text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{secIntro}
The principles of relativistic quantum physics admit certain
``exotic'' particle types  which do not allow for
point--localized quantum fields, namely
the massless ``infinite
spin'' representations found by Wigner~\cite{Wig} and anyons~\cite{Wil}.
However, it is known~\cite{BGL,M02a} that all Wigner particle types%
\footnote{By Wigner particle type, we mean here an
irreducible unitary ray representation of the Poincar\'e group with
positive energy.} do allow
for localization, in a certain sense, in spacetime
regions which extend to infinity in some space--like direction.

In this contribution, we present the construction of free
Wightman type fields for the massless ``infinite spin'' particles,
which are localized in semi--infinite strings extending to space--like
infinity. This result solves the old problem~\cite{Yng70,IM,Wig48} of
reconciling these representations with the principle
of causality. It has been obtained in collaboration with B.~Schroer and
J.~Yngvason and partly published in \cite{MSY}. The details will be
presented in~\cite{MSY2}. Here, we emphasize  the relation with
the work of Bros et al.~\cite{BrosMos}, as appropriate for the occasion.

The construction also works for the usual, ``non--exotic'', particle
types. Our motivation to consider such fields, dispite the fact that
they generate the same algebras as the corresponding point--like
localized free fields, is the hope that they may serve as a starting
point for the construction of interacting string--localized quantum
fields.

Let us make precise what we mean by a string--localized covariant free
quantum field for a given particle type.%
\footnote{Our notion of a  string--localized covariant quantum field is a generalization
of the generalized Wightman fields of Steinmann~\cite{St}.}
The ``{\em string}'' is a ray which extends from a point $x\in\mathbb{R}^d$ to
infinity in a space--like direction. That is to say, it is
of the form  $x+\mathbb{R}^+e$, where $e$ is in the manifold of space--like directions
\begin{equation} \label{eqSpd}
\Spd^{d-1} :=\{ e\in\mathbb{R}^d:\, e\cdot e=-1\}.
\end{equation}
Let now $U$ be a unitary ray representation of the Poincar\'e group acting on a Hilbert
space $\calH$ with positive energy and a unique invariant vector $\Omega$,
which contains an irreducible  ray representation $\Uirr$ acting on $\Hirr\subset \calH$.
\begin{definition} \label{StringLocField}
A {\em string--localized covariant quantum field} for $\Uirr$ is an operator
valued distribution $\field(x,e)$ over $\mathbb{R}^d\times \Spd^{d-1}$
acting on $\calH$
such that the following requirements are satisfied.
\\[1ex]
0) {\em Reeh--Schlieder property:}
$\Omega$ is cyclic for the polynomial algebra of fields $\field(f,h)$ with
${\rm supp} f\times{\rm supp} h$ in a fixed region in $\mathbb{R}^d\times\Spd^{d-1}$.
\\[1ex]
i) {\em Covariance:} For all $(a,\Lambda)\in\Po$ and $(x,e)\in \mathbb{R}^d\times
\Spd^{d-1}$ holds
\begin{equation} \label{eqFieldCov}
U(a,\Lambda)\field(x,e)\,U(a,\Lambda)^{-1}=\field(\Lambda x+a,\Lambda e).
\end{equation}
ii) {\em String--locality:} If the strings
$x_1+\mathbb{R}^{+}e'_1$  and $x_2+\mathbb{R}^{+} e_2$ are
space--like separated  for all $e'_1$ in some open neighborhood of
$e_1$, then
\begin{equation} \label{eqFieldLoc}
[\field(x_1,e_1),\field(x_2,e_2)]=0.
\end{equation}
The field is called {\em free}, if it creates only single particle states
from the vacuum vector, $ \field(f,h)\Omega \in \Hirr$.
\end{definition}

Our construction of such fields in \cite{MSY,MSY2} is reduced to a
single particle problem. Namely, consider the single particle vector
$\psi(x,e):=\field(x,e)\Omega$ if a free field $\field(x,e)$ as above is given. It
enjoys certain specific properties reflecting
the covariance and locality of the field.
The crucial point is that these properties are intrinsic to the representation
$\Uirr$ and can be formulated
without reference to the field, using the
concept of a modular localization structure~\cite{BGL,FasS02,M02a}
based on Tomita--Takesaki modular theory.  We will call a $\Hirr$-valued distribution
satisfying the ensuing properties a {\em string--localized covariant wave
function} for $\Uirr$, cf.\ Definition~\ref{StringLocWFct}.
Our strategy is to reverse the route, namely to construct such a
$\Hirr$-valued distribution $\psi(x,e)$
for given $\Uirr$ and then to obtain the field via second quantization.

The idea of the construction of $\psi(x,e)$ is as follows.
Recall that an irreducible representation $\Uirr$ of the Poincar\'e group is
induded by a representation $\Ulittle$ of a subgroup $G$ of the
Lorentz group.
If $\ULor$ is an extension of $\Ulittle$ to the Lorentz group, then $\Uirr$ is contained in
$U_0\otimes\ULor$, where $U_0$ is the scalar representation. Thus the
problem can be separated. The $U_0$ part is solved by Fourier
transformation.
Now Bros et al. exhibit in~\cite{BrosMos} a suitable
representation $\ULor$, for which they
(implicitely) construct a localized covariant wave function living on $\Spd^{d-1}$.
Consider then the tensor product of a wave
function localized at $x$ for $U_0$ and a wave function localized
at $e\in\Spd^{d-1}$ for $\ULor$. Our basic result is that the projection
onto $\Uirr$ of this vector turns out to be a vector which is
localized for $\Uirr$ in the  string
with initial point $ x$ and direction $e$.

We recall the relevant representations $\Uirr$ of the Poincar\'e group and
the concept of a modular localization structure in Sections 2 and 3,
respectively. We will concentrate on the bosonic
representations with positive mass and for those with
zero mass and infinite spin, in dimension $d=3$ and $4$.
In Section 4 we present the (definition and) construction
of a string--localized covariant wave function, as sketched above.
In Section 5 we summarize our results and give a brief outlook.
\section{Wigner Particles} \label{secWigPart}
Following Wigner~\cite{Wig}, the state space of an elementary
relativistic particle  corresponds to an irreducible ray representation of the
Poincar\'e group with positive energy.
We recall the relevant representations here for spacetime
dimension $d=3$ and $4$, restricting to proper representations since we
are at the moment only interested in bosons.
We denote the proper orthochronous Poincar\'e and Lorentz groups by
$\Po$ and $\Lor$, respectively. Reflecting the semidirect product
structure $\Po=\mathbb{R}^d\semiprod\Lor$, elements of the Poincar\'e group will
be denoted $g=(a,\Lambda)$.

An irreducible positive energy representation $\Uirr$ of $\Po$ is characterized by
two data. The first one is the mass value
$ m\geq0$, determining the energy--momentum spectrum of the
corresponding particle as the mass hyperboloid
\begin{equation} \label{eqMassHyp}
H_m^+ :=\{p\in\mathbb{R}^d:\, p\cdot p=m^2, \, p_0>0\}.
\end{equation}
Given $m$, one fixes a base point $\basepoint\in H_m^+$, and considers
the stabilizer subgroup, within $\Lor$, of this point. This so--called
``little group'' will be denoted $G_\basepoint$ in the sequel. Then
the second characteristicum of $\Uirr$ is a unitary irreducible
representation $V$ of $G_\basepoint$, acting in a Hilbert space $\Hlittle$.
The representation $\Uirr$ fixed by these data is said to be {induced} from
$\Ulittle$. It acts on
\begin{equation} \label{eqHS}
\Hirr:= L^2(H_m^+,\D\mu)\otimes \Hlittle,
\end{equation}
which we identify with $L^2(H_m^+,\D\mu;\Hlittle)$, according to
\begin{eqnarray} \label{eqUirr}
\big(\Uirr(a,\Lambda)(\phi\otimes\varphi)\big)(p)&= e^{ \I a\cdot
p} \,\phi(\Lambda^{-1}p)\, \Ulittle({R(\Lambda,p)})\varphi.
\end{eqnarray}
Here, $R(\Lambda,p)$ is the so--called Wigner rotation, defined by
\begin{equation}  \label{eqWigRot}
R(\Lambda,p):= A_p^{-1}\,\Lambda\,A_{\Lambda^{-1}p},
\end{equation}
where $(A_p,\,p\in H_m^+)$ is a section of the bundle $\Lor\rightarrow
H_m^+$, i.e.\ $A_p$ maps $\basepoint$ to $p$.

The little groups $G_\basepoint$ can be conveniently determined as follows. Let
\begin{align} \label{eqOrbit}
\Gamma_\basepoint :=\{ q\in H_0^+:\, q\cdot \bar p=1\}.
\end{align}
Then $G_\basepoint$ is precisely the (unit component of the) isometry group
of $\Gamma_\basepoint$. But $\Gamma_\basepoint$, with the induced metric from ambient
Minkowski space, is  isometric to the sphere
$S^{d-2}$ for $m>0$,  and to $\mathbb{R}^{d-2}$ for $m=0$. (Eg.\ for $m=0$ and $d=4$, the map
$\xi:\mathbb{R}^{2}\rightarrow \Gamma_\basepoint$, with $\basepoint =
\frac{1}{2}(1,1,0,0)$, defined by
\begin{equation} \label{eqGammaR}
\xi(z):= (|z|^2+1,|z|^2-1,z_1,z_2\big)
\end{equation}
can be checked to be an isometric diffeomorphism.) It follows that the little group
$G_\basepoint$ is for $m>0$ isomorphic
to $SO(d-1)$,
and for $m=0$ isomorphic to the euclidean group in $d-2$
dimensions, i.e.\ $G_\basepoint\cong E(2)$ in $d=4$ and
$G_\basepoint\cong \mathbb{R}$ in $d=3$.  Now {faithful} representations of  $E(2)$ are infinite
dimensional. Owing to this fact, a representation $\Uirr$ resulting from
$m=0$ and a faithful representation of $G_\basepoint$ is called a {\em massless infinite
spin representation}.
The faithful representations $\Ulittle$ of $E(2)$ are labelled by a
strictly positive number $\kappa>0$,
and $\Ulittle=\Ulittle_{(\kappa)}$ acts on $L^2(\mathbb{R}^2,\delta(|k|^2-\kappa^2))$
according to
\begin{equation} \label{eqUlittle}
\big(\Ulittle_{(\kappa)}(c,R)\tilde{\varphi}\big)(k) :=
\exp({\I c\cdot k})\,\tilde{\varphi}(R^{-1}k),\quad (c,R)\in E(2).
\end{equation}
\section{Modular Localization Structure for ${\Uirr}$}
As the first step in our construction, the single particle space is endowed with a family of
so--called Tomita operators,
labelled by a specific class of spacetime regions. This family will be
called a modular localization structure for the single particle space.

The basic geometrical ingredient is the family of wedge regions.
A {\em wedge} is a region in Minkowski space which arises by a
Poincar\'e transformation from the ``standard wedge''
$$
W_0:=\{ x\in \mathbb{R}^d: |x^0|<x^{1}\}.
$$
Associated with each wedge $W$ is the one--parameter group of Lorentz boosts $\Lambda_W(t)$
leaving $W$ invariant, and the reflection $j_W$ about the edge of $W$.
More precisely, for the standard wedge $W_0$ the boosts
$\Lambda_{W_0}(t)$ act on the coordinates $x^0,x^{1}$ as
\begin{equation} \label{eqBoox}
\left( \begin{array}{cc}
 \cosh(t) &  \sinh(t)  \\
 \sinh(t) &  \cosh(t)
 \end{array} \right),
\end{equation}
and the reflection $j_{W_0}$ inverts the sign of the coordinates
$x^0,x^{1}$ and leaves the other coordinate(s) invariant.
For a general wedge $W=g\,W_0$, $g\in\Po$, the boosts and reflection
are defined as\footnote{This definition is consistent
because every Poincar\'e transformation which leaves $W_0$ invariant
commutes with $\Lambda_{W_0}(t)$ and $j_{W_0}$, cf.~\cite{BGL}.}
\begin{eqnarray} \label{eqLorW}
\Lambda_{gW_0}(t):=& g\,\Lambda_{W_0}(t)\,g^{-1},\\
j_{gW_0}         :=& g\, j_{W_0}\,g^{-1}. \label{eqJW}
\end{eqnarray}

Let now $U$ be an (anti-) unitary representation of the proper
Poincar\'e group acting in some Hilbert space $\calH$.
Then there is, in particular, for each wedge $W$ an anti-unitary representer $U(j_W)$ of the
reflection $j_W$.  Let further $K_W$ denote the self-adjoint generator
of the unitary group representing the corresponding boosts, i.e.\
$K_W$ is defined by $\exp(\I tK_W)=U(\Lambda_W(t))$ for all
$t\in\mathbb{R}$. Then we define an anti--linear  operator associated with $W$ by
\begin{equation} \label{eqSW}
S_U(W):= \;U(j_W) \exp({-\pi K_W}).
\end{equation}
Owing to the group relations, it is an antilinear involution,
$S_U(W)^2\subset 1$, i.e.\ a so--called Tomita operator.

We now consider the class of causally complete, convex spacetime
regions, which we denote by ${\mathcal C}$. It is known~\cite{BGL} that each
$C\in{\mathcal C}$ coincides with the intersection of all wedges which
contain $C$. Typical regions belonging to this class are double cones,
space--like cones, and wedges.
For each $C\in{\mathcal C} $ we now define the subspace of vectors which are ``localized in $C$'' by
\begin{equation}  \label{eqLS}
 \LS_U(C):= \big\{ \psi \in \bigcap_{W \supset C} \dom S_U(W), \;
  S_U(W)\psi \mbox{ independent of } W\big\}.
\end{equation}
Brunetti et al.\ have shown~\cite{BGL} that if $U$ has positive
energy, then $\LS_U(C)$ is dense in $\calH$ if $C$ contains a space--like cone.
On this domain we define a closed anti--linear involution
$S_U(C)$ by\footnote{We shall skip the index $U$ when no confusion can
arise.}
\begin{equation}  \label{eqSC}
 S_U(C)\psi := S_U(W)\psi, \quad W\supset C.
\end{equation}
The family of these anti--linear involutions satisfies isotony~\cite{BGL},
$S_U(C_1)\subset S_U(C_2)$ for  $C_1\subset C_2$, and covariance,
$U(g)S_U(C)U(g)^{-1}=S_U(gC)$. It has further a property~\cite{BGL}
which will soon turn out to correspond to locality:
\begin{lemma} \label{TomOp}
If $C_1$ and $C_2$ are causally disjoint, then
\begin{equation} \label{eqSS*}
S_U(C_1)\subset S_U(C_2)^*.
\end{equation}
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
Choose a wedge $W$ which contains $C_1$ and
whose  causal complement $W'$ contains $C_2$.
The group relations  $\Lambda_{W'}(t)=\Lambda_{W}(-t)$
and $j_{W'}=j_W$, cf.~\cite{BGL}, imply that $S({W'})=U(j_W)\exp(\pi K_W)$. On the other
hand, $\Lambda_{W}(t)$ commutes with $j_W$, hence
$U(j_W)\exp(\pi K_W)$$=\exp(-\pi K_W)U(j_W)$$\equiv S(W)^*$. Hence
$S(W')=S(W)^*$. Therefore
$$
S(C_1)\subset S(W)=S(W')^*\subset S(C_2)^*,
$$
which proves the claim.
\smartqed \qed
\end{proof}
All these properties motivate us to call the family $S_U(C)$,
$C\in{\mathcal C}$, a {\em modular localization structure}%
\footnote{Note that our notion of a modular localization
structure is equivalent to the usual one, as formulated e.g.\ in
\cite{BGL,FasS02,M02a,MSY}. There, one considers for each $C\in{\mathcal C}$ the real subspace
\begin{equation*}
K_U(C):= \bigcap_{W\supset C} \{\phi\in\dom S_U(W):\; S_U(W)\phi=\phi\}.
\end{equation*}
These are precisely the $+1$ eigenspaces of our Tomita
operators~\eqref{eqLS}, \eqref{eqSC}. But these eigenspaces are well--known~\cite{LRT,RvD}
to be in one-to-one correspondence with the latter. }
for the representation $U$.  They allow the construction of a local
and covariant theory for a given particle type from the
single particle space via second quantization as follows.
Given the corresponding irreducible representation $\Uirr$ of $\Po$,
extend it to ${\mathcal P}_+$ as eg.\ in Appendix~\ref{Poj},
and define $\LS(C)=\LS_{\Uirr}(C)$ as above.
Let $a^*(\psi)$ and $a(\psi)$, for $\psi\in\Hirr$, denote the creation
and annihilation operators acting on the symmetrized Fock space over
$\Hirr$.
Then define, for $\psi\in\LS(C)$,
\begin{equation}  \label{eqSfield}
\Sfield(\psi):= a^*(\psi) + a(S(C)\psi) .
\end{equation}
These operators generate a covariant and local theory~\cite{BGL}, the locality
property coming about as follows.
For $\psi_1\in\LS(C_1)$, $\psi_2\in\LS(C_2)$, the commutator
$[\Sfield(\psi_1),\Sfield(\psi_2)]$ equals
$ (S(C_1)\psi_1,\psi_2) - (S(C_2)\psi_2, \psi_1)$. But if $C_1$ is
causally disjoint from $C_2$, this expression vanishes by Lemma~\ref{TomOp}, hence
\begin{equation}\label{eqSfieldLoc}
[\Sfield(\psi_1),\Sfield(\psi_2)]=0
\end{equation}
in this case. Thus, the property \eqref{eqSS*} of our modular localization
structure implies the locality property of the second quantization.

The motivation to construct the modular localization structure from
the representation $U$ is the Bisognano-Wichmann
theorem~\cite{BiWi,M01a}. This theorem states that for a large class of local
relativistic quantum fields $\field(f)$ the so-called modular
covariance property holds:
$$
 S(C)\field(f)\Omega= \field(f)^*\Omega \;\mbox{ if } C\supset{\rm supp} f,
$$
where $S(C)$ is constructed as above, cf.\ \eqref{eqSW} to
\eqref{eqSC}, from the representation $U$ under
which the  field is covariant. Thus,
given a local quantum field  $\field(f)$, the vectors $\field(f)\Omega$, ${\rm supp}
f\subset C$, are the prototypes for elements of the subspace $\LS_U(C)$.

\section{String--Localized Covariant Wave Functions}
In view of the above discussion, our task of constructing a
string--localized covariant free quantum field for a given particle
type reduces to the first-quantized version of the problem:  Namely, the
construction of the spaces $\LS(C)$ in terms of
``covariant string--localized wave functions'' as mentioned in the
introduction. These are defined as follows. Let
$\Uirr$ be the corresponding representation, acting on $\Hirr$.
\begin{definition} \label{StringLocWFct}
A {\em string--localized covariant wave function} for $\Uirr$ is a
weak $\Hirr$-valued distribution $\psi(x,e)$ on $\mathbb{R}^d\times \Spd^{d-1}$
satisfying the following requirements.
\\[1ex]
0) The set of $\psi(f,h)$, with ${\rm supp} f\times{\rm supp} h$ in a fixed
compact region in $\mathbb{R}^d\times\Spd^{d-1}$, is dense in $\Hirr$.
\\[1ex]
i) {\em Covariance:} For all $(a,\Lambda)\in\Po$ and $(x,e)\in \mathbb{R}^d\times
\Spd^{d-1}$ holds
\begin{equation} \label{eqWFCov}
\Uirr(a,\Lambda)\psi(x,e)=\psi(\Lambda x+a,\Lambda e).
\end{equation}
ii) {\em String--locality:}
If ${\rm supp} f + \mathbb{R}^+ {\rm supp} h\subset C\in{\mathcal C}$, then
$\psi(f,h)$ is in $\LS_{\Uirr}(C)$.
\end{definition}
Given such $\psi(x,e)$, one verifies that
\begin{equation} \label{eqFieldSfield}
\field(x,e):= \Sfield(\psi(x,e)) ,
\end{equation}
with $\Sfield(\psi)$ as in \eqref{eqSfield}, is a string--localized
covariant free quantum field in the sense of Definition~\ref{StringLocField}.
(Locality~\eqref{eqFieldLoc} follows from~\eqref{eqSfieldLoc}.)
\begin{example} \label{LSU0}
To illustrate the concept, we consider the scalar irreducible
unitary representation  $U_0$ with mass $m\geq0$. (Scalar means that the little
group is represented trivially.) For $f\in{\mathcal S}(\mathbb{R}^d)$, let
$Ff$ denote the restriction of the Fourier transform of
$f$ to the mass shell $H_m^+$.
This map enjoys the covariance properties
\begin{eqnarray} \label{eqFCov}
U_0(g) \,Ff &=& F\,{g_*f}, \quad g\in\Po,  \\
U_0(j) \,Ff &=& F\,j_*\bar{f}, \quad j\in{\mathcal P}_+^{\downarrow}, \label{eqFCovj}
\end{eqnarray}
where $(g_*f)(x):=f(g^{-1}x)$. Further,
if $f$ has compact support contained  in some wedge $W$, then
\begin{equation}
\exp(-\pi (K_0)_W) Ff= F(j_W)_*f, \label{eqFModOp}
\end{equation}
where $(K_0)_W$ is the generator of $U_0(\Lambda_W(t))$.
The basic fact underlying this identity is that for $x\in W$, the analytic
function $t\mapsto\Lambda_W(t) x$ has imaginary part in the forward light cone for
$t$ in the strip $\mathbb{R}+i(0,\pi)$, and goes to $j_W x$ if $t$ goes to
$i\pi$. Lemma~\ref{ModOp} in the appendix then implies~\eqref{eqFModOp}.
It follows that $S_{U_0}(W) Ff=F\bar{f}$, hence $Ff\in\LS_{U_0}({\mathcal O})$
if ${\rm supp} f\subset{\mathcal O}$.
Consequently the map $f\mapsto Ff$ is, in analogy to the above
definition,  a (point-) localized covariant wave function for $U_0$.
Note that the definition \eqref{eqFieldSfield}, namely $\field(f):=\Sfield(Ff)$
with  $\Sfield(\cdot)$ as in \eqref{eqSfield}, then coincides
with the usual scalar free field.
\end{example}
We now turn to the construction of a {string}--localized covariant
wave  function for arbitrary $\Uirr$ with mass $m\geq0$ and faithful
(or scalar) inducing representation $\Ulittle$ of the little group $G_\basepoint$.
Bros et al.\ exhibit in \cite{BrosMos} a family of unitary irreducible
representations $\ULor^\alpha$ of the Lorentz group $\Lorj$, labelled
by a complex number $\alpha$ with real part $-(d-2)/2$.\footnote{$\ULor^\alpha$
is in fact equivalent to the irreducible principal series
representation corresponding to the value $-|\alpha|^2$ of the
Casimir operator.}
As we show in Lemma~\ref{UlittleInULor}, the inducing representation $\Ulittle$ is contained in
the restriction of $\ULor^\alpha$ to $G_\basepoint$, namely as a subrepresentation if
$m>0$ and in a direct integral decomposition if $m=0$.
This implies that $\Uirr$ is contained in the representation
induced by $\ULor^\alpha|G_\basepoint$. But the latter is equivalent to
the representation
$U_0 \otimes\ULor^\alpha$, hence $\Uirr$ is contained in $U_0
\otimes\ULor^\alpha$. More precisely, there is a map $R^\alpha$ from (a dense
domain in) the tensor product of the representation spaces of $U_0$
and $\ULor^\alpha$ into the representation space of $\Uirr$
satisfying
the intertwiner relation
\begin{equation} \label{eqIntUirrUtens}
\Uirr(a,\Lambda) \circ R^\alpha =
R^\alpha \circ \;U_0(a,\Lambda)\otimes \ULor^\alpha(\Lambda) ,\quad
(a,\Lambda)\in\Po,
\end{equation}
on its domain. We write down a suitable intertwiner $R^\alpha$ in
Lemma~\ref{UlittleInULor}, which turns out to satisfy also
\begin{equation} \label{eqIntUirrUtensJ}
\Uirr(j) \circ R^\alpha =
R^{\bar{\alpha}} \circ \;U_0(j)\otimes \ULor^\alpha(j) ,\quad
j\in{\mathcal L}_+^{\downarrow}.
\end{equation}
Thus, the  problem of finding a string--localized wave function can now be
separated.  For $U_0$ we already have a localized wave function, cf.\
Example~\ref{LSU0}. Now for $\ULor^\alpha$, Bros et al.~\cite{BrosMos}
construct implicitely a ``localized covariant wave function'' on
$\Spd^{d-1}$, in the following sense:
\begin{example} \label{LSULor}
There is a continuous linear map $F^\alpha$ from ${\mathcal D}(\Spd^{d-1})$ into
the representation space of $\ULor^\alpha$ with the following properties:
\\
{\em 0)} The set of $F^\alpha h$, with ${\rm supp} h$ in a fixed region in
$\Spd^{d-1}$, is dense.
\\
{\em i)} For  $h\in {\mathcal D}(\Spd^{d-1})$ holds
\begin{eqnarray}  \label{eqFHCov}
\ULor^\alpha(\Lambda)\,F^\alpha h &=& F^\alpha \Lambda_*h,\quad  \Lambda\in\Lor,\\
\ULor^\alpha(j)\,F^\alpha h &=& F^{\bar{\alpha}} j_*\bar{h},\quad  j\in{\mathcal L}_+^{\downarrow}.
 \label{eqFHCovj}
\end{eqnarray}
{\em ii)} For a wedge $W$ whose edge contains the origin, let $K^\alpha_{{W}}$ be the
generator of $\ULor^\alpha(\Lambda_W(t))$. Then for all $h\in{\mathcal D}(\Spd^{d-1})$
with ${\rm supp} h\subset W\cap \Spd^{d-1}$, the vector $F^\alpha h$ is in the
domain of $\exp(-\pi K^\alpha_{{W}})$, and
\begin{equation} \label{eqFHModOp}
 \exp(-\pi K^\alpha_{{W}})\;F^\alpha h = F^\alpha \,(j_{W})_* h.
\end{equation}
(We recall the definition of $F^\alpha$ in the appendix, cf.~\eqref{eqFH},
and show in Lemma~\ref{FHProp'} that the mentioned properties are implicitly
contained in~\cite{BrosMos}.)
\end{example}
All this implies that a good candidate for a covariant
string--localized wave function in the sense of
Definition~\ref{StringLocWFct} is given by
\begin{equation} \label{eqWF}
\psi^\alpha(f,h) := R^\alpha (F f\otimes F^\alpha h),
\end{equation}
with $f\in{\mathcal D}(\mathbb{R}^{d})$ and $ h \in{\mathcal D}(\Spd^{d-1})$.
We have in fact the following result.
\begin{proposition}  \label{WF}
Equation~\eqref{eqWF} defines a string--localized covariant wave
function for $\Uirr$ in the sense of  Definition~\ref{StringLocWFct}.
Moreover, for $C\in{\mathcal C}$ the Tomita operator  $S(C)$ acts as follows.
Let ${\mathcal O}\subset\mathbb{R}^d$ and $\hat{{\mathcal O}}\subset \Spd^{d-1}$ be
such that ${\mathcal O}+\mathbb{R}^+\hat{{\mathcal O}}\subset C$. Then for all $f$ with
${\rm supp} f\subset {\mathcal O}$ and $h$ with ${\rm supp} h\subset \hat{{\mathcal O}}$,
\begin{equation} \label{eqSPsifh}
S(C) \, \psi^\alpha(f,h)  =\psi^{\bar\alpha}(\bar f,\bar h) .
\end{equation}
For $m=0$, $\psi^\alpha(f,h)$ has the explicit form
\begin{equation}  \label{eqWigCovfh}
\psi^\alpha(f,h)(p) = Ff(p)\,u^\alpha(h,p) ,
\end{equation}
where $h\mapsto u^\alpha(h,p)$ is the $\Hlittle$-valued distribution
on $\Spd^{d-1}$ with kernel
\begin{equation} \label{eqIntDist}
u^\alpha(e,p)(k)= \E^{-\I\pi\alpha/2}\, \int_{\mathbb{R}^{d-2}}\D z e^{\I k  z}\,
\big(\xi(z)\cdot A_p^{-1}e\big)^\alpha.
\end{equation}
Here $z\mapsto \xi(z)$ is the isometry from $\mathbb{R}^{d-2}$ onto
$\Gamma_\basepoint$ exhibited in \eqref{eqGammaR}.
\end{proposition}
\begin{proof}
We first consider $m>0$,  in which case the intertwiner $R^\alpha$ is a partial
isometry defined on the whole Hilbert space, cf.\ Lemma~\ref{UlittleInULor}.
Then  the covariance condition $i)$ of  Definition~\ref{StringLocWFct}
is satisfied  by construction,  cf.\ \eqref{eqFCov},
\eqref{eqIntUirrUtens} and \eqref{eqFHCov}.
The ``Reeh-Schlieder'' property {\em 0)} of Definition~\ref{StringLocWFct}
follows from the well-known  Reeh--Schlieder property of  $Ff$ and
that of $F^\alpha h$, cf.\ {\em 0)} of Example~\ref{LSULor}.
It remains to prove \eqref{eqSPsifh}, which then implies the locality
property $ii)$.
As a first step, let $f$ and $h$ be such that ${\rm supp} f+\mathbb{R}^+{\rm supp} h$
is contained in the standard wedge $W_0$.
It then follows that ${\rm supp} f$ is contained in $W_0$ and ${\rm supp} h$ in
its {\em closure}.
Suppose first that ${\rm supp} h\subset W_0$.
Then from \eqref{eqFModOp} and \eqref{eqFHModOp} we know that the
vectors $Ff$ and $F^\alpha h$ are in the
domains of the corresponding ``modular operators'' $\exp(-\pi K_{W_0})$ and
that the latter maps them to $F(j_0)_*f$ and $F^\alpha(j_0)_*h$,
respectively. From the intertwining property \eqref{eqIntUirrUtens} of $R^\alpha$
and its  continuity it follows (eg.\ using Lemma~\ref{ModOp}) that
$\psi^\alpha(f,h)$ is in the domain of $\exp(-\pi K_{W_0})$ and that
\begin{equation} \label{eqModOpPsifh}
\exp(-\pi K_{W_0})\;\psi^\alpha(f,h) =\psi^\alpha\big((j_0)_*f,(j_0)_*h\big).
\end{equation}
Further, \eqref{eqFCovj}, \eqref{eqIntUirrUtensJ} and \eqref{eqFHCovj}
imply that
$\Uirr(j)\,\psi^\alpha(f,h) =
\psi^{\bar{\alpha}}\big(j_*\bar{f},j_*\bar{h}\big)$ for $j\in{\mathcal L}_+^\downarrow$.
Now the last two equations imply that
\begin{equation} \label{eqSPsifh'}
S(W_0) \, \psi^\alpha(f,h)  =\psi^{\bar\alpha}(\bar f,\bar h).
\end{equation}
If, on the other hand, ${\rm supp} h$ meets the boundary of $W_0$ (but is
contained in its closure), then one finds a sequence $h_n\to h$ so that
${\rm supp} h_n\subset W_0$ for all $n$. Then $S(W_0) \psi^\alpha(f,h_n)$
goes to $\psi^{\bar\alpha}(\bar f,\bar h)$, and \eqref{eqSPsifh'} also
holds in this case because $S(W_0)$ is closed. By covariance, it
follows that for any wedge $W$, the operator $S(W)$ acts as in
\eqref{eqSPsifh'} if ${\rm supp} f+\mathbb{R}^+{\rm supp} h\subset W$. This proves
\eqref{eqSPsifh}. The continuity property follows from that of $F$, $F^\alpha$ and
$R^\alpha$. The proof is complete for $m>0$.

For $m=0$, we show in~\cite{MSY2} the following facts.
$R^\alpha$ is well-defined on vectors of the form
$Ff\otimes F^\alpha h$, leading to the formula~\eqref{eqWigCovfh}, \eqref{eqIntDist},
and the intertwining properties \eqref{eqIntUirrUtens} and
\eqref{eqIntUirrUtensJ} hold on these vectors.
Further, if $h$ has support in a wedge $W$, then for almost all $p$ the
$\Hlittle$-valued function $t\mapsto u^\alpha(\Lambda_W(t)_*h,p)$ is analytic on
the strip $\mathbb{R}+\I(0,\pi)$ and weakly continuous on its closure. It is
uniformly bounded in $p$ and $t$, for $p$ in a dense set of
$H_0^+$ and for $t$ in any compact subset of the closure of the strip.
As $t$ goes to $\I\pi$, it goes to $u((j_W)_*h,p)$.
This implies \eqref{eqModOpPsifh}, eg.\ using Lemma~\ref{ModOp}
(details are spelled out in~\cite{MSY2}). The proof of \eqref{eqSPsifh} is then completed as
in the case $m>0$. Finally, we show in~\cite{MSY2} an analyticity and growth property
in $e$ of $u^\alpha(e,p)$
which implies continuity of $\psi^\alpha(f,h)$.
\smartqed\qed
\end{proof}
\section{Summary and Outlook}
We have constructed, for each $\alpha\in\mathbb{C}$ with $\Re \alpha=-(d-2)/2$ and
each massless ``infinite spin'' representation $\Uirr$, a $\Hirr$-valued distribution
on $\mathbb{R}^d\times \Spd^{d-1}$ with certain specific
properties, which motivate our name ``string--localized covariant wave
function''. They guarantee that second quantization~\eqref{eqFieldSfield} of these object
leads to a string--localized covariant free quantum field,
cf.~Definition~\ref{StringLocWFct} and discussion thereafter.
Summarizing, and using the explicit formula~\eqref{eqWigCovfh}, we
have  as our main result:
\begin{theorem} \label{Result}
Let $\field(x,e)$ be the operator--valued distribution given by%
\footnote{We use the symbolic notation
$a^*(\psi)=:\int d\mu(p)\, \psi(p)\circ a^*(p)$
and \\
$a(\psi)=:\int d\mu(p)\,\overline{\psi(p)}\circ a(p)$. }
\begin{align} \label{eqField}
\field^\alpha(x,e) = \int_{H_m^+}\D\mu(p)\left\{  \,
e^{ip\cdot x}  \; u^\alpha(e,p) \circ a^*(p)
+ e^{-ip\cdot x} \; \overline{u^{\bar\alpha}(e,p)} \circ a(p)\,
\right\},
\end{align}
with $u^\alpha$ as in~\eqref{eqIntDist}.
Then $\field(x,e)$ is a string--localized covariant free quantum field for
$\Uirr$ in the sense of Definition~\ref{StringLocField}.
\end{theorem}

It turns out~\cite{MSY2} that the formula works for all $\alpha \in
\mathbb{C}\setminus\mathbb{N}_0$, and that for a certain range of values the fields
need not be smeared in the directional variable $e$. It also works
with  $u^\alpha$ and $u^{\bar\alpha}$ replaced by $F(p\cdot e) u^\alpha(e,p)$
and $\overline{F(-p\cdot e)} u^{\bar\alpha}(e,p)$, respectively,
where $F$ is the distributional boundary value of a  suitable function which is
analytic on the upper half plane.
The resulting fields are all relatively ``string--local'' to each other.
It is shown in~\cite{MSY2} that every string--localized covariant free
field, in the sense of Definition~\ref{StringLocField}, is of the
above form.

An important open problem for our infinite spin fields is the
existence of local observables. These are operators which are localized in
bounded regions, in the sense that they commute
with field operators localized causally disjoint from the respective region.
In this sense, a local expression for the energy density is of
particular interest, since it would be valuable for a discussion of
the thermodynamic properties of the KMS states~\cite{MSY} of our fields.

We have perfomed the above construction also for massive bosons with arbitrary spin, and
similar constructions work for fermions with half--integer spin and
for photons~\cite{MSY2}. Our photon field $A_\mu(x,e)$ is a string--localized
covariant version of the ``axial gauge'', acting on the physical
photon Hilbert space.
The resulting fields in all these cases are strictly string--localized, but relatively local
to the corresponding standard point--localized free fields. (In fact,
they can be written as certain line integrals over the
latter~\cite{MSY2}.)

The reason why these fields nevertheless have the
potential for applications is that they might serve as ingredients for the
construction of interacting models with string--like localization.
Recall that the results of \cite{BGL,BuF}
support the viewpoint that localization of charged quantum fields in
space--like cones (the idealizations of which are our strings)
is a natural concept, yet there is so far a lack of rigorous model
realizations\footnote{apart from non--Lorentz covariant infra--vacua models
as in \cite{Kunhardt} and lattice models as in \cite{Mull,Lusch}.}.
There are two reasons to believe that our free fields are good
starting points for a
construction of interacting
fields with strict string--localization.
Firstly, since the obstruction to point--like localization is due to the
charge, which is already carried by the single particle states, one
should expect that already  the latter are strictly string--localized.
That is to say, the single particle states
$E^{(1)}\field\Omega$, where $E^{(1)}$ denotes the projection onto the
single particle space and $\field$ is an interacting field,
are string--like (but not point--like) localized in the sense of
\eqref{eqLS}.
But then the LSZ relations imply that the
corresponding incoming and outgoing free fields are also strictly string--localized.
Therefore, our fields might represent the in-- and out--fields of such a
model, in contrast to the usual point--localized free fields.
Secondly, the distributional character of our free fields is less singular
than that of the point--localized free fields, as is made
precise in~\cite{MSY2}, even more so in
the direction of the localization string.
This fact should lead to a larger class of admissable interactions in
a perturbative construction, as compared to taking the standard
point--localized free fields as starting point.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
The Stolen Child
Lisa Carey
NarratorCaroline Lennon
NovelsNovelsHistorical NovelsFantasy
From the author of the critically acclaimed The Mermaids Singing comes a haunting, luminous novel set on an enchanted island off the west coast of Ireland where magic, faith, and superstition pervade the inhabitants' lives and tangled relationships—perfect for fans of Eowyn Ivey, Sarah Waters, and Angela Carter.
May 1959. From one side of St. Brigid's Island, the mountains of Connemara can be glimpsed on the distant mainland; from the other, the Atlantic stretches as far as the eye can see. This remote settlement, without electricity or even a harbor, has scarcely altered since its namesake saint set up a convent of stone huts centuries ago. Those who live there, including sisters Rose and Emer, are hardy and resourceful, dependent on the sea and each other for survival. Despite the island's natural beauty, it is a place that people move away from, not to—until an outspoken American, also named Brigid, arrives to claim her late uncle's cottage.
Brigid has come for more than an inheritance. She's seeking a secret holy well that's rumored to grant miracles. Emer, as scarred and wary as Rose is friendly and beautiful, has good reason to believe in inexplicable powers. Despite her own strange abilities—or perhaps because of them—Emer fears that she won't be able to save her young son, Niall, from a growing threat. Yet Brigid has a gift too, even more remarkable than Emer's. As months pass and Brigid carves out a place on the island and in the sisters' lives, a complicated web of betrayal, fear, and desire culminates in one shocking night that will change the island, and its inhabitants, forever.
Steeped in Irish history and lore, The Stolen Child is a mesmerizing descent into old world beliefs, and a captivating exploration of desire, myth, motherhood, and love in all its forms.
"Steeped in dark Irish mythology, The Stolen Child is a piercing exploration of regret and desire, longing and love. It is a gorgeously written, inventive, and compelling novel."—Ayelet Waldman
Published2017.02.7.
PublisherHarperAudio
© HarperAudio (Audiobook)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Because we don't give out our home phone number, almost no calls we receive are "real." Most of them are telemarketers. Today, however, we got one from a debt-collection agency, apparently trying to collect from someone who may have had our phone number sometime before September 2011. Their robocall is pretty dumb. It quickly rattles off a toll-free number and reference number once and then hangs up. No option to speak to someone. No repeat or even a way to repeat the number. By sheer luck, I was able to retain enough of the phone number that I was able to call them back, tell them, "I'm not that person, have never heard of that person, and have had this phone number for more than three years now."
Their system is designed only for leaving messages on voice-mail where people can replay it enough times to get the quickly-rattled-off numbers, not for someone who actually answered the phone.
I suspect, however, that we'll get robocalled again on this, despite what they told me, because they'll assume that we're lying to get the debt collector off our neck.


Discussion in 'iPhone' started by djearlybird, Sep 30, 2013.
I received my gold iphone today and I was super excited. Upon opening the factory box, there are 3 nicks, black in color after peeling off the plastic on the back of the phone. My question is, what are my options to get it replaced with another one. And would I have to surrender my phone in the mean time.
It was purchased/ordered from an at&t store, ordered on launch day, but delivered today. I plan on heading back to the store tomorrow. Just wanted to hear you guy's thoughts.
I'd replace it. Out of box nicks/scratches are annoying and I think they bothered you enough to post on this forum.
As above, if it bothers you, get it replaced. I's not a cheapo handset, it's a premium price item, and shouldn't have flaws straight out of the box. I have changed one in the past for similar reasons, and Apple never questioned it.
Mine has a tiny 1mm hairline scratch on the back which is only noticeable in certain light, since I have a case on 24/7 I didn't feel it was worth sending back.. So depending if it's going to effect your iPhone experience it's up to you if you want to send it back.
If it bothers you, return it. Keep in mind though that it may be quite some time before you can get a replacement.
If you're really OCD about your phone, then that's your best course of action. But if the imperfections won't be noticed if you're using a case 24/7, then, well, that's your call.


Did you know there are even more ways to add to your child's education savings?
Provinces like Saskatchewan and British Columbia may add money to a Registered Education Savings Plan (RESP).
This is on top of any money from the Canada Education Savings Grant (CESG), the Additional Canada Education Savings Grant (A-CESG) or the Canada Learning Bond (CLB).
This means you can save more money faster!
Note: The Government of Canada administers provincial grants on behalf of the provinces.
Saskatchewan Advantage Grants for Education Savings (SAGES) are savings incentives to help Saskatchewan families save for their children's post-secondary education through Registered Education Savings Plans (RESPs). The Government of Saskatchewan recently announced the temporary suspension of the SAGES grants, starting for contributions made to an RESP starting in 2018, and until further notice. The suspension does not impact other RESP savings incentives administered by the Government of Canada.
For more information concerning the suspension, please consult your RESP provider, the Government of SK web page on SAGESor call 1-866-515-2237.
The Saskatchewan Advantage Grant for Education Savings (SAGES) will help Saskatchewan families save for their children's post-secondary education.
The Government of Saskatchewan will provide a grant of 10% on contributions made since January 1, 2013, to a Registered Education Savings Plan. The maximum grant is $250 per child per year. To be eligible for the grant, the child must be a resident of Saskatchewan when the contribution is made.
For more information, please visit the Government of Saskatchewan web page on SAGES.
Parent and child must be residents of B.C.
Child must have been born in 2006 or later.
Child must be named as a beneficiary of a RESP with a participating financial institution.
For more information about the BCTESG and to view the list of financial institutions currently offering the grant, please visit the BCTESG web page.


The Jeff Banks London smart casual chinos range is a tailored fit range with carefully considered design details. This stretch twill chinos has been expertly finished for a luxurious soft hand feel for extra comfort. Styled with a zip fly and French barer fastening, Jeff Banks branded buttons, belt loops, two back flap buttoned pockets and geo printed internal waistband with signature stripe piped insert.


Monstera deliciosa is a species of flowering plant native to tropical rainforests of southern Mexico, south to Colombia. It has been introduced to many tropical areas, and has become a mildly invasive species in Hawaii. Monstera Deliciosa is a beautiful climber that loves humidity and bright light.
When young, the leaves are solid- if left to climb, the leaf form will morph to a massive size with curved serrated edges and "swiss cheese" holes throughout.
This plant also makes a tasty edible fruit, thus the name "Deliciosa". Fruit appears on mature climbers.
Not fussy about cold, just give it something to climb and plenty of water, fertilizer and light. Also makes an excellent indoor houseplant near a sunny window.


Enjoy a little vintage print, and the odd cupcake? This Daylesford based, incredibly successful online business pleases both my business acumen and long afternoon tea-ing self. Proves that having an online presence is more important than location, and that a unique product marketed well is always a winner. My favorite current product is the cake stand that is made of strong, laminated cardboard. Chekit!
Unfortunately this ridiculously gorgeous real-life and online boutique doesn't have any 'copy and paste' photos for me to be able to share the love – but don't let that stop you clicking in and going wild on some of the most luxurious baubles around. T'ain't no shame in dress jools.
The gregorian chant of 'Coooooooooling woooooooooood' and the second grand final – what's not to love for one-eyed Magpie Fans? Tomorrow will find me and famiglia enjoying vegetarian lasagne in front of the telly.
I forgot all my vast store of convict jokes upon arrival to this remote, beautiful and windswept seaside town. Enjoy evenings in front of a toasty fireplace at Kyle & Tony's Sandpiper Cottages and go for walks at Freycinet National Park. Have a coffee at the Freycinet Lodge (big fireplaces to rival anything Tolkien's elves ever created) and enjoy a marinara authentico at Pasini's.
Ok I love her every month, not just October. But I'm so overjoyed to see the massive change that has taken place in my effortlessly creative and warmhearted little mum since she decided to kick her corporate life to the curb and journey towards a PhD and many new exhibitions and artworks. Going to Curves, squashing Jerome the cat and feeding my Dad whilst plotting about the next project are all in her day. How wonderful.


text:
Dominican Sisters Heritage Room
A Pilgrimage in the Footsteps of Saint Dominic
Heritage Wall
"O praise God, laudare! Be a blessing, benedicere! Preach the Gospel, praedicare!" - A Dominican motto
Francis of Assisi and Dominic Guzman, according to legend, met at the Fourth Lateran Council in Rome in 1215.
Among the many Council issues were church reform, a crusade to ensure safe pilgrimages to religious sites in Jerusalem, and the challenge of the Gnostic Cathars or Albigensians, especially in southern France. Whether the mendicants Francis and Dominic met is debatable, but the legend does emphasize the synergy between the Franciscan and Dominican communities.
The Dominicans, like the Franciscans and the Jesuits, are grounded in Catholic Christianity, and created luminaries in the Catholic intellectual tradition: Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas in the 13th century; Meister Eckhart and Catherine of Siena in the 14th century; Vincent Ferrer in the 15th century; Pope Pius V and Bartoleme de las Casas in the 16th century; Henri Lacordaire in the 19th century; and Joseph Lagrange, Yves Congar and Edward Schillebeeckx in the 20th century.
As a Franciscan friar serving as president at a Dominican Catholic college—Mount Saint Mary College—I ventured with some fellow presidents of Dominican colleges on a pilgrimage in the footsteps of Saint Dominic.
The highlights in Spain included Caleruega, birthplace of Dominic; Osma, where Dominic as an ordained priest served as a cathedral canon under the rule of Saint Augustine; and Salamanca, the university city where Francisco de Vitoria, a Dominican friar, promulgated the human rights of native Americans in the Americas.
In southern France, we stayed at the Belvedere in Fanjeaux, where Dominic briefly lived while debating the Cathars and where he experienced in 1206 the Seignadou, "a sign from God": a light settling over the nearby Church of Sainte Marie de Prouilhe, which affirmed the beginning of the Dominican nuns. We explored Toulouse, where Dominic founded the Order of Preachers and where Thomas Aquinas is buried; and visited Carcassonne, a walled medieval city which captures life in Dominic's 13th century. Dominic is buried in Bologna, Italy, where he died after his many journeys throughout Spain, France and Italy.
Tomb of Dominic, Bologna, Italy
Dominic is often depicted in black-and-white garb, with a dog at his feet holding a torch in its mouth. Behind the image is a dream and a pun. Dominic's mother dreamt of her son as a dog with the torch of the Gospel or Veritas (truth) to set the world ablaze. The pun takes the Latin for 'Dominican' – "Dominicanus" and hears it as the Latin words " Domini canis"- "the dog of the Lord" .
Indeed, the motto at Mount Saint Mary College is "Doce me veritatem" – "Teach me the Truth." More to the point, "Teach me the Gospel."
Dominic is elsewhere depicted holding a Bible or a rosary. Both Dominicans and Franciscans promoted love of Scripture, and prayer invoking Mary the Mother of God.
My overriding question on this Dominican pilgrimage was: what is the heart of Dominican spirituality?
I concluded it is preaching the Gospel. Preaching is the priority; prayer and study and community life are supportive to it.
Such a way of life had and has its tensions: for example, between poverty and study, and the demands of preaching and community life.
Our Dominican pilgrimage began in Madrid, the Spanish capital of museums, parks, plazas, palaces and churches.
We began our pilgrimage with this prayer:
"We trust in God and hunger for truth. Teach us, O Wisdom, to be contemporary proclaimers of your Word; teach us, O Light, to pursue and recognize truth; to study and value wisdom wherever we find it; teach us, O Just One, to confront evil and to birth justice in our world; teach us your ways, O God, and we will walk in our truth; give us an undivided heart that we may seek your face."
We traveled north to the world heritage city of Segovia, and prayed at the cave, now a chapel, where Dominic contemplated the mysteries of God centuries before.
We continued north to Caleruega, the birthplace of Dominic. Caleruega is a sleepy rural village, without the charm of Assisi. Someone described Caleruega's climate as "nine months of winter and three of hell." In the 11th century, it was primarily a border separating Christians from Muslims.
Calueruega, the birthplace of Dominic
We presidents of Dominican colleges stayed at the aptly named Casa de Espiritualidad Santo Domingo , met a few friars, visited the sisters in their cloister, and went down into the crypt of the church where a well marks the birthplace of Dominic.
In Osma, where Dominic served as a canon regular and became a friend of the bishop, Diego, we marveled at the cathedral architecture. Dominic accompanied Diego to Italy and to France; in France, Dominic first encountered the Albigensians.
From Caleruega, we drove to Salamanca, with its shimmering sandstone buildings. I saw the majestic old and new cathedrals, sipped a glass of wine in the Plaza Mayor, and admired the façade of the university, a masterpiece of the Plateresque style.
The façade depicts, among other symbols, vices and virtues. On one carved skull is a frog, a symbol of sin. Interestingly, for students touching it, the frog is a sign of good luck before examinations.
Most remarkable was the Dominican Church of Saint Stephen. The carvings on that façade, and especially the royal cloister where Columbus supposedly met Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain, recreated the excitement of the 15th century discovery of the Americas.
A friar introduced us to "The Rights and Obligations of Indians and Spaniards in the New World" according to the Dominican Francisco De Vitoria. The thesis of this document was expressed in three key principles: (1) The Indians' fundamental right to be human beings and to be treated as free people; (2) their fundamental right to have and defend their own sovereignty; and (3) the fundamental right of all peoples to make and to work in favor of peace and international solidarity.
Bartolome de las Casas championed these rights in the New World, but unfortunately they appeared to be observed most often in the breach.
We concluded our pilgrimage in Toulouse, southern France's cultural city with its art galleries, cafes, museums, cathedral, basilica. The sunlight reflecting on the brick buildings brought Toulouse the name "the pink city".
Here, Dominic founded the Order of Preachers in 1215 under the auspices of the Bishop of Toulouse.
We visited the tomb of Thomas Aquinas at the Jacobins Church. (Dominicans in France are known as Jacobins, since their first priory was near the Church of St. Jacques in Paris.)
Tomb of Thomas Aquinas
I reflected on how Thomas studied, and mightily tried to demonstrate the reasonableness of Catholic faith through his famous "disputatio" methodology: topic, arguments against, arguments for, response, and reply to arguments against.
This methodology of "disputatio" is as relevant today as it was then, especially in academe.
Early Dominicans, like many Franciscans, readily gravitated toward the great universities of Medieval Europe, e.g., Paris, Bologna and Oxford, because they wanted to clearly understand the great mysteries of the Catholic faith before preaching them.
And if they were to preach, they had to travel, wherever they heard the "call." As mendicants or beggars, itinerant or traveling preachers, they often depended upon the generosity of the communities they visited.
Simon Tugwell, O.P., in his fascinating book "Saint Dominic" published in 1995, uses a phrase evocative of the Testament of Francis; Dominic was "doing what had to be done." As Francis had done what was his to do.
Like many religious movements, the Dominican movement eventually called for a basic structure. Dominic adopted the Rule of St. Augustine as the guide.
He and his followers engaged in liturgical prayer, theological study and the common life, so they could preach the Gospel effectively.
On our modern day pilgrimage, we lodged for a few days at the Belvedere Dominican guest house in Fanjeaux, a small rural French village about 60 miles southeast of Toulouse.
Fanjeaux, France
Fanjeaux sits on a hill overlooking a magnificent landscape of hills and valleys. We strolled the narrow streets of this once thriving fortified medieval site, met a few Dominican sisters who started a research center, visited the stone church where Dominic preached against the Cathars, meandered around Carcasonne with its cobblestone streets, castle and basilica, and joined in evening prayer with Dominican nuns at Prouilhe, where Dominic first endeavored in 1206 to establish a Catholic monastery for women at a site where a church was in disrepair.
Now, a comparison might be drawn to the call Francis received to rebuild the church.
In Dominic's case, Bishop Diego had realized that some Catholic families were forced by poverty to entrust their daughters to heretic houses. Dominican biographer Tugwell explains that like Francis did earlier, Dominic "adopted a way of life dominated by the instructions given to the apostles in Matthew 10; but whereas Francis found there the answer to an urgent personal question, Dominic was just obeying his bishop and his bishop was responding to a missionary problem."
The Catholic foundation in Prouilhe provided a useful base for preachers, notes Tugwell, who goes on to explain that Bishop Diego conceived the radical idea of deputing people full time to the task of preaching. Diego also organized a major debate against the Albigensians and the Waldensians.
With his in-depth study of Scripture, his obedience, and his preaching truth against heresy, Dominic's work may have resembled that of the Franciscan friar Anthony of Padua.
This pilgrimage in the footsteps of Dominic made me realize how truly Catholic and evangelical Dominic was. Preaching the Gospel of Jesus Christ was his passion. And that passion inspired others to do the same.
Dominic's friars, nuns, sisters and laypeople have continued through the centuries to integrate the best of Catholicity into their many ministries, especially education.
They have striven to do so in a way that involves people of different faiths.
Vibrant communities are formed not by people with vague, ill-defined identities (a vague or undefined identity denotes lost identity), but by persons who know who they are and rejoice and celebrate in it.
Just as an individual Catholic can only dialogue honestly with people as a Catholic, so Dominican Catholic college communities, including those of other faiths or no faith, engage them respectively in a way that does not compromise identity. Mark W. Roche's book "The Intellectual Appeal of Catholicism and the Idea of a Catholic University" expresses this thought which I'm sure would have held meaning for Saint Dominic:
"Faith is not an add-on to learning, restricted to residential life; it is integrated into the realm of inquiry, woven into each subject of study."
What is the heart of Dominican spirituality? For me, it is contemplative, centered in a life of prayer around the Eucharist and the Liturgy of the Hours; intellectual, dedicated to study, in particular theology; fraternal, committed to one another in community; and apostolic, missioned specifically to proclaim the Word of God.
Unlike Jesuit spirituality, with The Spiritual Exercises, and to a lesser degree Franciscan spirituality, Dominican spirituality is less systematic. Nonetheless, authentic Dominican spirituality is grounded in Catholic Christianity and is inseparable from it. "Dominic" is rooted in "Catholic." To dichotomize the two would be to distort the authenticity of Dominic's legacy.
May the prayer we college presidents began on our pilgrimage in the footsteps of Saint Dominic continue to inspire all:
"We trust in God and hunger for truth. Teach us, O Wisdom, to be contemporary proclaimers of your Word."
Fr. Kevin E. Mackin, OFM (2010)
Fifth President, Mount Saint Mary College
Mount Saint Mary College 330 Powell Avenue, Newburgh, New York, 12550


Google AI has developed an Artificial Intelligence system that has created its own "fully-functional AI child". According to the latest AI news, this AI child is capable of out-performing its own human-made equivalents.
This computer-made system called the NASNet is designed for recognizing objects such as people and vehicles in videos and photographs. Currently NASNet can identify objects in an image with an accuracy of 82.7%. Google stated that this is an improvement of 1.2% more as compared to other AI programs created by humans.
Google, the search engine giant has made the system "open source" which allows programmers from other companies to expand upon the program or customize and develop their own version. This opportunity has been presented by Google to AI developers with the hope that they can build models which are out of the box and innovative.
Alphr has said that while the AI program appears to be harmless in its current state, it could prove to be dangerous with significant advances in the technology. The website further stated that the AI systems were capable of developing their own "biases" and spreading them onto other machines.
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However the Daily Express said that many tech giants such as Facebook and Apple have formed a partnership on AI in order to benefit the people and the society. Their main focus will be on implementing strategies which will allow AI to be developed for the benefit for humanity.
In order to test NASNet, Google applied it to ImageNet image classification and COCO object detection dataset, which it describes as "two of the most respected large scale academic datasets in computer vision".
NASNet achieved an accuracy of 82.7% on ImageNet and 43.1% mAP on COCO which is 1.2% and 4% respectively better than all the previously published results.


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Mother's Day comes only once a year and that is why it is extremely important for everyone. There are a variety of exclusive and trendy gifts to India for your dear mother that can make her joyous. These wonderful and exciting gifting options can be found abundantly on this online gift store. They can be sent for your lovely mother in India on the occasion of Mother's Day quite easily. You can look into the many Mother's Day gift ideas that have been showcased on this online gifting portal. Here we are dealing with a few of these attractive and exotic gift ideas that can make Mother's Day grand. There are home decor gifts that she can use to decorate her home and make everything look beautiful. This gifting site focusses on different types of such gifts like bookends, flower vases, lamp shades, photo frames, show pieces and wall hangings. You can send gift hampers for the lovely lady in India that will contain all here favourite items. There are chocolate hampers, dry fruit hampers, exclusive hampers, flower combos, mithai hampers and mom special hampers here. A gift of fresh flowers will also be appreciated by her as mothers are usually enamoured by such gifts. You can get assorted flowers, carnations, combos & hampers, exclusive arrangements, gerberas, life size arrangements and roses on this online gift store. Sending delectable chocolates is also a good idea for Mother's Day as your mom will enjoy this treat. Chocolates & cookies, chocolate bouquets, chocolate hampers, chocolate roses and handmade chocolates can be found on this online gifting portal. Delicious cakes are a fantastic way of commemorating an event and hence they can be sent as gifts. There are Five Star Bakery cakes, Taj cakes and also normal cakes available on this gifting site. You can send gift vouchers that your mother can use to get something useful for herself that is of her choice. Here you can get vouchers and gift cards which belong to several well known brands, restaurants and shops. Sending personalised gifts can make this Mother's Day an even more memorable occasion. This reliable online gift store holds a variety of photo gifts as well as certificates for your dear mother. These India gifts are sure to make your mother an extremely happy woman on the occasion of Mother's Day. Gifts for other occasions and festivals like Valentine's Day can also be found on this online gifting portal. You can even send online gifts to India based on different relations and also for your friends.
Rakhi is an auspicious Hindu festival that resonates with the beauty of a brother-sister relationship. Since time immemorial, the festival of Rakhi ushers in a deep sense of honest sentiments to its practitioners by and large. On every Shravana Purnima Rakhi is celebrated by tying a sacrosanct thread to a man's right-hand wrist by his sisters. This Rakhi thread is believed to have apotropaic powers that protect a brother from any unforeseen danger. The brother, in turn, promises to stand aside his sister all lifelong. The practice of exchanging Rakhi gifts in between brothers and sisters are a very common phenomenon on this day. It is through this gesture that the beauty of this festival reinstates one of the most beautiful bonding of human relationships. Though there are a plethora of Rakhi gift ideas as available today in the Indian market, wishing the day with a Rakhi greeting cards seems to be a special gesture. A card, incorporated with some heartfelt words as inscribed in it, renders the auspicious celebration of Rakhi a serene emblem. So, touch your siblings' heart in a special way on this festive celebration of Rakhi by sending them to your beloved siblings in India. On this discourse, we will throw some light hereupon on some valuable tips of making Rakhi greeting cards appealing to the senses to a great extent. These Rakhi cards can be both handmade or printed, depending upon the wishes of the sender, and are easy and fun to make. Here is the complete list of all those things that you will require in making beautifully embellished Rakhi greeting cards. These list includes: some handmade paper panel cards; water or poster colors to paint; tinkles, sparkles, threads, and ribbons for decorative purposes; and a glitter gel pen for writing the text. Now here is the method: Cut the cardboard paper into a desired size of 7 inches x 11 inches as this is the ideal Rakhi cards' size, and fold it in the middle. Leaving a half inch white space along with its border, paste the thread. The size of this rectangular space may vary as per your design requirements. On the inside of the rectangular space, if you like you can paint some decorative motifs using some bright and vibrant colors, like red and yellow. Write "Happy Rakhi 2018" or some other catchy line that you have in your mind in the center, and decorate the whole with ample of sparkles and tinkles. You can also make a bowknot of the ribbon and affix it on the left-hand corner of the card. Complete this effort by writing your message inside the card. Now your handmade Rakhi greeting card is all set to be send for your dearest sibling in India. By now, you must be wondering to know that when is Rakhi in 2018? If your answer is "Yes", then it is to inform you that in 2018, the festival of Rakhi falls on August the 26th. So, as you now know that when is Rakhi in 2018 you ought to prepare yourself to get hold of a nice gift that would surely appease the taste of your dearest sibling in India to the most. Thinking of how to send your wishes on this auspicious occasion to your dear sibling as settled in the States? Well, now we will try to give an insight to this question of yours. Now you can also avail the online services of a plethora of e-gifting sites across the Atlantic to send your Rakhi to USA. Eying to the whooping number of Indians settled in the US, these online gifting portals have ushered in to help you. By these means, send Rakhi to USA and enjoy the festival to the very best. The extensive collection of online Rakhi to USA is sure to impress your sibling, as situated therein, a lot. All these Rakhis and Rakhi gifts are sure to delight all. Send Rakhi to USA online, and usher in a sense of attachment, deep love and affection to your beloved sibling's mind. Start your preparations right now, and make this Rakhi 2018 a mirthful occasion that is to be cherished for an elongated period of time.
Mother's Day celebrates the glorious ideal of love and sacrifice called motherhood. It is a special day for all mothers. It is also is a great opportunity for us to thanks and show respect towards the lady who has done so much for us. Mother's Day means making our moms feel proud and special. Mother's day is a concept born in the age of the Romans and since then, it has been celebrated in different parts of the world in various ways. Mother's Day is the special day for a very special woman. Children should consider it essential to acknowledge their mothers with some special arrangements, for being fortunate to be blessed with such great figure. The day is glorified by giving gifts like chocolates , cards, crockery, apparels and jewelry to mothers on this day. This day is dedicated to thank all mothers for their responsibilities and hardships they undertake in a child's upbringing. This festival is celebrated across 48 countries on various days. Though the days of celebration are different, the feeling and essence remains the same all over - to show gratitude for their efforts. The Mother's Day celebration has undergone a big transformation in the recent years. Earlier Mother's Day celebration included praying for the well being of the mother, feasting and a barbeque. But soon the western ideas began to be adopted by others places of the world. Today the Mother's Day celebration involves sending gifts of love to dear moms. There are stores that have come up with a huge array of gifts like cakes , flowers , jewellery , and memorable show pieces .There are photo albums gifted to moms which can take her down the memory lane. The basic idea behind these gifts is make mothers feel happy and rejoiced. Some also make handmade gifts to show their respect and affection for their mother. Grown up children prefer to buy gifts from the stores ranging from clothes, accessories to jewelry. Some people arrange for get together with their moms and throw parties in the honor of their dear moms. People staying away from the families make efforts to spend the day with mothers to make them feel special. This way Mothers Day has turned out to be family reunion day for many. While those who cannot visit their moms call their mother on phone and send greeting cards to express their gratitude and love for them. In the recent times the online gifting companies have created a platform where you can send a priceless gift to your one and only mom online. You just have to order, the rest is done by the company which delivers the gift to your mother on time along with your message. Children play games with their moms. Even would be mothers are treated on this special day. This day a woman is specially made to understand the bliss of motherhood. She feels great about being a mother. Just like in any other country, in India also people celebrate Mothers day with a lot of enthusiasm and gusto. The festival of 'Mother's Day' has come to become a part of our culture now. What it offers is an opportunity to honor and show our appreciations for our mother - the one person who has stood by us through thick and thin.
Sending Rakhi to India along with some impressive gifts is a tradition followed since the time immemorial. During yesteryears, gifting was much complicated process and also time consuming. But today, with the advent of computers and internet, online gifting portals have evolved. Banking on this boon of science and technology, sending Rakhi gifts to India online is a much practiced trend. Apart from promptness in delivering gifts, what these online gifting sites ensure is value for money. No more jostling through crowded shopping malls, e-gifting has truly made shopping a hassle free affair. A few clicks of the mouse is what you just require to send Rakhi to India on this beautiful day and make your dear ones happy. To facilitate the offshore candidates to send gifts to India on Rakhi to their families in India, many a online companies have emerged. Amongst these, GiftstoIndia24x7.com have won plenty of accolades owing to its dedicated and proficient service. The company, since its inception in the year 1999 till date, holds a record of 100,000 successful deliveries round the globe. Their superior service, prompt delivery, and a desire to excel has made it the most preferred e-gifting site in India. A strong presence in over 500+ Indian cities has made this aforesaid online gifting company a reliable avenue to send Rakhi gifts to India. Just like every year, this year too, GiftstoIndia24x7.com has showcased a plethora of gifts that are nothing but some excellent ideas to sent for your dear sibling in India. GiftstoIndia24x7.com boasts a wide variety of Rakhis which include Pearl Rakhis, Diamond and Gold Rakhis, Zardosi Rakhis etc. There are section showcasing Kids' Rakhi and some exclusive Rakhi threads that make this site the most preferred one. Apart from these, Rakhis sectioned under Precious Rakhis or Silver Rakhis are sure to earn eminent appreciation. Selecting and sending these Rakhis to India will surely take you closer to your sibling's heart to the best. Not only Rakhis, you will also find herein some unique gifting ideas that are sure to elate your sibling. Gifts as Chocolate Hamper, Puja Thalis, awesome hampers or Shagun Gifts adorn the store. More to this, GiftstoIndia24x7.com also caters your need of sending Relation wise Gifts to India. Herein you will find Gifts for Bhaiya-Bhabhi or Gifts for Brothers or Gifts for Sisters. Eying to the craze of gifting to kids on any occasion herein you will also find a section of Gifts for Kids. Apart from all these you will also find Spiritual Gifts, or Personalized Rakhi Gifts and even a different section wholly devoted to Rakhi Return Gifts. You can also avail Rakhi Free Shipping on various gifting articles. Thinking of how to send your wishes to your dear brother settled in the States on this auspicious occasion? Well, we also have an answer to this question of yours. Now you can also avail our services across the Atlantic and send Rakhi to USA. Eying to the whooping number of Indians settled in the US, we have ushered in to help you to send Rakhi to USA and enjoy the festival to the very best. So what more are you waiting to hear for? The extensive collection of our Rakhi to USA is sure to impress your brother a lot. All these Rakhis and Rakhi gifts are sure to delight all. Send Rakhi to USA with us and usher in a sense of attachment, deep love and affection to your brother's mind. So this Rakhi 2018, send your Rakhi to India with GiftstoIndia24x7.com and enjoy the beauty of a trouble free e-gifting. With a vast network of presence all over the country, this company has an easy reach to every Indian household. More to this, we also have a dedicated team of 24x7 customer support to guide you throughout the whole gifting process. The 24 x 7 Customer Support track the status of your orders herewith and will be provided with the best available feedback. To put you in more ease, we also accept all major international currencies and cards. Added facilities such as Rakhi Free Shipping, Express Delivery service adds value to every penny spent. So, send Rakhi to India with GiftstoIndia24x7.com and be sure to convey your wishes of the day in the righteous manner. This Rakhi 2018, make GiftstoIndia24x7.com your messenger of love and regards. Embrace festivity with all heart, diminishing all the material hindrances of distance and places.
How to Send Birthday Cakes to India from USA?
What else but cakes are deemed to be the perfect idea to send as your gifts to India on your near and dear ones' birthdays. Withstanding the temperament of a wide variety of people of both sexes, this delectable item has the reputation to regale the taste buds of all. Guess there are many a times when you just have thought of sending a cake to India on a birthday through the internet, but eventually caught by the dilemma of to be or not! May be it is the reliability issue that has ultimately led you to think against of this very idea. Fear no more! Banking on the committed service of Giftstoindia24x7.com now it has been a lot easier to send gifts to India on any such a festive event. Be sure of getting your birthday gifts delivered right on time as this e-gifting company has a pan-India presence. So come with GiftstoIndia24x7.com this time and send birthday cakes to India with utmost care and attention. The aforesaid site displays a cakes' section in their e-stores that is sure to titillate the taste buds of your near and dear ones to a large extent. The likes of 'happy birthday' cakes, or special birthday cakes are sure to mesmerize you with a vivid and varied collection. Complementing these two sections, there is a separate facility which is solely dedicated to showcase kids' cakes. Apart from ensuring the palatable taste of these birthday cakes to India, you can be rest assured of their quality. All these cakes, as showcased herein, are sourced from reputed confectioneries of India. Maintaining a no-compromise-with-quality attitude, GiftstoIndia24x7.com is sure to deliver only happiness, and no hazards. And now, to be competent enough in the contemporary job market, many of us are settled in the States. So, what if you want to send birthday gifts from India to somewhere in the U.S.? Well, here also GiftstoIndia24x7.com has got a satisfactory answer to this question. With the availability of its reliable services across the Atlantic now it has become a matter of ease to send gifts to USA and let your loved ones, as settled therein, feel your caring touch. Ranging from a wide variety of cakes to a plethora of some other unique gift items, this branch of global store is definite to appease you a lot. With every possible shopping amenities, the site has truly accounted for a lot of happiness in our respective lives enabling you to send gifts to USA with a lot of ease and comfort. With delivering gifts to 3000+ cities all over India, GiftstoIndia24x7.com is surely the first name which appears on one's mind whenever he or she wants to send gifts to India on any such festive occasion or otherwise. To make your gifting process smoother, this aforementioned e-gifting company accepts all major international currencies like US Dollar, Pound, Euro, etc., and cards, like Visa, MasterCard, American Express, etc. With a committed team of 24x7 customer support, you will be able to monitor the current status of your order at your perusal, and will be offered with the best available feedback. They are also adept to assist you throughout the whole gifting process. More to this, the user friendly design of the website also has earned the company a lot of fame in this genre. Send your birthday cakes to India through GiftstoIndia24x7.com this time and be prepared to experience the joys of a hassle-free e-gifting.
Rakhi is one of the most awaited Indian occasions, celebrated with all joy and vivacity. Rakhi stands to cherish the beautiful bonding of brothers and sisters. The festival is being celebrated with pomp and grandeur from ancient times. On this day, sisters tie the sacred thread of protection, Rakhi, on the wrist of their brothers and pray for their well-being. Brothers, in turn, give them enticing gifts and promise to care life long. This custom has been there since time immemorial. The affectionate festivity of Raksha Bandhan becomes a token of blessings, wishes, enthusiasm & love. Rakhi is celebrated on the full moon day of the month of Shraavan (as per Hindu calendar). If you wish to know when is Rakhi in 2018, then this is to inform you that Rakhi 2018 is on 26th August. Rakhi is a traditional Indian festival celebrating the bond of love between brother and sister. Every part of India celebrates Rakhi. Although the rituals vary in different states, the essence ofthe festival is same everywhere. There are many references to the significance of the Rakhi festival in history of ancient India and Hindu mythology.The origin of this festival is usually traced back to the historical incidents of Indra's fight with Vritra-Indra that resulted in Indra's loss. Then, his wife had tied a thread around his wrist and empowered it with divine powers to make sure Indra emerged victorious in the duel that followed. Another incident is the one from the epic Mahabharat that concerns Krishna and Draupadi, the wife of the Pandavas. She had torn a strip of silk off her sari and tied it around Krishna's index finger to stop the flow of blood. Krishna was so touched by her action that He found himself bound to her by love. He promised to repay the debt and then spent the next 25 years doing just that. Draupadi in spite of being married to 5 great warriors and being a daughter of a powerful monarch trusted and depended wholly on Krishna. According to another legend, Raksha Bandhan was a ritual followed by Lord Yama (the Lord of Death) and his sister Yamuna. Yamuna tied rakhi to Yama and bestowed immortality. Yama was so moved by the serenity of the occasion that he declared that whoever gets a rakhi tied from his sister and promised her protection will become immortal. The above mention myths all attest the fact that Rakhi is the sacred thread that speak for selfless love, care and affection. With the epoch-making advancements in the field of computer and internet, gifting has gone online. No need to wander around the shops within the thick crowd, nor any tension of getting proper value of the money, online shopping makes the ordeal easier and simple. The trend of online gifting has become most popular now-a-days. In this genre many portals are facilitating e-gifting. GiftstoIndia24x7.com is the pioneer amongst all e-gifting portals. Through our proficient delivery service and prompt delivery, we have pleased around 100,000 satisfied customers and has made 150,000 successful deliveries till date. You are sure to find an apt gift herein. Now, as you know when is Rakhi, you may also be keen to send some gifts online. On the occasion of Rakhi, this e-gifting site showcases a plethora of gifting items. Varying kinds of Rakhis also adorn its store. Send online Rakhi to India and make the occasion even more special. There are Zardosi rakhis, Pearl Rakhis, Lumba Rakhis for Bhabhi and more. The charming collection of Designer Rakhis to Kids Rakhis and precious Diamond and Gold Rakhi are also available. Take your time to browse through the website of GiftstoIndia24x7.com and make your choice. This Rakhi 2018, be sure to carve the happy smile on your brother's face and elate him to the best. A wide variety of Rakhi Gifts are also available herein. From Rakhi hampers to Rakhi Vouchers, Rakhi Sweets Thali to Spiritual Gifts, the enthralling collection is sure to leave you spoiled for choices. If you wish to send Rakhi to USA and surprise your brother who is settled there, then we are at your service. Send Rakhi to USA through us sans hassles and hazards. Your Rakhi to USA along with some Rakhi Gifts will be delivered right on the time of the festivity. Send Rakhi to USA through us and enfold your wishes of the day. The festival of Rakhi has emerged to gain a broader significance worldwide as it spreads harmony and bring together the family members under one roof. It is a sacred thread of love that manifests the countless blessings a sister showers selflessly on her brother. Rakhi to India is an occasion that commemorates the sacred bond between the brothers and sisters.
The relation that we share with our sisters is undoubtedly the most loving one. And it is during the festival of Rakhi that we acknowledge this beautiful bonding of mutual trust and affection to the very best. Since nothing conveys our heartfelt wishes better than gifts, sending Rakhi gifts to India is a much popular practice on this day. The day is celebrated every year on the full moon day in the Hindu month of Shravana. Thanks to the worldwide dispersion of the Indian populace, it is because of this only that festivals like Rakhi has been truly alighted to the position of a global festival these days. But these global Indians always nurtures an overwhelming desire to send Rakhi to India for their dear sibling on this day. Here comes the help of the value added service of GiftstoIndia24x7.com. Now you can easily send Rakhi to India from anywhere in the world with just a few clicks of the mouse. If you are wondering to know when is Rakhi in the upcoming year of 2018, then it is to inform you that in the year 2018 the festival of Rakhi falls on August the 26th. So, as you now know when is Rakhi in 2018 you ought to prepare yourself to get hold of a nice gift that would surely appease the taste of your dearest sibling in India to the most. Come herewith if you wish to send Rakhi to Delhi, India in 2018. Delhi, being the capital city of India, boasts to attract an eminent importance in every spheres of a contemporary city life. Right from the historical times, it is a city of rich cultural heritage and traditions. Just like any other part of the country, Delhites also participate in celebrating the festival of Rakhi with the same enthusiasm. Keeping an eye on the global craze to send Rakhi to Delhi, we at GiftstoIndia24x7.com, have showcased some wonderful Rakhis that you can select and send for your dear sibling as living therein. So, come with us and send your Rakhis and other Rakhi gifts to Delhi through us. Ranging widely from perfumes to phones, from gift hampers to watches, GiftstoIndia24x7.com is well versed with some brilliant e-gifting ideas. Apart from these gifts and an exclusive collection of Rakhis, an innovative differentiation of gifts for sisters or for brothers or even for kids and infants are sure to meet your every requirement of the day to the best. All these gifts are showcased herein after keeping in view the choice of an Indian to the most. So, select these gifts, and along with these send Rakhi to Delhi herewith which will definitely earn you a special place in your beloved sibling's heart. Thinking of how to send your wishes on this auspicious occasion to your dear sibling as settled in the States? Well, we also have an answer to this question of yours. Now you can also avail our services across the Atlantic and send Rakhi to USA. Eying to the whooping number of Indians settled in the US, we have ushered in to help you. With us, send Rakhi to USA and enjoy the festival to the very best. The extensive collection of our Rakhi to USA is sure to impress your sibling, as situated therein, a lot. All these Rakhis and Rakhi gifts are sure to delight all. Send Rakhi to USA with us and usher in a sense of attachment, deep love and affection to your beloved sibling's mind. Send Rakhi to Delhi, India in 2018 with us today, and we promise to deliver your gift with utter care and timeliness to the desired place. With our prominent presence all throughout the country, now it is just a matter of ease for us to deliver your Rakhi gifts to Delhi just in time. The committed team of our 24x7 customer care will rightly guide you throughout the entire gifting process. You can even track the status of your order herewith and will be provided with the best available feedback. We accept all major international currencies like US Dollar, GBP, Australian Dollar, etc., as well as cards in the likes of Visa, MasterCard, American Express, etc., to make your gifting process a more smoother task to accomplish. So, what are you waiting for? Hurry up and send your Rakhi gifts to Delhi, India herewith. Experience the joys of becoming the part of the celebration, even when you are miles apart from your loved ones. We, at GiftstoIndia24x7.com, will be proud to be the help you in your noble attempt to vivify your dear sibling's face with a smiling curve. Wish you a happy Rakhi!
India is known as the land of festivals and fairs. Rakhi is one of the most ancient festival and one of the major festivals in India. The festival of Rakhi salutes the eternal bond of love between brother and sister. Rakhi is a sacred thread that is embellished with love and affection. Rakhi is celebrated across the globe with the same enthusiasm as in India. On this auspicious day, sisters pray for the well-being of their brothers and brothers vow to protect their sisters from all the adversities and severities of life. Feasting, merry making, gifting mark the core essence of the day, together with the inherent religious elements. The Rakhi festival is observed on the full moon day of the Hindu month of Shravana. On the day of Rakhi, the sisters keep a fast. The celebration starts with prayers, applying Vermillion marks on the brother's forehead and tying Rakhi by the sister. The brother presents some gifts to his lovely sister. Rakhi is celebrated with same charm and vigor all over India. Now if you are wondering when is Rakhi 2018? This is to inform you this year Rakhi falls on 26th August. Now as you know when is Rakhi you can get prepared for this Rakhi. As Rakhi is one of the most important festival, gifting marks core essence of the festival. Now-a-days, the trend of online shopping has made the world quite smaller a place and people residing offshore avail the advantage of e-shopping. Thus sending online gifts on the occasion of Rakhi has become quite a popular trend. There are various online gifting portal through which you can send Rakhi to India. Amongst all, GiftstoIndia24x7.com is the premier online gifting portal offering you 7000 gift articles. You can select some enticing gift article and send Rakhi to India along with the gifts to make the auspicious event even more beautiful. So, no matter wherever you are, we are here to deliver your Rakhi gifts and Rakhi to India securely and safely. On this occasion of Rakhi the company has various gifts in store. From Rakhi Hampers to Rakhi Thalis, from delicious chocolates to spiritual gifts, you may send a gift according to your choice. There are a number of simple Indian Rakhis in store. These Rakhi threads, although simple in design, are decked with elaborate artworks. $5 Rakhis, Silver Rakhis and many such alluring threads adorn the store. Different types of Rakhi threads are also available herein such as Kids Rakhi, Lumba Rakhi for bhabis, Pearl Rakhi, Golden Rakhi and many more. Stone studded dori, ornate dori, precious Rakhi are among some simple Indian Rakhis. GiftstoIndia24x7.com has displayed beautiful Zardosi Rakhi threads decorated with semi precious stones and Zari. So, sending Rakhi to India is no more a strenuous job. With GiftstoIndia24x7.com at your service, be sure to convey your thoughts in the righteous manner. If your brother is settled somewhere in the USA you can also send Rakhi to USA through GiftstoIndia24x7.com. Browse through the Rakhi threads and thousands of exclusive gifts articles and Send Rakhi to USA. Our global store is there to enable you to send Rakhi to USA and is sure to enthrall your loved ones. You can send Rakhi to USA through GiftstoIndia24x7.com wrapped with heartfelt emotions and and love to enjoy the charm of the festival. Delivering Rakhi to India is made easier with GiftstoIndia24x7.com. Dedicated customer care support and prompt delivery services make the site one of the leading e-gifting portal. Send Rakhi coupled with some nice Rakhi gifts and leave your siblings mesmerized. With GiftstoIndia24x7.com convey your heart felt wishes to your dear ones India. Celebrate Rakhi 2018 with all fun and joy!
Since the very evolution of the human race, the mankind at large is abided by one relation or the other. Among these varied human bonds, the relationship that is shared by a brother with his sister or vice versa is regarded to be one of the most sacrosanct one. And it is this Rakhi festival that celebrates this ethereal bonding that is filled with a lot of honest sentiments. Right from the Vedic times, Rakhi has acclaimed to possess a prominent position among an Indian life. No matter wherever they are, an Indian woman always send a beautiful Rakhis for their dearest brothers in India on this very day. Right from our childhood, we share a sweet and sour relationship with our siblings. We laugh together, fight together over trivial matters, crack jokes and also lend shoulders to each other when something goes wrong. With passing times, as we pass through the different phases of life, this beautiful bond of brother-sister relationship gets stronger. Even if we physically stay far apart from our siblings, there is no dearth in reciprocating to this emotional touch. And it is this Rakhi festival that is celebrated all over the world among the Hindus to glorify this pious relationship. Being an occasion that acknowledges the everlasting bonding of a brother-sister relationship, Rakhi, thus is a much awaited festival in India. In case if you are wondering to know that when is Rakhi in 2018, then it is to inform you that in the year 2018, the festival of Rakhi falls on Friday, August the 26th. So, as you now know when is Rakhi in 2018 you ought to prepare yourself to get hold of a nice gift that would surely appease the taste of your dearest sibling in India to the most. Make this Rakhi 2018 a memorable event by sending your Rakhis and Rakhi gifts to India for your beloved siblings. Being more than just a mere festival in India, Rakhi is held to be an adept mechanism in strengthening the bond of brother-sister love to the extreme. The implications of this very notion is the main idea behind celebrating Rakhi. Both siblings wait year long to shower gifts on each other on this very day. The rituals that are performed on this day also vibes perfectly with the sacredness of the day. Sisters tying Rakhis to their brothers and praying to the Almighty for their lifelong success is the keynote of this festival. Brothers, in turn, vows to guide their sister through every thick and thin. It is the beauty of this sacrosanct human relationship that is writ large through celebrating this auspicious occasion. Just like any other Hindu festival, Rakhi also centres round a number of mythological as well as historical connotations reflecting brotherly love. There is a story that relates of Yama, the Hindu god of Death, and his sister Yamuna. Yama was so overwhelmed by this serene gesture of his sister that he declared that if anyone gets a Rakhi tied by his sister and promises to protect her all lifelong, he will be conferred immortality. Coming back to reality, this festival of Rakhi also rings large with historical connections. Once, Rani Karnawati of Chittor, realizing that she could not defend the impending onslaught of the Sultan of Gujarat, sent a Rakhi to emperor Humayun. The Delhi sultanate was so touched by this noble practice that he immediate set off his troops to defend the honor of Chittor. Then there is another saga which states that Roxana, the Indian wife of Alexander the Great, sent a sacred Rakhi thread to Porus, asking him not to harm her husband in battle. In accordance with Hindu tradition of brother-sister love, Porus paid full respect to the Rakhi. On the battlefield, when Porus was about to deliver a final blow to Alexander, restrained himself when he saw the Rakhi tied on his wrist. Like any other Indian festival, the celebrations of Rakhi also is not complete unless proper gifting. And with the recent advancements in the fields of science and technology, the term e-gifting has made a huge uproar in the global scenario. Not only it has provided a lot of ease to the avid shoppers, but also it has allowed the global Indians to send a Rakhi to India online, with utter ease and timeliness. With the advent of a plethora of online portals, now it has been just a child's play to send Rakhi gifts to India from anywhere of the world. Even if you have to send Rakhi gifts for your dear siblings in India, you can be least assured to find a lot of gifting ideas that is sure to impress your dear sister a lot. Today, the affect of globalization has led a good many Indians to settle abroad. And the US, being one of the most favorite offshore destination, Indians today eye for some reliable avenues to send Rakhi to USA. This desire has been made easy with the advent of some ground-breaking inventions in the fields of computers and internet. With this progress, the term e-gifting become a global lingo to avid shoppers, thereby mitigating the obnoxious barriers of time and distance. To facilitate in sending Rakhi to USA, nowadays many a e-gifting companies have ushered in. With this recent developments now it has been a lot easier to send Rakhi to USA from anywhere of India to let someone feel the beauty of the festival to the hilt. Even when the day of Rakhi is over in India, the new dawn in the US vows to vibrate with the fresh essence of this sacrosanct festival. So, end of the day of Rakhi in India never restricts one from sending Rakhi to USA and celebrate it with full gusto. A large number of online sites with a large and unique arrangement of Rakhis and Rakhi gifts will definitely come handy in making this latent desire to fructify. So, by opting for this trendy avenue to send Rakhi gifts for sister or for brother will not only assure you to send the same right on time, but also enable you to lend this upcoming festivity of Rakhi a better and brighter prospect. Rakhi means tying of this sacred thread of protection that intertwines a brother and a sister in tandem even if they are physically settled much far from each other. Send your unblemished affections of the day with an exclusive Rakhi for brother to India via internet and let your dearest sibling feel the touch of your love and care to the best. So, if you have to send a beautiful Rakhi to India, you can select and send the same from a myriad collection herein. Start your preparations right now, and make this beautiful Rakhi 2018 a mirthful occasion that is to be cherished for an elongated period of time.
Baisakhi Calendar 2015, 14th April, 2015 Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 8 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Baisakhi is one of the most prominent festivals of India which is celebrated by the entire Sikh community of the world. The day holds huge importance in Sikhism as it marks the foundation of Panth Khalsa. Baisakhi also marks the harvest season for the rabi crops for the farmers residing throughout the northern India. Observed on the first day of Baishakh, this festival is characterised with enormous gaiety, celebration and grandeur. When is Baisakhi 2015 ? In the year 2015, Baisakhi will be celebrated on 14th April. The day falls on Tuesday. The inception of Baisakhi celebrations goes back more than 300 years, when Guru Gobind Singh Ji established Panth Khalsa, or the Order of Khalsa. In the year 1699, 13th April he performed the baptism (Amritdhari) ceremony on five people to infuse the spirit of courage, strength and sacrifice in all. With the holy principles, this glorious legacy gave the Sikhs a distinct and fearless identity. To commemorate this pious day, special ceremonies are held in the Gurdwaras including the Golden Temple and Anandpur Sahib. On this auspicious day, every sikh after having bath in the morning visit Gurdwara to attend the prayers. Guru Granth Sahib, the holy book is taken out for a ritualistic bath and then placed on the throne as people pay their veneration and respect. Apart from its religious significance, Baisakhi marks the harvest season for the rabi crops. Farmers celebrate this occasion with unmatched exuberance and zeal. They thank the supreme lord and the nature for the prosperous harvest of the preceding year. Men and women dressed in colourful ethnic wears indulge in traditional folk dance of Bhangra and Gidda. Mock duels, singing and dancing makes the event a lively affair. Numerous religious processions also move throughout the city singing sacred chimes and devotional songs. Later in the evening, people get together for a customary dinner and wish each other's health and well being. On this celebrated occasion, GiftstoIndia24x7.com has brought a enthralling collection of Baisakhi gifts. These heartwarming presents will convey your profound love and affection to your dear ones, if you stay away from them. The festive occasion of Baisakhi is incomplete without a sumptuous dinner with the family and friends. Choose from the magnificent collection of Indian sweets to delight your dear ones staying in India. The assemblage includes Kaju sweets, Kesar Barfi, Kheer Kadam, Ladoos, packed Rasgullas and many more. You can also attach a basket of dry fruits with this delicious sweets. You can also choose exciting gift hampers on this exuberant occasion. These gift hampers include multiple gifts like chocolates, cakes, fruits with vouchers, teddies and many more. These gift baskets will add colour and charm to the vibrant celebrations of Baisakhi. Baisakhi is an auspicious festival which has deep sentiments, rich values and sailing joy associated with it. Get your dear ones the best possible gift and make the occasion a cherishable memory.


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