1930, William & Mary expanded its territorial range by establishing a branch in Norfolk, Virginia – The Norfolk Division of the College of William & Mary. This extension would eventually become the independent state-supported institution known as Old Dominion University.
Significant campus construction continued under the college's nineteenth president, John Stewart Bryan. President Franklin D. Roosevelt received an honorary degree from the college on October 20, 1934.[30] In 1935, the Sunken Garden was constructed, just west of the Wren Building. The sunken design is taken from a similar landscape feature at Royal Hospital Chelsea in London, designed by Sir Christopher Wren.
In 1945 the editor-in-chief of The Flat Hat, Marilyn Kaemmerle, wrote an editorial "Lincoln's Job Half-Done..." that supported the end of racial segregation, anti-miscegenation laws and white supremacy; the university administration removed her from the newspaper and nearly expelled her.[31] According to Time magazine, in response, over one-thousand William & Mary students held "a spirited mass meeting protesting infringement of the sacred principles of freedom of the press bequeathed by Alumnus Thomas Jefferson." She was allowed to graduate but future editors had to discuss "controversial writings" with faculty before printing. The college Board of Visitors in the 1980s apologized to her.[32][33]
The college admitted Hulon Willis into a graduate program in 1951 because the program was unavailable at Virginia State. However, the college did not open all programs to African-American students until around 1970.[34]
In 1960, The Colleges of William & Mary, a short-lived five campus university system, was founded. It included the College of William & Mary, the Richmond Professional Institute, the Norfolk Division of the College of William & Mary, Christopher Newport College, and Richard Bland College.[35] It was dissolved in 1962.
In 1974, Jay Winston Johns willed Highland, the 535-acre (2.17 km2) historic Albemarle County, Virginia estate of alumnus and U.S. President James Monroe, to the college. The college restored this historic presidential home near Charlottesville and opened it to the public.[36]
Jefferson Hall, a student dormitory, was destroyed by fire on January 20, 1983 with no casualties. The building, including the destroyed west wing, was later rebuilt and reopened.[37]
Earl Gregg Swem Library on New Campus.
On July 25, 2012, Eastern Virginia Medical School (EVMS), in nearby Norfolk, Virginia made a joint announcement with William & Mary that the two schools were considering merging so EVMS would become the William & Mary School of Medicine.[38][39] Any such merger would have to be confirmed by the two schools and then confirmed by the Virginia General Assembly and Governor. A pilot relationship, supported by a $200,000 grant in the Virginia budget, was subsequently agreed upon by both universities to examine this possible union in reality.[40]
Throughout the second half of the 20th century, William & Mary has retained its historic ties to the United Kingdom and their royal family. In 1954, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother visited William & Mary as part of her tour of the United States, becoming the first member of the royal family to visit the college. In 1957, Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh visited the college to commemorate the 350th anniversary of the landing at Jamestown. Elizabeth gave a speech from the balcony of the Wren Building that drew over 20,000 people, the largest crowd ever seen in the city. In 1981, Charles, Prince of Wales visited to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Yorktown. In 1988, the United States Congress selected William & Mary to send a delegation to the United Kingdom for the 300th anniversary of the ascension of King William III and Queen Mary II. Prince Charles would return to the college in 1993 for the 300th anniversary of William & Mary, and that same year William & Mary sent a delegation to meet with Queen Elizabeth II. Former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher would be made the Chancellor of the College of William & Mary that same year. In 2007, Elizabeth II and Prince Philip would visit the college for a second time to recognize the 400th anniversary of the landing at Jamestown.[41]
CampusEdit
The college is on a 1,200-acre (490 ha) campus in Williamsburg, Virginia. In 2011, Travel+Leisure named William & Mary one of the most beautiful college campuses in the United States.[42]
The Sir Christopher Wren Building is the oldest college building in the United States and a National Historic Landmark.[43] The building, colloquially referred to as the "Wren Building", was named upon its renovation in 1931 to honor the English architect Sir Christopher Wren. The basis for the 1930s name is a 1724 history in which mathematics professor Hugh Jones stated the 1699 design was "first modelled by Sir Christopher Wren" and then was adapted "by the Gentlemen there" in Virginia; little is known about how it looked since it burned within a few years of its completion. Today's Wren Building is based on the design of its 1716 replacement. The college's alumni association has suggested Wren's connection to the 1931 building is a viable subject of investigation.[44]
Two other buildings around the Wren Building complete a triangle known unofficially as "Ancient Campus": the Brafferton (built within 1723 and originally housing the Indian School, now the President and Provost's offices) and the President's House (built within 1732). In addition to the "Ancient Campus", which dates to the 18th century, the college also consists of "Old Campus" and "New Campus".
"Old Campus" consists of academic buildings and dormitories built near the Wren Building and matches the Georgian and Anglo-Dutch architecture of the colonial buildings of "Ancient Campus" and Colonial Williamsburg. Located directly to the west of the Wren Building, the majority of "Old Campus" was constructed during the 1920s and 1930s and is dominated by the Sunken Gardens and the college's football stadium, Zable Stadium. Also within "Old Campus" are Sorority Court, the majority of upperclassmen dormitories, and the offices and classrooms of the History, Economics, Government, Philosophy, Religion, Music, Modern Language, and English Departments.
Adjoining "Old Campus" to the north and west is "New Campus". It was constructed primarily between 1950 and 1980, and it consists of academic buildings and dormitories that, while of the same brick construction as "Old Campus", fit into the vernacular of modern architecture. Beginning with the college's tercentenary in 1993, the college has embarked on a building and renovation program that favors the traditional architectural style of "Old Campus", while incorporating energy-efficient technologies. Several buildings constructed since the 1990s have been LEED certified. Additionally, as the buildings of "New Campus" are renovated after decades of use, several have been remodeled to incorporate more traditional architectural elements to unify the appearance of the entire college campus. "New Campus" is dominated by William and Mary Hall, Earl Gregg Swem Library, and formerly Phi Beta Kappa Memorial Hall. It also includes the offices and classrooms of the Mathematics, Physics, Psychology, Biology, and Chemistry Departments, the majority of freshman dormitories, the fraternity complex, the majority of the college's athletic fields and the Muscarelle Museum of Art. The newest addition to "New Campus" is Alan B. Miller Hall, the headquarters of the college's Mason School of Business.
The renovated Matoaka Amphitheater scenically located on the shore of Lake Matoaka.
The recent wave of construction at William and Mary has resulted in a new building for the School of Education, not far from Kaplan Hall (formerly William and Mary Hall). The offices and classrooms of the Government, Economics, and Classical Language Departments, share John E. Boswell Hall (formerly "Morton Hall") on "New Campus". These departments have been piecemeal separated and relocated to buildings recently renovated within the "Old Campus", such as Chancellors' Hall.[45]
The vast majority of William and Mary's 1,200 acres (4.9 km2) consists of woodlands and Lake Matoaka, an artificial lake created by colonists in the early 18th century.[46] The college has shown a dedication to the stewardship and preservation of these natural elements, which are accessible via the trails running throughout the campus.
The college also has property and buildings not contiguous to campus, including the William and Mary School of Law and the McCormack-Nagelsen Tennis Center, both on a piece of property approximately four blocks southeast of the Wren Building. Additionally, approximately a mile northwest of "New Campus" is the Dillard Complex (located across from the modern campus of Virginia's Eastern State Hospital), which is home to several offices, two former dormitories, and Plumeri Park, the college's baseball stadium.
Following the George Floyd protests and associated movements as well as student and faculty pressure in 2020 and 2021, several buildings, halls, and other entities were renamed. Maury Hall (named for Confederate sailor Matthew Fontaine Maury) on the Virginia Institute of Marine Science campus and Trinkle Hall (named for Governor Elbert Lee Trinkle) of Campus Center were renamed in September 2020 to York River Hall and Unity Hall respectively.[47] In April 2021, three buildings were renamed at following a vote by the Board of Visitors: Morton Hall (named for professor Richard Lee Morton) to John E. Boswell Hall (for LGBT advocate and alum John Boswell), Taliaferro Hall (named for Confederate General William Taliaferro) to Hulon L. Willis Sr. Hall (Hulon Willis Sr. was the first Black student at the college), and Tyler Hall (named for President John Tyler and his son) to its original name of Chancellors' Hall (the hall had been renamed in 1988).[45]
Organization and administrationEdit
See also: List of presidents of the College of William & Mary and Chancellor of the College of William & Mary
Former president W. Taylor Reveley III
The Board of Visitors is a corporation established by the General Assembly of Virginia to govern and supervise the operation of the College of William & Mary and of Richard Bland College.[48] The corporation is composed of 17 members appointed by the Governor of Virginia, based upon the recommendations made by the Society of the Alumni, to a maximum of two-successive four-year terms. The Board elects a Rector, Vice-Rector, and Secretary and the Board meets four times annually.[48] The Board is responsible for appointing a president, related administrative officers, and an honorary chancellor, approving degrees, admission policies, departments, and schools, and executing the fiduciary duties of supervising the college's property and finances.[49]
The Chancellor of the College of William & Mary is largely a ceremonial role. Until 1776, the position was held by an English subject, usually the Archbishop of Canterbury or the Bishop of London, who served as the college's advocate to the Crown, while a colonial President oversaw the day-to-day activities of the Williamsburg campus. Following the Revolutionary War, General George Washington was appointed as the first American chancellor; later United States President John Tyler held the post. The college has recently had several distinguished chancellors: former Chief Justice of the United States Warren E. Burger (1986–1993), former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher (1993–2000), former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger (2000–2005), and former U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor (2005–2012).[50] Former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates, himself an alumnus of the college, succeeded O'Connor in February 2012.[51]
The Board of Visitors delegates to a president the operating responsibility and accountability for the administrative, fiscal, and academic performance of the college as well as representing the college on public occasions such as conferral of degrees.[48] W. Taylor Reveley III, 27th President of the college, served from 2008 to 2018.[52] In February 2018, The Board of Visitors unanimously elected Katherine A. Rowe as Reveley's successor. Rowe is the first female president to serve the college since its founding.[citation needed] The president is assisted by a provost, the senior academic officer of the university, and several vice presidents.
Faculty members are organized into separate faculties of the Faculty of Arts and Science as well as those for the respective schools of Business, Education, Law, and Virginia Institute of Marine Science.[48] Each faculty is presided over by a dean, who reports to the provost, and governs itself through separate by-laws approved by the Board of Visitors. The faculty are also represented by a faculty assembly that serves to advise the president and provost.[48]
The Royal Hospital School, an independent boarding school in the United Kingdom, is a sister institution.[53]
AcademicsEdit
The College of William & Mary is a medium-sized, highly residential, public research university.[54] The focal point of the university is its four-year, full-time undergraduate program which comprises most of the institution's enrollment. The college has a strong undergraduate arts & sciences focus, with a select number of graduate programs in diverse fields ranging from American colonial history to marine science. The college offers four academic programs in its Washington, DC office, an undergraduate joint degree program in engineering with Columbia University, as well as a liberal arts joint degree program with the University of St Andrews in Scotland.[55]
The graduate programs are dominant in STEM fields and the university has a high level of research activity.[54] For the 2016–17 academic year, 1,591 undergraduate, 652 masters, and 293 doctoral degrees were conferred.[56] William & Mary is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.[57]
William & Mary offers exchange programs with 15 foreign schools, drawing more than 12% of its undergraduates into these programs, and receives U.S. State Department grants to further expand its foreign exchange programs.[58]
Academic departmentsEdit
The college is organized into one faculty and four schools:
Mason School of Business
Marshall-Wythe School of Law
School of Marine Science (Virginia Institute of Marine Science) at Gloucester Point, Virginia
Learning environmentEdit
William & Mary is committed to ensuring the quality of its undergraduate teaching experience.[59] To advance this mission, W&M provides a "small college environment" and maintains a low student-to-faculty ratio of 12-to-1 (the second lowest among U.S. public universities), thereby fostering student-professor interaction. A notable 99% of all undergraduate classes, excluding labs, are taught by professors (not teaching assistants) and 86% of all classes contain 40 or fewer students.[60]
Student body and admissionsEdit
Demographics of student body [56][61]
(Fall 2018)
7.3% 19.4% 12.2%
White American
6.2% N/A N/A
William & Mary enrolled 6,285 undergraduate and 2,455 postgraduate students in Fall 2018.[56] Women made up 57.6% of the undergraduate and 50.7% of the graduate student bodies.[56]
Admission to W&M is considered "most selective" according to U.S. News & World Report.[59] There were 17,400 applications for admission to the class of 2025 (enrolling fall 2021): 5,200 will likely be admitted (29.9%) and approximately 1,590 will enroll (an admissions yield of 32%).[62] The average high school GPA of enrolled freshmen was 4.24, and 94.2% had a high school GPA of 3.75 or higher.[62] The middle 50% range on SAT scores was 660–730 for reading and 650–760 for math, while the ACT Composite middle 50% range was 30–33.[62]
Undergraduate tuition for 2016–2017 was $13,127 for Virginia residents and $36,158 for out-of-state students.[63] W&M granted over $20.9 million in need-based scholarships in 2014–2015 to 1,734 undergraduates (27.5% of the undergraduate student body); 37% of the student body received loans, and average student indebtedness was $26,017.[64] William & Mary is making efforts to grant more financial aid to applicants (and has a new plan that promises to freeze tuition hikes upon admission for all 4 years). However, research of William & Mary students published in 2016 and 2017 showed they continued to hail from overwhelmingly wealthy student family backgrounds, even as compared to other elite public institutions.[65][66]
Public serviceEdit
William and Mary is the highest-ranked national university for placement of its graduates in public or government service according to Washington Monthly magazine.[67]
RankingsEdit
Academic rankings
ARWU[68]
Forbes[69]
THE/WSJ[70]
U.S. News & World Report[71]
Washington Monthly[72]
QS[74]
THE[75]
USNWR graduate school rankings[77]
USNWR departmental rankings[77]
Biological Sciences 159
U.S. Colonial History 1
Public Affairs 94
W&M ranks as tied for the 11th best public university, tied for 39th overall best national university in the U.S., and tied for 497th best global university according to the 2021 U.S. News & World Report rankings.[78] U.S. News & World Report also rated William & Mary's undergraduate teaching as the 4th best (tied with Princeton University) among 73 national universities and 13th best for Undergraduate Research/Creative Projects in its 2021 rankings.[78]
For 2019 Kiplinger ranked William & Mary 6th out of 174 best-value public colleges and universities in the U.S.[79]
In the 2019 "America's Top Colleges" ranking by Forbes, W&M was ranked the 9th best public college and 47th out of the 650 best private and public colleges and universities in the U.S.[80]
W&M ranked 3rd for race and class interaction in The Princeton Review's 2018 rankings.[citation needed]
W&M was ranked as the public college with the smartest students in the nation according to Business Insider's 2014 survey.[81]
In 2020, was W&M ranked 4th for "Colleges with the Happiest Students" by The Princeton Review.[82]
The undergraduate business program was ranked 12th among undergraduate programs by the 2016 Bloomberg Businessweek survey.[83]
In 2020, William and Mary was ranked 9th in a list of the public universities that "pay off the most", according to CNBC.[84]
In 2021, W&M's Raymond A. Mason School of Business received a ranking of 15 nationally for the undergraduate degree program, according to "Poets & Quants".
PublicationsEdit
The Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture publishes the William and Mary Quarterly, a scholarly journal focusing on colonial history, particularly in North America and the Atlantic World from the Age of Discovery onward.
In addition to the Quarterly, W&M, by its mission to provide undergraduates with a thorough grounding in research also hosts several student journals. The Monitor is the undergraduate journal of International Studies which publishes on a bi-annual basis. The Lyon Gardiner Tyler Department of History also supports an undergraduate history journal, The James Blair Historical Review, which publishes on an annual basis.
Non-academic publications include The William & Mary Review – the college's official literary magazine – Winged Nation – a student literary arts magazine, Acropolis – the art and art history magazine, The Flat Hat – the student newspaper, The Botetourt Squat – the student satirical newspaper, The Colonial Echo – the college's yearbook, Tribe Attaché - the student news blog covering international events, The DoG Street Journal – a daily online newspaper, and Rocket Magazine – the college's fashion, art, and photography publication.
FacultyEdit
Since the 17th century, many prominent academics have chosen to teach at William & Mary. Distinguished faculty include the first professor of law in the United States, George Wythe (who taught Henry Clay, John Marshall, and Thomas Jefferson, among others); William Small (Thomas Jefferson's cherished mentor); William and Thomas Dawson, who were also presidents of William & Mary. Also, the founder and first president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology – William Barton Rogers – taught chemistry at William & Mary (which was also Professor Barton's alma mater). Several members of the socially elite and politically influential Tucker family, including Nathaniel Beverley, St. George, and Henry St. George Tucker Sr. (who penned the original honor code pledge for the University of Virginia that remains in use there today), taught at William & Mary.
More recently, William & Mary recruited the constitutional scholar William Van Alstyne from Duke Law School. Lawrence Wilkerson, current Harriman Visiting Professor of Government and Public Policy, was chief of staff for Colin Powell. Susan Wise Bauer is an author and founder of Peace Hill Press who teaches writing and American literature at the college. James Axtell, who teaches history, was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences as a Fellow in 2004. Iyabo Obasanjo, a previous senator of Nigeria and daughter of former President Olusegun Obasanjo of Nigeria, also serves as faculty in Kinesiology & Health Sciences.[85]
Professor Benjamin Bolger – the second-most credentialed person in modern history behind Michael Nicholson – taught at W&M.[86]
Student lifeEdit
Campus activitiesEdit
The college enjoys a temperate climate.[87] In addition to the college's extensive student recreation facilities (which include a large gym, a rock climbing wall, and many exercise rooms) and programs (facilitating involvement in outdoor recreation, as well as club and intramural sports),[88] the largely wooded campus has its own lake and outdoor amphitheater. The Virginia Beach oceanfront is 60 miles (97 km) away, and Washington, D.C. is a 150-mile (240 km) drive to the north. Also, the beaches of the Delmarva Peninsula are just a few hours away via the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel.
The college's Alma Mater Productions (AMP) hosts concerts, comedians, and speakers on campus and in the 8,600-person capacity Kaplan Arena, as well as putting on many smaller activity-based events.[89] Students produce numerous publications on campus, including the official student newspaper The Flat Hat, arts and fashion magazine Rocket Magazine,[90] and the satirical newspaper The Botetourt Squat.[91] The school's television station, WMTV, produces content in the categories of cuisine, comedy, travel, and sports. Everyday Gourmet, the former flagship production of the station, was featured in USA Today in 2009.[92] WCWM, the college's student-run public radio station, transmits 24 hours a day on 90.9 FM locally and online [93] and features student-curated and created content; they also put on an annual concert, WCWM Fest, featuring local and touring musicians.[94]
The college also hosts several prominent student-run culture- and identity-based organizations. These include the Black Student Organization, Catholic Campus Ministry, Hillel (the college's official Jewish student group), Asian American Student Initiative, Latin American Student Union, Lambda Alliance and Rainbow Coalition, and the Middle Eastern Students Association, among many others.[95]
The college's International Relations Club (IRC) ranked eleventh of twenty-five participants in the 2020-2021 North American College Model U.N.[96]
Honor systemEdit
William & Mary's honor system was first established by alumnus Thomas Jefferson in 1779 and is widely believed to be the nation's first.[97] During the orientation week, every entering student recites the Honor Pledge in the Great Hall of the Wren Building pledging:
As a Member of the William & Mary community I pledge, on my Honor, not to lie, cheat, or steal in either my academic or personal life. I understand that such acts violate the Honor Code and undermine the community of trust of which we are all stewards.
The basis of W&M's Honor Pledge was written over 150 years ago by alumnus and law professor Henry St. George Tucker Sr.[98] While teaching law at the University of Virginia, Tucker proposed students attach a pledge to all exams confirming on their honor they did not receive any assistance.[99][100] Tucker's honor pledge was the early basis of the Honor System at the University of Virginia.[101] At W&M, the Honor System stands as one of the college's most important traditions; it remains student-administered through the Honor Council with the advice of the faculty and administration of the college. The college's Honor System is codified such that students found guilty of cheating, stealing or lying are subject to sanctions ranging anywhere from a verbal warning up to expulsion.[102]
Student Code of ConductEdit
W&M considers the observance of public laws of equal importance to the observance of its particular regulations. William and Mary's Board of Visitors delegates authority for discipline to its president. The President oversees a hierarchy of disciplinary authorities to enforce local laws as it pertains to William and Mary's interest as well as its internal regulatory system.[103]
TraditionsEdit
Crim Dell bridge in the heart of W&M's wooded campus
William & Mary has several traditions, including the Yule Log Ceremony, at which the president dresses as Santa Claus and reads a rendition of "How the Grinch Stole Christmas", the Vice-President of Student Affairs reads "Twas the Night Before Finals", and The Gentlemen of the College sing the song "The Twelve Days of Christmas".[104] Christmas is a grand celebration at the college; decorated Christmas trees abound on campus. This popular tradition started when German immigrant Charles Minnigerode, a humanities professor at the college in 1842 who taught Latin and Greek, brought one of the first Christmas trees to America. Entering into the social life of post-colonial Virginia, Minnigerode introduced the German custom of decorating an evergreen tree at Christmas at the home of law professor St. George Tucker, thereby becoming another of many influences that prompted Americans to adopt the practice at about that time.[105]
Incoming freshmen participate in Opening Convocation, at which they pass through the entrance of the Wren Building and are officially welcomed as the newest members of the college. Freshmen also have the opportunity, during orientation week, to serenade the president of the college at his home with the Alma Mater song. The Senior Walk is similar, in that graduating seniors walk through the Wren Building in their "departure" from the college. On the last day of classes, Seniors are invited to ring the bell in the cupola of the Wren Building.
W&M also takes pride in its connections to its colonial past during Charter Day festivities. Charter Day is technically February 8, based on the date (from the Julian Calendar) that the Reverend James Blair, first president of the college received the charter from the Court of William III and Mary II at Kensington Palace in 1693. Past Charter Day speakers have included former US President John Tyler, Henry Kissinger, Margaret Thatcher, and Robert Gates.[citation needed]
Another underground tradition at W&M is known as the "Triathalon". As reported by The Flat Hat, the tradition - normally performed prior to graduation - involves completing three activities;[106] jumping the walls of the Governor's Palace in Colonial Williamsburg, streaking through the Sunken Garden, and finally swimming in the Crim Dell. The tradition has been referred to as an underground one and is not sanctioned by the college, but is still widely practiced.[106]
A unique tradition at William and Mary is the annual Raft Debate. Described by the college as "a 'delicate balance of comedy and lecture,' the annual Raft Debate features four W&M faculty members from diverse disciplines, stranded on a desolate island with only a one-person life raft for escape to civilization. Based on the volume of applause, the audience chooses the sole survivor as the professors cajole, plead, pontificate, and resort shamelessly to props and costumes. The quirky event originated in the mid-1900s and was revived during the 2000s by the Graduate Center, the A&S Office of Graduate Studies and Research, and the A&S Graduate Student Association. Faculty participants represent the Humanities, the Social Sciences, or the Natural and Computational Sciences. The Devil's Advocate, who argues sarcastically that none of the academic disciplines are worth saving, has on rare occasion emerged victoriously."[citation needed]
Commencement exercises each year begin with the senior class walking through the Wren Building and across the campus, crossing the Crim Dell bridge, and arriving at William & Mary Hall (Kaplan Arena) for the commencement ceremony. The graduating class processes into the arena as the Choir of the College of William & Mary sings the William & Mary Hymn. Since 2018, the venue for graduation ceremony has been changed to Zable Stadium due to the renovation of Kaplan Arena.
Fraternities and sororitiesEdit
Main article: College of William & Mary fraternity and sorority system
William & Mary has a long history of fraternities and sororities dating back to 1750 and the founding of the F.H.C. Society, the first collegiate fraternity established in what now is the United States. Phi Beta Kappa, the first "Greek-letter" fraternity, was founded at the college in 1776.
Today, various Greek-letter organizations play an important role in the college community, along with such other social organizations as theatre and club sport groups. Overall, about one-third of undergraduate students are active members of one or another of 16 national fraternities and 13 sororities.[107] William & Mary is also home to several unusual fraternal or similar organizations, including the Nu Kappa Epsilon music sorority[108] and its male counterpart, Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia; the Alpha Phi Omega co-ed service fraternity; gender-inclusive Phi Sigma Pi and other honor fraternities.
The Queen's GuardEdit
The Western Union Building at Sorority Court, the College of William & Mary, site of the college's Army ROTC offices.
The Queen's Guard was established on Feb. 8, 1961 as a special unit of the Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps and is now affiliated with the Pershing Rifles. The Guard was described by former President Davis Y. Paschall as "a unit organized, outfitted with special uniforms, and trained in appropriate drills and ceremonies as will represent the College of William and Mary in Virginia on such occasions and in such events as may be approved by the President." The uniform of the Guard loosely resemble that of the Scots Guard of the United Kingdom. The baldric is a pleated Stuart tartan, in honor of Queen Mary II and Queen Anne.[109] Following a hazing citation in fall 2019 by the college's Community Values & Restorative Practices organization, the Queen's Guard was suspended until at least spring 2022.[110]
MusicEdit
William and Mary has twelve collegiate a cappella groups: The Botetourt Chamber Singers (1975, co-ed); The Christopher Wren Singers (1987, co-ed); The Gentlemen of the College (1990, all-male); The Stairwells (1990, all-male); Intonations (1990, all-female); Reveille (1992, all-female); The Accidentals (1992, all-female); DoubleTake (1993, co-ed); Common Ground (1995, all-female); The Cleftomaniacs (1999, co-ed); Passing Notes (2002, all-female); The Tribetones (2015, all-female);[111] and the Crim Dell Criers (2019, co-ed).[citation needed] Sinfonicron Light Opera Company, founded in 1965, is William and Mary's student run light opera company, producing musicals (traditionally those by Gilbert & Sullivan) in the early spring of each academic year.[112] Music societies at the college include local chapters of the music honor societies Delta Omicron (co-ed) and Phi Mu Alpha (all-male) as well as Nu Kappa Epsilon (all-female). Nu Kappa Epsilon, founded in 1994 at William and Mary, is "dedicated to promoting the growth and development of musical activities at the college as well as in the Williamsburg community".[113]
Large musical ensembles include a symphony orchestra, wind symphony, and choir. Other musical ensembles at the college include an Early Music Ensemble, featuring medieval, renaissance and baroque music, a Jazz combo ensemble, a Jazz ensemble, the Wham Bam Big Band, and a Mixed Ensemble which features chamber music, as well as an Opera workshop, a percussion ensemble, saxophone ensemble, string ensemble, a viol ensemble, and a wind ensemble.[114] In addition to these traditional groups W&M offers a number of non-traditional and world music ensembles such as The Appalachian Music Ensemble, Indonesian Gamelan, Middle Eastern Music Ensemble, and performance art ensemble.[115] Prior to 1996 the college also had a formal Marching Band, however from 1996 to present the college has joined the likes of Columbia University in having a scramble band on campus, known as the William & Mary Pep Band.[116] Additionally, though not formally affiliated with the college, the William and Mary Bookstore hosts an Irish seisiún once a week.
William and Mary's radio station, WCWM, has been on the air since 1959. Student and faculty DJs broadcast a variety of original programming and organize music performances such as the annual WCWM Fest.[117]
Comedy groupsEdit
William & Mary has multiple campus comedy groups. I.T. (short for Improvisational Theatre), was founded in 1986 and is the oldest group on campus.[118] The sketch comedy ensemble 7th Grade Sketch Comedy has been in existence since 1997.[119] In 2012 a new improvisational group, Sandbox Improv, was formed. While I.T. performs short form and long-form improv, Sandbox Improv is the only exclusively long-form improvisational team on campus.[120] Dad Jeans Improv, around since 2016, is an improv troupe that specializes in long-form improvisation with a technical element of some sort in each show.[121] Trippin' On Brix is William & Mary's sketch and improv group.
AthleticsEdit
Main article: William & Mary Tribe
Formerly known as the "Indians", William & Mary's athletic teams are now known as the "Tribe". The college fields NCAA Division I teams for men and women in basketball, cross country, golf, gymnastics, soccer, swimming, tennis, and indoor and outdoor track and field. Also, there are women's field hockey, lacrosse and volleyball squads as well as men's baseball and football. In the 2004–05 season, the Tribe garnered five Colonial Athletic Association titles, and it leads the conference with over 80 titles. That same year, several teams competed in the NCAA Championships, with the football team appearing in the Division I-AA national semifinals. The men's cross country team finished 8th and 5th within the Division I NCAA Men's Cross Country Championship in 2006 and 2009, respectively. The William & Mary men's basketball team is one of four original Division I schools that have never been to the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament.
There have been many recent notable athletes who competed for the Tribe. On the men's soccer team, goalkeeper Adin Brown was a back-to-back NCAA First Team All-American in 1998 and 1999. The track program has produced several All-Americans, including Brian Hyde, an Olympian and collegiate record holder in the 1500-meter run, and Ed Moran, a gold medalist in the 5000-meter run at the 2007 Pan American Games. The baseball program boasts a handful of current MLB players, including relief pitcher Bill Bray with the Cleveland Indians organization, 11 year MLB career Curtis Pride Montreal Expos, New York Yankees, Atlanta Braves, Detroit Tigers, and Colorado Rockies utility infielder Brendan Harris. The football program has also produced numerous NFL players and coaches: All-Pro safety Darren Sharper, current Pittsburgh Steelers head coach Mike Tomlin, current Buffalo Bills head coach Sean McDermott, cornerback Derek Cox, kicker Steve Christie, long snapper Mike Leach, Walter Payton Award-winning quarterback Lang Campbell, wide receiver Dominique Thompson, Pro Football Hall of Fame coaches Marv Levy and Lou Holtz, and Jacksonville Jaguars linebackers coach Mark Duffner.
In May 2006, the NCAA ruled that the athletic logo, which includes two green and gold feathers, could create an environment offensive to the American Indian community, even though the Florida State Seminoles logo and Utah Utes logo were considered unoffensive. The college's appeal regarding the use of the institution's athletic logo to the NCAA Executive Committee was rejected. The "Tribe" nickname, by itself, was found to be neither hostile nor abusive, but rather communicates ennobling sentiments of commitment, shared idealism, community and common cause.[122] The college stated it would phase out the use of the two feathers by the fall of 2007, although they can still be seen prominently painted on streets throughout the campus.[123]
In 2018, athletic director Samantha Huge introduced a new brand kit for the department, officially retiring and de-emphasizing the script "Tribe" logo.[124]
In the fall of 2019, Tribe Athletics presented the "Tribe 2025" plan, a comprehensive plan for the athletics department to raise national prominence, undergo significant facilities upgrades, and achieve higher levels of student involvement and spirit.[125]
In September of 2020, William and Mary announced that due to financial concerns they would be discontinuing 7 varsity sports: men's and women's gymnastics, men's and women's swimming, men's indoor and outdoor track and field and volleyball[126].This decision prompted a petition entitled "save the Tribe 7" which received significant support. On October 19th the university reinstated women's gymnastics, women's swimming, and volleyball after notice of an impending lawsuit on the grounds of title IX violations.[127] In November, president Katherine Rowe announced that the decision to cancel the 4 men's programs would be put off until the 2021-2022 academic year.[128]
AlumniEdit
Main article: List of College of William & Mary alumni
The College of William & Mary counts many famous and historical people among its alumni, including three of the first ten presidents of the United States, four United States Supreme Court justices, dozens of United States senators and representatives and current entertainers.
First President of the United States, George Washington (Surveyor's License, 1749)
Author of the Declaration of Independence and 3rd U.S. President, Thomas Jefferson (Class of 1762)
5th U.S. President, James Monroe (Class of 1776)
10th U.S. President, John Tyler (Class of 1807)
22nd United States secretary of defense and 24th Chancellor of William & Mary, Robert Gates (Class of 1965)
Executive Producer and Game Director of Bethesda Softworks, Todd Howard (Class of 1993)
American singer-songwriter and documentarian, Thao Nguyen (Class of 2006)
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^ "William and Mary to change athletic logo before Fall 2007 | University Relations". Wm.edu. Archived from the original on February 18, 2009. Retrieved September 26, 2008.
^ "William & Mary Athletics Reveals Revitalized Brand and Logo". William & Mary Athletics. Archived from the original on October 30, 2019. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
^ William & Mary Athletics sets ambitious goals in strategic plan 'Tribe 2025' https://www.wm.edu/news/stories/2019/william-mary-athletics-sets-ambitious-goals-in-strategic-plan-tribe-2025.php Archived January 1, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
^ Amid financial concerns, W&M to discontinue seven sports following the 2020-2021 academic year https://www.wm.edu/news/stories/2020/amid-financial-concerns,-wm-to-discontinue-seven-sports-following-the-2020-21-academic-year.php
^ New life for the "Tribe 7" http://thecaptainslog.org/2020/11/16/new-life-for-the-tribe-7/
^ The independent Litchfield Law School in Litchfield, Connecticut began offering formal legal education five years prior to William & Mary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to College of William & Mary.
Drone, Eaton S. (1879). "William and Mary, College of" . The American Cyclopædia.
Transcript of the Royal Charter
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=College_of_William_%26_Mary&oldid=1066774995"


text:
Q: Using accepts_nested_attributes_for with group_by I am trying to use the accepts_nested_attributes_for method within my model, however I need to render the records grouped by another association. I have got this to work but the method I have used seems like a bit of a hack.
Is there a better way to structure this?
My Model
  has_many :quantities
  has_many :ingredients, :through => :quantities, :uniq => true
  has_many :sizes, :through => :quantities, :uniq => true
  has_many :photos, :as => :imageable

  accepts_nested_attributes_for :quantities

My View
<%= form_for [:admin, @recipe] do |f| %>

      <%= f.label :name %>

      <%= f.text_field :name %>

    <% @recipe.quantities.group_by(&:size).each do |size, quantities| %>

<%= size.name %>

        <%= f.fields_for :quantities do |builder| %>
            <% if builder.object.size == size %>

            <%= builder.text_area :value, :rows => 1 %>

          <% end %>
      <% end %>
  <% end %>

        <%= f.submit %>

<% end %>

A: You can get rid of the if builder.object.size == size part with this :
<% @recipe.quantities.group_by(&:size).each do |size, quantities_for_size| %>

<%= size.name %>

  <%= f.fields_for :quantities, quantities_for_size do |builder| %>

<%= builder.text_area :value, :rows => 1 %>

  <% end %>
<% end %>

passing the quantities_for_size as a second argument to fields_for should make it use it instead of the whole quantities associated to the recipe. See the docs on #fields_for for more information.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The FASB and the IASB will host several joint public round-table meetings on their revised joint proposals on leases, which were published in May 2013: the revised proposed FASB Accounting Standards Update, Leases (Topic 842), and the IASB's Exposure Draft, Leases.
Please click here for location details.
Details of the exact location and the timing of the roundtable in Singapore will be added to this page in the coming weeks.
The round-table meetings are an important part of the boards' due process on the revised Exposure Drafts. The meetings will provide an opportunity for those that have submitted a comment letter, or who still intend to submit a comment letter, to discuss the proposals with the boards in further detail. To ensure that the boards receive input covering a variety of perspectives, they are seeking participation from preparers, auditors, investors, and others.
Participant registration for the roundtables is now closed.
Observer registration for the roundtables is now closed.
Wherever possible, we will post an audio recording of the meeting to the FASB and the IASB websites shortly after the meeting. In some cases, a video/audio live webcast will also be available.


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archive: tag
layout: archive
permalink: /tag/cosplay/
tag: cosplay
title: Archive for cosplay

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State of Education
Quick links... Getting Back To Work Making Ends Meet Managing the Pressure State of Education Doing What's Right My Rebound We're Open
Recognizing the signs your child isn't ready to go back to school
Student Anxiety
By: Ash-har Quraishi
States and districts across the country are unveiling their plans for the nation's 56 million school children to return back to school. It's a stressful time for parents and teachers, as well as students. Experts say it's important to recognize the signs your child may not be ready to go back.
"I really want to see friends and see teachers, and like, being actually inside the classroom," said 14-year-old sophomore Amina Ahmad.
Still, there is an uneasiness about whether a return to the classroom would lead to an outbreak.
"Some people really are kind of worried about how many students are actually going back and how many people are going to be there," said Ahmad.
Politicians, school administrators, and parents are all weighing the potential risks of returning to the classroom. As novel coronavirus cases surge across the country, experts say the psychological toll on children needs to be addressed.
"One of the things that we're seeing a lot is that after being away from that routine for a long time, it is normal for families and for youth to be concerned about 'how is this going to be?'" said Dr. Tali Raviv, a child clinical psychologist at the Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago who specializes in student mental and health resilience.
The American Association of Pediatrics says the benefits of in-person learning outweigh the risks and "…strongly advocates that all policy considerations for the coming school year should start with a goal of having students physically present in school."
But mental health experts say it's important to understand how each child feels about going back.
"Because it's a very different situation if a child is worried, 'I'm not going to have my best friend with me in my little pod' than if they're saying 'I'm worried I'm going to get sick and die' or 'you're going to get sick and die,'" explained Dr. Raviv.
Dr. Raviv says signs that your student is anxious about returning to school include:
Any significant changes in sleep, falling asleep, staying asleep, not wanting to sleep alone or having nightmares
Changes in appetite or a lack of appetite
Headaches or stomach aches
Being more irritable, frequent meltdowns
Withdrawal from friends, family, other activities
Dr. Raviv says if the anxiety is debilitating, it may be time to see a professional.
For sophomore Ahmad, her school's hybrid schedule, alternating in-person and online classes, has put her mind at ease for now.
State of Education: Resources
Adjusting study habits during COVID-19 Allendale Public Schools Battle Creek Public Schools Black River Public School Byron Center Public Schools CDC Checklist for Parents CDC Guidelines for Reopening Schools Coopersville Area Public Schools East Grand Rapids Public Schools Return to Learning Plans Forest Hills Public Schools Comstock Park Public Schools Grand Haven Area Public Schools Grand Rapids Public Schools update on Return to School Plans Grandville Public Schools summer updates Greenville Public Schools Holland Public Schools Return-to-Learn updates Hudsonville Public Schools Return to School information Kalamazoo Public Schools Kentwood Public Schools Lowell Area Public Schools MI Safe Schools Roadmap Muskegon Public Schools National Institute for Excellence in Teaching Planning Guide for educators North Muskegon Public Schools Portage Public Schools Reusable cloth masks for kids Rockford Public Schools Special education guidance Spring Lake Public Schools update on reopening plan Student veterans and the G.I. Bill during COVID-19 West Ottawa Public Schools Wyoming Public Schools Zeeland Public Schools

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text:
Central Park horse carriage plan faces tough questions at City Council hearing
NEW YORK -- The mayor may have believed he found a compromise plan to overhaul Central Park's popular carriage horse rides, but his administration didn't come prepared for a City Council unwilling to go along for the ride.
At a Friday hearing packed with carriage drivers, animal welfare activists, park advocates and bicycle taxi owners, members of Democratic Mayor Bill de Blasio's staff were peppered with questions they couldn't answer about the plan.
The proposal would ban carriage horses from operating on Manhattan streets, where they now have to mingle with vehicular traffic as they plod to and from the park, and would trim the carriage fleet. But it also would give the horses a permanent home in a multimillion-dollar Central Park stable, to be built at city expense.
Park advocates questioned how much the stable would cost and whether it is the best use of park space. Drivers of pedicabs, small pedal-operated rickshaw-type vehicles used like taxis, were outraged that the plan would ban them from much of the park to protect the carriages from competition.
Some of the toughest questions came from members of the overwhelmingly Democratic City Council, who wanted to know how much the new stable would cost, where in the park it might be built and whether it would open by a 2018 deadline. The council members also demanded to know the potential job losses for the carriage operators and the pedicab drivers.
More often than not, the de Blasio administration couldn't provide specifics. That left many council members hinting they wouldn't support the plan until those answers were forthcoming.
"I'm deeply disappointed by the presentation by the administration today," Councilman Jimmy Van Bramer said. "We have to wait to know how many jobs are lost. We have to wait to know where in the park. We have to wait to know how much it will cost."
Several council members expressed concerns that the proposal, which by June 1 would limit the carriages to Central Park unless they were traveling to and from their stables, was moving too fast.
"What is the urgency here today?" Councilman Barry Grodenchik said. "You're asking us to partially dismantle an industry that predates the Civil War."
The director of the mayor's office of operations, Mindy Tarlow, said the proposal aims to strike a balance between eliminating the dangers posed to the horses when they mingle with traffic while ensuring the viability of the industry, which is seen often in movies and TV shows set in New York.
The proposal was supported by the animal advocacy organization NYClass, which had lobbied de Blasio to ban the carriage horse rides on the grounds they're inhumane.
"We think this legislation represents a fair compromise that would stop the worst of the cruelties that are currently happening," said the group's executive director, Allie Taylor.
Other animal welfare groups have opposed the plan as a giveaway to an industry they abhor.
The mayor made a campaign promise to banish the horses but abandoned it in the face of public opposition.
Pedicab driver Ibrahim Donmez, who's from Turkey, said the mostly immigrant bicycle taxi drivers were given the shortest stick of all.
"What makes the jobs of carriage drivers more valuable than the job of the pedicab drivers?" he said to a smattering of applause.
A vote has not been scheduled.
politicsnew york citybill de blasiohorseshorse drawn carriagescentral park
Copyright © 2019 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Q: Points of symmetry in $k$-space Can you relate a point in the reciprocal space with a vector in real space?
How do I find the family of planes that represent a point of symmetry in the Brillouin zone?
For example, germanium has its characteristic gap at the center of the first Brillouin zone, that is, at the gamma point. Which will be the family of planes that will present this characteristic gap?

A: The gamma point represents waves with $k=0$, infinite wavelength. In the tight-binding approximation, this means a constant value of the phase factor for the atomic orbitals.
Germanium is not an easy example. It has an indirect band gap. But many salts have direct band gaps at the gamma point, for example MgO. In a tight-binding picture, at $\Gamma$ the phase factors are the same throughout the crystal. The lower band corresponds to electron wave functions with mostly oxygen $2p$ character, the upper band to wave functions with mainly magnesium $3sp$ character.
When waves have the same periodicity as the lattice in some direction, this will give rise to standing waves. There will be a gap at the zone boundary between waves with the same $k$ but locations of nodes and antinodes interchanged. So then there is a direction involved: along cubic directions for gaps at the X point, along the body diagonals for gaps at the L point. This may be relevant for surface properties at different cuts (image states on silver single crystals come to mind), but it does not affect bulk phenomena. And there may be complications due to surface reconstruction. Is this about a photoemission experiment?


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Punctuality is a point of pride for our service team, and you can trust them to respond quickly and work efficiently. We have great respect for our customers' homes, and you can count on us to work neatly and perform installations that are as orderly and attractive as they are functional.
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The Early Childhood Care and Education Community Network was created as a result of Act 3 of the 2012 Regular Legislative Session. This act unifies the state's fragmented system of early childhood education.
The framework for implementing Act 3, approved by the Board of Elementary and Secondary Education (BESE) in December 2012, proposes an expansion of access to high quality, publicly funded early childhood programs to families across Louisiana. The Act set up a unified Early Childhood System of Local Networks, which will be fully implemented in the 2015-2016 School Year.
The St. Tammany Parish Public School System was one of 17 districts awarded the grant to implement this special pilot program designed to increase the number of children entering kindergarten ready to learn.
The Community Network Pilot program involves school districts, child care providers, Head Start programs and other stakeholders within the community working together to provide high-quality early childhood services. This work will allow policymakers to learn from the stakeholders' efforts and results prior to full implementation of policies in fall 2015.
The goal of the St. Tammany Early Childhood Community Network is to provide what each child needs, beginning at birth, so an increased number of children will enter Kindergarten with the persistence and curiosity to develop the necessary language and communication skills, motor skills, social-emotional skills, and early literacy and numeracy readiness skills.
According to Johnnie Alford, the Community Network Project Leader, "Each provider, Public School, Head Start, and Child Care Center is committed to training staff to provide a high-quality learning environment for young children." The network provides the opportunity for communities to work together and ensure an increased number of children have access to high-quality care and education.
All providers use common assessment systems to ensure everyone in the network is working to meet goals that support early learning development. Using the Teaching Strategies Gold educators and families will work hand in hand to support children's development and learning from age 6 weeks to 5 years.
Early childhood professionals participate in professional learning to increase the effectiveness of the early childhood settings provided to young children in the area.


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text:
« Coming Soon: Qik Live Video Streaming For The iPhone
Podcast Award Nominees Announced »
Coalition Calls On Mainstream Media To Stop Blocking YouTube Political Videos
Oct 20th, 2008 | By James Lewin | Category: Featured Story, General, Internet TV, Streaming Video, Video
The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) and a coalition of public interest groups today called on four television networks to stop stifling political debate on the Internet with overreaching copyright claims and proposed two measures to help YouTube protect online political speech.
In an open letter sent to CBS, the Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN), Fox, and NBC, the coalition asked the broadcasters to stop sending takedown requests based on copyright in short clips of news footage used in election-related videos. Last week, the McCain-Palin campaign contacted YouTube after CBS, CBN, and Fox targeted the campaign's videos for removal from YouTube. The Obama-Biden campaign has had at least one of its videos removed from YouTube in response to a similar copyright demand from NBC.
"The videos at issue include clips of news footage that last only a few seconds, used as part of constitutionally-protected political speech. This is not piracy, but fair use," said EFF Senior Intellectual Property Attorney Fred von Lohmann. "Sending unfounded takedown notices is not only against the law, it also threatens to interfere with the vibrant political debate occurring on community video sites like YouTube.
"Remixing the news to make your point is what political speech looks like in the 21st century," added Lohmann.
CBS, NBC-Universal, and Fox have all officially endorsed User-Generated Content Principles aimed at accommodating legitimate fair use of their material.
In a separate open letter written to YouTube, the coalition suggests two measures to protect all video contributors from unfounded takedown demands. First, all "counter-notices" sent by YouTube users protesting copyright takedown demands should be immediately reviewed by YouTube staff, and the video immediately restored if it is a clear case of fair use. Second, once a user has already provided a valid counter-notice, then YouTube should also review any further takedown notice issued to any video posted to the account.
"In clear cases of fair use, YouTube should stand firmly behind the interests of its user community," said von Lohmann. "YouTube has nothing to fear by hosting videos that do not infringe anyone's copyright."
In addition to EFF, the coalition includes:
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU);
the ACLU of Northern California;
the Citizen Media Law Project at Harvard's Berkman Center;
Anthony Falzone, the executive director of Stanford's Fair Use Project;
the Center for Social Media, School of Communication, American University
the Program for Information Justice & Intellectual Property,
American University Law School; andÂ
ublic Knowledge.
Tags: copyrights, eff, Electronic Frontier Foundation, john mccain, legal battles, politics, YouTube


LOCATION, LOCATION, LOCATION...this concrete block 2 story condo features 2 bedrooms and 2.5 bathrooms with a private courtyard. BRAND NEW roof in November 2018, new carpet and padding and newer A/C unit inside and outside. This condo offers an open living area on the first floor including a living room with sliding glass doors to access the courtyard, a kitchen with breakfast bar and dining area. Upstairs features 2 bedrooms with private balconies in each offering views of the private courtyard. Master Bathroom has a large vanity and walk-in shower. Includes 2 reserved parking spaces. The community offers community pool, racquetball and tennis courts. This condo is located just minutes from I-4, Mall at Millenia, restaurants, shopping and attractions. Schedule your private showing today as this one won't last long!
I-4 to Conroy exit, travel west on Conroy to right on Middlebrook to right on Brook Court then first right. Building #21 unit is directly in front of parking spot number 207.


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Evidence base
Grief is our natural response to loss. Children and young people experience grief when they lose someone or something they feel close to.
Grief is more intense when the loss is more significant
The death of a family member, friend or pet is particularly hard for children and young people.
Grief can also be experienced following events such as:
separation of parents and family breakup
change of learning community or shifting house
loss of a friendship
relocating to a new country
disability or medical illness
having a family member in hospital for a long time
forced displacement (for example, due to natural disasters, war, loss of family's livelihood)
loss of culture.
Grief affects children and young people in different ways depending on their age, the disruption to their lives and their family and support networks. Sudden or unexpected loss, too, can increase the intensity of grief.
Grief can be experienced on an individual, family, community and intergenerational level. For example, in connected communities, a loss may impact on the wellbeing of many people. Unresolved grief can also be passed through generations. Sudden or unexpected loss can increase the intensity of grief.
Read more about providing support to children and young people affected by grief.
How does grief affect children and young people?
Grief can affect many parts of a child or young person's life, including their emotions, thoughts, behaviour and physical health.
They can feel their loss both at home and in the learning community. Grief can make it hard to concentrate, disrupt sleep patterns and cause physical health complaints such as headaches and nausea. While many children and young people experiencing grief may struggle to perform at their previous levels academically for a period of time, with support and structure most will recover from this temporary setback.
What signs should I look out for?
Everyone experiences grief differently
Grief reactions commonly include sadness, crying, anxiety, having bad dreams and increased need to be close to their families. Children and young people show their distress in a range of ways. For example, they may be angry, irritable or unsettled, or lose motivation for learning or the things they love to do (such as sports practice or playing with friends).
It may be difficult for a child or young person to express their grief, or the grief may take some time to emerge after a loss. Children and young people will grieve differently depending on their stage of development. Expressions of grief are also influenced by their family's culture, established patterns of mourning and acceptable expression of emotions. Here are some typical signs you can look out for in children and adolescents:
Shock – at first, children may express shock at their loss and not believe it's real.
Regression – sometimes children show their distress by behaving in ways you'd expect from a younger child (for example, wetting the bed at night, sucking their thumb or using baby talk).
Anger – children may become angry and have tantrums.
Guilt – a child might feel that the loss was their fault.
Anxiety – children may be anxious about the safety of other loved ones, feel separation anxiety and become clingy.
Physical symptoms – these can include stomach pains, headaches and other aches and pains.
Sleep disturbances – it might be difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep and there may even be nightmares.
Eating – children may lose their appetite.
Concentration – it may be difficult to focus on school work.
Withdrawal – children may not want to play with their friends.
Adolescents have a greater capacity to understand the impact of their loss. They may express their grief in the same way as children, but other signs to look out for include:
risk-taking behaviour
resentment – they may act out and be angry about their loss
acting cool, as though they're not affected by the loss
frequent mood changes.
Adolescents will differ in how they want to grieve. Some want family and friend support, while others will want to deal with their emotions more privately. Loss during adolescence can sometimes place additional responsibility or burden on a young person, as they may feel, or be told, that they need to 'step up' with caring or financial roles. This can be very stressful, as an adolescent may be struggling with grief plus the extra burden and potentially loss of freedom. Guilt can also enter the picture, as they feel resentful (then guilty) about their new role.
Be You Professional Learning
Learn more about observing children and young people's behavioural and mood changes in the Notice module.
Australian Child & Adolescent Trauma, Loss and Grief Network (2018). Information on Grief and loss. Canberra: Australian National University. Retrieved from http://earlytraumagrief.anu.edu.au/files/ACATLGN_grief_and_loss.pdf.
Layne, C. M., Kaplow, J., Oosterhoff, B., Hill, R., & Pynoos, R. (2017). The interplay between posttraumatic stress and grief reactions in traumatically bereaved adolescents: When trauma, bereavement, and adolescence converge. Adolescent Psychiatry, 7: 4, 266-285.
Schutte, N. & Malouff, J. A meta-analytic review of the effects of mindfulness meditation on telomerase activity. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2014 Apr; 42: 45-8. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.12.017.
Tang, Y., Hölzel, B., Posner, M. The neuroscience of mindfulness meditation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2015 Apr; 16(4):213-25. doi: 10.1038/nrn3916.
Thanasiu, P. & Pizza, N. (2019): Constructing Culturally Sensitive Creative Interventions for Use with Grieving Children and Adolescents. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health. DOI: 10.1080/15401383.2019.1589402.
Beyond Blue – Grief and loss
Australian Child & Adolescent Trauma, Loss and Grief Network
Grief (312 KB, PDF)
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