text:
\section{Introduction}

In the past decades, both academia and industry have made great attempts to develop computing models to mimic brain function.
While spiking neural networks (SNNs) hold a lot of promise due to its closer resemblance to brains than older generations of artificial neural networks and are anticipated to be power efficient, the training of SNNs is nontrivial. There are several unsupervised learning algorithms, such as Winner-Take-All strategy \cite{li2012selective} and spike-timing-dependent plasticity \cite{masquelier2007unsupervised}. To develop supervised gradient-based training for SNNs, particularly recurrent SNNs, requires approximation to the neuron model and will consume large amounts of resources and training efforts.

There has been increasing interest in the concept of reservoir computing (RC). The liquid state machine (LSM) is one specific form of RC.
LSM, first proposed by \cite{maass2002real}, has gained increasing popularity due to its lower training cost than other SNNs.
It has been used for various applications such as image recognition \cite{grzyb2009facial,wang2016d}, movement prediction \cite{maass2002new, burgsteiner2007movement, kaiser2017scaling}, decoding actual brain activity \cite{nikolic2009distributed, al2018anytime}, and speech recognition \cite{zhang2015digital,jin2017performance, zhang2019information}.

To find a LSM with the state-of-the-art results in real-world applications, many efforts of enhancing LSM focus on the exploration of LSM topology, such as self-organizing networks (SON) \cite{luo2018improving}, small-world networks \cite{hazan2012topological}, deep LSM \cite{wang2016d}, and liquid ensembles \cite{wijesinghe2019analysis}. These works either incur training algorithms or cost-intensive hyper-parameter search, which increase accuracy at the cost of performance or resource overhead.

There exist several approaches that could improve the accuracy of LSM without deviating from its inherent structure simplicity, like increasing the number of neurons in the liquid. However, this approach also demands more computations and storage. And the sensitivity of accuracy to neuron count decreases when the number of neurons exceeding a certain point \cite{wijesinghe2019analysis}.

Dealing with input is another issue that has significant impact on the performance of LSM.
Some previous studies focus on the encoding methods of SNN input \cite{xu2017spike, petro2019selection}.
\cite{xu2017spike} explores the encoding for rate coding of image input. \cite{petro2019selection} compares four temporal encoding method for converting analog values into spikes for SNN input. These two works focus on the encoding or converting method of analog real-values without considering the whole input size. With the increase in the size of images, the converted input size is also growing rapidly to a large scale.
\cite{lin2018programming} uses a new method to encode images for SNN input. It utilizes the redundancy in images and sparsely encodes the images into spikes through certain ``scanlines".

In this work, we aim to systematically explore the effect of reducing the input scale via input pattern on the performance of LSM, that is, accuracy, runtime and storage.
There are two main reasons for this. First, the number of input pixels represents the number of input layer neurons. Large input processing is more time-consuming and resource-demanding than small input considering the same liquid architecture and synapse connection probability.
Second, LSM performance not only refers to the accuracy, but also the storage and runtime. While previous work of parameter search mainly focus on the accuracy improvement, input pattern search takes consideration of these three aspects.

Our contributions of this paper are as follows:
\begin{itemize}
  \item We explore several input patterns for LSM simulation, and compare their performance in accuracy, execution time and input storage cost. We use three datasets, including two frame-based datasets and one spatio-temporal event-based dataset.

  \item We propose two algorithms for using different input patterns to generate desired spike trains from frame-based datasets and event-based database.
  \item We use several readout layers to show that the effects brought by input patterns are reliable, i.e., the performance change of LSM is indeed brought by the input pattern.

\end{itemize}
We validate our idea on several benchmarks including two frame-based datasets and one event-based neuromorphic dataset. The frame-based datasets are converted to spiking format as input of LSM.
The experimental results show that the reduced input under chessboard pattern can improve the accuracy by up to 2\%, and reduces the execution time by up to 50\% with up to 75\% less input storage than fullscale pattern for LSM.

\section{Preliminaries}
\subsection{LSM}
A liquid state machine (as shown in Figure~\ref{fig:lsm}) consists of three main components: an input layer, a liquid layer and a readout layer. Input is fed through the input layer into the liquid. The liquid receives the input streams and transforms them into non-linear patterns in higher dimensions, which acts as a filter. The state vector of the liquid is then used for analysis and interpretation by the readout layer, which consists of either memroyless artificial neurons or spiking neurons.

A liquid neuron can be either excitatory (E) or inhibitory (I) according how it affects other neurons.
Neurons are connected by synapses, and the weight on a synapse represents how much the pre-synaptic neuron's activity affects the post-synaptic neuron.
The connections between two neurons in the liquids are arranged with probability C. C depends on the type of pre-synaptic and the post-synaptic neurons, that is whether they are the excitatory or inhibitory cells.
\begin{figure}[b]
  \includegraphics[width=.3\textwidth]{./lsm.png}
  \caption{Illustration of LSM.}
  \label{fig:lsm}
\end{figure}
\subsection{Neuron Model}
In our experiments, we use the standard leaky-integrate-and-fire (LIF) neuron model \cite{gerstner2002spiking} to mimic the dynamics of both excitatory and inhibitory spiking neurons. The LIF model is probably one of the most popular spiking neuron models, more biologically realistic than the IF model \cite{koch2004biophysics}. A LIF neuron fires a spike when the membrane potential ($v$) reaches the threshold value ($v_{th}$). After spiking, the membrane potential is reset to the resting value.
The dynamics of the membrane potential of the LIF neuron can be described as follows: $\tau _{m}\frac{dv}{dt}= -v\left ( t \right ) + RI\left ( t \right )$. $I(t)$ is input current, $\tau _{m}$ is the membrane time-constant, and $R$ is the membrane resistance.
The formulations elaborated in \cite{diehl2015unsupervised} are used for modeling the dynamics of the LIF neurons in this paper.

\subsection{Image to Spike Conversion}
In general, SNNs receive and process event-driven spike signals. Thus, the conversion to spike trains is needed when testing SNNs over frame-based datasets in real value.
One of the prevalent strategies is the probabilistic sampling. At every time step, it samples the original pixel intensity (usually normalized to [0, 1]) into a binary value, wherein the probability of being 1 (firing a spike) equals to the intensity value. The sampling follows a given probability distribution such as Bernoulli distribution or Poisson distribution.

\subsection{Training Readout Layer}
We use two algorithms for readout layer training, back propagation algorithm (BP) \cite{rumelhart1986learning} with stochastic gradient descent (SGD), and state vector machine (SVM) \cite{cortes1995support}. The reason of using several classifiers is that we want to explore whether certain input pattern can bring similar effects despite using different readouts.

The readout layer takes the normalized liquid state vectors as input.
The liquid state vectors record the firing number of each neuron for all input images during the simulation, which are then normalized by the most spiking numbers in order to range between 0 and 1.

When using SVM as the readout layer, we add some aggressive operations on the normalized state vectors before inputted into the SVM via a binarization function. If the element exceeds 0.5, the value will be set as 1. Otherwise, it will be set to 0. This is SVM1. The SVM without the binarization step is called SVM2.

\section{Method}
To reduce the difficulty in effectively processing huge input spaces of LSM, we explore the influence of dimension reduction in input layer on LSM performance.

We explore four input patterns, namely, fullscale, scanline, chessboard, and patch.
Fullscale pattern is the baseline, i.e., using all pixels of an image as input. Scanline pattern is used in \cite{lin2018programming} (shown in Figure~\ref{fig:scanline}) as an encoder for images. It is inspired by human saccadic eye movements

The last two input patterns, chessboard and patch, are inspired by two conventional computer vision techniques: template matching and keypoint detection for feature detection and matching. Examples of the two techniques are shown in Figure~\ref{fig:feature detection}. They were used to solve computer vision tasks before the era of artificial neural networks. This reveals that some parts of an image are able to show the significant features for recognition and classification. To reduce the computation cost, we select the pixels and small patches evenly, rather than the way that first computes the importance of the pixels or patches based on some algorithms and then chooses them according to the importance. As shown in Figure~\ref{fig:chessboard} and Figure~\ref{fig:patch}, our approach requires little computing to see whether such simple patterns could have good performance on LSM.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\subfigure[]{
\label{fig:scanline}
  \includegraphics[width=.7in,height=.7in]{./scanline2.png}}
\subfigure[]{
\label{fig:chessboard}

  \includegraphics[width=.7in,height=.7in]{./chessboard2.jpg}}
\subfigure[]{
\label{fig:patch}

  \includegraphics[width=.7in,height=.7in]{./patch.png}}
\caption{Example of different input patterns. (a) Scanline. (b) Chessboard. (c) Patch.}
\label{fig:input pattern}
\end{figure}

\vspace{2mm}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\subfigure[]{
\label{fig:template}
  \includegraphics[width=.3\linewidth]{./template.png}}
  \hspace{0.5in}
\subfigure[]{
\label{fig:keypoint}

  \includegraphics[width=.3\linewidth]{./keypoint.png}}
\caption{Techniques for feature detection and matching. (a) Template matching. (b) Keypoint detection.}
\label{fig:feature detection}
\end{figure}

\vspace{2mm}

 \begin{algorithm}
 \caption{Algorithm for frame-based dataset}
 \label{alg:alg1}
 \footnotesize{
 \begin{algorithmic}[1]
 \renewcommand{\algorithmicrequire}{\bf{Input:}}
 \renewcommand{\algorithmicensure}{\bf{Output:}}
 \REQUIRE input pattern $p$ \\($p$ $\in$ $\{fullscale, scanline, chessboard, patch\}$ ), \\ simulation time:$T$, desired spike train number:$N_{1}$, target set:$X$ (training or testing), number of samples in $X$:$N_{2}$, image height:$H$, image width:$W$
 \ENSURE  spike train index list:$SL$, spike train time list:$TL$

  \STATE generate fixed pixel id list $L$ based on the input pattern and the size of images in $X$

  \STATE initialize a monitor $M$ in BRIAN to record the neuron index and time when a spike occurs
  \FOR {$i = 0$ to $N_{1}$}
  \STATE generate an empty list $R$ as rate list
  \STATE get an image matrix from X indexed by ($i\%N_{2}$)

  \FOR {$j$ in $L$}
  \STATE get the activation value $a$ of pixel $j$ in the image
  \STATE put $a$ into rate list $R$
  \ENDFOR

  \STATE generate Poisson spike trains based on the rate list $R$ in BRIAN

  \ENDFOR
  \STATE get $SL$ and $TL$ from $M$
 \RETURN $SL$ and $TL$
 \end{algorithmic}
 }
 \end{algorithm}
\vspace{-2mm}
\begin{algorithm}
\caption{Algorithm for event-based dataset}
\label{alg:alg2}
\footnotesize{
\begin{algorithmic}[1]
\renewcommand{\algorithmicrequire}{\bf{Input:}}
\renewcommand{\algorithmicensure}{\bf{Output:}}
\REQUIRE input pattern $p$ \\($p$ $\in$ $\{fullscale, scanline, chessboard, patch\}$ ), \\ simulation time:$T$, target set:$X$ (training or testing), image height:$H$, image width:$W$
\ENSURE  spike train index list:$SL$, spike train time list:$TL$
 \STATE generate fixed pixel id list $L$ based on input pattern $p$, $H$ and $W$.
 \STATE sample spike records in X within time T and get four lists $P_{ON}$, $P_{OFF}$, $T_{ON}$ and $T_{OFF}$.
 \STATE $N = H \times W$
 \STATE generate two empty lists $DL_{ON}$ and $DL_{OFF}$ as indices list to be deleted from the above lists.
 \FOR {$i = 0$ to $N$}
 \IF {($i \notin L$)}

 \STATE find the indices at which the $P_{ON}$ equals to $i$ and put these indices into $DL_{ON}$;
 \STATE update $DL_{OFF}$ as above.

 \ENDIF

 \ENDFOR
 \STATE delete elements indexed by $DL_{ON}$ from $P_{ON}$ and $T_{ON}$; delete elements indexed by $DL_{OFF}$ from $P_{OFF}$ and $T_{OFF}$
\RETURN $P_{ON}$, $T_{ON}$, $P_{OFF}$ and $T_{OFF}$
\end{algorithmic}
}
\end{algorithm}
\vspace{-2mm}

Given that there are four input patterns, we need a universal method to generate corresponding spike trains when applying different input patterns on the same dataset.
As frame-based databases and event-based dataset store data in different formats, i.e., images and spike trains, we propose two algorithms, algorithm \ref{alg:alg1} and algorithm \ref{alg:alg2}, to get the desired spike trains for frame-based datasets and event-based dataset respectively. {\bf The algorithms are applicable for all input patterns}.
\section{Experiment Setup}
We use two LSM architectures and three datasets in this work. The liquid was modeled in BRIAN2 \cite{stimberg2019brian}, a Python-based spiking neural network simulator.

The experimental settings of the two architecture on the three datasets are listed in Table~\ref{tab:experiments}.

\subsection{Benchmark Datasets}
MNIST \cite{lecun1998gradient} dataset is commonly used in machine learning applications in computer vision.
MNIST has 60000 images for training and 10000 other images for testing. Each digit frame is a $28 \times 28$ grayscale image.

N-MNIST \cite{orchard2015converting} is the spike version of the orginal MNIST dataset, which also contains 60,000 training samples and 10 000 testing samples.
Each sample in N-MNIST is a spatio-temporal spike pattern with size of $34 \times 34 \times 2 \times T$, where T is the recording time length. An example of N-MNIST is shown in Figure~\ref{fig:nmnist}. {\bf We use a subset of MNIST and NMNIST for experiments.}

\begin{figure}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=.3\linewidth]{./nmnist.jpg}
  \caption{Example of N-MNIST dataset \cite{orchard2015converting}. The two colors represent two event types: ON and OFF.}
  \label{fig:nmnist}
\end{figure}
\vspace{2mm}

We also make use of the JAFFE \cite{lyons1998coding} dataset, which contains 213 images of female facial expressions posed by 10 Japanese women, grouped into 7 classes.
We use two image representations of JAFFE, by resizing and cropping the images to re-center the eyes, nose, and mouth appear in the picture. One representation contains a small part of the face ($10 \times 45$ pixels) as same as the the size in \cite{grzyb2009facial}. The other representation contains 45 $\times$ 45 pixels. Examples are presented in Figure~\ref{fig:jaffe}.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}

\includegraphics[width=.45in,height=.45in]{./AN256.jpg}\hspace{-.3pt}
\includegraphics[width=.45in,height=.45in]{./DI256.jpg}\hspace{-.3pt}
\includegraphics[width=.45in,height=.45in]{./FE256.jpg}\hspace{-.3pt}
\includegraphics[width=.45in,height=.45in]{./HA256.jpg}\hspace{-.3pt}
\includegraphics[width=.45in,height=.45in]{./NE256.jpg}\hspace{-.3pt}
\includegraphics[width=.45in,height=.45in]{./SA256.jpg}\hspace{-.3pt}
\includegraphics[width=.45in,height=.45in]{./SU256.jpg}
\end{minipage}

\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}

\includegraphics[width=.15in,height=.45in]{./AN450.jpg}\hspace{-.3pt}
\includegraphics[width=.15in,height=.45in]{./DI450.jpg}\hspace{-.3pt}
\includegraphics[width=.15in,height=.45in]{./FE450.jpg}\hspace{-.3pt}
\includegraphics[width=.15in,height=.45in]{./HA450.jpg}\hspace{-.3pt}
\includegraphics[width=.15in,height=.45in]{./NE450.jpg}\hspace{-.3pt}
\includegraphics[width=.15in,height=.45in]{./SA450.jpg}\hspace{-.3pt}
\includegraphics[width=.15in,height=.45in]{./SU450.jpg}
\end{minipage}

\begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}

\includegraphics[width=.45in,height=.45in]{./AN2025.jpg}\hspace{-.3pt}
\includegraphics[width=.45in,height=.45in]{./DI2025.jpg}\hspace{-.3pt}
\includegraphics[width=.45in,height=.45in]{./FE2025.jpg}\hspace{-.3pt}
\includegraphics[width=.45in,height=.45in]{./HA2025.jpg}\hspace{-.3pt}
\includegraphics[width=.45in,height=.45in]{./NE2025.jpg}\hspace{-.3pt}
\includegraphics[width=.45in,height=.45in]{./SA2025.jpg}\hspace{-.3pt}
\includegraphics[width=.45in,height=.45in]{./SU2025.jpg}
\end{minipage}
\caption{Examples of JAFFE dataset under different representations.
The upper line shows the original grayscale images with $256 \times 256$ pixels, the middle line shows the representation with $10 \times 45$ pixels and the bottom line shows the other representation with $45 \times 45$ pixels. The facial expression from left to right is anger, disgust, fear, happy, neutral, sadness and surprise.}
\label{fig:jaffe}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Architectures}

We use two LSM architectures here. One architecture contains a single liquid, which is called 1RC for simplicity. Another architecture is denoted as 5RC, which consists of five liquids in parallel like in \cite{wijesinghe2019analysis}. The total number of neurons in the five liquids will be as same as that in the 1RC for a fair comparison.

\begin{table}
  \centering
  \caption{Experimental Settings.}
  \footnotesize{
    \begin{tabular}[width=\linewidth]{p{4.565em}lllll}
      \toprule
    \multicolumn{1}{l}{Dataset} & Pattern & Arch & \multicolumn{1}{p{2.265em}}{Num} & \multicolumn{1}{p{3.335em}}{Train \newline{}Samples} & \multicolumn{1}{p{3.335em}}{Test \newline{}Samples} \\
    \midrule
    \multicolumn{1}{l}{MNIST}  & All & 1RC, 5RC & 1000  & 10000 & 10000 \\
    \multicolumn{1}{l}{N-MNIST} & FS, CB & 1RC, 5RC & 1000  & 10000 & 10000 \\
    \multicolumn{1}{l}{JAFFE1$^{\mathrm{a}}$} & FS, SL, CB & 1RC & 450 & 1000  & 100 \\
    \multicolumn{1}{l}{JAFFE2$^{\mathrm{b}}$} & FS, SL, CB & 1RC & 1350  & 1000  & 100 \\
    \bottomrule

    \end{tabular}%
  \label{tab:experiments}%
  \\\vspace{1mm}\parbox{1.\linewidth}{$^{\mathrm{a}}$JAFFE1 refers to the representation of 10x45 pixels. \newline{}$^{\mathrm{b}}$JAFFE2 refers to the representation of 45x45 pixels. \newline{}FS is fullscale, SL is scanline, CB is chessboard and PA means Patch. The column {\it Num} means the total number of neurons in the reservoir.
  }
\end{table}%

All synapse weights, i.e., input-to-liquid, liquid-to-liquid, and liquid-to-readout weights, are initialized from a Gaussian distribution of mean 0.5 and variance 0.16. All the hyper-parameters are listed in Table~\ref{tab:hyperparameter}.

\begin{table}
\caption{Hyper-parameters Value.}
\vspace{2mm}
\footnotesize{
    \begin{tabular}{lccccccc}
      \toprule
          & \multicolumn{1}{c}{$C_{EE}$} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{$C_{EI}$} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{$C_{IE}$} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{$C_{II}$} & IR    & \multicolumn{1}{c}{OR} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{EIR} \\
          \midrule
    (N-)MNIST & 0.4   & 0.4   & 0.5   & 0     & \multicolumn{1}{c}{0.2} & \multirow{2}[0]{*}{0.9} & \multirow{2}[0]{*}{0.8} \\
    JAFFE1/2 & 0.3   & 0.2   & 0.4   & 0.1   & 0.1/0.05 &       &  \\
    \bottomrule
    \end{tabular}%
  \label{tab:hyperparameter}%
\\\vspace{1mm}\parbox{8.3cm}{(N-)MNIST represents MNIST and N-MNIST. $C_{EE}$ is the connection probability of any two excitatory neurons in the liquid, and $C_{EI}$ is the connection probability from an excitatory neuron to an inhibitory neuron. EIR represents the percentage of excitatory neurons in the liquid, IR is the ratio of connections between input layer neurons and the excitatory liquid neurons, OR is the ratio of connections between excitatory liquid neurons and readout layer neurons.}
}
\end{table}
\vspace{1mm}

\section{Experiment results}
The fullscale pattern is regarded as baseline. We used a more aggressive chessboard pattern than Figure~\ref{fig:chessboard} shows. It only samples 1/4 of the fullscale pixels.
\subsection{Accuracy}
We repeat the simulation and training process several times and only the best results are listed for further discussions of MNIST and N-MNIST. For JAFFE we adopt other mechanisms (introduced in section \ref{sec:jaffe}).
\subsubsection{MNIST}
Table~\ref{tab:mnist} reveals the performance of LSM on MNIST dataset using four different input patterns and three classifiers. For training, fullscale pattern always yields the best accuracy. For testing, it can be seen that for 1RC, chessboard pattern brings the best testing accuracy, 0.5\% higher than fullscale pattern. And for 5RC, the difference between fullscale and chessboard pattern are less than 0.3\%. Other two patterns are about 2\% to 4\% worse than fullscale and chessboard.

In addition, we can see that for all readout methods, the accuracy values of chessboard pattern are similar with those of fullscale pattern and over-perform other two patterns. This shows that the effects brought by input patterns are reliable.
And as the SGD method generally performs better than SVM methods, we decide to use SGD classifier for further investigations.

\begin{table}[!htb]
  \centering
  \caption{Accuracy Comparison on MNIST Dataset.}
  \footnotesize{
    \begin{tabular}[width=\linewidth]{p{1.565em}lllllll}
      \toprule
          &       & \multicolumn{3}{c}{1RC} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{5RC} \\
          &       & SGD   & SVM1  & SVM2  & SGD   & SVM1  & SVM2 \\
          \midrule
    \multirow{4}[0]{*}{Train} & FS & \bf{93.90\%} & 74.01\% & 86.31\% & \bf{94.09\%} & 92.39\% & 90.91\% \\
          & SL & 90.64\% & 69.13\% & 81.17\% & 89.42\% & 90.42\% & 86.81\% \\
          & CB & \bf{92.30\%} & 72.04\% & 84.46\% & \bf{93.06\%} & 91.57\% & 89.69\% \\
          & PA & 89.93\% & 70.73\% & 80.65\% & 89.34\% & 88.02\% & 85.48\% \\
          \midrule
    \multirow{4}[0]{*}{Test} & FS & \bf{88.73\%} & 72.24\% & 85.28\% & \bf{89.62\%} & 89.52\% & 89.56\%
    \\
          & SL & 86.37\% & 66.79\% & 79.93\% & 85.39\% & 86.79\% & 85.52\% \\
          & CB & \bf{89.39\%} & 71.61\% & 84.36\% & {\bf 89.35}\% & 89.34\% & 89.27\% \\
          & PA & 86.58\% & 68.58\% & 79.61\% & 86.51\% & 85.15\% & 85.14\% \\
          \bottomrule
    \end{tabular}%
    \\\vspace{1mm}\parbox{8.3cm}{FS is fullscale, SL is scanline, CB is chessboard and PA means Patch.}
    }
  \label{tab:mnist}%
\end{table}%

\subsubsection{N-MNIST}
We train LSM on both channels, i.e., ON and OFF. Table~\ref{tab:nmnist} shows the accuracy comparison of LSM on N-MNIST dataset using SGD for readout layer training. The nearly 10\% differences between training and testing set show that this classifier is over-fitting. It's worth noticing that chessboard pattern is beneficial to mitigate this effect. This is reasonable, as less input is suggested to avoid over-fitting. For inference, with 1RC architecture, using chessboard pattern achieves nearly 5\% higher accuracy than using fullscale pattern. With 5RC architecture, the difference between the two patterns is not significant, but still, chessboard pattern is 1.65\% better than fullscale pattern
\begin{table}
\caption{Accuracy Comparison on N-MNIST Dataset.}
\vspace{2mm}
\footnotesize{
    \begin{tabular}[width=\linewidth]{lrrrr}
      \toprule
          & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Train} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Test} \\
          & \multicolumn{1}{l}{fullscale} & \multicolumn{1}{l}{chessboard} & \multicolumn{1}{l}{fullscale} & \multicolumn{1}{l}{chessboard} \\
          \midrule
    1RC   & 98.52\% & 99.42\% & 86.69\% & {\bf 91.67\%} \\
    5RC   & 98.94\% & 97.71\% & 87.49\% & {\bf 89.14\%} \\
    \bottomrule
    \end{tabular}%
  \label{tab:nmnist}%
}
\end{table}

\subsubsection{JAFFE}
\label{sec:jaffe}
Since the size of the JAFFE database is limited, we use two methods to enhance the validation.
First, we use 10-fold cross-validation technique. Second, we generate desired number of spike train samples by repeating the limited images.

Table~\ref{tab:jaffeacc} shows the inference accuracy of LSM on JAFFE using fullscale, scanline and chessboard pattern.
The last line is the average accuracy derived from the ten-fold cross validation. It can be seen that chessboard pattern is still competitive with fullscale pattern, with about $\pm$3\% in accuracy. However, scanline performs much worse than the fullscale pattern on JAFFE2, with up to 7\% decrease in accuracy. The number of pixels from scanline pattern is similar to that from chessboard. Therefore, it could take several runs for randomly generating a set of scanlines that contain proper pixels and yield good performance. In other words, the performance will be worse if the scanlines are not properly chosen

\begin{table}

    \centering
    \caption{Testing Accuracy Comparison on JAFFE.}
    \footnotesize{
      \begin{tabular}{p{1.565em}rrrrrr}
        \toprule
            & \multicolumn{3}{c}{JAFFE1} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{JAFFE2} \\
      No. & \multicolumn{1}{c}{FS} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{SL} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{{\bf CB}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{FS} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{SL} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{{\bf CB}} \\
      \midrule
      \multicolumn{1}{c}{1} & 47.00\% & 43.00\% & 49.00\% & 62.00\% & 58.00\% & 61.00\% \\
      \multicolumn{1}{c}{2} & 43.00\% & 39.00\% & 50.00\% & 54.00\% & 53.00\% & 53.00\% \\
      \multicolumn{1}{c}{3} & 50.00\% & 55.00\% & 51.00\% & 64.00\% & 57.00\% & 58.00\% \\
      \multicolumn{1}{c}{4} & 29.00\% & 21.00\% & 38.00\% & 76.00\% & 56.00\% & 69.00\% \\
      \multicolumn{1}{c}{5} & 27.00\% & 27.00\% & 22.00\% & 54.00\% & 54.00\% & 53.00\% \\
      \multicolumn{1}{c}{6} & 29.00\% & 32.00\% & 31.00\% & 68.00\% & 57.00\% & 67.00\% \\
      \multicolumn{1}{c}{7} & 48.00\% & 45.00\% & 53.00\% & 64.00\% & 53.00\% & 52.00\% \\
      \multicolumn{1}{c}{8} & 48.00\% & 51.00\% & 44.00\% & 60.00\% & 60.00\% & 65.00\% \\
      \multicolumn{1}{c}{9} & 54.00\% & 51.00\% & 55.00\% & 66.00\% & 53.00\% & 64.00\% \\
      \multicolumn{1}{c}{10} & 42.00\% & 55.00\% & 49.00\% & 63.00\% & 58.00\% & 59.00\% \\
      \midrule
      \bf{AVG}   & 41.70\% & 41.90\% & \bf{44.20\%} & 63.10\% & 55.90\% & \bf{60.10\%} \\
      \bottomrule
      \end{tabular}%
      \\\vspace{1mm}\parbox{8.3cm}{FS means fullscale, SL means scanline, and CB means chessboard.}
      }
    \label{tab:jaffeacc}%
  \end{table}%

\subsection{Storage}
For storage, we refer to the input storage, i.e., spike records either generated from frame-based dataset or sampled from event-based dataset for training and testing, rather than the liquid state vector or the connection weights.
The reason for storing input spike records is that we want to feed the whole training samples into SNN framework at once rather than generating the spike trains for each sample one by one at simulation. The one-time feeding method greatly improve the learning efficiency and reduce the whole processing time \cite{liu2018event}.
The reduction in input storage by other input patterns compared with the fullscale pattern is obvious. With the same simulation time length per record, the reduction is proportional to the decrease in the number of input pixels. For instance, the number of pixels from chessboard pattern is only a quarter of that from fullscale pattern. So is the size of the spike records for training and testing, which is a 75\% reduction in input storage.

\subsection{Time}
\begin{figure}
  \includegraphics[width=.8\linewidth]{./jaffetime.png}
  \caption{Average Runtime comparison on JAFFE.}
  \label{fig:jaffetime}
\end{figure}
Figure~\ref{fig:jaffetime} shows the runtime cost of using fullscale and chessboard pattern on JAFFE1 and JAFFE2. The figure is derived from averaging the result of ten simulations.
It is not as expected to reduce as much as the input storage. But nealy 30\% to 50\% reduction in runtime is also impressive. We find similar data in other experiments.
\section{Conclusion}
Liquid state machine (LSM) gets increasing popularity for it has less difficulty in training than other spiking neural networks. There are many efforts for enhancing LSM performance. For example, many works focus on exploring topology variety of LSM or enlarging the number of neurons in the liquid. These incurs computing and/or storage overhead. Large input space of LSM is also a factor that influence the LSM performance. We explore the influence of the reduction in input scale on LSM performance in this work via different input patterns. Using several input patterns and benchmark datasets, we show that input size reduction according to a certain input pattern can indeed have positive influence on the LSM performance with respect to accuracy, storage cost, and runtime. The best input pattern we discover is the chessboard pattern that can achieve nearly the same or better accuracy (2\% increase) at most occasions on frame-based datasets as well as the event-based dataset. At the same time, it can achieve up to 75\% input storage reduction and consumes only 50\% runtime in the best case. From the observations, we conclude that input size reduction is a good technique for saving computing and storage resource while keeping the same accuracy for real-world applications of LSM. And it can be integrated with variations of LSM architecture like the ensembles of small liquids. In the future, we will further explore how LSM will react to changes in input, like more complex input pattern, and validate it on more temporal datasets.

\bibliographystyle{ACM-Reference-Format}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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In the quiet of my cell Christmas Eve, and in the early morning silence also, I was looking at an image- a beautiful representation of the Nativity Scene—just the Holy Family—and was filled with amazement as a fresh wave of wonder struck me at what God has done for us. We have grown up hearing about the gift of Jesus and many of the miracles He performed, teachings He gave, and divine wisdom He imparted; the suffering He bore for our sake, the rejection He experienced, the abandonment, Our God, not just a good man, the perfectly innocent One who called us into being out of His unfathomable Love, we have grown up on the receiving end of what has formed the civilization in which we live, and this celebration gives us the opportunity to reflect on the sheer gratuity of God and His goodness—if we are not too distracted by the busyness and commercial aspect.
By the time this reaches you, Christmas Day will be two or so weeks behind us, but the Church gives us an Octave of days for the Nativity, and a season that last well into January—(Our Lord's Baptism), In fact, it used to be until Feb. 2nd!
It has been over four months since I was last arrested, and this makes it the longest I've been in jail at one time. For the most part, the milieu has been more peaceful than other times, though in December things became a little more tense on the range. A little calm descended Christmas day and it has lasted somewhat; but I have to learn to live with the tensions that one must expect in jail, and I must really seek God's grace to live everything with God, and in trust that He gives the strength to guide us in everything that happens and in all the choices we are faced with.
Thankfully, the path is simple; I want to live for Christ who *is Life, so in every choice I'm faced with, I am called to make it in the knowledge that God, who is constantly loving me, is waiting for me to love Him in return. So when the answer does not seem clear, I ask Him to show me how to live Him and love Him in Truth. What is the point of my life if I am not striving to love, and to go deepen in Love?
Thank God He is forgiving! Many times I fail to love, and He awaits my turning to Him and seeking His mercy, His forgiveness. Three is nothing Our good Lord will not forgive if we repent. "No sin is too big for God" as I've heard someone say, and I tell the women here, too, who need to hear it.
I pray that as this New Year unfolds, we would all grow more in the awareness of the profound gift we have received in the treasure of our Faith. If our Faith does not seem to be such a treasure, we can raise our hearts and minds in prayer, and ask the One who gave us life, to help to see the path that leads to the fullness of life, the path of Love that leads right to the end, to the good soil that accepts the grains of wheat that we are, where we die so that we can bear much fruit.


text:
Planning for the Recovery Starts Now
As published in the Gallup Independent on 5/5/2020
Evan Williams, Executive Director
There are four phases of emergency management: mitigation, preparedness response, and recovery. The step in the cycle that typically gets overlooked is the recovery part of this process as it is longer term, not as visible, after the fact, and thought to naturally occur on its own. To be frank, if the response does not happen effectively there is no reason to have a recovery plan, but recovery planning is indispensable in the words of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. This means: an strategic action plan drafted, quality input and data garnered, assets and resources mapped, a Recovery Czar named, a partnership of private, public, and tribal sectors mobilized, and impact evaluated.
With our designation as the Economic Development District for our three-county region of Cibola, McKinley, and San Juan counties, the Northwest New Mexico Council of Governments is being sought to assist our region and the US Economic Development Administration in leading on a comprehensive recovery plan.
Rightfully, there is a ton of focus on mitigation, preparedness, and response to the COVID-19 crisis, including economic support programs focused on providing relief to unemployed workers, businesses temporarily closed, and business owners having difficulties paying employees. Some of us are getting buried under the daily avalanche of COVID-19 relief programs and updates, but organizations and financial institutions exist to assist with connecting people and businesses to these short-term survival measures.
But who is thinking about long-term recovery and building business resiliency and redundancies for the new normal? After Hurricane Katrina, there was a recovery plan, process, and partnership to re-build communities affected by the disaster. To bring them back, not the same but hopefully stronger, more diversified, and more equitable in terms of opportunity and prosperity. With COVID-19 pandemic, never let a bad crisis go to waste. This is our time to set the table by taking a step back, planning our strategy, and implementing it together.
Our regional economy was already on the verge of crisis due to the collapse of coal markets. The price of oil is causing New Mexico to reduce spending. COVID-19 is compounding these problems with gross receipts tax revenues eroding to dust. So, why would we just re-arrange the chairs on the 'Titanic', when we could build a whole new ship. Let me be clear, I am not advocating for leaving on way side our region's intrinsic assets, natural resources, or competitive advantages. These must be incorporated in a thoughtful approach as they are critical and not easily replaced in the macro picture.
The COGs around the State of New Mexico are working State agencies to develop a comprehensive but focused Recovery Plan for New Mexico to leverage resources in a way that builds a resilient, diversified, and globally sustainable economy. Our COG has drafted a framework and is surveying regional economic development professionals, community experts, and grasstops leaders to prune their best ideas. The challenge is not finding places where investments need to happen but prioritizing the top ones that will have the greatest impact and position our region for the future.
We know that businesses will reopen, employees will get back working, and taxes will begin to fill coffers to fund needed programs and services again. Bottom line, this is the American economy and Northwest New Mexico where business is still done with handshakes and hard work. But how does our region and New Mexico use this crisis to leapfrog our economy ahead? It is time to get into the game, roll up our sleeves, and kick a little butt New Mexico, not wait until manana. Let's plan the recovery today!
Ways that the COG is preparing now to be the change in our region:
Working every day on planning, developing, and financing needed infrastructure projects, including transportation and broadband crucial to our economic competitiveness as a region.
Working with the US Economic Development Administration to target $988,400 in creating shovel-ready industrial sites in our region through their Assistance to Coal Communities program.
Helping Local Government Division setup a Small Business Assistance Program using Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) funds.
Continuation of a regional Brownfields program aimed to invest $500,000 to restore environmental concerns and flip properties and building from non-productive sties to community catalysts.
Nomination for National designation of the Trail of the Ancients byway as a tourism tool to drive visitation to and around our region once restrictions are lifted.
Producing a series of Community Prospectus for each county to drive Opportunity Zone investments into our region.
Approving and updating our Revolving Loan Program to help new business start-ups and entrepreneurs after CARES Act funding is exhausted but access to capital remains an issue.
COG LEADERSHIP
Deliverying insights from the Region and information to keep us "Mission Driven".

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


H. M. Hyndman was a prominent English Socialist. He began his career working as a journalist, including on the Pall Mall Gazette. In 1881, using the London radical clubs as a model, Hyndman established the Democratic Federation, which was renamed the Social Democratic Federation (SDF) in 1884. Hyndman was also the editor of Justice. He was a vocal supporter of Indian nationalism and independence from the British.
Hyndman became friends with Dadabhai Naoroji in the 1870s, after reading Naoroji's Poverty of India. They collaborated in Anti-Famine agitation during Queen Victoria's Jubilee year. Naoroji helped Hyndman in his own work on Indian Famine. Despite their friendship, Naoroji often found Hyndman's politics too radical and extreme, preferring a more moderate nationalist path.
Shyamaji Krishnavarma, a nationalist in favour of more radical methods, was acquainted with Hyndman. He invited Hyndman to open India House in Highgate in July 1905. Through the India House organization, Hyndman met individuals such as Madame Cama and B. G. Tilak. After the murder of Sir Curzon-Wyllie by Madan Lal Dhingra, Hyndman wrote in Justice that he had long warned that terrorism would result from the British policy of 'despotism' in India.
Madame Cama, Shyamaji Krishnavarma, George Lansbury, Dadabhai Naoroji, Bal Gangadhar Tilak.


text:
Pack of five dogs savagely attack Jack Russell in Derbyshire garden
Owners believe they were going in for the kill
Rachel Sutherland
Owners believe if they were not there, Ivy would have been left for dead
A Derbyshire couple have described the terrifying moment a group of dogs ambushed and attacked their beloved pet.
Sue and Simon Unsworth, from Long Eaton, claim that their three-year-old dog Ivy was left with around 20 puncture wounds and scratches all over her body from the attack.
The pair had returned to their Owen Avenue home on the evening of Thursday, March 28, and let both of their dogs out onto their garden.
Soon afterwards, a commotion broke out. Sue was alerted by her nine-year-old dog who came back into the house from the garden with its ears pricked up.
She rushed out into the garden and pulled the dogs off Ivy in a scene she described as "total chaos". She told Derbyshire Live that as each dog was removed, another one "dived in" to attack.
She said: "I couldn't believe it. I went straight out and found Ivy on her back being attacked. They were on top of her."
The 49-year-old added: "I thought they were going to kill her. They were completely unbothered by me and Simon, no matter how much we shouted. Ivy didn't have an opportunity to fight back at all, she was totally overwhelmed."
Ivy suffered over 20 puncture wounds from the dogs that entered her garden (Image: Simon Unsworth)
Sue, who works as a learning mentor at a primary school, managed to intervene enough so her Jack Russell Terrier cross Staffordshire Bull Terrier could make a quick dart away from the madness and into the house.
Simon, who was inside at the time, described the moment he saw the pack of five run in from the garden and down the hallway of their house and corner poor Ivy by their front door.
The 51-year-old grabbed two Lurchers, the biggest ones he could see, by the scruffs of their necks.
He said: "I lifted them up off the ground slightly one in each hand and took them over to the French doors and out into the garden. I realised I'd been bitten on the finger afterwards and I had a few scratches on my torso."
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Simon, who has lived in Long Eaton all his life, later had to get a tetanus jab at the doctors.
The owners believe the pack found a way in through their fence before silently stalking their dog. The couple spent around an hour cleaning up "bloodied" Ivy, and tending to her wounds.
Ivy has "big scrapes" under her neck, scratches on her back legs and stomach and her owners say she is still "shook up" by the attack.
The wounded dog attended the vets the next day and it was confirmed that she did not sustain any serious injuries.
Owners spent an hour cleaning Ivy's wounds (Image: Simon Unsworth)
Nevertheless, the incident left Ivy traumatised and on the following day she didn't eat, sleep, or go to the toilet - which made giving her painkillers and antibiotics difficult. She has also been given calming spray by the vets.
The couple, who have reported the incident to Derbyshire Police, said they had the choice to pursue prosecution but instead they are hoping for restorative justice to be met.
They would like the owner to pay their vet bill, which was just shy of £100, ensure his dogs are secured and under control when he's out.
The couple would also like the fences around his garden to be improved so the same doesn't happen again.
Ivy is still "in shock" following on from the attack but owners say she is getting back to her old self again (Image: Simon Unsworth)
Derbyshire Police confirmed that the incident was reported to them on Friday, March 29. A spokesperson from Derbyshire Police said: "We were made aware of a dog attack in a private garden on Owen Avenue, Long Eaton.
"The incident happened at around 11.30pm on March 28, when dogs entered the garden.
"One of the dogs required veterinary treatment and a man who tried to separate the animals received a minor injury in the process.
"Officers are in the process of speaking to both parties regarding the incident."
The Long Eaton couple helped Ivy escape from the pack (Image: Simon Unsworth)
Simon, who owns The Original Nottingham Ghost Walk and works part-time as a librarian, said that the owner of the dogs made his way into their garden and asked whether their dogs were alright.
However, according to the owners he did not apologise.
Simon, who described himself as a dog-lover, said: "I wouldn't want to see anyone have their dogs taken off them or for any dogs to be put down. It's not the dogs' fault but they often seem to be the ones who suffer the most.
"There are lots of walkers that take their dogs on those fields and there's a children's play area too."
The ordeal, which owners say lasted around one minute, is something they've never experienced before.
Simon added: "She's getting back to her old self, on Friday she didn't want to go out at all. She was lucky."
Pet owner's warning over "dangerous" toy that led to dog's death
Number of nurses being attacked by dogs while visiting patients on the rise
Derbyshire Police


text:
Q: Unable to see ArrayList elements in another object in Java I'm trying to view the elements of an ArrayList in a different class but it shows that there is nothing. In the other class, you can see the element in the ArrayList though.
Here are the codes.
First class
import java.util.ArrayList;
public class Test {

ArrayList<String> inventory = new ArrayList<String>();

public void test() {
  inventory.add("item");
}

public void check() {
  System.out.println(inventory);
}

}

Second class
import java.util.ArrayList;
public class Test2 {

Test testObj = new Test();

public void test2() {
  System.out.println(testObj.inventory);
}

}

Main class
public class Main {

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Test testObj = new Test();
    Test2 test2Obj = new Test2();
    testObj.test();
    testObj.check();
    test2Obj.test2();
  }
}

Output
[item]
[]

A: In your main method, you call the method that handles adding operation yet you do not call any add methods in the second class and in your main method.
 testObj.test();
 testObj.check();

This one shows that you add an item into the arraylist and show it. But in the second class you do not add anything but calling it. Therefore there is no way to show any element from that method. What has should be done is that you just need to call the adding method inside of the second class and then try to use the display method.

A: In java Class level variables are Object associated until unless they are not declared static.
By means of Object associated is that when a object is initialized with new keyword in Java all Object will be having it's own memory and own class variables.
In your case inside main method when you create a Object of Test class and when you create a another test class object inside Test2 class, both will be totally independent of each other. And both will be having their own memory and own variables.
If you want that to get the updates of inventory variables from first object to be available in another object you need to declare it as static and should be initialized inside static block. Static variables are shared across all objects of class. As below:
static ArrayList<String> inventory;

static {
        inventory = new ArrayList<String>();
}

A: You didn't call test() method in Test2 class.
To make it work change the Test2 class as follows.

import java.util.ArrayList;
public class Test2 {

Test testObj = new Test();

public void test2() {
  testObj.test();
  System.out.println(testObj.inventory);
}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Putin called the key to solving the tasks of a special operation in Ukraine
According to the President of Russia, the tasks of the special operation will be solved thanks to the qualities of the Russian military and the position of the citizens who supported the military operation in Ukraine
The key to accomplishing the tasks of the military special operation in Ukraine is the courage of the military, the consolidation of society and the strengthening of Russia's sovereignty. This was stated by Russian President Vladimir Putin, speaking at the SPIEF-2022 economic forum in St. Petersburg.
The broadcast was conducted by RBC.
"All the tasks of the special military operation will be solved. And the guarantee of that— the courage and heroism of our soldiers, the consolidation of Russian society, whose support gives strength and confidence to the army and navy of Russia, a deep understanding of the rightness of our cause and the strengthening of a strong and sovereign power— Russia»,— said Putin.
According to him, Russia in Ukraine protects people and defends the right to independent development. "Today, our soldiers, officers and militias of Donbass are fighting to protect their people. They defend Russia's right to free and secure development as a large multinational country that makes its own decisions, determines its own future <…> and rejects attempts to impose pseudo-values, dehumanization and moral degradation from the outside,— added the head of state.
Russia has been conducting a military operation in Ukraine since February 24. When announcing its beginning, Putin called the goals "denazification and demilitarization"; neighboring state, as well as protecting the population of Donbass from "genocide" from the Kyiv authorities. At the same time, the Ministry of Defense stated that it did not strike civilian targets.
The Russian Ministry of Defense announced the completion of the first stage of the special operation on March 25. Then the head of the main operational department of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces, Colonel General Sergei Rudskoy, said that the combat potential of the Armed Forces of Ukraine was "significantly reduced", which allows "to focus the main efforts on achieving the main goal" liberation of Donbass. According to Rudsky, the Ukrainian Navy "ceased to exist" and the air force and air defense system were "virtually completely destroyed."
Read on RBC Pro Pro What to expect from "crypto winter". Investor's Digest if you were "asked to leave" Instructions Pro Bankrupt Ceylon: how Sri Lanka went from prosperity to default >
On June 2, the head of Chechnya, Ramzan Kadyrov, said that Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu had told him about the new tasks of the special operation, "which imply the improvement of further tactics." "The measures taken will make it possible to significantly increase the effectiveness of offensive maneuvers, which contributes to the conduct of a special operation at a faster pace," said Kadyrov.
Moscow stated that the timing of the operation is not a priority in its implementation. According to Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, the duration of the special operation is explained by the order to Russian forces to categorically avoid strikes on civilian infrastructure. The minister said that the strikes were only carried out on military installations, accumulations of equipment and manpower.
Shoigu also stated that the offensive in Ukraine was deliberately slowing down. According to him, this is done due to the announcement of silence regimes and the opening of the gum corridors to enable civilians to evacuate.
Secretary of the Security Council of Russia Nikolai Patrushev noted that Moscow, in carrying out the tasks of a military operation, "does not chase deadlines." He expressed confidence that the tasks set by Putin would be fulfilled. "Nazism must either be 100% eradicated. Or he will raise his head in a few years, — concluded Patrushev.
In turn, the head of the Donetsk People's Republic, Denis Pushilin, said on June 16 that he hoped to complete the operation before the end of the year. State Duma deputy Adam Delimkhanov spoke about the same time frame earlier.
The Kremlin has repeatedly said that Russia intends to achieve the fulfillment of all the tasks of the special operation. Mariupol, the entire Kherson region, Berdyansk, Melitopol and a number of other settlements in the Zaporozhye region are now under the control of Russian forces.
In Ukraine, they called the Russian special operation an attack, introduced martial law and severed diplomatic relations with Moscow.
Subscribe to RuTube RBC Live broadcasts, videos and recordings of programs on our RuTube channel
Tokayev supported the creation of the Greater Eurasian Partnership
Putin called US statements about "Putin's inflation" stupidity
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text:
Jenson Button expectation in Monaco
Professional / May 12, 2010 by JB / Leave a Comment
Championship leader Jenson Button says it is impossible to name a favourite for Sunday's Monaco Grand Prix despite Red Bull's dominance in Spain.
Mark Webber won from pole in Barcelona on Sunday with only brake problems for team-mate Sebastian Vettel preventing a second Red Bull one-two in three races.
"I think the Monaco result is extremely tough to call," said Button.
"There are a lot of very competitive drivers so there is a good chance of a slightly unpredictable race."
Red Bull's speed this season has meant that they have taken pole for all five of this year's races, and only twice has any other team intruded on the front row in qualifying.
As a team, we're really excited about Monaco
Their advantage over the rest of the field appeared to have widened still further with the installation of a comprehensive upgrade package at the Circuit de Catalunya.
Webber's was 0.834 seconds faster than third-placed Lewis Hamilton in qualifying, with only Vettel able to get close to his team-mate.
Button himself had described the Red Bulls as "untouchable" in Spain but is confident Monaco's tight street circuit will help level the playing field.
"To get the best out of the weekend, you've really got to build your speed up gradually," he said.
"There are no benefits from attacking from lap one and risking a mistake.
MARTIN BRUNDLE'S COLUMN
Jenson Button had a bad day at the office in Spain, although he described it more colourfully to me at breakfast in Monaco on Monday
"The track rubbers in incredibly quickly over the weekend, and it's all about letting the car naturally find more speed through the corners as the conditions improve and your confidence increases.
"Hopefully we won't have the same gap to the Red Bulls that we had in Spain and I don't think we will. As a team we're really excited about that race."
Button's team-mate Lewis Hamilton, who was running second to Webber when a tyre deflation caused him to crash on the penultimate lap in Spain, is also hopeful of a good weekend in Monaco.
"Qualifying will be more important than ever," Hamilton said. "While we're still working hard to improve our qualifying pace, Monaco is a place where the input of the driver is more important than at any other track, so I'm pretty confident that we'll be able to do a good job."
Some reliability problems, particular affecting Vettel, have contributed to the Red Bull duo failing to convert their pace into points.
Vettel is 10 points behind Button with Webber a further seven adrift.
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Button frustrated by mechanical problems
But Webber is confident that his team can claim another win at Monaco if they stay ahead of their rivals in qualifying.
"The whole atmosphere is good and it is a special grand prix. We all know that front row will be king there as well," he said.
"It is a one-off on the calendar. It is a sensational challenge for the drivers, we all like going there. You certainly couldn't have a track like it now if you wanted to design and build one."
From BBC Formula Sport


Cooking Diary of Chef Susan Ytterberg!
Once in a while, it's fun to create a feast that is visually appealing, offers unique flavor choices and is also fun and delicious to eat. What else could that be than a Poke Bowl? The key to this meal is to source sushi grade Ahi Tuna from a reputable seafood purveyor. Once you've got that figured out, the rest of the ingredients can be purchased at your grocery store and then the fun begins prepping your ingredients!
To serve, set up your bowls of ingredients buffet style. Then give each diner a medium sized bowl and they can add the rice, then top with the Ahi Tuna and top with all the great toppings!
Serve:For fun, serve sake or a chilled white wine and you're set for a delicious feast.
What could be more fun? Basically this is Play Dough for grown-ups but it tastes so much better! I teach cooking classes regularly and you'll find my class offerings here on my website under, "sample menus". Class size is for a minimum of 2 people and is held at the client's home kitchen.
Pasta dough is pretty simple to make- it can seem complicated but that probably has more to do with using a pasta dough roller. If you have the right tools and 2 people, you can really make this deliciousness happen! I've made pasta on my own but with experience, one person can manage.
Adults learn best by doing- seeing and then trying themselves and this class is perfect for that. With a demo at each step, The dough is made from flour, eggs, water & olive oil, salt. L and S picked up quickly and before you know it, they were rolling beautiful sheets of pasta, yeah!
1. Form dough into flat disc. Then cut in to 4 and form 4 flat discs. Start rolling the dough!
Once L and S rolled out their beautiful pasta sheets, it was time to make the cheese filling, place it with a tablespoon sized scoop on the sheets, cover the bottom layer with the cheese filling with the top sheet of pasta, adhere-press, cut and cook. The cheese filling is made with ricotta cheese, goat cheese, Parmesan, salt and herbs. We used fresh thyme leaves!
Once the filling is placed, and top sheet of pasta is adhered S cut his ravioli into elegant pasta sheets, and L using a pasta cutter form and created ravioli squares and circles with scalloped edges. Remember it will all the taste the same, but the look will be unique depending on the creative spirit of the pasta maker!
Crispy Butter Sage Sauce is made with salted butter and fresh sage leaves. The basil pesto is made with fresh basil, EVOO, Parmesan, toasted pine nuts and salt.
SImmer your ravioli til cooked, make sure not to boil or the cheese filling will seep out of the pressed edges. Once cooked, toss gently with your chosen sauce, some Parmesan and enjoy. This home made ravioli is absolutley yum and tastes nothing like the thick, prepackaged raviolis you buy at the supermarket. SO, on a rainy day, or weekend evening, make the ultimate comfort food and enjoy!
Bread... what's not to like! I love bread- warm out of the oven, ready to eat. Ok, if you have a gluten intolerance you can still enjoy this nugget of joy by using rice flour or gluten free flour. Bread is comfort food and comes in a variety of shapes, sizes, types and colors.
Today's cooking class was a lot of fun and we were focused on creating 2 herb cheese breads- the first braided and the second a 2 stranded turban. The first was made with Thyme, Fontina Cheese & Caramelized Onions with a Sesame Seed Crust. The second was made with Rosemary & Parmesan with a Poppy Seed Crust. Remember, we eat with our eyes, our mouths and our noses so how the bread looks, feels and smells all adds to your enjoyment of this deliciousness.
When you're making bread, you depend not just on the instructions in the recipe, but your own judgement about the texture of the dough you are handling! You can adjust texture by adding more liquid or flour and also how long you knead the dough. One of the biggest mistakes a first timer can make is over working the dough. If it is kneaded too long the texture of the finished bread will be stiff and lack flakiness.
Once the dough has risen you can then add the cheese. You will then pull up the edges of the dough and knead until the cheese is folded in the dough!
Chef Susan Ytterberg- Brunch Frittata Easy & Delicious!
I love to have friends over for brunch and this dish creates a delicious, satisfying, aromatic frittata that everyone will love. This is easy to make and you can create variations by using different vegetables and herbs! Think about creating a brunch buffet surrounding this with a cheese platter, roasted chicken apple sausages, a basket of muffins or croissants and to round things out, a beautiful mixed greens salad with sliced apples & pecans with a citrus vinaigrette.
1.	Whisk eggs in bowl until completely beaten and frothy, about 1 minute.
4.	Cut tomato in half, remove seeds and dice. Set aside to use later as a topping on the frittata.
5.	Remove Rosemary needles from branch and finely chop until texture of fine sand.
6.	Place oven-safe, non-stick pan on stove over medium heat and add 2 tbsp of olive oil. When heated, added the chopped onions and rosemary. Sauté until very soft, about 3 minutes. Remove pan from heat and allow onions to cool. Then stir into egg mixture.
7.	Wipe pan clean, coat entire surface including sides with 3 tbs olive oil. Place on stove over medium heat. Once olive oil is heated pour egg mixture containing the potatoes and onions into the pan and allow to cook for 15 minutes. You will see it set and begin to firm at sides. Now scatter your chopped tomatoes over the top and place the oven-safe pan in oven. Bake for 30 minutes or until firm and cooked through.
8.	Remove from oven, and with silicone spatula slide frittata out of pan onto pretty serving platter. Slice into wedges and serve warm or at room temperature.
1.	Clean lettuce and place in salad bowl.
2.	Clean and core the apple. Cut into slices and cube and sprinkle apples over top of lettuce.
3.	Combine orange and lemon juices in small bowl with olive oil, salt, pepper and mustard. Whisk together until creamy and combined.
4.	Pour desired amount of dressing over salad and toss. Top with pecans and enjoy!
When I'm planning a dinner party, I try and think of dishes that are beautiful, high impact, definitely delicious- AND easy to make! I look for ideas from ingredients that are available locally or even better in my own pantry. I found some amazing balsamics which inspired my recipe for the crostini. Give these a try! They are sumptuous and perfect for a special occasion or holiday gathering. The main event which is the filet mignon is simple and delicious, requiring little preparation and winning happy compliments from your guests. Let's get started!
1.	Melt butter in sauté pan over medium heat. Add thinly sliced onions and the maple balsamic. Cook stirring occasionally until golden brown and caramelized. This can take 10 to 15 minutes depending upon the heat of your stove. Remove from stove and cool.
2.	To assemble crostini, take slice of grilled baguette and top with about 2 tsp blue cheese- more if desired. Then drape a tablespoon of caramelized onions on top of blue cheese. Garnish with a few leaves of thyme and drizzle cherry balsamic on top.
3.	Arrange prepared crostini on a small platter and serve.
4 individual filet mignon steaks, about 8 oz each in size. Before you are ready to start cooking, remove from fridge and allow to come to room temperature for about 30 minutes.
1.	Turn oven on to broil following your own oven's instructions related to safety when broiling.
2.	While your oven is heating, take each filet and lightly coat with a tsp of olive oil. Then rub a tsp of pressed garlic over the top of each. Then salt and pepper each filet.
3.	Place filets on a foil lined baking sheet that has been sprayed with non-stick oil or Pam.
4.	Place in oven and broil for 5 minutes. Then after 5 minutes, turn over and broil for 4 to 5 more minutes.
5.	If you have a thermometer, insert sideways into beef after 8 or 9 minutes. You can buy one or $3.00 or so. Internal temperature is the best way to ensure your meat is cooked the way you like it. Basically 130 to 135 degrees is rare, 135 to 140 is medium rare. Keep in mind the theory of, "carry over" cooking. This means your meat when removed from the broiler is still very hot and will continue cooking until cooler. So if your thermometer reads 140 in the oven, by the time the meat cools it will have continued cooking outside the oven by another 5 degrees! That would mean you wanted medium rare but are ending up with medium. For example if you want rare, I would take it out of the oven when your thermometer reads 125 to 130 degrees.
6.	Serve for small sprig of thyme on top of each filet as a pretty garnish.
2.	Line baking sheet with foil.
4.	Place asparagus on baking sheet uniformly with tips all facing the same direction. Drizzle EVOO over asparagus- about 1 to 2 tbsp.
5.	Sprinkle the herbs, salt and pepper over the asaparagus.
6.	Place in oven and roast for 15 minutes. Check after 15 minutes to see if it is cooked to your satisfaction. If it is too, "al dente", cook another 5. You can check after 10 minutes if you want to if you like it less cooked.
7.	Remove from oven and serve on platter or portion servings onto plates beside the Filet Mignon.
1. Place Ricotta, Mascarpone and Amaretto in bowl. Mix together well until combined. Add alcohol of choice and powdered sugar. Mix until incorporated.
2. Take whipped mixture and spoon into the plastic bag. Squeeze mixture to bottom but do not extrude yet.
3. With each cannolli shell, Squeeze mixture into shell on both sides until completely filled with the cream mixture, flush to the end of the shell.
4. Dip the end of each shell where the cream is at each end so the nuts stick to the cream and create a finished look.
We all know what it's like to crave food that is yummy, delicious, crunchy, satisfying. That's what will happen once you try this menu; you are going to crave this but also know that overall, it's good for you! Typically, my cravings are on par with wanting to eat a bag of Mint Milano cookies, or a pizza, but then I made this. The chicken fingers are coated with a home-made spice mixture of chili, garlic, brown sugar and salt, then dipped in a silky mustard, egg & yogurt coating and then rolled in a crunchy mixture of panko bread crumbs and sliced almonds. This sounds like a lot of work, but not really! You can easily put this recipe together in a half hour, bake it and then enjoy it! And it's worth it! Like all my recipes, use them as a guide and if you want, go ahead and substitute your favorite spice mixture, or use different nuts!
1.	Clean chicken tenders, pat dry and set aside.
2.	Create your spice mixture by blending together the brown sugar, chili, garlic and salt in a small bowl.
3.	Whisk together the oil, eggs, yogurt, mustard and 2 tbsp of your spice mixture in a bowl until smooth and combined.
4.	On a large plate, pour half your nuts and panko bread crumbs, 1 tbsp of spice mixture and mix together. You will use the second half of the nuts and panko and another 1 tbsp of spice mixture once the first is used up.
5.	Place 6 chicken tenders in your egg mixture, then dip each tender into the nut/bread crumb mixture, pressing the tender into it gently so the crumbs and nuts adhere. Pick up coated tender and place on foil lined baking sheet that has been sprayed with non-stick spray. Continue until all 6 are done. You will most like have used up your nut/bread crumb mixture and the plate will probably be gummy. Rinse the plate, dry, and start again with the remaining nuts and bread crumbs. Repeat same process for remaining 6 chicken tenders.
7.	Remove from heat, sprinkle thyme leaves over cooked chicken tenders. Use spatula to remove from pan and place on serving dish.
2.	Pour olive oil, maple syrup and sesame oil over carrots, mix carrots into liquid mixture so coated. Sprinkle and salt and pepper and place in oven.
3.	Bake for 30 minutes, remove from oven and serve.
1.	Steam or boil potatoes in pot on stove for 20 to 30 minutes until soft.
2.	Place steamed potatoes in bowl, mash and add butter. Mix until butter is melted. Add cream and mix in. Add salt & pepper and mix. Taste and if you want to add additional butter or cream go for it!
3.	Serve with the chicken fingers and roasted carrots.
Let's make some recipes that are fun, easy and delicious! This isn't formal dining, it's a fun Saturday night and a creative way to cook. We're going to start with Vodka Lemonade, while enjoying a flat bread topped with proscuitto and mixed greens that have been tossed with a lemon vinaigrette. For your main course, a crispy sage, butternut orzo mixed with goat cheese, hazelnuts and bacon salt which is ridiculously good. You can finish your meal with chocolate truffles or biscotti with your coffee.
1.	Measure out 1.5 oz Vodka per glass. Quanty is up to you if you would like less or more!
1.	Brush olive oil on lavosh bread and place on bread on baking pan. Put in oven and bake for 3 to 5 minutes to allow bread to crisp a little. Remove from oven.
2.	While bread is in oven, mix juice of 1 lemon with 2 tbsp of olive oil and ¼ tsp of dijon.
3.	Toss the greens with the lemon dressing.
5.	Top flat breads with the dressed greens and sprinkle tops with some shave Parmesan. Place on serving dishes. Use sharp knife to cut pieces and enjoy with your vodka lemonade!
½ lb Orzo- Cook orzo, drain and place in a mixing bowl, toss with browned butter. Set aside.
1 bag of butternut squash cubes or 1 whole butternut squash peeled, seeded, and cubed.
Cover a baking pan with foil and place your squash cubes and sage leaves on pan. Pour EVOO over these ingredients, toss to ensure everything is coated with the oil. Sprinkle with salt and pepper and place in oven. Bake for 20 to 30 minutes until squash is caramelized and sage is crisp. Remove from oven and pour everything from the baking pan into the bowl with the cooked orzo.
Add the cubed goat cheese and hazelnuts immediately to the warm bowl of orzo and roast vegetables, toss until well mixed and goat cheese is melting and blending in.
Sprinkle bacon salt or truffle salt over top, mix gently and serve. If you don't have either, use Kosher salt and serve.
For dessert I recommend something very simple like truffles or a dark chocolate bar broken into pieces and served with coffee.
When I used to hear the words, "grain" or "legume", I wanted to run in the other direction. Then I discovered just how delicious these ingredients are to eat, and also how easy it is to turn them into something very special!
Cooking farro is just like cooking rice, you'll be amazed how easy it is and as an added bonus, farro is a good source of fiber, protein and iron! You can find farro in your supermarket in the same section where you find Quinoa and Rice. The farro salad is hearty, satisfying, tasty and something you'll want to eat the next day and like just as much. The white bean crostini are a crunchy, savory accompaniment to your farro salad and I don't think you'll be able to just have two!
Place the farro, salt and water in a pot and bring water to a boil. Then cover and turn the heat to low and allow to cook for 25 minutes. Check after 15 minutes, give it a stir then continue cooking. After 25 minutes remove lid and see if water is absorbed. If there is a little water in the bottom of the pot, keep the farro on the stove with lid off for a few more minutes to allow water to cook into farro. Remove from heat, stir and set aside.
1 cup red grapes cut in half. Measure after grapes are cut. Add more if you want!
Put cooked farro into a bowl and add the salad ingredients. Stir together until incorporated. Then pour half of the salad dressing over salad and stir until well mixed. Then add more dressing until you have the right amount preferred on your salad.
Start by draining your beans in a colander and running water over them until cleaned of the canning fluid. Then begin by measuring out ¼ cup of beans. Set the ¼ cup of beans aside; you will mix them into the white bean spread at the end.
In a food processor, add the remaining bean, and the evoo, rosemary, salt and pepper and process until smooth. Taste and if you are happy with the seasoning and consistency you are done. If you want to add more of any of the above ingredients, or want to add a tbsp. of water to thin it go ahead.
Transfer your processed bean mixture to a bowl. Fold in the reserved ¼ cup of whole beans. Spread onto crostini and serve.


- Possible aggravating by over-revving during the warm-up period.
- Coolant loss through contact with road debris.
Not only is a used engine the least-expensive option, but it generally will require less labor to replace. That's because you generally don't have to strip it all the way down to the bare short-block and head(s) when transferring parts, especially in lower-mileage examples. Vehicle downtime will be reduced because used engines are usually sold with attached and (normally) sound accessory components. That can come in very handy if your vehicle's existing components are worn or about to fail anyway.
Although it would be hard to argue against the absolute quality of a brand new, OEM replacement engine or a custom-built crate motor, it would be easier to argue in favor of the better cost/quality ratio of a low-mileage used engine. As mentioned earlier, if there is not a pattern failure problem with the engines for your vehicle model, the used engine should give reliable long-term service—providing that it is prepped correctly upon installation.
How about rebuilt or remanufactured engines? While their cost/quality ratio can at times be favorable when compared to the used engine, this is not always the case. Depending on the engine, it may suffer from poor core quality or availability. In addition, complexity in the rebuilding process can lead to a number of compromises that may adversely affect the long-term durability, or even the installation compatibility (fit) of the engine.
> Insist on getting an engine from exactly the same model of car as the one you own. Doing so can sometimes be the hardest part of the whole procedure. Although many manufacturers may use a certain engine design to power a number of different models, keep in mind that with different drivetrain layouts spanning more than a couple of model years, they probably won't all be good interchange candidates. Certain unscrupulous or uninformed suppliers of used parts may say that interchange compatibility exists when it actually doesn't-which may be especially true if you are seeking a low-volume option engine that they don't have in stock. Upon engine selection or delivery, go over it with the proverbial "fine-tooth comb" to check compatibility.


text:
History of Sea Species
Evolution River Series
Wings of the W.A.S.P.1
Penelopethepootingspider
Dead Reckoning Reviews
Dead Series Reviews
RL Clayton Books
Get updates on book signings and upcoming books
Dead & Dead For Real
The Dead Series
See what critics say
Dead Reckoning R.L. Clayton
" I am a huge fan of thriller and suspense novels and read them all the time. Unfortunately, after a while many of them start to feel the same, like many authors (especially new ones) are using the same recycled plot over and over again. But I love how these books totally break the mold, but stay true to the spirit of the genre. I am so interested in this element of the "Director" the entity that is part of these stories and hope we see more about that aspect. I really liked the first book, "Dead and Dead for Real" and this follow up was just as amazing, if not more so because everything in this one is so much bigger and worse! Right from the start it's one thing after another that is basically the United States' worst nightmare – the war is carried out on different fronts and the nation is collapsing. Again, I was captivated by the way Clayton weaved so many interesting characters and twisted frighteningly plausible storylines together to create a story that I couldn't put down until the final conclusion. I was glad to see Katherine. and Nick and Freddy (and the 'other one') back, and it was good how we are filled in on the events of the other book, but you don't need to have read it to understand and enjoy this one. It is self-contained. (But read it because its awesome!) It was fast-paced, action and high-stakes drama packed, and with snappy dialogue and free from many clichés that riddle this genre. I was curious to see how this would all work out in the end, and I wasn't at all disappointed--- the author makes so very profound observations on the state of the nation in general, and its parallels to modern times is not lost on the reader. An intelligent and thought-provoking read that is different from much out there, and probably best suited for mature readers. So glad there will be more of these books to come! 5 Stars Stephen Beacher— Indie Book Reviewers " - Stephen Beacher— Indie Book Reviewers
— Goodreads; Barnes & Noble
" Splendid! I love when a book totally surpasses my expectations, and then some. Frequently I'll read a book by an author that I really like, but then the follow-up is somewhat lacking (I call it the 'sophomore slump'). Not here! If anything, this one was even BETTER! Everything just gets so crazy on all fronts, and again Clayton does an excellent job with conveying the dramatic and tension filled world-building through the dialogue and actions of the characters and not with boring dense 'telling' narrative prose thankfully. Also how he gracefully gives us bits of past info here and there, from events of the prior book ,or the flashbacks to Afghanistan, instead of doing a whole 'info dumping' thing which ruins the momentum. It is smooth and organic and makes it able to be easily understood on its own even if you haven't read the first book. He portrays the political climate and real-life threats in an authentic way that is almost too good… it's a worst case scenario that we believe really can happen. I am eager to see where these characters go in the next one. Recommend. 5 Stars John Goldman—Indie Book Reviewers " - John Goldman—Indie Book Reviewers
" Okay seriously, these books should come with a warning label: make sure you don't have anywhere you need to be or anything you need to do because you won't want to stop reading until you've finished it all!! Trust me on this! "Dead Reckoning" starts off with an intriguing, shocking (and sad!) beginning and just keeps going from there, with one awful turn after another… and I don't say that lightly. These types of books get under my skin the most, because they do seem like very real things that could destroy our country and our world. The story takes place not long after the first one ends, and continues the world-building and characterizations established there, but it stands on its own entirely with its own storyline, but set in the same fictional universe. The characters are good – authentic and carry the story well in their respective roles – and I like how the author has also included a more philosophical voice in the mix, through Ron who seems to be the voice of reason in it all. Even though at times I almost felt like there was too much going on, everything wraps up well enough in the end and leaves room for more with some of the characters, which I was happy to see. Some adult language and scenes, but I like how polished the editing was. Overall a solid read, recommend for fans of action, thrillers, military, and political intrigue. 5 Stars Jenna Brewster— Indie Book Reviewers" - Jenna Brewster—Indie Book Reviewers


text:
Family Ski Resort Guide | Cherry Peak
Cherry Peakis one of Utah's newest mountain resorts. It's unpretentious and affordable and visiting this mountain just makes you feel like family. The new lodge welcomes patrons with its cozy fireplace and beautiful views. Though this resort may be smaller and less developed when compared to various ski areas in the region, this resort is close and convenient to those living in Logan and Cache Valley.
The focus on locals gives this resort an unpretentious and welcoming air and the clientele primarily consists of local families and Utah State University students. Cherry Peak is also proximally located to highly regarded snowmobiling, cross country skiing and ice fishing in Northern Utah.
Terrain at Cherry Peak has recently been expanded with the addition of the Summit Lift, adding more terrain and additional vertical drop. Cherry Peak is a fantastic place to bring younger children, as they can easily navigate around the entire resort while confidently exploring the terrain.
Catch a beautiful Cache Valley sunset and enjoy Cherry Peak's expansive night skiing operation.
Cherry Peak Resort is located in Northern Utah in the Bear River Mountains east of Richmond. Approximate driving times (in favorable driving conditions) and distances are listed below:
Logan: 17 miles – 20 minutes
Ogden: 65 miles – 1.5 hours
Salt Lake City: 100 miles – 1 hour, 40 minutes
Provo: 142 miles – 2 hours, 30 minutes
In a 5th Grader's Words: "This is where I learned to snowboard and it's the greatest. Me and my brother always race, sometimes I win. I like the fireplaces inside when I get cold." - Ruby, Age 10
Skiable Acres: 250+ Acres
Number of Runs: 29, 1 Terrain Park
Terrain: 30% Beginner, 45% Intermediate, 25% Advanced
Chairlifts: 3 chairlifts and 1 Magic Carpet Surface Lift
Night Skiing: Monday – Saturday from 5:00 – 9:00 PM
For those just learning the art of skiing or snowboarding or perhaps seeking slopes off the beaten path, Cherry Peak is the place. With three chairlifts and one surface lift, this resort is easily navigable for families with young children. A mix of groomed and off-piste terrain is offered. Cherry Peak is crowd free and you'll seldom wait in line at this resort.
From the main lodge, guests can quickly access either the Gateway lift or the surface lift. New skiers or boarders can test the water on the green-rated Base Camp trail, serviced by the Magic Carpet. The Gateway lift transports skiers and riders from the lodge up to the top of Canyon Ridge. From here, you can access either the Summit or Vista lifts.
Gateway features a nice mix of green through black diamond terrain. Warm up on green-rated Long Mozy and then step up to True Blue or Think Twice. If you're ready to venture off-piste, check out Downfall or Velocity. The area's terrain park is located here along the True Blue run.
The Vista lift is best suited for beginners or intermediates. It features four greens and four blues for families to explore.
The newly-installed Summit lift has greatly expanded Cherry Peak's terrain and vertical drop. It runs along the south side of the mountain's ridge and services long blue and green rated trails and a handful of black diamonds. Stronger skiers and snowboarders will want to spend time exploring the terrain off this lift.
The straightforward navigation at Cherry Peak makes it a solid destination for families managing children of different ability levels. Beginners or intermediates can move around the mountain at their chosen pace while advanced skiers and riders can venture further afield on the off-piste terrain. There are lots of wide open groomers and nicely gladed trees to score a powder pocket or two. Because Cherry Peak lacks the crowds of other resorts, it may be your best bet for learning how to ski powder.
There is no public transportation system in place to access Cherry Peak.
Navigating around Cherry Peak is a cinch. There is one main parking area and lodge. The facilities in the lodge include a grill/restaurant, a full-service ski and snowboard rental shop, the Snowsport School and ticketing.
The ticket windows are located outdoors on the west side of the lodge. The lower level of the lodge houses ticketing, rentals, the retail shop, ski patrol and restrooms. The main level of the lodge features the Peak Grill, an ample seating area and restrooms. The upper level of the lodge houses group reservations, additional overflow seating and restrooms.
SNOWSPORT SCHOOL
The Cherry Peak Snowsport School keeps it simple by providing lesson types for any age and experience. Lessons meet up on the snow to the right of the lodge at the ski school bell. Incredibly affordable lessons are offered every hour on the hour. From basics to refined techniques, the Cherry Peak Snowsport School can tackle it all. Note that night lessons are also available, making this a flexible option for kids in school or parents with day jobs.
It is recommended to call ahead and reserve your spot.
First Timer Lesson
For a very approachable price, Cherry Peak will offer a half-day beginner lesson and a full-day equipment rental and lift ticket. This offer applies to any age and can be converted into the 5 First Timer Superpack.
5 First Timer Superpack
Supercharge your learning curve with a pack of five half-day group lessons. This amazing deal also includes five full-day equipment rentals and five full-day ski passes. Upon completion of the program, a Cherry Peak Season Pass is awarded.
Offered in half-day, full-day or night formats, the group lessons are an affordable way for skiers or boarders to refine their fundamentals and techniques. They can also be purchased at a discount in a pack of four lessons. (Lesson pricing does not include lift ticket or equipment rental.)
Private or Semi-Private Lessons
For a great rate on private lessons, head to Cherry Peak. Lessons can be booked hourly (though two hours at minimum are recommended) or in half-day, full-day or night blocks. Bring your family or close friends and convert your private lesson into a semi-private lesson (up to four guests). See Cherry Peak's website for pricing.
Women's Lesson
Cherry Peak will happily accommodate women's groups of three to six who want to form their own private lesson. Advance notice is required to reserve the instructor of your choice.
In the lower level of the lodge, Cherry Peak operates a complete rental department with very reasonable rates. Ski rental can be paired with boots and poles or cross-country skis. Snowboard rental includes boots. Goggles and helmets are also available to rent. Active duty military will be awarded a 5% discount.
There is also a ski shop where essentials, gear, and logo gear can be purchased.
Since Cherry Peak primarily caters to a local crowd, there is no lodging located at the resort. There are many choices in Cache Valley and even more options in nearby Logan, Utah.
The cozy lodge offers food from The Peak Grill, fireplaces and lots of seating for patrons. The welcoming staff will make families feel right at home and guests are also welcome to bring their own brown bag lunches. The family-friendly menu includes lots of ski lodge favorites like pizza, grilled food, sandwiches and burgers.
For a memorable visit, consider these unique points of interest when planning a trip to Cherry Peak.
Cherry Peak Snow Tubing
On any day excluding Sunday, swoop down the Snow Tubing slopes of Cherry Peak. With deals offered to families, this is an affordable outing that provides high adrenaline and safe fun across five tubing lanes. A moving sidewalk called Little Bit deposits tubers atop the hill to maximize tubing laps.
Cherry Peak Cross Country Skiing
The Bluebird, Logan
No trip to Logan is complete without a stop at The Bluebird Candy Company. Since 1914, this Logan institution has been hand-dipping and crafting the most delicious candy around. Visit their iconic soda fountain and order a classic milkshake or an ice cream cone. Dinner and lunch are also served.
Family Ski Resort Guide | Eagle Point Resort
Family Ski Resort Guide | Deer Valley Resort
Family Ski Resort Guide | Brighton Resort


Welcome to this beautiful 4 bed 4 bath and 2 car home in Fountain Valley Ranch! Come on in and you will find a beautiful living room with plenty of lighting and off of the living room is the formal dining and kitchen. This beautiful kitchen has granite countertops plenty cabinets and tile flooring and its steps away from the family room giving you plenty of space to entertain your family and friends. This family room has walk outs to the back deck and patio, enjoy those BBQ's in the large back yard! Upstairs you will find the master bedroom with master bath and 2 additional bedrooms and full bath. The basement includes another bedroom, full bath and a rec room. This home features a huge backyard, mountain views, central A/C and auto sprinklers. This home is a GEM and a MUST See!


Because I have spent a great deal of my life in the land-locked water-ways of the Marlborough Sounds, to be where I can see the open horizon is awe-inspiring for me. To stand on the place where countless miles of rolling ocean crashes against the steadfastness of land, is also inspiring. As a mountaineer I have spent a huge amount of effort to get to the place where a small piece of land tapers off to meet the sky. There is a dynamic and energy on that mountaintop. So it is to stand at the place where land meets the sea. To be on the edge.


text:
Q: No new line after environments in block quotes for citation and quotation marks My question is heavily related to this one: How to avoid citations being placed on a new line when \blockcquote ends with a list?
I manged to adapt the solution proposed in the aforementioned question to my thesis.
I removed all blockquote related parts and added an enit@ prefix to list related commands to cope with enumitem's changes.
Also, I changed the redefiniton of displaycquote such that it takes optional arguments into account.
(Exact code can be found below.)
However, the style guide for my thesis requires me to put quotation marks around block quotes.
I need to extend the solution linked above such that it also places the closing quotation marks at the end of the itemize block.
Originally, in order to wrap displaycquote in quotation marks, I went with the renewing \mkbegdispquote and \mkenddispquote:
\renewcommand{\mkbegdispquote}[2]{\openautoquote}
\renewcommand{\mkenddispquote}[2]{\closeautoquote#1#2}

However, this does not work as the output looks like this:

Another problem I have is that blockquotes without itemize at the end don't get any citation.
Here is my current working version:
\documentclass{scrbook}
\usepackage{enumitem}
\usepackage{csquotes}
\usepackage{biblatex}
\usepackage{filecontents}

\begin{filecontents*}{references.bib}
@book{texbook,
  author    = {Donald E. Knuth},
  title     = {The {{\TeX}book}},
  publisher = {Addison-Wesley},
  date      = {1984}
  }
\end{filecontents*}
\addbibresource{references.bib}

\makeatletter

\let\oldendlist\enit@endlist
\def\csq@@z{\csq@z{\csq@z}}
\def\csq@@@z{\end{displaycquote}}
\long\def\cqendlist#1\fi#2\fi#3#4{%
    \def\z{#3{#4}}%
    \ifx\z\csq@@@z\let\z\csq@@z\fi
        \ifx\z\csq@@z
        \ifhmode\unskip\fi
        \leavevmode
        \space \zcsqcite
        \gdef\cs@next{\let\csq@cite\@gobble}%
    \else
        \global\let\cs@next\relax
    \fi
    \oldendlist#1\fi#2\fi#3{#4}%
    \cs@next
}

\let\olddcq\displaycquote
\renewcommand\displaycquote[2][]{%
    \def\zcsqcite{\csq@cite[#1]{#2}}%
    \let\enit@enditemize\cqendlist
    \olddcq{#1}}

\let\oldedcq\enddisplaycquote
\def\enddisplaycquote{%
    \cs@next
    \oldedcq}

\makeatother

\begin{document}
\begin{displaycquote}[pp.88:2-3]{texbook}
  This is a list:
  \begin{itemize}
      \item with
      \item bullet
      \item points
  \end{itemize}
\end{displaycquote}.
\end{document}

A: I managed to solve the issue.
The main problem was that \openautoquote and \closeautoquote must not be placed at different levels of environments, i.e. having one in the displaycquote environment itself and one in the nested itemize environment will break the code.
I now opted to change \mkenddispquote instead of \cqs@cite.
This code works for me now:
\documentclass{scrbook}
\usepackage{enumitem}
\usepackage{csquotes}
\usepackage{biblatex}
\usepackage{filecontents}

\begin{filecontents*}{references.bib}
@book{texbook,
  author    = {Donald E. Knuth},
  title     = {The {{\TeX}book}},
  publisher = {Addison-Wesley},
  date      = {1984}
  }
\end{filecontents*}
\addbibresource{references.bib}

% Use quotation marks in block quotes
\renewcommand\mkbegdispquote[2]{``}
\renewcommand\mkenddispquote[2]{''#1#2}

\makeatletter

\let\oldendlist\enit@endlist
\def\csq@@z{\csq@z{\csq@z}}
\def\csq@@@z{\end{displaycquote}}
\long\def\cqendlist#1\fi#2\fi#3#4{%
    \def\z{#3{#4}}%
    \ifx \z \csq@@@z
        \let\z\csq@@z
    \fi
    \ifx \z \csq@@z
        \ifhmode
            \unskip
        \fi
        \leavevmode
        '' \zcsqcite
        \gdef\cs@next{\let\mkenddispquote\@gobbletwo}%
    \fi
    \oldendlist#1\fi#2\fi#3{#4}%
}

\let\olddcq\displaycquote
\renewcommand\displaycquote[2][]{%
    \let\cs@next\relax
    \def\zcsqcite{\csq@cite[#1]{#2}}%
    \let\enit@enditemize\cqendlist
    \olddcq[#1]{#2}}

\let\oldedcq\enddisplaycquote
\def\enddisplaycquote{%
    \cs@next
    \oldedcq}

\makeatother

\begin{document}

\begin{displaycquote}[pp.88:2-3]{texbook}
    Quote without block.
\end{displaycquote}

\begin{displaycquote}[pp.88:2-3]{texbook}
    This is a list:
    \begin{itemize}
        \item with
        \item bullet
        \item points
    \end{itemize}
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On Saturday August 29 2020, Hardin-Houston had the honor of hosting the memorial highway dedication ceremony for Houston High School Graduate, Sgt. 1st Class Charles Gregory Huston. Sgt. Huston was a member of the Houston High School graduating class of 1963. SGT Huston served in the Army during the Vietnam war and gave his life to bravely fight for the freedoms that we as Americans hold so dearly. The dedication of the north and southbound lanes of State Route 66, between Houston Road and Roeth Road, is an honor that is well deserved but serves as only a small token of the appreciation and respect that we as the Hardin-Houston community have for Sgt. Huston. We will forever be proud to have the section of road in front of our school bear his name.
We would like to give a special thank you to Sgt. Huston's brother John, who helped to initiate this honor, and to the many members of the Huston family that attended the ceremony. Thank you to Representative Susan Manchester, Ohio House District 84, for her work in helping to draft and pass the memorial highway legislation for Sgt. Huston. Thank you to Mike Barhorst, Mayor of the City of Sidney, for helping to organize the dedication ceremony. And finally, thank you to the Honor Guard and the many veterans that attended the ceremony and helped to make the occasion special.
Click here to view the program for the dedication ceremony which contains a synopsis of Huston's service.
Pictures below courtesy of Luke Gronneberg of the Sidney Daily News