text:
Using Facebook: One Teenager's Story
By ecase on August 11, 2008 at 5:28 pm
Elizabeth Case is now 17 and entering her senior year in high school. She's chimed in before on what it's like to grow up surrounded by tech and her experience at the Maker Faire. Now she weighs in on the importance of Facebook to her generation.
Facebook has become more than just a passing fad for my generation; the social networking site has turned into a genuine necessity. Everything from birthday parties and national senior ditch day to community service projects and go green campaigns are organized and popularized through the blue and white universe created by Mark Zuckerberg and Chris Hughes. And we students caught on fast, realizing just how powerful a tool it could be because of the sheer number of people who use it.
Facebook trumps text messaging, shiny new phones, bluetooth systems, Xbox live. Without a profile, it's almost impossible to keep in touch with anyone, or anything. A few of my friends conducted a casual experiment to prove just how intertwined our social lives and Facebook had become. The longest lasted a month and a half, but saw invitations to parties and games drop dramatically. It was even hard for her to participate in her school government.
But this dependency isn't necessarily a bad thing. Our generation is more connected than any that has ever come before us, and that certainly makes us a force to be reckoned with.
We Can Change the World
Two big movements have recently hit Facebook: saving the earth (one application at a time) and the presidential campaign. Both mean that high school students like myself, most of whom can't vote and many of whom can't drive, can still get involved in both processes.
The presidential race is just as heated on Facebook as it is in newspapers, televisions, and radios around the world. Join a group—Barack Obama (One Million Strong for Barack) or John McCain for President—to show support for your candidate of choice. There are also "Pages"—which can be made for any public figure, company, product, etc—for both contenders (Obama has 1,288,460 "fans" to McCain's 194,320).
And if you'd rather save the planet, "The Lil' Green Patch" allows members to send each other virtual plants, grow virtual gardens, etc. But for every plant you send, every garden you tend, advertisers donate money to save the rainforest. According to their page, 38,886,327 square feet have been saved as of June 2008 through the Nature Conservatory. Continued…


Once you learn how to make a strong impression on prospects, networking opportunities are everywhere.
Many people associate networking with very specific professional functions, such as conferences or "networking events." What they don't realize is that an unassuming event like a happy hour with friends can be as good an opportunity to meet new contacts as the annual industry meetup.
Real estate is often a social industry with much business done through referrals and networking. Often, word of mouth has the highest closing ratio of any other lead generation efforts, yet the effort can be daunting. However, the positive reputation spread through word of mouth is easier to capitalize on when other real estate agents are involved.
Networking is an art in itself. When most people think of networking, they imagine a group of people in business suits passing out business cards in one hand while holding a cocktail in the other. That may be one type, but what about those more informal networking situations such as a friend's party or community event?
There are a number of reasons to go to a tattoo convention, exposure and networking being just a few of them, yet some tattoo artists may be reluctant to commit to going. The obvious reasons may have to do with the associated costs of travel, food, and fees associated with the convention. For some there may be the intimidation factor in meeting a variety of new people, and there may be a reluctance to move outside one's comfort zone.
With the rise in technology, the sales funnel has been improved significantly. For one to make a sale, there are various processes to follow and sales collateral to be employed.


On behalf of The Employee Rights Group, LLC posted in workplace discrimination on Wednesday, May 13, 2015.
Given that, as a recent media article notes, "the ability to get the job done is what really matters," should a worker's age factor at all into an employer's decisions regarding hiring, promotion, compensation and termination-related matters?
Neither logically nor ethically does it seem to be the case that an argument can ever be made promoting discrimination against older employees in the workplace.
And yet, the reality -- as underscored through both employees' anecdotal observation and hard empirical evidence -- is that age discrimination is alive and well in businesses and industries across the United States.
Here's a relevant statistic: Reportedly, the amount of time that younger and older workers, respectively, spend looking for a job while being unemployed is markedly different. Last year, slightly over one-fifth of workers younger than 25 couldn't secure employment within 27 weeks. For persons 55 and older, that figure was appreciably spiked, at about 45 percent.
And here's a reported finding from AARP: In the employee demographic comprising workers between 45 and 70, about half of the members of that work pool who have looked for work over the past five years say that they have experienced age discrimination.
Facing that added obstacle can knock an older person's savings and retirement plans straight off the tracks, of course, as well as confer a decided advantage upon younger workers in the job market.
There are strong federal and state laws that protect older employees at the workplace and as they search for employment.
When a worker is experiencing age discrimination in a job-related matter, he or she can invoke those legal protections by enlisting the aid of a proven and aggressive employment law attorney.


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Ancient marble head of god Dionysus discovered under Rome
The head of Dionysus was found near the Roman Forum. Photos:
Archeological Park of the Colosseum.
Archeologists in Rome have uncovered a large marble head from Rome's imperial age that is believed to show Dionysus, also known as Bacchus, the Greek god of wine, music and dance.
The white marble bust, believed to be 2,000 years old, was discoved in the heart of the city, near the Roman Forum, during excavations last week.
The head had been reused to form part of a medieval wall but experts say it is in excellent condition.
The head, with hollow eyes probably once filled with glass or precious stones, would have belonged to a large statue of the god created in the imperial age.
Remains of entire Roman town discovered next to motorway in Kent
Workers at the Roman settlement discovered in Newington ( KMG/SWNS.com )
'This site changes our understanding of Newington's development,' says expert
Archaeologists have hailed the discovery of an entire Roman town and main road as "massive" for their understanding of ancient Kentish development.
An 18-acre settlement containing rare coins, pottery and jewellery dating back as early as 43 AD has been uncovered next to a major motorway in Newington.
Evidence of a 7m-wide road was also found, alongside the remains of an ancient temple, close to the A2 – which itself tracks an ancient link with Canterbury and the coast.
Experts have said the discovery is one of the most significant finds made in the region.
Dean Coles, chairman of the Newington History Group, said: "This is very exciting. The scale of this site, with the huge number and quality of finds, changes our knowledge of Newington's development."
Entire 18-acre Ancient Roman town discovered next to major motorway
An 18-acre settlement dating back as early as 43 AD has been uncovered
(Image: KMG / SWNS.com)
An entire Ancient Roman town including a temple and main road has been uncovered buried next to a major motorway .
This discovery has been hailed one of the most significant finds in regional archaeological history.
The 18-acre settlement, which contains rare coins, pottery and jewellery, dates back as early as 43 AD.
It has been uncovered next to the A2 in Newington, Kent.
The site includes remains of a temple which has since been named Watling Temple - making it one of only 150 sites recorded in England.
Archaeologists find remains of the Roman invasion of Ayrshire
The remains were uncovered during building work
ARCHAEOLOGISTS have uncovered fresh evidence of a Roman invasion of Scotland under an Ayrshire playing field.
A marching camp used by the Legions as they made their way along the coast was found by a team carrying out work prior to the building of the new Ayr Academy.
It is thought to date back to the first century AD, when an army under Agricola, the Roman Governor of Britain, fought its way up to Aberdeenshire and defeated an army of Caledonians at the battle of Mons Grampius.
Roman treasure found by metal detectorists in Lincolnshire
The Roman coin hoard and fragment of pot that it was buried in, near Rauceby.
The largest haul of Roman coins from the early 4th Century AD ever found in Britain has been unearthed near Sleaford by two metal detector enthusiasts.
The discovery was made near the village of Rauceby after the detectorists painstakingly searched the area for years.
The hoard, which consists of more than three thousand copper alloy coins, many of which are historically unique, is now being looked at by The British Museum and is regarded as being of significant international importance.
The coins have today (Thursday) officially been declared treasure under the Treasure Act 1996 at Lincoln Coroner's Court.
Fancy a game of Ludus latrunculorum? It seems the Romans certainly did
Artists impression of how the Vindolanda archaeology centre would look
(Image: Newcastle Chronicle)
After a day's duty on the frontier of Hadrian's Wall , what better than a relaxing game of Ludus latrunculorum.
The game of strategy and military tactics was popular across the Roman empire, and a stone board on which it may have been played has been uncovered at Vindolanda fort in Northumberland .
This third century board was found by volunteer digger Phil Harding re-used in a floor, in a newly excavated building behind the Vindolanda bath house.
It is thought that the board would have been in use in the bath house and then utilised elsewhere after it was broken.
Traces of Roman-era pollution stored in the ice of Mont Blanc
The deepest layers of carbon-14 dated ice found in the Col du Dôme of the Mont Blanc glacier in the French Alps provide a record of atmospheric conditions in the ancient Roman era. Published in Geophysical Research Letters, the study, led by an international team and coordinated by a CNRS scientist at the Institute for Geosciences and Environmental Research (IGE)(CNRS/IRD/UGA/Grenoble INP)*, reveals significant atmospheric pollution from heavy metals: the presence of lead and antimony (detected in ancient alpine ice for the first time here) is linked to mining activity and lead and silver production by the ancient Romans, well before the industrial age, in fact.
Archaeologists find secret chamber decorated with centaurs and a sphinx inside Nero's palace in Rome
The chamber has been dubbed the Sphinx Room
CREDIT: UFFICIO STAMPA PARCO ARCHEOLOGICO DEL COLOSSEO
Archeologists have chanced upon an underground chamber decorated with images of panthers, centaurs and a sphinx in the remains of a vast palace built by the Emperor Nero in Rome.
The room, which was part of the huge Domus Aurea palace built by the emperor in the first century AD, had remained hidden for nearly 2,000 years.
It was discovered by accident during restoration of an adjacent area of the palatial complex, which was built on by subsequent emperors, including Trajan, and now lies interred beneath a hill next to the Colosseum in the historic heart of Rome.
Ancient marble head of god Dionysus discovered und...
Remains of entire Roman town discovered next to mo...
Entire 18-acre Ancient Roman town discovered next ...
Archaeologists find remains of the Roman invasion ...
Roman treasure found by metal detectorists in Linc...
Fancy a game of Ludus latrunculorum? It seems the ...
Traces of Roman-era pollution stored in the ice of...
Archaeologists find secret chamber decorated with ...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Bs Safetytrade Corporation is a spare parts and accessories related business located in Davao Del Sur, Philippines. You can contact them on phone on 082-221 3617 or you can visit them at their address in Davao Del Sur which is Juan Luna Building, Villa Abrille Street, Davao City, 8000, Davao Del Sur. Bs Safetytrade Corporation listed business activity is spare parts and accessories.


President Trump claimed Thursday that congressional Democrats are subjecting him to the "highest level of Presidential Harassment" in the nation's history.
His grievance, aired on Twitter, comes amid a push by House Democrats to obtain six years of Trump's personal and business tax returns as well as the full report of special counsel Robert S. Mueller III into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election.
Trump has previously said he has no objection to making the full Mueller report public, but he has seemed less committed to that aim amid reports that members of Mueller's team think the findings are more damaging to him than suggested in a four-page summary released by Attorney General William P. Barr.
Democrats are certain to take issue with that assessment, given the impeachment of President Bill Clinton by the Republican-led House in 1998.
"They should focus on legislation or, even better, an investigation of how the ridiculous Collusion Delusion got started - so illegal!" Trump wrote.
In a previous letter to Congress, Barr said the special counsel did not establish a criminal conspiracy between the Trump campaign and Russia. And he said that Mueller did not reach a conclusion "one way or the other" as to whether Trump's conduct in office constituted obstruction of justice.
The New York Times and Washington Post reported Wednesday that members of Mueller's team have complained to close associates that the evidence they gathered on obstruction was alarming and significant.
White House spokesman Hogan Gidley denied Thursday that Trump's views on releasing the Mueller report have changed.
Trump was quick to suggest Wednesday that he is not inclined to cooperate with an effort by the House Ways and Means Committee to secure his tax returns, which Democrats think can shed light on numerous aspects of Trump's business dealings.
The committee gave the Internal Revenue Service until April 10 to respond to its request for the returns. The panel's chairman, Rep. Richard E. Neal (D-Mass.), was able to make the request because of a 1924 law that gives the chairmen of the House Ways and Means Committee and the Senate Finance Committee broad powers to request and receive the tax returns of any American.
Trump broke with precedent when, first as a presidential candidate and then after he was elected, he refused to release his tax returns, contrary to the practice of every president since Richard M. Nixon. The explanation he gave was that he was being audited, although numerous experts have said that an audit would not have prevented him from releasing his returns.
At an event at the White House on Wednesday after Neal issued his request, Trump repeated the same explanation.
During an appearance Thursday morning on Fox News's "Fox & Friends," White House spokeswoman Sarah Sanders pointed to Trump's remarks Wednesday when asked whether he intends to let his returns become public.


text:
package de.plushnikov.intellij.plugin.language.psi.impl;

import java.util.List;
import org.jetbrains.annotations.*;
import com.intellij.lang.ASTNode;
import com.intellij.psi.PsiElement;
import com.intellij.psi.PsiElementVisitor;
import com.intellij.psi.util.PsiTreeUtil;
import static de.plushnikov.intellij.plugin.language.psi.LombokConfigTypes.*;
import com.intellij.extapi.psi.ASTWrapperPsiElement;
import de.plushnikov.intellij.plugin.language.psi.*;

public class LombokConfigPropertyImpl extends ASTWrapperPsiElement implements LombokConfigProperty {

  public LombokConfigPropertyImpl(@NotNull ASTNode node) {
    super(node);
  }

  public void accept(@NotNull LombokConfigVisitor visitor) {
    visitor.visitProperty(this);
  }

  public void accept(@NotNull PsiElementVisitor visitor) {
    if (visitor instanceof LombokConfigVisitor) accept((LombokConfigVisitor)visitor);
    else super.accept(visitor);
  }

  @Override
  @NotNull
  public LombokConfigOperation getOperation() {
    return findNotNullChildByClass(LombokConfigOperation.class);
  }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
In support of SummerWorks + Environmental Defence
"A richly textured script about a family moving apart as surely as the ice flows."
– NOW Magazine on Greenland
SummerWorks has always programmed works at the forefront of urgent issues. 10 years ago, Governor General Award-winner Nicolas Billon's Greenland debuted at SummerWorks. In the play, the growing rift between a family set adrift after a catastrophic loss, presents a metaphor for the receding ice levels in the arctic circle and highlights our climate crisis. The work returns to the Festival as a staged reading in support of SummerWorks and Environmental Defence, featuring original cast members and director Ravi Jain. All these years later, it highlights a key question: how much has changed?
On Saturday, August 10, 2019 in partnership with Environmental Defence, SummerWorks is hosting this fundraiser to ensure we can continue to be an integral part of amplifying the vital voices on which our future relies.
In collaborating with Environmental Defence, we have a unique opportunity to give voice to issues that affect us all in a new way, and look towards empowering Canadians to take action in their own daily lives.
Fundraiser For Our Future*
Reception – 7:30 PM
Join us for a pre-show reception with food + drink (included with ticket).
Greenland : A Staged Reading – 8:30 PM
Presented by SummerWorks in partnership with Nicolas Billon and Why Not Theatre, in association with Environmental Defence.
Featuring the original cast members, Claire Calnan and Andrew Musselman, joined this year by Why Not Theatre's Associate Artistic Director Miriam Fernandes and original director Ravi Jain.
Q & A – 9:30 PM
Featuring Nicolas Billon, Sarah Buchanan (Environmental Defence) & special guests
*all tickets purchased will receive a charitable tax receipt for $40.00 CDN*
The Theatre Centre
If you can't attend but would like to donate towards the cause, follow this link.
"We are excited to partner with SummerWorks on this important project that uses theatre to explore environmental issues. Nicolas Billon's Greenland is even more relevant today than when it debuted a decade ago, and we value the power of the arts to tell stories and engage audiences on important challenges such as the impacts of climate change on our planet,"
– Keith Brooks, Programs Director, Environmental Defence
"Like many artists, the SummerWorks Festival helped launch my career. I'm thrilled to have the opportunity to revisit Greenland while supporting both the festival's invaluable role as an artist incubator, and the important work done by Environmental Defence with climate change."
– Nicolas Billon
"Greenland is the story of three family members who are aware they are drifting apart but feel powerless to do anything about it. When we premiered the play it struck a chord with people with its deeply drawn characters and relationships- now, sadly, given the political world we live in and the climate crisis we're facing – its resonance will be felt in an even more pressing way."
– Ravi Jain, Artistic Director, Why Not Theatre
"As we approach the 30th anniversary of SummerWorks in 2020, we are focused on our future and potential impact as a Festival. We are committed to supporting artists, finding ways to reduce our ecological footprint, and making space for collaborations that can lead to innovation and change. We are honoured to be working with Environmental Defence, Why Not Theatre and Nicolas Billon to bring these issues to the forefront, and heartened by the support of our community."
– Laura Nanni, Artistic and Managing Director, SummerWorks Performance Festival
Organizational Profiles
SummerWorks – SummerWorks is widely recognized as one of the most important platforms for launching new work in Canada. We are interested in continuously re-imagining and innovating the possibilities of performance. SummerWorks present two Festivals annually, Progress International Festival of performance and ideas, and SummerWorks Performance Festival. Working with hundreds of artists and creators each year, the impact from the Festival has a real ripple effect throughout the sector.
Why Not Theatre – Why Not Theatre is an agile, international theatre company based in Toronto, Canada, rooted in the values of innovation, community and collaboration. Our work is inventive, cross-cultural, and reflects our passion for the exploration of difference. We challenge the status quo, by examining what stories are being told, and who is telling them. More than just a theatre company, we develop creative strategies to build a healthier and stronger arts ecology. We MAKE and tour critically-acclaimed and award-winning new work, SHARE resources with other companies and artists to produce and tour their work, and PROVOKE change through new producing models and the presentation of work for new audiences. We are led by a core team of Founding Artistic Director Ravi Jain, Managing Director Owais Lightwala, and Executive Producer Kelly Read.
Environmental Defence – Environmental Defence is a leading Canadian advocacy organization that works with government, industry and individuals to defend clean water, a safe climate and healthy communities. At Environmental Defence, we believe big change needs big ideas. Our work is focused on:
Empowering Canadians to take action in their own daily lives
Working with industry to build a clean, prosperous economy
Encouraging government to enact policies to protect Canadians' environment


text:
Reading While Black
African American Biblical Interpretation as an Exercise in Hope
by Esau McCaulley
Hermeneutics/Exegesis
2021 Christianity Today Book Award - Beautiful Orthodoxy
2020 The Gospel Coalition Book Award - Popular Theology - Honorable Mention
2020 Emerging Public Intellectual Award
Growing up in the American South, Esau McCaulley knew firsthand the ongoing struggle between despair and hope that marks the lives of some in the African American context. A key element in the fight for hope, he discovered, has long been the practice of Bible reading and interpretation that comes out of traditional Black churches. This ecclesial tradition is often disregarded or viewed with suspicion by much of the wider church and academy, but it has something vital to say.
Reading While Black is a personal and scholarly testament to the power and hope of Black biblical interpretation. At a time in which some within the African American community are questioning the place of the Christian faith in the struggle for justice, New Testament scholar McCaulley argues that reading Scripture from the perspective of Black church tradition is invaluable for connecting with a rich faith history and addressing the urgent issues of our times. He advocates for a model of interpretation that involves an ongoing conversation between the collective Black experience and the Bible, in which the particular questions coming out of Black communities are given pride of place and the Bible is given space to respond by affirming, challenging, and, at times, reshaping Black concerns. McCaulley demonstrates this model with studies on how Scripture speaks to topics often overlooked by white interpreters, such as ethnicity, political protest, policing, and slavery.
Ultimately McCaulley calls the church to a dynamic theological engagement with Scripture, in which Christians of diverse backgrounds dialogue with their own social location as well as the cultures of others. Reading While Black moves the conversation forward.
"Although the African American Christian experience is not monolithic, we have generally sought to understand the Bible and live according to its teachings. Along the way, many of us have rejected white supremacist readings of the Bible while clinging to the God of the Bible. In Reading While Black, McCaulley does careful exegetical and historical analysis, explaining and illustrating how interpretations of Scripture by Black people can bolster faith in a liberating God. McCaulley gives us more than a theoretical methodology; he demonstrates how we can approach and apply texts—even ones that were previously used against us—without jettisoning our faith or succumbing to oppressive readings. Reading While Black is a welcome addition to the study of African American hermeneutics."
Dennis R. Edwards, associate professor of New Testament at North Park University
"I'm extremely grateful to have a voice in my time to speak with nuance, grace, and cultural awareness. Esau has given us a healthy marriage for understanding theology and blackness. This is a must-read!"
Lecrae, hip hop recording artist
"It is enlightening, moving, and galvanizing to overhear these notes of appreciation and reciprocated encouragement from a son of the Black church to the Black ecclesial interpreters who nurtured and continue to nourish him. From here on out, this book will be required reading in any course on biblical hermeneutics that I teach."
Wesley Hill, associate professor of biblical studies, Trinity School for Ministry
"When I was a student, I was explicitly and implicitly trained to focus exclusively on the ancient context of Scripture and read 'objectively.' Bible study could easily become a disembodied experience. McCaulley makes a compelling case, in this engagement with African American biblical interpretation, that not only is the reader's culture and experience not a hindrance to interpretation per se but can enrich it greatly. Reading While Black is a unique and successful blend of biblical hermeneutics, autobiography, black history and spirituality, incisive cultural commentary on race matters in America, and insightful exegesis of select New Testament texts."
Nijay K. Gupta, professor of New Testament at Northern Seminary
"Throughout history the church, as it strives to be faithful in particular times and places, has had to bring the core cultural concerns of their neighbors to Scripture for answers. This is the work of loving our neighbors well. What does God have to say about the animating issues of our lives and communities? In Reading While Black, Rev. Dr. Esau McCaulley puts in bold relief before us the historic and present concerns of the African American community. Does God have a word for us about policing? Is there any guidance from on high about Black identity, justice, righteous anger, slavery, and oppression? With sound exegetical method, deep cultural insight, and skillful application he brings us into the heart of God on these issues. Know, however, that this is not just a book for Black people. Far from it. Anyone who desires to engage these questions with gospel hope should take up and read."
Irwyn L. Ince Jr., director of the GraceDC Institute for Cross-Cultural Mission and author of The Beautiful Community
"What does the Bible have to say to Black Christians seeking justice? By looking at well-known, overlooked, underinterpreted, and misinterpreted texts, Esau McCaulley tells us that a faithful reading of Scripture as the Word of God summons Black Christians (and others) to a cluster of practices. These include naming and protesting evil, expressing anger, and pursuing freedom and justice, but also promoting reconciliation, practicing forgiveness, and living in hope—all as aspects of proclaiming the gospel of the God revealed in Jesus. An important book."
Michael J. Gorman, Raymond E. Brown Chair in Biblical Studies and Theology at St. Mary's Seminary and University, Baltimore
"In Reading While Black, Dr. Esau McCaulley combines his training in New Testament scholarship with his love for the Black church tradition. The result of his labor is a fresh and accessible contribution to African American reception history of the Bible. Even when readers disagree with his arguments and conclusions, they will learn how some African Americans interpreted Scripture in diverse contexts. McCaulley argues in these pages that African American Christian ecclesial readings of Scripture were an exercise of hope."
Jarvis J. Williams, associate professor of New Testament interpretation at the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary
"How can the church today effectively address the racial tensions that plague our nation? Esau McCaulley has convinced me that the Black church tradition holds the key—maintaining fidelity to the Scriptures while fully engaging in the struggle for justice. This book is an excellent starting point for those who want to listen and learn a new way forward. Esau's prophetic voice is rooted in Scripture and full of hope. Highly recommended!"
Carmen Joy Imes, associate professor of Old Testament at Prairie College in Three Hills, Alberta, Canada, and author of Bearing God's Name: Why Sinai Still Matters
"Esau McCaulley's voice is one we urgently need to hear. This book is prophetic, biblical, measured, wise, friendly, and well-reasoned—and thus all the more hard-hitting. A powerful word for our times."
N. T. Wright, professor of New Testament at the University of St Andrews, senior research fellow at Wycliffe Hall, Oxford
"In Reading While Black, Esau McCaulley is unapologetically Black, Christian, and committed to reading the Bible as Scripture and as relevant to the experience of Black folks. McCaulley demonstrates how the intuition and habits of Black biblical interpretation and the Black ecclesial tradition can help all readers connect the Bible and theology with the pressing issues of the day. His book is a must-read for any pastor, undergraduate student, seminarian, or student of the Bible who is ready to reckon with and be awakened by McCaulley's fresh and constructive readings of Scripture. With interpretations that are rooted in the tradition of his ancestors, McCaulley is undeterred in calling out racist assumptions, engaged in dialogue with other interpretive traditions, and guided by a hermeneutic of trust. Those who grab hold of this book and wrestle with it will be blessed."
Janette H. Ok, associate professor of New Testament at Fuller Theological Seminary
"This is a must-read for pastors, college students, seminarians, and anyone interested in learning about how African American Bible interpretation can speak a word of hope to us in our day. It addresses questions Black Christians have been asking about issues such as policing, Black identity, political protest, and the pursuit of justice from a perspective that takes the Bible and its critics seriously."
Lisa Fields, founder and president of the Jude 3 Project
"Esau McCaulley is a tremendous New Testament scholar; he has the rare gift of taking the complex and making it accessible and practical without losing theological substance. Reading While Black will provide you with insights into the gospel that will transform your life, regardless of your ethnicity. The horizons of your spiritual formation will expand as a result of reading this book; you will read and return to it over and over."
Derwin L. Gray, lead pastor of Transformation Church in South Carolina, author of The Good Life: What Jesus Teaches About Finding True Happiness
"I don't know if I realized how much I needed this book until it landed in my hands. Reading While Black is scholarly yet reads clearly, communicating what many Black Christians have been saying for decades. Everyone would do well to listen up, lest they miss God in the process."
Jackie Hill-Perry, Bible teacher and poet, author of Gay Girl, Good God: The Story of Who I Was, and Who God Has Always Been
"In Reading While Black, Esau McCaulley has given the African American church a gift—how to read the Scriptures in a way that is faithful to those Scriptures. And the beauty of his book is that it rightfully insists that reading the Bible well does not mean abandoning one's ethnicity. Instead, one must read precisely from one's location while at the same time allowing the Bible to broaden our horizons. This is a book that African American pastors and scholars need to consider carefully. In fact, it is a book that church leaders from every race in North America need to ponder. I recommend this book heartily!"
Osvaldo Padilla, professor of divinity at Beeson Divinity School
"Esau McCaulley is untying the Gordian knot that has kept Black Christians bound to theological ultimatums. This is a book for theologians who hope to play outside the trite sandboxes of their seminaries and for the practitioners who find themselves in need of a Black lexicon. His anecdotes, definitions, and propositions are timely for a society that is desperate to reclaim dignity in the 'colorless' constructs that European Christianity built."
Sho Baraka, artist, professor, and cofounder of the AND Campaign
"Esau McCaulley faces the urgent question, What does Christian hope mean when white feet seem always to be pressed on Black throats? Rather than a nihilist rejection of hope or a watered-down hope stemming from the European Enlightenment, McCaulley points to a hope forged through generations of Black Christians searching Scripture for a good God. As the church owns up to our call to end systemic racism, McCaulley addresses questions of police violence, Black anger, colorblindness, assimilation, and more. The book equips readers in a valuable mode of Scripture reading rooted in Black tradition that simultaneously acknowledges suffering and turns to Jesus as redeemer and hope."
Christine Jeske, professor of cultural anthropology at Wheaton College, author of The Laziness Myth
"Mark my words: Esau McCaulley is the brightest theological mind of this generation. Reading While Black is the oasis in the current Christian academic desert. As a professor, I can't wait to assign it, and as a pastor, I can't wait to employ it for discipleship. The Black student of the Bible instinctively knows the inherent risk of oversold lies and cultural mishaps at the intersection of our race and the reading of Scripture. In this work, we have a new light to walk the path straight."
Charlie Dates, senior pastor of Progressive Baptist Church, Chicago
"Many have been thrown into a crisis of faith over the ways that the Scriptures have been used to oppress and denigrate others, especially Black Americans. How can this good news of Jesus actually be good news when it has been wielded as a weapon by much of the white American church? Reading While Black makes clear how the Scriptures, rightly read, are the source of Black justice and liberation, and how an orthodox belief in the authority of the Bible bolsters the dignity and flourishing of people of color in America. Theologically profound yet eminently accessible, Fr. Esau McCaulley masterfully weaves a dense and gorgeous tapestry of his personal narrative, insight into the Black church and American culture, and careful exegesis. This astounding book plumbs a range of urgent issues like just policing, the place of protest and anger, and slavery and white supremacy. I cannot think of a more relevant, pressing, helpful, and hopeful book for our contemporary moment."
Tish Harrison Warren, Anglican priest and author of Liturgy of the Ordinary: Sacred Practices in Everyday Life
"In Reading While Black, Dr. Esau McCaulley honors the beautifully rich triumvirate of doxology, orthodoxy, and orthopraxy, which has always had its home in the Black Christian tradition."
Ekemini Uwan, writer and cohost of Truth's Table podcast
1. The South Got Somethin' to Say: Making Space for Black Ecclesial Interpretation
2. Freedom Is No Fear: The New Testament and a Theology of Policing
3. Tired Feet, Rested Souls: The New Testament and the Political Witness of the Church
4. Reading While Black: The Bible and the Pursuit of Justice
5. Black and Proud: The Bible and Black Identity
6. What Shall We Do With This Rage? The Bible and Black Anger
7. The Freedom of The Slaves: Pennington's Triumph
Conclusion: An Exercise in Hope
Bonus Track: Further Notes on the Development of Black Ecclesial Interpretation
Theologies of the American Revivalists
Free at Last?
Reconstructing the Gospel
The Decline of African American Theology
Soul Care in African American Practice
Crossover Preaching
Healing Racial Trauma
ABOUT Esau McCaulley
Esau McCaulley (PhD, St. Andrews) is assistant professor of New Testament at Wheaton College, a priest in the Anglican Church in North America, and a contributing opinion writer for The New York Times. He is also the host of The Disrupters podcast. His publications include Sharing in the Son's Inheritance and numerous articles in outlets such as Christianity Today, The Witness, and The Washington Post.


Atlanta is one of the most populous cities you will find in the US. In fact, it is the most populous city we have in Georgia. There is a lot happening here at all times. It is one of the largest metropolitan regions you will find in the US. There are millions of jobs available for people in this area on a yearly basis. You could find work in almost any field that you could imagine. From office jobs to those that require traveling to distance places, there is something for everyone in the lively city of Atlanta.
If you are looking for drivers jobs in Atlanta, let internet help you out with your search. There are several online platforms that let you search for trucking jobs in Atlanta. You can apply in companies that require you to travel to long distances or those that would only require you on a daily basis to drop some stuff from the company to the retail shops. Some trucking jobs are dangerous in that the drivers have to carry with them some dangerous and hazardous items. Of course, with more risk comes better salary package and benefits as well.
When you are looking for drivers jobs in Atlanta, you can look for job as a truck driver, taxi driver or an independent driver that can use smartphone applications to pick clients and be paid a commission on every passenger. First, you have to be well aware of every corner of the city in order to be a good driver. You must know the rules of being on the road and highways. Some traffic rules can change from state to state so you have to go through the traffic rules for drivers for the state of Georgie. You have to consider many other aspects in order to find the right driving job.
First, make sure you are licensed to drive on the road and that you have a clean record if you want to get the job and paid amply. Secondly, you have to prepare to stay away from the house. The most lucrative drivers jobs are the ones where you need to travel literally thousands of miles every week. What this means is that you will be out of the house and away from your family for long durations. This also requires you to have the stamina to drive for long durations without losing control.
With good companies you can get all the benefits that people working in the office get. For example, you will easily get a $20k life insurance that is paid by your company. You can also get AD&D from the company that employs you for driving. In most cases, you are paid on weekly basis but this criterion might change from company to company. When you are driving for big companies, for instance a limousine service Atlanta, you will need CDL. A class A CDL is required in most cases. The most important thing for you to get the job is to show your availability on weekends and any part of the week.


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Editor's Wrapup: Exodus: Variations on a Theme
By Alan M. Tigay April 2007
Memory fades, but not all memories fade equally. Although more than three millennia have passed since the Exodus from Egypt, the memory of our forebears' transition from slavery to freedom has been hard-wired into our culture.
But there was a second exodus. Between 1948 and 1967, in response to everincreasing anti-Semitism, virtually all of modern Egypt's Jewish community of 80,000 departed. And in stark contrast to the first Exodus, memories of that recent departure are fading fast. In "Try to Remember" (page 16), Sarah Bronson describes the affection Egyptian Jews around the world hold for their history and the sadness some feel at not having passed on a sense of their old community to their children.
A growing phenomenon of Jewish life is the temporary exodus: Jews who uproot the entire family and go on vacation for Passover. Call it a flight to enhanced freedom—no cooking or housework. Gloria Goldreich describes the "Passover Getaway" (page 10).
Closer to the model of the original Exodus is the experience of Jews from the Former Soviet Union. In this issue, three reporters take a closer look at the artists, still tied to their former culture, who have found paths that connect childhoods lived in other colors, languages or notes to the lives they lead today. Shoshana London Sappir explores the careers of Russian writers who live in Israel, achieve success in the world Russian-language market, but are largely unknown to their non-Russian neighbors (page 38). Rahel Musleah looks at fine artists, many based in New York, who face no language barrier but nevertheless struggle to communicate the roots of their art to a public unaware of the oppression from which their art sprouted (page 42). And Norman J. Finkelshteyn reports on singers and musicians who routinely travel across the once-closed border to their former homeland (page 52). For the Russians—so far—the memories of their exodus are still very much alive.
Happy Hanukka from The Holiday Kosher Baker!
By Libby Barnea
Guide to the Arts
The Jewish Traveler: Livorno
By Elin Schoen Brockman
President's Column: Impact Statement
By Marcie Natan
Jerusalem on Track
By Esther Hecht


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Obama and McCain, united in their claims to depart from the Bush presidency, rose to their candidacies from distinct starting points, and ran very different campaigns.
In 2007, Ariz. Sen. John McCain and Ill. Sen Barack Obama announced that they would be running for the presidency. Though both figures were well known nationally at the time, they were still only two names among a long list of other candidates including Democratic Sen. Hillary Rodham Clinton of New York and former Republican governor of Massachusetts Mitt Romney, each of whom won enough votes in the primaries to be considered front-runners for their party's nomination.
Sen. Obama, who announced his candidacy on May 2, 2007 in his home state of Illinois, arrived on the national stage with a memorable keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention in Boston. That November Obama became the first African-American Democratic man elected to the U.S. Senate, and he was soon discussed as a future presidential candidate. He was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1996.
Sen. McCain, who announced his presidential bid on CBS's "The Tonight Show with David Letterman" on Feb. 28, 2007, was a serious contender for the Republican presidential nomination in 2000, running on a message of "straight talk" against eventual President George W. Bush, a slogan he revived for his 2008 run. He is a former naval officer and POW whose decades in the Senate have earned him reputation as a Washington outsider who fights across party lines on issues such as campaign finance reform and immigration.
Early on, the two candidates differentiated themselves through campaign styles and tactics. In April 2008, having all but secured the Republican nomination, McCain, a key figure in campaign finance reform, declared he would take advantage of public campaign funding for his presidential run, while Obama said he would reject public funding for his presidential campaign, should he win the nomination. McCain did not use public funding for the primary season. "No major party candidate has walked away from public financing for the general election since the system took effect in 1976," UPI reported at the time.
During the primary season, Obama continued to assert himself through rousing rhetoric, emphasizing "change" while Sen. Clinton emphasized her experience as First Lady and in the U.S. Senate. Experience is believed to be the reason McCain surged ahead of Ark. Gov. Mike Huckabee and former Mass. Gov. Mitt Romney, while change allowed Obama to propose a clean break from two decades of Bush–Clinton leadership, appealing particularly to opponents of the war in Iraq (Sen. Clinton voted for it), young voters and African-Americans.
In late August, McCain selected Alaska Gov. Sarah Palin to be his running mate, which boosted his approval ratings in the polls as potential voters were revved up by his choice of a Washington outsider and social conservative; Palin is a mother of five and is known for tackling corruption in her home state.
In October, Obama gained ground when former Secretary of State Colin Powell, a Republican who worked in the Bush administration, crossed party lines to endorse the Illinois senator. That weekend, Obama announced that he had "shattered campaign finance records in September, gaining an immense financial edge that will allow him to overwhelm Senator John McCain's efforts in every corner of the country," The New York Times wrote.
But in the campaign's final days, national polls showed McCain catching up to Obama as both candidates continued to focus on the economy, particularly taxes, rallying in key states like Ohio and Florida.
John Sidney McCain III was born to a navy family—his father and grandfather were naval officers—in the Panama Canal Zone. He volunteered at the outbreak of the Vietnam War and spent five years in prison camps after being shot down on his 23rd flight mission. He entered politics as the Navy's liaison to the U.S. Senate in 1976. A supporter of President Ronald Reagan, he was elected to the House in 1982 and the Senate in 1986, succeeding Barry Goldwater. Earning a reputation as a maverick rather than "straight-ahead conservative," McCain gained more exposure with the 1999 publication of his autobiography, "Faith of My Fathers," and ran for president in 2000.
Barack Hussein Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, to a Kenyan goat herder-turned-economist father and a mother from Kansas; they divorced when Obama was 2 years old. Raised in Hawaii by his mother and maternal grandparents, Obama attended Occidental College and Columbia University and then worked as a community organizer in Chicago's South Side. He graduated from Harvard Law School in 1991. After working for Project Vote, at a law firm and as a lecturer at the University of Chicago, Obama joined the Illinois Senate in 1996 and the U.S. Senate in 2004, defeating Republican and fellow African-American Alan Keyes.


South Africa's petrol prices are the highest they have ever been, having hit R14.49 and R14.76 for a litre of 93 and 95 octane petrol in December 2017.
The last 'highest point' for the fuel price was hit in April 2014, when the prices of 93 and 95 octane petrol hit R14.16 and R14.39 respectively.
For diesel, things are little different. While, at a wholesale price of R12.96, it is at one of its highest points, it is still 15 cents off from its record – R13.11 – which it reached in March 2014.
South Africans are paying R1.90 more for petrol in December 2017 than they were a year ago, thanks to a weaker rand, while oil prices have continued to rise.
The 71 cents increase in December marked a fifth consecutive month of hikes, while analysts predict further increases in 2018.
Between August and December 2017, the consecutive increases added R1.86 to the fuel price alone.
On a price basis, South Africa is still far from having the most expensive fuel in the world – however, recent data from Bloomberg found that when taking into account the percent of the average annual salary spent on petrol in the country, South Africa is the second least affordable nation for fuel, beaten only by Mexico.
As South Africa's economy continues to take the strain, with a credit rating cut to full junk from Moody's looming in the new year, and no real plan of action from government to pull the country out of a low-growth, high unemployment environment, expectations are that further fuel price pain awaits.
Early indications in December by the Central Energy Fund shows an under-recovery of between 18 and 21 cents in the various fuel prices – meaning a 20 cent hike is likely in January 2018.


Lee Wilson is the Principal Consultant, and Director, at Melbourne Access Audits. He is also an accredited member of the Association of Consultants in Access, Australia Inc. He has presented at various industry conferences and meetings.
Lee is currently one of only three disability access Subject Matter Experts appointed by the Australian Building Codes Board to assist in developing industry awareness and acceptance in the use of Performance (Alternative) Solutions.
Over the years, Lee has worked in many industries during his extensive career in the built environment, commencing as a 16-year-old in the plumbing industry. He then worked in several different areas but generally remained tied to the building industry in one capacity or another, including several years in the Australian Army Royal Australian Engineer Corps.
With experience in facility management, asset management, building compliance, building surveying, building control and for the last few years in disability access consulting.
You can visit his website to learn more about his background, qualifications, and memberships to various industry associations.
Lee also initiated the Accessible Exit Sign Project in 2014 which is a global campaign for better exit signage strategies for people with disability.
As an active campaigner for improved evacuation provisions for people with disability Lee also wrote and released an evacuation guidebook titled "Evacuation of People with Disability & Emergent Limitations: Considerations for Safer Buildings & Efficient Evacuations", which is available as a free download from the Accessible Exit Sign Project website.


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Health policy dialogue: lessons from Africa
Research | Open | Published: 18 July 2016
Policy dialogues – the "bolts and joints" of policy-making: experiences from Cabo Verde, Chad and Mali
Delanyo Dovlo1,
Juliet Nabyonga-Orem1,
Yolanda Estrelli2 &
Aziza Mwisongo1
Policy processes that yield good outcomes are inherently complex, requiring interactions of stakeholders in problem identification, generation of political will and selection of practical solutions. To make policy processes rational, policy dialogues are increasingly being used as a policy-making tool. Despite their increasing use for policy-making in Africa, evidence is limited on how they have evolved and are being used on the continent or in low and middle income countries elsewhere.
This was an exploratory study using qualitative methods. It utilised data related to policy dialogues for three specific policies and strategies to understand the interplay between policy dialogue and policy-making in Cabo Verde, Chad and Mali. The specific methods used to gather data were key informant interviews and document review. Data were analysed inductively and deductively using thematic content analysis.
Participation in the policy dialogues was inclusive, and in some instances bottom-up participatory approaches were used. The respondents felt that the execution of the policy dialogues had been seamless, and the few divergent views expressed often were resolved in a unanimous manner. The policies and strategies developed were seen by all stakeholders as relating to priority issues. Other specific process factors that contributed to the success of the dialogues included the use of innovative approaches, good facilitation, availability of resources for the dialogues, good communication, and consideration of the different opinions. Among the barriers were contextual issues, delays in decision-making and conflicting coordination roles and mandates.
Policy dialogues have proved to be an effective tool in health sector management and could be a crucial component of the governance dynamics of the sector. The policy dialogue process needs to be institutionalised for continuity and maintenance of institutional intelligence. Other essential influencing factors include building capacity for coordination and facilitation of policy dialogues, provision of sustainable financing for execution of the dialogues, use of inclusive and bottom-up approaches, and timely provision of reliable evidence. Ensuring continued participation of all the actors necessitates innovation to allow dialogue outside the formal frameworks and spaces that should feed into the formal dialogue processes.
Policy processes that yield good outcomes are inherently complex, requiring interactions of stakeholders in problem identification, generation of political will and selection of practical solutions [1]. Policy-making processes in low and middle income countries are criticised for being prescriptive, insufficiently evidence-based and inconsiderate of the underlying contexts [2]. Globally, and particularly in Africa, policy dialogues have been recently recognised as an essential part of policy-making processes. Rajan et al. [3] define policy dialogue as "… part and parcel of policy and decision-making processes, where they are intended to contribute to developing or implementing policy change following a round of evidence-based discussions/workshops/consultations on a particular subject".
The literature identifies a number of barriers to the use of evidence during policy-making [2, 4], among which are how the research is conducted and how the information is gathered, packaged and presented, as well as the complexity of the environment in which the evidence is used and applied during policy-making processes [2, 4]. But even with the availability of evidence, challenges still remain in making effective policies and decisions [4]. Innovative knowledge translation measures such as those that bridge the gap between policy-makers and researchers, and researchers' efforts to transform research findings into easier and non-scientific language have been helpful [4, 5]. However, some authors argue that these efforts only solve part of the problem and that policy-making processes are complex and are often driven by political factors rather than scientific evidence [2, 4].
The linear model of policy-making, which theorises that policy processes are rational, balanced, objective and analytical [6, 7], has been used extensively to understand the policy process and its key phases [6]. Several criticisms have been advanced against the concept of that model, with some critics arguing that the policy process is highly political and messy and often has strong influence of a few powerful actors and elites [8, 9]. Further, forums do not exist where stakeholders with different experiences can constructively debate, articulate their ideas and share scientific evidence to generate realistic policy decisions and foster their implementation [10]. According to Thomas and Grindle [7], the policy-making process involves agenda-setting, decision and implementation phases. Several authors [11, 12] argue for the involvement of the key stakeholders such as frontline implementers in the initial phases of policy-making such as the agenda-setting and decision phases, since the ultimate responsibility of implementation of the policies will fall on them. These implementers have the power to alter or implement a policy based on contextual factors [11, 12].
Despite its criticism, the linear model identifies the key elements within the phases of the policy process, which are (1) recognising and defining the nature of the issue to be dealt with, (2) identifying the possible courses of action to deal with the issue, (3) weighing up the advantages and disadvantages of each alternative, (4) choosing the option that offers the best solution, (5) implementing the policy, and (6) evaluating the outcome [7]. Dialogue among stakeholders needs to take place in these phases of the policy process. Policy dialogues are believed to offer an opportunity for interactive knowledge sharing in policy-making arenas [3, 5, 13, 14]. They allow for several stakeholders of different calibre to come together to discuss an issue of common interest [3]. This creates buy-in and ownership of the outcome and builds commitment to its success, which consequently influences the implementation of the policy [1, 3, 5]. Policy dialogues galvanise the decision-making process by making it inclusive and moving it beyond the policy-making domains [3].
A policy dialogue acquires value only by the way it is conducted [3, 15]. Literature recognises the importance of how a policy dialogue is organised, in generating good decisions [3, 15, 16]. Lavis et al. [5] emphasise that a policy dialogue must have three major elements for it to be beneficial: it should provide the opportunity to discuss the problem of interest, it should consider different options for decisions, and it should chart a way forward in terms of how the outcomes will be implemented [5]. Additionally, for a policy dialogue to be considered effective, its subject or matter of interest should be shared and timely, accord with the culture or norms of the community, and be seen as a priority by all stakeholders [5].
Despite the increasing use of policy dialogues for policy-making, there is limited evidence on how they have evolved and are being used for decision-making in Africa and low and middle income countries elsewhere. One objective of this study was to review the policy dialogue processes involved in developing major policies in three African countries to relate the process of policy dialogue to the context of policy-making. Further, the study sought to explore and understand the processes involved in policy dialogue using three policy-making case studies from Cabo Verde, Chad and Mali. The policies were the National Pharmaceutical Policy in Cabo Verde; the Plan National de Développement Sanitaire (PNDS) (The National health development plans – NHDP 2) for 2012–2016 in Chad, and the Programme de Développement Sanitaire et Social (PRODESS) 2014–2018 (Health and Social Program) in Mali.
This was an exploratory study using qualitative methods. The design and execution of the study were guided by the main consideration in a policy dialogue developed by Rajan et al. [3]. These were detailed as: identifying entry points; how to manage a policy dialogue process and the roles of stakeholders. This study utilised data related to policy dialogues of three specific polices and strategies in understanding the interplay between policy dialogue and policy-making in Cabo Verde, Chad and Mali. These countries were chosen owing to their experiences in formulating policies using policy dialogue platforms.
The study population included health sector actors who had been engaged in policy dialogue processes at national and sub-national levels. The initial list of respondents was drawn up in consultation with a team from the World Health Organization (WHO) office in each of the countries, who identified the stakeholders involved in the policies and strategies of interest. Additional respondents were identified using the snowballing technique until descriptive saturation was achieved [17]. Other considerations in the selection of respondents were their seniority in employment, active participation in the policy process and knowledge on the research question [17]. Table 1 shows the organisational affiliation of the respondents from the three countries.
Table 1 Affiliation of key respondents in Cabo Verde, Chad and Mali
Data collection methods
Data were collected through key informant interviews. An interview guide was developed with standardised questions and probes on policy dialogues related to the policy of interest in the three countries. The four areas of interest were the reasons that made the policy a priority for policy dialogue, the actors that were involved, the divergent and consensus points during the dialogue, and facilitating and barrier factors in the policy dialogue processes. In each country data were collected by an independent researcher, who was an expert in qualitative research and knowledgeable on health policy and systems. The interviews, which lasted 50 min on average, were conducted in French in Chad and Mali and Portuguese in Cabo Verde. The data were collected between June and August 2015. Both published and grey literature relating to policy dialogues and the policies of interest was reviewed for additional information.
All key informant interviews were audio-recorded and later transcribed verbatim before translation into English by the consultants. After transcription into Word, all the transcripts were exported into MAXQDA software for analysis. The authors of this paper read all the transcripts in detail to identify emerging issues in line with the study objective. Codes and sub-codes were developed both inductively and deductively from the questions. We were interested in the obvious and underlying meanings from the transcripts, which we then categorised into themes. The themes were compared among the key informants in each country and then across the countries.
The European Union, WHO and the Government of Luxembourg signed a partnership agreement in 2013 for capacity building in health policy development to achieve equitable universal health coverage in 13 countries in Africa. That agreement, called the Partnership for Universal Health Coverage, was implemented in the form of technical support for policy dialogue on health issues. The policy dialogue initiative was approached differently among the three countries, with each addressing issues in the dialogues according to its needs to support and meet the goals of universal health coverage. Some of the dialogues focused on strengthening of health planning processes, monitoring and evaluation, health financing, and improvement in alignment and harmonisation of health sector actors.
Country contexts related to the dialogues
In 2013 the, European Union, the Government of Luxembourg and WHO entered into a collaborative agreement to support policy dialogue on national health policies, strategies and plans and universal health coverage in Cabo Verde. Since signing the agreement in May 2013, the country has undertaken several activities related to policy dialogue for health, from which two were identified as priority areas: the signing of the National Health Compact and the revision of the National Pharmaceutical Policy. The Pharmaceutical Forum was the platform used for policy dialogue in developing the pharmaceutical policy.
Health policy dialogue in Chad is a new trend that was born partly as a result of the strategies developed by patient organisations and professional unions with the onset of diseases such as AIDS, to advocate for patients and health workers' rights. A dialogue forum was established by patients' groups and health workers' unions with the support of the Ministry of Health. To fulfil the requirements of the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness a formal and dynamic consultation framework, referred to as the health policy dialogue, was established by the Ministry of Public Health. Recently, these country initiatives on policy dialogues have been supported by the European Union-Luxembourg-WHO Partnership programme. In 2013 Chad used the policy dialogue approach to develop the PNDS for 2012–2016, also called the National health development plan (NHDP). Figure 1 depicts the evolution of the policy dialogue process in Chad.
Development of the health policy dialogue in Chad
In Mali, the Partnership for Universal Health Coverage focused on intensifying support for the implementation of PRODESS for 2014–2018 through facilitation of policy dialogue. The dialogue for PRODESS was conducted by a committee of 10 national experts from the 3 ministries of health, social development, and advancement of women, children and the family, along with 5 international consultants distributed among the various areas of industry, and under the supervision of the director of Système Pastoral associé aux Cultures (SPC). That approach helped build a common understanding of the major issues in health and social development and move towards consensus among all the stakeholders, including health services users; health workers, experts, institutions and departments; political and social partners etc., on the strategic directions and the way for their implementation. Through this process people were sensitised and involved and their perceptions were recognised and taken into account in the policy decisions.
Reasons for the development of specific policies
The three policies were identified as priorities by all stakeholders in the three countries. In Chad, the development of NHDP 1 was a controversial process characterised by misunderstanding among health professionals, administrators, support personnel, nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) and civil society organisations (CSOs). This was mainly fuelled by competition among the actors, each led by self-interest and the potential benefits they expected, as one respondent noted,
"The process of developing the NHDP 1 was so chaotic with many misunderstandings due to personal influences." (National level representative, Chad)
The results of the final evaluation of NHDP 1 in November 2012 revealed the difficulties encountered in implementing and monitoring health programmes. It was imperative to start thinking about how such problems were to be addressed in NHDP 2. The NHDP 1 evaluation also recommended strengthening the involvement of the various health sector actors in the development of NHDP 2 and accommodating the needs of the regions by first drawing up the regional health development plans. It was also recommended that consensus on issues be build and alliances be forged with the private sector and CSOs. This happened in a context marked by the commitment of the higher state authorities to reduce mortality and maternal and infant morbidity.
In Cabo Verde, the demand for a revised pharmaceutical policy arose from the need to achieve the goal of universal health coverage. It was realised in the process of developing the national strategy for financing universal health coverage that access to drugs and pharmaceuticals needed to be improved. However, the pharmaceutical policy was outdated as regards to the transformation of the health sector, the country's epidemiological profile and the organisation of the pharmaceutical sector.
Reasons that prompted the revision of the pharmaceutical policy in Cape Verde
Health sector transformation
Since independence in 1975, Cape Verde has invested in health, adopting policies that allow and guarantee access and equity in the provision of health care. The National Pharmaceutical Policy as an integral part of the National Health Policy dates back to 2003. Since then, the sector has gone through many transformations, hence the necessity to update the document in line with the current national and international needs. According to the General Direction of Pharmacies at the Ministry of Health it was necessary to update the policy as many changes had occurred since the current policy was introduced in 2003.
Epidemiological change
The epidemiological profile of the country has changed since 2008. Cape Verde has become upgraded to a middle income country, even though infectious conditions such as diarrhoea are still prevalent and non-communicable diseases are increasing. The types of medicines, treatment approaches and technologies also have changed. Moreover, the sector is constantly developing. There are more pharmacies, professionals and health centres. The conditions and infrastructure also have changed.
In 2005, the Food and Product Regulation and Supervision Agency was established and the technical roles related to the authorisation and evaluation of medicines were transferred to it by the Ministry of Health. However, according to ARFA, the roles were not well defined, as the Ministry of Health still had a commission that verified the work of ARFA. This duplication needed to be addressed and the roles clearly defined and updated in the national pharmaceutical policy.
These reasons made the revision of the policy necessary. The development of a new national pharmaceutical policy was a priority and had the necessary political backing.
In Mali, the lack of alignment and harmonisation of health partners was a major stumbling block for health development. In the midst of this poor coordination, Mali was experiencing high infant morbidity and maternal morbidity and mortality due to communicable and non-communicable diseases, poor quality of health services, disparities in health and inequitable distribution of health services. Some part of the country was also in the midst of armed emergency and therefore, policy dialogues were an important step towards harmonisation and coordination of health stakeholders in a difficult environment.
Processes and actors in the policy dialogues
A systematic and participatory process was employed in the policy dialogues in the three countries. In Chad the dialogues involved several steps that can be summarised as initial data gathering, advocacy and meetings. The key activities in the policy dialogue for the development of NHDP 2 were.
Setting up of a technical committee composed of Ministere de la Sante Publique (MSP) executives and partners with the role of mobilising resources, and development of draft documents and organisation of their validation and adoption. In addition, six thematic committees were established to analyse the situation and programming assistance for each of the six pillars of Plan National de Développement Sanitaire (PNDS).
Sharing information/evidence: The preliminary study reports were shared among the participants.
Development of regional plans: A key step was the development of 23 Plan Regionaux de development Sanaitaires (PRDS) by Developpement Sanitaire Regionaux (DSR) teams supported by central level executives. This work was also done through several stages: (1) development, validation and provision of canvas DSR and an array of delegates indicative funds (2013–2015) for each region; (2) development of the first versions of the PRDS; (3) peer review and executives from the central level; (d) validation teams DSR supported by the central level; (e) adoption of the PRDS in areas under the chairmanship of governors.
Development and validation of a road map.
The respondents in Cabo Verde believed that the involvement of all the relevant actors in the policy dialogue for strengthening the national pharmaceutical policies was perceived as successful. The participation of the Ministry of Health in organising the National Pharmaceutical Forum that congregated health professionals, pharmaceutical professionals, collaborators, medication authorities, NGOs, CSOs and national departments, was considered by the respondents as the main factor in the forum's success, as one respondent remarked,
"The pharmaceutical forum was a good platform to conduct the policy dialogues for the pharmaceutical policy." (National level representative, Cabo Verde)
The first National Pharmaceutical Forum organised by the Direção General de Farmacias e Medicamentos of the Ministry of Health in Cabo Verde, was held in November 2014. It involved the whole health sector and aimed to share knowledge and exchange experiences. It also served as a launching pad for the much-needed revision of the National Pharmaceutical Policy.
In Mali the process of developing the policy involved close collaboration with development partners, CSOs, government departments, key public and private players, the three relevant ministries (health and sanitation; the ministry of solidarity, humanitarian action and reconstruction of the North and; the ministry of promotion of women, children and family). As one of the respondent noted below.
"A number of stakeholders were involved in the development of the plan, the process was very exhaustive and involved a number of dialogues". (NGO representative, Mali)
The process for developing the components of PRODESS in Mali adopted bottom-up and participatory approaches and was coordinated by the Director of the Unit of Planning and Statistics, Health Sector, Social Development and Promotion of the Family (Directeur de l'Unité de planification et des statistiques, secteur de la santé, du développement social et de promotion de la famille). This unit facilitated consultations in the districts and regions involving the participation of all stakeholders in the health sector, taking into account not only the problems of the community but also the determinants of health.
Dispute areas during the dialogue process
The respondents expressed the view that the three policy dialogue processes provided room for participation and consensus building but there were challenges as well. In Chad the policy dialogue process was regarded by the respondents as having been smooth with limited disputes. The contestations were mainly around the differences between government and United Nations Children's Fund data sets used in making decisions, as noted by one respondent,
"There is always a problem with data, as UN agencies will come with their data, which are different from government data and that sparks debates and delays. However, in the end it was unanimously agreed to use the Ministry of Health data." (Donor representative, Chad)
The respondents in Cabo Verde attributed the disputes to the way the forums were structured to provide information through presentations rather than to create an environment stimulating discussion and debate. This limited debates, divergences and compromises, as was noted by the respondents. A few issues were a source of contests among the dialogue participants in Cabo Verde, one of which related to the duplication of structures and organisations with similar roles in the regulation of the pharmaceutical industry. Even though the Agência de Regulação e Supervisão de Produtos Farmacêuticos e Alimentares (ARFA) was created for this specific purpose, the Direcção General de Farmácia (DGF) still had a commission to verify ARFA work. According to the respondents, much of the disagreement during the policy dialogue related to clarification of roles of pharmaceutical actors. Another area of disagreement was the restriction by the government of the sale of non-generic drugs. This was not popular with the private pharmaceutical suppliers, who wanted to sell other more expensive and lucrative brands. As part of the policy dialogue, the government agreed to offer incentives for pharmacies to sell generic products along with other brands. On this issue, one respondent remarked,
"The Ministry of Health had to agree to the proposal of private pharmacists to sell brand drugs, after all, private pharmacists were an important stakeholder in the development of the policy." (National level interviewee, Cabo Verde)
In Mali, the groups involved in the development of PRODESS 3 had divergent views on some issues. In determining priorities for the dialogue process each group wanted their area of focus to be accorded importance. Analysis of the problems and determination of how these affected the communities facilitated consensus building.
Factors facilitating and hindering policy dialogues
The respondents cited several factors that they considered to have facilitated the dialogue processes. In Chad trust and legitimacy of the process were regarded as key success factors in the development of NHDP 2, as one of the sub-national respondents stated,
"The process took into account of regional differences and came up with strategic solutions for each region. This helped to perceive the plan as a realistic document rather than just another document." (Sub-national respondent)
Another success factor in the policy dialogue in Chad was the choice of the facilitator, who had the necessary expertise to lead the interactions among the stakeholders. WHO played an enabling role by providing national and international experts familiar with the issues of focus to support the policy dialogue processes.
In Cabo Verde the meetings accommodated the different perspectives and views from the stakeholders, allowing sensitisation and involvement of all the actors, and recognition and consideration of their interests in the decisions.
In Mali also, the dialogues were considered to have been inclusive, as noted by a respondent,
"The possibility for each participant to contribute to the dialogue and especially realism and respect for commitments are factors that favoured consensus." (National level respondent, Mali)
The availability and use of evidence collected through transparent processes were appreciated by the respondents in the three countries. Further, the dialogues themselves involved the development of new supportive mechanisms and structures to facilitate information gathering. In Mali, several mechanisms were set up such as the PRODESS monitoring committee chaired by the ministers of health; social development; and promotion of women, children and family, with representation from the vice president's office and the Technical and Financial Partners (TFP) civil society. The committee was responsible for reviewing and validating the regional plans for health and social development and monitoring their implementation. One of the respondents noted that,
"The process of gathering information from the sub-national levels to the central level for the national plan was transparent and this built confidence among us. It also contributed to the availability of information for the dialogues." (National level respondent, Mali)
In the three countries the dialogues involved stakeholders from different sectors and levels. This contributed to the development of plans and strategies that went beyond the boundaries of the health sector to address the social determinants of health and the interaction between the health sector and other relevant sectors. In Cabo Verde innovative approaches were used to better advocate for and communicate about the dialogues among the different stakeholders. Some of these approaches were websites and newsletters. These helped to mobilise stakeholders.
In Chad the leadership of WHO helped coordinate and galvanise donors under one framework through their signing of a pre-agreement. The pre-agreement emphasised on alignment and harmonisation which helped to normalise the different perspectives brought to the dialogue. The policy dialogues were also used to address some previous misunderstandings and confusion. For example, in Chad a misunderstanding between the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Health with respect to external funding was thoroughly discussed and resolved as part of the policy dialogues.
Several barriers hampered the conduct of the policy dialogues in the three countries. In Chad the Ministry of Health's slow decision-making affected a number of elements related to the dialogue process. This was compounded by the weak skills of the managers in quality monitoring, supervision and control. During the earlier policy dialogue days in Chad, the failure to coordinate the dialogues, notably due to the unavailability of appropriate frameworks, resulted in delays.
In Mali the political turmoil and health crises, particularly the Ebola epidemic, were barriers to the process of the health policy dialogues. In all the three countries there were instances where the actors differed in their perception of the priority areas for focus mainly influenced by their parochial interests and perceived benefits from the process. This caused delays in the policy dialogue process.
Some respondents believed that clarity over the jurisdiction of the policy dialogue process was an important factor in its success. In Chad, for example, there was confusion about which institution, the Studies and Cooperation Bureau (Le Buraux des Etudes et de la Coperation) or the Ministry of Health, had responsibility over the policy dialogues. This was a constraint in conducting the dialogues.
Policy dialogues are naturally exhaustive, requiring time and investment, which can be tasking for those required to participate in them. The respondents in all the three countries lamented about the length and large number of meetings required for the policy dialogues, which resulted in poor attendance with time. In addition, limitations of the resources mainly from the central government, was a handicap in both Mali and Chad. In Chad, the perception of the policy dialogues as a programme rather than a process resulted in dependence on donors to run them.
From this comparative study conducted in Chad, Cabo Verde and Mali, it is evident that policy dialogues were used to develop the three policies of interest. It can be argued that the presence of the health policy dialogue programme was a catalyst in the use of policy dialogue approaches for the aforementioned policy processes. For a policy dialogue to be effectual, the topic of interest should be perceived as a high priority by concerned stakeholders so that it is accorded lengthy discussion and negotiation [3]. The three policies that are the focus of this paper were deemed necessary in their countries and this was crucial in attracting the interest of all stakeholders. In Mali the PRODESS 2014–2018 was thought to be necessary following a situational analysis of the health sector. In Chad, the need for NHDP 2 was impelled by the failure of previous policy-making and implementation processes. In Cabo Verde, the efforts to achieve the universal health coverage aims brought out the realisation that a policy was needed to guide the equitable access to drugs and pharmaceuticals.
Literature on policy dialogues and effective policy-making insists on participatory and inclusive approaches that yield consensus and create approachable policies, since such approaches take into consideration the perspectives of all the actors [1, 3]. In the three countries there was extensive and high level involvement of stakeholders during the policy dialogues. The stakeholders ranged from key policy-makers to routine policy implementers. This is laudable, as a good policy dialogue requires participation and inclusion of key stakeholders to enrich the discourse [10, 14]. The involvement of a broad range of stakeholders such as implementers and beneficiaries provides the opportunity to consider the policy of interest from various perspectives such as culturally, economically and politically, as well as to accommodate donor-vested interests, existing initiatives and opportunities. Through facilitating the accumulation of an array of experiences that help to articulate the problem and suggest solutions from several perspectives, this approach also promotes ownership, accountability and commitment to the outcome [12, 18].
Some authors criticise the differentiation of policy-making and policy implementation that regards the former as political and the latter as administrative [6, 7, 18], because these processes are not separate. In reality policy implementation begins during the agenda-setting and decision phases and as such requires the involvement of implementers then.
There is an argument that policy implementation is not rational and that alterations to a policy in the process of implementation may result in the failure to execute it as intended in the objectives [12]. Some theories such as the interactive model and street level bureaucracies [12] elucidate this complexity of implementation and the role of actors. These theories emphasise the need for involvement of implementers during policy-making processes in order to foster ownership and buy-in, forge alliances and ensure commitment to the process [5, 10].
New policies often lead to transformation, which often implies change, which in turn creates fear of the unknown or loss of position and benefits [6]. Borrowing from management theories, some authors propose that fear of change needs to be managed early enough during policy-making processes [6]. This will help to avoid unintended negative consequences, as they are mitigated during participatory policy dialogues [6]. Our study shows how the fear by the private pharmaceutical companies in Cabo Verde of the consequences that could arise from the development of a pharmaceutical policy was mitigated by their involvement in the policy dialogue. The policy dialogue process, through its participatory nature, is one way of managing change. The dialogue process allowed the participants to raise their concerns, which were considered and accommodated in the policy decisions, allowing the new policy to be seen as an opportunity rather than a threat [6]. In another situation also in Cabo Verde, the pharmacists' resistance to selling generic drugs was addressed during the development of the pharmaceutical policy. In both Mali and Chad interdepartmental differences were resolved in smaller group dialogues specially set up as part and parcel of the overall policy dialogue processes. It can be assumed that tackling these tensions during the policy-making stage would reduce the possibility of resistance to the policies during their implementation. It is also clear that these tensions were prompted by underlying professional or departmental interests among the actors and an important factor towards good policy-making and implementation [8, 9, 11, 12].
We see from our study that some specific process factors helped make the dialogues successful. These included the use of innovative and bottom-up approaches, availability of resources, good communication, and consideration of the different opinions. These are what policy dialogues experts insist are the key factors for successful dialogue processes [3, 14, 19]. Several health systems' factors also played a major role in enabling the policy dialogues. These were harmonisation of partners, multisectoral approaches, supportive structures, and partnerships. The literature on policy-making makes a strong association between good health systems' indicators and good policies.
In Cabo Verde, Chad and Mali policy dialogues were instrumental in developing three important policies and in strengthening policy-making processes. They proved to be an effective management tool in the health sector and could be integrated as a component of the dynamics of governance of the sector. It is recommended that similar dialogues be instituted in the development of other polices, plans and strategies. To maximise the benefits from policy dialogues the following actions are necessary:
Develop capacity for coordinating, conducting and facilitating policy dialogues in each of the countries, and clearly articulate the coordination roles;
Provide resources for the execution of proper policy dialogues, ensuring they utilise inclusive bottom-up approaches;
Enhance the reliability of and trust in data, which will strengthen the legitimacy of and trust in the dialogues;
Innovatively design and allow other dialogue mechanisms outside the formal frameworks but these should feed into the formal dialogue processes;
Institutionalise policy dialogues as part of routine governance processes that help to maintain institutional continuity and intelligence.
ARFA, Agência de Regulação e Supervisão de Produtos Farmacêuticos e Alimentares; CSOs, civil society organisations; NGOs, nongovernmental organisations; NHDP, National Health Development Plan; PRODESS, Plan décennal de développement sanitaire et social; Programme de Développement Sanitaire et Social; WHO, World Health Organization.
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Women in Informal Employment Globalising and Organising: Conducting a Policy Dialogue to Achieve Results, accessed from http://wiego.org/sites/wiego.org/files/resources/files/WIEGO_Policy_Dialogue_Guide_English.pdf. Accessed 11 Nov 2015. WEIGO Secretariat; 2013.
The policy dialogue programme on which this study is premised, was supported by the European Union and Luxembourg. The support of WHO country offices in data collection is acknowledged. The article contains the perceptions and views of the authors only and does not represent the decisions or stated policies of the World Health Organization.
This article has been published as part of BMC Health Services Research Volume 16 Supplement 4, 2016: Health policy dialogue: lessons from Africa. The full contents of the supplement are available online at http://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/supplements/volume-16-supplement-4.
Ethical approval and consent were only granted for anonymised reporting and write up and given this understanding, data will not be shared.
DYTD, JNO and AM contributed equally in the review of the literature and writing up of the paper. YE contributed to data collection and analysis. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.
All participants consented for anonymized reporting and write up of their responses.
Informed consent was obtained from all the respondents prior to the interview. The purpose of the study was explained to the respondents, who were also informed that they were free to withdraw from the study at any time. The respondents were assured of confidentiality in data analysis and reporting. Subject identifiers were accessible to the only research team, and only aggregate data were reported. Data were saved on password-protected computer files and Dropbox applications. Ethical clearance for this study was obtained from the WHO Regional Office for Africa Ethical Clearance Committee AFR/ERC/2015/90.3.
Health Systems and Services Cluster, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Cite de Djoue, BP 06, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
Delanyo Dovlo
, Juliet Nabyonga-Orem
& Aziza Mwisongo
Health Systems and Services, World Health Organization Cabo Verde Country Office, PO Box 266, Praia, Cabo Verde
Yolanda Estrelli
Search for Delanyo Dovlo in:
Search for Juliet Nabyonga-Orem in:
Search for Yolanda Estrelli in:
Search for Aziza Mwisongo in:
Correspondence to Delanyo Dovlo.
Health policy dialogue
Policy-making
Policy processes


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The structure of an Arduino programming language must contain at least two functions.
void setup() is the first function runs in the program which contains the declaration of variables. This function is used to set pinMode or initialize serial communication. It must be present in the program even there are no variables to declare.
As the function name suggests, the functionvoid loop() runs continuously which controls the Arduino board.
Whenever there is an obstacle in range, LED will glow.
The digital sensor I am using for this example is Infrared Obstacle Sensor. Connecting the sensor to Arduino is shown below.
The Sensor has 3 pins.
VCC is connected to the 5V pin of the Arduino. GND is connected to GND pin of Arduino. The sensor gives LOW output at OUT pin when there is an obstacle present in some range(10 to 15 cms depends on the sensor). The OUT pin of the sensor is connected to the 2nd pin of the Arduino.
Variable LED is assigned to 12(pin number) and OBSTACLE is assigned to 2(pin number) of Arduino. In functionvoid setup() ,pinMode sets the mode of the pin(Input/Output). OBSTACLE is set to INPUT since we are reading the value of OUT pin of the sensor. LED is set to OUTPUT.
In the void loop function, digitalRead(OBSTACLE) returns HIGH/LOW. Whenever there is an obstacle in range, the function reads LOW. digitalWrite(LED,val); This function writes HIGH/LOW at pin number 12.