text:
Dyna rev.fac.nac.minas vol.82 no.192 Medellín July/Aug. 2015
http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v82n192.42441
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v82n192.42441
Water quality modeling of the Medellin river in the Aburrá Valley
Modelación de la calidad de agua del Río Medellín en el Valle de Aburrá
Lina Claudia Giraldo-B.a, Carlos Alberto Palacio b, Rubén Molina c & Rubén Alberto Agudelo d
a Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia. lina.giraldo@udea.edu.co
b Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia. carlos.palacio@udea.edu.co
c Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia. ruben.molina@udea.edu.co
d Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia. ruben.agudelo@udea.edu.co
Received: March 4th, 2014. Received in revised form: February 17th, 2015. Accepted: July 10th, 2015.
Water quality modeling intends to represent a water body in order to assess their status and project the effects of different measures taken for their protection. This paper presents the results obtained from the Qual2kw model implementation in the first 50 kilometers of the Aburrá-Medellín River, in their most critical conditions of water quality, which correspond to low flow rates. After the model calibration, three recovery scenarios (short-term, medium-term and long-term) were evaluated. In the first scenario the sanitation only improved in some streams, in accordance with the Plan of Sanitation and Management of Discharges that was considered. Medium and long-term scenarios, with the operation of the new Water Waste Treatment Plant (WWTP) of the Bello municipality and an increase in the sewage collection, were considered. The obtained results show the positive impact of the operation of the WWTP of Bello in the balance of BOD5, dissolved oxygen and nitrogen.
Keywords: water quality modeling; Aburrá-Medellín River.
La modelación de la calidad del agua busca representar un cuerpo de agua con el fin de evaluar su estado y proyectar los efectos de diferentes medidas que se tomen para su protección. En este artículo se presentan los resultados obtenidos a partir de la implementación del modelo Qual2Kw en los primeros 50 kilómetros del río Aburrá-Medellín, en sus condiciones más críticas de calidad de agua, que corresponden a caudales bajos. Una vez obtenido el modelo calibrado, se evaluaron tres escenarios de recuperación (corto-2años, mediano-5años y largo plazo-10años). En el primer escenario sólo se consideraron mejoras en el saneamiento de algunas quebradas de acuerdo con el Plan de Saneamiento y Manejo de Vertimientos (PSMV), mientras que los escenarios a mediano y largo plazo consideraron la operación de la Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales (PTAR) de Bello y un aumento en la colección de aguas residuales. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian el impacto positivo del funcionamiento de la PTAR de Bello en los balances de DBO5, oxígeno disuelto y Nitrógeno
Palabras clave: modelación de calidad del agua, río Aburrá-Medellín.
Surface water bodies, especially those that travel along great cities, when they do not have a complete sanitation system are exposed to receive discharges of several sources. These discharges can alter the balance of the ecosystem, leading to a loss of diversity and to an alteration of the abundance of organisms and deterioration in the physical and chemical quality, which ultimately results in limiting the potential uses of the water. As a tool, in order to evaluate different scenarios to recover the water quality, it the implementation of numerical methods is widely used.
Numerical models for water quality and transportation can reproduce the hydraulic, chemical and biological processes that occur in water bodies by using mathematical expressions that represent these phenomena of interest. These mathematical expressions are approximations, or a simplified version, of the real system, which consider its most important characteristics [1,2]. Therefore, the models are valuable tools for assessing the impact of the implementation of strategies and / or measures that seek to improve water quality [3,4,5].
The first water quality models applied to the Aburra-Medellín River that can be found in literature, were conducted by Empresas Publicas de Medellín (EPM) as support models for several projects related with the sanitation of the river. Recently, the environmental authority in the basin of this river (Area Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá), through its "RedRio" project performed a water quality modeling using the QUAL2K modeling software, in order to evaluate 14 different sanitation scenarios, in other words, to estimate the impact of chemical pollutants in the water body.
The results of the research presented in this paper began with the selection of the water quality model, looking for a model that best represents, or fits, the main characteristics of the river and the modeling needs. The model to be selected should be able to adequately represent the transport phenomena of a highly affected river with continuous discharges of organic matter; the model should also have an adequate mathematical formulation of the physical-chemical processes of interest in the research. Finally, the model should be consistent with the technical and economic capacities available in this research, to acquire the data required by the selected model (both: quality and discharges data). Taking into consideration the reasons above mentioned and having in mind that the main goal is to have a model capable to be used as a decision tool in the river, the QUAL2Kw model, an updated version of the QUAL2K model [5,6,7], was implemented.
2. Theoretical background
The QUAL2Kw model splits the river into segments which are then divided into small subsections known as computational elements. For each element hydrological, thermal and mass balances for each constituent (equation 1) are performed. For each element in the model, a gain or loss of mass can be computed due to the transportation phenomena (advection and dispersion), loads or extractions of external sources (water intakes, wastewater discharges, among others) or internal sources (benthic oxygen demand and biochemical transformations, among others) [7]. The general formula to compute a mass balance of a constituent in water, ci, in section i, is as follows:
Eq. 1. Mass balance equation for constituent I, in section i. [4].
Where Qi: discharge in section i (L/day), Qab,i: water intake in section i (L/day), Vi: volume in section i (L), Wi: external load of constituent in segment i (mg/day), Si: sources and discharges of constituent due to reactions and mechanisms of mass transfer (mg/L/day), Ei: dispersion coefficient between sections (L/day), Ei-1,Ei dispersion coefficient between segments i-1, i and i+1 (L/day), ci: constituent concentration in section i (mg/L) and t: time (day).
Mass balance equations are solved under steady state and under uniform flow, using a finite difference method. The final products of the modeling process are curves, which show the variation of the modeled parameters along the streams. The main difference between Qual2Kw and Qual2K is that the first one has incorporated a genetic algorithm to find the optimal values of the kinetic parameters. The genetic algorithm tries to optimize the adjustment rate of the model compared to the observed data. The final software users can choose between a manual input of the values for each parameter to be used in the model or an auto-calibration functionality [8].
3.1. Study area description
Aburrá Valley is located in the center-south of the Department of Antioquia (State) in Colombia. It is situated in the middle of the Central Andes mountain range. Its relative importance is that the city of Medellin is part of it, which is the second largest city in the country as well as the second most important. Nine other municipalities are part of this Metropolitan area (Barbosa, Girardota, Copacabana, Bello, Itagüí, Sabaneta, Caldas, La Estrella y Envigado). The combined population of these cities is around 3 million inhabitants. The Aburrá-Medellín River crosses the valley from south to north. This river crosses the ten municipalities mentioned above, and has become a hub for the historical development of the region [9].
The topography of Aburrá Valley is irregular along its extension. The altitude is between 1300 and 2890 m a.s.l. Medellín, which is the most developed urban core, is located in the central part of the valley within an extension of 8 km [10].
Most of the surface streams and the natural drains of the Aburrá Valley are highly polluted due to direct wastewater discharges, mainly in the central part of the valley. This situation leads to a reduction in the dissolve oxygen levels and to an increase in the levels of organic matter, inorganic matter, and toxic substances [11]. Water quality decreases substantially and with it the quality of life for the people around it.
The Aburrá-Medellín River integrates the municipalities of this valley. It receives about 254 tributaries of a different magnitude, along its 100 kilometer length, from its source point in the top basin, in a place known as Alto de San Miguel (municipality of Caldas), to its confluence with the Rio Grande. The tributaries are relatively short, with steep slopes, deep and narrow channels, high speeds and large sediment transport capacity, which correlate with the high erosive powers [12].
Monitoring stations, the monitoring stations selected in this research to be incorporated into the model are: San Miguel -E1, Before Valeria-E2, After Valería-E3, Ancón Sur without channeling -E4, Ancón Sur with channeling -E5, Before San Fernando-E6, After San Fernando-E7, Aula Ambiental-E8, Ancón Norte -E9 (Fig. 1, Table 1).
After model selection, according to its easy handling and required information [13], historic records from low flows in the river, since the year 2004, were used to run the model [12], since they are related to the most critical conditions of water quality in a flow receiving different types of discharges [14].
Input Data into Qual2Kw model. As a first step the border conditions were set up in the monitoring station (San Miguel). Hydraulic data, temperature, water quality and low flow data were also set up in the other monitoring stations along the river located downstream of the initial station. The model was set up in such a way that the sections in which the river is splitted were adjusted to concur with the sections that were defined by the environmental authority [15] as the most important monitoring stations, because they allow a quick view of the state of the river. Domestic and industrial discharges, as well as tributary streams, were modeled as point sources in the model. Since there are some distributed discharges along the river, which are very difficult to locate and to characterize, and since they have a significant impact on the water, these distributed discharges were included in the model as unmonitored tributaries and the quality was assumed to be the typical composition for residential waste water [16] and for the mass balance.
Model Implementation. The model was set up with low flow data. The time step used to calculate was fixed on 11.25 minutes to avoid numerical instabilities. The numerical methods used were Euler and Newton-Raphson [17]. Level 1 was chosen in order to model the exchanges in the hypothetic zone, because it includes zero and one-order equations for BOD oxidation.
Model Calibration. The algorithm used by the model to calibrate the model constants consists in a genetic searching technique, which involves a set of operators that allows its convergence into an optimal solution [2, 7]. In order to find the set of parameters that better represent the reality of the river, the model was run in such a way that the objective function (weighted squared error) was minimized. The genetic parameters were set as: 125 model runs in a population and 126 evolutive generations.
Water quality scenarios, according with the progress of the Sanitation Master Plan and Discharges Management (PSMV for its acronym in Spanish). Three scenarios were considered in this research, according with the law 3930 of 2010 [18]. In which is formulated, among others, the need to have formulated a management plan of water resources and these management plans must be formulated by the environmental authority, considering during the formulation of the plan different projections for the short, medium and long term (2, 5 and 10 years). The first scenario was simulated by having the discharge of the interceptors of wastewater directly into the river, but assuming a better collection of wastewater in the tributaries according with the goals of the PSMV for the year 2014. Scenarios 2 and 3 were simulated under the assumption of the construction of the south and north interceptor as well as the construction of the wastewater treatment plant of Bello, all of them fully functional. Table 2 presents the summary of the simulated scenarios.
Among the assumptions that were considered in the simulations, the actual discharge of the waste water treatment plant (WWTP), San Fernando, 70-70 and 50-50, means that it is expected that the discharge of the WWTP does not exceed 70 70 mg/L of BOD5 and 70 mg/L of TSS, and so on.
In scenarios 2 and 3, which consider the WWTP of Bello, it is worth mentioning that the percentages in the collection of waste water in the tributaries that still do not have proper sanitation is 40% and 60%. Additionally, in scenario 3 a 5% improvement was assumed by the streams that today have proper sanitation with the implementation of construction works that improve the collection of wastewater.
Obtaining the equation for the BMWP/Col (Biological Monitoring Working Party in Colombia). According to the actual water quality conditions observed in the river it is not possible for the macro invertebrates to colonize the river. For this reason, it was decided to not include in the computation the growth and decay rates, but a variation of the model was used which tried to better represent the specific situation described above in the Aburrá-Medellín River. The BMWP/col is computed by using a piece of code in an Excel Macro that automatically calculates it after the physicochemical variables are computed in the software. To obtain the equation, a matrix was structured with the data collected under low flow periods. The Electrical Conductivity parameter plays a major role in determining the processes related with water quality in this river and for this reason an equation to calculate the BMWP/col must be in terms of this parameter. To be able to include the effects of conductivity in the BMWP/col a regression using dichotomous variables and to validate its representativity it was necessary to evaluate the assumptions that were made; the latter was done with Eviews [19].
4.1. BMWP/col equation
When performing a test of hypothesis testing, the p-value of the explanatory variable (for electrical conductivity variable) was 0.104 with a confidence level of 89.9 %. With these values, it is possible to conclude that conductivity does have a significant effect on the BMWP/Col. Additionally, p-values of all dichotomous variables tend to zero, which indicates that they are significant and must be considered when using the equation in each section of the river
4.2. The obtained equation is shown below:
4.3. Calibrated Model
In the Figs. 2, 3 and 4 it is possible to compare the results along the river for the modeled parameters (continuous line) against field measurements in the monitoring stations (scattered points) under low flow scenarios.
4.4. Evaluation of scenarios
Once the model was properly calibrated, the following alternatives were evaluated: scenario "e0" actual water quality conditions in the Aburrá - Medellín River; scenario "e1" corresponds to the expectations of the water quality conditions in a period of two years. For the input data of this scenario, in some of the tributaries the percentage of sanitation according with the sanitation works projected in the PSMV for the year 2014 were assumed. Scenario "e2" represents the expectations in water quality in a five-year period. Scenario "e3" represents the expectations in water quality over a ten-year period. The percentage of sanitation in the tributaries used in scenario "e2" was 40% and 60% in scenario "e3". Discharges from the San Fernando WWTP were set up as 70-70 and 50-50 for scenarios "e2" and "e3" respectively assuming the future WWTP of Bello was fully functional. From these scenarios, it was possible to obtain the behavior of water quality.
Fig. 5 shows the variation for the BDO5 along the river for the future scenarios that were run (2, 5 and 10 years) assuming pollutant load removal in scenarios 2 and 3 and also with the WWTP of Bello operating. In the same graph, the actual scenario is presented. By comparing these scenarios, a notorious recovery in the water quality of the river is observed once the WWTP enters into operation. From this analysis it is clear the importance that the WWTP plays in the Sanitation Plan of the river to help in the recovery of the physicochemical water quality of it.
Fig. 6 shows the variation of inorganic suspended solids (ISS) along the Medellin-Aburrá River according to the predictions of the modeling. It can be seen that in terms of ISS in the river the recovery is not as significant as the one modeled for the BOD. Which can be explained with the large contribution of ISS that is being received from the tributaries and in many of them the origin is not from the domestic wastewater, but from mining in the tributaries and deforestation processes in their upper parts, so despite its removal in the proposed scenarios, concentrations remain high.
For the evaluated scenarios OD profile along the river, is shown in Fig. 7. In this graph it is possible to see a recovery near to the Moravia sector (Kilometer 34), this is due to the closure of the interceptors located in this point of the river and the startup of the WWTP of Bello. This situation is more evident in scenarios 2 and 3 (i.e., projections at 5 and 10 years).
Fig. 8 shows the results for electrical conductivity for the different scenarios simulated. The highest values of conductivity correspond to scenarios e0 and e1 (current and year two) due to the low remotion rates. The lowest values of conductivity were in scenarios e2 and e3 (years five and ten) where the WWTP of Bello is operating. The discharge of the future WWTP in Bello causes the conductivity to increases and moves northwards.
Like the ISS parameter, there is not a significant recovery in conductivity, as it was obtained for BOD near to km 48 of the river. This is due to the lack of real data about removal percentages for this variable with the WWTP of Bello operating.
Fig. 9, shows the results from the model for BMWP/Col in the different scenarios. From this graph, a marked deterioration in km 10 is observed, which corresponds with the place where the tributaries Chuscala, La Miel y La Valeria enters into the river, then a recovery is achieved near km 15. In km 23, BMWP/Col reduces again; in these kilometers is located the discharge of WWTP San Fernando. From this point the biological component that represents this BMWP/Col, shows a slight improvement until km 33 where the parameter decreases again due to the discharge of "K-33 Interceptors" of waste water at this point for scenarios 0 and 1 (current and 2 year scenarios). From this point, there is a constant trend in this variable in the more critical stretch of the river.
In terms of BOD5, in the first 19 km, there are no significant changes in the behavior of this parameter between the current and proposed future scenarios, with a slight peak near Km 10, where tributaries La Miel, La Valeria and La Chuscala enter the river (Fig. 5). La Chuscala tributary receives the discharge of a collector of wastewater in the Mandaly neighborhood (municipality of Caldas), which has a high concentration of organic matter as a product of the agricultural and domestic activities that occur in this watershed. By comparing scenarios e1, e2 and e3 with the actual scenario it is evident that BOD5 concentration has variations in the first kilometers with removal percentages between 40% and 60%, respectively. Therefore, all the efforts in these kilometers should be directed towards the completion of the collectors of domestic wastewater [3], which are planned by the municipality of Caldas and with actions focused on water resource protection.
Future scenarios show a significant decrease in the concentrations of BOD5, compared with the current conditions scenario e0.
It is remarkable the reduction that is observe between km 33 and km 48, as a result of the connection of the sewer interceptors of EPM with the projected WWTP of Bello. Also, with the removal of load in terms of BOD5 in some tributaries such as La Rosa, La Madera, El Hato, La Garcia, La Señorita, Rodas and Piedras Blancas, which are located in this section of the river.
The results support the need to continue with the works to collect the wastewater and with the construction of the WWTP Bello, in order to reduce the load in terms of BOD5, and to continue with the cleaning of the tributaries, to collect wastewater and to prevent direct discharge to the water source, similar effects are presented by Holguín for the Cauca River in the city of Cali [20].
The increase in solids that occurs around km 10, can be explained as a result of the arrival into the river of the tributaries La Minita, La Miel, La Valeria and The Chuscala (Fig. 6). These tributaries introduce large amounts of suspended solids into the water as a result of erosive processes generated in the upper parts of these watersheds and from the direct input of wastewater from the municipality of Caldas through collectors, which are still disconnected from the WWTP in San Fernando.
The increase in the Inorganic Suspended Solids (ISS), close to km 29, is a response of the tributaries that arrive in this section of the river, such as Altavista, La Picacha and La Hueso, which are very important tributaries in terms of distributing solid loads into the river. The high content of solids in these tributaries is not only due to erosive phenomena in the streams but is also related with poor land planning as well as soil uses in the catchments, also in these tributaries the mining to extract construction materials is high. In Km 33, the simulation for future scenarios (specially e3) shows a clear reduction in the load of solids. This reduction can be the result of the connection of the interceptors to the future WWTP of Bello and therefore a reduction of the direct discharges into the Aburrá-Medellín River. In addition, the reduction can be explained due to the significant reductions in discharges in the tributaries. In the base scenario (e0), there is no change in the model for the amount of solids in the river. For scenarios e2 and e3, there is an increment in the solids concentration, basically for the arrival of some tributaries to the river: El Hato, La García and la Madera. In these tributaries, despite the fact they are modeled with a reduction in pollutants, the reduction is not enough to make a significant change in the water quality, due to the high concentrations of solids that they have. Such concentrations are not mainly associated to the domestic wastewater, but with the mining in order to extract construction materials.
Despite discharges of wastewater from the municipality of Caldas, dissolved oxygen is presented in the river until km 15 (Fig. 7). This is because the slope of the river in this segment promotes the oxygenation of the water body. Later, in the river a reduction in the oxygen concentration is observed, with the lowest concentrations around the location of the discharges of the interceptors, which transports much of the wastewater of the region near km 33 (Metro's Caribe Station). From that point, a slight recovery occurs and then decreases again due to an increased load that does not allow re-oxygenation, despite the fact that the slope at this point is still significant and the presence of hydraulic jumps in this part of the river. Between km 33 and km 48 the most critical section of the river is located, which is consistent with the behavior of BOD5 and solids, reflecting the impact of the income of wastewaters into the water body, which deteriorates its quality [17,21]. It is necessary to remark on the fact that despite the improvement of sanitation in the tributaries as it was set up in the model for scenarios e2 and e3, a significant recovery for future values of dissolved oxygen in the critical section of the river is not seen. Aiming to find an ideal scenario, in which the levels of DO were acceptable in the critical section, it was found that it is necessary to collect a minimum of 80% of the wastewater to achieve this goal.
Scenarios e0 and e1 return the highest values of electric conductivity along the river, due to the low removal percentages for this variable (Fig. 8). These results show a sustained increase in the concentration value that occurs from km 15 to km 33 near the location of the interceptors. Results that can be associated in large part to the city domestic discharges , which are not yet transported into a WWTP. It is also important to note that the electrical conductivity is a dynamic parameter with a different peak in time for each monitoring station depending on the time of day and it is closely related to human activity in the city. Scenarios e2 and e3 show a decrease in electrical conductivity, due to the projected connection of the interceptors to the WWTP of Bello, demonstrating the recovery that the river would have in this segment with the implementation of the PSMV. However, for these two scenarios, the most critical conditions are given by the discharge of the WWTP of Bello, which because of the significant volume of water to be discharged in this plant generates a significant impact on the river.
Overall, the impact of the more significant tributaries of the river on the macro invertebrate community were observed, highlighting the variable BMWP/Col as an indicator to complement the physicochemical analysis of the river (Fig. 9). To recover the diversity and abundance of macro invertebrates (biological quality) in the channelized segment of the river, it is necessary not only to recover the water quality of the river and its tributaries, it is also necessary to implement other strategies associated with the hydraulics of the channel [22,23]. Measurements such as the reduction of the water velocity (a variable that was not considered in the calculations due to the lack of information) must be implemented. What is concluded here is that despite the operation of the WWTP there is still a missing component to improve and it is the availability of natural habitats and colonization substrates and to have structures to protect them [24].
Analyzing the results of the model in terms of BOD5, the reduction of this parameter is clear, the highest reductions are achieved when the interceptors were simulated to be connected to the future WWTP in Bello, this was done in scenarios 2 and 3. Scenario 1 only presents a small reduction in concentration of BOD5 due to the sanitation in the tributaries according to the PSMV until the year 2014. This reflects the right decision of EPM to prioritize investment to the construction of the treatment plant to improve the quality of the river. This action is suggested in Colombia due to the limited resources available for reorganizing current and / or treatment wastewater plants [25].
In terms of suspended solids, alternatives e2 and e3 allow reductions in the concentration of this parameter, mainly due to the proposed reduction in the tributaries. Scenario e1 is the worst scenario in terms of solids due to the low reductions assumed on it. It is important to remark that the most critical section of the river for water quality in terms of BOD5 and ISS is located from km 29 to km 48. This situation has a direct relation with the arrival of some main tributaries on the river such as: La Hueso, La Iguaná, Santa Elena, La Rosa, La Madera, El Hato, La García, La Señorita y La Seca, among others. Even though, in the simulated scenarios a certain removal of pollutants was assumed for the sanitation in these tributaries, the assumed percentage was not enough to fully recover the river, especially in terms of ISS. These results show that despite all the efforts that can be made in terms of infrastructure to collect and to treat wastewater, simultaneously, it is essential to initiate actions focusing on environmental education and culture [26], regulatory/incentive policies, proper management of quarries and mining, prevention and mitigation works to avoid erosion and also a suitable land use scheme [27].
Finally, according to the variation obtained from BMWP/Col River's profile in the different scenarios modeled, it is difficult to reach values higher than 15 in the urbanized section, which allow the classification to change from "heavily contaminated (<15)" to "very polluted (16-35)" (ranges established in the biotic index) [28,29]. From the results of the model for the different scenarios it was observed that even though the improvement in water quality on the river and its tributaries and the interconnection of the interceptor with the future WWTP of Bello, the increase in BMWP/col index is minimum. This situation leads to the conclusion that parallel to the improvement in water quality of the tributaries, changes are also required in the hydraulic of the river to create proper conditions that favor the development of the entire life cycle of organisms. So, it is necessary to improve the availability of natural substrates of colonization and structures that enhance its protection.
We want to express our acknowledgments to the University of Antioquia, to the research group GIGA, to the environmental authority (Área Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá) and to the engineers Yaneth Daza and James Londoño for their support, advice and contributions to this experimental work.
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[21] Kuzniar, A., Kowalczk, A. and Kostuch, M., Long term water quality monitoring of a transboundary river. Pol. J. Environ Stud, 23 (3), pp. 1009-1015, 2015. [ Links ]
[22] Steinman, A. and McIntire, D., Effects of current velocity and light energy of the structure of periphyton assemplages in laboratory stream, Journal of Phycology, 22 (3), pp.352-361, 1986. DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.1986.tb00035.x [ Links ]
[23] Oscoz, J. and Escala, M., Efecto de la contaminación y regulación del caudal sobre la comunidad de macroinvertebrados bentónicos del tramo bajo del río Larraun (norte de España), Ecologia, 20, pp. 245-256, 2006. [ Links ]
[24] Gómez, N., Sierra, M.V., Cortelezzi, A. and Rodrigues, C.A., Effects of discharges from the textile industry on the biotic integrity of benthic assemblages. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 69, pp. 472-479, 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.03.007 [ Links ]
[25] Camacho, L. y Cantor, M., Calibración y análisis de la capacidad predictiva de modelos de transporte de solutos en un río de montaña colombiano. Avances en Recursos Hidráulicos, 14, pp. 39-51, 2006. [ Links ]
[26] Espinosa, E. y Reynoso, E., La importancia de la educación no formal para el desarrollo humano sustentable en México, Revista Iberoamericana de Educación Superior, 5 (12), pp. 137-155, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/S2007-2872(14)71947-X [ Links ]
[27] Erola, A. and Randhir, T., Watershed ecosystem modeling of land-use impacts on water quality, Ecological Modelling, 270, pp. 54-63, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.09.005 [ Links ]
[28] Alba-Tercedor, J., Macroinvertebrados acuáticos y calidad de las aguas de los ríos. IV Simposio del agua en Andalucía (SIAGA). Almería., España, 2, pp. 203-213, 1996. [ Links ]
[29] Roldan, G., Bioindicación de la calidad del agua en Colombia. Uso del método BMWP/Col. Editorial Universidad de Antioquia. Medellín, 2003. [ Links ]
L.C. Giraldo-Buitrago, received the BSc. degree in Sanitary Engineering in 1999, the MSc. degree in Envonmental Engineering in 2004, and the PhD. degree in Engineering in 2013, all of them from the Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia. Currently, she is a full professor in the Sanitary in Engineering Department, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia His research interests include: water quiality, water modeling and solid waste.
R.A. Agudelo-García, received the BSc. degree in Sanitary Engineering in 1984, the MSc. degree in Envonmental Engineering in 1994, both from the Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia and the MSc. degree in urban and regional studies in 1998. Currently, he is a full professor in the Sanitary Engineering in Department, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia. His research interests include: water quality, solid waste and planning.
R.D. Molina, received the BSc. degree in Sanitary Engineering in 2006, the MSc. degree in Environmental Engineering in 2009, both from the Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia. Currently, he is a professor in the Sanitary Engineering in Department, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia. His research interests include: water quality and programming.
C.P. Tobon, received the BSc. degree in Civil Engineering in 1994 from Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín Colombia. The MSc. degree in Civil Engineering in 1996 from Universidad de Los Andes. Bogotá, Colombia, and the PhD. degree in Engineering in 2002 from a "sandwich program" between National Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín Colombia and University of Kiel, Germany. He is a full professor in the Department, Facultad de Ingeniería of the Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia. His research interests include: hydrodynamic models for simulation of flow in coastal, rivers, groundwater and atmospheric. Oil spill and water quality modelling. Design of hydraulic structures, hydrologic studies, design of water supply and sewage pipes.
Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellin
Calle 59A No 63 - 20
Bloque 42
cenpubli@unalmed.edu.co


text:
Park Academy Class of 2018
May 31, 2018 Uncategorized college, graduate by Linda West
We are proud to share with you Park Academy's Class of 2018!
Thalia Hastings
Having a passion for fashion, Lia's favorite subject at Park Academy would be art, where she has learned new techniques and approaches to creating new designs. Lia will be pursuing a career in the fashion industry. She has been dreaming of becoming a fashion designer before she could even talk. Known at Park Academy for her exquisite and keen eye for style, Lia has had an important role in decorating and event planning, from the classroom to our annual prom party. Lia's artistic talents have appeared on posters and programs for school throughout her four years at Park Academy. You may have seen her evening gown project on display in the front hall. She is part of a student design team working on a Zen garden that will be installed at Park Academy. She is currently taking a color theory class at the Art Institute of Portland where she will be attending full time in their Apparel Design Program. She plans to take Marketing and French classes at PCC as well. After completion of her degree and development of her portfolio, which she has initiated here at Park Academy, she hopes to continue on to the Parsons School of Design in New York City. She hopes to one day be living and working in Milan, Italy, designing gowns that will be worn on the red carpet or shown on display at museums.
Favorite Quote: "What you wear is how you present yourself to the world, especially today, when human contacts are so quick. Fashion is instant language." –Miuccia Prada
Chris Needham
Chris has really enjoyed his history and literature classes here at Park Academy, appreciating learning to see problems from multiple perspectives. He has also enjoyed robotics, sign language and the variety of activities and sports in physical education class. He likes his teachers because they know their subject areas and are also understanding, caring human beings. Chris's interest in helping others has drawn him to a career in fire science, which he describes as both cool and exhilarating. One of his favorite memories from high school was going to Portland Community College's Cascade campus and visiting the Emergency Services Department. Learning about being an Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) and trying on the fire fighter's protective uniform, in particular, sparked his interest and gave him a sense of what it means to be a firefighter. He looks forward to doing a ride along with the Lake Oswego Fire Department this summer. Chris is on a management training track in his current position at Domino's Pizza. He plans on working and attending Portland Community College in the fall.
Henry Pope
At Park Academy for eight years, Henry holds the honor of being the longest enrolled student at Park Academy! As the school has grown, he has enjoyed the addition of one or two teachers each year because, as he says, "it is always good to meet new people and see new faces." Henry is a guy with a big heart, as evidenced daily when he works as a teacher assistant with the lower school PE class. The kids really look up to him, in more ways than one!
As many know, Henry has a passion for nice cars and the Boston Celtics basketball team. He has a wealth of information and statistics on both subjects that he can share at the drop of a hat! While at Park Academy, Henry has enjoyed art and geography, and gained a deeper understanding of poetry. He has performed with the high school band and is an avid tennis player.
Henry is enjoying his first class this spring term at Clackamas Community College, where he will be attending full time in the fall in the Auto Body Repair program. He is currently working at a tire center and has learned an important lesson about what it takes to be a business owner. As his boss says "you have to be patient with other people and they have to be patient with you." His dream is to one day have his own Auto Detailing business and a nice car—or a fleet of cars ("it could happen")!
Favorite quote, Larry Bird, formerly with the Boston Celtics: "Push yourself again and again; don't give an inch until the buzzer sounds".
Joe Serban
Being a small, personalized school, Joe describes Park Academy as providing a good transition from the one-on-one environment of his home schooling experience. He has enjoyed his Careers Class, working closely with Mr. Devers and sharing a mutually jovial relationship. Joe has also enjoyed culinary arts and leadership. Joe is preparing for a tough last week of final exams but appreciates the preparation time and assistive technology that is available.
Joe has been an avid fencer since he was 8 years old and saw the sport at the Beijing Olympics on TV. He has been involved in fencing ever since, the last five years on a rigorous five days a week practice schedule with tournaments on the weekend. Fencing has taught him the discipline of mind, body and behavior: exercising patience and demonstrating respect for every opponent. His efforts resulted in his going to Nationals five times and participating in the Junior Olympics 3 separate times in Kansas, Cleveland and Memphis. He is undecided about the role fencing plays in the future but, as he says, "I'll carry the lessons it has taught me for the rest of my life."
This summer, Joe will be taking a vacation in southern California and getting his driver's license. In the fall, he will be attending Portland Community College studying Fire Protection Technology. He will go on a ride along with the Lake Oswego Fire Department soon. Joe intends to be a firefighter and live in the Portland area.
Malachi Simnitt
Malachi has enjoyed his time at Park Academy and, in particular, the whole social atmosphere because people are friendly and nice here. As he describes it, being a smaller school, enables everybody to know each other and get along. He has learned so much through his high school years–his favorite subject has been science, and especially enjoys biology and chemistry.
Malachi has had quite an exceptional spring: He recently earned his Eagle Scout Award with troop A71. His Eagle project involved sewing 80 sleeping pads and conducting a dog food drive, filling the storage room at the Oregon Dog Rescue, a no-kill shelter in Tualatin.
He helped to plan, decorate and attended Park Academy Prom Party, "A Roaring Good Time" with a 1920's theme. He played Chino in the Park Academy production of "West Side Story". Malachi most recently finished first in state with his rugby team, The Beaverton Barbarians. He has been a member of this club team all through high school, garnering a state play-off spot all fours years, taking first place in the state of Oregon three times!
Malachi will be attending Portland Community College in the fall with The Oregon Promise Scholarship. He will be working on his general requirements and exploring his options for a career in the medical field.
Favorite Quote, Mahatma Ghandi: "Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever."
Alexander Skirvin
Alex is finishing up his third year at Park Academy and his third term at Portland Community College!
Alex has had a busy senior year and is immersed in his transition to "life after high school". He carries a solid schedule of classes at Park Academy and has enjoyed videography, robotics and leadership.
Alex has been employed for several years, currently holds a position as PC sales consultant at Best Buy, and has completed four classes towards his Associate of Arts degree at PCC. He plans to continue with his associate degree, transferring to a four-year college in the future.
Jack Zaninovich
Jack really enjoys and appreciates the teachers at Park Academy. They have supported him through academic and personal challenges.
Jack will be attending OIT (Oregon Institute of Technology) in the fall where he plans to major in computer science. He looks forward to exploring his career options and determining his career goal. He is excited to attend one of the Northwest's top polytechnic universities and looks forward to an engaging environment, closely aligned with the needs of tomorrow. Jack is interested in learning a world language and will be studying Japanese this summer at Portland Community College's Sylvania campus.
A highlight of Jack's high school years was his work last summer with the Northwest Youth Corps. A hard worker, Jack enjoyed his experience living and working as part of a team in the Wenatchee National Forest in Washington. The impact on Jack was profound and as he describes: "The experience made me realize I value the planet I live on."
Jack's favorite quote, by Albert Camus:
"Don't walk in front of me, I may not follow.
Don't walk behind me, I may not lead.
Just walk beside me and be my friend".
Stay in touch Graduates! We cannot wait to see what the future has in store for each and everyone of you. Congratulations to our new Park Academy alumni!
To The Class of 2018…

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This is an oil painting that Julia created in 1978. She finds it interesting to look back at how tight and realistic she used to render her subjects, and likes to compare it to her recent work, "Pear II" from 2001.
Edition Size: 200, Image Size: 10" x 8"


Yesterday was hubby's birthday! We celebrated with Star Wars cupcakes and watched some of Episode IV.
Happy birthday to a wonderful husband and father! I'm glad to be with you on this crazy adventure! Love you!


Jane Jones (Manchester Met. University - Cheshire campus) created an event.
Manchester Metropolitan University is the market lead in higher and degree apprenticeships and has been selected as one of the national trail-blazers for degree apprenticeships.


Carrara Studio 3 ($399), from Eovia (www.eovia.com): Carrara Studio 3 is an exceptional value, and its new features, particularly in rendering and modeling, make the midlevel 3-D program faster and more sophisticated ( March 2004 ).
ImageModeler 3.5 ($750), from Realviz (www.realviz.com): This fun tool for making 3-D models from photographs may be pricey for hobbyists. But for architects, product designers, and animators, ImageModeler 3.5 is a great buy ( September 2003 ).
MotionBuilder 5 ($995), from Kaydara (www.kaydara.com): As a tool for creating real-time 3-D character animation, MotionBuilder 5 is unbeatable. It's also an excellent complement to other 3-D packages (April 2004).
Pixels 3D 5.0 ($399), from Pixels Digital (www.pixels3d.com): Although this 3-D program doesn't provide the ultimate tool set for making 3-D animations and still images, it's certainly an excellent choice for beginners ( December 2003 ).
ZBrush 1.5 ($399), from Pixologic (www.pixologic.com): If you need an easy-to-use 3-D–modeling facility, ZBrush is a great tool to have, as long as it isn't the only 3-D brush in your tool kit. ( July 2003 ).
imp ($30), from SiK (www.sik.com): This iPod power adapter for your car is unique in that it provides third-generation iPods (with Dock) with a line-level output jack ( March 2004 ).
inMotion ($149), from Altec Lansing Technologies (www.alteclansing.com): If you're looking for external speakers to use with your iPod, look no further than inMotion. This portable unit is small, light, and easy to tote around, and it lets you listen to your iPod without the hassle of earphones ( April 2004 ).
iPods, third generation ($299 to $499), from Apple Computer (www.apple.com): Apple's new players are a solid improvement over the old. A smaller size and a new button layout make them refined; updated software makes them easier to use ( July 2003 ).
Mini-Me ($1,495), from Apogee Digital (www.apogee digital.com): A professional-quality digital-analog converter at a professional price. The converter requires a computer-based USB port and works well in both OS 9 and OS X, though there are some limitations on its use in the latter ( October 2003 ).
PocketDock ($19), from SendStation (www.sendstation.com): This tiny adapter for the new iPods with dock connectors provides them with a FireWire port. Anything you could do with an older iPod, you can now do with the newer ones and the PocketDock ( January 2004 ).
PowerMate ($45), from Griffin Technology (www.griffintechnology.com): It looks like a mad scientist's panic button, but the PowerMate is a USB controller that you can program for just about any application to scrub audio, scroll through documents, and more ( June 2003 ).
PowerWave ($100), from Griffin Technology (www.griffintechnology.com): The USB-based PowerWave is a great way to get a little more audio into and out of your Mac, with no drivers required ( June 2003 ).
Pyramat PM300 ($150), from Pyramat (www.pyramat.com): It's a three-cushion mat! It's a subwoofer and pair of speakers! It's both! For those who like foldable furniture and also like to feel every thump of the bass right between their shoulder blades, this reclining wonder is for you (November 2003).
Squeezebox ($299), from Slim Devices (www.slim devices.com): It's the perfect device for anyone who wants a seamless stereo-component experience from an iTunes music collection. Its advantages include wireless networking and the ability to play uncompressed audio ( April 2004 ).
B4 ($235), from Native Instruments (www.native-instruments.com): B4 is a virtual instrument that beautifully re-creates the sound of a Hammond B3 organ. Its clean and mesmerizing sounds are excellently true to life ( March 2004 ).
Digital Performer 4.1 ($795), from Mark of the Unicorn.
iTunes 4 (free), from Apple Computer (www.apple.com): If you're interested in improved sound quality with AAC files, want to browse and buy from the iTunes Music Store, or would like to share music, you'll dig iTunes 4 (July 2003).
Live 2.1 ($399), from Ableton (www.ableton.com): DJs and live musicians will love Live's ease of use, implementation of OS X music technologies, and cool Tap Tempo feature. Version 2.1 adds enhancements like multichannel audio-input and -output support for Digidesign hardware, support for Rewire, and a snappier response time ( November 2003 ).
Lounge Lizard EP-2 ($249), from Applied Acoustics Systems (www.applied-acoustics.com): This virtual instrument produces great Rhodes electric-piano sound and has excellent presets and parameter controls ( March 2004 ).
MasterWriter ($289), from MasterWriter (www.master writer.com): This songwriting utility features thorough rhyme generation and filtering to help lyricists get past writer's block. In addition, a useful date-of-creation registry service helps lyricists take credit for their creations ( November 2003 ).
Nicecast ($30), from Rogue Amoeba (www.rogueamoeba.com): Nicecast lets you set up your Mac to stream audio over the Internet. It's simple but powerful -- the best streaming-audio solution for Mac OS X ( March 2004 ).
Phrazer 2.0 ($299), from BitHeadz (www.bitheadz.com): This loop-based sequencing application works reasonably well in Mac OS 9, but it doesn't support MIDI input or audio input in Mac OS X ( July 2003 ).
Pro Tools LE 6 ($75), from Digidesign (www.digi design.com): Pro Tools LE 6 doesn't hold any surprises, but it does provide a comfortable transition to Mac OS X. Its new file-management tools and MIDI capabilities are excellent additions ( June 2003 ).
Sonicfire Pro 3 ($299), from SmartSound (www.smartsound.com): Sonicfire Pro 3 is a useful app for video pros who need to add high-quality, made-to-fit, royalty-free music scores to their productions ( November 2003 ).
SoundSoap 1.0 ($99), from Bias (www.bias-inc.com): This noise-reduction utility is simple enough for a preschooler to operate. If you want to remove hiss and hum from a recording, this is pretty much all you need. But if you want to enhance recordings, look to a more sophisticated product, such as Arboretum Systems' Ray Gun Pro X ( August 2003 ).
Soundtrack 1.0 ($299), from Apple Computer (www.apple.com): This addictive program lets you quickly create original, royalty-free music for video and multimedia projects. It won't instantly transform you into a pro musician, but its intuitive workflow does make creating music a pleasure ( December 2003 ).
Traktor DJ Studio 2.0 ($199), from Native Instruments (www.native-instruments.com): Traktor DJ Studio lets you mix, speed up or slow down, and apply cool filter effects to your songs. It's easy and fun to use, and it's a great alternative to lugging around your DJ hardware ( June 2003 ).
WireTap 1.0 (free), from Ambrosia Software (www.ambrosiasw.com): Although a number of tools out there let you capture audio on your Mac, the free WireTap is clearly the easiest to use ( January 2004 ).


text:
Home > School of Medicine and Health Sciences > Surgery > Faculty Publications > 3131
Surgery Faculty Publications
Rapid discontinuation of prednisone in higher-risk kidney transplant recipients
Khalid Khwaja, University of Minnesota Twin Cities
Massimo Asolati, University of Minnesota Twin Cities
James V. Harmon, University of Minnesota Twin Cities
J. Keith Melancon, University of Minnesota Twin Cities
Ty B. Dunn, University of Minnesota Twin Cities
Kristen J. Gillingham, University of Minnesota Twin Cities
Raja Kandaswamy, University of Minnesota Twin Cities
Abhinav Humar, University of Minnesota Twin Cities
Rainer W.G. Gruessner, University of Minnesota Twin Cities
William D. Payne, University of Minnesota Twin Cities
John S. Najarian, University of Minnesota Twin Cities
David L. Dunn, University of Minnesota Twin Cities
David E.R. Sutherland, University of Minnesota Twin Cities
Arthur J. Matas, University of Minnesota Twin Cities
10.1097/01.TP.0000136964.59494.FF
Immunosuppression
Prednisone-minimization protocols have been successful in low-risk recipients. We report on the use of a protocol incorporating rapid discontinuation of prednisone in a cohort of kidney transplant recipients (n = 79) at increased immunologic risk. Our data suggests that such recipients should not be excluded from prednisone-minimization protocols.
Khwaja, K., Asolati, M., Harmon, J., Melancon, J., Dunn, T., Gillingham, K., Kandaswamy, R., Humar, A., Gruessner, R., Payne, W., Najarian, J., Dunn, D., Sutherland, D., & Matas, A. (2004). Rapid discontinuation of prednisone in higher-risk kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation, 78 (9). http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.TP.0000136964.59494.FF


Hubert's Auto Care is proud to carry a wide selection of Kumho tires. We proudly serve customers in West Salem, WI, Onalaska, WI, La Crosse, WI and surrounding areas by fitting all types of vehicles with the best tires.
When you're ready to put durable, long lasting tires on your vehicle, come to Hubert's Auto Care. Our professionals will help you choose the best Kumho tires for your needs and your vehicle. Contact us online or visit us today to get started on your search for new tires.


Discover deals and discounts from the top ski resorts in Utah. Save on everything from ski passes and equipment rentals to dining and lodging.
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Reserve now and save 25% off all your rental needs with Promo Code: SKIUTAH. Southtowne shop farthest south in the Salt Lake Valley - serving the Cottonwood Canyon resorts.
Explore nine Davis County golf courses with one easy-to-use mobile passport.
Ski and ride until closing day in April 2019 (exact closing date TBD) with Brighton's spring pass - on sale for $199.
Snowbird's $599 Spring Pass gives you full access to the Tram and chairlifts any day of the week starting March 1 through the end of the season.
Save 25% off winter stays of 4 nights or more. Offer is valid for travel with select accommodations through March 9, 2018. Blackout Dates Apply.
Buy date-specific lift tickets online and save up to 20%. Simply choose the dates you want to ski and see how much you can save.
Save 25% Ski Rentals When Reserved Online. We have skis and snowboards for all abilities. We have premier skis and snowboards for rent at the best prices for all abilities.
Book a 4-night or more Park City winter getaway and save 25% off select properties.
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text:
Q: Can't install gtk-mac-integration I don't understand the error because it appears to be requiring a version of the same package that I'm trying to install.
$ cabal install gtk-mac-integration
Resolving dependencies...
[1 of 2] Compiling SetupWrapper     ( /var/folders/cU/cUDMo9+9Gl817+j+h1DAvk+++TI/-Tmp-/gtk-mac-integration-0.1.0.46479/gtk-mac-integration-0.1.0.4/SetupWrapper.hs, /var/folders/cU/cUDMo9+9Gl817+j+h1DAvk+++TI/-Tmp-/gtk-mac-integration-0.1.0.46479/gtk-mac-integration-0.1.0.4/dist/setup/SetupWrapper.o )
[2 of 2] Compiling Main             ( /var/folders/cU/cUDMo9+9Gl817+j+h1DAvk+++TI/-Tmp-/gtk-mac-integration-0.1.0.46479/gtk-mac-integration-0.1.0.4/Setup.hs, /var/folders/cU/cUDMo9+9Gl817+j+h1DAvk+++TI/-Tmp-/gtk-mac-integration-0.1.0.46479/gtk-mac-integration-0.1.0.4/dist/setup/Main.o )
Linking /var/folders/cU/cUDMo9+9Gl817+j+h1DAvk+++TI/-Tmp-/gtk-mac-integration-0.1.0.46479/gtk-mac-integration-0.1.0.4/dist/setup/setup ...
[1 of 2] Compiling Gtk2HsSetup      ( Gtk2HsSetup.hs, dist/setup-wrapper/Gtk2HsSetup.o )
[2 of 2] Compiling Main             ( SetupMain.hs, dist/setup-wrapper/Main.o )
Linking dist/setup-wrapper/setup ...
Configuring gtk-mac-integration-0.1.0.4...
setup: The pkg-config package gtk-mac-integration version >=0.9.6 is required
but it could not be found.
cabal: Error: some packages failed to install:
gtk-mac-integration-0.1.0.4 failed during the configure step. The exception
was:
ExitFailure 1

A: It doesn't want the Haskell package gtk-mac-integration, it wants the system package gtk-mac-integration. That is, the Haskell package you're trying to install is just a binding to the gtk-mac-integration library (which I think is bundled with GTK+); you'll have to install it separately before you can install the Haskell package.
If you already have GTK+ installed, then the problem is that the pkg-config tool Cabal uses to find external library dependencies can't find the corresponding .pc files for the library. I don't know how to fix that, though; at least not without more details.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Digital media agency Webchutney has settled its legal dispute over unpaid dues with Reliance ADA group's gaming company Zapak Digital Entertainment Ltd.
Webchutney had purchased ad space on Zapak's website for its clients but allegedly did not clear dues with Zapak Digital. Following this, Zapak Digital had filed a petition in the Delhi High Court for winding up of Web Chutney Studio Pvt Ltd, according to this report.
The matter was settled after Webchutney agreed to pay the dues, as per the report.
Webchutney is one of the large digital media agencies in India, known for its viral videos. Founded in 1999 its key clients include big ad spenders such as Unilever, P&G, HP, Airtel and Microsoft, among others.
Zapak Digital Entertainment Ltd is an online gaming website, established in 2005. It has 8 million registered gamers with interests in online gaming, social gaming, subscription gaming service, gaming cafés, physical games retail/distribution, MMOG publishing and mobile gaming.
A subsidiary of Reliance Entertainment it recently launched a new subscription based gaming service called Zapak Plus.


The educational challenges of the Central Valley can only be overcome with passionate, creative, hard-working teachers. We are looking for a few people like that to teach classes at the Shafter Learning Center. We value talent and work to provide an atmosphere that is ideal for teaching and learning. All of our classes are limited to 15 students. Standard materials (writing paper, pencils, instructor whiteboard, markers, eraser, instructor computer with projector) are provided. Internet connected laptops are also available for each student. Funding for additional materials for special projects is available. A teaching credential is not required. Our teachers work on a contract basis. Compensation is competitive.
Maintain high levels of student engagement and parent satisfaction (Classes are voluntary. Students need to enjoy them and parents need to find them worthwhile).
To submit an application, complete and submit the form below and email a resume to David Franz by the application due date. If you have taught with us in the past year, a resume is not necessary.
What experience or education has prepared you to teach this course?
Thank you! Don't forget to email your resume at info@shafterlearning.com by the due date to complete your application.


A. Meler, J.A. Ruiz-Hernandez, J.L. Crowley, "Probabilistic Model of Error in Fixed-Point Arithmetic Gaussian Pyramid", Fifth IEEE Workshop on Embedded Computer Vision (ECVW09), Kyoto, Japan, Octobre 2009.
G. Alenya, A. Negre and J. L. Crowley, "Time To Contact for Obstacle Avoidance", European Conference on Mobile Robotics, ECMR 2009, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 22-25 October 2009.
G. Alenya, A. Negre and J. L. Crowley, "A Comparison of Three Methods for Measure of Time to Contact", IEEE Conference on Intelligent Robotics and Systems, IROS 2009, St. Louis, Oct. 2009.
J-A Ruiz-Alexandre, A. Lux, A. Meler and JL Crowley, Face Recognition using Tensors of Census Transform Histograms from Gaussian Features Maps, 2009 British Machine Vision Conference, BMVC'09, London, 7-10 Sept 2009.
J. A. Ruiz Hernandez, A. Lux, J. L. Crowley, "Face Detection by Cascade of Gaussian Derivatives Classifiers Calculated with a Half-Octave Pyramid", IEEE Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition", FG08, Amsterdam, Sep 2008.
S. Zaidenberg, P. Reignier, J. L. Crowley, "Reinforcement Learning of Context Models for a Ubiquitous Personal Assistant", Advances in Soft Computing, Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, Volume 51, page 254-264, september 2008.
R. Barraquand and J. L. Crowley, "Learning Polite Behavior with Situation Models", 3rd International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, HRI 2008, Amsterdam 12-15 March 2008.
A. Negre, J. Crowley, and C. Laugier. Scale invariant segment detection and tracking. In Proc. of the Int. Symp. on Experimental Robotics, Athens, Greece, jul 2008.
S. Zaidenberg, P. Reignier, J. L. Crowley, "An Architecture for Ubiquitous Applications", IWUC '07, The 4th International Workshop on Ubiquitous Computing, IWUC 2007, 12-13 June, 2007 - Madeira - Portugal, Volume 1, page 86-95, June 2007.
J. L. Crowley, "Autonomic Computer Vision Systems", International Conference on vision Systems, ICVS 07, Bielefeld Germany, March 07.
O. Brdiczka, J. Maisonnasse, P. Reignier, J.L. Crowley Extracting Activities from Multimodal Observation, In KES2006 10th International Conference on Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, Bournemouth, UK., October 2006.
A. Negre, C. Braillon, J. L. Crowley, C. Laugier, "Real-time Time-To-Collision from variation of Intrinsic Scale", in: Proc. of the Int. Symp. on Experimental Robotics, Rio de Janeiro (BR), July 2006.
O. Brdiczka, J. Maisonnasse, P. Reignier, and J. L. Crowley. Learning individual roles from video in a smart home. In Proceedings of 2nd IET International Conference on Intelligent Environments, volume 1, pages 61--69. IET, jul 2006.
O. Brdiczka, J. Maisonnasse, P. Reignier, J.L. Crowley, "Extracting Activities from Multimodal Observation", KES2006 10th International Conference on Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, Bournemouth, UK., October 2006.
J. L. Crowley, O. Brdiczka, and P. Reignier. "Learning Situation Models for Understanding Activity", 5th International Conference on Development and Learning 2006 (ICDL06), Bloomington, Il., USA, June 2006.
S. Zaidenberg, O. Brdiczka, P. Reignier, and J.L. Crowley. "Learning context models for the recognition of scenarios". In 3rd IFIP Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications and Innovations (AIAI) 2006, Athens, Greece, June 2006.
S. Borkowski, J. Maisonnasse, J. Letessier, and J. L. Crowley. "Exploiter des interfaces mobiles dans le cadre d´un travail collaborative co-present". 18e Conference Francophone en Interaction Homme Machine, IHM, Quebec, June 2006.
S. Zaidenberg, O. Brdiczka, P. Reignier, and J.L. Crowley. Learning context models for the recognition of scenarios. In 3rd IFIP Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications & Innovations (AIAI) 2006, Athens, Greece, June 2006.
N. Gourier, J. Maisonnasse, D. Hall, J.L. Crowley "Head Pose Estimation on Low Resolution Images In CLEAR '06", Classification of Events, Activities and Relationships, South Hampton, UK, April 2006.
O. Brdiczka, P. Reignier, J. L. Crowley, D. Vaufreydaz, and J. Maisonnasse, "Deterministic and probabilistic implementation of context", In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications, March 2006.
D. Hall, R. Emonet, and J. L. Crowley, "An automatic approach for parameter selection in self-adaptive tracking." In International Conference on Computer Vision Theory and Applications (VISAPP), Setubal, Portugal, Feb. 2006.
S. Borkowski, J. Letessier, F. Bérard, and J. L. Crowley. "User centric design of a vision system for interactive applications", In 2006 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Systems, ICVS'06, pp 9-16. IEEE Computer Society Press, 2006.
F. Metze, P. Gieselmann, H. Holzapfel, T. Kluge, I. Rogina, A. Waibel, M. Wolfel, J. L. Crowley, P. Reignier, D. Vaufreydaz, F. Berard, B. Cohen, J. Coutaz, S. Rouillard, V. Arranz, M. Bertran, and H. Rodriguez. "The FAME Interactive Space", MMMI'05, Multimodal Interaction and Related Machine Learning Algorithms, Edinburgh, UK, July 2005.
A. Caporossi, D. Hall, P. Reignier and J. L. Crowley, "Visual Tracking in Video Sequences", in Pointing '04: International Workshop on Deictic Gestures", Cambridge, UK, Aug 2004.
S. Borkowski et J.L. Crowley, "Camera-projector sensing and actuating abilities", Polish National Robotics Conference, June 2004.
S. Borkowski, J. Letissier and J. L. Crowley, "Spatial Control of Interactive Surfaces in an Augmented Environment", European Conference on Human Computer Interaction, EHCI 04, July 2004.
S. Borkowski, S. Sabry, and J.L. Crowley, "Camera-projector sensing and actuating abilities", Polish National Robotics Conference, June 2004.
D. Hall and J. L. Crowley, "Detection de Visages par Charactéristiques Géneriques Calculées à Partir des Images de Luminance", RFIA, Reconnaissance des Formes et Intelligences Artificielle, Toulouse, Jan. 2004.
J. L. Crowley, "Context Driven Observation of Human Activity", European Symposium on Ambient Intelligence, Amsterdam, 3-5 November 2003.
D. Hall, F. Pelisson, O. Riff and J. L. Crowley, "Brand Identification Using Gaussian Derivative Histograms", International Conference on Vision Systems, ICVS-03, Graz, April 2003.
C. Le Gal, A E Ozcan, K Schwerdt, J L. Crowley, "A Sound MagicBoard", The Third International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces, ICMI-2000, Beijing China, 14-16 October 2000.
N. Duffy and J. L. Crowley, "Object Detection Using Colour", ICPR 2000, Barcelona september 2000.
G. D. Finlayson, B. Schiele and J. L. Crowley, "Comprehensive Color Image Normalisation", ECCV '98, Frieburg, June, 1998.
V. Colin de Verdière et J. L. Crowley, "Reconnaissance d'Objets par Apparence Locale", RFIA '98, Clermont-Ferrand, January 1998.
B. Schiele and J.L. Crowley,"Probabilistic Object Recognition using Mutidimensional Receptive Field Histograms", ICPR '96, Vienna, August 96.
G. Appenzeller and J. L. Crowley,"Experimental Performance Characterization of Adaptive Filters", ICPR '96, Vienna, August 96.
C. Colombo and J.L. Crowley,"Uncalibrated visual tasks via linear interaction", ECCV-'96, European Conference on Computer Vision, Cambridge UK, April '96.
G. Appenzeller and J. L. Crowley, "Automatic Parameter Control for Experimental Evaluation of Vision Systems", ACCV '95 (Asian Computer Vision Conference), Singapour, December 1995.
M. Mesrabi, J. L. Crowley and F. Chaumette, "Comparison of Kinematic and Visual Servoing for Fixation", IROS 95, Pittsburgh, August 1995.
J. L. Crowley, P. Bobet and C. Schmid,"Maintaining Stereo Calibration by Tracking Image Points", CVPR-93, New York, June 1993.
J. L. Crowley, P. Bobet et C. Schmid,"Dynamic Calibration of an Active Stereo Head", Fourth ICCV, International Conference on Computer Vision, Berlin, May 1993.
J. L. Crowley, P. Bobet et C. Schmid, "Auto-Calibration of a Stereo Head to Object Centered Reference Frames", Intelligent Autonomous Systems-IAS3, Pittsburgh, February 1993.
J. L. Crowley, P. Bobet and M. Mesrabi, "Gaze Control for a Binocular Camera Head", ECCV-2, Genova Italy, May 1992.
F. Chenavier and J. L. Crowley, "Position Estimation for a Mobile Robot Using Vision and Odometry", 1992 IEEE Conference on Robotics and Automation, Nice, May, 1992.
A. Chehikian and J. L. Crowley, "Fast Computation of Optimal Semi-Octave Pyramids. ", 7th S.C.I.A., Aalborg, August 1991.
J. L. Crowley and P. Bobet, "Dynamic World Modeling for a Mobile Robot by Fusing Ultrasound and Vertical Line Stereo", Intelligent Autonomous Robots Toulouse, October, 1989.
J. L. Crowley, "Coordination of Action and Perception in a Surveillance Robot", 1987 International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Kaufman Press, Milan, August 1987.
J. L. Crowley, "Dynamic World Modeling for an Intelligent Mobile Robot Using a Rotating Ultra-sonic Ranging Device", IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, St. Louis, March 1985.
J. L. Crowley, "World Modeling for an Intelligent Mobile Robot", 7th Int. Conf on Pattern Recognition, Montreal, July, 1984.
J. L. Crowley, "Multi-Resolution Representation and Probabilistic Matching of Gray Scale Shape", IEEE Conf. on Computer Vision, Representation and Control, Annapolis, March 1984.
J. L. Crowley,"A Computational Paradigm for 3-D Scene Analysis", IEEE Conf. on Computer Vision, Representation and Control, Annapolis, March 1984.
J. L. Crowley, "A Multi-Resolution Representation for Shape", IEEE Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Washington, June, 1983.
J. L. Crowley, "Analysis Synthesis and Evaluation of Linear Operators for Textures", IEEE Conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Processing (PRIP '78), Chicago, June, 1978.
Note that this last reference proposed the use of Gabor Wavelets as an image descriptor in 1978. The CVPR 83 reference proposed use of a scale invariant description based on "Natural Interest Points".


Lieutenant General Angus Campbell has delivered a strong and very public warning to ADF members not to engage in domestic violence. In an address at the National Press Club in Canberra, the army chief made it clear that an ADF member who was named as the respondent on a protection order could expect to face immediate action by the military authorities.
The army chief said that today's Australian soldiers are the most lethal this nation had ever fielded. They have each been given the skills, knowledge, weapons and communication systems to kill Australia's enemies more assuredly than any preceding generation. 'This is the grim reality of what's known as the science of war', he said.
Success in battle requires great self-discipline and a willingness to sacrifice for others, Campbell said.
Campbell said that last week he was surprised to read incorrect media reports saying that the army had stopped recruiting men. 'We haven't.' He said that on Friday he reviewed the graduation of the army's newest infantry soldiers at the School of Infantry, Singleton. Nineteen were men and two were women.
Campbell played a video titled Silence Is the Accomplice, produced by the army earlier this year, which gives accounts by four soldiers of their experience of domestic violence. 'Our aim in producing the video was to raise awareness of the impacts of family and domestic violence on individuals, their families and the Army as an organisation', he said. The video has been viewed more than 49,000 times on Facebook.
In 2016, Campbell ordered everyone in the army to watch the Four Corners documentary 'Hitting home' (about domestic violence) and to take part in a moderated discussion about it. 'It showed the effect that family and domestic violence, and its consequences, have on the wider community in which the Army is a significant national institution', he said.
Brendan Nicholson is the defence editor for The Strategist. Photo courtesy of the Department of Defence.


text:
FeaturedNeurologyNeuroscience
Mysteries About Leading Biomarker for Alzheimer's Solved
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Loss of Neurons, Not Lack of Sleep, Makes Alzheimer's Patients Drowsy
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Alpha2-NKA, a protein that drives toxicity in astrocytes, was discovered in higher levels of brain samples from people who died of PSP, Alzheimer's and other tau-related neurodegenerative disorders. Treatment with an FDA-approved drug called digoxin may suppress the inflamed astrocytes and halt disease progression for those with tauopathy disorders.


The game has ended between Israel Women and Austria Women.
Laura Feiersinger scores for Austria Women.
Verena Aschauer scores for Austria Women.
Sarah Puntigam scores for Austria Women from the penalty spot.
Nicole Billa scores for Austria Women.
The second half between Israel Women and Austria Women has started.
It is half-time between Israel Women and Austria Women.
Carina Wenninger scores for Austria Women.
Katharina Schiechtl scores for Austria Women.
The game between Israel Women and Austria Women has kicked off.


24 Channel View Crescent Management Company Limited is a Private Company Limited by Shares first registered on 23 October 1998. Its current registered address is in Bristol.
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text:
MIT-USAID Program Releases Pioneering Evaluation of Solar Lanterns
When a person lives on less than $2 a day — as some 2.7 billion people around the world do — there isn't room for a product like a solar lantern or a water filter to fail.
It's a challenge development agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and consumers themselves face every day: With so many products on the market, how do you choose the right one?
Now MIT researchers have released a report that could help answer that question through a new framework for technology evaluation. Their report — titled "Experimentation in Product Evaluation: The Case of Solar Lanterns in Uganda, Africa" — details the first experimental evaluations designed and implemented by the Comprehensive Initiative on Technology Evaluation (CITE), a U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)-supported program led by a multidisciplinary team of faculty, staff, and students.
Building an evaluation framework
CITE's framework is based on the idea that evaluating a product from a technical perspective alone is not enough, according to CITE Director Bishwapriya Sanyal, the Ford International Professor in MIT's Department of Urban Studies and Planning
"There are many products designed to improve the lives of poor people, but there are few in-depth evaluations of which ones work, and why," Sanyal says. "CITE not only looks at suitability — how well does a product work? — but also at scalability — how well does it scale? — and sustainability — does a product have sticking power, given social, economic, and environmental context?"
CITE seeks to integrate each of these criteria — suitability, scalability, and sustainability — to develop a deep understanding of what makes products successful in emerging economies. The program's evaluations and framework are intended to better inform the development community's purchasing decisions.
Source: MIT News (link opens in a new window)
energy, renewable energy, solar


text:
curl -L https://github.com/docker/compose/releases/download/1.6.2/docker-compose-`uname -s`-`uname -m` > /usr/local/bin/docker-compose
chmod +x /usr/local/bin/docker-compose
docker-compose --version

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Skokie Village automobile insurance companies offer great rates on coverage for Illinois drivers. Regardless of your driving record, when you comparison shop for a policy to fit your needs, you will save money. However, if you are a driver in Skokie Village who has never had to file a claim for an automobile accident, you may be surprised at how low your Skokie Village car insurance rates may be.
A driver who has never been involved in an automobile accident has a clean IL driving record. This type of safe driver has proven that he or she knows how to drive defensively, follow traffic laws and be cautious on Illinois roads.Illinois automobile insurance companies know that safe drivers pose less risk, so they cost less to insure. The savings are passed on to the consumer through discounts on automobile insurance rates.
If you are a cautious Skokie Village driver with a clean IL driving record, you can begin to save on your automobile insurance when you shop around for coverage. This website will put you in touch with multiple Skokie Village auto insurance companies what will offer free online quotes. You will be able to select a policy with the coverage you need at an inexpensive price without ever leaving your home in Skokie Village.
As a driver in Skokie Village with a good record, you will be able to save money on this type of coverage. In addition, you might even want to consider carrying higher amounts of liability coverage on your Skokie Village automobile insurance policy than the minimums required by law. The reason for this is that automobile accidents can result in high medical and property damage costs. Costs that exceed coverage must be paid out of pocket. Having extra coverage on your Skokie Village auto insurance policy can prevent a major financial burden for you and your family.
When you drive your automobile around Skokie Village, you will have a sense of confidence in knowing that you are protected if the unthinkable happens. However, you've proven yourself to be a cautious driver by having a safe driving record. If you continue to practice cautious driving techniques, you will also continue to enjoy low Skokie Village auto insurance rates.
When you have full coverage on your Skokie Village automobile insurance policy, your vehicle is protected if you are in an accident regardless of who is at fault. Full coverage includes collision that pays for repairs to your auto if you cause an accident. Comprehensive is also included and pays to replace your automobile if it is stolen, and covers damages caused by vandalism or acts of nature. You can chose deductibles that will increase or lower your premium costs. Basically, the higher the value of your auto, the lower your deductibles should be for the best protection and price.
In addition to collision and comprehensive coverage, you may have other auto insurance questions. There are additional types of coverage that will protect you even more as you drive in Skokie Village. With your good driving record, they will not cost too much to add to your Skokie Village vehicle insurance policy. These coverages will be worth the minimal cost if you ever need them.
Personal injury protection, also called PIP, will help pay for major medical bills regardless of who is at fault when an accident occurs. Because medical expenses can rise quickly as a result of injuries from a vehicle accident, this type of protection offers added peace of mind. In addition, PIP coverage may also cover lost wages if you are not able to return to work while you recover from injuries caused in an accident.
Emergency roadside assistance will help you if you are ever stranded in your car. If you run out of gas, get locked out of your auto, or it stops running, you will be glad you added this type of coverage to your insurance policy. You will never feel stranded with no one to call when you have emergency roadside assistance.
Uninsured motorist coverage is also beneficial to have if you are ever in an accident with a driver who in not insured. Don't risk having to figure out how to pay for medical bills and car repairs. With this added protection, you will be covered if you are in an accident even if the other drive is not. And with your great driving record, your Skokie Village automobile insurance rates will fit comfortably into your budget.


text:
Q: Is nest offline when I'm away? I've written a combination of bash and php script, which will read the Nest every 5min. I read the values like temp and desired temp and check if it is heating.
This seems to work well as long as the Nest is NOT in "Away" status. When I'm home, I can see a log entry every 5min, but about 45min after I've left my home, the logs don't show any entries anymore. As soon as I get home, I see new entries in the log.
Is it the Away status that is bothering me? Can I somehow change this behaviour?

A: Being in home or away mode has no effect on the API's responsiveness. You may want to check how you're logging your data

A: Found why my scripts failed. When the Nest is set to away (either manual or auto), the return object changes.
Away is active:
[target] => stdClass Object
(
    [mode] => heat
    [temperature] => 18
    [time_to_target] => 0
)

Away is not active:
[target] => stdClass Object
(
    [mode] => range
    [temperature] => Array
    (
        [0] => 10.111
        [1] => 24.444
    )
    [time_to_target] => 0
)

So my script is tripping over the array in temperature that is suddenly returned.


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text:
Q: Change label when checkbox is checked I have a lot of listst with checkboxes like so:

<input type="checkbox" id="1" class="filteritem">Lorem Ipsum</label

<input type="checkbox" id="223" class="filteritem">Lorem Ipsum</label

<input type="checkbox" id="32" class="filteritem">Lorem Ipsum</label

<input type="checkbox" id="42" class="filteritem">Lorem Ipsum</label

<input type="checkbox" id="54" class="filteritem">Lorem Ipsum</label

<input type="checkbox" id="43" class="filteritem">Lorem Ipsum</label

<input type="checkbox" id="343" class="filteritem">Lorem Ipsum</label

<input type="checkbox" id="342" class="filteritem">Lorem Ipsum</label

<input type="checkbox" id="53" class="filteritem">Lorem Ipsum</label

<input type="checkbox" id="55" class="filteritem">Lorem Ipsum</label

Every checkbox has an unique ID
I want to toggle the background-color of the label when it is checkt.
This is what i got but it does not work:
jQuery:
$(".filteritem").click(function(){
    $(this).toggleClass('highlight');
});

CSS:
.highlight {
    //change something
}

A: HTML:

<input type="checkbox" id="1"> Lorem Ipsum

<input type="checkbox" id="223"> Lorem Ipsum

<input type="checkbox" id="32"> Lorem Ipsum

JavaScript:
$( '.checkboxlist' ).on( 'click', 'input:checkbox', function () {
   $( this ).parent().toggleClass( 'highlight', this.checked );
});

Live demo: http://jsfiddle.net/MGVHX/1/
Notice that I use event delegation, instead of binding the same handler to every check-box.

A: You are currently trying to call toggleClass on the input element, not the label. You can use parent to get the label:
$(".filteritem").click(function(){
    $(this).parent().toggleClass('highlight');
});

A: $(".filteritem").on('change', function(){
     $(this).closest('label').toggleClass('highlight');
});

FIDDLE